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-1410191185054315905	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - wikipedia Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Jump to : navigation , search Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Part of the Pacific War of World War II Atomic bomb mushroom clouds over Hiroshima ( left ) and Nagasaki ( right ) Date August 6 and August 9 , 1945 Location Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Empire of Japan Result Allied victory Belligerents United States Manhattan Project : United Kingdom Canada Japan Commanders and leaders William S. Parsons Paul W. Tibbets , Jr . Charles Sweeney Frederick Ashworth Shunroku Hata Units involved Manhattan District : 50 U.S. , 2 British 509th Composite Group : 1,770 U.S. Second General Army : Hiroshima : 40,000 ( 5 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Nagasaki : 9,000 ( 4 Anti-aircraft batteries ) Casualties and losses 20 British , Dutch , and American prisoners of war killed Hiroshima : 20,000 soldiers killed 70,000 -- 126,000 civilians killed Nagasaki : 39,000 -- 80,000 killed Total : 129,000 -- 226,000 + killed Pacific War Central Pacific Hawaii Marshalls - Gilberts raids Doolittle Raid Coral Sea Midway RY Solomons Gilberts & Marshalls Marianas & Palau Volcano & Ryukyu Truk Southeast Asia Indochina ( 1940 ) Indian Ocean ( 1940 -- 45 ) Philippines 1941 -- 42 Franco - Thai War Thailand Dutch East Indies Malaya Hong Kong Singapore Indochina ( 1945 ) Malacca Strait Jurist Tiderace Zipper Strategic bombing ( 1944 -- 45 ) Burma Burma ( 1941 -- 42 ) Burma ( 1942 -- 43 ) Burma ( 1944 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) Southwest Pacific Dutch East Indies 1941 -- 42 Portuguese Timor Australia New Guinea Philippines 1944 -- 45 Borneo 1945 North America Attack on Pearl Harbor Ellwood Aleutian Islands Estevan Point Lighthouse Fort Stevens Lookout Air Raids Fire balloon Project Hula PX Japan Air raids Mariana Islands Volcano & Ryukyu Is Tokyo Starvation Naval bombardments Yokosuka Sagami Bay Kure Downfall Hiroshima & Nagasaki Kurils Karafuto Japanese surrender Manchuria Kantokuen Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mutanchiang Sakhalin Island Kuril Islands Shumshu Second Sino - Japanese War During the final stage of World War II , the United States detonated two nuclear weapons over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9 , 1945 , respectively . The United States dropped the bombs after obtaining the consent of the United Kingdom , as required by the Quebec Agreement . The two bombings killed at least 129,000 people , most of whom were civilians . They remain the only use of nuclear weapons in the history of warfare . In the final year of the war , the Allies prepared for what was anticipated to be a bloody invasion of the Japanese mainland . This undertaking was preceded by a conventional and firebombing campaign that destroyed 67 Japanese cities . The war in Europe had concluded when Germany signed its instrument of surrender on May 8 , 1945 . As the Allies turned their full attention to the war in the Pacific War , the Japanese faced the same fate . The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26 , 1945 -- the alternative being `` prompt and utter destruction '' . The Japanese ignored the ultimatum and the war continued . By August 1945 , the Allies ' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs , and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands . Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25 . On August 6 , one of its B - 29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun - type bomb on Hiroshima . Three days later , on August 9 , a Fat Man plutonium implosion - type bomb was dropped by another B - 29 on Nagasaki . The bombs immediately devastated their targets . Over the next two to four months , the acute effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 -- 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 39,000 -- 80,000 people in Nagasaki ; roughly half of the deaths in each city occurred on the first day . Large numbers of people continued to die from the effects of burns , radiation sickness , and other injuries , compounded by illness and malnutrition , for many months afterward . In both cities , most of the dead were civilians , although Hiroshima had a sizable military garrison . Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on August 15 , six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union 's declaration of war . On September 2 , the Japanese government signed the instrument of surrender , effectively ending World War II . The ethical and legal justification for the bombings is still debated to this day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Pacific War 1.2 Preparations to invade Japan 1.3 Air raids on Japan 1.4 Atomic bomb development 2 Preparations 2.1 Organization and training 2.2 Choice of targets 2.3 Proposed demonstration 2.4 Leaflets 2.5 Consultation with Britain and Canada 2.6 Potsdam Declaration 2.7 Bombs 3 Hiroshima 3.1 Hiroshima during World War II 3.2 Bombing of Hiroshima 3.3 Events on the ground 3.4 Japanese realization of the bombing 4 Events of August 7 -- 9 5 Nagasaki 5.1 Nagasaki during World War II 5.2 Bombing of Nagasaki 5.3 Events on the ground 6 Plans for more atomic attacks on Japan 7 Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation 8 Reportage 9 Post-attack casualties 9.1 Cancer increases 9.2 Birth defect investigations 9.3 Investigations into brain development 10 Hibakusha 10.1 Double survivors 10.2 Korean survivors 11 Memorials 12 Debate over bombings 13 Legacy 14 Public opinion in the West 15 Notes 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links Background Pacific War Main article : Pacific War Situation of the Pacific War on August 1 , 1945 . Areas still controlled by Japan ( in white and green ) included Korea , Taiwan , Indochina , and much of China , including most of the main cities , and the Dutch East Indies . Allied - held areas are in red , with the neutral Soviet Union and Mongolia in grey . In 1945 , the Pacific War between the Empire of Japan and the Allies entered its fourth year . Most Japanese military units fought fiercely , ensuring that the Allied victory would come at an enormous cost . The 1.25 million battle casualties incurred in total by the United States in World War II included both military personnel killed in action and wounded in action . Nearly one million of the casualties occurred during the last year of the war , from June 1944 to June 1945 . In December 1944 , American battle casualties hit an all - time monthly high of 88,000 as a result of the German Ardennes Offensive . America 's reserves of manpower were running out . Deferments for groups such as agricultural workers were tightened , and there was consideration of drafting women . At the same time , the public was becoming war - weary , and demanding that long - serving servicemen be sent home . In the Pacific , the Allies returned to the Philippines , recaptured Burma , and invaded Borneo . Offensives were undertaken to reduce the Japanese forces remaining in Bougainville , New Guinea and the Philippines . In April 1945 , American forces landed on Okinawa , where heavy fighting continued until June . Along the way , the ratio of Japanese to American casualties dropped from 5 : 1 in the Philippines to 2 : 1 on Okinawa . Although some Japanese soldiers were taken prisoner , most fought until they were killed or committed suicide . Nearly 99 % of the 21,000 defenders of Iwo Jima were killed . Of the 117,000 Okinawan and Japanese troops defending Okinawa in April -- June 1945 , 94 % were killed ; 7,401 Japanese soldiers surrendered , an unprecedented large number . As the Allies advanced towards Japan , conditions became steadily worse for the Japanese people . Japan 's merchant fleet declined from 5,250,000 gross tons in 1941 to 1,560,000 tons in March 1945 , and 557,000 tons in August 1945 . Lack of raw materials forced the Japanese war economy into a steep decline after the middle of 1944 . The civilian economy , which had slowly deteriorated throughout the war , reached disastrous levels by the middle of 1945 . The loss of shipping also affected the fishing fleet , and the 1945 catch was only 22 % of that in 1941 . The 1945 rice harvest was the worst since 1909 , and hunger and malnutrition became widespread . U.S. industrial production was overwhelmingly superior to Japan 's . By 1943 , the U.S. produced almost 100,000 aircraft a year , compared to Japan 's production of 70,000 for the entire war . By the middle of 1944 , the U.S. had almost a hundred aircraft carriers in the Pacific , far more than Japan 's twenty - five for the entire war . In February 1945 , Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable , and urged him to abdicate . Preparations to invade Japan Main article : Operation Downfall Even before the surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8 , 1945 , plans were underway for the largest operation of the Pacific War , Operation Downfall , the Allied invasion of Japan . The operation had two parts : Operation Olympic and Operation Coronet . Set to begin in October 1945 , Olympic involved a series of landings by the U.S. Sixth Army intended to capture the southern third of the southernmost main Japanese island , Kyūshū . Operation Olympic was to be followed in March 1946 by Operation Coronet , the capture of the Kantō Plain , near Tokyo on the main Japanese island of Honshū by the U.S. First , Eighth and Tenth Armies , as well as a Commonwealth Corps made up of Australian , British and Canadian divisions . The target date was chosen to allow for Olympic to complete its objectives , for troops to be redeployed from Europe , and the Japanese winter to pass . U.S. Army propaganda poster prepares the public for the invasion of Japan after ending war on Germany and Italy Japan 's geography made this invasion plan obvious to the Japanese ; they were able to predict the Allied invasion plans accurately and thus adjust their defensive plan , Operation Ketsugō , accordingly . The Japanese planned an all - out defense of Kyūshū , with little left in reserve for any subsequent defense operations . Four veteran divisions were withdrawn from the Kwantung Army in Manchuria in March 1945 to strengthen the forces in Japan , and 45 new divisions were activated between February and May 1945 . Most were immobile formations for coastal defense , but 16 were high quality mobile divisions . In all , there were 2.3 million Japanese Army troops prepared to defend the home islands , backed by a civilian militia of 28 million men and women . Casualty predictions varied widely , but were extremely high . The Vice Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff , Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi , predicted up to 20 million Japanese deaths . A study from June 15 , 1945 , by the Joint War Plans Committee , who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff , estimated that Olympic would result in between 130,000 and 220,000 U.S. casualties , of which U.S. dead would be in the range from 25,000 to 46,000 . Delivered on June 15 , 1945 , after insight gained from the Battle of Okinawa , the study noted Japan 's inadequate defenses due to the very effective sea blockade and the American firebombing campaign . The Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General of the Army George Marshall , and the Army Commander in Chief in the Pacific , General of the Army Douglas MacArthur , signed documents agreeing with the Joint War Plans Committee estimate . The Americans were alarmed by the Japanese buildup , which was accurately tracked through Ultra intelligence . Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson was sufficiently concerned about high American estimates of probable casualties to commission his own study by Quincy Wright and William Shockley . Wright and Shockley spoke with Colonels James McCormack and Dean Rusk , and examined casualty forecasts by Michael E. DeBakey and Gilbert Beebe . Wright and Shockley estimated the invading Allies would suffer between 1.7 and 4 million casualties in such a scenario , of whom between 400,000 and 800,000 would be dead , while Japanese fatalities would have been around 5 to 10 million . Marshall began contemplating the use of a weapon that was `` readily available and which assuredly can decrease the cost in American lives '' : poison gas . Quantities of phosgene , mustard gas , tear gas and cyanogen chloride were moved to Luzon from stockpiles in Australia and New Guinea in preparation for Operation Olympic , and MacArthur ensured that Chemical Warfare Service units were trained in their use . Consideration was also given to using biological weapons against Japan . Air raids on Japan Main article : Air raids on Japan A B - 29 over Osaka on June 1 , 1945 While the United States had developed plans for an air campaign against Japan prior to the Pacific War , the capture of Allied bases in the western Pacific in the first weeks of the conflict meant that this offensive did not begin until mid-1944 when the long - ranged Boeing B - 29 Superfortress became ready for use in combat . Operation Matterhorn involved India - based B - 29s staging through bases around Chengdu in China to make a series of raids on strategic targets in Japan . This effort failed to achieve the strategic objectives that its planners had intended , largely because of logistical problems , the bomber 's mechanical difficulties , the vulnerability of Chinese staging bases , and the extreme range required to reach key Japanese cities . Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell determined that Guam , Tinian , and Saipan in the Mariana Islands would better serve as B - 29 bases , but they were in Japanese hands . Strategies were shifted to accommodate the air war , and the islands were captured between June and August 1944 . Air bases were developed , and B - 29 operations commenced from the Marianas in October 1944 . These bases were easily resupplied by cargo ships . The XXI Bomber Command began missions against Japan on November 18 , 1944 . The early attempts to bomb Japan from the Marianas proved just as ineffective as the China - based B - 29s had been . Hansell continued the practice of conducting so - called high - altitude precision bombing , aimed at key industries and transportation networks , even after these tactics had not produced acceptable results . These efforts proved unsuccessful due to logistical difficulties with the remote location , technical problems with the new and advanced aircraft , unfavorable weather conditions , and enemy action . The Operation Meetinghouse firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9 -- 10 , 1945 , was the single deadliest air raid in history ; with a greater area of fire damage and loss of life than either of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki . Hansell 's successor , Major General Curtis LeMay , assumed command in January 1945 and initially continued to use the same precision bombing tactics , with equally unsatisfactory results . The attacks initially targeted key industrial facilities but much of the Japanese manufacturing process was carried out in small workshops and private homes . Under pressure from United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) headquarters in Washington , LeMay changed tactics and decided that low - level incendiary raids against Japanese cities were the only way to destroy their production capabilities , shifting from precision bombing to area bombardment with incendiaries . Like most strategic bombing during World War II , the aim of the air offensive against Japan was to destroy the enemy 's war industries , kill or disable civilian employees of these industries , and undermine civilian morale . Over the next six months , the XXI Bomber Command under LeMay firebombed 67 Japanese cities . The firebombing of Tokyo , codenamed Operation Meetinghouse , on March 9 -- 10 killed an estimated 100,000 people and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) of the city and 267,000 buildings in a single night . It was the deadliest bombing raid of the war , at a cost of 20 B - 29s shot down by flak and fighters . By May , 75 % of bombs dropped were incendiaries designed to burn down Japan 's `` paper cities '' . By mid-June , Japan 's six largest cities had been devastated . The end of the fighting on Okinawa that month provided airfields even closer to the Japanese mainland , allowing the bombing campaign to be further escalated . Aircraft flying from Allied aircraft carriers and the Ryukyu Islands also regularly struck targets in Japan during 1945 in preparation for Operation Downfall . Firebombing switched to smaller cities , with populations ranging from 60,000 to 350,000 . According to Yuki Tanaka , the U.S. fire - bombed over a hundred Japanese towns and cities . These raids were devastating . The Japanese military was unable to stop the Allied attacks and the country 's civil defense preparations proved inadequate . Japanese fighters and antiaircraft guns had difficulty engaging bombers flying at high altitude . From April 1945 , the Japanese interceptors also had to face American fighter escorts based on Iwo Jima and Okinawa . That month , the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service and Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service stopped attempting to intercept the air raids in order to preserve fighter aircraft to counter the expected invasion . By mid-1945 the Japanese only occasionally scrambled aircraft to intercept individual B - 29s conducting reconnaissance sorties over the country , in order to conserve supplies of fuel . In July 1945 , the Japanese had 1,156,000 US barrels ( 137,800,000 l ) of avgas stockpiled for the invasion of Japan . About 604,000 US barrels ( 72,000,000 l ) had been consumed in the home islands area in April , May and June 1945 . While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June , by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids . Atomic bomb development Main article : Manhattan Project The discovery of nuclear fission by German chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in 1938 , and its theoretical explanation by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch , made the development of an atomic bomb a theoretical possibility . Fears that a German atomic bomb project would develop atomic weapons first , especially among scientists who were refugees from Nazi Germany and other fascist countries , were expressed in the Einstein - Szilard letter . This prompted preliminary research in the United States in late 1939 . Progress was slow until the arrival of the British MAUD Committee report in late 1941 , which indicated that only 5 to 10 kilograms of isotopically enriched uranium - 235 were needed for a bomb instead of tons of natural uranium and a neutron moderator like heavy water . The 1943 Quebec Agreement merged the nuclear weapons projects of the United Kingdom and Canada , Tube Alloys and the Montreal Laboratory , with the Manhattan Project , under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr. , of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Groves appointed J. Robert Oppenheimer to organize and head the project 's Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico , where bomb design work was carried out . Two types of bombs were eventually developed , both named by Robert Serber. Little Boy was a gun - type fission weapon that used uranium - 235 , a rare isotope of uranium separated at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . The other , known as a Fat Man device , was a more powerful and efficient , but more complicated , implosion - type nuclear weapon that used plutonium created in nuclear reactors at Hanford , Washington . There was a Japanese nuclear weapon program , but it lacked the human , mineral and financial resources of the Manhattan Project , and never made much progress towards developing an atomic bomb . Preparations Organization and training Aircraft of the 509th Composite Group that took part in the Hiroshima bombing . Left to right : Big Stink , The Great Artiste , Enola Gay The 509th Composite Group was constituted on December 9 , 1944 , and activated on December 17 , 1944 , at Wendover Army Air Field , Utah , commanded by Colonel Paul Tibbets . Tibbets was assigned to organize and command a combat group to develop the means of delivering an atomic weapon against targets in Germany and Japan . Because the flying squadrons of the group consisted of both bomber and transport aircraft , the group was designated as a `` composite '' rather than a `` bombardment '' unit . Working with the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos , Tibbets selected Wendover for his training base over Great Bend , Kansas , and Mountain Home , Idaho , because of its remoteness . Each bombardier completed at least 50 practice drops of inert or conventional explosive pumpkin bombs and Tibbets declared his group combat - ready . The `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' : Captain William S. Parsons ( left ) , Rear Admiral William R. Purnell ( center ) , and Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell ( right ) The 509th Composite Group had an authorized strength of 225 officers and 1,542 enlisted men , almost all of whom eventually deployed to Tinian . In addition to its authorized strength , the 509th had attached to it on Tinian 51 civilian and military personnel from Project Alberta , known as the 1st Technical Detachment . The 509th Composite Group 's 393d Bombardment Squadron was equipped with 15 Silverplate B - 29s . These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons , and were equipped with fuel - injected engines , Curtiss Electric reversible - pitch propellers , pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements . The ground support echelon of the 509th Composite Group moved by rail on April 26 , 1945 , to its port of embarkation at Seattle , Washington . On May 6 the support elements sailed on the SS Cape Victory for the Marianas , while group materiel was shipped on the SS Emile Berliner . The Cape Victory made brief port calls at Honolulu and Eniwetok but the passengers were not permitted to leave the dock area . An advance party of the air echelon , consisting of 29 officers and 61 enlisted men flew by C - 54 to North Field on Tinian , between May 15 and May 22 . There were also two representatives from Washington , D.C. , Brigadier General Thomas Farrell , the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project , and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee , who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot . Along with Captain William S. Parsons , the commander of Project Alberta , they became known as the `` Tinian Joint Chiefs '' . Choice of targets The mission runs of August 6 and 9 , with Hiroshima , Nagasaki , and Kokura ( the original target for August 9 ) displayed In April 1945 , Marshall asked Groves to nominate specific targets for bombing for final approval by himself and Stimson . Groves formed a Target Committee , chaired by himself , that included Farrell , Major John A. Derry , Colonel William P. Fisher , Joyce C. Stearns and David M. Dennison from the USAAF ; and scientists John von Neumann , Robert R. Wilson and William Penney from the Manhattan Project . The Target Committee met in Washington on April 27 ; at Los Alamos on May 10 , where it was able to talk to the scientists and technicians there ; and finally in Washington on May 28 , where it was briefed by Tibbets and Commander Frederick Ashworth from Project Alberta , and the Manhattan Project 's scientific advisor , Richard C. Tolman . The Target Committee nominated five targets : Kokura , the site of one of Japan 's largest munitions plants ; Hiroshima , an embarkation port and industrial center that was the site of a major military headquarters ; Yokohama , an urban center for aircraft manufacture , machine tools , docks , electrical equipment and oil refineries ; Niigata , a port with industrial facilities including steel and aluminum plants and an oil refinery ; and Kyoto , a major industrial center . The target selection was subject to the following criteria : The target was larger than 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) in diameter and was an important target in a large city . The blast would create effective damage . The target was unlikely to be attacked by August 1945 . These cities were largely untouched during the nightly bombing raids and the Army Air Forces agreed to leave them off the target list so accurate assessment of the damage caused by the atomic bombs could be made . Hiroshima was described as `` an important army depot and port of embarkation in the middle of an urban industrial area . It is a good radar target and it is such a size that a large part of the city could be extensively damaged . There are adjacent hills which are likely to produce a focusing effect which would considerably increase the blast damage . Due to rivers it is not a good incendiary target . '' The Target Committee stated that `` It was agreed that psychological factors in the target selection were of great importance . Two aspects of this are ( 1 ) obtaining the greatest psychological effect against Japan and ( 2 ) making the initial use sufficiently spectacular for the importance of the weapon to be internationally recognized when publicity on it is released ... Kyoto has the advantage of the people being more highly intelligent and hence better able to appreciate the significance of the weapon . Hiroshima has the advantage of being such a size and with possible focussing from nearby mountains that a large fraction of the city may be destroyed . The Emperor 's palace in Tokyo has a greater fame than any other target but is of least strategic value . '' Edwin O. Reischauer , a Japan expert for the U.S. Army Intelligence Service , was incorrectly said to have prevented the bombing of Kyoto . In his autobiography , Reischauer specifically refuted this claim : ... the only person deserving credit for saving Kyoto from destruction is Henry L. Stimson , the Secretary of War at the time , who had known and admired Kyoto ever since his honeymoon there several decades earlier . On May 30 , Stimson asked Groves to remove Kyoto from the target list due to its historical , religious and cultural significance , but Groves pointed to its military and industrial significance . Stimson then approached President Harry S. Truman about the matter . Truman agreed with Stimson , and Kyoto was temporarily removed from the target list . Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July , but Stimson remained adamant . On July 25 , Nagasaki was put on the target list in place of Kyoto . It was a major military port , one of Japan 's largest shipbuilding and repair centers , and an important producer of naval ordnance . Proposed demonstration In early May 1945 , the Interim Committee was created by Stimson at the urging of leaders of the Manhattan Project and with the approval of Truman to advise on matters pertaining to nuclear energy . During the meetings on May 31 and June 1 , scientist Ernest Lawrence had suggested giving the Japanese a non-combat demonstration . Arthur Compton later recalled that : It was evident that everyone would suspect trickery . If a bomb were exploded in Japan with previous notice , the Japanese air power was still adequate to give serious interference . An atomic bomb was an intricate device , still in the developmental stage . Its operation would be far from routine . If during the final adjustments of the bomb the Japanese defenders should attack , a faulty move might easily result in some kind of failure . Such an end to an advertised demonstration of power would be much worse than if the attempt had not been made . It was now evident that when the time came for the bombs to be used we should have only one of them available , followed afterwards by others at all - too - long intervals . We could not afford the chance that one of them might be a dud . If the test were made on some neutral territory , it was hard to believe that Japan 's determined and fanatical military men would be impressed . If such an open test were made first and failed to bring surrender , the chance would be gone to give the shock of surprise that proved so effective . On the contrary , it would make the Japanese ready to interfere with an atomic attack if they could . Though the possibility of a demonstration that would not destroy human lives was attractive , no one could suggest a way in which it could be made so convincing that it would be likely to stop the war . The possibility of a demonstration was raised again in the Franck Report issued by physicist James Franck on June 11 and the Scientific Advisory Panel rejected his report on June 16 , saying that `` we can propose no technical demonstration likely to bring an end to the war ; we see no acceptable alternative to direct military use . '' Franck then took the report to Washington , D.C. , where the Interim Committee met on June 21 to re-examine its earlier conclusions ; but it reaffirmed that there was no alternative to the use of the bomb on a military target . Like Compton , many U.S. officials and scientists argued that a demonstration would sacrifice the shock value of the atomic attack , and the Japanese could deny the atomic bomb was lethal , making the mission less likely to produce surrender . Allied prisoners of war might be moved to the demonstration site and be killed by the bomb . They also worried that the bomb might be a dud since the Trinity test was of a stationary device , not an air - dropped bomb . In addition , although more bombs were in production , only two would be available at the start of August , and they cost billions of dollars , so using one for a demonstration would be expensive . Leaflets Various leaflets were dropped on Japan , three versions showing the names of 11 or 12 Japanese cities targeted for destruction by firebombing . The other side contained text stating `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' For several months , the U.S. had warned civilians of potential air raids by dropping more than 63 million leaflets across Japan . Many Japanese cities suffered terrible damage from aerial bombings ; some were as much as 97 % destroyed . LeMay thought that leaflets would increase the psychological impact of bombing , and reduce the international stigma of area - bombing cities . Even with the warnings , Japanese opposition to the war remained ineffective . In general , the Japanese regarded the leaflet messages as truthful , with many Japanese choosing to leave major cities . The leaflets caused such concern that the government ordered the arrest of anyone caught in possession of a leaflet . Leaflet texts were prepared by recent Japanese prisoners of war because they were thought to be the best choice `` to appeal to their compatriots '' . In preparation for dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima , the Oppenheimer - led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning . Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership . No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped . Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb . Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27 , and Theodore H. McNelly wrote that it was July 30 . The USAAF history noted that eleven cities were targeted with leaflets on July 27 , but Hiroshima was not one of them , and there were no leaflet sorties on July 30 . Leaflet sorties were undertaken on August 1 and August 4 . Hiroshima may have been leafleted in late July or early August , as survivor accounts talk about a delivery of leaflets a few days before the atomic bomb was dropped . Three versions were printed of a leaflet listing 11 or 12 cities targeted for firebombing ; a total of 33 cities listed . With the text of this leaflet reading in Japanese `` ... we can not promise that only these cities will be among those attacked ... '' Hiroshima was not listed . Consultation with Britain and Canada General Thomas Handy 's order to General Carl Spaatz ordering the dropping of the atomic bombs Under the Quebec Agreement with the United Kingdom , nuclear weapons would not be used against another country without mutual consent . Stimson therefore had to obtain British permission . A meeting of the Combined Policy Committee was held at the Pentagon on July 4 , 1945 . Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Wilson announced that the British government concurred with the use of nuclear weapons against Japan , which would be officially recorded as a decision of the Combined Policy Committee . As the release of information to third parties was also controlled by the Quebec Agreement , discussion then turned to what scientific details would be revealed in the press announcement of the bombing . The meeting also considered what Truman could reveal to Joseph Stalin , the leader of the Soviet Union , at the upcoming Potsdam Conference , as this also required British concurrence . Orders for the attack were issued to General Carl Spaatz on July 25 under the signature of General Thomas T. Handy , the acting Chief of Staff , since Marshall was at the Potsdam Conference with Truman . It read : The 509th Composite Group , 20th Air Force will deliver its first special bomb as soon as weather will permit visual bombing after about 3 August 1945 on one of the targets : Hiroshima , Kokura , Niigata and Nagasaki . To carry military and civilian scientific personnel from the War Department to observe and record the effects of the explosion of the bomb , additional aircraft will accompany the airplane carrying the bomb . The observing planes will stay several miles distant from the point of impact of the bomb . Additional bombs will be delivered on the above targets as soon as made ready by the project staff . Further instructions will be issued concerning targets other than those listed above . That day , Truman noted in his diary that : This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th . I have told the Sec. of War , Mr. Stimson , to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children . Even if the Japs are savages , ruthless , merciless and fanatic , we as the leader of the world for the common welfare can not drop that terrible bomb on the old capital ( Kyoto ) or the new ( Tokyo ) . He and I are in accord . The target will be a purely military one . Potsdam declaration Main article : Potsdam Declaration The July 16 success of the Trinity Test in the New Mexico desert exceeded expectations . On July 26 , Allied leaders issued the Potsdam Declaration , which outlined the terms of surrender for Japan . The declaration was presented as an ultimatum and stated that without a surrender , the Allies would attack Japan , resulting in `` the inevitable and complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces and just as inevitably the utter devastation of the Japanese homeland '' . The atomic bomb was not mentioned in the communiqué . On July 28 , Japanese papers reported that the declaration had been rejected by the Japanese government . That afternoon , Prime Minister Suzuki Kantarō declared at a press conference that the Potsdam Declaration was no more than a rehash ( yakinaoshi ) of the Cairo Declaration and that the government intended to ignore it ( mokusatsu , `` kill by silence '' ) . The statement was taken by both Japanese and foreign papers as a clear rejection of the declaration . Emperor Hirohito , who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers , made no move to change the government position . Japan 's willingness to surrender remained conditional on the preservation of the kokutai ( Imperial institution and national polity ) , assumption by the Imperial Headquarters of responsibility for disarmament and demobilization , no occupation of the Japanese Home Islands , Korea or Formosa , and delegation of the punishment of war criminals to the Japanese government . At Potsdam , Truman agreed to a request from Winston Churchill that Britain be represented when the atomic bomb was dropped . William Penney and Group Captain Leonard Cheshire were sent to Tinian , but found that LeMay would not let them accompany the mission . All they could do was send a strongly worded signal to Wilson . Bombs The Little Boy bomb , except for the uranium payload , was ready at the beginning of May 1945 . There were two uranium - 235 components , a hollow cylindrical projectile and a cylindrical target insert . The projectile was completed on June 15 , and the target insert on July 24 . The projectile and eight bomb pre-assemblies ( partly assembled bombs without the powder charge and fissile components ) left Hunters Point Naval Shipyard , California , on July 16 aboard the cruiser USS Indianapolis , and arrived on Tinian on July 26 . The target insert followed by air on July 30 , accompanied by Commander Francis Birch from Project Alberta . Responding to concerns expressed by the 509th Composite Group about the possibility of a B - 29 crashing on takeoff , Birch had modified the Little Boy design to incorporate a removable breech plug that would permit the bomb to be armed in flight . The first plutonium core , along with its polonium - beryllium urchin initiator , was transported in the custody of Project Alberta courier Raemer Schreiber in a magnesium field carrying case designed for the purpose by Philip Morrison . Magnesium was chosen because it does not act as a tamper . The core departed from Kirtland Army Air Field on a C - 54 transport aircraft of the 509th Composite Group 's 320th Troop Carrier Squadron on July 26 , and arrived at North Field July 28 . Three Fat Man high - explosive pre-assemblies , designated F31 , F32 , and F33 , were picked up at Kirtland on July 28 by three B - 29s , two from the 393d Bombardment Squadron plus one from the 216th Army Air Force Base Unit , and transported to North Field , arriving on August 2 . Hiroshima Hiroshima during World War II The Enola Gay dropped the `` Little Boy '' atomic bomb on Hiroshima . In this photograph are five of the aircraft 's ground crew with mission commander Paul Tibbets in the center . At the time of its bombing , Hiroshima was a city of both industrial and military significance . A number of military units were located nearby , the most important of which was the headquarters of Field Marshal Shunroku Hata 's Second General Army , which commanded the defense of all of southern Japan , and was located in Hiroshima Castle . Hata 's command consisted of some 400,000 men , most of whom were on Kyushu where an Allied invasion was correctly anticipated . Also present in Hiroshima were the headquarters of the 59th Army , the 5th Division and the 224th Division , a recently formed mobile unit . The city was defended by five batteries of 7 - cm and 8 - cm ( 2.8 and 3.1 inch ) anti-aircraft guns of the 3rd Anti-Aircraft Division , including units from the 121st and 122nd Anti-Aircraft Regiments and the 22nd and 45th Separate Anti-Aircraft Battalions . In total , an estimated 40,000 Japanese military personnel were stationed in the city . Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military . The city was a communications center , a key port for shipping , and an assembly area for troops . It was a beehive of war industry , manufacturing parts for planes and boats , for bombs , rifles , and handguns . The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings and lighter structures . Outside the center , the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses . A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city . The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs , and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames . The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage . It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids , primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command 's priority target . On July 3 , the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers , along with Kokura , Niigata and Kyoto . The population of Hiroshima had reached a peak of over 381,000 earlier in the war but prior to the atomic bombing , the population had steadily decreased because of a systematic evacuation ordered by the Japanese government . At the time of the attack , the population was approximately 340,000 -- 350,000 . Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing . Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters , others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima . More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long , straight firebreaks . These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6 , 1945 . Bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6 , with Kokura and Nagasaki as alternative targets . The 393d Bombardment Squadron B - 29 Enola Gay , named after Tibbets ' mother and piloted by Tibbets , took off from North Field , Tinian , about six hours ' flight time from Japan . Enola Gay was accompanied by two other B - 29s . The Great Artiste , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , which carried instrumentation , and a then - nameless aircraft later called Necessary Evil , commanded by Captain George Marquardt , which served as the photography aircraft . Strike order for the Hiroshima bombing as posted on August 5 , 1945 Special Mission 13 , Primary target Hiroshima , August 6 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Straight Flush Major Claude R. Eatherly Dimples 85 Weather reconnaissance ( Hiroshima ) Jabit III Major John A. Wilson Dimples 71 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Enola Gay Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Dimples 82 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Necessary Evil Captain . George W. Marquardt Dimples 91 Strike observation and photography Top Secret Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 72 Strike spare -- did not complete mission After leaving Tinian the aircraft made their way separately to Iwo Jima to rendezvous with Sweeney and Marquardt at 05 : 55 at 9,200 feet ( 2,800 m ) , and set course for Japan . The aircraft arrived over the target in clear visibility at 31,060 feet ( 9,470 m ) . Parsons , who was in command of the mission , armed the bomb in flight to minimize the risks during takeoff . He had witnessed four B - 29s crash and burn at takeoff , and feared that a nuclear explosion would occur if a B - 29 crashed with an armed Little Boy on board . His assistant , Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson , removed the safety devices 30 minutes before reaching the target area . The Hiroshima atom bomb cloud 2 -- 5 minutes after detonation During the night of August 5 -- 6 , Japanese early warning radar detected the approach of numerous American aircraft headed for the southern part of Japan . Radar detected 65 bombers headed for Saga , 102 bound for Maebashi , 261 en route to Nishinomiya , 111 headed for Ube and 66 bound for Imabari . An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities , among them Hiroshima . The all - clear was sounded in Hiroshima at 00 : 05 . About an hour before the bombing , the air raid alert was sounded again , as Straight Flush flew over the city . It broadcast a short message which was picked up by Enola Gay . It read : `` Cloud cover less than 3 / 10th at all altitudes . Advice : bomb primary . '' The all - clear was sounded over Hiroshima again at 07 : 09 . At 08 : 09 , Tibbets started his bomb run and handed control over to his bombardier , Major Thomas Ferebee . The release at 08 : 15 ( Hiroshima time ) went as planned , and the Little Boy containing about 64 kg ( 141 lb ) of uranium - 235 took 44.4 seconds to fall from the aircraft flying at about 31,000 feet ( 9,400 m ) to a detonation height of about 1,900 feet ( 580 m ) above the city . Enola Gay traveled 11.5 mi ( 18.5 km ) before it felt the shock waves from the blast . Due to crosswind , the bomb missed the aiming point , the Aioi Bridge , by approximately 800 ft ( 240 m ) and detonated directly over Shima Surgical Clinic . It released the equivalent energy of 16 kilotons of TNT ( 67 TJ ) , ± 2 kt . The weapon was considered very inefficient , with only 1.7 % of its material fissioning . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) , with resulting fires across 4.4 square miles ( 11 km ) . Enola Gay stayed over the target area for two minutes and was ten miles away when the bomb detonated . Only Tibbets , Parsons , and Ferebee knew of the nature of the weapon ; the others on the bomber were only told to expect a blinding flash and given black goggles . `` It was hard to believe what we saw '' , Tibbets told reporters , while Parsons said `` the whole thing was tremendous and awe - inspiring ... the men aboard with me gasped ' My God ' '' . He and Tibbets compared the shockwave to `` a close burst of ack - ack fire '' . Events on the ground People on the ground reported a pika ( ピカ ) -- a brilliant flash of light -- followed by a don ( ドン ) -- a loud booming sound . Some 70,000 -- 80,000 people , or around 30 % of the population of Hiroshima , were killed by the blast and resultant firestorm , and another 70,000 were injured . Perhaps as many as 20,000 Japanese military personnel were killed . U.S. surveys estimated that 4.7 square miles ( 12 km ) of the city were destroyed . Japanese officials determined that 69 % of Hiroshima 's buildings were destroyed and another 6 -- 7 % damaged . Some of the reinforced concrete buildings in Hiroshima had been very strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan , and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center . Since the bomb detonated in the air , the blast was directed more downward than sideways , which was largely responsible for the survival of the Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall , now commonly known as the Genbaku ( A-bomb ) dome . This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel , and was only 150 m ( 490 ft ) from ground zero . The ruin was named Hiroshima Peace Memorial and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of the United States and China , which expressed reservations on the grounds that other Asian nations were the ones who suffered the greatest loss of life and property , and a focus on Japan lacked historical perspective . The bombing started fires that spread rapidly through timber and paper homes . As in other Japanese cities , the firebreaks proved ineffective . The intense fires started gutted everything in a 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) radius . Hiroshima bombing Hiroshima in the aftermath of the bombing Injured civilian casualties The Hiroshima Genbaku Dome after the bombing The clothes pattern , in the tight - fitting areas on this survivor , shown burnt into the skin . Direct , thermal flash burns 22 - year old victim Toyoko Kugata being treated at the Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital ( October 6 , 1945 ) The air raid warning had been cleared at 07 : 31 , and many people were outside , going about their activities . Eizō Nomura was the closest known survivor , being in the basement of a reinforced concrete building ( it remained as the Rest House after the war ) only 170 metres ( 560 ft ) from ground zero ( the hypocenter ) at the time of the attack . He died in 1982 , aged 84 . Akiko Takakura was among the closest survivors to the hypocenter of the blast . She was in the solidly built Bank of Hiroshima only 300 meters ( 980 ft ) from ground - zero at the time of the attack . For decades this `` Hiroshima strike '' photo was misidentified as the mushroom cloud of the bomb that formed at c. 08 : 16 . However , due to its much greater height , the scene was identified by a researcher in March 2016 as the firestorm - cloud that engulfed the city , a fire that reached its peak intensity some three hours after the bomb . Over 90 % of the doctors and 93 % of the nurses in Hiroshima were killed or injured -- most had been in the downtown area which received the greatest damage . The hospitals were destroyed or heavily damaged . Only one doctor , Terufumi Sasaki , remained on duty at the Red Cross Hospital . Nonetheless , by early afternoon , the police and volunteers had established evacuation centres at hospitals , schools and tram stations , and a morgue was established in the Asano library . Most elements of the Japanese Second General Army headquarters were at physical training on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle , barely 900 yards ( 820 m ) from the hypocenter . The attack killed 3,243 troops on the parade ground . The communications room of Chugoku Military District Headquarters that was responsible for issuing and lifting air raid warnings was in a semi-basement in the castle . Yoshie Oka , a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi , when the bomb exploded . She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters ( some 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) away ) that `` Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb . The city is in a state of near - total destruction . '' Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence , Field Marshal Hata , who was only slightly wounded , took over the administration of the city , and coordinated relief efforts . Many of his staff had been killed or fatally wounded , including a Korean prince of the Joseon Dynasty , Yi Wu , who was serving as a lieutenant colonel in the Japanese Army . Hata 's senior surviving staff officer was the wounded Colonel Kumao Imoto , who acted as his chief of staff . Soldiers from the undamaged Hiroshima Ujina Harbor used suicide boats , intended to repel the American invasion , to collect the wounded and take them down the rivers to the military hospital at Ujina . Trucks and trains brought in relief supplies and evacuated survivors from the city . Twelve American airmen were imprisoned at the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters , about 1,300 feet ( 400 m ) from the hypocenter of the blast . Most died instantly , although two were reported to have been executed by their captors , and two prisoners badly injured by the bombing were left next to the Aioi Bridge by the Kempei Tai , where they were stoned to death . Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up . Japanese realization of the bombing Hiroshima before the bombing Hiroshima after the bombing and firestorm The Tokyo control operator of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation noticed that the Hiroshima station had gone off the air . He tried to re-establish his program by using another telephone line , but it too had failed . About 20 minutes later the Tokyo railroad telegraph center realized that the main line telegraph had stopped working just north of Hiroshima . From some small railway stops within 16 km ( 10 mi ) of the city came unofficial and confused reports of a terrible explosion in Hiroshima . All these reports were transmitted to the headquarters of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff . Military bases repeatedly tried to call the Army Control Station in Hiroshima . The complete silence from that city puzzled the General Staff ; they knew that no large enemy raid had occurred and that no sizable store of explosives was in Hiroshima at that time . A young officer was instructed to fly immediately to Hiroshima , to land , survey the damage , and return to Tokyo with reliable information for the staff . It was felt that nothing serious had taken place and that the explosion was just a rumor . The staff officer went to the airport and took off for the southwest . After flying for about three hours , while still nearly 160 km ( 100 mi ) from Hiroshima , he and his pilot saw a great cloud of smoke from the bomb . After circling the city in order to survey the damage they landed south of the city , where the staff officer , after reporting to Tokyo , began to organize relief measures . Tokyo 's first indication that the city had been destroyed by a new type of bomb came from President Truman 's announcement of the strike , sixteen hours later . Events of August 7 -- 9 See also : Mokusatsu Truman announcing the bombing of Hiroshima President Truman announces the bombing of Hiroshima , which he describes as `` a military base '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After the Hiroshima bombing , Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon . He stated , `` We may be grateful to Providence '' that the German atomic bomb project had failed , and that the United States and its allies had `` spent two billion dollars on the greatest scientific gamble in history -- and won '' . Truman then warned Japan : `` If they do not now accept our terms , they may expect a rain of ruin from the air , the like of which has never been seen on this earth . Behind this air attack will follow sea and land forces in such numbers and power as they have not yet seen and with the fighting skill of which they are already well aware . '' This was a widely broadcast speech picked up by Japanese news agencies . Leaflet AB12 , with information on the Hiroshima bomb and a warning to civilians to petition the Emperor to surrender was dropped over Japan beginning on August 9 , by the 509th Composite Group . An AB11 is in the possession of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum . The 50,000 - watt standard wave station on Saipan , the OWI radio station , broadcast a similar message to Japan every 15 minutes about Hiroshima , stating that more Japanese cities would face a similar fate in the absence of immediate acceptance of the terms of the Potsdam Declaration and emphatically urged civilians to evacuate major cities . Radio Japan , which continued to extoll victory for Japan by never surrendering , had informed the Japanese of the destruction of Hiroshima by a single bomb . Prime Minister Suzuki felt compelled to meet the Japanese press , to whom he reiterated his government 's commitment to ignore the Allies ' demands and fight on . Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov informed Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's unilateral abrogation of the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact on August 5 . At two minutes past midnight on August 9 , Tokyo time , Soviet infantry , armor , and air forces had launched the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation . Four hours later , word reached Tokyo of the Soviet Union 's official declaration of war . The senior leadership of the Japanese Army began preparations to impose martial law on the nation , with the support of Minister of War Korechika Anami , in order to stop anyone attempting to make peace . On August 7 , a day after Hiroshima was destroyed , Dr. Yoshio Nishina and other atomic physicists arrived at the city , and carefully examined the damage . They then went back to Tokyo and told the cabinet that Hiroshima was indeed destroyed by an atomic bomb . Admiral Soemu Toyoda , the Chief of the Naval General Staff , estimated that no more than one or two additional bombs could be readied , so they decided to endure the remaining attacks , acknowledging `` there would be more destruction but the war would go on '' . American Magic codebreakers intercepted the cabinet 's messages . Purnell , Parsons , Tibbets , Spaatz , and LeMay met on Guam that same day to discuss what should be done next . Since there was no indication of Japan surrendering , they decided to proceed with dropping another bomb . Parsons said that Project Alberta would have it ready by August 11 , but Tibbets pointed to weather reports indicating poor flying conditions on that day due to a storm , and asked if the bomb could be readied by August 9 . Parsons agreed to try to do so . Nagasaki Nagasaki during World War II The Bockscar and its crew , who dropped a Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki The city of Nagasaki had been one of the largest seaports in southern Japan , and was of great wartime importance because of its wide - ranging industrial activity , including the production of ordnance , ships , military equipment , and other war materials . The four largest companies in the city were Mitsubishi Shipyards , Electrical Shipyards , Arms Plant , and Steel and Arms Works , which employed about 90 % of the city 's labor force , and accounted for 90 % of the city 's industry . Although an important industrial city , Nagasaki had been spared from firebombing because its geography made it difficult to locate at night with AN / APQ - 13 radar . Unlike the other target cities , Nagasaki had not been placed off limits to bombers by the Joint Chiefs of Staff 's July 3 directive , and was bombed on a small scale five times . During one of these raids on August 1 , a number of conventional high - explosive bombs were dropped on the city . A few hit the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city , and several hit the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works . By early August , the city was defended by the 134th Anti-Aircraft Regiment of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Division with four batteries of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) anti-aircraft guns and two searchlight batteries . In contrast to Hiroshima , almost all of the buildings were of old - fashioned Japanese construction , consisting of timber or timber - framed buildings with timber walls ( with or without plaster ) and tile roofs . Many of the smaller industries and business establishments were also situated in buildings of timber or other materials not designed to withstand explosions . Nagasaki had been permitted to grow for many years without conforming to any definite city zoning plan ; residences were erected adjacent to factory buildings and to each other almost as closely as possible throughout the entire industrial valley . On the day of the bombing , an estimated 263,000 people were in Nagasaki , including 240,000 Japanese residents , 10,000 Korean residents , 2,500 conscripted Korean workers , 9,000 Japanese soldiers , 600 conscripted Chinese workers , and 400 Allied prisoners of war in a camp to the north of Nagasaki . Bombing of Nagasaki Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets . Scheduled for August 11 against Kokura , the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five - day period of bad weather forecast to begin on August 10 . Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian , labeled F - 31 , F - 32 , and F - 33 on their exteriors . On August 8 , a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane . Assembly F - 33 was expended testing the components and F - 31 was designated for the August 9 mission . Strike order for the Nagasaki bombing as posted August 8 , 1945 Special Mission 16 , Secondary target Nagasaki , August 9 , 1945 Aircraft Pilot Call Sign Mission role Enola Gay Captain George W. Marquardt Dimples 82 Weather reconnaissance ( Kokura ) Laggin ' Dragon Captain Charles F. McKnight Dimples 95 Weather reconnaissance ( Nagasaki ) Bockscar Major Charles W. Sweeney Dimples 77 Weapon delivery The Great Artiste Captain Frederick C. Bock Dimples 89 Blast measurement instrumentation Big Stink Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Dimples 90 Strike observation and photography Full House Major Ralph R. Taylor Dimples 83 Strike spare -- did not complete mission At 03 : 49 on the morning of August 9 , 1945 , Bockscar , flown by Sweeney 's crew , carried Fat Man , with Kokura as the primary target and Nagasaki the secondary target . The mission plan for the second attack was nearly identical to that of the Hiroshima mission , with two B - 29s flying an hour ahead as weather scouts and two additional B - 29s in Sweeney 's flight for instrumentation and photographic support of the mission . Sweeney took off with his weapon already armed but with the electrical safety plugs still engaged . During pre-flight inspection of Bockscar , the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use 640 US gallons ( 2,400 l ; 530 imp gal ) of fuel carried in a reserve tank . This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back , consuming still more fuel . Replacing the pump would take hours ; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well , as the bomb was live . Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have Bockscar continue the mission . This time Penney and Cheshire were allowed to accompany the mission , flying as observers on the third plane , Big Stink , flown by the group 's operations officer , Major James I. Hopkins , Jr . Observers aboard the weather planes reported both targets clear . When Sweeney 's aircraft arrived at the assembly point for his flight off the coast of Japan , Big Stink failed to make the rendezvous . According to Cheshire , Hopkins was at varying heights including 9,000 feet ( 2,700 m ) higher than he should have been , and was not flying tight circles over Yakushima as previously agreed with Sweeney and Captain Frederick C. Bock , who was piloting the support B - 29 The Great Artiste . Instead , Hopkins was flying 40 - mile ( 64 km ) dogleg patterns . Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes , Sweeney continued to wait for Big Stink for forty minutes . Before leaving the rendezvous point , Sweeney consulted Ashworth , who was in charge of the bomb . As commander of the aircraft , Sweeney made the decision to proceed to the primary , the city of Kokura . Nagasaki before and after the bombing and the fires had long since burnt out After exceeding the original departure time limit by nearly a half - hour , Bockscar , accompanied by The Great Artiste , proceeded to Kokura , thirty minutes away . The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke over Kokura from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B - 29s on nearby Yahata the previous day . Additionally , the Yawata Steel Works intentionally burned coal tar , to produce black smoke . The clouds and smoke resulted in 70 % of the area over Kokura being covered , obscuring the aiming point . Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes , burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura , but the bombardier was unable to drop visually . By the time of the third bomb run , Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close , and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser , who was monitoring Japanese communications , reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands . After three runs over the city , and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump , Bockscar and The Great Artiste headed for their secondary target , Nagasaki . Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that Bockscar had insufficient fuel to reach Iwo Jima and would be forced to divert to Okinawa , which had become entirely Allied - occupied territory only six weeks earlier . After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary , Ashworth agreed with Sweeney 's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured . At about 07 : 50 Japanese time , an air raid alert was sounded in Nagasaki , but the `` all clear '' signal was given at 08 : 30 . When only two B - 29 Superfortresses were sighted at 10 : 53 , the Japanese apparently assumed that the planes were only on reconnaissance and no further alarm was given . A few minutes later at 11 : 00 , The Great Artiste dropped instruments attached to three parachutes . These instruments also contained an unsigned letter to Professor Ryokichi Sagane , a physicist at the University of Tokyo who studied with three of the scientists responsible for the atomic bomb at the University of California , Berkeley , urging him to tell the public about the danger involved with these weapons of mass destruction . The messages were found by military authorities but not turned over to Sagane until a month later . In 1949 , one of the authors of the letter , Luis Alvarez , met with Sagane and signed the document . At 11 : 01 , a last - minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar 's bombardier , Captain Kermit Beahan , to visually sight the target as ordered . The Fat Man weapon , containing a core of about 5 kg ( 11 lb ) of plutonium , was dropped over the city 's industrial valley . It exploded 47 seconds later at 1,650 ± 33 ft ( 503 ± 10 m ) , above a tennis court , halfway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Nagasaki Arsenal in the north . This was nearly 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) northwest of the planned hypocenter ; the blast was confined to the Urakami Valley and a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills . The resulting explosion released the equivalent energy of 21 ± 2 kt ( 87.9 ± 8.4 TJ ) . Big Stink spotted the explosion from a hundred miles away , and flew over to observe . Urakami Tenshudo ( Catholic Church in Nagasaki ) destroyed by the bomb , the dome / bell of the church , at right , having toppled off Bockscar flew on to Okinawa , arriving with only sufficient fuel for a single approach . Sweeney tried repeatedly to contact the control tower for landing clearance , but received no answer . He could see heavy air traffic landing and taking off from Yontan Airfield . Firing off every flare on board to alert the field to his emergency landing , the Bockscar came in fast , landing at 140 miles per hour ( 230 km / h ) instead of the normal 120 miles per hour ( 190 km / h ) . The number two engine died from fuel starvation as he began the final approach . Touching down midway down the landing strip , Bockscar bounced up into the air again for about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) before slamming back down hard . The heavy B - 29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B - 24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control . Its reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately , and with both pilots standing on the brakes , Bockscar made a swerving 90 - degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off it . A second engine died from fuel exhaustion before the plane came to a stop . The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained . Following the mission , there was confusion over the identification of the plane . The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of The New York Times , who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock , reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in The Great Artiste . He also noted its `` Victor '' number as 77 , which was that of Bockscar . Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew , and was aware that they referred to their airplane as The Great Artiste . Except for Enola Gay , none of the 393d 's B - 29s had yet had names painted on the noses , a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account . Unaware of the switch in aircraft , Laurence assumed Victor 77 was The Great Artiste , which was in fact , Victor 89 . Events on the ground The Nagasaki Prefecture Report on the bombing characterized Nagasaki as `` like a graveyard with not a tombstone standing '' . Although the bomb was more powerful than the one used on Hiroshima , the effect was confined by hillsides to the narrow Urakami Valley . Of 7,500 Japanese employees who worked inside the Mitsubishi Munitions plant , including `` mobilized '' students and regular workers , 6,200 were killed . Some 17,000 -- 22,000 others who worked in other war plants and factories in the city died as well . Casualty estimates for immediate deaths vary widely , ranging from 22,000 to 75,000 . At least 35,000 -- 40,000 people were killed and 60,000 others injured . In the days and months following the explosion , more people died from their injuries . Because of the presence of undocumented foreign workers , and a number of military personnel in transit , there are great discrepancies in the estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 ; a range of 39,000 to 80,000 can be found in various studies . Unlike Hiroshima 's military death toll , only 150 Japanese soldiers were killed instantly , including thirty - six from the 134th AAA Regiment of the 4th AAA Division . At least eight known POWs died from the bombing and as many as 13 may have died , including a British prisoner of war , Royal Air Force Corporal Ronald Shaw , and seven Dutch POWs . One American POW , Joe Kieyoomia , was in Nagasaki at the time of the bombing but survived , reportedly having been shielded from the effects of the bomb by the concrete walls of his cell . There were 24 Australian POWs in Nagasaki , all of whom survived . Partially incinerated child in Nagasaki . Photo from Japanese photographer Yosuke Yamahata , one day after the blast and building fires had subsided . Once the American forces had Japan under their military control , they imposed censorship on all such images including those from the conventional bombing of Tokyo , this prevented the distribution of Yamahata 's photographs . These restrictions were lifted in 1952 . The radius of total destruction was about 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) , followed by fires across the northern portion of the city to 2 mi ( 3.2 km ) south of the bomb . About 58 % of the Mitsubishi Arms Plant was damaged , and about 78 % of the Mitsubishi Steel Works . The Mitsubishi Electric Works suffered only 10 % structural damage as it was on the border of the main destruction zone . The Nagasaki Arsenal was destroyed in the blast . Although many fires likewise burnt following the bombing , in contrast to Hiroshima where sufficient fuel density was available , no firestorm developed in Nagasaki as the damaged areas did not furnish enough fuel to generate the phenomenon . Instead , the ambient wind at the time pushed the fire spread along the valley . As in Hiroshima , the bombing badly dislocated the city 's medical facilities . A makeshift hospital was established at the Shinkozen Primary School , which served as the main medical centre . The trains were still running , and evacuated many victims to hospitals in nearby towns . A medical team from a naval hospital reached the city in the evening , and fire - fighting brigades from the neighboring towns assisted in fighting the fires . Takashi Nagai was a doctor working in the radiology department of Nagasaki Medical College Hospital . He received a serious injury that severed his right temporal artery , but joined the rest of the surviving medical staff in treating bombing victims . Plans for more Atomic attacks on Japan Memorandum from Groves to Marshall regarding the third bomb , with Marshall 's hand - written endorsement Groves expected to have another atomic bomb ready for use on August 19 , with three more in September and a further three in October . On August 10 , he sent a memorandum to Marshall in which he wrote that `` the next bomb ... should be ready for delivery on the first suitable weather after 17 or 18 August . '' Marshall endorsed the memo with the hand - written comment , `` It is not to be released over Japan without express authority from the President '' , something Truman had requested that day . This modified the previous order that the target cities were to be attacked with atomic bombs `` as made ready '' . There was already discussion in the War Department about conserving the bombs then in production for Operation Downfall , and Marshall suggested to Stimson that the remaining cities on the target list be spared attack with atomic bombs . Two more Fat Man assemblies were readied , and scheduled to leave Kirtland Field for Tinian on August 11 and 14 , and Tibbets was ordered by LeMay to return to Albuquerque , New Mexico , to collect them . At Los Alamos , technicians worked 24 hours straight to cast another plutonium core . Although cast , it still needed to be pressed and coated , which would take until August 16 . Therefore , it could have been ready for use on August 19 . Unable to reach Marshall , Groves ordered on his own authority on August 13 that the core should not be shipped . Surrender of Japan and subsequent occupation Main articles : Surrender of Japan and Occupation of Japan Until August 9 , Japan 's war council still insisted on its four conditions for surrender . The full cabinet met on 14 : 30 on August 9 , and spent most of the day debating surrender . Anami conceded that victory was unlikely , but argued in favour of continuing the war nonetheless . The meeting ended at 17 : 30 , with no decision having been reached . Suzuki went to the palace to report on the outcome of meeting , where he met with Kōichi Kido , the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan . Kido informed him that the emperor had agreed to hold an imperial conference , and gave a strong indication that the emperor would consent to surrender on condition that kokutai be preserved . A second cabinet meeting was held at 18 : 00 . Only four ministers supported Anami 's position of adhering to the four conditions , but since cabinet decisions had to be unanimous , no decision was reached before it ended at 22 : 00 . Calling an imperial conference required the signatures of the prime minister and the two service chiefs , but the Chief Cabinet Secretary Hisatsune Sakomizu had already obtained signatures from Toyoda and General Yoshijirō Umezu in advance , and he reneged on his promise to inform them if a meeting was to be held . The meeting commenced at 23 : 50 . No consensus had emerged by 02 : 00 , but the emperor gave his `` sacred decision '' , authorizing the Foreign Minister , Shigenori Tōgō , to notify the Allies that Japan would accept their terms on one condition , that the declaration `` does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign ruler . '' On August 12 , the Emperor informed the imperial family of his decision to surrender . One of his uncles , Prince Asaka , then asked whether the war would be continued if the kokutai could not be preserved . Hirohito simply replied , `` Of course . '' As the Allied terms seemed to leave intact the principle of the preservation of the Throne , Hirohito recorded on August 14 his capitulation announcement which was broadcast to the Japanese nation the next day despite a short rebellion by militarists opposed to the surrender . In his declaration , Hirohito referred to the atomic bombings , and did not explicitly mention the Soviets as a factor for surrender : Despite the best that has been done by every one -- the gallant fighting of military and naval forces , the diligence and assiduity of Our servants of the State and the devoted service of Our one hundred million people , the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan 's advantage , while the general trends of the world have all turned against her interest . Moreover , the enemy now possesses a new and terrible weapon with the power to destroy many innocent lives and do incalculable damage . Should we continue to fight , not only would it result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation , but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization . Such being the case , how are we to save the millions of our subjects , or to atone ourselves before the hallowed spirits of our imperial ancestors ? This is the reason why we have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the joint declaration of the powers . In his `` Rescript to the Soldiers and Sailors '' delivered on August 17 , however , he stressed the impact of the Soviet invasion on his decision to surrender . Reportage See also : Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in popular culture Play media The Hiroshima ruins in March and April 1946 , by Daniel A. McGovern and Harry Mimura On August 10 , 1945 , the day after the Nagasaki bombing , Yōsuke Yamahata , correspondent Higashi , and artist Yamada arrived in the city with orders to record the destruction for maximum propaganda purposes , Yamahata took scores of photographs , and on August 21 , they appeared in Mainichi Shimbun , a popular Japanese newspaper . Leslie Nakashima filed the first personal account of the scene to appear in American newspapers . A version of his August 27 UPI article appeared in The New York Times on August 31 . Wilfred Burchett was the first western journalist to visit Hiroshima after the bombing , arriving alone by train from Tokyo on September 2 . His Morse code dispatch , `` The Atomic Plague '' , was printed by the Daily Express newspaper in London on September 5 , 1945 . Nakashima 's and Burchett 's reports were the first public reports to mention the effects of radiation and nuclear fallout -- radiation burns and radiation poisoning . Burchett 's reporting was unpopular with the U.S. military , who accused Burchett of being under the sway of Japanese propaganda , and suppressed a supporting story submitted by George Weller of the Chicago Daily News . Laurence dismissed the reports on radiation sickness as Japanese efforts to undermine American morale , ignoring his own account published one week earlier . A member of the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey , Lieutenant Daniel McGovern , used a film crew to document the effects of the bombings in early 1946 . The film crew shot 90,000 ft ( 27,000 m ) of film , resulting in a three - hour documentary titled The Effects of the Atomic Bombs Against Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The documentary included images from hospitals showing the human effects of the bomb ; it showed burned - out buildings and cars , and rows of skulls and bones on the ground . It was classified `` secret '' for the next 22 years . Motion picture company Nippon Eigasha started sending cameramen to Nagasaki and Hiroshima in September 1945 . On October 24 , 1945 , a U.S. military policeman stopped a Nippon Eigasha cameraman from continuing to film in Nagasaki . All Nippon Eigasha 's reels were confiscated by the American authorities , but they were requested by the Japanese government , and declassified . The public release of film footage of the city post-attack , and some research about the effects of the attack , was restricted during the occupation of Japan , but the Hiroshima - based magazine , Chugoku Bunka , in its first issue published on March 10 , 1946 , devoted itself to detailing the damage from the bombing . Play media Life among the rubble in Hiroshima in March and April 1946 . Film footage taken by Lieutenant Daniel A. McGovern ( director ) and Harry Mimura ( cameraman ) for a United States Strategic Bombing Survey project . The book Hiroshima , written by Pulitzer Prize winner John Hersey , which was originally published in article form in the popular magazine The New Yorker , on August 31 , 1946 , is reported to have reached Tokyo in English by January 1947 , and the translated version was released in Japan in 1949 . It narrated the stories of the lives of six bomb survivors from immediately prior to , and months after , the dropping of the Little Boy bomb . Beginning in 1974 , a compilation of drawings and artwork made by the survivors of the bombings began to be compiled , with completion in 1977 , and under both book and exhibition format , it was titled The Unforgettable Fire . The bombing amazed Otto Hahn and other German atomic scientists , whom the British held at Farm Hall in Operation Epsilon . Hahn stated that he had not believed an atomic weapon `` would be possible for another twenty years '' ; Werner Heisenberg did not believe the news at first . Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker said `` I think it 's dreadful of the Americans to have done it . I think it is madness on their part '' , but Heisenberg replied , `` One could equally well say ' That 's the quickest way of ending the war ' '' . Hahn was grateful that the German project had not succeeded in developing `` such an inhumane weapon '' ; Karl Wirtz observed that even if it had , `` we would have obliterated London but would still not have conquered the world , and then they would have dropped them on us '' . The Vatican agreed ; L'Osservatore Romano expressed regret that the bomb 's inventors did not destroy the weapon for the benefit of humanity . Rev. Cuthbert Thicknesse , the Dean of St Albans , prohibited using St Albans Abbey for a thanksgiving service for the war 's end , calling the use of atomic weapons `` an act of wholesale , indiscriminate massacre '' . Nonetheless , news of the atomic bombing was greeted enthusiastically in the U.S. ; a poll in Fortune magazine in late 1945 showed a significant minority of Americans ( 22.7 % ) wishing that more atomic bombs could have been dropped on Japan . The initial positive response was supported by the imagery presented to the public ( mainly the powerful images of the mushroom cloud ) . During this time in America , it was a common practice for editors to keep graphic images of death out of films , magazines , and newspapers . Post-attack casualties See also : Epidemiology data for low - linear energy transfer radiation , Acute radiation syndrome § History , Radiobiology , Hiroshima ( book ) , and Terufumi Sasaki Play media Silent film footage taken in Hiroshima in March 1946 showing survivors with severe burns and keloid scars . Survivors were asked to stand in the orientation they were in at the time of the flash , to document and convey the line - of - sight nature of flash burns , and to show that , much like a sunburn , thick clothing and fabric offered protection in many cases . The sometimes extensive burn scar contracture is not unusual , being common to all 2nd and 3rd degree burns when they cover a large area of skin . Frequent estimates are that 140,000 people in Hiroshima ( 38.9 % of the population ) and 70,000 people in Nagasaki ( 28.0 % of the population ) died in 1945 , though the number which died immediately as a result of exposure to the blast , heat , or due to radiation , is unknown . One Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission report discusses 6,882 people examined in Hiroshima , and 6,621 people examined in Nagasaki , who were largely within 2000 meters from the hypocenter , who suffered injuries from the blast and heat but died from complications frequently compounded by acute radiation syndrome ( ARS ) , all within about 20 -- 30 days . The most well known of which being Midori Naka , some 650 meters from the hypocenter at Hiroshima , who would travel to Tokyo and then with her death on August 24 , 1945 was to be the first death officially certified as a result of radiation poisoning , or as it was referred to by many , `` Atomic bomb disease '' . It was unappreciated at the time but the average radiation dose that will kill approximately 50 % of adults , the LD50 , was approximately halved , that is , smaller doses were made more lethal , when the individual experienced concurrent blast or burn polytraumatic injuries . Conventional skin injuries that cover a large area frequently result in bacterial infection ; the risk of sepsis and death is increased when a usually non-lethal radiation dose moderately suppresses the white blood cell count . In the spring of 1948 , the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ( ABCC ) was established in accordance with a presidential directive from Truman to the National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council to conduct investigations of the late effects of radiation among the survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In 1956 , the ABCC published The Effect of Exposure to the Atomic Bombs on Pregnancy Termination in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The ABCC became the Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) , on 1 April 1975 . A binational organization run by both the United States and Japan , the RERF is still in operation today . Cancer increases As cancers do not immediately emerge after exposure to radiation instead radiation - induced cancer has a minimum latency period of some 5 + years and Leukemia some 2 + which peaks around 6 - 8 years later . Dr Jarrett Foley published the first major reports on the significant increased incidence of the latter among survivors , almost all cases of leukemia over the following 50 years were in people exposed to more than 1 Gy . In a strictly dependent manner dependent on their distance from the hypocenter , in the 1987 Life Span Study , conducted by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation , a statistical excess of 507 cancers , of undefined lethality , were observed in 79,972 hibakusha who had still been living between 1958 -- 1987 and who took part in the study . As the epidemiology study continues with time , the RERF estimates that from 1950 to 2000 , 46 % of leukemia deaths which may include Sadako Sasaki and 11 % of solid cancers of unspecificed lethality , were likely due to radiation from the bombs or some other post-attack city effects , with the statistical excess being 200 leukemia deaths and 1,700 solid cancers of undeclared lethality . Both of these statistics being derived from the observation of approximately half of the total survivors , strictly those who took part in the study . Birth defect investigations While during the preimplantation period , that is 1 -- 10 days following conception , interuterine radiation exposure of `` at least 0.2 Gy '' can cause complications of implantation and death of the human embryo . The number of miscarriages caused by the radiation from the bombings , during this radiosensitive period , is not known . One of the early studies conducted by the ABCC was on the outcome of pregnancies occurring in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , and in a control city , Kure , located 18 mi ( 29 km ) south of Hiroshima , in order to discern the conditions and outcomes related to radiation exposure . James V. Neel led the study which found that the overall number of birth defects was not significantly higher among the children of survivors who were pregnant at the time of the bombings . He also studied the longevity of the children who survived the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , reporting that between 90 and 95 percent were still living 50 years later . While The National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel 's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results . Overall , a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes , in terms of distance from the hypocenters however , Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the hypocenter , an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth , with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure , were approximately 20 cases were observed in a similar sample size . In 1985 , Johns Hopkins University geneticist James F. Crow examined Neel 's research and confirmed that the number of birth defects was not significantly higher in Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Many members of the ABCC and its successor Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( RERF ) were still looking for possible birth defects among the survivors decades later , but found no evidence that they were significantly common among the survivors , or inherited in the children of survivors . Investigations into brain development See also : Radiation - induced cognitive decline § Radiation Therapy Despite the small sample size of 1600 to 1800 persons who came forth as prenatally exposed at the time of the bombings , that were both within a close proximity to the two hypocenters , to survive the In utero absorption of a substantial dose of radiation and then the malnourished post-attack environment , data from this cohort does support the increased risk of severe mental retardation ( SMR ) , that was observed in some 30 individuals , with SMR being a common outcome of the aforementioned microencephaly . While a lack of statistical data , with just 30 individuals out of 1800 , prevents a definitive determination of a threshold point , the data collected suggests a threshold interuterine or fetal dose for SMR , at the most radiosensitive period of cognitive development , when there is the largest number of undifferentiated neural cells ( 8 to 15 weeks post-conception ) to begin at a threshold dose of approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy , with the risk then linearly increasing to a 43 % rate of SMR when exposed to a fetal dose of 1 Gy at any point during these weeks of rapid Neurogenesis . However either side of this radiosensitive age , none of the prenatally exposed to the bombings at an age less than 8 weeks , that is prior to synaptogenesis or at a gestational age more than 26 weeks `` were observed to be mentally retarded '' , with the condition therefore being isolated to those solely of 8 -- 26 weeks of age and who absorbed more than approximately `` 0.09 '' to `` 0.15 '' Gy of prompt radiation energy . Examination of the prenatally exposed in terms of IQ performance and school records , determined the beginning of a statistically significant reduction in both , when exposed to greater than 0.1 to 0.5 Gray , during the same gestational period of 8 -- 25 weeks . However outside this period , at less than 8 weeks and greater than 26 after conception , `` there is no evidence of a radiation - related effect on scholastic performance . '' The reporting of doses in terms of absorbed energy in units of ( Gy and rad ) rather than the use of the biologically significant , biologically weighted Sievert , in both the SMR and cognitive performance data is typical . The reported threshold dose variance between the two cities , is suggested to be a manifestation of the difference between X-ray and neutron absorption , with Little Boy emitting substantially more neutron flux , whereas the Baratol that surrounded the core of Fat Man , filtered or shifted the absorbed neutron - radiation profile , so that the dose of radiation energy received in Nagasaki , is mostly that from exposure to x-rays / gamma rays , in contrast to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima , were instead the in - utero dose more depended on the absorption of neutrons , which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed . From the Radiation dose reconstruction work , which were also informed by the 1962 BREN Tower - Japanese city analog , the estimated dosimetry at Hiroshima still has the largest uncertainty as the Little Boy - bomb design was never tested before deployment or afterward , therefore the estimated radiation profile absorbed by individuals at Hiroshima had required greater reliance on calculations than the Japanese soil , concrete and roof - tile measurements which began to reach accurate levels and thereby inform researchers , in the 1990s . Many other investigations into cognitive outcomes , such as Schizophrenia as a result of prenatal exposure , have been conducted with `` no statistically significant linear relationship seen '' , there is a suggestion that in the most extremely exposed , those who survived within a kilometer or so of the hypocenters , a trend emerges akin to that seen in SMR , though the sample size is too small to determine with any significance . Hibakusha Main article : Hibakusha The survivors of the bombings are called hibakusha ( 被爆者 , Japanese pronunciation : ( çibakɯ̥ɕa ) ) , a Japanese word that literally translates to `` explosion - affected people '' . The Japanese government has recognized about 650,000 people as hibakusha . As of March 31 , 2017 , 164,621 were still alive , mostly in Japan . The government of Japan recognizes about 1 % of these as having illnesses caused by radiation . The memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki contain lists of the names of the hibakusha who are known to have died since the bombings . Updated annually on the anniversaries of the bombings , as of August 2017 the memorials record the names of almost 485,000 hibakusha ; 308,725 in Hiroshima and 175,743 in Nagasaki . If they discuss their background , Hibakusha and their children were ( and still are ) victims of fear based discrimination and exclusion when it comes to prospects of marriage or work due to public ignorance about the consequences of radiation sickness or that the low doses that the majority received were less than a routine diagnostic x-ray , much of the public however persist with the belief that the Hibakusha carry some hereditary or even contagious disease . This is despite the fact that no statistically demonstrable increase of birth defects / congenital malformations was found among the later conceived children born to survivors of the nuclear weapons used at Hiroshima and Nagasaki , or indeed has been found in the later conceived children of cancer survivors who had previously received radiotherapy . The surviving women of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , that could conceive , who were exposed to substantial amounts of radiation , went on and had children with no higher incidence of abnormalities / birth defects than the rate which is observed in the Japanese average . A study of the long - term psychological effects of the bombings on the survivors found that even 17 -- 20 years after the bombings had occurred survivors showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms . Double survivors Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki . The 2006 documentary Twice Survived : The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha ( lit . double explosion - affected people ) , nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities . On March 24 , 2009 , the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha . He was confirmed to be 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated . He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima . He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on August 8 , the day before the bombing , and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives . He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings . He died on January 4 , 2010 , at the age of 93 , after a battle with stomach cancer . Korean survivors See also : Anti-Korean sentiment § Japan During the war , Japan brought as many as 670,000 Korean conscripts to Japan to work as forced labor . About 5,000 -- 8,000 Koreans were killed in Hiroshima and another 1,500 -- 2,000 died in Nagasaki . For many years , Korean survivors had a difficult time fighting for the same recognition as Hibakusha as afforded to all Japanese survivors , a situation which resulted in the denial of the free health benefits to them in Japan . Most issues were eventually addressed in 2008 through lawsuits . Memorials Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon Ida on September 17 , 1945 . More than half the bridges were destroyed , and the roads and railroads were damaged , further devastating the city . The population increased from 83,000 soon after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946 . The city was rebuilt after the war , with help from the national government through the Hiroshima Peace Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949 . It provided financial assistance for reconstruction , along with land donated that was previously owned by the national government and used for military purposes . In 1949 , a design was selected for the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall , the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb 's detonation , was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial . The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park . Hiroshima also contains a Peace Pagoda , built in 1966 by Nipponzan - Myōhōji . Panoramic view of Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park . The Genbaku Dome can be seen in the center left of the image . The original target for the bomb was the `` T '' - shaped Aioi Bridge seen in the left of the image . Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war , but was dramatically changed in the process . The pace of reconstruction was initially slow , and the first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946 . The focus on redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade , shipbuilding and fishing . This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949 . New temples were built , as well as new churches owing to an increase in the presence of Christianity . Some of the rubble was left as a memorial , such as a torii at Sannō Shrine , and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials , such as the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum , which was opened in the mid-1990s . Panoramic view of the monument marking the hypocenter , or ground zero , of the atomic bomb explosion over Nagasaki Debate over bombings Main article : Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The role of the bombings in Japan 's surrender , and the ethical , legal , and military controversies surrounding the United States ' justification for them have been the subject of scholarly and popular debate . On one hand , it has been argued , that the bombings caused the Japanese surrender , thereby preventing casualties that an invasion of Japan would have involved . Stimson talked of saving one million casualties . The naval blockade might have starved the Japanese into submission without an invasion , but this would also have resulted in many more Japanese deaths . It has also been pointed out that the conventional bombing of Japan caused just as much destruction as the atomic bombs , if not more so . Indeed , Operation Meetinghouse , known as the Great Tokyo Air Raid in Japan , was the single most devastating air raid of the war , with a higher death toll than either of the two atomic bombings . Japanese historian Tsuyoshi Hasegawa argued that the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan `` played a much greater role than the atomic bombs in inducing Japan to surrender because it dashed any hope that Japan could terminate the war through Moscow 's mediation '' . A view among critics of the bombings , that was popularized by American historian Gar Alperovitz in 1965 , is the idea of atomic diplomacy : that the United States used nuclear weapons in order to intimidate the Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War . Although not accepted by mainstream historians , this became the position in Japanese school history textbooks . Those who oppose the bombings , give other reasons for their view ; among them : a belief , that atomic bombing is fundamentally immoral , that the bombings counted as war crimes , that they constituted state terrorism , and that they involved racism against and the dehumanization of the Japanese people . Legacy Main article : Nuclear warfare Like the way it began , the manner in which World War II ended cast a long shadow over international relations for decades to come . By June 30 , 1946 , there were components for only nine atomic bombs in the US arsenal , all Fat Man devices identical to the one used in the bombing of Nagasaki . The nuclear weapons were handmade devices , and a great deal of work remained to improve their ease of assembly , safety , reliability and storage before they were ready for production . There were also many improvements to their performance that had been suggested or recommended , but that had not been possible under the pressure of wartime development . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy had decried the use of the atomic bombs as adopting `` an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' , but in October 1947 , he reported a military requirement for 400 bombs . The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949 . The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb , a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons . By 1986 , the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons , while the Soviet Union had 40,159 . By 2017 , nine nations had nuclear weapons , but Japan was not one of them . Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970 , but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella . American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa , and sometimes in Japan itself , albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations . Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces , the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War , a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look . In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki , the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times . Public opinion in the west The Pew Research Center conducted a 2015 survey showing that 56 % of Americans support the atomic bombings on Hiroshima and Nagasaki from WWII , while only 34 % oppose the bombings . The study highlighted the impact of the respondent 's generation , showing that 70 % of Americans 65 and older support the bombings , while only 47 % of 18 - to 29 - year - olds support the bombings . Younger generations of Americans are less supportive of the bombings , according to the Pew Research Center statistics . Political leanings also impacted responses according to the survey . 74 % of Republicans support the bombings while 52 % of Democrats support the bombings . American approval of the US dropping the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has decreased steadily since 1945 . A 1945 Gallup poll showed that 85 % of Americans approved of using atomic weapons on Japanese cities , while only 10 % disapproved . Forty five years later in 1990 , Gallup conducted another poll and recorded 53 % of Americans approving the bombings with 41 % disapproving the bombings . Another 2005 Gallup poll echoes the findings of the 2015 Pew Research Center study by finding 57 % of Americans approved the bombings while 38 % disapproved . While the poll data from The Pew Research Center and Gallup show a stark drop in support for the bombings over the last half century , Stanford political scientists have conducted research supporting their hypothesis that US public support for the use of nuclear force would be just as high today as in 1945 if a similar yet contemporary real life scenario presented itself . In a 2017 study conducted by political scientists Scott D. Sagan and Benjamin A. Valentino , it was found that 67 % of Americans support the conventional strike with use of atomic force in a hypothetical situation that killed 100,000 Iranian civilians over the other hypothetical option of an invasion that would kill 20,000 American soldiers . On the other hand , a 2010 Pew survey showed that 64 % of Americans approved of Barack Obama 's declaration of US abstinence of nuclear weapons against a nation that did not have them , showing that most Americans have a conflicted view on use of atomic force . Notes ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 49 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ Williams 1960 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Long 1963 , pp. 48 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks & Stanley 2007 , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Appleman et al. 1948 , pp. 462 -- 467 . Jump up ^ Coox 1969 , pp. 2540 -- 2544 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 45 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 70 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 121 -- 124 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Months of the War With Japan . Part III ( note 24 ) '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carroll 2007 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Drea 1992 , pp. 202 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 340 . ^ Jump up to : Giangreco 2009 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Schaffer 1985 , pp. 164 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 22 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 169 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 29 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 507 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 514 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 548 -- 551 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 536 -- 545 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 558 -- 560 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Sandler 2001 , pp. 24 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 574 -- 576 . Jump up ^ Long , Tony ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` March 9 , 1945 : Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy '' . Wired . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laurence M. Vance ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Bombings Worse than Nagasaki and Hiroshima '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joseph Coleman ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` 1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror , Pain '' . CommonDreams.org . Associated Press . Retrieved August 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 608 -- 610 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 568 -- 570 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1996 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Werrell 1996 , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 614 -- 617 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 642 -- 643 . Jump up ^ Kerr 1991 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Tanaka & Young 2009 , pp. 5 , 84 -- 85 , 117 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 653 -- 658 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , pp. 412 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 422 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Zaloga & Noon 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Giangreco 2009 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Coox 1994 , p. 429 . 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Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to August 15 , 1945 '' ( PDF ) . 509th Composite Group . 1945 . pp. 8 -- 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tibbets 1998 , pp. 163 , 167 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of 3rd Target Committee Meeting 28 May 1945 '' ( PDF ) . National Archives . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 706 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of 509th Composite Group -- 313th Bombardment Wing -- Twentieth Air Force -- Activation to 15 August 1945 '' ( PDF ) . Tinian : Air Force Historical Research Agency . 1945 . pp. 17 -- 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2005 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Christman 1998 , p. 176 . 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Retrieved December 5 , 2016. ) ^ Jump up to : Craven & Cate 1953 , p. 656 . Jump up ^ Frank 1999 , p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : McNelly 2000 , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Lifton 1991 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ 空襲予告ビラ、高山市民が保管市内で展示 ( Air Raid Notice ) ( in Japanese ) . 岐阜新聞社 ( Gifu Shinbunsha ( Open Library ) ) . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bungei 1981 , p. 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hewlett & Anderson 1962 , pp. 372 -- 373 . Jump up ^ Gowing 1964 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ `` Minutes of a Meeting of the Combined Policy Committee , '' . Washington , DC : United States Department of State . July 4 , 1945 . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Craven & Cate 1953 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Jump up ^ `` Letter received from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . 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Retrieved March 9 , 2014 . describes how various values were recorded for the B - 29 's altitude at the moment of bomb release over Hiroshima . The strike report said 30,200 ft , the official history said 31,600 ft , Commander Parson 's log entry was 32,700 ft , and the navigator 's log was 31,060 ft -- the latter possibly an error transposing two digits . A later calculation using the indicated atmospheric pressure arrived at the figure of 32,200 ft . Similarly , several values have been reported as the altitude of the Little Boy bomb at the moment of detonation . Published sources vary in the range of 1,800 to 2,000 ft ( 550 to 610 m ) above the city . The device was set to explode at 1,885 ft ( 575 m ) , but this was approximate . Malik uses the figure of 1,903 ft ( 580 m ) plus or minus 50 ft ( 15 m ) , determined after data review by Hubbell et al 1969 . Radar returns from the tops of multistory buildings near the hypocenter may have triggered the detonation at a somewhat higher altitude than planned . Kerr et al. ( 2005 ) found that a detonation altitude of 600 m ( 1,968.5 ft ) , plus or minus 20 m ( 65.6 ft ) , gave the best fit for all the measurement discrepancies . Jump up ^ `` The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima , Aug 6 , 1945 '' . United States Department of Energy . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Morgan - Witts 1977 , pp. 423 . 427 . Jump up ^ `` The Bomb - '' Little Boy `` '' . The Atomic Heritage Foundation . Retrieved May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radiation Dose Reconstruction U.S. Occupation Forces in Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan , 1945 -- 1946 ( DNA 5512F ) '' ( PDF ) . Defense Nuclear Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Super-fortress crew tell their story '' . The Guardian . August 8 , 1945 . 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Chapter 2 Acute radiation syndrome Jump up ^ Nuclear fallout medical effects . Mettler Jump up ^ Putnam , Frank W . `` The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Retrospect '' . National Academy of Sciences . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lindee , 241 Jump up ^ `` Objectives '' Jump up ^ Radiation Effects Research Foundation ( former Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission ) `` Leukemia risks among atomic - bomb survivors '' Accessed 2011 - 10 - 30 Jump up ^ http://hiroshima.australiandoctor.com.au/ Jump up ^ Peterson & Abrahamson 1998 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions # 2 '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Biological Effects of Prenatal Irradiation Christian Streffer doi.org/10.1002/9780470515006.ch11 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` The Radiation Effects Research Foundation '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 25 , 2009 . 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Schull Jump up ^ NAP pg 360 effects of growth and development Jump up ^ Prenatal Exposure to Atomic Radiation and Brain Damage doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-4520.1989.tb00751.x Congenital Anomalies 1989 Jump up ^ Mental Retardation Following In Utero Exposure to the Atomic Bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Pediatric Radiology doi.org/10.1148/106.3.617 . `` Significant increases at doses greater than 50 rads in Hiroshima and 200 in Nagasaki were found , with the risk of mental retardation generally rising directly with increasing dose . The lower dose - effect in Hiroshima may have been due to irradiation by neutrons which were virtually absent in Nagasaki . '' Jump up ^ New Study Questions Hiroshima Radiation. 1992 Jump up ^ The impact of possible modifications to the DS86 dosimetry on neutron risk and relative biological effectiveness Jump up ^ Reassessment of gamma doses from the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki 10.2307 / 3577175 Jump up ^ Lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia among individuals prenatally exposed to atomic bomb radiation in Nagasaki City / doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10877.x Jump up ^ `` Hiroshima marks 72nd A-bomb anniversary with eyes on ban treaty '' . The Mainichi . August 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Relief for A-bomb victims '' . The Japan Times . August 15 , 2007 . Retrieved October 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UN chief calls for intensified effort on nuclear disarmament '' . Asian News Service . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Atomic bombing of Nagasaki remembered '' . The Japan News . August 9 , 2017 . 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( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Sex ratio among offspring of childhood cancer survivors treated with radiotherapy '' . Br J Cancer . 88 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 387 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. bjc. 6600748 . PMC 2747537 . PMID 12569380 -- via www.nature.com . Jump up ^ http://www.rerf.jp/radefx/genetics_e/birthdef.html ( RERF ) Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Formerly known as the ( ABCC ) Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . Jump up ^ `` Birth defects among the children of atomic - bomb survivors ( 1948 -- 1954 ) '' . Radiation Effects Research Foundation . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NUCLEAR CRISIS : Hiroshima and Nagasaki cast long shadows over radiation science '' . Jump up ^ Yamada & Izumi 2002 , pp. 409 -- 415 . Jump up ^ `` Twice Bombed , Twice Survived : Film Explores Untold Stories from Hiroshima & Nagasaki '' . Columbia University . August 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Khan , Shahedul Anam ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' `` An ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages '' `` . The Daily Star . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ellsberg 2017 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Quester 1970 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , pp. 80 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Hewlett & Holl 1989 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Ellsberg 2017 , pp. 319 -- 322 . ^ Jump up to : `` 70 years after Hiroshima , opinions have shifted on use of atomic bomb '' . Pew Research Center . 2015 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Inc. , Gallup , . `` Gallup Vault : Americans ' Mindset After Hiroshima '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ University , Stanford ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Americans weigh in on nuclear war Stanford News '' . Stanford News . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 24 . 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The Day Man Lost : Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 0 - 87011 - 471 - 9 . Burchett , Wilfred ( 2004 ) . `` The Atomic Plague '' . In Pilger , John . Tell me No Lies . New York : Thunder 's Mouth Press . pp. 10 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 06288 - 3 . OCLC 61395938 . Campbell , Richard H. ( 2005 ) . The Silverplate Bombers : A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B - 29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2139 - 8 . OCLC 58554961 . Carroll , James ( 2007 ) . House of War : The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 618 - 87201 - 9 . Christman , Albert B. ( 1998 ) . Target Hiroshima : Deak Parsons and the Creation of the Atomic Bomb . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 120 - 3 . OCLC 38257982 . Chun , Clayton K.S. ( 2008 ) . Japan , 1945 : From Operation Downfall to Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Oxford : Osprey . 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OCLC 968158870 . Fiévé , Nicolas ; Waley , Paul ( 2003 ) . Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective : Place , Power and Memory in Kyoto , Edo and Tokyo . London : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1409 - X . Frank , Richard B. ( 1999 ) . Downfall : The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 41424 - X . Fujiwara , Akira ( 1991 ) . Tettei kenshō Shōwa Tennō `` dokuhakuroku '' . Tōkyō : Ōtsuki Shoten . ISBN 4 - 272 - 52022 - 9 . Giangreco , D.M. ( 2009 ) . Hell to Pay : Operation Downfall and the Invasion of Japan 1945 -- 1947 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 316 - 1 . OCLC 643381863 . Glasstone , Samuel ; Dolan , Philip J. , eds. ( 1977 ) . The Effects of Nuclear Weapons . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Defense and the Energy Research and Development Administration . OCLC 4016678 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Goldstein , Donald ; Dillon , Katherine V ; Wenger , J Michael ( 1995 ) . Rain of Ruin : a Photographic History of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Washington , D.C. : Brassey 's . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 033 - 0 . OCLC 31969557 . Gowing , Margaret ( 1964 ) . Britain and Atomic Energy , 1935 -- 1945 . London : Macmillan Publishing . OCLC 3195209 . Groves , Leslie ( 1983 ) ( 1962 ) . Now it Can be Told : The Story of the Manhattan Project . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80189 - 1 . OCLC 932666584 . Gruhl , Werner ( 2007 ) . Imperial Japan 's World War II , 1931 -- 1945 . New Brunswick , New Jersey : Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0352 - 8 . OCLC 76871604 . Grunden , Walter E. ( 1998 ) . `` Hungnam and the Japanese atomic bomb : Recent Historiography of a Postwar Myth '' . Intelligence and National Security . 13 ( 2 ) : 32 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 02684529808432475 . ISSN 0268 - 4527 . Ham , Paul ( 2011 ) . Hiroshima Nagasaki . Sydney : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8845 - 7 . OCLC 746754306 . Hasegawa , Tsuyoshi ( 2006 ) . Racing the Enemy : Stalin , Truman , and the Surrender of Japan . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01693 - 4 . Hein , Laura ; Selden , Mark , eds. ( 1997 ) . Living with the Bomb : American and Japanese Cultural Conflicts in the Nuclear Age . New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56324 - 967 - 9 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Anderson , Oscar E. ( 1962 ) . The New World , 1939 -- 1946 ( PDF ) . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press . OCLC 493738019 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Hewlett , Richard G. ; Holl , Jack M. ( 1989 ) . Atoms for Peace and War , 1953 -- 1961 : Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission ( PDF ) . A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission . University Park , Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 06018 - 0 . OCLC 82275622 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation ( 2003 ) . Eyewitness Testimonies : Appeals from the A-Bomb Survivors ( 3rd ed . ) . Hiroshima , Japan : Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation . OCLC 853288543 . Hixson , Walter L. ( 2002 ) . The American Experience in World War II : The Atomic Bomb in History and Memory . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94035 - 1 . OCLC 59464269 . Hoddeson , Lillian ; Henriksen , Paul W. ; Meade , Roger A. ; Westfall , Catherine L. ( 1993 ) . Critical Assembly : A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years , 1943 -- 1945 . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44132 - 3 . OCLC 26764320 . Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 2001 ) . Japan 's War : The Great Pacific Conflict . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 8154 - 1118 - 9 . OCLC 12722494 . Hubbell , Harry ; Cheka , Joseph ; Jones , Throyce ( 1969 ) . The Epicenters of the Atomic Bombs . Reevaluation of All Available Physical Data With Recommended Values . Hiroshima : Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission . OCLC 404745043 . Ishikawa , Eisei ; Swain , David L. ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02985 - 3 . OCLC 715904227 . Japanese Broadcasting Corporation ( NHK ) ( 1977 ) . Unforgettable Fire : Pictures Drawn by Atomic Bomb Survivors . New York : Pantheon Books . ISBN 978 - 0394748238 . Johnston , Barbara Rose ( 2008 ) . The Consequential Damages of Nuclear War : The Rongelap Report . Walnutt Creek : Left Coast Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59874 - 346 - 3 . Jones , Vincent ( 1985 ) . Manhattan : The Army and the Atomic Bomb . The United States Army in World War II : Special Studies . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . OCLC 10913875 . Jowett , Philip S. ; Andrew , Stephen ( 2002 ) . The Japanese Army 1931 -- 45 : 2 1942 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 354 - 5 . OCLC 59395824 . Kelly , Jason M. ( 2012 ) . `` Why Did Henry Stimson Spare Kyoto from the Bomb ? : Confusion in Postwar Historiography '' . Journal of American - East Asian Relations . 19 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 203 . doi : 10.1163 / 18765610 - 01902004 . ISSN 1058 - 3947 . Kerr , E. Bartlett ( 1991 ) . Flames Over Tokyo : the US Army Air Forces ' Incendiary Campaign against Japan 1944 -- 1945 . New York : Donald I. Fine Inc . ISBN 1 - 55611 - 301 - 3 . Kerr , George D. ; Young , Robert W. ; Cullings , Harry M. ; Christy , Robert F. ( 2005 ) . `` Bomb Parameters '' . In Young , Robert W. ; Kerr , George D. Reassessment of the Atomic Bomb Radiation Dosimetry for Hiroshima and Nagasaki -- Dosimetry System 2002 ( PDF ) . Hiroshima : The Radiation Effects Research Foundation . pp. 42 -- 61 . OCLC 271477587 . Kido , Kōichi ; Yoshitake , Oka ( 1966 ) . 木戶幸一日記 ( Kido Kōichi Diary ) ( in Japanese ) . Tōkyō : Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai . ISBN 4 - 13 - 030012 - 1 . OCLC 959675458 . Knebel , Fletcher ; Bailey , Charles W. ( 1960 ) . No High Ground . New York : Harper and Row . OCLC 1212857 . Krimsky , Sheldon ; Shorett , Peter ( 2005 ) . Rights and Liberties in the Biotech Age : Why We Need a Genetic Bill of Rights . Lantham : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4341 - 2 . Lewis , Robert A. ; Tolzer , Eliot ( August 1957 ) . `` How We Dropped the A-Bomb '' . Popular Science . pp. 71 -- 75 , 209 -- 210 . ISSN 0161 - 7370 . Lifton , Robert Jay ( 1991 ) . Death in Life : Survivors of Hiroshima . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4344 - X . OCLC 490493399 . Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 -- 1945 . Series 1 -- Army . Volume 7 . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . McNelly , Theodore H. ( 2000 ) . `` The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . In Jacob Neufeld . Pearl to V-J Day : World War II in the Pacific . New York : Diane Publishing Co. pp. 131 -- 170 . ISBN 1 - 4379 - 1286 - 9 . Moore , Mike ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` Troublesome Imagery '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science . 54 ( 4 ) : 73 -- 74 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Newman , Robert P. ( 1995 ) . Truman and the Hiroshima Cult . East Lansing , Michigan : Michigan State University Press . ISBN 0 - 87013 - 403 - 5 . OCLC 32625518 . Orr , James J. ( 2008 ) . `` Review of Hiroshima in History : The Myths of Revisionism and The End of the Pacific War '' . Journal of Japanese Studies . 34 ( 2 ) : 521 -- 529 . ISSN 0095 - 6848 . JSTOR 27756604 . Peterson , Leif E. ; Abrahamson , Seymour , eds. ( 1998 ) . Effects of Ionizing Radiation : Atomic Bomb Survivors and Their Children . Washington , D.C. : Joseph Henry Press . OCLC 937289722 . Preston , Diana ( 2005 ) . Before The Fallout : From Marie Curie to Hiroshima . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1445 - 5 . Quester , George H. ( September 1970 ) . `` Japan and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty '' . Asian Survey . 10 ( 9 ) : 765 -- 778 . doi : 10.2307 / 2643028 . ISSN 0004 - 4687 . JSTOR 2643028 . Reischauer , Edwin O. ( 1986 ) . My Life Between Japan And America . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 039054 - 9 . OCLC 13114344 . Rhodes , Richard ( 1995 ) . Dark Sun : The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80400 - X . OCLC 32509950 . Rotter , Andrew J. ( 2008 ) . Hiroshima : The World 's Bomb . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280437 - 5 . Russ , Harlow W. ( 1990 ) . Project Alberta : The Preparation of Atomic Bombs For Use in World War II . Los Alamos , New Mexico : Exceptional Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944482 - 01 - 8 . OCLC 24429257 . Sandler , Stanley ( 2001 ) . World War II in the Pacific : an Encyclopedia . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1883 - 9 . OCLC 44769066 . Schaffer , Ronald ( 1985 ) . Wings of Judgment : American Bombing in World War II . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503629 - 8 . OCLC 11785450 . Scoenberger , Walter ( 1969 ) . Decision of Destiny . Athens : Ohio University Press . OCLC 959500725 . Selden , Kyoko Iriye ; Selden , Mark ( 1990 ) . The Atomic Bomb : Voices from Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 0 - 87332 - 773 - X . OCLC 20057103 . Sharp , Patrick B. ( 2000 ) . `` From Yellow Peril to Japanese Wasteland : John Hersey 's ' Hiroshima ' '' . Twentieth Century Literature. 46 : 434 -- 452 . ISSN 0041 - 462X . JSTOR 827841 . Sherwin , Martin J. ( 2003 ) . A World Destroyed : Hiroshima and its Legacies . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3957 - 9 . OCLC 52714712 . Sklar , Morty , ed. ( 1984 ) . Nuke - rebuke : Writers & Artists Against Nuclear Energy & Weapons . Iowa City , Iowa : The Spirit That Moves Us Press . ISBN 0 - 930370 - 16 - 3 . OCLC 10072916 . Slavinskiĭ , Boris Nikolaevich ( 2004 ) . The Japanese - Soviet Neutrality Pact : A Diplomatic History , 1941 -- 1945 . Nissan Institute / Routledge Japanese Studies Series . London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32292 - 8 . Stohl , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Politics of Terrorism . New York : M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 6764 - 8 . OCLC 4495087 . Sweeney , Charles ; Antonucci , James A. ; Antonucci , Marion K. ( 1997 ) . War 's End : An Eyewitness Account of America 's Last Atomic Mission . New York : Quill Publishing . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78874 - 8 . Tanaka , Yuki ; Young , Marilyn B. ( 2009 ) . Bombing Civilians : A Twentieth Century History . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59558 - 547 - 9 . OCLC 624416971 . Thomas , Gordon ; Morgan - Witts , Max ( 1977 ) . Ruin from the Air . London : Hamilton . ISBN 0 - 241 - 89726 - 2 . OCLC 252041787 . Tibbets , Paul W. ( 1998 ) . Return Of The Enola Gay . New Hope , Pennsylvania : Enola Gay Remembered . ISBN 0 - 9703666 - 0 - 4 . OCLC 69423383 . Toon , O.B. ; Turco , R.P. ; Robock , A. ; Bardeen , C. ; Oman , L. ; Stenchikov , G.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Atmospheric Effects and Societal Consequences of Regional Scale Nuclear Conflicts and Acts of Individual Nuclear Terrorism '' ( PDF ) . Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 7 : 1973 -- 2002 . ISSN 1680 - 7316 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . United States Department of State ( 1960 ) . Foreign Relations of the United States : Diplomatic Papers : the Conference of Berlin ( the Potsdam Conference ) , 1945 . Foreign Relations of the United States . 2 . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . OCLC 22435734 . Wainstock , Dennis D. ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 95475 - 7 . OCLC 33243854 . Walker , J. Samuel ( January 1990 ) . `` The Decision to Use the Bomb : A Historiographical Update '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 1 ) : 97 -- 114 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00078. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Walker , J. Samuel ( April 2005 ) . `` Recent Literature on Truman 's Atomic Bomb Decision : A Search for Middle Ground '' . Diplomatic History . 29 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 334 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2005. 00476. x . ISSN 1467 - 7709 . Werrell , Kenneth P. ( 1996 ) . Blankets of Fire : U.S. Bombers over Japan during World War II . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 665 - 4 . OCLC 32921746 . White , Geoffrey . M. ( July 1995 ) . `` Memory Wars : The Politics of Remembering the Asia - Pacific War '' ( PDF ) . Asia - Pacific Issues ( 21 ) . ISSN 1522 - 0966 . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . Williams , M.H. ( 1960 ) . Chronology , 1941 -- 1945 . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Chief of Military History , Department of the Army . OCLC 1358166 . Yamada , Michiko ; Izumi , Shizue ( 2002 ) . `` Psychiatric Sequelae in Atomic Bomb Survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki Two Decades After the Explosions '' . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 37 ( 9 ) : 409 -- 415 . doi : 10.1007 / s00127 - 002 - 0572 - 5 . ISSN 0933 - 7954 . Zaloga , Steven J. ; Noon , Steve ( 2010 ) . Defense of Japan 1945 . Fortress . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 687 - 9 . OCLC 503042143 . Further reading Allen , Thomas ; Polmar , Norman ( 1995 ) . Code - Name Downfall . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80406 - 9 . Alperovitz , Gar ; Tree , Sanho ( 1996 ) . The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb . New York : Vintage . ISBN 0 - 679 - 76285 - X . The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1981 ) . Hiroshima and Nagasaki : The Physical , Medical , and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02985 - X . Delgado , James P. ( 2009 ) . Nuclear Dawn : the Atomic Bomb , from the Manhattan Project to the Cold War . New York : Osprey . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84603 - 396 - 4 . OCLC 297147193 . Gordin , Michael D. ( 2007 ) . Five Days in August : How World War II Became a Nuclear War . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 12818 - 9 . OCLC 70630623 . Gosling , Francis George ( 1994 ) . The Manhattan Project : Making the Atomic Bomb . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of Energy , History Division . OCLC 637052193 . Krauss , Robert ; Krauss , Amelia ( 2005 ) . The 509th Remembered : A History of the 509th Composite Group as Told by the Veterans Themselves . Buchanan , Michigan : 509th Press . ISBN 0 - 923568 - 66 - 2 . OCLC 59148135 . Merton , Thomas ( 1962 ) . Original Child Bomb : Points for Meditation to be Scratched on the Walls of a Cave . New York : New Directions . OCLC 4527778 . Murakami , Chikayasu ( 2007 ) . Hiroshima no shiroi sora ( The White Sky in Hiroshima ) . Tokyo : Bungeisha . ISBN 4 - 286 - 03708 - 8 . Ogura , Toyofumi ( 2001 ) . Letters from the End of the World : A Firsthand Account of the Bombing of Hiroshima . Tokyo : Kodansha International . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2776 - 1 . Sekimori , Gaynor ( 1986 ) . Hibakusha : Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Tokyo : Kosei Publishing Company . ISBN 4 - 333 - 01204 - X . Ward , Wilson ( Spring 2007 ) . `` The Winning Weapon ? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima '' . International Security . 31 ( 4 ) : 162 -- 179 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 2007.31. 4.162 . ISSN 1531 - 4804 . Warren , Stafford L. ( 1966 ) . `` Manhattan Project '' . In Ahnfeldt , Arnold Lorentz . Radiology in World War II . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Surgeon General , Department of the Army . pp. 831 -- 922 . OCLC 630225 . External links Find more aboutAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasakiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Present day Are Nagasaki and Hiroshima still radioactive ? -- No . Includes explanation . The decision `` Order from General Thomas Handy to General Carl Spaatz authorizing the dropping of the first atomic bomb '' . Wikisource. 2015 . `` Documents on the Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb '' . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` President Truman Defends Use of Atomic Bomb , 1945 : Original Letters '' . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . `` Correspondence Regarding Decision to Drop the Bomb '' . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The effects `` The Effects of the Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey . Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum . 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Scientific Data of the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Disaster '' . Atomic Bomb Disease Institute , Nagasaki University . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Tale of Two Cities : The Story of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . National Science Digital Library . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Atomic Archive. 1946 . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II '' ( PDF ) . National Security Archive . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 1 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The short film Children of Hiroshima ( Reel 2 of 2 ) ( 1952 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Photo gallery of aftermath pictures '' . Time - Life . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2014 . Video footage of the bombing of Nagasaki ( silent ) on YouTube Video footage of the bombing of Hiroshima on YouTube The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki public domain audiobook at LibriVox Archives `` Nagasaki Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Nagasaki bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . `` Hiroshima Archive '' . Google Earth mapping of Hiroshima bombing archives . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Bibliographies `` Annotated bibliography for atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Commemoration Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall For The Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum Hiroshima and Nagasaki : A Look Back at the US Atomic Bombing 64 Years Later -- video by Democracy Now ! 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Truman 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 ) 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 ) U.S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 ) Presidency 1945 inauguration 1949 inauguration Potsdam Conference Agreement on Europe Declaration to Japan Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Fair Deal Mental Health Act National Institute of Mental Health National School Lunch Act Employment Act of 1946 Council of Economic Advisers Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Loyalty Order National Security Act of 1947 Joint Chiefs of Staff National Security Council Department of the Air Force Central Intelligence Agency Key West Agreement Joint Long Range Proving Grounds Revolt of the Admirals Committee on Civil Rights Integration of the Armed Forces Housing Act of 1949 North Atlantic Treaty NATO Assassination attempt Korean War U.N. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the atomic bombs dropped on japan	[ "\n\nAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\n\n\nPart of the Pacific War of World War II\n\n\n\nAtomic bomb mushroom clouds over\nHiroshima (left) and Nagasaki (right)\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nAugust 6 and August 9, 1945\n\n\nLocation\nHiroshima and Nagasaki, Empire of Japan\n\n\nResult\nAllied victory\n\n\n\n\n\nBelligerents\n\n\n United States\nManhattan Project:\n United Kingdom\n Canada\n Japan\n\n\nCommanders and leaders\n\n\n William S. Parsons\n Paul W. Tibbets, Jr.\n Charles Sweeney\n Frederick Ashworth\n Shunroku Hata\n\n\nUnits involved\n\n\nManhattan District: 50 U.S., 2 British\n509th Composite Group: 1,770 U.S.\nSecond General Army:\nHiroshima: 40,000 (5 Anti-aircraft batteries)\nNagasaki: 9,000 (4 Anti-aircraft batteries)\n\n\nCasualties and losses\n\n\n20 British, Dutch, and American prisoners of war killed\n\nHiroshima:\n\n20,000 soldiers killed\n70,000–126,000 civilians killed\n\nNagasaki:\n\n39,000–80,000 killed\n\nTotal: 129,000–226,000+ killed\n\n" ]	[ "August 6 and August 9, 1945" ]
7923887829080672893	Casablanca (film)	Casablanca ( film ) - wikipedia Casablanca ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Casablanca Theatrical release poster by Bill Gold Directed by Michael Curtiz Produced by Hal B. Wallis Screenplay by Julius J. Epstein Philip G. Epstein Howard Koch Based on Everybody Comes to Rick 's by Murray Burnett Joan Alison Starring Humphrey Bogart Ingrid Bergman Paul Henreid Claude Rains Conrad Veidt Sydney Greenstreet Peter Lorre Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Arthur Edeson Edited by Owen Marks Production company Warner Bros. -- First National Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date November 26 , 1942 ( 1942 - 11 - 26 ) ( Hollywood Theatre ) January 23 , 1943 ( 1943 - 01 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 102 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $878,000 Box office $3.7 million ( initial US release ) Casablanca is a 1942 American romantic drama film directed by Michael Curtiz based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison 's unproduced stage play Everybody Comes to Rick 's . The film stars Humphrey Bogart , Ingrid Bergman , and Paul Henreid ; it also features Claude Rains , Conrad Veidt , Sydney Greenstreet , Peter Lorre , and Dooley Wilson . Set during contemporary World War II , it focuses on an American expatriate who must choose between his love for a woman and helping her and her husband , a Czech Resistance leader , escape from the Vichy - controlled city of Casablanca to continue his fight against the Nazis . Story editor Irene Diamond convinced producer Hal B. Wallis to purchase the film rights to the play in January 1942 . Brothers Julius and Philip G. Epstein were initially assigned to write the script . However , despite studio resistance , they left to work on Frank Capra 's Why We Fight series early in 1942 . Howard E. Koch was assigned to the screenplay until the Epsteins returned a month later . Principal photography began on May 25 , 1942 , ending on August 3 ; the film was shot entirely at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California with the exception of one sequence at Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys , Los Angeles . Although Casablanca was an A-list film with established stars and first - rate writers , no one involved with its production expected it to be anything out of the ordinary , just one of the hundreds of pictures produced by Hollywood every year . Casablanca was rushed into release to take advantage of the publicity from the Allied invasion of North Africa a few weeks earlier . It had its world premiere on November 26 , 1942 , in New York City and was released nationally in the United States on January 23 , 1943 . The film was a solid if unspectacular success in its initial run . Exceeding expectations , Casablanca went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture , while Curtiz was selected as Best Director and the Epsteins and Koch were honored for writing the Best Adapted Screenplay -- and gradually its reputation grew . Its lead characters , memorable lines , and pervasive theme song have all become iconic and the film consistently ranks near the top of lists of the greatest films in history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Direction 3.3 Cinematography 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Initial response 5.2 Lasting influence 5.3 Influence on later works 6 Interpretation 7 Awards and honors 8 Home media releases 9 Sequels and other versions 9.1 Colorization 10 Anecdotes and inaccuracies 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In December 1941 , American expatriate Rick Blaine owns an upscale nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca . `` Rick 's Café Américain '' attracts a varied clientele , including Vichy French and German officials , refugees desperate to reach the still - neutral United States , and those who prey on them . Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters , he ran guns to Ethiopia during its war with Italy and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War . From left to right : Henreid , Bergman , Rains and Bogart Petty crook Ugarte boasts to Rick of `` letters of transit '' obtained by murdering two German couriers . The papers allow the bearers to travel freely around German - controlled Europe and to neutral Portugal , and are priceless to the refugees stranded in Casablanca . Ugarte plans to sell them at the club , and asks Rick to hold them . Before he can meet his contact , Ugarte is arrested by the local police under the command of Captain Louis Renault , the unabashedly corrupt Vichy prefect of police . Ugarte dies in custody without revealing that he entrusted the letters to Rick . Then the reason for Rick 's bitterness -- former lover Ilsa Lund -- enters his establishment . Spotting Rick 's friend and house pianist , Sam , Ilsa asks him to play `` As Time Goes By . '' Rick storms over , furious that Sam disobeyed his order never to perform that song , and is stunned to see Ilsa . She is accompanied by her husband , Victor Laszlo , a renowned fugitive Czech Resistance leader . They need the letters to escape to America to continue his work . German Major Strasser has come to Casablanca to see that Laszlo fails . When Laszlo makes inquiries , Ferrari , a major underworld figure and Rick 's friendly business rival , divulges his suspicion that Rick has the letters . Privately , Rick refuses to sell at any price , telling Laszlo to ask his wife the reason . They are interrupted when Strasser leads a group of officers in singing `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' ( `` The Watch on the Rhine '' ) . Laszlo orders the house band to play `` La Marseillaise '' . When the band looks to Rick , he nods his head . Laszlo starts singing , alone at first , then patriotic fervor grips the crowd and everyone joins in , drowning out the Germans . Strasser has Renault close the club . Bogart and Bergman Ilsa confronts Rick in the deserted café . When he refuses to give her the letters , she threatens him with a gun , but then confesses that she still loves him . She explains that when they met and fell in love in Paris in 1940 , she believed her husband had been killed attempting to escape from a concentration camp . While preparing to flee with Rick from the imminent fall of the city to the German army , she learned Laszlo was alive and in hiding . She left Rick without explanation to nurse her sick husband . Rick 's bitterness dissolves . He agrees to help , letting her believe she will stay with him when Laszlo leaves . When Laszlo unexpectedly shows up , having narrowly escaped a police raid on a Resistance meeting , Rick has waiter Carl spirit Ilsa away . Laszlo , aware of Rick 's love for Ilsa , tries to persuade him to use the letters to take her to safety . When the police arrest Laszlo on a minor , trumped - up charge , Rick persuades Renault to release him by promising to set him up for a much more serious crime : possession of the letters . To allay Renault 's suspicions , Rick explains that he and Ilsa will be leaving for America . When Renault tries to arrest Laszlo as arranged , Rick forces him at gunpoint to assist in their escape . At the last moment , Rick makes Ilsa board the plane to Lisbon with Laszlo , telling her that she would regret it if she stayed -- `` Maybe not today , maybe not tomorrow , but soon and for the rest of your life . '' Strasser , tipped off by Renault , drives up alone . Rick shoots him when he tries to intervene . When policemen arrive , Renault pauses , then orders them to `` round up the usual suspects . '' He suggests to Rick that they join the Free French in Brazzaville . As they walk away into the fog , Rick says , `` Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship '' . Cast ( edit ) Greenstreet and Bogart The play 's cast consisted of 16 speaking parts and several extras ; the film script enlarged it to 22 speaking parts and hundreds of extras . The cast is notably international : only three of the credited actors were born in the United States ( Bogart , Dooley Wilson , and Joy Page ) . The top - billed actors are : Humphrey Bogart as Rick Blaine . Rick was Bogart 's first truly romantic role . Ingrid Bergman as Ilsa Lund . Bergman 's official website calls Ilsa her `` most famous and enduring role '' . The Swedish actress 's Hollywood debut in Intermezzo had been well received , but her subsequent films were not major successes until Casablanca . Film critic Roger Ebert called her `` luminous '' , and commented on the chemistry between her and Bogart : `` she paints his face with her eyes '' . Other actresses considered for the role of Ilsa included Ann Sheridan , Hedy Lamarr , Luise Rainer and Michèle Morgan . Producer Hal Wallis obtained the services of Bergman , who was contracted to David O. Selznick , by lending Olivia de Havilland in exchange . Paul Henreid as Victor Laszlo . Henreid , an Austrian actor who had emigrated in 1935 , was reluctant to take the role ( it `` set ( him ) as a stiff forever '' , according to Pauline Kael ) , until he was promised top billing along with Bogart and Bergman . Henreid did not get on well with his fellow actors ; he considered Bogart `` a mediocre actor . '' Bergman called Henreid a `` prima donna '' . The second - billed actors are : Claude Rains as Captain Louis Renault . Rains was an English actor born in London . He had previously worked with Michael Curtiz on The Adventures of Robin Hood . He later played the villain in Alfred Hitchcock 's Notorious , reteaming with Ingrid Bergman . Conrad Veidt as Major Heinrich Strasser . He was a refugee German actor who had appeared in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . He fled the Nazis , but was frequently cast as a Nazi in American films . A major star in German cinema before the Nazi era , he was the highest paid member of the cast despite his second billing . Sydney Greenstreet as Signor Ferrari . Another Englishman , Greenstreet had previously starred with Lorre and Bogart in his film debut in The Maltese Falcon . Peter Lorre as Signor Ugarte . Born in Austria - Hungary , Lorre fled Nazi Germany in 1933 after starring in Fritz Lang 's first sound movie , M ( 1931 ) . Greenstreet and Lorre appeared in several films together over the next few years , although they did not share a scene in Casablanca . Also credited are : Curt Bois as the pickpocket . Bois was a German - Jewish actor and refugee . He had one of the longest careers in film , making his first appearance in 1907 and his last in 1987 . Leonid Kinskey as Sascha , the Russian bartender infatuated with Yvonne . He was born into a Jewish family in Russia and had immigrated to the United States . He told Aljean Harmetz , author of Round Up the Usual Suspects : The Making of Casablanca , that he was cast because he was Bogart 's drinking buddy . He was not the first choice for the role ; he replaced Leo Mostovoy , who was deemed not funny enough . Madeleine LeBeau as Yvonne , Rick 's soon - discarded girlfriend . The French actress was married to fellow Casablanca performer Marcel Dalio until their divorce in 1942 . She was the last surviving cast member at her death on May 1 , 2016 . Joy Page as Annina Brandel , the young Bulgarian refugee . The third credited American , she was the stepdaughter of Jack L. Warner , the studio head . John Qualen as Berger , Laszlo 's Resistance contact . He was born in Canada , but grew up in the United States . He appeared in many of John Ford 's films . S.Z. Sakall ( credited as S.K. Sakall ) as Carl , the waiter . The Jewish - Hungarian actor fled Germany in 1939 . His three sisters and his niece later died in a concentration camp . Dooley Wilson as Sam . He was one of the few American - born members of the cast . A drummer , he had to fake playing the piano . Even after shooting had been completed , producer Wallis considered dubbing over Wilson 's voice for the songs . He had originally considered changing the character to a woman and casting singers Hazel Scott , Lena Horne , or Ella Fitzgerald . Notable uncredited actors are : Marcel Dalio as Emil the croupier . He had been a star in French cinema , appearing in Jean Renoir 's La Grande Illusion and La Règle du Jeu . After he fled the fall of France and went to America , he was reduced to bit parts in Hollywood . He had a key role as `` Frenchy '' in another of Bogart 's films , To Have and Have Not . Helmut Dantine as Jan Brandel , the Bulgarian roulette player married to Annina Brandel . Another Austrian , he had spent time in a concentration camp after the Anschluss , but left Europe after being freed . Gregory Gaye as the German banker who is refused entry to the casino by Rick . Gaye was a Russian - born actor who went to the United States in 1917 after the Russian Revolution . Torben Meyer as the Dutch banker who runs `` the second largest banking house in Amsterdam '' . Meyer was a Danish actor . Corinna Mura as the guitar player who sings `` Tango Delle Rose '' ( or `` Tango de la Rosa '' ) while Laszlo is consulting with Berger , and later accompanies the crowd on `` La Marseillaise '' . Frank Puglia as a Moroccan rug merchant . Dan Seymour as Abdul the doorman . He was an American actor who often played villains , including the principal one in To Have and Have Not , and one of the secondary ones in Key Largo , both opposite Bogart . Gerald Oliver Smith as the Englishman whose wallet is stolen . Smith was an English actor . Norma Varden as the Englishwoman whose husband has his wallet stolen . She was a famous English character actress . Much of the emotional impact of the film has been attributed to the large proportion of European exiles and refugees who were extras or played minor roles ( in addition to leading actors Paul Henreid , Conrad Veidt and Peter Lorre ) : such as Louis V. Arco , Trude Berliner , Ilka Grünig , Lotte Palfi , Richard Ryen , Ludwig Stössel , Hans Twardowski , and Wolfgang Zilzer . A witness to the filming of the `` duel of the anthems '' sequence said he saw many of the actors crying and `` realized that they were all real refugees '' . Harmetz argues that they `` brought to a dozen small roles in Casablanca an understanding and a desperation that could never have come from Central Casting '' . They were frequently cast as Nazis in war films , even though many were Jewish . The comedian Jack Benny may have had an unbilled cameo role , as was claimed by a contemporary newspaper advertisement and in the Casablanca press book . When asked in his column `` Movie Answer Man '' , critic Roger Ebert first replied , `` It looks something like him . That 's all I can say . '' In a later column , he responded to a follow - up commenter , `` I think you 're right . The Jack Benny Fan Club can feel vindicated . '' Production ( edit ) The film was based on Murray Burnett and Joan Alison 's then - unproduced play Everybody Comes to Rick 's . The Warner Bros. story analyst who read the play , Stephen Karnot , called it ( approvingly ) `` sophisticated hokum '' , and story editor Irene Diamond , who had discovered the unproduced play on a trip to New York in 1941 , convinced producer Hal Wallis to buy the rights in January 1942 for $20,000 , the most anyone in Hollywood had ever paid for an unproduced play . The project was renamed Casablanca , apparently in imitation of the 1938 hit Algiers . Although an initial filming date was selected for April 10 , 1942 , delays led to a start of production on May 25 . Filming was completed on August 3 , and the production cost $1,039,000 ( $75,000 over budget ) , above average for the time . Unusually , the film was shot in sequence , mainly because only the first half of the script was ready when filming began . Bogart in the airport scene The entire picture was shot in the studio , except for the sequence showing Major Strasser 's arrival , which was filmed at Van Nuys Airport , and a few short clips of stock footage views of Paris . The street used for the exterior shots had recently been built for another film , The Desert Song , and redressed for the Paris flashbacks . The background of the final scene , which shows a Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior airplane with personnel walking around it , was staged using little person extras and a proportionate cardboard plane . Fog was used to mask the model 's unconvincing appearance . Nevertheless , the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park in Orlando , Florida purchased a Lockheed 12A for its Great Movie Ride attraction , and initially claimed that it was the actual plane used in the film . Film critic Roger Ebert called Hal Wallis the `` key creative force '' for his attention to the details of production ( down to insisting on a real parrot in the Blue Parrot bar ) . The difference between Bergman 's and Bogart 's height caused some problems . She was two inches ( 5 cm ) taller than Bogart , and claimed Curtiz had Bogart stand on blocks or sit on cushions in their scenes together . Later , there were plans for a further scene , showing Rick , Renault and a detachment of Free French soldiers on a ship , to incorporate the Allies ' 1942 invasion of North Africa . It proved too difficult to get Claude Rains for the shoot , and the scene was finally abandoned after David O. Selznick judged `` it would be a terrible mistake to change the ending . '' Writing ( edit ) The original play was inspired by a trip to Europe made by Murray Burnett and his wife in 1938 , during which they visited Vienna shortly after the Anschluss and were affected by the anti-Semitism they saw . In the south of France , they went to a nightclub that had a multinational clientele , among them many exiles and refugees , and the prototype of Sam . In The Guardian , Paul Fairclough writes that Cinema Vox in Tangier `` was Africa 's biggest when it opened in 1935 , with 2,000 seats and a retractable roof . As Tangier was in Spanish territory , the theatre 's wartime bar heaved with spies , refugees and underworld hoods , securing its place in cinematic history as the inspiration for Rick 's Cafe in Casablanca . '' The first writers assigned to the script were twins Julius and Philip Epstein who , against the wishes of Warner Brothers , left at Frank Capra 's request early in 1942 to work on the Why We Fight series in Washington , D.C. While they were gone , the other credited writer , Howard Koch , was assigned ; he produced thirty to forty pages . When the Epstein brothers returned after about a month , they were reassigned to Casablanca and -- contrary to what Koch claimed in two published books -- his work was not used . The Epstein brothers and Koch never worked in the same room at the same time during the writing of the script . Koch later commented , `` When we began , we did n't have a finished script ... Ingrid Bergman came to me and said , ' Which man should I love more ... ? ' I said to her , ' I do n't know ... play them both evenly . ' You see we did n't have an ending , so we did n't know what was going to happen ! '' In the final budget for the film , the Epsteins were paid $30,416 , and Koch earned $4,200 . In the play , the Ilsa character is an American named Lois Meredith ; she does not meet Laszlo until after her relationship with Rick in Paris has ended . Rick is a lawyer . To make Rick 's motivation more believable , Wallis , Curtiz , and the screenwriters decided to set the film before the attack on Pearl Harbor . The uncredited Casey Robinson assisted with three weeks of rewrites , including contributing the series of meetings between Rick and Ilsa in the cafe . Koch highlighted the political and melodramatic elements , and Curtiz seems to have favored the romantic parts , insisting on retaining the Paris flashbacks . Wallis wrote the final line , `` Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship , '' after shooting had been completed . Bogart had to be called in a month after the end of filming to dub it . Despite the many writers , the film has what Ebert describes as a `` wonderfully unified and consistent '' script . Koch later claimed it was the tension between his own approach and Curtiz 's which accounted for this : `` Surprisingly , these disparate approaches somehow meshed , and perhaps it was partly this tug of war between Curtiz and me that gave the film a certain balance . '' Julius Epstein would later note the screenplay contained `` more corn than in the states of Kansas and Iowa combined . But when corn works , there 's nothing better . '' The film ran into some trouble with Joseph Breen of the Production Code Administration ( the Hollywood self - censorship body ) , who opposed the suggestions that Captain Renault extorted sexual favors from his supplicants , and that Rick and Ilsa had slept together . Extensive changes were made , with several lines of dialogue removed or altered . All direct references to sex were deleted ; Renault 's selling of visas for sex , and Rick and Ilsa 's previous sexual relationship were implied elliptically rather than referenced explicitly . Also , in the original script , when Sam plays `` As Time Goes By '' , Rick remarks , `` What the -- -- are you playing ? '' This line was altered to : `` Sam , I told you never to play ... '' to conform to Breen 's objection to an implied swear word . The script has been subject to a significant amount of misquotation . One of the lines most closely associated with the film -- `` Play it again , Sam '' -- is inaccurate . When Ilsa first enters the Café Americain , she spots Sam and asks him to `` Play it once , Sam , for old times ' sake . '' After he feigns ignorance , she responds , `` Play it , Sam . Play ' As Time Goes By ' . '' Later that night , alone with Sam , Rick says , `` You played it for her , you can play it for me , '' and `` If she can stand it , I can ! Play it ! '' Rick 's toast to Ilsa , `` Here 's looking at you , kid '' , used four times , was not written into the draft screenplays , but has been attributed to a comment Bogart said to Bergman as he taught her poker between takes . It was voted the fifth most memorable line in cinema in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes by the American Film Institute . Six lines from Casablanca appeared in the AFI list , the most of any film ( Gone with the Wind and The Wizard of Oz tied for second with three apiece ) . The other five are : `` Louis , I think this is the beginning of a beautiful friendship . '' -- 20th `` Play it , Sam . Play ' As Time Goes By ' . '' -- 28th `` Round up the usual suspects . '' -- 32nd `` We 'll always have Paris . '' -- 43rd `` Of all the gin joints in all the towns in all the world , she walks into mine . '' -- 67th Additionally , the line `` Ilsa , I 'm no good at being noble , but it does n't take much to see that the problems of three little people do n't amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world '' was nominated for the list . In the November / December 1982 issue of American Film , Chuck Ross claimed that he retyped the screenplay to Casablanca , changing the title back to Everybody Comes to Rick 's and the name of the piano player to Dooley Wilson , and submitted it to 217 agencies . Eighty - five of them read it ; of those , thirty - eight rejected it outright , thirty - three generally recognized it ( but only eight specifically as Casablanca ) , three declared it commercially viable , and one suggested turning it into a novel . The Writers Guild of America , West , ranked the screenplay # 1 on its list of the 101 greatest screenplays . Direction ( edit ) Wallis 's first choice for director was William Wyler , but he was unavailable , so Wallis turned to his close friend Michael Curtiz . Curtiz was a Hungarian Jewish émigré ; he had come to the U.S. in 1926 , but some of his family were refugees from Nazi Europe . Roger Ebert has commented that in Casablanca `` very few shots ... are memorable as shots , '' as Curtiz wanted images to express the story rather than to stand alone . He contributed relatively little to development of the plot . Casey Robinson said Curtiz `` knew nothing whatever about story ... he saw it in pictures , and you supplied the stories . '' Critic Andrew Sarris called the film `` the most decisive exception to the auteur theory '' , of which Sarris was the most prominent proponent in the United States . Aljean Harmetz has responded , `` nearly every Warner Bros. picture was an exception to the auteur theory '' . Other critics give more credit to Curtiz . Sidney Rosenzweig , in his study of the director 's work , sees the film as a typical example of Curtiz 's highlighting of moral dilemmas . The second unit montages , such as the opening sequence of the refugee trail and the invasion of France , were directed by Don Siegel . Cinematography ( edit ) The Cross of Lorraine , emblem of the Free French Forces The cinematographer was Arthur Edeson , a veteran who had previously shot The Maltese Falcon and Frankenstein . Particular attention was paid to photographing Bergman . She was shot mainly from her preferred left side , often with a softening gauze filter and with catch lights to make her eyes sparkle ; the whole effect was designed to make her face seem `` ineffably sad and tender and nostalgic '' . Bars of shadow across the characters and in the background variously imply imprisonment , the crucifix , the symbol of the Free French Forces and emotional turmoil . Dark film noir and expressionist lighting was used in several scenes , particularly towards the end of the picture . Rosenzweig argues these shadow and lighting effects are classic elements of the Curtiz style , along with the fluid camera work and the use of the environment as a framing device . Music ( edit ) The music was written by Max Steiner , who was best known for the score for Gone with the Wind . The song `` As Time Goes By '' by Herman Hupfeld had been part of the story from the original play ; Steiner wanted to write his own composition to replace it , but Bergman had already cut her hair short for her next role ( María in For Whom the Bell Tolls ) and could not re-shoot the scenes which incorporated the song , so Steiner based the entire score on it and `` La Marseillaise '' , the French national anthem , transforming them as leitmotifs to reflect changing moods . Even though Steiner did n't like `` As Time Goes By '' , he admitted in a 1943 interview that it `` must have had something to attract so much attention . '' Particularly memorable is the `` duel of the songs '' between Strasser and Laszlo at Rick 's cafe . In the soundtrack , `` La Marseillaise '' is played by a full orchestra . Originally , the opposing piece for this iconic sequence was to be the `` Horst Wessel Lied '' , a Nazi anthem , but this was still under international copyright in non-Allied countries . Instead `` Die Wacht am Rhein '' was used . The `` Deutschlandlied '' , the national anthem of Germany , features in the final scene , in which it gives way to `` La Marseillaise '' after Strasser is shot . Other songs include : `` It Had to Be You '' , music by Isham Jones , lyrics by Gus Kahn `` Shine '' , music by Ford Dabney , lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown `` Avalon '' , music and lyrics by Al Jolson , Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose `` Perfidia '' , by Alberto Dominguez `` The Very Thought of You '' , by Ray Noble , and `` Knock on Wood '' , music by M.K. Jerome , lyrics by Jack Scholl , the only original song . The piano featured in the Paris flashback sequences was sold in New York City on December 14 , 2012 , at Sotheby 's for more than $600,000 to an anonymous bidder . The piano Sam `` plays '' in Rick 's Café Américain , put up for auction with other film memorabilia by Turner Classic Movies at Bonhams in New York in November 2014 , sold for $3.4 million . Dooley Wilson was not a trained pianist . The piano music for the film was played offscreen and dubbed . Release ( edit ) Although an initial release date was anticipated for early 1943 , the film premiered at the Hollywood Theater in New York City on November 26 , 1942 , to coincide with the Allied invasion of North Africa and the capture of Casablanca . It went into general release on January 23 , 1943 , to take advantage of the Casablanca Conference , a high - level meeting in the city between British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and American President Franklin D. Roosevelt . The Office of War Information prevented screening of the film to troops in North Africa , believing it would cause resentment among Vichy supporters in the region . Reception ( edit ) Initial response ( edit ) Casablanca received `` consistently good reviews '' . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote , `` The Warners ... have a picture which makes the spine tingle and the heart take a leap . '' He applauded the combination of `` sentiment , humor and pathos with taut melodrama and bristling intrigue '' . Crowther noted its `` devious convolutions of the plot '' , and praised the screenplay quality as `` of the best '' and the cast 's performances as `` all of the first order '' . The trade paper Variety commended the film 's `` combination of fine performances , engrossing story and neat direction '' and the `` variety of moods , action , suspense , comedy and drama that makes Casablanca an A-1 entry at the b.o. '' `` Film is splendid anti-Axis propaganda , particularly inasmuch as the propaganda is strictly a by - product of the principal action and contributes to it instead of getting in the way . '' The review also applauded the performances of Bergman and Henreid and note that `` Bogart , as might be expected , is more at ease as the bitter and cynical operator of a joint than as a lover , but handles both assignments with superb finesse . '' Some other reviews were less enthusiastic . The New Yorker rated it only `` pretty tolerable '' and said it was `` not quite up to Across the Pacific , Bogart 's last spyfest '' . In the 1,500 - seat Hollywood Theater , the film grossed $255,000 over ten weeks . In its initial U.S. release , it was a substantial but not spectacular box - office success , taking in $3.7 million , making it the seventh highest - grossing film of 1943 . Lasting influence ( edit ) The film has grown in popularity . Murray Burnett called it `` true yesterday , true today , true tomorrow '' . By 1955 , the film had brought in $6.8 million , making it the third most successful of Warners ' wartime movies ( behind Shine On , Harvest Moon and This Is the Army ) . On April 21 , 1957 , the Brattle Theater of Cambridge , Massachusetts , showed the film as part of a season of old movies . It was so popular that it began a tradition of screening Casablanca during the week of final exams at Harvard University , which continues to the present day . Other colleges have adopted the tradition . Todd Gitlin , a professor of sociology who had attended one of these screenings , has said that the experience was `` the acting out of my own personal rite of passage '' . The tradition helped the movie remain popular while other films famous in the 1940s have faded from popular memory . By 1977 , Casablanca was the most frequently broadcast film on American television . On the film 's 50th anniversary , the Los Angeles Times called Casablanca 's great strength `` the purity of its Golden Age Hollywoodness ( and ) the enduring craftsmanship of its resonantly hokey dialogue '' . Bob Strauss wrote in the newspaper that the film achieved a `` near - perfect entertainment balance '' of comedy , romance , and suspense . According to Roger Ebert , Casablanca is `` probably on more lists of the greatest films of all time than any other single title , including Citizen Kane '' because of its wider appeal . Ebert opined that Citizen Kane is generally considered to be a `` greater '' film , but Casablanca is more loved . In his opinion , the film is popular because `` the people in it are all so good '' , and it is `` a wonderful gem '' . Ebert said that he has never heard of a negative review of the film , even though individual elements can be criticized , citing unrealistic special effects and the stiff character / portrayal of Laszlo . Critic Leonard Maltin considers Casablanca to be `` the best Hollywood movie of all time . '' Rick , according to Rudy Behlmer , is `` not a hero ... not a bad guy '' : he does what is necessary to get along with the authorities and `` sticks his neck out for nobody '' . The other characters , in Behlmer 's words , are `` not cut and dried '' and come into their goodness over the course of the film . Renault begins as a collaborator with the Nazis who extorts sexual favors from refugees and has Ugarte killed . Even Ilsa , the least active of the main characters , is `` caught in the emotional struggle '' over which man she really loves . By the end , however , `` everybody is sacrificing . '' Behlmer also emphasized the variety in the picture : `` it 's a blend of drama , melodrama , comedy ( and ) intrigue '' . A few reviewers have had reservations . To Pauline Kael , `` It 's far from a great film , but it has a special appealingly schlocky romanticism ... '' Poet and critic Dan Schneider wrote that the work `` does entertain , and is an interesting piece of Americana '' , but criticized it as a melodrama `` driven by plot , not by character development . All the characters react to what the plot dictates to them ; the plot does not organically flow from their personae . '' Umberto Eco wrote that `` by any strict critical standards ... Casablanca is a very mediocre film . '' He viewed the changes the characters undergo as inconsistent rather than complex : `` It is a comic strip , a hotch - potch , low on psychological credibility , and with little continuity in its dramatic effects . '' However , he added that due to the presence of multiple archetypes which allow `` the power of Narrative in its natural state without Art intervening to discipline it '' , it is a movie reaching `` Homeric depths '' as a `` phenomenon worthy of awe . '' Casablanca holds a 97 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 77 reviews , with the consensus : `` An undisputed masterpiece and perhaps Hollywood 's quintessential statement on love and romance , Casablanca has only improved with age , boasting career - defining performances from Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman . '' Influence on later works ( edit ) Many subsequent films have drawn on elements of Casablanca . Passage to Marseille reunited actors Bogart , Rains , Greenstreet , Lorre and director Curtiz in 1944 , and there are similarities between Casablanca and another later Bogart film , To Have and Have Not ( 1944 ) . Parodies have included the Marx Brothers ' A Night in Casablanca ( 1946 ) , Neil Simon 's The Cheap Detective ( 1978 ) , and Out Cold ( 2001 ) . Indirectly , it provided the title for the 1995 neo-noir film The Usual Suspects . Woody Allen 's Play It Again , Sam ( 1972 ) appropriated Bogart 's Casablanca persona as the fantasy mentor for Allen 's character . The film Casablanca was a plot device in the science - fiction television movie Overdrawn at the Memory Bank ( 1983 ) , based on John Varley 's story . It was referred to in Terry Gilliam 's dystopian Brazil ( 1985 ) . Warner Bros. produced its own parody in the homage Carrotblanca , a 1995 Bugs Bunny cartoon . In Casablanca , a novella by Argentine writer Edgar Brau , the protagonist somehow wanders into Rick 's Café Américain and listens to a strange tale related by Sam . The 2016 musical film La La Land contains multiple allusions to Casablanca in the imagery , dialogue , and plot . Director Robert Zemeckis of Allied ( 2016 ) , which is also set in 1942 Casablanca , studied the film to capture the city 's elegance . Interpretation ( edit ) Casablanca has been subjected to many readings ; Semioticians account for the film 's popularity by claiming that its inclusion of stereotypes paradoxically strengthens the film . Umberto Eco wrote : Thus Casablanca is not just one film . It is many films , an anthology . Made haphazardly , it probably made itself , if not actually against the will of its authors and actors , then at least beyond their control . And this is the reason it works , in spite of aesthetic theories and theories of film making . For in it there unfolds with almost telluric force the power of Narrative in its natural state , without Art intervening to discipline it ... When all the archetypes burst in shamelessly , we reach Homeric depths . Two clichés make us laugh . A hundred clichés move us . For we sense dimly that the clichés are talking among themselves , and celebrating a reunion . Eco also singled out sacrifice as a theme , `` the myth of sacrifice runs through the whole film '' . It was this theme which resonated with a wartime audience that was reassured by the idea that painful sacrifice and going off to war could be romantic gestures done for the greater good . Koch also considered the film a political allegory . Rick is compared to President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who gambled `` on the odds of going to war until circumstance and his own submerged nobility force him to close his casino ( partisan politics ) and commit himself -- first by financing the Side of Right and then by fighting for it '' . The connection is reinforced by the film 's title , which means `` white house '' . Harvey Greenberg presents a Freudian reading in his The Movies on Your Mind , in which the transgressions which prevent Rick from returning to the United States constitute an Oedipus complex , which is resolved only when Rick begins to identify with the father figure of Laszlo and the cause which he represents . Sidney Rosenzweig argues that such readings are reductive and that the most important aspect of the film is its ambiguity , above all in the central character of Rick ; he cites the different names which each character gives Rick ( Richard , Ricky , Mr. Rick , Herr Rick and boss ) as evidence of the different meanings which he has for each person . Awards and honors ( edit ) Because of its November 1942 release , the New York Film Critics decided to include the film in its 1942 award season for best picture . Casablanca lost to In Which We Serve . However , the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences stated that since the film went into national release in the beginning of 1943 , it would be included in that year 's nominations . Casablanca was nominated for eight Academy Awards , and won three . As Bogart stepped out of his car at the Academy Awards ceremony , `` the crowd surged forward , almost engulfing him and his wife , Mayo Methot . It took 12 police officers to rescue the two , and a red - faced , startled , yet smiling Bogart heard a chorus of cries of ' good luck ' and ' here 's looking at you , kid ' as he was rushed into the theater . '' When the award for Best Picture was announced , producer Hal B. Wallis got up to accept , but studio head Jack L. Warner rushed up to the stage `` with a broad , flashing smile and a look of great self - satisfaction , '' Wallis later recalled . `` I could n't believe it was happening . Casablanca had been my creation ; Jack had absolutely nothing to do with it . As the audience gasped , I tried to get out of the row of seats and into the aisle , but the entire Warner family sat blocking me . I had no alternative but to sit down again , humiliated and furious ... Almost forty years later , I still have n't recovered from the shock . '' This incident would lead Wallis to leave Warner Bros. in April . Award Category Nominee Result 16th Academy Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Warner Bros. ( Hal B. Wallis , Producer ) Won Best Director Michael Curtiz Won Best Actor Humphrey Bogart Nominated Best Supporting Actor Claude Rains Nominated Best Writing , Screenplay Julius J. Epstein , Philip G. Epstein , and Howard Koch Won Best Cinematography Arthur Edeson Nominated Best Film Editing Owen Marks Nominated Best Music ( Score of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture ) Max Steiner Nominated In 1989 , the film was one of the first 25 films selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . In 2005 , it was named one of the 100 greatest films of the last 80 years by Time magazine ( the selected films were not ranked ) . Screenwriting teacher Robert McKee maintains that the script is `` the greatest screenplay of all time '' . In 2006 , the Writers Guild of America , West agreed , voting it the best ever in its list of the 101 greatest screenplays . The film has been selected by the American Film Institute for many of their lists of important American films : Year Category Rank 1998 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills 37 2002 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions 2003 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains 4 : Rick Blaine ( hero ) AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs 2 : `` As Time Goes By '' 2005 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes 5 , 20 , 28 , 32 , 43 , 67 : See `` Writing '' above . 2006 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers 32 2007 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Home media releases ( edit ) Casablanca was initially released on Betamax and VHS by Magnetic Video and later by CBS / Fox Video ( as United Artists owned the rights at the time ) . It was next released on laserdisc in 1991 , and on VHS in 1992 -- both from MGM / UA Home Entertainment ( distributing for Turner Entertainment Co . ) , which at the time was distributed by Warner Home Video . It was first released on DVD in 1997 by MGM , containing the trailer and a making - of featurette ( Warner Home Video reissued the DVD in 2000 ) . A subsequent two - disc special edition , containing audio commentaries , documentaries , and a newly remastered visual and audio presentation , was released in 2003 . An HD DVD was released on November 14 , 2006 , containing the same special features as the 2003 DVD . Reviewers were impressed with the new high - definition transfer of the film . A Blu - ray release with new special features came out on December 2 , 2008 ; it is also available on DVD . The Blu - ray was initially only released as an expensive gift set with a booklet , a luggage tag and other assorted gift - type items . It was eventually released as a stand - alone Blu - ray in September 2009 . On March 27 , 2012 , Warner released a new 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition Blu - ray / DVD combo set . It includes a brand - new 4K restoration and new bonus material . Sequels and other versions ( edit ) Almost from the moment Casablanca became a hit , talk began of producing a sequel . One titled Brazzaville ( in the final scene , Renault recommends fleeing to that Free French - held city ) was planned , but never produced . ( A newspaper article at the time mentions that Bogart and Greenstreet `` will continue their characterizations from the first film , and it 's likely that Geraldine Fitzgerald will have an important role '' . ) . Since then , no studio has seriously considered filming a sequel or outright remake . François Truffaut refused an invitation to remake the film in 1974 , citing its cult status among American students as his reason . Attempts to recapture the magic of Casablanca in other settings , such as Caboblanco ( 1980 ) , `` a South American - set retooling of Casablanca '' , and Havana ( 1990 ) have been poorly received . Stories of a Casablanca remake or sequel nonetheless persist . In 2008 , the Daily Mail reported that Madonna was pursuing a remake set in modern - day Iraq . In 2012 , both The Daily Telegraph and Entertainment Weekly reported on efforts by Cass Warner , granddaughter of Harry Warner and friend of the late Howard Koch , to produce a sequel featuring the search by Rick Blaine and Ilsa Lund 's illegitimate son for the whereabouts of his biological father . The novel As Time Goes By , written by Michael Walsh and published in 1998 , was authorized by Warner . The novel picks up where the film leaves off , and also tells of Rick 's mysterious past in America . The book met with little success . David Thomson provided an unofficial sequel in his 1985 novel Suspects . There have been two short - lived television series based upon Casablanca , both sharing the title . The first , a Cold War espionage program set during the production 's present day , aired on ABC as part of the wheel series Warner Bros. Presents in hour - long episodes from 1955 to 1956 , with Charles McGraw as Rick and Marcel Dalio , who played Emil the croupier in the movie , as the police chief . The second series , briefly broadcast on NBC in April 1983 , starred David Soul as Rick and was cancelled after 3 weeks . There were several radio adaptations of the film . The two best - known were a thirty - minute adaptation on The Screen Guild Theater on April 26 , 1943 , starring Bogart , Bergman , and Henreid , and an hour - long version on the Lux Radio Theater on January 24 , 1944 , featuring Alan Ladd as Rick , Hedy Lamarr as Ilsa , and John Loder as Victor Laszlo . Two other thirty - minute adaptations were aired : on Philip Morris Playhouse on September 3 , 1943 , and on Theater of Romance on December 19 , 1944 , in which Dooley Wilson reprised his role as Sam . Julius Epstein made two attempts to turn the film into a Broadway musical , in 1951 and 1967 , but neither made it to the stage . The original play , Everybody Comes to Rick 's , was produced in Newport , Rhode Island , in August 1946 , and again in London in April 1991 , but met with no success . The film was adapted into a musical by the Takarazuka Revue , an all - female Japanese musical theater company , and ran from November 2009 through February 2010 . Colorization ( edit ) Stills from the controversial colorized version Casablanca was part of the film colorization controversy of the 1980s , when a colorized version aired on the television network WTBS . In 1984 , MGM / UA hired Color Systems Technology to colorize the film for $180,000 . When Ted Turner of Turner Broadcasting System purchased MGM / UA 's film library two years later , he canceled the request , before contracting American Film Technologies ( AFT ) in 1988 . AFT completed the colorization in two months at a cost of $450,000 . Turner later reacted to the criticism of the colorization , saying , `` ( Casablanca ) is one of a handful of films that really does n't have to be colorized . I did it because I wanted to . All I 'm trying to do is protect my investment . '' The Library of Congress deemed that the color change differed so much from the original film that it gave a new copyright to Turner Entertainment . When the colorized film debuted on WTBS , it was watched by three million viewers , not making the top - ten viewed cable shows for the week . Although Jack Matthews of the Los Angeles Times called the finished product `` state of the art '' , it was mostly met with negative critical reception . It was briefly available on home video . Gary Edgerton , writing for the Journal of Popular Film & Television criticized the colorization , `` ... Casablanca in color ended up being much blander in appearance and , overall , much less visually interesting than its 1942 predecessor . '' Bogart 's son Stephen said , `` if you 're going to colorize Casablanca , why not put arms on the Venus de Milo ? '' Anecdotes and inaccuracies ( edit ) Several rumors and misconceptions have grown up around the film , one being that Ronald Reagan was originally chosen to play Rick . This originated in a press release issued by the studio early on in the film 's development , but by that time the studio already knew that he was going into the Army , and he was never seriously considered . George Raft claimed that he had turned down the lead role . Studio records make clear that Wallis was committed to Bogart from the start . Another well - known story is that the actors did not know until the last day of shooting how the film was to end . The original play ( set entirely in the cafe ) ended with Rick sending Ilsa and Laszlo to the airport . During scriptwriting , the possibility was discussed of Laszlo being killed in Casablanca , allowing Rick and Ilsa to leave together , but as Casey Robinson wrote to Hal Wallis before filming began , the ending of the film `` set up for a swell twist when Rick sends her away on the plane with Laszlo . For now , in doing so , he is not just solving a love triangle . He is forcing the girl to live up to the idealism of her nature , forcing her to carry on with the work that in these days is far more important than the love of two little people . '' It was certainly impossible for Ilsa to leave Laszlo for Rick , as the production code forbade showing a woman leaving her husband for another man . The concern was not whether Ilsa would leave with Laszlo , but how this result could be engineered . The problem was solved when the Epstein brothers , Julius and Philip , were driving down Sunset Boulevard and stopped for the light at Beverly Glen . At that instant the identical twins turned to each other and simultaneously cried out , `` Round up the usual suspects ! '' By the time they had driven past Fairfax and the Cahuenga Pass and through the Warner Brothers studio 's portals at Burbank , in the words of Julius Epstein , `` the idea for the farewell scene between a tearful Bergman and a suddenly noble Bogart '' had been formed and all the problems of the ending had been solved . The confusion was probably caused by Bergman 's later statement that she did not know which man she was meant to be in love with . Rewrites did occur during the filming , but Aljean Harmetz 's examination of the scripts has shown that many of the key scenes were shot after Bergman knew how the film would end ; any confusion was , in critic Roger Ebert 's words , `` emotional '' , not `` factual '' . The film has several logical flaws , the foremost being the two `` letters of transit '' that enable their bearers to leave Vichy French territory . According to the audio ( help info ) , Ugarte says the letters had been signed by ( depending on the listener ) either Free French General Charles de Gaulle or Vichy General Maxime Weygand . The English subtitles on the official DVD read de Gaulle ; the French ones specify Weygand . Weygand had been the Vichy Delegate - General for the North African colonies until November 1941 , a month before the film is set . De Gaulle was the head of the Free French government in exile , so a letter signed by him would have provided no benefit . A classic MacGuffin , the letters were invented by Joan Alison for the original play and never questioned . In the same vein , though Laszlo asserts that the Nazis can not arrest him , saying , `` This is still unoccupied France ; any violation of neutrality would reflect on Captain Renault , '' Ebert points out , `` It makes no sense that he could walk around freely ... He would be arrested on sight . '' In addition , no uniformed German troops were stationed in Casablanca during World War II , and neither American nor French troops occupied Berlin in 1918 . According to Harmetz , the usual route out of Germany , at least for people in the film industry , was not via Morocco and Lisbon but via Vienna , Prague , Paris and England . Only the film 's technical adviser , Robert Aisner , traced the path to Morocco shown in the film 's opening scene . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( September 15 , 1996 ) . `` Great Movies : Casablanca '' . RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Bogart , Bergman and Paul Henreid were stars , and no better cast of supporting actors could have been assembled on the Warners lot than Peter Lorre , Sidney Greenstreet , Claude Rains and Dooley Wilson Jump up ^ `` CASABLANCA ( U ) '' . Warner Bros. British Board of Film Classification . December 17 , 1942 . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas Schatz , Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s Uni of California Press , 1999 p 218 Jump up ^ `` Top Grossers of the Season '' , Variety , 5 January 1944 p 54 Archived March 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 15 , 1996 ) . `` Casablanca ( 1942 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stein , Eliot ( May 1995 ) . `` Howard Koch , Julius Epstein , Frank Miller Interview '' . Vincent 's Casablanca . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2008 . Frank Miller : `` There was a scene planned , after the ending , that would have shown Rick and Renault on an Allied ship just prior to the landing at Casablanca , but plans to shoot it were scrapped when the marketing department realized they had to get the film out fast to capitalize on the liberation of North Africa . '' Jump up ^ Briony Smith , Andrew Wallace . `` The demise of dating : Two writers square off on their favourite fictional dating men '' . Elle Canada . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Hollywood ( Fictionally ) Won World War Two '' . Empire magazine . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emma Jones ( February 13 , 2012 ) . `` Guess the movie quote : How well do you know classic romantic films ? : Casablanca '' . MSN Entertainment Canada . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dee Doyle ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Best Movie Lines That Have Stuck In Pop Culture '' . starpulse.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Round up the usual suspects '' , for example , has been incorporated in the titles of business Archived November 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , sociology and political science Archived December 12 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . articles . Jump up ^ `` You CAN play it again ( in your own living room ) : Casablanca piano heads to auction for $1.2 m on 70th anniversary of classic movie '' . Mail Online . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 119 Jump up ^ `` Casablanca : Michael Curtiz 's 1942 film is a classic love story -- with excellent hats '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` From quintessential `` good girl '' to Hollywood heavyweight `` . The Family of Ingrid Bergman . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2007 . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger . Commentary to Casablanca ( Two - Disc Special Edition DVD ) . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz 1992 , pp. 88 -- 89 , 92 , 95 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 97 ^ Jump up to : Oliver Lyttelton ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` 5 Things You Might Not Know About ' Casablanca ' On Its 70th Anniversary '' . IndieWire . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence Van Gelder ( September 12 , 1998 ) . `` Leonid Kinskey , 95 , Bartender in ' Casablanca ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Casablanca actress Madeleine Lebeau dies '' . BBC . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 139 -- 140 , 260 Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 214 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 214 Jump up ^ e.g. `` Special Contest / Find Jack Benny in `` Casablanca '' `` . The Evening Independent . February 4 , 1943 . ^ Jump up to : Roger Ebert ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Answer Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . RogerEbert.com Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 274 ( figure ) Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Answer Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . RogerEbert.com Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 136 ^ Jump up to : Robertson , James C. ( 1993 ) . The Casablanca Man : The Cinema of Michael Curtiz . London : Routledge . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06804 - 5 . Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , p. 208 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , pp. 214 -- 215 Jump up ^ Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 21 : 09 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 237 Jump up ^ `` The Plane Truth '' . Snopes . August 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 280 -- 281 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 4 : 36 . Jump up ^ Fairclough , Paul ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Africa 's rich cinema heritage '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bar at Cinema Vox in Tangier -- Casablanca Film '' . 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The American Cinema : Directors and Directions 1929 -- 1968 ( New York : Dutton ) , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1982 , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 264 Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1982 , pp. 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` As Time Goes By '' enjoyed a resurgence after the release of Casablanca , spending 21 weeks on the hit parade . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 253 -- 258 Jump up ^ Lebo 1992 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 257 Jump up ^ `` Casablanca piano sold at auction '' . BBC News . December 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TCM Presents ... There 's No Place Like Hollywood '' . Bonhams . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Casablanca ' Piano Sells for $3.4 Million at Bonhams '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Played It Again , Sam ? The Three Pianists of ' Casablanca ' '' . AFM . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 184 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , pp. 188 -- 189 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 286 Jump up ^ Stanley , John ( April 5 , 1992 ) . `` ' Casablanca ' Celebrates Its 50th '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( November 27 , 1942 ) . `` ' Casablanca ' , with Humphrey Bogart and Ingrid Bergman , at Hollywood '' . The New York Times . p. 27 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Variety 100 Reviews : Casablanca '' . Variety . December 1 , 1942 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 12 -- 13 ^ Jump up to : Francisco 1980 , p. 192 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Interviewed in Casablanca 50th Anniversary Special : You Must Remember This Archived December 21 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Turner : 1992 ) Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 283 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 343 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 346 Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( April 10 , 1992 ) . `` Still the best : Casablanca loses no luster over time '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` ' Casablanca ' to be shown on the big screen in Oklahoma City '' . NewsOK . March 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael . `` Casablanca '' . geocities.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Dan ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` DVD Review Of Casablanca '' . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto ( 1985 ) . Blonsky , Marshal , ed . Casablanca , or the Clichés are Having a Ball . On Signs . JHU Press . pp. 35 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3007 - 9 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Casablanca at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 302 -- 303 and Rosenzweig 1982 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 306 and Rosenzweig 1982 , pp. 98 -- 101 Jump up ^ Larsen , Ernest ( 2005 ) . `` The Usual Suspects '' . British Film Institute . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 347 Jump up ^ Casablanca - You Must Remember This ... A Tribute to Casablanca ( Blu - ray Disc ) . Warner Home Video . February 2 , 2010 . Event occurs at 31 : 56 . Jump up ^ Michael Dirda ( January 7 , 2007 ) . `` For the first time in English , the Argentine labyrinths of Edgar Brau '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Novelty and Nostalgia of La La Land '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan . `` Allied : How Brad Pitt , Marion Cotillard film recreated glamour of 1942 Casablanca '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Pontuso , James F. ( 2005 ) . `` Casablanca and the Paradoxical Truth of Stereotyping '' . Political Philosophy Comes to Rick 's : Casablanca and American Civic Culture . Lexington Books . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 1113 - 0 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Raleigh , Henry P. ( April 2003 ) . `` Archetypes : What You Need to Know About Them '' . Art Times . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Lance ( December 27 , 1982 ) . `` We 'll Always Have Casablanca '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Clayton , Jay ; Rothstein , Eric ( 1991 ) . Influence and Intertextuality in Literary History . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 13034 - 3 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Umberto Eco , Travels in Hyperreality ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto . `` Casablanca , or , The Clichés are Having a Ball '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2009 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eco , Umberto ( 1994 ) . Signs of Life in the USA : Readings on Popular Culture for Writers ( Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon , eds . ) Bedford Books . Jump up ^ Gabbard , Krin ; Gabbard , Glen O. ( 1990 ) . `` Play it again , Sigmund : Psychoanalysis and the classical Hollywood text . '' Journal of Popular Film & Television vol. 18 no . 1 p. 6 -- 17 ISSN 0195 - 6051 ^ Jump up to : Koch 1973 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Greenberg , Harvey ( 1975 ) . The Movies on Your Mind New York : Saturday Review Press , p. 88 quoted in Rosenzweig 1982 , p. 79 and Harmetz , p. 348 Jump up ^ Rosenzweig 1982 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Ronald Haver . `` Casablanca : The Unexpected Classic '' . The Criterion Collection Online Cinematheque . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 321 -- 324 Jump up ^ Molotsky , Irvin. `` 25 Films Chosen for the National Registry '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Greatest Screenplays '' . Writers Guild of America , West . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2006 . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca : Two - Disc Special Edition '' . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca ( HD - DVD ) ( 1943 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Humphrey Bogart '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` WHV Press Release : Casablanca Ultimate Collector 's Edition ( DVD / Blu - ray ) -- Home Theater '' . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca ( 70th Anniversary Limited Collector 's Edition Blu - ray / DVD Combo ) '' . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Casablanca : 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition Blu - ray ( Updated ) '' . blu-ray.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Francisco 1980 , p. 204 Jump up ^ `` '' Casablanca has scored such a hit ... `` '' . The Midland Journal . Rising Sun , Md . February 19 , 1943 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz 1992 , p. 342 Jump up ^ Yoram Allon , Hannah Patterson , Contemporary British & Irish Directors , Wallflower Press , 2001 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Stephen Hunter ( December 14 , 1990 ) . `` We 'll always have ' Casablanca ' -- so why see ' Havana ' ? '' . The Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Caroline ( March 29 , 2008 ) . `` Madonna wants to remake Casablanca -- and of all the places in all the world , she plans to set it in war - torn Iraq '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca : playing it again as film sequel planned '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 30 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stillman , Josh ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` Producer pushing for ' Casablanca ' sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Borders.com presents Michael Walsh , Author of `` As Time Goes By '' `` . LiveWorld , Inc . January 8 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2002 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` How Did I Write `` As Time Goes By '' ? `` . Hachette Book Group USA . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lawless , Jill ( May 31 , 2006 ) . `` ' Mrs. Robinson ' Returns in Sequel '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects by David Thomson '' . No Exit Press . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , pp. 339 -- 340 Jump up ^ Barbara Klinger . `` Pre-cult : Casablanca , radio adaptation , and transmedia in the 1940s '' . New Review of Film and Television Studies , Volume 13 , 2015 -- Issue 1 : Cult Cinema and Technological Change . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 338 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 331 Jump up ^ `` 『カサブランカ』 '' . Takarazuka Revue Company . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( January 12 , 1987 ) . `` Casablanca in Color ? '' . Time . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Edgerton , Gary R. ( Winter 2000 ) . `` The Germans Wore Gray , You Wore Blue '' . Journal of Popular Film & Television . 27 ( 4 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1080 / 01956050009602812 . Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Sklar , Robert ( 1992 ) . City Boys : Cagney , Bogart , Garfield . New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 135 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04795 - 2 . Jump up ^ Behlmer 1985 , pp. 206 -- 207 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 229 Jump up ^ Epstein 1994 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Epstein 1994 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Harmetz 1992 , p. 208 Bibliography Behlmer , Rudy ( 1985 ) . Inside Warner Bros. ( 1935 -- 1951 ) . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 79242 - 3 . Casablanca ( Two - Disc Special Edition DVD ) ( 2003 ) ( with audio commentaries by Roger Ebert and Rudy Behlmer and documentary Casablanca 50th Anniversary Special : You Must Remember This , narrated by Lauren Bacall ) . Epstein , Julius J. ( 1994 ) . Casablanca . Imprenta Glorias : Fifty Copies Conceived and Illustrated by Gloria Naylor . Francisco , Charles ( 1980 ) . You Must Remember This : The Filming of Casablanca . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 977058 - 5 . Gardner , Gerald ( 1988 ) . The Censorship Papers : Movie Censorship Letters from the Hays Office , 1934 to 1968 . New York : Dodd Mead . ISBN 0 - 396 - 08903 - 8 . Harmetz , Aljean ( 1992 ) . Round Up the Usual Suspects : The Making of Casablanca -- Bogart , Bergman , and World War II . Hyperion . ISBN 1 - 56282 - 761 - 8 . Isenberg , Noah ( 2017 ) . We 'll Always Have Casablanca : The Life , Legend , and Afterlife of Hollywood 's Most Beloved Movie . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24312 - 3 . Koch , Howard ( 1973 ) . Casablanca : Script and Legend . The Overlook Press . ISBN 0 - 87951 - 006 - 4 . Lebo , Harlan ( 1992 ) . Casablanca : Behind the Scenes . Fireside . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76981 - 2 . McGilligan , Pat ( 1986 ) . Backstory : Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood 's Golden Age . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05666 - 3 . Miller , Frank ( 1992 ) . Casablanca -- As Times Goes By : 50th Anniversary Commemorative . Turner Publishing Inc . ISBN 1 - 878685 - 14 - 7 . Robertson , James C. ( 1993 ) . The Casablanca Man : The Cinema of Michael Curtiz London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 06804 - 5 Rosenzweig , Sidney ( 1982 ) . Casablanca and Other Major Films of Michael Curtiz . Ann Arbor , Mich : UMI Research Press . ISBN 0 - 8357 - 1304 - 0 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the story of the film casablanca take place	[ "In December 1941, American expatriate Rick Blaine owns an upscale nightclub and gambling den in Casablanca. \"Rick's Café Américain\" attracts a varied clientele, including Vichy French and German officials, refugees desperate to reach the still-neutral United States, and those who prey on them. Although Rick professes to be neutral in all matters, he ran guns to Ethiopia during its war with Italy and fought on the Loyalist side in the Spanish Civil War." ]	[ "Casablanca." ]
6144477908614303475	Epistle of James	Epistle of James - wikipedia Epistle of James Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Gospel of James . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of James ( Ancient Greek : Ἰάκωβος , translit . Iakōbos ) , the Book of James , or simply James , is one of the 21 epistles ( didactic letters ) in the New Testament . The author identifies himself as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ , '' who is writing to `` the twelve tribes scattered abroad '' ( James 1 : 1 ) . The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus ( James the Just ) , and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians , who were dispersed outside Palestine . Framed within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations , James writes to encourage believers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ . He wants his readers to mature in their faith in Christ by living what they say they believe . He condemns various sins , including pride , hypocrisy , favouritism , and slander . He encourages believers to humbly live by godly rather than worldly wisdom and to pray in all situations . Within the New Testament canon , the Epistle of James is noteworthy because it makes no reference to the death , resurrection , or divine sonship of Jesus . It refers to Jesus twice , as `` the Lord Jesus Christ '' and as `` our glorious Lord Jesus Christ '' ( James 1 : 1 , 2 : 1 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Authorship 2 Dating 3 Genre 4 Structure 5 Historical context 6 Doctrine 6.1 Justification 6.2 Anointing of the Sick 7 Canonicity 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Authorship ( edit ) According to Robert J. Foster , `` there is little consensus as to the genre , structure , dating , and authorship of the book of James . '' There are four `` commonly espoused '' views concerning authorship and dating of the Epistle of James : the letter was written by James before the Pauline Epistles , the letter was written by James after the Pauline Epistles , the letter is pseudonymous , the letter comprises material originally from James but reworked by a later editor . The writer refers to himself only as `` James , a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ . '' As many as six different men in the Bible are named James . Jesus had two apostles named James : James , the son of Zebedee and James , the son of Alphaeus , but it is unlikely that either of these wrote the letter . According to the Book of Acts , James , the son of Zebedee , was martyred about 44 AD . That would be very early for him to have been the writer . The other apostle James , the son of Alphaeus , is not prominent in the Scriptural record , and very little is known about him . Rather , evidence points to James , the brother of Jesus , to whom Jesus evidently had made a special appearance after his resurrection described in the New Testament . This James was prominent among the disciples . The writer of the letter of James identifies himself as `` a slave of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' in much the same way as did Jude , who introduced the Epistle of Jude by calling himself `` a slave of Jesus Christ , but a brother of James '' ( Jas 1 : 1 ; Jude 1 ) . Furthermore , the salutation of his letter concludes with the term `` greetings '' ( Greek χαίρειν ) , much like the letter on circumcision that was sent to the congregations . In the latter instance it was apparently Jesus 's brother , James , who spoke prominently in the assembly of `` the apostles and the older men '' at Jerusalem . From the middle of the 3rd century , patristic authors cited the Epistle as written by James , the brother of Jesus and a leader of the Jerusalem church . Not numbered among the Twelve Apostles unless he is identified as James the Less , James was nonetheless a very important figure : Paul described him as `` the brother of the Lord '' in Galatians 1 : 19 and as one of the three `` pillars of the Church '' in 2 : 9 . Pseudonymous authorship ( 3 above ) implies that the person named `` James '' is respected and doubtless well known . Moreover , this James , brother of Jesus , is honored by the epistle written and distributed after the lifetime of James , the brother of Jesus . John Calvin and others suggested that the author was the Apostle James , son of Alphaeus , who is referred to as James the Less . The Protestant reformer Martin Luther denied it was the work of an apostle and termed it an `` epistle of straw '' as compared to some other books in the New Testament , partly because of the conflict he thought it raised with Paul on the doctrine of justification ( see below ) . Dating ( edit ) The first page of James in Minuscule 319 , a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament . Many scholars consider the epistle to be written in the late 1st or early 2nd centuries : The author introduces himself merely as `` a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ '' without invoking any special family relationship to Jesus . The cultured Greek language of the Epistle , it is contended , could not have been written by a Jerusalem Jew . Some scholars argue for a primitive version of the letter composed by James and then later polished by another writer . The epistle was only gradually accepted into the canon of the New Testament . Some see parallels between James and 1 Peter , 1 Clement , and the Shepherd of Hermas and take this to reflect the socio - economic situation Christians were dealing with in the late 1st or early 2nd century . It thus could have been written anywhere in the Empire that Christians spoke Greek . There are some scholars who argued for Syria . Other scholars , such as Luke Timothy Johnson , suggest an early dating for the Epistle of James : `` The Letter of James also , according to the majority of scholars who have carefully worked through its text in the past two centuries , is among the earliest of New Testament compositions . It contains no reference to the events in Jesus ' life , but it bears striking testimony to Jesus ' words . Jesus ' sayings are embedded in James ' exhortations in a form that is clearly not dependent on the written Gospels . '' If written by James the brother of Jesus , it would have been written sometime before AD 69 ( or AD 62 ) , when he was martyred . Jerusalem would also be the place of writing . The earliest extant manuscripts of James usually date to the mid-to - late 3rd century . Genre ( edit ) James is considered New Testament wisdom literature : `` like Proverbs and Sirach , it consists largely of moral exhortations and precepts of a traditional and eclectic nature . '' The content of James is directly parallel , in many instances , to sayings of Jesus found in the gospels of Luke and Matthew , i.e. , those attributed to the hypothetical Q Source . Compare , e.g. , `` Do not swear at all , either by heaven ... or by the earth ... Let your word be ' Yes , Yes ' or ' No , No ' ; anything more than this comes from the evil one '' ( Matthew 5 : 34 , 37 ) and `` ... do not swear either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath , but let your ' Yes ' be yes and your ' No ' be no , so that you may not fall under condemnation '' ( James 5 : 12 ) . According to James Tabor , the epistle of James contains `` no fewer than thirty direct references , echoes , and allusions to the teachings of Jesus found in the Q source . '' Structure ( edit ) Some view the epistle as having no overarching outline : `` James may have simply grouped together small ' thematic essays ' without having more linear , Greco - Roman structures in mind . '' That view is generally supported by those who believe that the epistle may not be a true piece of correspondence between specific parties but an example of wisdom literature , formulated as a letter for circulation . The Catholic Encyclopedia says , `` the subjects treated of in the Epistle are many and various ; moreover , St. James not infrequently , whilst elucidating a certain point , passes abruptly to another , and presently resumes once more his former argument . '' Others view the letter as having only broad topical or thematic structure . They generally organize James under three ( Ralph Martin ) to seven ( Luke Johnson ) general key themes or segments . A third group believes that James was more purposeful in structuring his letter , linking each paragraph theologically and thematically : James , like the gospel writers , can be seen as a purposeful theologian , carefully weaving his smaller units together into larger fabrics of thought and using his overall structure to prioritize his key themes . -- Blomberg and Kamell The third view of the structuring of James is a historical approach that is supported by scholars who are not content with leaving the book as `` New Testament wisdom literature , like a small book of proverbs '' or `` like a loose collection of random pearls dropped in no particular order onto a piece of string . '' A fourth group uses modern discourse analysis or Greco - Roman rhetorical structures to describe the structure of James . The United Bible Societies ' Greek New Testament divides the letter into the following sections : Salutation ( 1 : 1 ) Faith and Wisdom ( 1 : 2 -- 8 ) Poverty and Riches ( 1 : 9 - 11 ) Trial and Temptation ( 1 : 12 -- 18 ) Hearing and Doing the Word ( 1 : 19 -- 27 ) Warning against Partiality ( 2 : 1 -- 13 ) Faith and Works ( 2 : 14 -- 26 ) The Tongue ( 3 : 1 -- 12 ) The Wisdom from Above ( 3 : 13 -- 18 ) Friendship with the World ( 4 : 1 -- 10 ) Judging a Brother ( 4 : 11 -- 12 ) Warning against Boasting ( 4 : 13 -- 17 ) Warning to the Rich ( 5 : 1 -- 6 ) Patience and Prayer ( 5 : 7 -- 20 ) Historical context ( edit ) Understanding the circumstances of James ' writing helps scholars better understand James ' organization of the letter . They view the epistle as having a legitimate purpose for its composition , a response to the suffering of its recipients . A 2013 journal article explores a violent historical background behind the epistle and offers the suggestion that it was indeed written by James , the brother of Jesus , and it was written before AD 62 , the year he was killed . The 50s saw the growth of turmoil and violence in Roman Judea , as Jews became more and more frustrated with corruption , injustice and poverty . It continued into the 60s , four years before James was killed . War broke out with Rome and would lead to the destruction of Jerusalem and the scattering of the people . The epistle is renowned for exhortations on fighting poverty and caring for the poor in practical ways ( 1 : 26 -- 27 ; 2 : 1 - 4 ; 2 : 14 - 19 ; 5 : 1 - 6 ) , standing up for the oppressed ( 2 : 1 - 4 ; 5 : 1 - 6 ) and not being `` like the world '' in the way one responds to evil in the world ( 1 : 26 - 27 ; 2 : 11 ; 3 : 13 - 18 ; 4 : 1 - 10 ) . Worldly wisdom is rejected and people are exhorted to embrace heavenly wisdom , which includes peacemaking and pursuing righteousness and justice ( 3 : 13 - 18 ) . This approach sees the epistle as a real letter with a real immediate purpose : to encourage Christian Jews not to revert to violence in their response to injustice and poverty but to stay focused on doing good , staying holy and to embrace the wisdom of heaven , not that of the world . Doctrine ( edit ) Justification ( edit ) Main articles : justification ( theology ) , Justification by faith alone , and Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification It contains the following famous passage concerning salvation and justification : What good is it , my brothers , if someone says he has faith but does not have works ? Can that faith save him ? If a brother or sister is poorly clothed and lacking in daily food , and one of you says to them , `` Go in peace , be warmed and filled , '' without giving them the things needed for the body , what good is that ? So also faith by itself , if it does not have works , is dead . But someone will say , `` You have faith and I have works . '' Show me your faith apart from your works , and I will show you my faith by my works . You believe that God is one ; you do well . Even the demons believe -- and shudder ! Do you want to be shown , you foolish person , that faith apart from works is useless ? Was not Abraham our father justified by works when he offered up his son Isaac on the altar ? You see that faith was active along with his works , and faith was completed by his works ; and the Scripture was fulfilled that says , `` Abraham believed God , and it was counted to him as righteousness '' -- and he was called a friend of God . You see that a person is justified by works and not by faith alone . And in the same way was not also Rahab the prostitute justified by works when she received the messengers and sent them out by another way ? For as the body apart from the spirit is dead , so also faith apart from works is dead . That passage has been cited in Christian theological debates , especially regarding the doctrine of justification . Gaius Marius Victorinus ( 4th century ) associated James 's teaching on works with the heretical Symmachian sect , followers of Symmachus the Ebionite , and openly questioned whether James ' teachings were heretical . This passage has also been contrasted with the teachings of Paul the Apostle on justification . Some scholars even believe that the passage is a response to Paul . One issue in the debate is the meaning of the Greek word δικαιόω ( dikaiόō ) ' render righteous or such as he ought to be ' , with some among the participants taking the view that James is responding to a misunderstanding of Paul . Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy have historically argued that the passage disproves the doctrine of justification by faith alone ( or sola fide ) , The early and many modern Protestants resolve the apparent conflict between James and Paul regarding faith and works in alternate ways from the Catholics and Orthodox : Paul was dealing with one kind of error while James was dealing with a different error . The errorists Paul was dealing with were people who said that works of the law were needed to be added to faith in order to help earn God 's favor . Paul countered this error by pointing out that salvation was by faith alone apart from deeds of the law ( Galatians 2 : 16 ; Romans 3 : 21 - 22 ) . Paul also taught that saving faith is not dead but alive , showing thanks to God in deeds of love ( Galatians 5 : 6 ( ' ... since in Christ Jesus it is not being circumcised or being uncircumcised that can effect anything - only faith working through love . ' ) ) . James was dealing with errorists who said that if they had faith they did n't need to show love by a life of faith ( James 2 : 14 - 17 ) . James countered this error by teaching that faith is alive , showing itself to be so by deeds of love ( James 2 : 18 , 26 ) . James and Paul both teach that salvation is by faith alone and also that faith is never alone but shows itself to be alive by deeds of love that express a believer 's thanks to God for the free gift of salvation by faith in Jesus . Anointing of the sick ( edit ) The epistle is also the chief biblical text for the Anointing of the Sick . James wrote : Is anyone among you sick ? Let him call for the elders of the church , and let them pray over him , anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord . And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick , and the Lord will raise him up . And if he has committed sins , he will be forgiven . G.A. Wells suggested that the passage was evidence of late authorship of the epistle , on the grounds that the healing of the sick being done through an official body of presbyters ( elders ) indicated a considerable development of ecclesiastical organisation `` whereas in Paul 's day to heal and work miracles pertained to believers indiscriminately ( I Corinthians , XII : 9 ) . '' Canonicity ( edit ) See also : Antilegomena and Biblical canon The Epistle was first explicitly referred to and quoted by Origen of Alexandria , and possibly a bit earlier by Irenaeus of Lyons as well as Clement of Alexandria in a lost work according to Eusebius , although it was not mentioned by Tertullian , who was writing at the end of the Second Century . It is also absent from the Muratorian fragment , the earliest known list of New Testament books . The Epistle of James was included among the twenty - seven New Testament books first listed by Athanasius of Alexandria in his Thirty - Ninth Festal Epistle ( AD 367 ) and was confirmed as a canonical epistle of the New Testament by a series of councils in the Fourth Century . Today , virtually all denominations of Christianity consider this book to be a canonical epistle of the New Testament . In the first centuries of the Church the authenticity of the Epistle was doubted by some , including Theodore , Bishop of Mopsuestia in Cilicia . Because of the silence of several of the western churches regarding it , Eusebius classes it among the Antilegomena or contested writings ( Historia ecclesiae , 3.25 ; 2.23 ) . Jerome gives a similar appraisal but adds that with time it had been universally admitted . Gaius Marius Victorinus , in his commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians , openly questioned whether the teachings of James were heretical . Its late recognition in the Church , especially in the West , may be explained by the fact that it was written for or by Jewish Christians , and therefore not widely circulated among the Gentile Churches . There is some indication that a few groups distrusted the book because of its doctrine . In Reformation times a few theologians , most notably Martin Luther in his early career , argued that this epistle should not be part of the canonical New Testament . Martin Luther 's description of the Epistle of James changes . In some cases , Luther argues that it was not written by an apostle ; but in other cases , he describes James as the work of an apostle . He even cites it as authoritative teaching from God and describes James as `` a good book , because it sets up no doctrines of men but vigorously promulgates the law of God . '' Lutherans hold that the Epistle is rightly part of the New Testament , citing its authority in the Book of Concord , however it remains part of the Lutheran antilegomena . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle of James Abrogation of Old Covenant laws Protevangelium of James Pauline Christianity Textual variants in the Epistle of James References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davids , Peter H ( 1982 ) . I Howard Marshall and W Ward Gasque , ed . New International Greek Testament Commentary : The Epistle of James ( Repr . ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . ISBN 0802823882 . Jump up ^ Evans , Craig A ( 2005 ) . Craig A Evans , ed . Bible Knowledge Background Commentary : John , Hebrews - Revelation . Colorado Springs , Colo. : Victor . ISBN 0781442281 . ^ Jump up to : Camerlynck , Achille ( 1910 ) . `` Epistle of St James '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert J. Foster ( 23 September 2014 ) . The Significance of Exemplars for the Interpretation of the Letter of James . Mohr Siebeck . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 16 - 153263 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dan G. McCartney ( 1 November 2009 ) . James . Baker Academic . pp. 14 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2676 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : McCartney , Dan G ( 2009 ) . Robert W Yarbrough and Robert H Stein , ed . Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament : James . Grand Rapids : Baker Academic . ISBN 0801026768 . Jump up ^ See Acts 12 : 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ See Matthew 13 : 55 ; Acts 21 : 15 -- 25 ; 1 Corinthians 15 : 7 ; and Galatians 1 : 19 , 2 : 9 Jump up ^ Moo , Douglas J ( 2000 ) . DA Carson , ed . The Letter of James . Grand Rapids : Wm B Eerdmans Publishing co . ISBN 0802837301 . Jump up ^ Cf . James 1 : 1 and Acts 15 : 23 . Jump up ^ Adam Clarke , 1821 , commentary on 5 : 13 , 22 , 23 . Jump up ^ Bechtel , Florentine . `` The Brethren of the Lord '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . His identity with James the Less ( Mark 15 : 40 ) and the Apostle James , the son of Alpheus ( Matthew 10 : 3 ; Mark 3 : 18 ) , although contested by many Protestant critics , may also be considered as certain . Jump up ^ Shillington , V. George ( 2015 ) . James and Paul : The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages . Minneapolis : Fortress Press . pp. 65 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4514 - 8213 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Christian Church , book 7 , chapter 4 '' . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James '' . Early Christian Writings . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : John Barton and John Muddiman , ed. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 1256 . ISBN 0198755007 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke Timothy ( 1996 ) . The Real Jesus . HarperOne . p. 121 . ISBN 0060641665 . Jump up ^ `` Epistle of James Theopedia '' . www.theopedia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Laws , Sophie ( 1993 ) . The HarperCollins Study Bible . San Francisco : HarperCollins Publishers . p. 2052 . ISBN 0060655267 . Jump up ^ Tabor , James D. ( 2012 ) . Paul and Jesus : How the Apostle Transformed Christianity . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2332 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Blomberg , Craig ( 2008 ) . James . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 23 . ISBN 9780310244028 . Jump up ^ Martin , Ralph ( 1988 ) . James . Waco , TX : WBC . p. xcviii - civ . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke ( 2000 ) . The Letter of James . Grand Rapids : Pillar . pp. 11 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Some numerous writers and commentators assume so , like William Barclay , The Daily Study Bible , rev . ed. , 17 vols . ( Philadelphia : The Westminster Press , 1976 ) , Vol 14 , The Letters of James and Peter , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Mark ( 2006 ) . A Linguistic Investigation into the Discource Structure of James . London : T&T Clark . ISBN 9780310244028 . Jump up ^ `` Faith versus Works '' . Jump up ^ Eberhard Nestle , ed. ( 2011 ) . Greek New Testament With Revised Concise Greek - English Dictionary ( 4th Revised ed . ) . Hendrickson Publishers . ISBN 1598567209 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Violent Language -- a clue to the Historical Occasion of James . '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXV No. 3 . July 2013 Jump up ^ On the death of James , see Josephus Antiquities , 20.9. 1 and Eusebius II. 23.1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Numerous studies argue for a letter - structure to James . See , for example , Euan Fry , `` Commentaries on James , I and 2 Peter , and Jude , '' The Bible Translator , 41 ( July 1990 ) : 330 , and F.O. Francis , `` The Form and Function of the Opening and Closing Paragraphs of James and I John , '' ZNW 61 ( 1970 ) : 110 - 126 . Jump up ^ James 2 : 14 - 26 , English Standard Version . Jump up ^ McKnight , Scot ( 2011 ) . The Letter of James . The New International Commentary on the New Testament . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Erdmans . pp. 259 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2627 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Dikaioo '' . Greek Lexicon . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Martin , D. 2009 . New Testament History & Literature : 18 . Arguing with Paul . Yale University . Jump up ^ `` The Theological Virtues : 1815 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . The gift of faith remains in one who has not sinned against it . But ' faith apart from works is dead ' : ( Jas 2 : 26 ) when it is deprived of hope and love , faith does not fully unite the believer to Christ and does not make him a living member of his Body . Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip ( 1877 ) . `` The Synod of Jerusalem and the Confession of Dositheus , A.D. 1672 : Article XIII '' . Creeds of Christendom . Harper & Brothers . Man is justified , not by faith alone , but also by works . Jump up ^ Calvin , John . `` James 2 : 20 -- 26 '' . Commentaries on the Catholic Epistles . When , therefore , the Sophists set up James against Paul , they go astray through the ambiguous meaning of a term . Jump up ^ `` Faith and Works '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ James 5 : 14 -- 15 ^ Jump up to : Wells , George Albert ( 1971 ) . The Jesus of Early Christians . London : Pemberton . p. 152 . ISBN 0301710147 . Jump up ^ Davis , Glenn ( 2010 ) . `` Irenaeus of Lyons '' . The Development of the Canon of the New Testament . Retrieved 16 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Griggs , C Wilfred ( 1991 ) . Early Egyptian Christianity ( 2nd ed . ) . Leiden : Brill Academic Publisher . p. 173 . ISBN 9004094075 . Jump up ^ 1958 - , Cooper , Stephen Andrew , . Marius Victorinus ' `` Commentary on Galatians '' : introduction , translation , and notes . Oxford University Press . pp. 265 -- 266 . ISBN 0198270275 . OCLC 878694940 . ^ Jump up to : The Lutheran Study Bible , Concordia Publishing House , 2009 , p2132 Jump up ^ Schaff , Philip . History of the Reformation . The most important example of dogmatic influence in Luther 's version is the famous interpolation of the word alone in Rom. 3 : 28 ( allein durch den Glauben ) , by which he intended to emphasize his solifidian doctrine of justification , on the plea that the German idiom required the insertion for the sake of clearness. 464 But he thereby brought Paul into direct verbal conflict with James , who says ( James 2 : 24 ) , `` by works a man is justified , and not only by faith '' ( `` nicht durch den Glauben allein '' ) . It is well known that Luther deemed it impossible to harmonize the two apostles in this article , and characterized the Epistle of James as an `` epistle of straw , '' because it had no evangelical character ( `` keine evangelische Art '' ) . Jump up ^ Stonehouse , Ned B ( 1957 ) . Paul Before the Areopagus . pp. 186 -- 197 . Jump up ^ Die deutsche Bibel 41 : 578 - 90 Jump up ^ Luther 's Large Catechism , IV 122 - 24 Jump up ^ Luther 's Works ( American Edition ) 35 : 395 Jump up ^ `` Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia '' . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the main purpose of the book of james	[ "Framed within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations, James writes to encourage believers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ. He wants his readers to mature in their faith in Christ by living what they say they believe. He condemns various sins, including pride, hypocrisy, favouritism, and slander. He encourages believers to humbly live by godly rather than worldly wisdom and to pray in all situations." ]	[ "encourage believers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ" ]
4817632209457352456	Carolina Panthers	Carolina Panthers - wikipedia Carolina Panthers Jump to : navigation , search Carolina Panthers Current season Established October 26 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 10 - 26 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , North Carolina Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) National Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) NFC West ( 1995 -- 2001 ) NFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Panther Blue , Silver Mascot Sir Purr Personnel Owner ( s ) Jerry Richardson President Vacant General manager Marty Hurney Head coach Ron Rivera Team history Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 2 ) NFC : 2003 , 2015 Division championships ( 6 ) NFC West : 1996 NFC South : 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 Playoff appearances ( 8 ) NFL : 1996 , 2003 , 2005 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 Home fields Memorial Stadium ( 1995 ) Bank of America Stadium ( 1996 -- present ) The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in Charlotte , North Carolina . The Panthers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) , as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The club is worth approximately US $1.56 billion , according to Forbes , and is controlled by founder Jerry Richardson and his family , who have a 48 percent stake ; the remainder of the team is held by a group of 14 limited partners . The head coach is Ron Rivera . The Panthers were announced as the league 's 29th franchise in 1993 , and began play in 1995 . The Panthers played well in their first two years , finishing 7 -- 9 in 1995 ( an all - time best for an NFL expansion team 's first season ) and 12 -- 4 the following year , winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game . They did not have another winning season until 2003 , when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII , losing 32 -- 29 to the New England Patriots . After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008 , the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013 , the first of three consecutive NFC South titles . After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014 , the Panthers returned to the Super Bowl in 2015 , but lost to the Denver Broncos . The Panthers have reached the playoffs seven times , advancing to four NFC Championship Games and two Super Bowls . They have won six division titles , one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South . The Carolina Panthers are legally registered as Panther Football , LLC . The team is headquartered in Bank of America Stadium in uptown Charlotte ; also the team 's home field . They are one of the few NFL teams to own the stadium they play in , which is legally registered as Panthers Stadium , LLC . The Panthers are supported throughout the Carolinas ; although the team has played its home games in Charlotte since 1996 , it played home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina during its first season . The team hosts its annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 1995 -- 2001 : First years at play 1.3 2002 -- 2003 : Move to the NFC South and first Super Bowl appearance 1.4 2004 -- 2009 1.5 2010 -- present 2 Logo and uniforms 2.1 Logo 2.2 Uniforms 3 Stadium and practice facilities 4 Culture 4.1 Mascot , cheerleaders , and drumline 4.2 Keep Pounding Drum 4.3 Songs and traditions 4.4 Charity and community work 4.5 Radio and television 5 Rivalries 5.1 Seattle Seahawks 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Hall of Honor 6.3 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees 7 Ownership and administration 7.1 Coaches 7.2 Current staff 8 Team records 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the Carolina Panthers Beginnings ( edit ) On December 15 , 1987 , entrepreneur Jerry Richardson announced his bid for an NFL expansion franchise in the Carolinas . A North Carolina native , Richardson was a former wide receiver on the Baltimore Colts who had used his 1959 league championship bonus to co-found the Hardee 's restaurant chain , later becoming president and CEO of TW Services . Richardson drew his inspiration to pursue an NFL franchise from George Shinn , who had made a successful bid for an expansion National Basketball Association ( NBA ) team in Charlotte , the Charlotte Hornets . Richardson founded Richardson Sports , a partnership consisting of himself , his family , and a number of businessmen from North and South Carolina were also recruited to be limited partners . Richardson looked at four potential locations for a stadium , ultimately choosing uptown Charlotte . In choosing the team name , the Richardsons did not run focus groups with potential fans . Their intention had always been the ' Panthers ' ; Jerry Richardson began driving a car with the license plate ' PNTHRS ' near the end of 1989 . To highlight the demand for professional football in the Carolinas , Richardson Sports held preseason games around the area from 1989 to 1991 . The first two games were held at Carter -- Finley Stadium in Raleigh , North Carolina , and Kenan Memorial Stadium in Chapel Hill , North Carolina , while the third and final game was held at Williams - Brice Stadium in Columbia , South Carolina . The matchups were between existing NFL teams . In 1991 , the group formally filed an application for the open expansion spot , and on October 26 , 1993 , the 28 NFL owners unanimously named the Carolina Panthers as the 29th member of the NFL . 1995 -- 2001 : first years at play ( edit ) The Panthers first competed in the 1995 NFL season ; they were one of two expansion teams to begin play that year , the other being the Jacksonville Jaguars . The Panthers were put in the NFC West to increase the size of that division to five teams ; there were already two other southeastern teams in the division , the Atlanta Falcons and the New Orleans Saints . Former Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator Dom Capers was named the first head coach . The team finished its inaugural season 7 -- 9 , the best performance ever from a first - year expansion team . They performed even better in their second season , finishing with a 12 -- 4 record and winning the NFC West division , as well as securing a first - round bye . The Panthers beat the defending Super Bowl champions Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round before losing the NFC Championship Game to the eventual Super Bowl champions , the Green Bay Packers . The team managed only a 7 -- 9 finish in 1997 and slipped to 4 -- 12 in 1998 , leading to Capers ' dismissal as head coach . The Panthers hired former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert to replace Capers , and he led the team to an 8 -- 8 record in 1999 . The team finished 7 -- 9 in 2000 and fell to 1 -- 15 in 2001 , winning their first game but losing their last 15 . This performance tied the NFL record for most losses in a single season and it broke the record held by the winless 1976 Buccaneers for most consecutive losses in a single season ( both records have since been broken by the 2008 Lions ) , leading the Panthers to fire Seifert . 2002 -- 2003 : move to the NFC South and first Super Bowl appearance ( edit ) After the NFL 's expansion to 32 teams in 2002 , the Panthers were relocated from the NFC West to the newly created NFC South division ; The Panthers ' rivalries with the Falcons and Saints were maintained , and they would be joined by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . New York Giants defensive coordinator John Fox was hired to replace Seifert and led the team to a 7 -- 9 finish in 2002 . Although the team 's defense gave up very few yards , ranking the second - best in the NFL in yards conceded , they were hindered by an offense that ranked as the second - worst in the league in yards gained . The Panthers improved to 11 -- 5 in the 2003 regular season , winning the NFC South and making it to Super Bowl XXXVIII before losing to the New England Patriots , 32 -- 29 , in what was immediately hailed by sportswriter Peter King as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time '' . King felt the game `` was a wonderful championship battle , full of everything that makes football dramatic , draining , enervating , maddening , fantastic , exciting '' and praised , among other things , the unpredictability , coaching , and conclusion . The game is still viewed as one of the best Super Bowls of all time , and in the opinion of Charlotte - based NPR reporter Scott Jagow , the Panthers ' Super Bowl appearance represented the arrival of Charlotte onto the national scene . 2004 -- 2009 ( edit ) Following a 1 -- 7 start in 2004 , the Panthers rebounded to win six of their last seven games despite losing 14 players for the season due to injury . They lost their last game to New Orleans , finishing the 2004 season at 7 -- 9 . Had they won the game , the Panthers would have made the playoffs . The team improved to 11 -- 5 in 2005 , finishing second in the division behind Tampa Bay and clinching a playoff berth as a wild - card . In the first round of the playoffs , the Panthers went on the road to face the New York Giants , beating them 23 -- 0 for the NFL 's first playoff shutout against a home team since 1980 . The following week , they beat Chicago 29 -- 21 on the road , but lost key players Julius Peppers , a defensive end , and DeShaun Foster , a running back , who were both injured during the game . The Panthers were then defeated 34 -- 14 by the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Championship Game , ending their season . Although the Panthers went into the 2006 season as favorites to win the NFC South , they finished with a disappointing 8 -- 8 record . The team finished the 2007 season with a 7 -- 9 record after losing quarterback Jake Delhomme early in the season due to an elbow injury . In 2008 , the Panthers rebounded with a 12 -- 4 regular season record , winning the NFC South and securing a first - round bye . They were eliminated in the divisional round of the playoffs , losing 33 -- 13 to the eventual NFC Champion Arizona Cardinals after Delhomme turned the ball over six times . Delhomme 's struggles carried over into the 2009 season , where he threw 18 interceptions in the first 11 games before breaking a finger in his throwing hand . The Panthers were at a 4 -- 7 record before Delhomme 's season - ending injury , and his backup , Matt Moore , led the team to a 4 -- 1 finish to the season for an 8 -- 8 overall record . 2010 -- present ( edit ) Head coach Ron Rivera In 2010 , after releasing Delhomme in the offseason , the Panthers finished with a league - worst ( 2 -- 14 ) record ; their offense was the worst in the league . John Fox 's contract expired after the season ended , and the team did not retain him or his staff . The team hired Ron Rivera to replace Fox as head coach and drafted Auburn 's Heisman Trophy - winning quarterback Cam Newton with the first overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft . The Panthers opened the 2011 season 2 -- 6 , but finished with a 6 -- 10 record , and Newton was awarded the AP Offensive Rookie of the Year award after setting the NFL record for most rushing touchdowns from a quarterback ( 14 ) in a single season and becoming the first rookie NFL quarterback to throw for over 4,000 yards in a single season . He also was the first rookie quarterback to rush for over 500 yards in a single season . In 2012 , the Panthers again opened the season poorly , losing five out of their first six games , leading longtime general manager Marty Hurney to be fired in response . The team slid to a 2 -- 8 record before winning five of their last six games , resulting in a 7 -- 9 record . This strong finish helped save Rivera 's job . The Panthers had a winning season the following year , finishing with a 12 -- 4 record and winning their third NFC South title and another playoff bye , but they were beaten by the 49ers in the Divisional Round . In 2014 , the Panthers opened the season with two wins , but after 12 games sat at 3 -- 8 -- 1 due in part to a seven - game winless streak . A four - game winning streak to end the season secured the team their second consecutive NFC South championship and playoff berth , despite a losing record of 7 -- 8 -- 1 . The Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals , 27 -- 16 , in the wild card round to advance to the divisional playoffs , where they lost to eventual NFC champion Seattle , 31 -- 17 . The 2015 season saw the Panthers start the season 14 -- 0 and finish the season 15 -- 1 , which tied for the best regular - season record in NFC history . The Panthers also secured their third consecutive NFC South championship , as well as their first overall top - seeded playoff berth . In the 2015 -- 16 playoffs , the Panthers defeated the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Divisional playoffs , 31 -- 24 , after shutting them out in the first half , 31 -- 0 , and the Arizona Cardinals , 49 -- 15 ( highest score in NFC Championship history ) , in the NFC Championship Game to advance to Super Bowl 50 , their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2003 season . The Panthers lost a defensive struggle to the AFC Champion Denver Broncos , 24 -- 10 . In the 2016 season , the Panthers regressed on their 15 -- 1 record from 2015 , posting a 6 -- 10 record and a last - place finish in the NFC South , missing the playoffs for the first time since 2012 , and losing the division title to the second - seeded Falcons , who went on to represent the NFC in Super Bowl LI . In the 2017 season , the Panthers finished with a 11 - 5 record and a # 5 seed and lost to the New Orleans Saints 31 - 26 in the Wild Card Round , their first loss in that round in franchise history . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Logo ( edit ) The shape of the Panthers logo was designed to mimic the outline of both North Carolina and South Carolina . The Panthers changed their logo and logotype in 2012 , the first such change in team history . According to the team , the changes were designed to give their logo an `` aggressive , contemporary look '' as well to give it a more three - dimensional feel . The primary tweaks were made in the eye and mouth , where the features , particularly the muscular brow and fangs , are more pronounced , creating a more menacing look . The revised logo has a darker shade of blue over the black logo , compared to the old design , which had teal on top of black . Carolina Panthers logotypes The team 's first logomark , used in the 1995 season The team 's second logomark , ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Uniforms ( edit ) By the time they had been announced as the 29th NFL team in October 1993 , the Panthers ' logo and helmet design had already been finalized , but the uniform design was still under creation . After discussion , the Panthers organization decided on jerseys colored white , black , and blue , and pants colored white and silver . The exact tone of blue , which they decided would be `` process blue '' ( a shade lighter than Duke 's and darker than North Carolina 's ) , was the most difficult color to choose . The team 's uniform has remained largely the same since its creation , with only minor alterations such as changing the sock color of the team 's black uniforms from blue to black and changing the team 's shoes from white to black . Richardson , a self - described traditionalist , said that no major uniform changes would be made in his lifetime . The Panthers have three main jersey colors : black , white , and blue . Their blue jerseys , designated their alternate uniforms , are the newest and were introduced in 2002 . NFL regulations allow the team to use the blue jersey up to two times in any given season . In all other games , the team must wear either their white or black jerseys ; in NFL games , the home team decides whether to wear a dark or white jersey , while the away team wears the opposite . Usually the Panthers opt for white or blue when the weather is expected to be hot and for black when the weather is expected to be cold . The Panthers typically pair their white jerseys with white pants , while the black and blue jerseys are paired with silver pants ; there have only been a few exceptions to these combinations . The first such instance was in 1998 , when the team paired their white jerseys with silver pants in a game against the Indianapolis Colts . The second instance was in 2012 during a game against the Denver Broncos , when they paired their black jerseys with new black pants ; this created an all - black uniform , with the exception of blue socks and silver helmets . The decision to wear blue socks was made by team captain Steve Smith , who felt the blue socks gave the uniforms a more distinct appearance compared with other teams that have all - black uniforms . The all - black uniforms won the `` Greatest Uniform in NFL History '' contest , a fan - voted contest run by NFL.com in July 2013 . In July 2013 , the team 's equipment manager , Jackie Miles , said the Panthers intended to use the all - black uniform more in the future . The Panthers wore the all - black uniform three times the following season , once each in the preseason and regular season , and the third time during the home divisional round playoff game vs the 49ers . During the Panthers ' 2015 Thanksgiving Day game against the Dallas Cowboys , they debuted an all - blue uniform as part of Nike 's `` Color Rush '' series . The team 's uniform did not change significantly after Nike became the NFL 's jersey supplier in 2012 , but the collar was altered to honor former Panthers player and coach Sam Mills by featuring the phrase `` Keep Pounding '' . Nike had conceived the idea , and the team supported the concept as a way to expose newer fans to the legacy of Mills , who died of cancer in 2005 . Mills had introduced the phrase , which has since become a team slogan , in a speech that he gave to the players and coaches prior to their 2003 playoff game against Dallas ; in the speech , Mills compared his fight against cancer with the team 's on - field battle , saying `` When I found out I had cancer , there were two things I could do -- quit or keep pounding . I 'm a fighter . I kept pounding . You 're fighters , too . Keep pounding ! '' Stadium and practice Facilities ( edit ) An exterior view of Bank of America Stadium as seen in 2006 . Further information : Bank of America Stadium The Panthers played their first season at Memorial Stadium in Clemson , South Carolina , as their facility in uptown Charlotte was still under construction . Ericsson Stadium , called Bank of America Stadium since 2004 , opened in the summer of 1996 . Bank of America Stadium is owned entirely by the Panthers , making them one of the few teams in the NFL to own the facility they play in . The stadium was specially designed by HOK Sports Facilities Group for football and also serves as the headquarters and administrative offices of the Panthers . On some days the stadium offers public tours for a fee . Private tours for groups are offered for a fee seven days a week , though there are some exceptions , and such tours must be arranged in advance . Two bronze panther statues flank each of the stadium 's three main entrances ; they are the largest sculptures ever commissioned in the United States . The names of the team 's original PSL owners are engraved on the base of each statue . The two people in the Panthers Hall of Honor , team executive Mike McCormack and linebacker Sam Mills , are honored with life - sized bronze statues outside the stadium . Mills , in addition to being the only player in the Hall of Honor , is the only player to have had his jersey number ( # 51 ) retired by the Panthers as of 2016 . The team 's weight room inside of Bank of America Stadium . The Panthers have three open - air fields next to Bank of America Stadium where they currently hold their practices ; during the 1995 season , when the team played their home games in South Carolina , the team held their practices at Winthrop University in Rock Hill , South Carolina . Because the practice fields , along with the stadium , are located in uptown Charlotte , the fields are directly visible from skyscrapers as well as from a four - story condominium located across the street . According to Mike Cranston , a running joke said that the Panthers ' division rivals had pooled their resources to purchase a room on the building 's top floor , and that a fire at the condominium was caused by the Panthers organization . In order to prevent people from seeing inside the field while the team is practicing , the team has added `` strategically planted trees and a tarp over the ... fence surrounding the fields '' . Additionally , they employ a security team to watch for and chase away any people who stop alongside the fence surrounding the field . In the event of bad weather , the team moves their practices to an indoor sports facility about 10 miles from the stadium . The team does not own this facility . The Panthers have hosted their annual training camp at Wofford College in Spartanburg , South Carolina , since 1995 . Culture ( edit ) The Panthers are supported in both North Carolina and South Carolina ; South Carolina Governor Nikki Haley declared July 30 , 2012 , `` Carolina Panthers Day '' in her state , saying that `` when it comes to professional teams , the Carolina Panthers are the team that South Carolina calls their own '' . During the 2016 NFC Championship and Super Bowl , the hashtag # OneCarolina was used by college and professional sports teams from North Carolina and South Carolina to show unified support for the Panthers . Pat Yasinskas of ESPN.com observed that while there is `` a bit of a wine - and - cheese atmosphere at Panthers games ... there is a strong core of diehard fans who bring energy to Bank of America Stadium . Charlotte lives and dies with the Panthers because there are n't a lot of other options in the sports world '' . Sports Illustrated graded the Panthers as having the 10th highest `` NFL Fan Value Experience '' in 2007 , attributing much of the fan atmosphere to the team 's newness when compared to the established basketball fanbase . They also observed that the stadium has scattered parking lots , each of which has a different tailgating style . Some have fried chicken , pork , or Carolina - style barbecue , while others have live bands and televisions . Pickup football games in the parking lots are common , but fans tend to `` behave themselves '' , in part due to blue laws that prevent the sale of alcohol before noon on Sundays . The Carolina Panthers have sold out all home games since December 2002 , and their home attendance has ranked in the NFL 's top ten since 2006 . Mascot , cheerleaders , and drumline ( edit ) Panthers mascot Sir Purr , wearing a white jersey Sir Purr , an anthropomorphic black cat who wears a jersey numbered ' 00 ' , has been the Panthers ' mascot since their first season . During games , Sir Purr provides sideline entertainment through skits and `` silly antics '' . The mascot participates in a number of community events year - round , including a monthly visit to the patients at Levine Children 's Hospital . Sir Purr also hosts the annual Mascot Bowl , an event which pits pro and college mascots against each other during halftime at a selected Panthers home game . The team 's cheerleaders are the Carolina Topcats , a group of 24 women who lead cheers and entertain fans at home games . The TopCats participate in both corporate and charity events . The team 's drumline is PurrCussion , an ensemble of snare , tenor , and bass drummers as well as cymbal players . PurrCussion performs for fans outside the stadium and introduces players prior to home games ; it consists of drummers from across the Carolinas . Keep Pounding drum ( edit ) Starting with the 2012 season , the Panthers introduced the Keep Pounding Drum , inspired by the aforementioned motivational speech by Sam Mills before the team 's 2004 playoff game against the Cowboys . Prior to each home game , an honorary drummer hits the six - foot tall drum four times to signify the four quarters of an American football game . According to the team , the drummers `` come from a variety of backgrounds and occupations , but all have overcome a great trial or adversity that has not only made them strong but also pushes them to make others around them stronger '' . Drummers have included current and former Panthers players , military veterans , Make - A-Wish children , and athletes from other sports , including NBA MVP and Charlotte native Stephen Curry , US women 's national soccer team players Whitney Engen and Heather O'Reilly , and 7 time NASCAR Cup Series champion Jimmie Johnson . Songs and traditions ( edit ) During the inaugural season of the Panthers , the team had an official fight song , which the team played before each home game . The song , `` Stand and Cheer '' , remains the team 's official fight song , but the team does not typically play it before home games . Due to negative fan reaction `` Stand and Cheer '' was pulled in 1999 . Since 2006 , the song has returned . In recent seasons the team has played Neil Diamond 's `` Sweet Caroline '' and Chairmen of the Board 's `` I 'd Rather Be In Carolina '' immediately after home victories . A `` keep pounding '' chant was introduced during the 2015 season which starts before the opening kickoff of each home game . As prompted by the video boards , one side of the stadium shouts `` keep '' and the other side replies with `` pounding '' . The chant is similar to ones that take place at college football games . Charity and community work ( edit ) The Carolina Panthers support a variety of non-profits in North and South Carolina through the Carolina Panthers Charities . Four annual scholarships are awarded to student athletes through the Carolina Panthers Graduate Scholarship and the Carolina Panthers Players Sam Mills Memorial Scholarship programs . Carolina Panthers Charities also offers grants to non-profits that support education , athletics , and human services in the community . The Panthers and Fisher Athletic has provided six equipment grants to high school football teams in the Carolinas each year since 2010 . Carolina Panthers Charities raises funds at three annual benefits : the Countdown to Kickoff Luncheon , the team 's first public event each season ; Football 101 , an educational workshop for fans ; and the Weekend Warrior Flag Football Tournament , a two - day non-contact flag football tournament . Another annual benefit is Taste of the Panthers , a gourmet food tasting which raises funds for Second Harvest Food Bank of Metrolina . In 2003 the Panthers and Carolinas HealthCare Foundation established the Keep Pounding Fund , a fundraising initiative to support cancer research and patient support programs . The Panthers community has raised more than $1.4 million for the fund through direct donations , charity auctions , blood drives , and an annual 5k stadium run . The Panthers and Levine Children 's Hospital coordinate monthly hospital visits and VIP game - day experiences for terminally ill or hospitalized children . In addition to these team - specific efforts , the Panthers participate in a number of regular initiatives promoted by the NFL and USA Football , the league 's youth football development partner . These include USA Football Month , held throughout August to encourage and promote youth football ; A Crucial Catch , the league 's Breast Cancer Awareness Month program ; Salute to Service , held throughout November to support military families and personnel ; and PLAY 60 , which encourages young NFL fans to be active for at least 60 minutes each day . Radio and television ( edit ) Map shows the radio affiliates of the Carolina Panthers that broadcast game day related coverage across The Carolinas and Virginia , along with one station in Georgia . Radio coverage is provided by flagship station WBT ( 1110 AM ) and through the Carolina Panthers Radio Network , with affiliates throughout the Carolinas , Georgia , and Virginia . The Panthers ' radio broadcasting team is led by Mick Mixon , Eugene Robinson , and Jim Szoke . The radio network broadcasts pre-game coverage , games with commentary , and post-game wrap - ups . It also live - broadcasts Panther Talk , a weekly event at Bank of America Stadium which offers fans a chance to meet a player and ask questions of the staff . National broadcasting and cable television networks cover regular season games , as well as some preseason games . Locally , Fox owned and operated station WJZY airs most regular - season games , while any home games against an AFC team air on CBS affiliate WBTV . Any appearances on Monday Night Football are simulcast on ABC affiliate WSOC - TV , while any late - season appearances on Thursday Night Football are simulcast on WBTV . Sunday night and some Thursday night games are aired on NBC affiliate WCNC - TV . All preseason games and team specials are televised by the Carolina Panthers Television Network on flagship station WCCB in Charlotte and fourteen affiliate stations throughout the Carolinas , Georgia , Virginia , and Tennessee . The television broadcasting team consists of play - by - play commentator Mike Morgan , color analyst and former Panthers player Mike Rucker , and sideline reporter Pete Yanity . The network also hosts The Panthers Huddle , a weekly show focusing on the Panthers ' upcoming opponent . Panthers Gameday , the Panthers ' postgame show , is hosted by sports anchor Russ Owens and former Panthers lineman Kevin Donnalley on WCNC - TV . The Panthers also offer game broadcasts in Spanish on an eight - station network fronted by WGSP - FM in Pageland , South Carolina , as well as additional radio affiliates in Mexico . Jaime Moreno provides the play - by - play while his nephew , Luis Moreno Jr. , is the color commentator . They have become popular even among English - speaking Panther fans for their high - energy , colorful announcing style . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Buccaneers -- Panthers rivalry and Falcons -- Panthers rivalry The Panthers have developed heated rivalries with the three fellow members of the NFC South ( the Atlanta Falcons , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and New Orleans Saints ) . The team 's fiercest rivals are the Falcons and Buccaneers . The Falcons are a natural geographic rival for the Panthers , as Atlanta is only 230 miles ( 370 kilometers ) south on I - 85 . The two teams have played each other twice a year since the Panthers ' inception , and games between the two teams feature large contingents of Panthers fans at Atlanta 's Georgia Dome . The Panthers ' rivalry with Tampa Bay has been described as the most intense in the NFC South . The rivalry originated in 2002 with the formation of the NFC South , but became particularly heated before the 2003 season with verbal bouts between players on the two teams . It escalated further when the Panthers went to Tampa Bay and beat them in what ESPN.com writer Pat Yasinskas described as `` one of the most physical contests in recent memory '' . The rivalry has resulted in a number of severe injuries for players on both teams , some of which were caused by foul play . One of these plays , an illegal hit on Tampa Bay punt returner Clifton Smith , sparked a brief melee between the teams in 2009 . During their time in the NFC West , the Panthers began developing a rivalry with the San Francisco 49ers . This rivalry faded after the NFL moved the Panthers out of the NFC West . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) Main article : Panthers -- Seahawks rivalry A relatively new rivalry , this one dates to the 2005 NFC Championship Game , in which the Seahawks won the game 31 -- 14 . The rivalry started up again in 2012 , when the Panthers lost a close regular season home game to a Seattle Seahawks team led by rookie quarterback Russell Wilson , 16 -- 12 . In the 2013 season , the Panthers opened the season at home versus Seattle . They again lost a close game , with the final score 12 -- 7 . The Seahawks would go on to win Super Bowl XLVIII . In the 2014 season , once more at Bank of America Stadium , the Seahawks defeated the Panthers in week eight , 13 -- 9 . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Panthers faced Seattle in Seattle , notorious for being a tough opposing field to play in , and lost 31 -- 17 . The Seahawks would go on to lose Super Bowl XLIX . In the 2015 season the next year , the teams faced off in Seattle , where the Panthers won another close game , 27 -- 23 . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Panthers faced Seattle at Bank of America stadium , where they had yet to beat a Russell Wilson - led Seahawks team . By halftime they led 31 -- 0 , but the Seahawks rebounded and scored 24 unanswered points before the Panthers were able to seal the victory , 31 -- 24 . The Panthers would go on to lose Super Bowl 50 . In the 2016 season , the teams met in Seattle , where the Panthers were beaten , 40 -- 7 . Since the 2012 season , Carolina is 2 -- 5 overall against Seattle and 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . The rivalry aspect stems from how close the majority of the matches have been and the fact that they have played each other seven times between 2012 and 2017 -- at least once a year . The teams did not face each other during the 2017 season . Players ( edit ) Further information : List of Carolina Panthers players , List of Carolina Panthers starting quarterbacks , List of Carolina Panthers first - round draft picks , and List of Carolina Panthers Pro Bowl selections Current roster ( edit ) Carolina Panthers roster view talk Quarterbacks 4 Garrett Gilbert 1 Cam Newton Running backs 40 Alexander Armah FB 34 Cameron Artis - Payne 22 Christian McCaffrey 43 Fozzy Whittaker Wide receivers 16 Rasheed Bailey 18 Damiere Byrd 8 Austin Duke 14 Mose Frazier 17 Devin Funchess 15 Jamaal Jones 2 Fred Ross 10 Curtis Samuel 19 Russell Shepard 11 Torrey Smith 13 Jarius Wright Tight ends 85 Evan Baylis 82 Chris Manhertz 88 Greg Olsen 86 Kent Taylor Offensive linemen 78 Zach Banner T 76 Blaine Clausell T 64 Dorian Johnson G 75 Matt Kalil T 67 Ryan Kalil C 69 Tyler Larsen C 72 Taylor Moton T 65 Amini Silatolu G -- Jeremiah Sirles G 70 Trai Turner G 73 Greg Van Roten C 60 Daryl Williams T Defensive linemen 97 Mario Addison DE 92 Vernon Butler DT 91 Bryan Cox Jr . DE 94 Daeshon Hall DE 96 Wes Horton DE 79 Drew Iddings DT 93 Kyle Love DT 77 Zach Moore DE 71 Efe Obada DE 90 Julius Peppers DE 95 Dontari Poe DT 99 Kawann Short DT Linebackers 49 Richie Brown LB 58 Thomas Davis Sr. OLB 53 Ben Jacobs OLB 59 Luke Kuechly MLB 55 David Mayo MLB 52 Jared Norris OLB 54 Shaq Thompson OLB Defensive backs 29 Mike Adams SS 24 James Bradberry CB 36 Demetrious Cox SS -- Ross Cockrell CB 21 Lorenzo Doss CB 35 Corn Elder CB 23 LaDarius Gunter CB 42 Colin Jones FS 32 Cole Luke CB 41 Captain Munnerlyn CB 25 Damian Parms SS 33 Zack Sanchez CB -- Da'Norris Searcy SS 27 Kevon Seymour CB 37 Dezmen Southward SS Special teams 9 Graham Gano K 44 J.J. Jansen LS 5 Michael Palardy P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated March 26 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 70 Active , 0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Hall of Honor ( edit ) The Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor was established in 1997 to honor individuals for their contributions to the Carolina Panthers organization . Each inductee is honored with a life - sized bronze statue outside of Bank of America Stadium 's North Entrance , while the names of each original PSL owner are written on the black granite base at each of the six panther statues . A rule added in the mid-2000s by the Panthers organization requires all potential inductees to be retired for at least five years before they are eligible for induction . Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor No . Player Position Seasons Inducted -- Mike McCormack President / General manager 1993 -- 1997 September 21 , 1997 51 Sam Mills LB 1995 -- 1997 September 27 , 1998 -- PSL owners 1995 -- present September 13 , 2004 Pro Football Hall of Fame enshrinees ( edit ) Nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame , which `` honor ( s ) individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football '' , are determined by a 46 - member selection committee . At least 80 % of voters must approve the nominee for him to be inducted . Carolina Panthers Pro Football Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Seasons Inducted 92 Reggie White DE / T 2000 2006 91 Kevin Greene LB / DE 1998 -- 1999 2016 Coaches and Contributors Bill Polian GM 1995 -- 1997 2015 Ownership and administration ( edit ) Jerry Richardson is the owner and founder of the Carolina Panthers . Richardson and his family own about 48 % of the team , with the remaining 52 % owned by a group of 14 limited partners . Richardson paid $206 million for the rights to start the team in 1993 ; according to Forbes , the Panthers are worth approximately $1 billion as of 2012 . They ranked the Carolina Panthers as the 16th-most valuable NFL team and the 23rd most valuable sports team in the world . Mike McCormack , a Hall of Fame lineman for the Cleveland Browns and former coach and executive for the Seattle Seahawks , was the Panthers ' first team president , presiding in that role from 1994 until his retirement in 1997 ; McCormack was inducted as the first person in the Carolina Panthers Hall of Honor later that year . Jerry Richardson 's son , Mark , was appointed as the team 's second president in 1997 and served in that role until he stepped down in 2009 . His brother Jon , who had been president of Bank of America Stadium , stepped down at the same time . The resignations of Mark and Jon Richardson were unexpected , as it was thought that the two would eventually take over the team from their father . Mark Richardson was replaced by Danny Morrison , who had previously served as the athletic director of both Texas Christian University and Wofford College , Richardson 's alma mater . Coaches ( edit ) The Carolina Panthers have had four head coaches . Dom Capers was the head coach from 1995 to 1998 and led the team to one playoff appearance . Counting playoff games , he finished with a record of 31 -- 35 (. 470 ) . George Seifert coached the team from 1999 to 2001 , recording 16 wins and 32 losses (. 333 ) ; he is the only head coach in team history not to have led the team to a playoff appearance . John Fox , the team 's longest - tenured head coach , led the team from 2002 to 2010 and coached the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl XXXVIII which the Panthers lost . Including playoff games , Fox ended his tenure with a 78 -- 74 (. 513 ) record , making him the only Panthers coach to finish his tenure with the team with a winning record . Ron Rivera , the team 's current head coach , has held the position since 2011 and has led the team to three playoff appearances including Super Bowl 50 which the Panthers also lost . Counting playoff games , he has a career record of 67 -- 51 -- 1 (. 567 ) . Statistically , Rivera has the highest winning percentage of any Panthers head coach . Name Term Totals Regular season Playoffs Ref PCT PCT PCT Dom Capers 1995 -- 1998 66 31 35 0 . 470 64 30 34 0 . 469 . 500 George Seifert 1999 -- 2001 48 16 32 0 . 333 48 16 32 0 . 333 0 -- -- -- John Fox 2002 -- 2010 152 78 74 0 . 513 144 73 71 0 . 507 8 5 . 625 Ron Rivera 2011 -- present 119 67 51 . 567 112 64 47 . 576 7 . 429 Current staff ( edit ) Carolina Panthers staff Front Office Owner -- Jerry Richardson President -- Vacant General Manager -- Marty Hurney Senior Executive Scout -- Don Gregory Director of Player Personnel -- Mark Koncz Director of Team Administration - Rob Rogers Director of Pro Scouting -- Matt Allen Director of College Scouting - Jeff Morrow National Scout - Mike Szabo Head Coaches Head Coach -- Ron Rivera Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Norv Turner Run Game Coordinator -- John Matsko Quarterbacks -- Scott Turner Running Backs -- Jim Skipper Wide Receivers -- Lance Taylor Assistant Wide Receivers -- Jerricho Cotchery Tight Ends -- Pete Hoener Assistant Offensive Line -- Travelle Wharton Offensive Quality Control - Drew Terrell Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Eric Washington Defensive Line -- Brady Hoke Assistant Defensive Line -- Sam Mills III Linebackers -- Steve Russ Defensive Backs -- Curtis Fuller Assistant Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Richard Rodgers Assistant Defensive Backs ( Nickels ) -- Jeff Imamura Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Chase Blackburn Assistant Special Teams - Heath Farwell Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Joe Kenn Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Jason Benguche → Coaching staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Team records ( edit ) Further information : List of Carolina Panthers seasons John Kasay , a fan favorite , holds the team 's career points record Since they began playing football in 1995 , the Panthers have been to four NFC Championship Games ; they lost two ( 1996 and 2005 ) and won two ( 2003 and 2015 ) . The Panthers have won six division championships : the NFC West championship in 1996 and the NFC South championship in 2003 , 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , and 2015 . They are the first and only team to win the NFC South back to back and have won the NFC South more times than any other team in the division . They have finished as runners - up in their division six times , finishing second - place in the NFC West in 1997 and 1999 and finishing second - place in the NFC South in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2012 . They have qualified for the playoffs 8 times , most recently in 2017 . Kicker John Kasay is the team 's career points leader . Kasay scored 1,482 points during his 16 seasons ( 1995 -- 2010 ) with the Panthers . Quarterback Cam Newton , who has played for the Panthers since 2011 , is the career passing leader , having thrown for 20,257 yards over his six seasons with the team . Running back Jonathan Stewart is the career rushing leader for the Carolina Panthers . Stewart , during his tenure with the team ( 2008 -- present ) , rushed for 6,868 yards with the Panthers . Wide receiver Steve Smith , the team 's leading receiver , recorded 12,197 receiving yards during his 13 - year ( 2001 -- 2013 ) tenure with the team . Carolina Panthers all - time record Regular season Playoffs Total Record 175 -- 180 -- 1 9 -- 7 175 -- 176 -- 1 Percentage . 493 . 563 . 496 References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Under NFL rules , an NFL owner and his family only need to control 30 percent of a team to be considered the team 's controlling owner . Footnotes Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Chronology '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Bryan ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Panthers announce jersey colors '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise nicknames '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Team owner Jerry Richardson 's son Mark is responsible for the selection of Panthers as the team name . Mark , who felt that there should be some `` synergy '' between the name and the team colors also suggested the team colors of black , blue and silver . ^ Jump up to : `` Carolina Panthers '' . Forbes . 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Panther Football , LLC '' . North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers Stadium , LLC '' . North Carolina Department of the Secretary of State . July 16 , 2002 . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology '' . Team History . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffer , Richard ( October 28 , 1991 ) . `` The Franchise '' . Sports Illustrated . New York : Time Inc. 75 ( 19 ) : 64 -- 66 , 70 , 72 -- 73 . ISSN 0038 - 822X . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swan , Gary ( September 19 , 1996 ) . `` Carolina 's Davis Has His Hands Full Again / Former 49ers corner renews duel with Rice '' . San Francisco Chronicle . OCLC 137344428 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( November 3 , 1994 ) . `` Nfl Owners Decide Against Realignment Complications Carolina Panthers `` Slotted '' To Nfc West . Jacksonville Jaguars Go To Afc Central `` . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Panthers let Capers go after dismal 4 -- 12 season '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 28 , 1998 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Don , Pierson ( January 6 , 1997 ) . `` Panthers Push Out Cowboys '' . Chicago Tribune . ISSN 1085 - 6706 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Green Bay Packers Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers fire head coach Seifert after 1 -- 15 season '' . Sports Illustrated . January 2 , 2002 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fryer , Jenna ( January 26 , 2002 ) . `` Carolina hires Fox as new head coach '' . Athens Banner - Herald . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( September 1 , 2003 ) . `` Carolina Panthers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parcells can only do so much as Cowboys no match for Panthers '' . FOX Sports . January 4 , 2004 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Peter . `` What more could you want ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL.com . January 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 best Super Bowl games '' . Fox Sports on MSN . January 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fischer - Baum , Reuben ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` What Was The Best Super Bowl Ever ? Ranking All 47 Games According To Watchability '' . Deadspin . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rothschild , Richard ( January 30 , 2012 ) . `` Grading all 45 Super Bowls '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panther 's ( sic ) ' Wine and Cheese ' Fans '' . NPR . January 29 , 2004 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Viv ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Pro Football ; New Orleans and Carolina Battle as if There 's No Tomorrow , and There Is n't '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers clinch berth , expend little effort vs. Falcons '' . ESPN.com . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bayless , Skip . `` Wanna go for a ( wild ) ride ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bayless , Skip . `` The Seahawks are far from super '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks smash Panthers , clinch first Super Bowl in team history '' . ESPN.com . January 22 , 2006 . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff - bound Saints rest key starters in loss to Panthers '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat . `` Delhomme sees silver lining in long rehab from elbow injury '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Soaring Cardinals one game away from first Super Bowl berth '' . ESPN.com . January 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Panthers wo n't fire coach , GM '' . ESPN.com . December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Easterbrook , Gregg ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` New York Jets in playoffs = conspiracy '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Odum , Charles ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Falcons beat Panthers 31 -- 10 , win home - field edge '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Rivera knows he has to win '' . ESPN.com . January 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leahy , Sean ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Carolina Panthers select Cam Newton with No. 1 pick in NFL draft '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` Cam Newton Wins 2012 Offensive Rookie Of Year '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cam Newton , Greg Hardy help Panthers clinch NFC South title '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff clinching : Carolina Panthers lock up NFC South '' . NFL.com . December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers bury Cardinals behind Cam Newton , historic effort on defense '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanzus , Dan ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Panthers clinch home - field advantage in playoffs '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breiner , Ben ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Are the Panthers South Carolina 's team ? '' . The State . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers introduce refined logo '' . Carolina Panthers . January 29 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers change logo for the first time '' . EPSN . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chandler , Charles ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` Fifteen years of the Panthers '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Scott ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Richardson tells Panther fan that helmets will change , uniforms wo n't '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wear your team jersey colors '' . Carolina Panthers . August 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Brian ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Fans ask about team morale , uniforms '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strickland , Bryan ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` When will Panthers be back in black ? '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jonathan ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Carolina Panthers wearing blue , trying to beat Jacksonville 's heat '' . Carolina Observer . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New NFL policy means no black Panthers helmet '' . Charlotte.com . September 17 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Henson , Max . `` Notes : Committed to the Carolinas '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Scott ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` Panthers win Greatest Uniform Ever contest , and will now wear black more often '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Brian ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Notes : Panthers to wear black pants '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers Unveil Color Rush Uniform '' . Carolina Panthers . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Scott ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Carolina Panthers ' uniforms to honor Sam Mills legacy '' . The State . Retrieved January 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Bryan ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Panthers uniforms unveiled '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tours '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best Public Art in Uptown Charlotte '' . CBS Charlotte . October 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hall of Honor '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Mills III '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stadium Facts '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Strickland , Brian ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Governor proclaims `` Carolina Panthers Day '' in S.C. '' Carolina Panthers . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cranston , Mike ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Panthers fortify practice facility to keep out spies '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` NFC South not big on ' bubbles ' '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Postcard from camp : Panthers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Panthers ' # OneCarolina hashtag has taken over social media '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Playoff drought leaves Dolphins ' fans parched for a winner '' . ESPN.com . p. 3 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Fan Value Experience '' . Sports Illustrated . November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( January 16 , 2013 ) . `` Report : Richardson plans to have Panthers sold after he dies '' . Pro Football Talk . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Attendance − 2012 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Football Attendance - National Football League - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Mascot '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Purr -- Outreach '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Drumline '' . Carolina Panthers . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( February 1 , 2016 ) . `` How ' Keep Pounding ' became the Panthers ' inspirational team motto '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Pounding Drummer '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , Chase ( February 1 , 2004 ) . `` Squad 's ' 95 fans remember the team spirit '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stand and Cheer '' . Carolina Panthers . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Inscoe , Corey ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` The story behind that cheesy `` Stand and Cheer '' Carolina Panthers fight song - CharlotteFive `` . CharlotteFive.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorenson , Tom ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Panthers like sweet sound of victory '' . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Keep Pounding . Jan 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carolina Panthers Charities '' . Carolina Panthers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers -- Fisher Athletic High School Equipment Grant '' ( PDF ) . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charity Events '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keep Pounding '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Community '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers -- Spanish '' . Jump up ^ `` Who are these enthusiastic guys broadcasting Carolina Panthers games in Spanish ? '' . charlotteobserver . ^ Jump up to : Sorenson , Tom ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Sorensen : Falcons vs. Panthers is no rivalry '' . The Charlotte Observer . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saints , Panthers rivalry deepening after New Orleans ' 30 -- 27 win '' . WWL - TV . October 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat ( December 9 , 2012 ) . `` Panthers score some points for Rivera '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Yasinskas , Pat ( September 11 , 2008 ) . `` NFC South 's most intense rivalry : Panthers vs. Bucs '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holder , Stephen F. ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` Carolina Panthers cornerback Dante Wesley suspended for hit on Tampa Bay Buccaneers returner Clifton Smith '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Scott ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` My Panthers - 49ers prediction '' . The Charlotte Observer . Scott Says . Retrieved January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Person , Joseph ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` A look back at past 5 games in Panthers - Seahawks rivalry '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Scott ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Panther Hall of Honor more like crawlspace '' . Scott Says . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Statement '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Becoming a Hall of Famer '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Person , Joseph ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Panthers owner looks back , ahead '' . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Brad ( October 26 , 2009 ) . `` Change in NFL ownership rules aids family - owned teams like Bears '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` Richardson 's sons resign unexpectedly '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Person , Joe ; Jones , Jonathan ; Green Jr. , Ron ( September 2 , 2009 ) . `` Danny Morrison file '' . Charlotte.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Head Coaches '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dom Capers Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` George Seifert Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Fox Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Rivera Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Sports - Reference . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yasinskas , Pat ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` John Kasay back to Panthers ? Doubt it '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playoff Game Summaries '' ( pdf ) . NFL.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Past Standings ( 1920 -- 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Standings '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Adam Stites ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 NFL playoff picture , Week 13 : Panthers become first team to clinch , win NFC South '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Leaders '' . Carolina Panthers . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers Head - to - Head Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carolina Panthers . Official website Carolina Panthers at NFL.com Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2005 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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Smith University Golden Bulls -- NCAA Division II Media Newspapers : The Charlotte Observer The Charlotte Post Creative Loafing Q - Notes Charlotte Weekly Television : 3 WBTV ( CBS ) 9 WSOC ( ABC ) 14 WHKY ( Ind . ) 18 WCCB ( CW ) 30 WNSC ( PBS / ETV ) 36 WCNC ( NBC ) 42 WTVI ( PBS ) 46 WJZY ( Fox ) 55 WMYT ( MNT ) 58 WUNG ( PBS / UNC - TV ) 64 WAXN ( Ind . ) Economy Atrium Health Center city Companies Convention Center Transportation Charlotte Area Transit System Lynx Blue Line CityLynx Gold Line Charlotte Douglas International Airport Roads : I - 77 I - 85 I - 277 I - 485 US 21 US 29 US 74 US 521 NC 16 NC 49 NC 51 NC 115 Route 4 Rail : Carolinian Crescent Piedmont Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolina_Panthers&oldid=833159802 '' Categories : Carolina Panthers 1995 establishments in North Carolina American football teams in North Carolina National Football League teams Sports clubs established in 1995 Sports teams in Charlotte , North Carolina Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Featured articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the last time the panthers was in the super bowl	[ "The Panthers were announced as the league's 29th franchise in 1993, and began play in 1995. The Panthers played well in their first two years, finishing 7–9 in 1995 (an all-time best for an NFL expansion team's first season) and 12–4 the following year, winning the NFC West before ultimately losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. They did not have another winning season until 2003, when they won the NFC Championship Game and reached Super Bowl XXXVIII, losing 32–29 to the New England Patriots. After recording playoff appearances in 2005 and 2008, the team failed to record another playoff appearance until 2013, the first of three consecutive NFC South titles. After losing in the divisional round to the San Francisco 49ers in 2013 and the Seattle Seahawks in 2014, the Panthers returned to the Super Bowl in 2015, but lost to the Denver Broncos. The Panthers have reached the playoffs seven times, advancing to four NFC Championship Games and two Super Bowls. They have won six division titles, one in the NFC West and five in the NFC South." ]	[ "2015" ]
-5455917402847627400	Scar (The Lion King)	Scar ( the Lion King ) - wikipedia Scar ( the Lion King ) Jump to : navigation , search Scar The Lion King character First appearance The Lion King ( 1994 ) Created by Irene Mecchi Jonathan Roberts Linda Woolverton Voiced by Jeremy Irons ( The Lion King ) Jim Cummings ( singing , The Lion King ; speaking , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ) Corey Burton ( Mickey 's House of Villains & The Lion King 1 1 / 2 ) James Horan ( Kingdom Hearts II & Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom ) David Oyelowo ( The Lion Guard ) Information Species Lion Gender Male Occupation King of the Pride Lands ( formerly ) Leader of the Lion Guard ( formerly ) Family Mufasa ( older brother , deceased ) Relatives Simba ( nephew ) Nala ( niece - in - law ) Kopa ( great - nephew ) Kiara ( great - niece ) Kion ( great - nephew ) Sarabi ( sister - in - law ) Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' animated feature film The Lion King ( 1994 ) as the main antagonist . The character is voiced by Jeremy Irons while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and Jim Cummings , the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice . Subsequently , Scar makes minor appearances in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) and The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) , in both of which he is voiced entirely by Cummings , as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film , in which the role of Scar was originated by John Vickery . Scar was created in 1989 and was created by screenwriters Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts , and Linda Woolverton , and animated by Andreas Deja . The Pride Lands ' reclusive heir presumptive , Scar is introduced in the first film as Simba 's uncle and Mufasa 's younger brother . Originally first - in - line to Mufasa 's throne until he is suddenly replaced by Simba , Scar decides to lead an army of hyenas in his plot to take the throne by killing Mufasa and exiling Simba , ultimately blaming his brother 's death on his nephew . Loosely based on King Claudius , the main antagonist of William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet , Scar 's villainy was additionally inspired by Adolf Hitler . As the character 's supervising animator , Deja based Scar 's appearance on that of Irons himself , as well as the actor 's Academy Award - winning performance as Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) . Before Irons was cast , the directors had considered offering the role to actors Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell . As a character , Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics , who greeted Irons ' performance with equal enthusiasm . However , Scar 's violence , dark color palette and allegedly effeminate mannerisms were initially met with mild controversy , perceived by some as racist and homophobic . Nevertheless , Scar continues to be revered as one of Disney 's greatest villains by various media publications , topping The Huffington Post 's list and ranking within the top ten of similar lists published by Yahoo ! Movies , the Orlando Sentinel , E ! and CNN . Scar has also been ranked among the greatest villains in film history by Digital Spy and Entertainment Weekly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Conception and influences 1.2 Voice 1.3 Design and characterization 1.4 Music 2 Appearances 2.1 Film 2.2 Broadway musical 2.3 The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride 2.4 Miscellaneous 2.5 The Lion Guard 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Accolades and legacy 4 Criticism and controversy 5 References 6 External links Development ( edit ) Conception and influences ( edit ) The Lion King was first conceived in 1988 . The film was eventually pitched to Disney executives , one of whom was among the first to observe similarities between author Thomas M. Disch 's treatment and William Shakespeare 's play Hamlet . Although first citing these similarities as initially unintentional , director Rob Minkoff always felt it was essential `` to anchor ( the film ) with something familiar '' . As directors , Minkoff and Roger Allers aspired to create `` an animal picture based in a more natural setting , '' describing the film as `` More true - life adventure than mythical epic . '' Although not the first Disney film to have been inspired by Shakespeare 's work , The Lion King remains the studio 's most prominent example due to close parallels between its characters and Hamlet , while both stories revolve around main characters who struggle to come to terms with the reality that they must confront their treacherous uncles and avenge their fathers ' deaths . Scar is based on King Claudius . According to Slate , while Claudius is mostly `` a second - rate schemer ... consumed by anxiety and guilt , '' Scar very much `` delight ( s ) in his monstrosity ; '' both characters are motivated by jealousy . Meanwhile , The Week observed that although both characters ultimately die , Claudius is killed by protagonist Hamlet while Scar dies `` at the hand of his former hyena minions , and not Simba himself . '' Additionally , the character shares similarities with Iago from Shakespeare 's play Othello ; both antagonists are skilled in exploiting their victims ' fears . The original plot of The Lion King revolved around a rivalry between lions and baboons . A baboon himself , Scar was their leader . After this plot was abandoned , Scar was re-written into a rogue lion lacking any blood relation to both Mufasa and Simba . The writers eventually decided that making Scar and Mufasa brothers would make the film more interesting . An abandoned character , at one point Scar owned a pet python as a sidekick . Because the film was originally intended to be much more adult - oriented , Scar was to have become infatuated with Simba 's childhood friend and eventual love interest Nala , wanting the young lioness to rule alongside him as his queen and consequentially banishing the character when she refuses . This concept was to have been further explored during a reprise of Scar 's song `` Be Prepared '' , but both the idea and the song were ultimately completely removed from the film because they were deemed too `` creepy '' . To further emphasize the character 's villainy and tyranny , the writers loosely based Scar on German politician Adolf Hitler . According to The Jerusalem Post , Scar 's song `` Be Prepared '' `` features goose - stepping hyenas in a formation reminiscent of a Nuremberg rally . '' This idea was first suggested by story artist Jorgen Klubien . According to the directors , `` ( a ) patronizing quality '' was vital to Scar 's role in the film . Minkoff told the Los Angeles Times , `` When Scar puts the guilt trip on Simba , that 's an intense idea ... probably something that is not typical of the other Disney pictures , in terms of what the villain does . '' Additionally , Scar serves as a departure from previous Disney villains because they `` came off at least as buffoonish as they were sinister '' . Because Scar is the film 's main antagonist , supervising animator Andreas Deja believed that `` villains work really well when they 're subtle '' , explaining , `` to see them think and scheme and plot is much more interesting than showing them beating somebody up . '' By blaming Mufasa 's death on an innocent Simba , Scar ultimately triggers `` a cycle of guilt , flight , denial and redemption , as the hero goes into self - imposed exile before finally reconciling with his father 's memory , returning to face his wicked uncle and generally coming of age . '' The character 's first line in The Lion King essentially summarizes the entire film , providing foreshadowing . It reads , `` Life 's not fair is it ? You see I - well , I ... shall never be King . And you ... shall never see light of another day , '' subtly revealing the plot as well as `` the reason why ( Scar ) decides to murder his own brother . '' Voice ( edit ) Tim Curry and Malcolm McDowell were originally considered for the role of Scar . However , Curry left the role due to Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York and the role was ultimately won by Jeremy Irons because of his classical theater training ; the directors had deliberately wanted Scar `` to come across as a Shakespearean character . '' Successfully recruiting Irons for the film was considered an unprecedented achievement for the studio because , at the time , it was rare for a dramatic actor of Irons ' caliber to agree to voice an animated character , especially immediately after winning an Academy Award . In fact , the Oscar - winning actor nearly declined because , in fear of jeopardizing his successful career , he was `` ( h ) esitant to jump from a dramatic role to an animated feature . '' Prior to The Lion King , Irons was famous for starring as several villains and antagonists in live - action films `` geared towards adults . '' Although he had starred in a children 's film before , the actor admitted that it did not mirror the success of The Lion King , a film that has since gained notoriety for its cast of well known , award - winning Hollywood actors , which animation historian Jerry Beck referred to in his book The Animated Movie Guide as `` the most impressive list of actors ever to grace an animated film . '' Actors Tim Curry ( left ) and Malcolm McDowell ( right ) were both considered for the role of Scar . Ultimately , the role went to recent Academy Award - winner Jeremy Irons . As directors , Minkoff and Allers `` work ( ed ) very closely with the actors to create their performance . '' Describing Irons as `` a gentleman and a brilliant actor , '' Allers revealed that the actor was constantly offering `` extra interpretations of lines which were fantastic . '' Producer Don Hahn recalled that Irons `` really wanted to play with the words and the pacing , '' specifically referring to a scene in which Scar , voiced by Jeremy Irons , coaxes Simba onto a rock and tricks the young cub to stay there and await his father 's arrival alone , dubbing it `` a father and son ... thing . '' According to Hahn , `` The comedy in ( Irons ' ) inflection comes from Scar sounding so disdainful he can barely summon the will to finish the sentence . '' Irons ' physical appearance and mannerisms served as inspiration for Scar 's supervising animator Andreas Deja , namely his flicking his paw in disgust . Critics have cited physical similarities between Irons and Scar . In a reference to the role that earned Irons an Academy Award , Claus von Bülow in Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) , the writers gave Scar one of von Bülow 's lines , `` You have no idea , '' which is uttered by Irons in a similar tone . According to author Rachel Stein of New Perspectives on Environmental Justice : Gender , Sexuality , and Activism , Irons relies `` on his history of playing sexually perverse , socially dangerous male characters to animate his depiction of Scar . '' On the contrary , Irons revealed to Connect Savannah that the similarities between the voices of Scar and von Bülow were largely unintentional , explaining , `` Whatever voice came was arrived at by looking at the initial sketches , and from the freedom the directors gave me to try anything . '' Irons concluded , `` The fact that he may occasionally remind you of Claus , comes from the fact that they both share the same voice box . '' While recording Scar 's song `` Be Prepared , '' Irons encountered challenges with his voice . The actor reportedly `` blew out his voice '' upon belting the line `` you wo n't get a sniff without me , '' rendering him incapable of completing the musical number . Consequently , Disney was forced to recruit American voice actor Jim Cummings , who had also been providing the voice of The Lion King 's laughing hyena Ed at the time , to impersonate Jeremy Irons and record the entire of the song . Jim Cummings told The Huffington Post that `` ( s ) tunt singing '' is actually something the actor continues to do regularly , having done the same for American actor Russell Means , voice of Chief Powhatan in Disney 's Pocahontas ( 1995 ) . Critics observed that Irons `` fakes his way ... through ' Be Prepared ' in the grand tradition of talk - singing , '' drawing similarities between him and American actor James Cagney and English actor Rex Harrison . Deja revealed that , during a recording session , Irons ' stomach was grumbling . Deja joked , `` The growling sound could be heard in his recording , so we had to record that part of his dialog all over again . '' As a result of Irons ' prominent British accent , critics have compared both the actor and Scar to Shere Khan , the villain of Disney 's The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) , voiced by English actor George Sanders . Design and characterization ( edit ) The studio originally dismissed The Lion King as a risk because , at the time , it was believed that the greatest films starred people . Concerned about the novelty of the film , Disney CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg decided to divide the studio into two separate animated films , The Lion King and Pocahontas , the latter of which was dubbed `` the home run '' because it was expected to be the more successful of the two projects . Naturally , Disney 's more seasoned and experienced animators gravitated towards Pocahontas , while the studio 's newer animators were relegated to working on The Lion King , dubbing themselves the `` B - team '' . However , Allers received Katzenberg 's decision positively as an opportunity for `` newer animators ... to step up to leadership roles '' , among them Andreas Deja , who became Scar 's supervising animator . Well known for animating several Disney villains , Deja summarized the experience as `` more fun than drawing heroes '' because `` You have so much more to work with in terms of expressions and acting and drawing-wise than you would have with a nice princess or a prince ... where you have to be ever so careful with the draftsmanship '' . `` ( A ) t Disney ... the people responsible for each movie see that you are good at animating a specific type of character , they will keep giving similar characters to you . Also , I animated a couple of those villains because I asked to . I told the studio that I could do something good with these characters , since they really spoke to me . I showed that I had a passion for it , which I believe to be very important . Villains are very interesting characters , they have the most ' juice ' in them , and they invite you to explore them . So , if something fascinates you , then you should probably explore it . '' -- Supervising animator Andreas Deja on animating Disney villains . Before becoming involved with The Lion King , Deja had already developed a reputation for animating Disney villains . Prior to animating Scar , Deja had just recently served as the supervising animator of Gaston and Jafar , the villains in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) and Aladdin ( 1992 ) , respectively . Initially , Deja had been considering the idea of animating a hero as opposed to a villain for a change , contemplating taking on the task of animating Simba instead . However , Deja soon relented upon learning that Scar would be voiced by Irons , feeling that it would be `` fun '' to animate a character voiced by such a prestigious actor . Meanwhile , Minkoff and Allers had already had Deja in mind for animating Scar long before the animator approached the directors about the position . The level anthropomorphism used in The Lion King exceeded that of any Disney animated film by which it was preceded . Because Scar is an animal as opposed to a human , Deja and the animators experienced certain challenges and limitations when it came to instilling movement in the character , and thus experimented with manipulating Scar 's facial expressions , specifically the way in which he tilts his head condescendingly , raises his eyebrows and lifts his chin . The animals were each drawn with certain human - like attributes and characteristics in order to help convey emotions and tell the story . Meanwhile , the studio recruited live lions for the animators to study while drawing . As the film 's villain , Scar is the only lion drawn with claws . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described Scar as `` a figure of both pity and evil , and of treacherous comedy '' with `` Irons ... filling this devious coward with elegantly witty self - loathing . '' As an animator , Deja believes that `` If you have a great voice to work with , your work is half done . '' Enjoying the way in which Irons `` has a way with words and phrasing , '' Deja deliberately based much of Scar 's appearance on the actor himself , specifically the shape of his mouth and facial expressions . Several of the actor 's physical attributes were incorporated into Scar 's design , with Irons admitting to recognizing his own baggy eyes in his character . Additionally , Deja studied Irons ' performances in the films Reversal of Fortune ( 1990 ) and Damage ( 1992 ) for inspiration , while refusing to watch Disney 's The Jungle Book while working on The Lion King in order to avoid being influenced by the film 's villain Shere Khan , a tiger . Music ( edit ) Scar sings the musical number `` Be Prepared , '' written by songwriters Elton John and Tim Rice , while contemplating Mufasa 's death plot and bringing the hyenas along . Described as the film 's `` darkest '' song , a `` pompous , '' `` fascistic paean to usurpers , '' the musical sequence depicts the lion `` as a big - cat fascist . '' According to Business Insider , in addition to loosely basing the character on Adolf Hitler to further emphasize Scar 's tyranny , the filmmakers very much directly based his song `` Be Prepared , '' which references Nazism by having Scar 's army of hyenas goose step while addressing them from a high ledge -- similar to the way in which Hitler would have from a balcony -- on the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will ( 1935 ) , a film that documents Nazi Germany during 1934 . According to Entertainment Weekly , the concept originated from a sketch by story artist Jorgen Klubien , in which Scar was depicted as Hitler . Although hesitant that then - Disney Animation chief Jeffrey Katzenberg would approve , the filmmakers ultimately decided to pursue it , describing the sequence as a `` Triumph of the Will - style mock - Nuremberg rally . '' The St. Louis Post-Dispatch reviewed , `` those goose - stepping hyenas seem a little much in hindsight , '' while Film School Rejects coined it a `` hellish gathering . '' Appearances ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Scar debuted in The Lion King ( 1994 ) . The jealous younger brother of Mufasa , Scar was next - in - line to take the throne until his nephew Simba , Mufasa 's son , was born , replacing him . Determined to regain his birthright , Scar devises a plan to kill both Simba and Mufasa . Cleverly trapping Simba in a vast gorge , Scar signals his hyena minions , Shenzi , Banzai and Ed , to trigger a wildebeest stampede . Although Mufasa saves Simba , the king is weakened , and unable to climb out of the gorge to safety . When Mufasa begs Scar for help , Scar instead throws his brother to his death below . Convincing Simba that he is to blame for Mufasa 's death , Scar advises the prince to run away and never return , then orders the hyenas to pursue and kill him . With his brother murdered and his nephew presumed dead , Scar returns to Pride Rock and tells the pride that both father and son are dead before becoming king . Years go by as Scar squanders the kingdom 's resources and allows his army of hyenas to wreak havoc upon the Pride Lands , which turn barren . Meanwhile , an alive and adult Simba is visited by Mufasa 's ghost , who encourages him to return to the Pride Lands and take his rightful place as king . Aided by his friends Nala , Timon and Pumbaa , Simba arrives at Pride Rock and witnesses Scar striking his mother Sarabi and confronts Scar , who demands that Simba admit to the pride that he killed Mufasa . As he prepares to throw Simba off Pride Rock and have him meet a similar fate to that of his father , Scar whispers that he was the one who killed Mufasa . Enraged , Simba tackles Scar and forces his uncle to admit the truth to the pride , initiating a ferocious battle between the pride , Timon , Pumbaa , Zazu , Rafiki and Scar 's hyenas . Scar tries to escape , but is cornered by Simba on the top of Pride Rock ; Scar begs for mercy and even attempts to blame his crimes on the hyenas , unaware that they are listening nearby . Simba ignores Scar and gives him one last chance to run away and never return . When Simba 's back is turned , Scar attacks him and they fight . Simba overpowers Scar and throws him over the cliff ledge to the base of Pride Rock . Scar survives the fall , but is attacked and killed by the vengeful hyenas . Chiwetel Ejiofor was officially chosen on November 1 , 2017 for the role of Scar for the CGI live action remake , The Lion King ( 2019 ) directed by Jon Favreau , for whom he impressed his antagonist performance as Karl Mordo in Marvel Cinematic Universe 2016 film Doctor Strange Broadway musical ( edit ) The success of The Lion King spawned a Broadway musical based on the film , directed by Julie Taymor with a book written by The Lion King co-director Roger Allers and screenwriter Irene Mecchi . American actor John Vickery originated the role of Scar . In one scene in the musical , Scar , during the song `` The Madness of King Scar '' , tries to seduce a young adult Nala and make her his queen . Nala however , rejects Scar 's advances and leaves Pride Rock . The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( edit ) Having been killed during the end of The Lion King , Scar 's appearance and presence in its sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) is limited . Story-wise , however , his role remains vital . Upon Scar 's demise , a rivaling pride of lions known as the Outsiders decide to remain loyal to him . The pride is led by Scar 's most faithful follower , Zira . Since Scar had no children of his own , Zira 's son Kovu is chosen to serve as Scar 's heir . Simba banishes the Outsiders to the Outlands , and forbids his daughter Kiara from going there . She goes there anyway , however , and meets and befriends Kovu . Meanwhile , Zira trains Kovu to murder Simba , but when he becomes an adult , he has a change of heart as he begins to develop feelings for Kiara . Scar makes a brief cameo appearance in the film in Simba 's nightmare . In the nightmare , an adult Simba runs down the cliff where his father died , attempting to rescue him . Scar intervenes , however , and then turns into Kovu and throws Simba off the cliff . Scar makes another cameo appearance in a pool of water , as a reflection , after Kovu is exiled from Pride Rock . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Scar makes a brief cameo in Disney 's animated feature film Hercules ( 1997 ) in the form of a limp lion skin coat worn by Hercules , parodying the Nemean lion . This is also likely a reference to Zazu 's remark ( in the first film ) that Scar would `` make a very handsome throw rug '' . Scar 's supervising animator Andreas Deja also served as the supervising animator of Hercules . The character appears in the 1994 video game The Lion King . According to AllGame , Scar appears towards the end of video game as Simba finally `` must defeat his Uncle Scar '' and `` stop Scar and reclaim what is rightfully his . '' Scar plays a similar role in the video game The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) ; Simba 's climactic `` battle with Scar concludes the first six levels of the game . '' According to IGN , the video game features the voices of the film 's cast , including Jeremy Irons as Scar . Voiced by James Horan , Scar appears as a non-player character in Disney 's Extreme Skate Adventure ( 2003 ) and Kingdom Hearts II as a villain who ultimately transforms into a Heartless as a result of the character 's own `` hatred and jealousy . '' Scar also makes a brief non-speaking cameo appearance in an episode of Timon & Pumbaa , despite that he is deceased at that time . The Lion Guard ( edit ) Scar is portrayed through paintings throughout season 1 of The Lion Guard television series , which explains some of his backstory . When Scar was younger -- as per tradition to all second born children of the current reigning `` Lion King '' -- he led the Lion Guard who protected The Pride Lands and defended `` The Circle of Life '' from all enemies before his great - nephew Kion led the Guard . Like Kion , Scar was also gifted with The Roar of the Elders , which causes the lions of the Pride Lands ' past to roar with the user . However , the power went to Scar 's head and he vainly believed that with this power , he should be the king instead of Mufasa , but when his fellow Lion Guard members refused to aid him in his plan to dethrone Mufasa , Scar furiously destroyed them with the Roar . As a result , Scar lost the Roar forever , as it is only meant to be used for good , not evil . Scar appears as a fiery spirit in a volcano in season 2 ( voiced by David Oyelowo ) starting in the one - hour long special The Rise of Scar , when Kion unknowingly summons him after using the Roar of the Elders in anger when Janja the hyena provokes him . After being summoned , Scar conspires with Janja and his clan along with Ushari the cobra , a crocodile named Kiburi and his float , and a jackal named Reirei and her pack to takeover the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba , who were initially unaware that Scar had returned . Later in the season , the Lion Guard finds out that Scar has returned while they are in the Outlands getting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting . Upon returning to the Pride Lands , Kion acknowledges to his team that they have a tough fight ahead , but remains confident that they will be able to defeat Scar . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Scar has garnered widespread acclaim from film critics , some of whom praised him as a better character than Simba . Author Peter M. Nichols wrote in his book New York Times Essential Library : Children 's Movies : A Critic 's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD that Scar `` is the most interesting character in the film , '' describing Simba and Mufasa `` bores in comparison . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times called Scar a `` delectably wicked '' villain . Maslin went on to praise Irons ' voice acting , writing that the actor `` slithers through the story in grandiose high style , with a green - eyed malevolence that is one of film 's chief delights . '' Leah Rozen of People described Scar as `` a flawless realization of Irons ' special talent . '' Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune lauded Scar as the film 's `` best character , '' jokingly describing him as `` Irons ' Claus von Bulow with fur . '' Similarly , ComingSoon.net 's Joshua Starnes hailed Scar as `` the best part of the film . '' Praising both Scar and Irons ' acting , Starnes continued , `` He switches so quickly and easily from campy to deadly its like a showcase for how to do an over-the - top villain right . '' Concluding that `` Villains are often the most memorable characters in a Disney animated film , '' Roger Ebert described Scar `` one of the great ones . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews reviewed , `` Gone is the buffoonery that has marked the recent trio of Ursula , Gaston , and Jafar , '' writing , `` Scar is a sinister figure , given to acid remarks and cunning villainy . '' Berardinelli concluded , `` The cold - hearted manner in which he causes Mufasa 's death lets us know that this is not a lion to be trifled with . '' `` Simba is also influenced by his delectably wicked uncle , Scar ( Jeremy Irons ) . Scar arranges Mufasa 's disturbing on - screen death in a manner that both banishes Simba to the wilderness and raises questions about whether this film really warranted a G rating ... For the grown - ups , there is Mr. Irons , who has been as devilishly well - captured by Disney 's graphic artists ( Scar 's supervising animator : Andreas Deja ) as Robin Williams was in Aladdin . Bored , wicked and royally sarcastic , Mr. Irons 's Scar slithers through the story in grandiose high style , with a green - eyed malevolence that is one of film 's chief delights . ' Oh , and just between us , you might want to work on that little roar of yours , hmm ? ' he purrs to Simba , while purporting to be a mentor to his young nephew . Scar , who also gives a reprise of Mr. Irons 's best - known line from Reversal of Fortune , may not be much of a father figure , but he 's certainly great fun . '' -- Janet Maslin , The New York Times , In addition to praising the character , film critics greeted Irons ' vocal performance enthusiastically . Notably , Irons was only one among the film 's unprecedented cast of A-list actors . A film that features the voices of several well - known A-list actors , namely Irons as Scar , Matthew Broderick as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa and Whoopi Goldberg as Shenzi , The Lion King has since gone on to be acclaimed as `` one of the most impressive arrays of voice talents ever utilized in an animated film . '' Critics have repeatedly singled out Irons ' performance , praising it extensively : Cindy White of IGN called Irons ' performance `` deliciously smarmy , '' while Andy Patrizio of IGN wrote that Irons voices Scar `` in perfect Shakespearean villain mode . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers hailed Irons for `` deliver ( ing ) a triumphantly witty vocal performance that ranks with Robin Williams ' in Aladdin . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle commended Disney for `` nail ( ing ) the voice talents , '' specifically Irons . The Philadelphia Daily News ' Bill Wedo described Irons ' voice as `` silken , '' while Graham Young of the Birmingham Mail hailed the actor 's performance as `` magnificent . '' Radio Times ' Tom Hutchinson wrote , `` Jeremy Irons ( is ) a vocal standout as the evil uncle Scar . '' Annette Basile of Filmink echoed Hutchinson 's statement , writing that Scar is `` voiced with relish by stand - out Jeremy Irons . '' The Guardian 's Philip French opined , `` Jeremy Irons is excellent as the suavely villainous lion Scar . '' David Sterritt of The Christian Science Monitor exalted Irons ' acting , describing him as `` positively brilliant . '' Also hailing the film 's cast as `` incredible , '' Desson Howe of The Washington Post highlighted Irons as a `` standout . '' Praising the film for successfully combining `` grand - opera melodrama and low - comedy hi - jinks , '' the Orlando Sentinel 's Jay Boyar concluded that `` One reason they work so well together is that even most of the serious sections contain an undercurrent of humor , provided ... by the deliciously droll voice - performance of Jeremy Irons as Scar . '' Mathew DeKinder of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt that Irons successfully `` handle ( s ) all of the dramatic heavy lifting . '' Even film critics who generally disliked the film tended to enjoy Scar 's characterization and Irons ' performance . Terrence Rafferty of The New Yorker wrote , `` Among the celebrity voices on the soundtrack , two performances stand out , '' namely , `` Jeremy Irons , as the villainous lion Scar '' who `` does an elegant , funny George Sanders impersonation . '' ( Sanders himself had voiced Shere Khan for Disney in their 1967 version of The Jungle Book ) . Stephen Hunter of The Baltimore Sun described Irons ' voice as `` plummy - rich with rancid irony . '' Television Without Pity 's Ethan Alter admitted to enjoying Scar , praising the character as `` a fantastic villain and easily the most fully realized of the film 's characters , thanks both to Jeremy Irons ' marvelously wicked vocal performance and some clever character flourishes on behalf of the animators . '' David Denby of New York , who otherwise criticized the film , felt that `` Irons ... sounds like he 's having a better time than he 's ever had in movies before . '' In a rare lukewarm review , Anthony Quinn of The Independent felt that Irons ' performance was too campy : `` more Liberace than George Sanders . '' Accolades and legacy ( edit ) According to IGN , Scar , Simba and Mufasa have since become `` household names thanks to the ( film 's ) enormous popularity ... but back in 1994 who could have predicted that these characters would enter the lexicon of Disney 's most popular creations ? '' Scar is considered to be among Disney 's greatest villains . Desmond Ryan of The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewed Scar as `` the most vivid villain in Disney features in generations . '' On a broader scale , Scar is often revered as one of the greatest animated villains of all - time . Entertainment Weekly included the character in the article `` 10 Over-the - top Animated Movie Villains '' , explaining , `` you could only expect over-the - top when you pair such a grasping , conniving character with Jeremy Irons ' seductive voice . '' Likewise , Digital Spy 's Alex Fletcher wrote of Scar in his article `` Who is Disney 's greatest ever villain ? '' that `` The scene in which he lets Mufasa ... fall into a stampede of wildebeests left lasting emotional trauma on an entire generation . '' `` Scar walks the fine line between gravitas and camp , and most of the credit has to go to Jeremy Irons ' superb sarcastic drawl . His main complaint is simply that life is n't fair , and that his status as Mufasa 's younger brother makes him ineligible to rule over Pride Rock . Anyone with siblings , royal or not , can relate on some level . And although it 's honestly a little cringe - worthy to watch Scar mince his way through ' Be Prepared , ' he proves himself an adept orator , inspiring legions of goose - stepping hyenas to throw off the shackles of the oppressive lions . '' -- Tor.com 's Sarah Tolf on Scar 's legacy . The Huffington Post ranked Scar first in its `` Definitive Ranking Of 25 Classic Disney Villains '' countdown . Similarly , BuzzFeed also ranked Scar first in the website 's `` Definitive Ranking Of The Top 20 Disney Villains '' list , with author Javi Moreno accusing the character of removing `` the innocence of an entire generation . '' Scar also topped About.com 's `` Top 10 Disney Villains '' countdown ; author David Nusair concluded , `` There are few figures within Disney 's body of work that are as deliciously reprehensible and vile as Scar ... heightened by Jeremy Irons ' gloriously smug voice work . '' Nusair also included Irons among the `` Top 5 Celebrity Voice Performances in Animated Films '' , acknowledging the fact that although the actor `` has played a lot of villains over the course of his career ... none have had the lasting impact as Scar from The Lion King . '' The Orlando Sentinel ranked Scar the sixth `` greatest Disney villain of all time '' . Similarly , Babble.com also placed the character at number six . Included in the website 's `` 12 most famous Disney villains from worst to best '' countdown , Yahoo ! Movies ranked Scar second best , while Moviefone ranked the character sixth . E ! ranked Scar fifth , with author John Boone writing that the character `` plotted one of the most painful deaths in Disney history , so you know he 'll never be forgotten . '' Animation World Network ranked Scar the sixth best animated villain . CNN considers Scar one of `` Disney 's scariest characters . '' While ranking the character fifth , The Stanford Daily wrote , `` From his habit of sadistically toying with his prey to his dumb hyena coven to the way he leads the kingdom of Pride Rock into a period of starvation and sorrow , he 's a backstabbing dictator of an uncle . '' Richard Crouse of Metro cited Scar 's `` Long live the King '' as the character 's `` Most evil line . '' Additionally , `` Be Prepared '' is often revered as one of the greatest Disney villain songs . Official Disney Blogs wrote that the song , with its `` hyena backup singers , and the best bone - rattling percussion of all the villains ' songs , '' Scar proves himself `` an expert crooner of villainous plots . '' Aside from Disney and animation , Scar is often revered as one of the greatest movie villains of all - time . Digital Spy featured the character who , according to author Simon Reynolds , `` underlined the sheer blackness of his heart by ruthlessly killing Simba 's father , '' among the `` 25 greatest movie villains '' . Similarly , in 2012 , Entertainment Weekly ranked the character the twenty - fifth `` Most Vile Movie Villain '' ever , while Total Film ranked Scar sixty - seventh in 2014 . To - date , Deja remains best known for animating several of Disney 's most famous villains , admitting to preferring animating villains over heroes . However , after The Lion King , Deja finally decided to take a break from animating villains in order to avoid repeating himself , subsequently refusing to animate villain Judge Claude Frollo in The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) in favor of working on Hercules from Hercules ( 1997 ) , along with Mickey Mouse in the animated short Runaway Brain ( 1995 ) . Comparing Scar to other villains that he has played , Irons said that he `` measures very highly , '' having `` charm , '' `` Machiavellian qualities '' and being `` iconic in some of the things he says . '' Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Scar became the first Disney villain to successfully explicitly kill someone . Like Disney 's Bambi before it , The Lion King -- dubbed the studio 's `` darkest '' film at the time of its release -- was unprecedented in terms of its serious themes , namely guilt , murder , treachery , revenge and death , specifically the on - screen assassination of one of the film 's heroes . According to IGN , `` The film 's story concepts of morality and mortality ... was new for Disney , '' with The Washington Post predicting that `` the death of the heroic Mufasa will be the most widely debated aspect of The Lion King , with people taking sides as to whether such things are good or bad for kids just as they did over the killing of Bambi 's mother . '' Similarly , Variety opined , `` a generation that remembers the death of Bambi 's mother as traumatizing should bear that experience in mind when deciding who goes to The Lion King . '' Film critics and parents alike expressed concern that Scar 's violent ways would frighten and disturb younger viewers . Referring to Scar 's murdering of Mufasa , The New York Times questioned `` whether this film really warranted a G rating . '' Critics also cautioned Scar 's death ; Movieline warned audiences that the film `` shows a fairy tale 's dark sense of justice , '' for example when `` Scar was eaten by his hyena allies after betraying them . '' ReelViews ' James Berardinelli commented : `` Death , something not really touched on in the last three animated Disney tales , is very much at the forefront of The Lion King . In a scene that could disturb younger viewers , Mufasa 's demise is shown . It is a chilling moment that is reminiscent of a certain incident in Bambi . The film also contains a fair share of violence , including a rather graphic battle between two lions . Parents should carefully consider before automatically taking a child of , say , under seven years of age , to this movie . '' -- James Berardinelli , ReelViews , The Los Angeles Times warned that `` The on - screen death of Mufasa and a violent battle at the finale may disturb small children , '' echoed by The Philadelphia Inquirer . However , film critics also felt that Disney 's treatment of Scar was at times too light - hearted and comedic , with the Deseret News complaining , `` a climactic battle between Simba and his evil Uncle Scar ... is ( a ) very bad choice near the end , as Simba and Scar battle in slow - motion , a serious moment that seems unintentionally comic . '' According to The Seattle Times , `` Some critics have complained that the movie is too funny and good - natured to accommodate the rather grim story it 's telling . '' Considered `` an odd mix of deadly seriousness and slapstick humor ... Simba fights Scar to the death '' while `` intercut with ... Poomba ( sic ) ... doing a parody of Travis Bickel . '' Although universally acclaimed , Scar has sparked considerable controversy regarding the character 's appearance and personality , specifically his darker - colored fur and alleged sexuality . The general public , however , appears to have remained largely oblivious to such concerns according to David Parkinson , author of The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . The Washington Post felt that `` Scar clearly is meant to represent an evil African American because ' while Simba 's mane is gloriously red , Scar 's is , of course , black . '' Meanwhile , Scar 's mannerisms and voice which , according to Nightmare on Main Street : Angels , Sadomasochism , and the Culture of Gothic 's author Mark Edmundson , resemble `` a cultivated , word - weary , gay man , '' has been deemed homophobic by some commentators because , according to The Independent , `` the arch - villain 's gestures are effeminate '' while , in addition to the film being `` full of stereotypes , '' the character `` speaks in supposed gay cliches . '' Susan Mackey - Kallis , author of The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film , observed that Scar is `` more effeminate ( and ) less brawny ... than '' both Mufasa and Simba . Additionally , `` Even though ( Scar ) would be expected to mate with one of the lioness , he is never seen intimated by any . '' While Disney executives ignored these accusations , Slant Magazine defended the studio , explaining that Scar 's black mane is simply an example of `` the animators ' elementary attempts to color - code evil for the film 's target audience . '' Similarly , author Edward Schiappa wrote in his book Beyond Representational Correctness : Rethinking Criticism of Popular Media that Scar 's voice was simply meant `` to convey the sort of upper - class snobbishness evinced by George Sanders 's performance as Shere Khan in The Jungle Book . '' More recently , the possibility of an incestuous relationship involving Simba , his mate Nala , Scar and Mufasa has surfaced . According to Johnson Cheu , author of Diversity in Disney Films : Critical Essays on Race , Ethnicity , Gender , Sexuality and Disability , the fact that Scar , Mufasa and Simba appear to be the only male lions present in The Lion King suggests the possibility that either Scar or Mufasa is Nala 's father , which would in turn make Nala either Simba 's half - sister or cousin . However , The Lion Guard identifies Nala 's father as a red - maned unnamed lion who - in his youth - resembled his grandson ( and Scar 's great - nephew ) Kion . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geirland , John ( 2011 ) . Digital Babylon . United States : Skyhorse Publishing Inc . ISBN 9781611456417 . Jump up ^ `` THE ORIGINS OF ' THE LION KING ' '' . James Cummins Bookseller . James Cummins Bookseller . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Allers & Rob Minkoff Interview '' . Movie Muser . Muser Media . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Twomey , Steve ( July 28 , 1994 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' a Roaring Success Despite Lambasting '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edmundson , Mark ( 1999 ) . Nightmare on Main Street : Angels , Sadomasochism , and the Culture of Gothic . United States : Harvard University Press . p. 45 . ISBN 9780674624634 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Phil ( July 27 , 1994 ) . `` Right - on critics maul ' Lion King ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Movie Is Sexist And Racist , Adults Howl '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago Tribune . August 2 , 1994 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Salina Journal '' . Newspapers.com . Newspapers.com . July 26 , 1994 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mackey - Kallis , Susan ( 2011 ) . The Hero and the Perennial Journey Home in American Film . United States : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 102 . ISBN 9780812200133 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( September 28 , 2003 ) . `` Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Slant Magazine . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schiappa , Edward ( 2008 ) . Beyond Representational Correctness : Rethinking Criticism of Popular Media . United States : SUNY Press . p. 65 . ISBN 9780791478493 . Jump up ^ Cheu , Johnson ( 2013 ) . Diversity in Disney Films : Critical Essays on Race , Ethnicity , Gender , Sexuality and Disability . United States : McFarland . p. 138 . ISBN 9781476600093 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Scar ( The Lion King ) '' dated 2016 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles ( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scar_(The_Lion_King)&oldid=834144200 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Fictional lions Fictional characters introduced in 1994 Fictional murderers Fictional kings Fictional dictators Fictional fratricides Fictional princes Male characters in animation Video game bosses Villains Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Good articles Articles needing more detailed references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 04 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the voice of scar on the lion king	[ "Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film The Lion King (1994) as the main antagonist. The character is voiced by Jeremy Irons while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004), in both of which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by John Vickery.", "Scar is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film The Lion King (1994) as the main antagonist. The character is voiced by Jeremy Irons while his singing voice is provided by both Irons and Jim Cummings, the latter of whom was hired to replace Irons when the former damaged his singing voice. Subsequently, Scar makes minor appearances in The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004), in both of which he is voiced entirely by Cummings, as well as appearing in the Broadway musical adaptation of the film, in which the role of Scar was originated by John Vickery." ]	[ "Jeremy Irons", "Jim Cummings" ]
4258130462667095138	Supremacy Clause	Supremacy Clause - wikipedia Supremacy Clause Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution ( Article VI , Clause 2 ) establishes that the Constitution , federal laws made pursuant to it , and treaties made under its authority , constitute the supreme law of the land . It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law ; in case of conflict between federal and state law , the federal law must be applied . Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law . In essence , it is a conflict - of - laws rule specifying that certain federal acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with federal law . In this respect , the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation , which provided that `` Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled , on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them . '' A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law , the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority , at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself . No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do , they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution . This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure . Contents 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 The Federalist Papers 3 Preemption doctrine 4 Supreme Court interpretations 5 See also 6 References Text ( edit ) This Constitution , and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof ; and all Treaties made , or which shall be made , under the Authority of the United States , shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby , any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding . Background ( edit ) The Federalist papers ( edit ) In Federalist No. 44 , James Madison defends the Supremacy Clause as vital to the functioning of the nation . He noted that state legislatures were invested with all powers not specifically defined in the Constitution , but also said that having the federal government subservient to various state constitutions would be an inversion of the principles of government , concluding that if supremacy were not established `` it would have seen the authority of the whole society everywhere subordinate to the authority of the parts ; it would have seen a monster , in which the head was under the direction of the members '' . Preemption doctrine ( edit ) The constitutional principle derived from the Supremacy Clause is federal preemption . Preemption applies regardless of whether the conflicting laws come from legislatures , courts , administrative agencies , or constitutions . For example , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , an act of Congress , preempts state constitutions , and Food and Drug Administration regulations may preempt state court judgments in cases involving prescription drugs . Congress has preempted state regulation in many areas . In some cases , such as the 1976 Medical Device Regulation Act , Congress preempted all state regulation . In others , such as labels on prescription drugs , Congress allowed federal regulatory agencies to set federal minimum standards , but did not preempt state regulations imposing more stringent standards than those imposed by federal regulators . Where rules or regulations do not clearly state whether or not preemption should apply , the Supreme Court tries to follow lawmakers ' intent , and prefers interpretations that avoid preempting state laws . Supreme Court interpretations ( edit ) In Ware v. Hylton , 3 U.S. ( 3 Dall . ) 199 ( 1796 ) , the United States Supreme Court for the first time applied the Supremacy Clause to strike down a state statute . Virginia had passed a statute during the Revolutionary War allowing the state to confiscate debt payments by Virginia citizens to British creditors . The Supreme Court found that this Virginia statute was inconsistent with the Treaty of Paris with Britain , which protected the rights of British creditors . Relying on the Supremacy Clause , the Supreme Court held that the treaty superseded Virginia 's statute , and that it was the duty of the courts to declare Virginia 's statute `` null and void '' . In Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. 137 ( 1803 ) , the Supreme Court held that Congress can not pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution , and it is the role of the Judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits . Citing the Supremacy Clause , the Court found Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 to be unconstitutional to the extent it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution . In Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. 304 ( 1816 ) , and Cohens v. Virginia , 19 U.S. 264 ( 1821 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Supremacy Clause and the judicial power granted in Article III give the Supreme Court the ultimate power to review state court decisions involving issues arising under the Constitution and laws of the United States . Therefore , the Supreme Court has the final say in matters involving federal law , including constitutional interpretation , and can overrule decisions by state courts . In McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , the Supreme Court reviewed a tax levied by Maryland on the federally incorporated Bank of the United States . The Court found that if a state had the power to tax a federally incorporated institution , then the state effectively had the power to destroy the federal institution , thereby thwarting the intent and purpose of Congress . This would make the states superior to the federal government . The Court found that this would be inconsistent with the Supremacy Clause , which makes federal law superior to state law . The Court therefore held that Maryland 's tax on the bank was unconstitutional because the tax violated the Supremacy Clause . In Ableman v. Booth , 62 U.S. 506 ( 1859 ) , the Supreme Court held that state courts can not issue rulings that contradict the decisions of federal courts , citing the Supremacy Clause , and overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin . Specifically , the court found it was illegal for state officials to interfere with the work of U.S. Marshals enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act or to order the release of federal prisoners held for violation of that Act . The Supreme Court reasoned that because the Supremacy Clause established federal law as the law of the land , the Wisconsin courts could not nullify the judgments of a federal court . The Supreme Court held that under Article III of the Constitution , the federal courts have the final jurisdiction in all cases involving the Constitution and laws of the United States , and that the states therefore can not interfere with federal court judgments . In Pennsylvania v. Nelson , 350 U.S. 497 ( 1956 ) the Supreme Court struck down the Pennsylvania Sedition Act , which made advocating the forceful overthrow of the federal government a crime under Pennsylvania state law . The Supreme Court held that when federal interest in an area of law is sufficiently dominant , federal law must be assumed to preclude enforcement of state laws on the same subject ; and a state law is not to be declared a help when state law goes farther than Congress has seen fit to go . In Reid v. Covert , 354 U.S. 1 ( 1957 ) , the Supreme Court held that international treaties and laws made pursuant to them must comply with the Constitution . In Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) , the Supreme Court rejected attempts by Arkansas to nullify the Court 's school desegregation decision , Brown v. Board of Education . The state of Arkansas , acting on a theory of states ' rights , had adopted several statutes designed to nullify the desegregation ruling . The Supreme Court relied on the Supremacy Clause to hold that the federal law controlled and could not be nullified by state statutes or officials . In Edgar v. MITE Corp. , 457 U.S. 624 ( 1982 ) , the Supreme Court ruled : `` A state statute is void to the extent that it actually conflicts with a valid Federal statute '' . In effect , this means that a State law will be found to violate the Supremacy Clause when either of the following two conditions ( or both ) exist : Compliance with both the Federal and State laws is impossible `` State law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress '' In 1920 , the Supreme Court applied the Supremacy Clause to international treaties , holding in the case of Missouri v. Holland , 252 U.S. 416 , that the Federal government 's ability to make treaties is supreme over any state concerns that such treaties might abrogate states ' rights arising under the Tenth Amendment . The Supreme Court has also held that only specific , `` unmistakable '' acts of Congress may be held to trigger the Supremacy Clause . Montana had imposed a 30 percent tax on most sub-bituminous coal mined there . The Commonwealth Edison Company and other utility companies argued , in part , that the Montana tax `` frustrated '' the broad goals of the federal energy policy . However , in the case of Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 ( 1981 ) , the Supreme Court disagreed . Any appeal to claims about `` national policy '' , the Court said , were insufficient to overturn a state law under the Supremacy Clause unless `` the nature of the regulated subject matter permits no other conclusion , or that the Congress has unmistakably so ordained '' . However , in the case of California v. ARC America Corp. , 490 U.S. 93 ( 1989 ) , the Supreme Court held that if Congress expressly intended to act in an area , this would trigger the enforcement of the Supremacy Clause , and hence nullify the state action . The Supreme Court further found in Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 ( 2000 ) , that even when a state law is not in direct conflict with a federal law , the state law could still be found unconstitutional under the Supremacy Clause if the `` state law is an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of Congress 's full purposes and objectives '' . Congress need not expressly assert any preemption over state laws either , because Congress may implicitly assume this preemption under the Constitution . See also ( edit ) Federal preemption Intergovernmental immunity Interposition Necessary and Proper Clause States ' rights Section 109 of the Constitution of Australia -- analogous section of the Constitution of Australia Paramountcy ( Canada ) -- analogous doctrine in Canadian constitutional law Primacy of European Union law -- analogous doctrine in European Union law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Supremacy Clause '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Burnham , William ( 2006 ) . Introduction to the Law and Legal System of the United States , 4th ed . St. Paul : Thomson West . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary . `` Essays on Article V : Supremacy Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Alan B. ( 1998 ) . `` Preemption Controversies '' . Fundamentals of American law . Oxford University Press US . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 876405 - 2 . Jump up ^ Skousen , W. Cleon ( 1985 ) . The Making of America -- The Substance and Meaning of the Constitution . Washington D.C. : National Center for Constitutional Studies . p. 657 . Jump up ^ Drahozal , Christopher R. ( 2004 ) . The Supremacy Clause : A Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Praeger . p. xiv . Jump up ^ Cornell University Law School . `` Preemption '' . law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ Dow Chemical Co. v. Exxon Corp. , 139 F. 3d 1470 ( Fed Cir 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana , 453 U.S. 609 , 634 , quoting Florida Lime & Avocado Growers , Inc. v. Paul , 373 U.S. 132 , 142 ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 , 372 - 374 . Jump up ^ Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council , 530 U.S. 363 , 386 - 388 . United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 1795 -- 1804 11 12 Reconstruction 13 14 15 Twentieth century 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Presidential succession Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) USS Constitution Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supremacy_Clause&oldid=855686645 '' Categories : Article Six of the United States Constitution Clauses of the United States Constitution Legal history of the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 03 : 33 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the supreme law of the united states of america	[ "The Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution (Article VI, Clause 2) establishes that the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority, constitute the supreme law of the land.[1] It provides that state courts are bound by the supreme law; in case of conflict between federal and state law, the federal law must be applied. Even state constitutions are subordinate to federal law.[2] In essence, it is a conflict-of-laws rule specifying that certain federal acts take priority over any state acts that conflict with federal law. In this respect, the Supremacy Clause follows the lead of Article XIII of the Articles of Confederation, which provided that \"Every State shall abide by the determination of the United States in Congress Assembled, on all questions which by this confederation are submitted to them.\"[3] A constitutional provision announcing the supremacy of federal law, the Supremacy Clause assumes the underlying priority of federal authority, at least when that authority is expressed in the Constitution itself.[4] No matter what the federal government or the states might wish to do, they have to stay within the boundaries of the Constitution. This makes the Supremacy Clause the cornerstone of the whole American political structure.[5][6]\n" ]	[ "the Constitution, federal laws made pursuant to it, and treaties made under its authority" ]
3199725928918707691	List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution	List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution - wikipedia List of infantry weapons in the American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of infantry weapons used in the American Revolutionary War . Contents ( hide ) 1 American weapons 1.1 Brown Bess 1.2 Charleville Musket 1.3 American - made Muskets 1.4 Long Rifles 1.5 Bayonet 2 British Infantry Weapons 2.1 Pattern 1776 Infantry Rifle 2.2 Ferguson Rifle 2.3 Brown Bess Musket 3 French Weapons 3.1 Charleville Musket 4 Native American Weapon 4.1 Tomahawk 5 References American weapons ( edit ) Brown Bess ( edit ) Long Land Pattern `` Brown Bess '' musket and bayonet , used by both sides in the American Revolutionary War The Brown Bess Musket muzzle - loading smoothbore musket was one of the most commonly used weapons in the American Revolution . While this was a British weapon , it was used heavily by the American Colonists . This musket was used to fire a single shot ball , or a cluster style shot which fired multiple projectiles giving the weapon a `` shotgun '' effect . There were two variations of the Brown Bess : the Short Land Pattern and the Long Land Pattern . The Short Land was shorter , less bulky , less heavy than the Long Land . Most American fighters implemented the Long Land Pattern . Charleville musket ( edit ) Large numbers of Charleville Model 1763 and 1766 muskets were imported into the United States from France during the American Revolution , due in large part to the influence of Marquis de Lafayette. ( 6 ) The Charleville 1766 heavily influenced the design of the Springfield Musket of 1795 . American - made muskets ( edit ) Many muskets were produced locally by various gunsmiths in the colonies , often reusing parts from other weapons . These are known as `` Committee of Safety '' muskets , as they were funded by the fledgling local government . Because of the need to produce as many weapons as quick as possible , and also out of fear of prosecution by the British government , many of the muskets did not bear a maker 's mark . Also , the muskets took a long reloading time so during bayonet charges the Americans were vulnerable to the British . Some were simply marked as property of a state , or `` US , '' U : STATES , '' or `` UNITED STATES . '' Long rifles ( edit ) Long rifles were an American design of the 18th century , produced by individual German gunsmiths in Pennsylvania . Based on the Jäger rifle , long rifles , known as `` Pennsylvania Rifles '' , were used by snipers and light infantry throughout the Revolutionary War . The grooved barrel increased the range and accuracy by spinning a snugly fitted ball , giving an accurate range of 300 yards compared to 100 yards for smoothbore muskets . Drawbacks included the low rate of fire due to the complicated reloading process , the impossibility to fit it with a bayonet , the high cost , and lack of standardization that required extensive training with a particular rifle for a soldier to realize the weapon 's full potential . Due to the drawbacks , George Washington argued for a limited role of rifles in the Colonial military , while Congress was more enthusiastic and authorized the raising of several companies of riflemen . Long rifles played a significant part in the battles of Saratoga and New Orleans , where rifleman units picked off officers to disrupt British command and control , but required support by units armed with smoothbore muskets or by artillery to prevent the riflemen from being overrun . Bayonet ( edit ) The bayonet was a crucial weapon because of the limited range and accuracy and long loading time of the muskets . Bayonets were fixed on the ends of the guns and were a fearsome weapon in hand - to - hand combat in which one or both sides charged the other ; with the bayonet leading the charge . The triangular shape of the bayonet created a deep , easily infected puncture wound . Continental Army and militia units , both loyalists and patriots , frequently were not equipped with bayonets . Regular British infantrymen however had a bayonet as part of their standard gear , stored in a side pouch . British infantry weapons ( edit ) Pattern 1776 Infantry Rifle ( edit ) The Pattern 1776 Rifle was built by William Grice , and was based on German rifles in use by the British Army during its time . About 1,000 of these were built and used by the British Army . The rifle was given to light companies of regiments in the British Army during the American Revolution . The Gun is . 62 Calibre with a 30.5 inch barrel Ferguson rifle ( edit ) A Ferguson rifle ; highlighting the breech - loading details . The Ferguson rifle is the first breech - loading rifle to be adopted by the military . It had a much faster fire rate than muskets , and was one of only a very few rifles that could be reloaded while in the prone position . The cost was much higher than any other rifle used by the British military . It had an accurate range of approximately 100 yards with a 3 -- 4 inch inaccuracy . The creator of this rifle , Major Patrick Ferguson , used approximately 100 of them for his rifle corps ; however when the Major was mortally wounded the rifle production ended and Ferguson 's unit was disbanded . Only two military examples of Ferguson rifles are known to exist today , along with a few civilian models and modern reproductions . Brown Bess musket ( edit ) The Brown Bess musket was the gun used by the British military from 1722 until about 1838 . It was used throughout the Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic Wars . It was capable of firing approximately three to four shots per minute . The Brown Bess Musket was a flint - lock musket , meaning it would use flint in order to spark the gunpowder loaded into the gun to cause the gun to fire . French weapons ( edit ) Charleville musket ( edit ) The Charleville musket was the primary musket used by French infantry during the American Revolution . Getting its name from the principal French arsenal located in Charleville , France in the Champagne - Ardenne province , this weapon had a general effective range of 50 yards and fired a . 69 - cal round . A typical Charleville musket is 60.00 inches in length , weighs an average of 10.06 lb ( loaded ) , and is capable of firing two rounds per minute . These single - shot - muzzle - loaded muskets contained iron sights and are notorious for being the superior weapon to the British ' Brown Bess ' due to its lighter weight and ( relatively ) higher accuracy . A Charleville musket , Model 1766 . Numerous models of the Charleville musket were utilized in the American Revolution . The French shipped 11,000 muskets to Philadelphia , PA and 37,000 to Portsmouth , New Hampshire ; both of these shipments contained model ' 1760 's ' muskets . The model 1777 was not shipped to American troops , however they were used as the primary armament for General Rochambeau 's regiments that departed for America in 1780 . Many infantrymen utilized a 15 - inch bayonet ; according to many reports , bayonets may have accounted for over 1 / 3 of all kills . Native American weapon ( edit ) Tomahawk ( edit ) A tomahawk , or war club , was the favorite weapon of the Native Americans during the revolutionary war . These traditional hatchets were often made of stone and wood and could be used for a variety of purposes . They were useful in hand - to - hand combat , could be thrown short distances , and were often used as tools . Tomahawks usually consisted of a light wooden handle and a thin square blade . More often than not , they would have one thick spike protruding from one end of the blade . These spikes could be used as tools or weapons . Contrary to popular belief , tomahawks very rarely had any decorative markings . Instead , they were simple and functional . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.angelfire.com/ny5/firstwar77/wep.html . `` Weapons of the Revolution '' Angelfire.com ( 11 / 15 / 2014 ) Jump up ^ Neumann , George C. ( 2003 ) . `` American Made Muskets of the American Revolution '' . American Rifleman . Jump up ^ Moller , George D. ( 2011 ) . American Military Shoulder Arms , Volume I : Colonial and Revolutionary War Arms . UNM Press . ISBN 9780826349965 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz , Arthur S. ( 2008 ) . Benedict Arnold 's Army : The 1775 American Invasion of Canada During the Revolutionary War . Savas Beatie . ISBN 9781611210033 . Jump up ^ Carter , Gregg Lee , ed. ( 2002 ) . Guns in American Society : A - L. ABC - CLIO . ISBN 9781576072684 . Jump up ^ http://www.history-of-american-wars.com/revolutionary-war-weapons.html . `` Revolutionary War Weapons '' History of American Wars.com Date Accessed ( 11 / 15 / 2014 . ) Jump up ^ De Witt Bailey British Military Flintlock Rifles 1740 - 1840 Chapter 2 - 3 The American War , First Phase , The Ferguson Rifle from Manufacture to the Battle of Monmouth Court House Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved 2005 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.militaryheritage.com/musket14.htm . `` French 1766 Charleville Infantry Musket '' MilitaryHeritage.com , ( 1995 - 2014 ) Date Accessed ( 11 / 12 / 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.nps.gov/spar/historyculture/french-field_4pdr.htm . `` Mid-18thC French 4 - pounder field gun '' nps.gov. ( 11 / 13 / 2014 ) Date Accessed ( 11 / 13 / 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.jaegerkorps.org/NRA/The%20Revolutionary%20Charleville.htm Neumann , C George `` The Revolutionary Charleville '' Jaegerkorps.org ( 2008 ) Date Accessed ( 11 / 12 / 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.native-languages.org/weapons.htm . `` Native American Bow and Arrows '' Native-languages.org ( 1998 - 2014 ) Date of Access ( 11 / 15 / 2014 ) . ^ Jump up to : http://www.furtradetomahawks.com/spike-tomahawks.html . `` Fur Trades Axes & Tomahawks '' Furtradetomahawks.com. ( 1 / 29 / 2009 ) Date of Access ( 11 / 15 / 2014 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_infantry_weapons_in_the_American_Revolution&oldid=836614590 '' Categories : American Revolution - related lists Personal weapons Weapons by war Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 21 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what weapons did they use in the battle of saratoga	[ "Long rifles were an American design of the 18th century, produced by individual German gunsmiths in Pennsylvania. Based on the Jäger rifle,[3] long rifles, known as \"Pennsylvania Rifles\", were used by snipers and light infantry throughout the Revolutionary War. The grooved barrel increased the range and accuracy by spinning a snugly fitted ball, giving an accurate range of 300 yards compared to 100 yards for smoothbore muskets. Drawbacks included the low rate of fire due to the complicated reloading process, the impossibility to fit it with a bayonet, the high cost, and lack of standardization that required extensive training with a particular rifle for a soldier to realize the weapon's full potential. Due to the drawbacks, George Washington argued for a limited role of rifles in the Colonial military, while Congress was more enthusiastic and authorized the raising of several companies of riflemen.[4] Long rifles played a significant part in the battles of Saratoga and New Orleans, where rifleman units picked off officers to disrupt British command and control, but required support by units armed with smoothbore muskets or by artillery to prevent the riflemen from being overrun.[5]" ]	[ "Long rifles" ]
4034370977070623452	It's Raining Again	It 's Raining Again - wikipedia It 's Raining Again `` It 's Raining Again '' Single by Supertramp from the album ... Famous Last Words ... B - side `` Bonnie '' Released October 1982 ( 1982 - 10 ) Format 7 - inch vinyl Genre Pop rock , jazz rock , art rock , soft rock Length 4 : 24 Label A&M Songwriter ( s ) Rick Davies , Roger Hodgson Producer ( s ) Supertramp , Peter Henderson Supertramp singles chronology `` Breakfast in America ( live ) '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's Raining Again '' ( 1982 ) `` My Kind of Lady '' ( 1983 ) `` Breakfast in America ( live ) '' ( 1981 ) `` It 's Raining Again '' ( 1982 ) `` My Kind of Lady '' ( 1983 ) `` It 's Raining Again '' is a song recorded by British progressive rock band Supertramp and released as a single from their 1982 album ... Famous Last Words ... with credits given to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson , although as indicated on the album sleeve , it is a Hodgson composition . The end of the song incorporates the old nursery rhyme `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' . All of the voices on the studio version of the track are Hodgson 's . In live versions on the accompanying Famous Last Words tour , John Helliwell and Scott Page sang the lower harmonies on stage while Hodgson sang higher parts . For the most part , the song is upbeat . It contains a brief melodica solo by Rick Davies , originally thought to be by John Helliwell until proved incorrect by a French radio interview . Contents 1 Music video 2 Track listings 2.1 7 - inch vinyl 3 Chart performance 4 Personnel 5 In popular culture 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The song 's video was directed by future Highlander director Russell Mulcahy and conceptualized by Keith Williams . In the video , a man drives a beat - up convertible through a dust storm to a small town cafe to bring a bouquet to his girlfriend , who is a waitress there . A co-worker hands him a Dear John letter . After having his parked car ticketed for heading the wrong way , he spends a forgettable night at the Pickwick Drive - In movie `` Famous Last Words '' ( reminding viewers about Supertramp 's album ) , seeing himself on the film , watching another couple embrace in the car next to his , and meeting a small child with silver teeth , who points out that his car 's left rear wheel is missing . The next day the man , now on the street outside the cafe without his car , kisses the young girl , leaves the bouquet with her , and with his suitcase boards a bus to downtown Los Angeles . He is greeted by a guitar - playing passenger , then an uninterested cowboy props his long legs onto the seat in front of him , next to a lady putting on lipstick and wearing a white wig that receives a paper airplane thrown by another passenger . Awakened by the driver at the station , the man , now the last passenger still on the bus , finds himself without anything in his pockets , presumably having been robbed , but still with his suitcase . He thumbs down two rednecks in a pickup truck , who find him easy pickings for practical jokes , pitch him onto Hollywood Boulevard , and throw his suitcase onto him . After a short walk , encountering more rough people , the man suffers a back alley beating in which he is stripped to his underwear and robbed of his suitcase . An old lady gives him an orange umbrella just before rain begins to drench the alley . In spite of a sea of black umbrellas , he accidentally runs into his true love , who is under a white umbrella , and the two embrace and dance together in the rain . The sea of black umbrellas disappears . This final encounter is what had appeared and now appears at the end of the aforementioned drive - in movie . As the camera pulls back , the couple in the convertible now has two children in the back seat while the song fades out with the children 's nursery rhyme `` it 's raining , it 's pouring ... '' The five members of Supertramp make cameo appearances in the video . At the beginning , John Helliwell is a street musician playing an alto saxophone . Before the first chorus , Dougie Thomson appears as the bus driver ( this was the last filmed video where Thomson would appear with his then trademark moustache and beard ) . Hodgson plays the a guitar - playing bus passenger . Lastly , Rick Davies and Bob Siebenberg play the two pickup truck rednecks . Track listings ( edit ) 7 - inch vinyl ( edit ) Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` It 's Raining Again '' 4 : 25 Side two No . Title Length 1 . `` Bonnie '' 5 : 37 Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at No. 31 on 30 October 1982 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the highest debut on that chart for all of 1982 , and peaked at No. 11 . The record was a big success on the European charts , reaching the top 10 in Austria , the Netherlands , Germany , Norway , and Switzerland . This was the group 's last top 40 hit on the United Kingdom singles chart . Chart ( 1982 - 83 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 26 Austrian Singles Chart 7 Canadian RPM Singles Chart Dutch GfK Charts 6 Dutch Top 40 6 France ( IFOP ) German Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 16 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 19 Norwegian Singles Chart 6 South Africa 6 Swiss Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Billboard Mainstream Rock 7 US Cash Box Top 100 7 Personnel ( edit ) Roger Hodgson -- grand piano , lead and backing vocals Dougie Thomson -- bass guitar Bob Siebenberg -- drums Rick Davies -- additional synthesizers , melodica solo John Helliwell -- baritone ( middle of song ) and tenor saxophones , synthesizers In popular culture ( edit ) The song plays on Fox Networks NASCAR coverage in the USA whenever the rain interrupts activities . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Like John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles , Hodgson and Davies joined writer 's credits from 1974 until 1983 , when Hodgson left the band to pursue a solo career . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Supertramp - It 's Raining Again '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Supertramp - It 's Raining Again - austriancharts.at '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 37 , No. 18 , December 18 , 1982 '' . RPM . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` dutchcharts.nl - Supertramp - It 's Raining Again '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` De Nederlandse Top 40 , week 47 , 1982 '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` charts-surfer.de search results '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` irishcharts.ie search results '' . Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` norwegiancharts.com - Supertramp - It 's Raining Again '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South African Charts 1965 - 1989 '' . Jump up ^ `` Supertramp - It 's Raining Again - hitparade.ch '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` allmusic - Supertramp - Billboard singles '' . Retrieved 22 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , January 15 , 1983 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Supertramp Rick Davies Bob Siebenberg John Helliwell Carl Verheyen Cliff Hugo Lee Thornburg Mark Hart Gabe Dixon Jesse Siebenberg Cassie Miller - Thornburg Roger Hodgson Richard Palmer - James Keith Baker Frank Farrell Dougie Thomson Robert Millar Dave Winthrop Kevin Currie Tom Walsh Albums Supertramp Indelibly Stamped Crime of the Century Crisis ? What Crisis ? Even in the Quietest Moments ... Breakfast in America ... Famous Last Words ... Brother Where You Bound Free as a Bird Some Things Never Change Slow Motion Live albums Concert Classics Paris Live ' 88 The Story So Far ... It Was the Best of Times Is Everybody Listening ? 70 - 10 Tour Compilations The Autobiography of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp The Very Best of Supertramp 2 Retrospectacle -- The Supertramp Anthology Singles `` Dreamer '' `` Bloody Well Right '' `` Give a Little Bit '' `` The Logical Song '' `` Breakfast in America '' `` Goodbye Stranger '' `` Take the Long Way Home '' `` It 's Raining Again '' `` My Kind of Lady '' `` Cannonball '' `` I 'm Beggin ' You '' `` Give a Little Bit ( New Version ) '' Selected songs `` Brother Where You Bound '' `` Fool 's Overture '' Related articles Discography Band members List of Roger Hodgson concert tours Supertramp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Raining_Again&oldid=851272172 '' Categories : 1982 songs 1982 singles Supertramp songs Songs about loneliness Songs written by Rick Davies Songs written by Roger Hodgson Music videos directed by Russell Mulcahy A&M Records singles Songs based on children 's songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 05 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song it's raining again	[ "\"It's Raining Again\" is a song recorded by British progressive rock band Supertramp and released as a single from their 1982 album …Famous Last Words… with credits given to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, although as indicated on the album sleeve, it is a Hodgson composition.[Note 1] The end of the song incorporates the old nursery rhyme \"It's Raining, It's Pouring\".\n" ]	[ "Supertramp" ]
-5439710049728756895	Ballon d'Or	Ballon d'Or - wikipedia Ballon d'Or Michel Platini , pictured with the 1985 Ballon d'Or , won the award three times in succession . The Ballon d'Or ( French pronunciation : ( balɔ̃ dɔʁ ) ; `` Golden Ball '' ) is an annual football award presented by France Football . It has been awarded since 1956 , although between 2010 and 2015 , an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year , and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or . However , the partnership ended in 2016 and the award was reversed back to Ballon d'Or , while FIFA also reverted back to its own separate annual award ( now named The Best FIFA Football Awards ) . Conceived by sports writer Gabriel Hanot , the Ballon d'Or award honours the male player deemed to have performed the best over the previous year , based on voting by football journalists . Originally it was an award for players from Europe . In 1995 the Ballon d'Or was expanded to include all players from any origin that have been active at European clubs . Finally in 2007 it became a global prize with all professional footballers from around the world being eligible . Contents 1 History 2 Winners 2.1 Wins by player 2.2 Wins by country 2.3 Wins by club 3 Additional awards 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History Stanley Matthews of Blackpool was the inaugural winner of the Ballon d'Or . Prior to 1995 , the award was often known in English language media as the European Footballer of the Year award . Milan 's George Weah , the only African recipient , became the first non-European to win the award in the year that rules of eligibility were changed . Ronaldo of Internazionale became the first South American winner two years later . Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo have won the award a record five times each . Three players have won the award three times each : Johan Cruyff of Ajax and Barcelona , Michel Platini of Juventus and Marco van Basten of Milan . With seven awards each , Dutch and German players won the most Ballons d'Or . Spanish club Barcelona has the most winners , with 11 wins . Between 2010 and 2015 inclusive , the award was merged with a similar one , the FIFA World Player of the Year award , to create the FIFA Ballon d'Or , which was awarded to the world 's best male player before FIFA and France Football broke the merging agreement . After 2011 , UEFA created the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award to maintain the format of the original Ballon d'Or . Eight players ( Bobby Charlton , Franz Beckenbauer , Gerd Müller , Paolo Rossi , Zinedine Zidane , Rivaldo , Ronaldinho and Kaká ) have won the FIFA World Cup , the European Cup / UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or during their careers . Winners Key This indicates the Ballon d'Or winning player has also won the FIFA World Player of the Year or The Best FIFA Men 's Player award in the same year Cristiano Ronaldo ( left ) and Lionel Messi ( right ) have won five awards each George Weah was the first non-European player to win the award Lev Yashin is the only goalkeeper to win the award Year Rank Player Team Points Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 1st Stanley Matthews Blackpool 47 2nd Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 44 3rd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 33 1957 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 72 2nd Billy Wright Wolverhampton Wanderers 19 3rd Duncan Edwards Manchester United 16 Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 1958 1st Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 71 2nd Helmut Rahn Rot - Weiss Essen 40 3rd Just Fontaine Stade de Reims 23 1959 1st Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid 80 2nd Raymond Kopa Real Madrid 42 3rd John Charles Juventus 24 1960 1st Luis Suárez Barcelona 54 2nd Ferenc Puskás Real Madrid 37 3rd Uwe Seeler Hamburg 33 1961 1st Omar Sívori Juventus 46 2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 40 3rd Johnny Haynes Fulham 22 1962 1st Josef Masopust Dukla Prague 65 2nd Eusébio Benfica 53 3rd Karl - Heinz Schnellinger Köln 33 1963 1st Lev Yashin Dynamo Moscow 73 2nd Gianni Rivera Milan 53 3rd Jimmy Greaves Tottenham Hotspur 33 1964 1st Denis Law Manchester United 61 2nd Luis Suárez Internazionale 43 3rd Amancio Real Madrid 38 1965 1st Eusébio Benfica 67 2nd Giacinto Facchetti Internazionale 59 3rd Luis Suárez Internazionale 45 1966 1st Bobby Charlton Manchester United 81 2nd Eusébio Benfica 80 3rd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 59 1967 1st Flórián Albert Ferencváros 68 2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 40 3rd Jimmy Johnstone Celtic 39 1968 1st George Best Manchester United 61 2nd Bobby Charlton Manchester United 53 3rd Dragan Džajić Red Star Belgrade 46 1969 1st Gianni Rivera Milan 83 2nd Luigi Riva Cagliari 79 3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 38 1970 1st Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 77 2nd Bobby Moore West Ham United 70 3rd Luigi Riva Cagliari 65 1971 1st Johan Cruyff Ajax 116 2nd Sandro Mazzola Internazionale 57 3rd George Best Manchester United 56 1972 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 81 2nd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 79 Günter Netzer Borussia Mönchengladbach 1973 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 96 2nd Dino Zoff Juventus 47 3rd Gerd Müller Bayern Munich 44 1st Johan Cruyff Barcelona 116 2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 105 3rd Kazimierz Deyna Legia Warsaw 35 1st Oleg Blokhin Dynamo Kyiv 122 2nd Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 42 3rd Johan Cruyff Barcelona 27 1976 1st Franz Beckenbauer Bayern Munich 91 2nd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 75 3rd Ivo Viktor Dukla Prague 52 1977 1st Allan Simonsen Borussia Mönchengladbach 74 2nd Kevin Keegan Hamburg 71 3rd Michel Platini Nancy 70 1978 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 87 2nd Hans Krankl Barcelona 81 3rd Rob Rensenbrink Anderlecht 50 1979 1st Kevin Keegan Hamburg 118 2nd Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 52 3rd Ruud Krol Ajax 41 1980 1st Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 122 2nd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 34 3rd Michel Platini Saint - Étienne 33 1981 1st Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Bayern Munich 106 2nd Paul Breitner Bayern Munich 64 3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 39 1982 1st Paolo Rossi Juventus 115 2nd Alain Giresse Bordeaux 64 3rd Zbigniew Boniek Juventus 39 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110 2nd Kenny Dalglish Liverpool 26 3rd Allan Simonsen Vejle 25 1984 1st Michel Platini Juventus 110 2nd Jean Tigana Bordeaux 57 3rd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 48 1985 1st Michel Platini Juventus 127 2nd Preben Elkjær Hellas Verona 71 3rd Bernd Schuster Barcelona 46 1986 1st Igor Belanov Dynamo Kyiv 84 2nd Gary Lineker Barcelona 62 3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 59 1st Ruud Gullit Milan 106 2nd Paulo Futre Atlético Madrid 91 3rd Emilio Butragueño Real Madrid 61 1988 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129 2nd Ruud Gullit Milan 88 3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 45 1989 1st Marco van Basten Milan 129 2nd Franco Baresi Milan 80 3rd Frank Rijkaard Milan 43 1990 1st Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 137 2nd Salvatore Schillaci Juventus 84 3rd Andreas Brehme Internazionale 68 1991 1st Jean - Pierre Papin Marseille 141 2nd Dejan Savićević Red Star Belgrade 42 Darko Pančev Red Star Belgrade Lothar Matthäus Internazionale 1992 1st Marco van Basten Milan 98 2nd Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 80 3rd Dennis Bergkamp Ajax 53 1993 1st Roberto Baggio Juventus 142 2nd Dennis Bergkamp Internazionale 83 3rd Eric Cantona Manchester United 34 1994 1st Hristo Stoichkov Barcelona 210 2nd Roberto Baggio Juventus 136 3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 109 1995 1st George Weah Milan 144 2nd Jürgen Klinsmann Bayern Munich 108 3rd Jari Litmanen Ajax 67 1st Matthias Sammer Borussia Dortmund 144 2nd Ronaldo Barcelona 143 3rd Alan Shearer Newcastle United 107 1997 1st Ronaldo Internazionale 222 2nd Predrag Mijatović Real Madrid 68 3rd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 63 1998 1st Zinedine Zidane Juventus 244 2nd Davor Šuker Real Madrid 68 3rd Ronaldo Internazionale 66 1999 1st Rivaldo Barcelona 219 2nd David Beckham Manchester United 154 3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 64 2000 1st Luís Figo Real Madrid 197 2nd Zinedine Zidane Juventus 181 3rd Andriy Shevchenko Milan 85 2001 1st Michael Owen Liverpool 176 2nd Raúl Real Madrid 140 3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 114 2002 1st Ronaldo Real Madrid 169 2nd Roberto Carlos Real Madrid 145 3rd Oliver Kahn Bayern Munich 110 2003 1st Pavel Nedvěd Juventus 190 2nd Thierry Henry Arsenal 128 3rd Paolo Maldini Milan 123 1st Andriy Shevchenko Milan 175 2nd Deco Barcelona 139 3rd Ronaldinho Barcelona 133 2005 1st Ronaldinho Barcelona 225 2nd Frank Lampard Chelsea 148 3rd Steven Gerrard Liverpool 142 2006 1st Fabio Cannavaro Real Madrid 173 2nd Gianluigi Buffon Juventus 124 3rd Thierry Henry Arsenal 121 2007 1st Kaká Milan 444 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 277 3rd Lionel Messi Barcelona 255 2008 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Manchester United 446 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 281 3rd Fernando Torres Liverpool 179 2009 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 473 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 233 3rd Xavi Barcelona 170 FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 22.65 % 2nd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 17.36 % 3rd Xavi Barcelona 16.48 % 2011 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 47.88 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 21.60 % 3rd Xavi Barcelona 9.23 % 2012 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.60 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 23.68 % 3rd Andrés Iniesta Barcelona 10.91 % 2013 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.99 % 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 24.72 % 3rd Franck Ribéry Bayern Munich 23.36 % 2014 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 37.66 % 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 15.76 % 3rd Manuel Neuer Bayern Munich 15.72 % 2015 1st Lionel Messi Barcelona 41.33 % 2nd Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 27.76 % 3rd Neymar Barcelona 7.86 % Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 745 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 316 3rd Antoine Griezmann Atlético Madrid 198 2017 1st Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 946 2nd Lionel Messi Barcelona 670 3rd Neymar Paris Saint - Germain 361 Wins by Player Johan Cruyff with the Ballon d'Or in 1971 One - time winners are only included if they have also finished 2nd or 3rd in another year . Player 1st 2nd 3rd Lionel Messi 5 ( 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) 1 ( 2007 ) Cristiano Ronaldo 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) 5 ( 2007 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) -- Michel Platini 3 ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 ) -- 2 ( 1977 , 1980 ) Johan Cruyff 3 ( 1971 , 1973 , 1974 ) -- 1 ( 1975 ) Marco van Basten 3 ( 1988 , 1989 , 1992 ) -- -- Franz Beckenbauer 2 ( 1972 , 1976 ) 2 ( 1974 , 1975 ) 1 ( 1966 ) Ronaldo 2 ( 1997 , 2002 ) 1 ( 1996 ) 1 ( 1998 ) Alfredo Di Stéfano 2 ( 1957 , 1959 ) 1 ( 1956 ) -- Kevin Keegan 2 ( 1978 , 1979 ) 1 ( 1977 ) -- Karl - Heinz Rummenigge 2 ( 1980 , 1981 ) 1 ( 1979 ) -- Luis Suárez 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1961 , 1964 ) 1 ( 1965 ) Eusébio 1 ( 1965 ) 2 ( 1962 , 1966 ) -- Bobby Charlton 1 ( 1966 ) 2 ( 1967 , 1968 ) -- Raymond Kopa 1 ( 1958 ) 1 ( 1959 ) 2 ( 1956 , 1957 ) Gerd Müller 1 ( 1970 ) 1 ( 1972 ) 2 ( 1969 , 1973 ) Zinedine Zidane 1 ( 1998 ) 1 ( 2000 ) 1 ( 1997 ) Gianni Rivera 1 ( 1969 ) 1 ( 1963 ) -- Ruud Gullit 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 1988 ) -- Lothar Matthäus 1 ( 1990 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- Roberto Baggio 1 ( 1993 ) 1 ( 1994 ) -- Hristo Stoichkov 1 ( 1994 ) 1 ( 1992 ) -- Andriy Shevchenko 1 ( 2004 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2000 ) George Best 1 ( 1968 ) -- 1 ( 1971 ) Allan Simonsen 1 ( 1977 ) -- 1 ( 1983 ) Ronaldinho 1 ( 2005 ) -- 1 ( 2004 ) Wins by country Country Players Wins Germany 5 7 Netherlands 7 Portugal 7 France 6 Italy 5 5 Brazil 5 England 5 Argentina 5 Soviet Union Spain Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Bulgaria Denmark Hungary Liberia Northern Ireland Scotland Ukraine Wins by club Club Players Wins Barcelona 6 11 Real Madrid 6 10 Juventus 6 8 Milan 6 8 Bayern Munich 5 Manchester United Dynamo Kyiv Internazionale Hamburg Ajax Benfica Blackpool Borussia Dortmund Borussia Mönchengladbach Dukla Prague Dynamo Moscow Ferencváros Liverpool Marseille Additional awards An honorary award , under the name Super Ballon d'Or , was awarded to Alfredo Di Stéfano in 1989 , after he surpassed Johan Cruyff and Michel Platini in France Football 's voting . A decade later , France Football elected Pelé the Football Player of the Century after consulting their former Ballon d'Or recipients . Among the 34 previous winners , 30 cast their votes ; Stanley Matthews , Omar Sívori and George Best abstained , and Lev Yashin had died . Each voter was allotted five votes worth up to five points ; however , Di Stéfano only chose a first place , Platini a first and second place , and George Weah two players for fifth place . Pelé was named the greatest by 17 voters , receiving almost double the number of points earned by the runner - up , Diego Maradona . Football Player of the Century Player Pts 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Pelé ( BRA ) 122 17 5 Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 65 6 5 5 Johan Cruyff ( NED ) 62 7 9 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ESP ) 44 Michel Platini ( FRA ) 40 5 6 To coincide with the 60th anniversary of the Ballon d'Or in 2016 , France Football published a reevaluation of the awards presented before 1995 , when only European players were eligible to win the award . 12 out of the 39 Ballons d'Or presented during this time period would have been awarded to South American players ; in addition to Pelé and Diego Maradona , Garrincha , Mario Kempes , and Romário were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners . The original recipients , however , remain unchanged . Maradona and Pelé also received honorary Ballons d'Ors for their services to football in 1996 and 2013 , respectively . Le nouveau palmarès ( internationalized reevaluation ) Year Original winner Alternative 1958 Raymond Kopa ( FRA ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1959 Alfredo Di Stéfano ( ESP ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1960 Luis Suárez ( ESP ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1961 Omar Sívori ( ITA ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1962 Josef Masopust ( TCH ) Garrincha ( BRA ) 1963 Lev Yashin ( URS ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1964 Denis Law ( SCO ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1970 Gerd Müller ( FRG ) Pelé ( BRA ) 1978 Kevin Keegan ( ENG ) Mario Kempes ( ARG ) 1986 Igor Belanov ( URS ) Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 1990 Lothar Matthäus ( GER ) Diego Maradona ( ARG ) 1994 Hristo Stoichkov ( BUL ) Romário ( BRA ) See also FIFA World Player of the Year FIFA Ballon d'Or The Best FIFA Football Awards FIFPro World XI Notes Jump up ^ Born in Argentina , Di Stéfano acquired Spanish citizenship in 1956 and went on to play for the Spanish national football team . Jump up ^ Born in Argentina , Sívori acquired Italian citizenship in 1961 and went on to play for the Italian national football team . Jump up ^ Cruyff was signed by Barcelona from Ajax midway through 1973 . Jump up ^ Keegan was signed by Hamburg from Liverpool midway through 1977 . Jump up ^ Lineker was signed by Barcelona from Everton midway through 1986 . Jump up ^ Gullit was signed by Milan from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1987 . Jump up ^ Futre was signed by Atlético Madrid from Porto midway through 1987 . Jump up ^ Rijkaard was signed by Milan from Real Zaragoza midway through 1988 . Jump up ^ Weah was signed by Milan from Paris Saint - Germain midway through 1995 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven midway through 1996 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Internazionale from Barcelona midway through 1997 . Jump up ^ Figo was signed by Real Madrid from Barcelona midway through 2000 . Jump up ^ Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Internazionale midway through 2002 . Jump up ^ Deco was signed by Barcelona from Porto midway through 2004 . Jump up ^ Cannavaro was signed by Real Madrid from Juventus midway through 2006 . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo was signed by Real Madrid from Manchester United midway through 2009 . Jump up ^ Neymar was signed by Paris Saint - Germain from Barcelona midway through 2017 . Jump up ^ Messi won four FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) and twice finished in second place ( 2013 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Cristiano Ronaldo won two FIFA Ballons d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) and thrice finished in second place ( 2011 , 2012 , 2015 ) . References Jump up ^ `` Matthews wins first Golden Ball '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 1990s Ballon d'Or winners '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka wins 2007 award '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo joins legendary list '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings by Wins '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The FIFA Ballon d'Or is born '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How the award came about '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka : Former Brazil , AC Milan and Real Madrid midfielder announces retirement '' . BBC . 17 December 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or , de 1956 à nos jours '' . France Football . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Awards -- World Player of the Year '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 12 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` On this day , Di Stéfano won the Super Ballon d'Or '' . RealMadrid.com. 24 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 23 December 2015 ) . `` France Football 's Football Player of the Century '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2010 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Thierry ( December 2015 ) . `` On a refait le palmarès '' . France Football . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maradona receives honorary award '' . BBC Sport. 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pele receives FIFA Ballon d'Or Prix d'Honneur '' . FIFA.com. 13 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . External links `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . 9 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . `` La liste complête des lauréats du Ballon d'or , de 1956 à nos jours '' . France Football . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Ballon d'Or France Football magazine award Ballon d'Or ( 1956 -- 2009 ) 1956 : Matthews 1957 : Di Stéfano 1958 : Kopa 1959 : Di Stéfano 1960 : Suárez 1961 : Sívori 1962 : Masopust 1963 : Yashin 1964 : Law 1965 : Eusébio 1966 : Charlton 1967 : Albert 1968 : Best 1969 : Rivera 1970 : Müller 1971 : Cruyff 1972 : Beckenbauer 1973 : Cruyff 1974 : Cruyff 1975 : Blokhin 1976 : Beckenbauer 1977 : Simonsen 1978 : Keegan 1979 : Keegan 1980 : Rummenigge 1981 : Rummenigge 1982 : Rossi 1983 : Platini 1984 : Platini 1985 : Platini 1986 : Belanov 1987 : Gullit 1988 : Van Basten 1989 : Van Basten 1990 : Matthäus 1991 : Papin 1992 : Van Basten 1993 : Baggio 1994 : Stoichkov 1995 : Weah 1996 : Sammer 1997 : Ronaldo 1998 : Zidane 1999 : Rivaldo 2000 : Figo 2001 : Owen 2002 : Ronaldo 2003 : Nedvěd 2004 : Shevchenko 2005 : Ronaldinho 2006 : Cannavaro 2007 : Kaká 2008 : C. Ronaldo 2009 : Messi FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 2010 : Messi 2011 : Messi 2012 : Messi 2013 : C. Ronaldo 2014 : C. Ronaldo 2015 : Messi Ballon d'Or ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 : C. Ronaldo 2017 : C. Ronaldo FIFA World Player of the Year ( 1991 -- 2009 ) FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2010 -- 2015 ) The Best FIFA Men 's Player ( 2016 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballon_d%27Or&oldid=854154550 '' Categories : Awards disestablished in 2009 Awards established in 1956 Awards established in 2016 Association football player of the year awards Ballon d'Or Awards by magazines 1956 establishments in Europe 2016 establishments in Europe Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Featured lists Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 51 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 09 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who have the most ballon d'or in the history of football	[ "\n\n\nPlayer\n\n1st\n\n2nd\n\n3rd\n\n\n Lionel Messi[note 18]\n\n5 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015)\n\n5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)\n\n1 (2007)\n\n\n Cristiano Ronaldo[note 19]\n\n5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)\n\n5 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015)\n\n—\n\n\n Michel Platini\n\n3 (1983, 1984, 1985)\n\n—\n\n2 (1977, 1980)\n\n\n Johan Cruyff\n\n3 (1971, 1973, 1974)\n\n—\n\n1 (1975)\n\n\n Marco van Basten\n\n3 (1988, 1989, 1992)\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\n Franz Beckenbauer\n\n2 (1972, 1976)\n\n2 (1974, 1975)\n\n1 (1966)\n\n\n Ronaldo\n\n2 (1997, 2002)\n\n1 (1996)\n\n1 (1998)\n\n\n Alfredo Di Stéfano\n\n2 (1957, 1959)\n\n1 (1956)\n\n—\n\n\n Kevin Keegan\n\n2 (1978, 1979)\n\n1 (1977)\n\n—\n\n\n Karl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n2 (1980, 1981)\n\n1 (1979)\n\n—\n\n\n Luis Suárez\n\n1 (1960)\n\n2 (1961, 1964)\n\n1 (1965)\n\n\n Eusébio\n\n1 (1965)\n\n2 (1962, 1966)\n\n—\n\n\n Bobby Charlton\n\n1 (1966)\n\n2 (1967, 1968)\n\n—\n\n\n Raymond Kopa\n\n1 (1958)\n\n1 (1959)\n\n2 (1956, 1957)\n\n\n Gerd Müller\n\n1 (1970)\n\n1 (1972)\n\n2 (1969, 1973)\n\n\n Zinedine Zidane\n\n1 (1998)\n\n1 (2000)\n\n1 (1997)\n\n\n Gianni Rivera\n\n1 (1969)\n\n1 (1963)\n\n—\n\n\n Ruud Gullit\n\n1 (1987)\n\n1 (1988)\n\n—\n\n\n Lothar Matthäus\n\n1 (1990)\n\n1 (1991)\n\n—\n\n\n Roberto Baggio\n\n1 (1993)\n\n1 (1994)\n\n—\n\n\n Hristo Stoichkov\n\n1 (1994)\n\n1 (1992)\n\n—\n\n\n Andriy Shevchenko\n\n1 (2004)\n\n—\n\n2 (1999, 2000)\n\n\n George Best\n\n1 (1968)\n\n—\n\n1 (1971)\n\n\n Allan Simonsen\n\n1 (1977)\n\n—\n\n1 (1983)\n\n\n Ronaldinho\n\n1 (2005)\n\n—\n\n1 (2004)\n", "\n\n\nPlayer\n\n1st\n\n2nd\n\n3rd\n\n\n Lionel Messi[note 18]\n\n5 (2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015)\n\n5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)\n\n1 (2007)\n\n\n Cristiano Ronaldo[note 19]\n\n5 (2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017)\n\n5 (2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2015)\n\n—\n\n\n Michel Platini\n\n3 (1983, 1984, 1985)\n\n—\n\n2 (1977, 1980)\n\n\n Johan Cruyff\n\n3 (1971, 1973, 1974)\n\n—\n\n1 (1975)\n\n\n Marco van Basten\n\n3 (1988, 1989, 1992)\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\n Franz Beckenbauer\n\n2 (1972, 1976)\n\n2 (1974, 1975)\n\n1 (1966)\n\n\n Ronaldo\n\n2 (1997, 2002)\n\n1 (1996)\n\n1 (1998)\n\n\n Alfredo Di Stéfano\n\n2 (1957, 1959)\n\n1 (1956)\n\n—\n\n\n Kevin Keegan\n\n2 (1978, 1979)\n\n1 (1977)\n\n—\n\n\n Karl-Heinz Rummenigge\n\n2 (1980, 1981)\n\n1 (1979)\n\n—\n\n\n Luis Suárez\n\n1 (1960)\n\n2 (1961, 1964)\n\n1 (1965)\n\n\n Eusébio\n\n1 (1965)\n\n2 (1962, 1966)\n\n—\n\n\n Bobby Charlton\n\n1 (1966)\n\n2 (1967, 1968)\n\n—\n\n\n Raymond Kopa\n\n1 (1958)\n\n1 (1959)\n\n2 (1956, 1957)\n\n\n Gerd Müller\n\n1 (1970)\n\n1 (1972)\n\n2 (1969, 1973)\n\n\n Zinedine Zidane\n\n1 (1998)\n\n1 (2000)\n\n1 (1997)\n\n\n Gianni Rivera\n\n1 (1969)\n\n1 (1963)\n\n—\n\n\n Ruud Gullit\n\n1 (1987)\n\n1 (1988)\n\n—\n\n\n Lothar Matthäus\n\n1 (1990)\n\n1 (1991)\n\n—\n\n\n Roberto Baggio\n\n1 (1993)\n\n1 (1994)\n\n—\n\n\n Hristo Stoichkov\n\n1 (1994)\n\n1 (1992)\n\n—\n\n\n Andriy Shevchenko\n\n1 (2004)\n\n—\n\n2 (1999, 2000)\n\n\n George Best\n\n1 (1968)\n\n—\n\n1 (1971)\n\n\n Allan Simonsen\n\n1 (1977)\n\n—\n\n1 (1983)\n\n\n Ronaldinho\n\n1 (2005)\n\n—\n\n1 (2004)\n" ]	[ "Lionel Messi", "Cristiano Ronaldo" ]
-2933978642247103809	The Goldbergs (2013 TV series)	The Goldbergs ( 2013 TV series ) - Wikipedia The Goldbergs ( 2013 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current program . For the unrelated radio and television series , see The Goldbergs ( broadcast series ) . The Goldbergs Genre Sitcom Created by Adam F. Goldberg Starring Wendi McLendon - Covey Jeff Garlin Sean Giambrone Troy Gentile Hayley Orrantia George Segal AJ Michalka Sam Lerner Narrated by Patton Oswalt Theme music composer I Fight Dragons Composer ( s ) Michael Wandmacher Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Adam F. Goldberg Doug Robinson Seth Gordon Alex Barnow Marc Firek David Guarascio David Katzenberg Producer ( s ) Dan Levy Location ( s ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California Cinematography Joseph E. Gallagher Jason Blount Editor ( s ) Jonathan Corn Ivan Victor Peter B. Ellis Kevin Leffler Camera setup Film ; Single - camera Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Adam F. Goldberg Productions Happy Madison Productions Doug Robinson Productions ( 2017 - ) Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound with Descriptive Video Service on SAP Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present External links Official website The Goldbergs is an American television period sitcom that premiered on Tuesday , September 24 , 2013 , on ABC . The series was created by Adam F. Goldberg and stars Wendi McLendon - Covey , Jeff Garlin , Sean Giambrone , Troy Gentile , Hayley Orrantia , and George Segal . The show is produced by Goldberg , Seth Gordon , and Doug Robinson . It is based on Goldberg 's childhood and family in the 1980s , complete with a childhood version of himself . The fourth season premiered on September 21 , 2016 . In May 2017 , ABC renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season . The fifth season premiered on September 27 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guest stars 2.4 Cameos from real - life counterparts 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 4.3 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Nielsen ratings 6 Broadcast 7 Syndication 8 Schooled 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) Promotional poster used for the series ' first season The Goldbergs is set in the 1980s in Jenkintown , Pennsylvania . The show is loosely based on the showrunner 's childhood , during which he videotaped events , many of which are reenacted throughout the program . It shows the reality of the ' 80s through a young boy 's eyes . The series stars Jeff Garlin as patriarch Murray and Wendi McLendon - Covey as matriarch Beverly . Their two older children are Erica ( Hayley Orrantia ) and Barry ( Troy Gentile ) . The youngest child , Adam ( Sean Giambrone ) , documents his family life with his video camera . Beverly 's father , Albert `` Pops '' Solomon ( George Segal ) , is frequently around to provide advice or to help out his grandchildren ( often behind his daughter 's back ) . The present - day `` Adult Adam '' ( Patton Oswalt ) narrates every episode as taking place in `` 1980 - something '' . Many references to real - life Philadelphia - area businesses are made , including the Wawa Inc. convenience store chain , Gimbel 's department store , Willow Grove Park Mall , and Kremp 's Florist of Willow Grove , Pennsylvania . Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Portrayed by Seasons 5 Beverly Goldberg ( née Solomon ) Wendi McLendon - Covey Main Adam Fredrick Goldberg Sean Giambrone Main Murray Christian Goldberg Jeff Garlin Main Barry Norman Goldberg Troy Gentile Main Erica Dorothy Goldberg Hayley Orrantia Main Albert `` Pops '' Solomon George Segal Main Lainey Lewis AJ Michalka Recurring Main Recurring ' Madman ' Geoff Schwartz Sam Lerner Recurring Main Main cast ( edit ) Wendi McLendon - Covey as Beverly Goldberg ( née Solomon ) , the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs . She frequently injects herself into her children 's lives , often to their embarrassment , and is supremely confident in their abilities . Sean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg , the pop - culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs . Smart and geeky , he often films his family 's activities on a VHS camcorder . He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker . Patton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg , who narrates the show from the present day . Jeff Garlin as Murray Goldberg , the gruff , somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs . Unlike Beverly , he is realistic about his children 's abilities and believes she smothers them too much . Despite his apathetic tendencies at home , he values hard work and has held various full time positions since his teenage years . Though he does not always show affection for his children , calling them morons when they make mistakes or behave in silly ways , he truly cares about them and wants them to learn how to fend for themselves . He runs his father - in - law 's furniture business , loves sports , and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs . Troy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg , the overconfident , slightly dim - witted middle child of the Goldbergs . Though seemingly untalented in every way ( except in ice hockey and wrestling , at which he excels ) , he remains highly self - assured while trying to become popular in high school . He is determined to dominate everything he does , including sports ; loves rap music ; and is the leader of a crew called the Jenkintown Posse ( abbreviated JTP , which fellow members repeat whenever the initials are spoken ) . Hayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg , the somewhat bad - tempered oldest child of the Goldbergs . Smart and musically gifted but rebellious , she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers . As of the fifth season , Erica has left for college at DC . School of the Arts . `` Erica '' is based on Adam 's real - life brother , Eric Goldberg . George Segal as Albert `` Pops '' Solomon , Beverly 's laid - back widower father . Though an elderly man with a number of comic eccentricities , he acts much younger than his age and often gives sage advice to his grandchildren . Adam considers him his best friend . He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably , and he now lets his son - in - law Murray run the business . AJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis ( Season 3 -- 4 ; recurring 1 -- 2 , 5 - present ) , Erica 's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school , whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on . To the surprise of many , Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first - season finale , the two slowly grow closer together in season two , and eventually become an unlikely couple . Following the fourth season , she has gone to attend fashion school in Savannah , Georgia and ended her relationship with Barry . In season 5 , she returns to Jenkintown after dropping out along with Erica to start a band . In the final seconds of the season finale she and Barry agree to wed . Sam Lerner as ' Madman ' Geoff Schwartz ( Season 5 - present ; recurring 2 - 4 ) , one of Barry 's best friends . The nickname `` Madman '' is a form of ironic humor , given how well - behaved the character is , especially compared to Barry . He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections . At the end of the third season , he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff 's feelings . He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica . Recurring ( edit ) Troy Winbush as Puchinski , a police officer who sometimes runs afoul of the Goldbergs ' craziness , and often sympathises with Beverly . Cedric Yarbrough as Vic , Murray 's friend and co-worker from Canada . Ben Zelevansky as Dale , the manager of the arcade frequented by Adam , Barry , and Pops . ( season 1 ) Natalie Alyn Lind as Dana Caldwell , Adam 's classmate who becomes his girlfriend . In the season 2 finale , it is revealed Dana may be moving to Seattle . The season 3 premiere confirms she is now living in Seattle . Adam and Dana continue a long - distance relationship , but it ends when the two realize how different they have become . `` Dana '' 's real - life name is Amanda Caldwell ; it was changed due to early legal concerns about the show 's autobiographical quality . ( season 1 - 3 ; guest season 4 ) Jackson Odell as Ari Caldwell , a popular student , a friend of Erica and Lexi , and Dana 's older brother . ( season 1 - 2 ) Virginia Gardner as Lexi Bloom , Barry 's crush . ( season 1 , mentioned season 4 ) Kathryn Leigh Scott as Miriam Ferguson , one of Pops ' lovers . ( season 1 ) Jennifer Irwin as Virginia Kremp , Chad 's mother , neighbor to the Goldbergs . Jacob Hopkins as Chad Kremp , Virginia 's youngest son and a close friend of Adam . Tyler Stokes as Drew Kremp , Chad 's older brother and Erica 's ex-boyfriend . ( season 1 and 3 ) Dan Fogler as Marvin Goldberg , Murray 's carefree , unreliable younger brother . He moves in with the family near the end of season four , living in their basement . Tim Meadows as Jonathan `` Andre '' Glascott , a disenchanted teacher who also delivers pizza and gives guitar lessons for extra money . He serves as the school 's hapless guidance counselor . Barbara Alyn Woods as Mrs. Caldwell , Dana and Ari 's mother . Woods is the real - life mother of Natalie Alyn Lind , who portrays Dana . ( season 1 ) Stephanie Katherine Grant as Emmy `` Muscles '' Mirsky , a girl in the neighborhood with whom Adam likes to spend time . Because they grew up together , she and Adam treat each other like siblings , and she behaves like `` one of the guys '' in the company of Adam and friends . Kenny Ridwan as Dave Kim , an awkward classmate and friend of Adam 's , who is always addressed by both his first and last names , even by his own mother . Cooper Roth ( season 1 ) and Zayne Emory ( season 2 - 3 ) as J.C. Spink , a bully who torments Adam . The original film producer who inspired the character portrays a school bus driver . Mason Cook as Tyler Stansfield , a puny but fierce classmate of Adam . Dustin Ybarra as Nitrous , a university student who occasionally interacts with Beverly . Usually Beverly has to make a demand of Nitrous , which he will agree to , but only after trying to coerce her into showing him her breasts or giving him $1 million . ( season 1 and 3 ) Bryan Callen as Rick Mellor , the high school 's no - nonsense gym teacher and coach . Joey Luthman as Roger McFadden , a nerdy classmate of Barry 's . ( season 1 ) Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Earl Ball , the principal of the Goldberg children 's high school . Beverly frequently confronts him when she knows something has gone wrong in her children 's classes or school activities . ( season 2 - present ) Ana Gasteyer as Susan Cinoman , a music teacher at the Goldberg children 's high school and love interest of Rick Mellor . ( season 2 - present ) Noah Munck as ' Naked ' Rob Smith , one of Barry 's best friends who goes shirtless at any opportunity . ( season 2 - present ) Matt Bush as ' Ladies ' Man ' Andy Cogan , one of Barry 's best friends who is frequently teased for his short stature . ( season 2 - present ) Nathan Gamble as Garry Ball , the Principal 's rebellious son and Adam 's only cool friend . ( season 2 - 3 ) Dan Bakkedahl as Mr. Woodburn , Adam 's lonely and depressed science teacher . ( season 2 ) Suzy Nakamura as Mrs. Kim , Dave Kim 's mother and the owner of a Chinese restaurant frequented by the Goldbergs . ( season 2 ) Rob Huebel as John Calabasas , an opportunistic businessman with several careers . ( season 2 - 3 ) Judd Hirsch as Ben `` Pop Pop '' Goldberg , Murray 's cantankerous , opinionated father . He frequently fights with Murray , with whom he has trouble communicating , and he views Pops as a rival . ( seasons 3 - present ; Pop Pop first appeared in one season 2 episode , and was portrayed by Paul Sorvino ) Allie Grant as Evelyn `` Evey '' Silver , a girl Beverly tries to set up Barry with . Erica is deeply disturbed by this , because Evey is eerily similar to Beverly . She later becomes Geoff Schwartz 's girlfriend . ( season 2 - present ) David Koechner as Bill Lewis , Lainey 's father who is raising her as a single parent . To Murray 's dismay , Bill is a major fan of the Dallas Cowboys , starting a rivalry between the two . Bill and Murray eventually become good friends as they discover that , outside of football , they have a lot in common . ( season 2 - present ) Nate Hartley as Dan , a nerdy punching bag , who is always in the wrong place at the wrong time . ( season 2 - present ) Charlie DePew as Anthony Balsamo , a popular , good - looking student and Lainey 's ex-boyfriend . ( season 2 - 3 ) Sam Kindseth as David Sirota , Adam 's goofy friend and classmate . In the present he is an American political commentator and radio host . ( season 2 - 3 ) Michaela Watkins as Ms. Taraborelli , a socially awkward Spanish and sex education teacher . ( season 2 ) Christopher Avila as Raji Mitra , an intelligent student Beverly hires to tutor Lainey . ( season 3 ) Sean Marquette as Johnny Atkins , a ponytailed , saxophone - playing troublemaker who , much like Barry Goldberg , has a high opinion of himself . He is always seen wearing a Rush tour t - shirt . In addition to saxophone , he also plays the drums . Erica dated him briefly . ( season 3 - present ) Niko Guardado as Rubén Amaro , Jr. , a highly popular student and champion athlete . In adulthood , he will become a major league baseball player and General Manager of Philadelphia Phillies . ( season 3 - present ) Alex Jennings as Carla Mann , a vaguely popular student and friend of Erica and Lainey who is a bit of a troublemaker . She is also an on - off girlfriend of Johnny Atkins . ( season 3 - present ) Froy Gutierrez as Benjamin `` Handsome Ben '' Bauman , a highly popular student whom Adam sees as his rival , though Ben is always friendly to him . Quincy Fouse as Taz Money , a popular friend of Adam . ( season 3 ) Lucky : Lucky is an actual dog introduced in season 3 as the Goldberg family pet . Shayne Topp as Matt Bradley ; a punk rocker - turned - Deadhead who becomes the newest member of the JTP , over Barry 's initial objections . Adult Adam 's voice - over later confides that Matt would become Barry 's closest friend after high school . ( season 4 - present ) Rowan Blanchard as Jackie Geary , Adam 's girlfriend who shares his love of science fiction . ( season 4 - present ) . Alison Rich as Valley Erica , Erica 's Valley girl roommate at college ; the two have the same first name , but decidedly different personalities . ( season 5 ) Ken Lerner as Lou Schwartz , Geoff 's father . ( season 5 ) Mindy Sterling as Linda Schwartz , Geoff 's mother . ( season 5 ) Notable guest stars ( edit ) Brec Bassinger as Zoe McIntosh , a girl Adam had a crush on . ( season 1 , episode 1 and season 4 , episode 3 ) Tom Cavanagh as Charles Kremp , Chad 's father . ( season 1 , episode 8 ) Martin Starr as Andre , the local video store clerk who bans Murray after an excessively late rental . ( season 1 ) Thomas Lennon as Taun - Taun Todd , a Star Wars fan that Erica and Adam meet while waiting in line to see Return of the Jedi . ( season 1 , episode 22 ) David Spade as Gus , a sketchy manufacturer of fake IDs . ( season 2 , episode 1 ) Charlie Sheen as the man in the police station , reprising his iconic role from Ferris Bueller 's Day Off . ( season 2 , episode 14 ) Nick Swardson as Rick , a sketchy black market toy dealer . ( season 2 , episode 15 ) Chuck Norris as himself ( voice only ) , who is heard from offscreen reading a letter to Barry . ( season 3 ) Weird Al Yankovic as himself . ( season 3 , episode 15 ) Chad Coleman as Leon , a manager of Spencer 's Gifts store . ( season 4 ) Martin Kove as Master John , reprising his role as Cobra Kai dojo sensei . ( season 4 ) Ilan Mitchell - Smith as Mr. Connelly , the science teacher in the fifth - season premiere episode `` Weird Science . '' Mitchell - Smith portrayed Wyatt Donnelly in the film Weird Science . Bill Goldberg as Nick Mellor , Coach Mellor 's brutish brother . ( Season 5 ) Mike Quick as Coach Fast , an assistant football coach at William Penn . ( Season 5 ) Rick Moranis as Dark Helmet ( voice only ) , reprising his role from the movie Spaceballs . ( Season 5 ) Cameos from real - life counterparts ( edit ) `` Handsome '' Ben Beauman and `` Regular '' Amy Gross as Double Dare Producers Jackie Geary as Jackie 's mother Chad Kremp as a deli worker ( season 1 ) , and as his father ( season 4 ) JC Spink as Joe the Bus Driver R.D. Robb as a photographer Michael C. Levy and Michael Z . Levy as Computer Technicians Rubén Amaro Jr. as Rubén Amaro Sr . Beverly Goldberg , Essie Karp , Virginia Kremp , and Linda Schwartz as a group of elderly friends that Beverly longs to be like The real - life members of JTP ( Barry Goldberg , Matt Bradley , Andy Cogan , Geoff Schwartz , and Rob Smith ) all appear at the end of the episode `` Hail Barry '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Goldbergs episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( in millions ) 23 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 76 6.20 24 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 57 8.37 24 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 57 7.62 24 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) 54 6.97 5 22 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 66 6.26 Production ( edit ) From left to right : Segal , Gentile , McLendon - Covey , Orrantia , and Garlin Casting ( edit ) The project originally received a script commitment from Fox in August 2011 . After Adam Goldberg 's previous show , Breaking In , was canceled , he did not want to wait for another pilot season to arrive and moved it to ABC , who agreed to immediately produce it . On January 11 , 2013 , Wendi McLendon - Covey was cast as the pilot 's lead ; later , Jeff Garlin and George Segal joined the cast . Filming ( edit ) The pilot episode was directed by Seth Gordon . On May 10 , 2013 , ABC picked up the show to series to air in the 2013 -- 14 American television season . It was later picked up for a full season order on November 1 , 2013 . The program is filmed on a series of stages at Sony Pictures Studios . Music ( edit ) The show 's theme song , `` Rewind , '' was written at Goldberg 's request by I Fight Dragons , his favorite band , specifically for the show . A soundtrack , featuring songs performed on the show by the cast members , was released on December 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The Goldbergs pilot received mixed reviews , averaging a score of 52 % on Metacritic based on reviews from 26 critics . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` one of the rare freshman comedies to deliver '' , giving credit to the show 's `` outstanding writing '' and `` strong cast '' . David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote , `` you 'll immediately like everyone in the family and the jokes derive from credible situations '' . Hank Stuever of The Washington Post said the show was `` obnoxiously loud '' . David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said the show is `` just awful '' . Tierney Bricker of E ! News gave a more positive review , saying that the show is `` like Modern Family mixed with A Christmas Story '' . The Goldbergs was included in TV Guide 's 2013 Top Twenty `` Best Shows of the Year '' , along with The Hollywood Reporter and Today . In addition , SpoilerTV awarded The Goldbergs with the honor of Best Comedy of 2013 -- 2014 . The second season had a Rotten Tomatoes score of 100 % fresh with five reviews , and there were many calls from both critics and the public to renew the show for a third season . The show continued to be well received , with Entertainment Weekly calling the season two premiere `` the best of any family comedy on TV in the way it eschews dysfunction for its more appropriate , real - world term : love '' . After the series was renewed for season 3 , ABC network chief Paul Lee stated that both he and ABC believed that the show will be around for `` a long time '' . Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV Season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Nielsen Rating ( 18 - 49 ) Date Premiere Viewers ( in millions ) Premiere 18 - 49 rating / share Date Finale Viewers ( in millions ) Finale 18 - 49 rating / share Tuesday 9 : 00 pm 23 September 24 , 2013 8.94 3.1 / 8 May 13 , 2014 4.26 1.5 / 5 2013 -- 2014 # 76 6.20 N / A Wednesday 8 : 30 pm 24 September 24 , 2014 7.31 2.4 / 6 May 13 , 2015 6.70 2.0 / 7 2014 -- 2015 # 57 8.34 2.8 24 September 23 , 2015 7.62 2.4 / 8 May 18 , 2016 6.39 1.9 / 7 2015 -- 2016 # 57 7.62 2.5 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 24 September 21 , 2016 6.90 2.0 / 8 May 17 , 2017 5.27 1.4 / 6 2016 -- 2017 # 54 6.97 2.1 5 22 September 27 , 2017 6.20 1.8 / 7 May 16 , 2018 5.09 1.2 / 6 2017 -- 2018 # 66 6.26 1.8 Broadcast ( edit ) The Goldbergs originally premiered on ABC on 24 September 2013 . The pilot was made available on Hulu and ABC.com before it premiered on television . In Australia , the show airs on the Seven Network . It has been broadcast in the United Kingdom on E4 since 20 April 2015 , in Ireland on RTÉ2 since 19 October 2015 and in Turkey on DiziSmart since 2015 . In France , the series began broadcasting since 17 October 2015 on Comedie+ . The show has been broadcasting on Neox TV channel in Spain since May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) . In India , the series is aired on Star World . In Germany , the series is aired on the Disney Channel since February 16 , 2016 . In Portugal , the series is aired on Fox Comedy , while in Italy on Italia Uno , Mediaset . Syndication ( edit ) The show went into syndication in September 2017 and began airing on local stations on September 11 , Nick at Nite on September 18 , Pop on September 24 , and will also begin to air on TV Land . Schooled ( edit ) In November 2016 , it was first reported that ABC was developing a spinoff that would centre around recurring character Rick Mellor , played by Bryan Callen . On January 10 , 2017 , Wendi McClendon - Covey 's character was reported as appearing in the script in a guest appearance . The script was ordered to pilot on February 2 , 2017. . On March 16 , 2017 , it was confirmed that Nia Long had been cast as the female lead in the role of Lucy Winston . At the same time it was confirmed that Tim Meadows would reprise his recurring role from The Goldbergs as Andre Glascott . Jay Chandrasekhar was also confirmed to direct . On May 17 , 2017 , ABC passed on the spin - off , despite it reportedly testing very well - going as far to test better than the pilot of the original series . At the same time , Adam F. Goldberg revealed the title of the failed spin - off - `` Schooled '' . On January 8 , 2018 , it was announced that the pilot would air as a special episode of The Goldbergs on January 24 , 2018 , under the episode title The Goldbergs : 1990 - Something . Along with Nia Long as Lucy Winston and Tim Meadows as teacher - turned - principal Andre Glascott ( who is also revealed to be Lucy 's brother ) , the pilot also starred Rachel Crow as Lucy 's rebellious teenage daughter Felicia , and Summer Parker as Felicia 's bubbly younger sister Gigi , with Octavia Spencer narrating as the present - day Felicia . After the pilot aired , Goldberg had expressed hope that the airing would prompt discussions with ABC that could lead to the series being picked up for the 2018 -- 19 TV season . Three months later , on April 16 , 2018 , it was announced that ABC had officially picked up the spinoff , Schooled , for a 13 - episode season slated to air in 2018 . It was also announced that AJ Michalka would reprise her role as Lainey Lewis from The Goldbergs in the new show , but Nia Long will not return to the spinoff due to being a regular cast member on the CBS drama series NCIS : Los Angeles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Announcementsauce : We did the theme song for The Goldbergs on ABC ! '' . Ifightdragons.com . September 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lynette Rice ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC renews ' Nashville , ' ' Scandal , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goldbergs , The ( ABC ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Quantico , and more renewed at ABC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' Gets 2 - Year Renewal By ABC For Seasons 5 & 6 '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pfefferman , Naomi ( September 6 , 2013 ) . `` Meet ' The Goldbergs ' : Adam Goldberg mines his family 's mishegoss for new sitcom '' . Jewish Journal . TRIBE Media Corp . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` TV Review : The Goldbergs '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Michelle `` Wojo '' ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` The Goldbergs Creator Adam F. Goldberg on Sharing His Family with the World '' . Parade . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . He also made one other change -- since it was n't supposed to be his family , he changed his oldest brother , Eric , to a girl , Erica . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 5 - AJ Michalka Not Returning as Series Regular '' . SpoilerTV . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 5 - Sam Lerner promoted to regular '' . Spoiler TV . Spoiler TV . Retrieved 13 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' Boss Talks Time Slots , Plans for John Hughes , New Kids Tributes , More '' . Hollywood Reporter . In the beginning , there were a lot of legal concerns about using real people . So Dana Caldwell is really Amanda Caldwell . Everyone had had concerns that it was so autobiographical . I changed her name , and then she Facebooked me and was happy and excited . That 's my biggest regret : That I did n't use the real person 's name . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Rowan Blanchard Joins The Goldbergs in First Post-Girl Meets World Role '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joyce Eng ( 28 January 2015 ) . `` Goldbergs Exclusive : What ' 80s Toy Is Beverly Trying to Buy From Nick Swardson ? '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` entertainment2016 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` entertainment2017 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Fox To Bring Back ' Breaking In ' With 13 - Ep . Order , Buy New Adam Goldberg Comedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Adam F. Goldberg ' 80s Comedy Moves From Fox To ABC With Production Commitment '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Wendi McLendon - Covey To Star In Adam Goldberg 's 1980s Comedy Pilot At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Jeff Garlin To Star In Adam Goldberg 's 1980s Family Comedy Pilot At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` Maya Kazan Cast In CW Pilot ' Company Town ' , George Segal In ABC 's ' How The Hell ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` ABC Orders 7 Dramas and 5 Comedies , Axes ' Happy Endings ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Orders Full Seasons of ' The Goldbergs , ' ' Trophy Wife ' ; ' Super Fun Night ' Gets 4 More Episodes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Schneider ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` How The Goldbergs and Other New Shows Kept Their Theme Songs '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Mixtape by Various Artists '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( September 24 , 2013 ) . `` The Goldbergs : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 22 , 2013 ) . `` Snarky ' Mom ' seems hip , but ' Goldbergs ' funnier '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' : Back to the ' 80s and totally gagging on ABC '' . The Washington Post . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Trophy Wife ' : TV reviews '' . The New York Daily News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Review : We Totally Want to Be a Part of ABC 's Retro Family '' . E ! News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Pictures - Photo Gallery : The Best TV Shows of 2013 '' . Tvguide.com. 2012 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Goodman 's Best Comedies of 2013 '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Maggie Furlong ( 2013 - 12 - 21 ) . `` 11 breakout hits of the fall TV season - Entertainment '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Last Week in TV - Week of May 18 - Season Awards and Reviews - Mega Version '' . SpoilerTV . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs : Season 2 '' . rottentomatoes.com. 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' season 2 premiere react : Same love , new mixtape '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` The Goldbergs Season 4 ? ABC Eyes ' Long ' Future - Renew Cancel TV '' . 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' , & ' About a Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' , ' Survivor , ' The Middle ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 - 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire , ' ' Goldbergs , ' & ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' & ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` Watch ABC Shows Free Online Fall Comedies '' . Variety . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DIE GOLDBERGS - Trailer - NEU im DISNEY CHANNEL '' . February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Development Update : Tuesday , November 8 - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Development Update : Tuesday , January 10 - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Development Update : Thursday , February 2 - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Development Update : Thursday , March 9 - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam F. Goldberg Twitter '' . Adam F. Goldberg . May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Goldbergs ' 1990s - Set Pilot to Air on ABC '' . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam F. Goldberg Twitter '' . Adam F. Goldberg . May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Goldbergs ' 1990s - Set Spinoff Picked Up to Series at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Goldbergs on IMDb The Goldbergs at TV Guide The Goldbergs Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Related Characters Adam Goldberg Episodes Jenkintown Schooled ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) The Alec Baldwin Show ( since 2018 ) America 's Funniest Home Videos ( since 1989 ) American Housewife ( since 2016 ) American Idol ( since 2018 ) The Bachelor ( since 2002 ) The Bachelor Winter Games ( since 2018 ) The Bachelorette ( 2003 -- 2005 ; since 2008 ) Bachelor in Paradise ( since 2014 ) Bachelor in Paradise : After Paradise ( since 2015 ) Battle of the Network Stars ( since 2017 ) Black - ish ( since 2014 ) Boy Band ( since 2017 ) Celebrity Family Feud ( since 2015 ) Child Support ( since 2018 ) The Crossing ( since 2018 ) Dancing with the Stars ( since 2005 ) For the People ( since 2018 ) Fresh Off the Boat ( since 2015 ) The Goldbergs ( since 2013 ) The Gong Show ( since 2017 ) The Good Doctor ( since 2017 ) The Great American Baking Show ( since 2015 ) The Great Christmas Light Fight ( since 2013 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( since 2005 ) How to Get Away with Murder ( since 2014 ) Match Game ( since 2016 ) Modern Family ( since 2009 ) Quantico ( since 2015 ) Shark Tank ( since 2009 ) Speechless ( since 2016 ) Splitting Up Together ( since 2018 ) Station 19 ( since 2018 ) The Toy Box ( since 2017 ) To Tell the Truth ( since 2016 ) Daytime General Hospital ( since 1963 ) The Chew ( since 2011 ; ending September 2018 ) The View ( since 1997 ) Late night Jimmy Kimmel Live ! ( since 2003 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) News 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) ABC World News Tonight ( since 1953 ) America This Morning ( since 1982 ) Good Morning America ( since 1975 ) Nightline ( since 1980 ) This Week ( since 1981 ) What Would You Do ? ( since 2008 ) World News Now ( since 1992 ) Sports ESPN College Football on ABC Indianapolis 500 IndyCar Series on ABC NBA on ABC ESPN Saturday Night Football WNBA on ESPN Formula One Saturday morning Born to Explore with Richard Wiese Jack Hanna 's Wild Countdown Ocean Mysteries with Jeff Corwin Sea Rescue Upcoming Dancing with the Stars : Juniors ( 2018 ) A Million Little Things ( 2018 ) The Kids Are Alright ( 2018 ) The Rookie ( 2018 ) Single Parents ( 2018 ) Take Two ( 2018 ) Grand Hotel ( 2019 ) The Fix ( 2019 ) Schooled ( 2019 ) Whiskey Cavalier ( 2019 ) Happy Madison Productions Films Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) Little Nicky ( 2000 ) The Animal ( 2001 ) Joe Dirt ( 2001 ) Mr. Deeds ( 2002 ) The Master of Disguise ( 2002 ) Eight Crazy Nights ( 2002 ) The Hot Chick ( 2002 ) Anger Management ( 2003 ) Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star ( 2003 ) 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Deuce Bigalow : European Gigolo ( 2005 ) Grandma 's Boy ( 2006 ) The Benchwarmers ( 2006 ) Click ( 2006 ) I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry ( 2007 ) Reign Over Me ( 2007 ) Strange Wilderness ( 2008 ) The House Bunny ( 2008 ) You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) Bedtime Stories ( 2008 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop ( 2009 ) The Shortcut ( 2009 ) Funny People ( 2009 ) Grown Ups ( 2010 ) Just Go with It ( 2011 ) Zookeeper ( 2011 ) Bucky Larson : Born to Be a Star ( 2011 ) Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) That 's My Boy ( 2012 ) Here Comes the Boom ( 2012 ) Grown Ups 2 ( 2013 ) Blended ( 2014 ) Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 ( 2015 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Joe Dirt 2 : Beautiful Loser ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) Television series Rules of Engagement ( 2007 -- 13 ) The Gong Show with Dave Attell ( 2008 ) Nick Swardson 's Pretend Time ( 2010 -- 11 ) Breaking In ( 2011 -- 12 ) The Goldbergs ( 2013 -- present ) Imaginary Mary ( 2017 ) Key people Adam Sandler Allen Covert Jack Giarraputo Tim Herlihy Heather Parry Sony Pictures Entertainment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Goldbergs_(2013_TV_series)&oldid=842661545 '' Categories : The Goldbergs ( 2013 TV series ) 2013 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms American Broadcasting Company network shows Cultural depictions of people Jenkintown , Pennsylvania English - language television programs Jewish - related television programs Single - camera television sitcoms Television series about families Television series about marriage Television series about siblings Television series by Happy Madison Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series set in the 1980s Television shows featuring audio description Television shows set in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 21 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the voice over in the goldbergs	[ "\nWendi McLendon-Covey as Beverly Goldberg (née Solomon),[3] the overprotective matriarch of the Goldbergs. She frequently injects herself into her children's lives, often to their embarrassment, and is supremely confident in their abilities.\nSean Giambrone as Adam Fredrick Goldberg,[3] the pop-culture obsessed youngest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and geeky, he often films his family's activities on a VHS camcorder. He often ends up having to use his middle initial to distinguish himself from another Adam Goldberg who attends the same school and is also an aspiring filmmaker.\n\nPatton Oswalt voices the adult Adam Goldberg,[7] who narrates the show from the present day.\n\n\nJeff Garlin as Murray Goldberg,[3] the gruff, somewhat asocial patriarch of the Goldbergs. Unlike Beverly, he is realistic about his children's abilities and believes she smothers them too much. Despite his apathetic tendencies at home, he values hard work and has held various full time positions since his teenage years. Though he does not always show affection for his children, calling them morons when they make mistakes or behave in silly ways, he truly cares about them and wants them to learn how to fend for themselves. He runs his father-in-law's furniture business, loves sports, and is often seen lounging in front of his TV in his white briefs.\nTroy Gentile as Barry Norman Goldberg,[3] the overconfident, slightly dim-witted middle child of the Goldbergs. Though seemingly untalented in every way (except in ice hockey and wrestling, at which he excels), he remains highly self-assured while trying to become popular in high school. He is determined to dominate everything he does, including sports; loves rap music; and is the leader of a crew called the Jenkintown Posse (abbreviated JTP, which fellow members repeat whenever the initials are spoken).\nHayley Orrantia as Erica Dorothy Goldberg,[3] the somewhat bad-tempered oldest child of the Goldbergs. Smart and musically gifted but rebellious, she is popular in school and dominant over her younger brothers. As of the fifth season, Erica has left for college at DC. School of the Arts. \"Erica\" is based on Adam's real-life brother, Eric Goldberg.[8]\nGeorge Segal as Albert \"Pops\" Solomon,[3] Beverly's laid-back widower father. Though an elderly man with a number of comic eccentricities, he acts much younger than his age and often gives sage advice to his grandchildren. Adam considers him his best friend. He once owned a successful furniture store called Ottoman Empire that allowed him to retire comfortably, and he now lets his son-in-law Murray run the business.\nAJ Michalka as Lainey Lewis (Season 3–4; recurring 1–2, 5-present),[9] Erica's best friend and one of the most popular girls at school, whom Barry has had a lifelong crush on. To the surprise of many, Lainey kisses Barry at a party in the first-season finale, the two slowly grow closer together in season two, and eventually become an unlikely couple. Following the fourth season, she has gone to attend fashion school in Savannah, Georgia and ended her relationship with Barry. In season 5, she returns to Jenkintown after dropping out along with Erica to start a band. In the final seconds of the season finale she and Barry agree to wed.\nSam Lerner as 'Madman' Geoff Schwartz (Season 5-present; recurring 2-4),[10] one of Barry's best friends. The nickname \"Madman\" is a form of ironic humor, given how well-behaved the character is, especially compared to Barry. He is infatuated with Erica and makes many futile attempts to win her affections. At the end of the third season, he begins dating Evelyn Silver just as Erica realizes she reciprocates Geoff's feelings. He later breaks up with Evey to be with Erica.\n" ]	[ "Patton Oswalt" ]
-2510617675320243172	2018 Major League Baseball All-Star Game	2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game - wikipedia 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Date July 17 , 2018 Venue Nationals Park City Washington , DC Managers A.J. Hinch ( HOU ) Dave Roberts ( LAD ) MVP Alex Bregman ( HOU ) Attendance 43,843 First pitch James McCloughan Television Fox TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci Radio ESPN Radio Radio announcers Jon Sciambi and Chris Singleton ← 2017 Major League Baseball All - Star Game 2019 → The 2018 Major League Baseball All - Star Game was the 89th Major League Baseball All - Star Game . The game was hosted by the Washington Nationals and was played at Nationals Park on July 17 , 2018 . It was televised nationally by Fox . The American League beat the National League 8 -- 6 , in 10 innings . The host city was announced on April 6 , 2015 , by Major League Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred ; it was the fifth All - Star Game in Washington , D.C. , and the first since 1969 , when the second Washington Senators hosted . It was also the first time that the Nationals had hosted the All - Star Game , and the first time that the Nationals franchise had hosted it since 1982 , when the franchise played as the Montreal Expos . The two leagues came into the game with identical 43 -- 43 -- 2 records and both had scored exactly 361 runs each in All - Star Game history . The game also broke a home run record , as ten home runs were hit in the game ; the previous record being six . All but one run was scored by way of a home run . This is the second consecutive game the AL has won in the 10th inning . The national rating for the game was 5.2 , down from 6.5 in 2017 . Contents 1 Fan balloting 1.1 Starters 1.2 Final roster spot 2 Rosters 2.1 National League 2.2 American League 2.2. 1 Roster notes 3 Game summary 3.1 Starting lineup 3.2 Line score 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Fan balloting ( edit ) Starters ( edit ) Balloting began on June 1 and ended on July 5 . As in previous games , the top vote - getters at each position will be the selected starters for their respective positions , barring any suspensions , injuries or other issues . The reserve players are picked in a more convoluted way involving fan votes , players , and Commissioner 's Office . For the fourth year , voting was conducted online exclusively . The results were announced on July 8 . Final roster spot ( edit ) After the rosters were finalized , a second ballot of five players per league was created for the All - Star Final Vote to determine the 32nd and final player of each roster . The online balloting was conducted from July 8 through July 11 . The winners of the All - Star Final Vote were Jean Segura of the American League 's Seattle Mariners and Jesús Aguilar of the National League 's Milwaukee Brewers . National League Player Team Pos . Jesús Aguilar Brewers 1B Brandon Belt Giants 1B Matt Carpenter Cardinals 3B Max Muncy Dodgers 1B Trea Turner Nationals SS American League Player Team Pos . Andrew Benintendi Red Sox OF Eddie Rosario Twins OF Jean Segura Mariners SS Andrelton Simmons Angels SS Giancarlo Stanton Yankees OF Rosters ( edit ) National League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Willson Contreras Cubs 1B Freddie Freeman Braves 2B Javier Báez Cubs 3B Nolan Arenado Rockies SS Brandon Crawford Giants OF Nick Markakis Braves OF Matt Kemp Dodgers OF Bryce Harper Nationals 6 Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Yadier Molina Cardinals 9 Buster Posey Giants 6 J.T. Realmuto Marlins 1B Jesús Aguilar Brewers 1B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks 6 1B Joey Votto Reds 6 2B Ozzie Albies Braves 2B Scooter Gennett Reds 3B Eugenio Suárez Reds SS Trevor Story Rockies OF Charlie Blackmon Rockies OF Lorenzo Cain Brewers OF Christian Yelich Brewers Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Patrick Corbin Diamondbacks Jacob deGrom Mets Sean Doolittle Nationals Mike Foltynewicz Braves Zack Greinke Diamondbacks 5 Josh Hader Brewers Brad Hand Padres Kenley Jansen Dodgers Jeremy Jeffress Brewers Jon Lester Cubs 5 Miles Mikolas Cardinals Aaron Nola Phillies Max Scherzer Nationals 6 Ross Stripling Dodgers Felipe Vázquez Pirates American League ( edit ) Elected starters Position Player Team All - Star Games Salvador Perez Royals 6 1B José Abreu White Sox 2B José Altuve Astros 6 3B José Ramírez Indians SS Manny Machado Orioles OF Mookie Betts Red Sox OF Mike Trout Angels 7 OF Aaron Judge Yankees DH J.D. Martinez Red Sox Reserves Position Player Team All - Star Games Yan Gomes Indians 1B Mitch Moreland Red Sox 2B Jed Lowrie Athletics 2B Gleyber Torres Yankees 3B Alex Bregman Astros SS Francisco Lindor Indians SS Jean Segura Mariners OF Michael Brantley Indians OF Shin - Soo Choo Rangers OF Mitch Haniger Mariners OF George Springer Astros DH Nelson Cruz Mariners 6 Pitchers Player Team All - Star Games Trevor Bauer Indians José Berríos Twins Aroldis Chapman Yankees 5 Gerrit Cole Astros Edwin Díaz Mariners J.A. Happ Blue Jays Joe Jiménez Tigers Craig Kimbrel Red Sox 7 Corey Kluber Indians Charlie Morton Astros Chris Sale Red Sox 7 Luis Severino Yankees Blake Snell Rays Blake Treinen Athletics Justin Verlander Astros 7 Roster notes ( edit ) Trevor Bauer was named as the roster replacement for Justin Verlander due to Verlander starting on Sunday . Yadier Molina was named as the roster replacement for Buster Posey due to injury . Jed Lowrie was named as the roster replacement for Gleyber Torres due to injury . Ross Stripling was named as the roster replacement for Miles Mikolas due to Mikolas starting on Sunday . Zack Greinke was named as the roster replacement for Jon Lester due to Lester starting on Sunday . Jeremy Jeffress was named as the roster replacement for Sean Doolittle due to injury . Blake Snell was named as the roster replacement for Corey Kluber due to injury . Charlie Morton was named as the roster replacement for Aroldis Chapman due to injury . Salvador Pérez was named starter in place of Wilson Ramos due to injury . Yan Gomes was named as the roster replacement for Wilson Ramos due to injury . # : Indicates player would not play ( replaced as per reference notes above ) . Game summary ( edit ) Starting lineup ( edit ) National Order Player Team Position Javier Báez Cubs 2B Nolan Arenado Rockies 3B Paul Goldschmidt Diamondbacks DH Freddie Freeman Braves 1B 5 Matt Kemp Dodgers LF 6 Bryce Harper Nationals CF 7 Nick Markakis Braves RF 8 Brandon Crawford Giants SS 9 Willson Contreras Cubs Max Scherzer Nationals American Order Player Team Position Mookie Betts Red Sox RF José Altuve Astros 2B Mike Trout Angels CF J.D. Martinez Red Sox DH 5 José Ramírez Indians 3B 6 Aaron Judge Yankees LF 7 Manny Machado Orioles SS 8 José Abreu White Sox 1B 9 Salvador Pérez Royals Chris Sale Red Sox Line score ( edit ) Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 8 : 23 pm ( EDT ) Nationals Park in Washington , D.C. Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 American League 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 13 0 National League 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 Starting pitchers : AL : Chris Sale NL : Max Scherzer WP : Edwin Díaz ( 1 -- 0 ) LP : Ross Stripling ( 0 -- 1 ) Sv : J.A. Happ ( 1 ) Home runs : AL : Aaron Judge ( 1 ) , Mike Trout ( 1 ) , Jean Segura ( 1 ) , Alex Bregman ( 1 ) , George Springer ( 1 ) NL : Willson Contreras ( 1 ) , Trevor Story ( 1 ) , Christian Yelich ( 1 ) , Scooter Gennett ( 1 ) , Joey Votto ( 1 ) Attendance : 43,843 . Time : 3 : 34 . Umpires : HP -- Ted Barrett ( crew chief ) ; 1B -- Jim Reynolds ; 2B -- Alfonso Márquez ; 3B -- Andy Fletcher ; LF -- Mike Muchlinski ; RF -- Cory Blaser ; Replay Official -- Marvin Hudson See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball All - Star Games Major League Baseball All - Star Game Most Valuable Player Award All - Star Futures Game Home Run Derby References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park draws 2018 All - Star Game '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Asheville , North Carolina . April 7 , 2015 . p . C3 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 -- via newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Double TV coverage set for Cards - Cubs game Sunday '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Ballot '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Voting ends July 5 , 2018 at 11 : 59 p.m. ET . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game roster rules FAQ '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Riveting All - Stars earn their stripes for DC trip '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.mlb.com/news/final-vote-has-two-asg-spots-up-for-grabs/c-284892562 Jump up ^ Adler , David . `` Segura , Aguilar win MLB Final Vote '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 : 15 p.m. Sun : Five Indians , one Pirate make all - star squads '' . Tribtoday.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yadier Molina added to NL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Lowrie named to first All - Star team '' . MLB.com . July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stripling added to NL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greinke to replace Lester on NL All - Star roster '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeffress becomes fifth Brewer on All - Star team '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Snell , Morton named to AL All - Star roster '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Salvy replacing Ramos as AL 's starting catcher '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tribe catcher Gomes added to AL All - Star team '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Umpires , coaches & official scorers announced for 2018 All - Star Game '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Chesterton , Eric ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` MLB unveiled the 2018 All - Star Game uniforms , and they 're spectacular '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . `` Check Out New Era 's Eye - Popping Hat Collection For 2018 MLB All - Star Game '' . NESN . July 14 , 2018 . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . 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Sports competitions in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2018 Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 15 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where's the 2018 major league baseball all-star game being played	[ "\nTuesday, July 17, 2018 8:23 pm (EDT) Nationals Park in Washington, D. C. \n\n\nTeam\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\nR\nH\nE\n\n\nAmerican League\n0\n1\n1\n0\n0\n0\n0\n3\n0\n3\n8\n13\n0\n\n\nNational League\n0\n0\n1\n0\n0\n0\n1\n1\n2\n1\n6\n7\n1\n\n\nStarting pitchers:AL: Chris SaleNL: Max ScherzerWP: Edwin Díaz (1–0) LP: Ross Stripling (0–1) Sv: J. A. Happ (1)Home runs:AL: Aaron Judge (1), Mike Trout (1), Jean Segura (1), Alex Bregman (1), George Springer (1)NL: Willson Contreras (1), Trevor Story (1), Christian Yelich (1), Scooter Gennett (1), Joey Votto (1)Attendance: 43,843. Time: 3:34.Umpires: HP – Ted Barrett (crew chief); 1B – Jim Reynolds; 2B – Alfonso Márquez; 3B – Andy Fletcher; LF – Mike Muchlinski; RF – Cory Blaser; Replay Official – Marvin Hudson [17] \n" ]	[ "Nationals Park in Washington, D. C." ]
-3463915498826692961	List of Test cricket hat-tricks	List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia List of Test cricket hat - tricks Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 . In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick . A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match . Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings . In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test hat - tricks 2 By team 3 See also 4 References 4.1 General 4.2 Specific Test hat - tricks ( edit ) Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . Key Symbol Meaning Bowler The name of the bowler For The team for which the bowler was playing Against The team against which the bowler was playing Inn . The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved Test The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams Dismissals The three players dismissed by the bowler Venue The venue where the hat - trick was achieved Date The date on which the hat - trick was achieved Ref . Reference List of Test cricket hat - tricks No . Bowler For Against Inn . Test Dismissals Venue Date Ref . Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth Australia England 1 / 1 Vernon Royle ( b ) Francis MacKinnon ( b ) Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 2 January 1879 Bates , Billy Billy Bates England Australia 2 / 3 Percy McDonnell ( b ) George Giffen ( c and b ) George Bonnor ( c Walter Read ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 20 January 1883 Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs England Australia 2 / 3 Walter Giffen ( b ) Jack Blackham ( lbw ) Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 February 1892 Lohmann , George George Lohmann England South Africa 1 / 3 Frederick Cook ( b ) Bonnor Middleton ( b ) Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward ) St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth 14 February 1896 Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne England Australia 3 / 5 Clem Hill ( b ) Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren ) Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji ) Headingley , Leeds 30 June 1899 6 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 2 / 5 John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones ) Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling ) Sydney Barnes ( c and b ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 4 January 1902 7 Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble Australia England 5 / 5 Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs ) Plum Warner ( c and b ) Dick Lilley ( lbw ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 8 March 1904 8 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Rolland Beaumont ( b ) Sid Pegler ( lbw ) Tommy Ward ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 9 Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews Australia South Africa 1 / 3 Herbie Taylor ( b ) Reggie Schwarz ( c and b ) Tommy Ward ( c and b ) Old Trafford , Manchester 28 May 1912 10 Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom England New Zealand 1 / 4 Tom Lowry ( lbw ) Ken James ( c Tich Cornford ) Ted Badcock ( b ) Lancaster Park , Christchurch 10 January 1930 11 Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard England South Africa 1 / 5 Dudley Nourse ( c and b ) Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames ) Billy Wade ( b ) Old Wanderers , Johannesburg 26 December 1938 12 Loader , Peter Peter Loader England West Indies 4 / 5 John Goddard ( b ) Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman ) Roy Gilchrist ( b ) Headingley , Leeds 25 July 1957 13 Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline Australia South Africa 2 / 5 Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud ) Hugh Tayfield ( lbw ) Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson ) Newlands , Cape Town 3 January 1958 14 Hall , Wes Wes Hall West Indies Pakistan 3 / 3 Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw ) Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers ) Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b ) Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore 29 March 1959 15 Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin South Africa England 2 / 5 M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite ) Peter Walker ( b ) Fred Trueman ( b ) Lord 's , London 24 June 1960 16 Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs West Indies Australia 4 / 5 Ken Mackay ( lbw ) Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers ) Frank Misson ( b ) Adelaide Oval , Adelaide 30 January 1961 17 Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick New Zealand Pakistan 1 / 3 Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee ) Wasim Raja ( c and b ) Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 9 October 1976 18 Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh West Indies Australia 1 & 2 1 / 5 Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards ) Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper ) Graeme Wood ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 18 -- 20 November 1988 19 Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes Australia West Indies 1 & 2 2 / 5 Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy ) Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide ) Gordon Greenidge ( lbw ) WACA , Perth 3 -- 4 December 1988 20 Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming Australia Pakistan 2 / 3 Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan ) Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw ) Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy ) Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi 9 October 1994 21 Warne , Shane Shane Warne Australia England 2 / 5 Phil DeFreitas ( lbw ) Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy ) Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon ) Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne 29 December 1994 22 Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork England West Indies 4 / 6 Richie Richardson ( b ) Junior Murray ( lbw ) Carl Hooper ( lbw ) Old Trafford , Manchester 30 July 1995 23 Gough , Darren Darren Gough England Australia 5 / 5 Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Colin Miller ( b ) Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney 2 January 1999 24 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 4 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b ) Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 6 March 1999 25 Wasim Akram Pakistan Sri Lanka 4 / 4 Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi ) Chaminda Vaas ( b ) Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 14 March 1999 26 Nuwan Zoysa Sri Lanka Zimbabwe 2 / 3 Trevor Gripper ( lbw ) Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana ) Neil Johnson ( lbw ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 26 November 1999 27 Abdul Razzaq Pakistan Sri Lanka 2 / 3 Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan ) Rangana Herath ( lbw ) Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 21 June 2000 28 McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath Australia West Indies 2 / 5 Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting ) Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill ) Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer ) WACA , Perth 1 December 2000 29 Harbhajan Singh India Australia 2 / 3 Ricky Ponting ( lbw ) Adam Gilchrist ( lbw ) Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh ) Eden Gardens , Calcutta 11 March 2001 30 Mohammad Sami Pakistan Sri Lanka 3 / 3 Charitha Buddhika ( lbw ) Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw ) Muttiah Muralitharan ( b ) Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore 8 March 2002 31 Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson West Indies Australia 1 & 2 3 / 4 Brett Lee ( b ) Stuart MacGill ( b ) Justin Langer ( lbw ) Kensington Oval , Bridgetown 2 -- 5 May 2003 32 Alok Kapali Bangladesh Pakistan 2 / 3 Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza ) Danish Kaneria ( lbw ) Umar Gul ( lbw ) Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar 29 August 2003 33 Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut Zimbabwe Bangladesh 1 / 2 Hannan Sarkar ( lbw ) Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) ) Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu ) Harare Sports Club , Harare 22 February 2004 34 Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard England West Indies 3 / 4 Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles ) Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw ) Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff ) Kensington Oval , Barbados 3 April 2004 35 Franklin , James James Franklin New Zealand Bangladesh 1 / 2 Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum ) Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris ) Tapash Baisya ( b ) Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka 20 October 2004 36 Irfan Pathan India Pakistan 3 / 3 Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid ) Younis Khan ( lbw ) Mohammad Yousuf ( b ) National Stadium , Karachi 29 January 2006 37 Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom England New Zealand 1 / 3 Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook ) Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook ) Jacob Oram ( lbw ) Seddon Park , Hamilton 8 March 2008 38 Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle Australia England 1 / 5 Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson ) Matt Prior ( b ) Stuart Broad ( lbw ) Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane 25 November 2010 39 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England India 2 / 4 Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson ) Harbhajan Singh ( lbw ) Praveen Kumar ( b ) Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire 30 July 2011 40 Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi Bangladesh New Zealand 1 / 2 Corey Anderson ( lbw ) BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim ) Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan ) Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong 13 October 2013 41 Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad England Sri Lanka 2 / 2 Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell ) Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook ) Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior ) Headingley , Leeds 20 June 2014 42 Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Australia 2 / 3 Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne ) Peter Nevill ( lbw ) Mitchell Starc ( lbw ) Galle International Stadium , Galle 5 August 2016 43 Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali England South Africa 3 / 4 Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes ) Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes ) Morné Morkel ( lbw ) The Oval , London 31 July 2017 By team ( edit ) England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) . Test hat - tricks by team Team Hat - tricks England 14 Australia 11 Pakistan West Indies Bangladesh India Sri Lanka New Zealand South Africa Zimbabwe See also ( edit ) List of One Day International cricket hat - tricks List of Twenty20 International cricket hat - tricks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament − 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series − 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : Cricket - related lists Test cricket hat - trick takers Test cricket records Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 03 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the only bowler who have taken hattrick in both innings of a test match	[ "A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]" ]	[ "Jimmy Matthews" ]
-5462028170332767704	Downton Abbey	Downton Abbey - wikipedia Downton Abbey Jump to : navigation , search Downton Abbey Genre Historical period drama Created by Julian Fellowes Written by Julian Fellowes Shelagh Stephenson Tina Pepler Directed by Brian Percival Ben Bolt Brian Kelly Andy Goddard James Strong Ashley Pearce Starring See List of Downton Abbey main cast Opening theme `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' Composer ( s ) John Lunn Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 6 No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Julian Fellowes Gareth Neame Rebecca Eaton Producer ( s ) Liz Trubridge ( series producer ) Nigel Marchant Location ( s ) Highclere Castle Cinematography David Katznelson ( series 1 ) Gavin Struthers ( series 2 ) Editor ( s ) John Wilson Steve Singleton Mike Jones Camera setup Single - camera Running time Regular episodes : 47 -- 53 minutes Extended episodes : 64 -- 72 minutes Christmas specials : 92 -- 93 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios Carnival Films Masterpiece NBCUniversal WGBH Boston Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network ITV ( UK ) PBS ( US ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release 26 September 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) -- 25 December 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 25 ) External links Website www.itv.com/downtonabbey Downton Abbey is a historical period drama television series created by Julian Fellowes and co-produced by Carnival Films and Masterpiece . It first aired on ITV in the United Kingdom on 26 September 2010 , and on PBS in the United States on 9 January 2011 as part of the Masterpiece Classic anthology . The series , set in the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey between 1912 and 1926 , depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their domestic servants in the post-Edwardian era -- with the great events in history having an effect on their lives and on the British social hierarchy . Events depicted throughout the series include news of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in the first series ; the outbreak of the First World War , the Spanish influenza pandemic , and the Marconi scandal in the second series ; the Irish War of Independence leading to the formation of the Irish Free State in the third series ; the Teapot Dome scandal in the fourth series ; and the British general election of 1923 , the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , and the Beer Hall Putsch in the fifth series . The sixth and final series introduces the rise of the working class during the interwar period and hints towards the eventual decline of the British aristocracy . Downton Abbey has received acclaim from television critics and won numerous accolades , including a Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries or Movie . It was recognised by Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaimed English - language television series of 2011 . It earned the most nominations of any international television series in the history of the Primetime Emmy Awards , with twenty - seven in total ( after two series ) . It was the most watched television series on both ITV and PBS , and subsequently became the most successful British costume drama series since the 1981 television serial of Brideshead Revisited . By the third series , it had become one of the most widely watched television drama shows in the world . On 26 March 2015 , Carnival Films and ITV announced that the sixth series would be the last . It aired on ITV between 20 September 2015 and 8 November 2015 . The final episode , serving as the annual Christmas special , was broadcast on 25 December 2015 . Although there are no plans in place , there are strong rumours of a future film adaptation , with executive producer Gareth Neame saying that he was `` very interested '' and bookmakers Ladbrokes stating that `` it only looks like being a matter of time before the film is released '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 1.1 Series 1 : 2010 1.2 Series 2 : 2011 1.3 Series 3 : 2012 1.4 Series 4 : 2013 1.5 Series 5 : 2014 1.6 Series 6 : 2015 2 Crawley family 3 Cast 4 Production 4.1 Locations 4.2 Opening 5 Broadcasts 5.1 United Kingdom 5.2 United States 5.3 Canada 5.4 Australia and New Zealand 5.5 Ireland 6 Reception 6.1 Awards and nominations 6.2 Anti-Irish allegations 6.3 Allegations of anti-Catholicism 6.4 Authenticity 7 DVD , Blu - ray and streaming video releases 7.1 Streaming 7.2 Blu - ray and DVD 8 Soundtrack 8.1 Track listing 9 Cultural impact 10 Other media 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Main article : List of Downton Abbey episodes Series 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 1 ) The first series , comprising seven episodes , explores the lives of the fictional Crawley family , the hereditary Earls of Grantham , and their domestic servants beginning the day after the historic sinking of the RMS Titanic on 14 / 15 April 1912 . The storyline centres on the fee tail or `` entail '' governing the titled elite , which endows title and estate exclusively to heirs male . As part of the backstory , the main character , Robert , Earl of Grantham , had resolved past financial difficulties by marrying Cora Levinson , an American heiress . Her considerable dowry is contractually incorporated into the comital entail in perpetuity . Robert and Cora have three daughters and no sons . As the eldest daughter , Lady Mary Crawley was to marry her second cousin , son of the then - heir presumptive . The first episode begins as news reaches Downton Abbey that both Grantham heirs perished in the sinking of the Titanic . A distant male cousin , solicitor Matthew Crawley , is from an upper - middle - class family -- as his mother reminds him in episode one of series one . Matthew Crawley becomes the new heir . The plot centres on the relationship between Lady Mary and Matthew , who resists embracing an aristocratic lifestyle . A subplot involves John Bates , Lord Grantham 's new valet , and Thomas Barrow , who resents Bates replacing him and causing Barrow to be demoted back to footman . Bates and Thomas remain at odds as Barrow works to sabotage Bates after learning he was recently released from jail for theft . In the story line , Barrow , a gay man in late Edwardian England , aided by Miss O'Brien , Lady Grantham 's maid , creates havoc for most of the staff . Barrow is caught stealing but hands in his notice as he has joined the Royal Army Medical Corps . Matthew eventually falls in love with Lady Mary , but she rejects his proposal . Cora becomes pregnant , but miscarries after O'Brien , mistakenly believing she was to be fired , retaliates by leaving a bar of soap on the slippery bathroom floor . The series ends just after the Archduke Franz Ferdinand 's assassination and the outbreak of the First World War in July 1914 . Series 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 2 ) The second series comprises eight episodes and runs from the Battle of the Somme in 1916 to the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic . During the war , Downton Abbey is temporarily converted into an officers ' convalescent hospital . Matthew becomes engaged to Lavinia Swire , a wealthy solicitor 's daughter , and joins the British Army as an officer . William Mason , the 2nd footman , finally gets permission from his father to join the Army and becomes Matthew 's soldier servant . Unfortunately , both are injured in a bomb blast . William dies from his wounds after a deathbed marriage to Daisy , the kitchen maid . Daisy never loved William but Mrs Patmore , Downton 's cook , pressured her to make William 's last days happy by marrying him . Mary finally acknowledges her feelings for Matthew , but becomes engaged to Sir Richard Carlisle , a powerful and ruthless newspaper mogul . Their relationship is rocky , but Mary is bound to Carlisle after he squashes a story regarding her past scandalous indiscretion . Bates 's wife , Vera , repeatedly causes trouble for John and Anna , who is now his fiancée , and threatens to expose a Crawley secret . When Mrs Bates mysteriously dies , Bates is arrested on suspicion of her murder . Matthew and Mary realise they are in love but Matthew honourably remains committed to marrying Lavinia . Unknown to him , a devastated Lavinia overhears Matthew and Mary declare their love . The Spanish influenza epidemic hits Downton Abbey at the end of the war . Cora , taken seriously ill , survives , but Lavinia , also infected , dies . Barrow is rehired at Downton after helping the staff during the outbreak . Mary and Matthew reunite , while Bates is found guilty of murder and sentenced to death . Lady Sybil , the youngest Crawley daughter , who hated her stifling aristocratic life , falls in love with Tom Branson , the chauffeur with strong socialist beliefs . They elope to Ireland after receiving Lord Grantham 's reluctant blessing . Ethel Parks , a new housemaid , has a relationship with one of the injured officers , Major Bryant . Mrs Hughes finds them together in bed and dismisses Ethel , but takes pity on her and helps her when Ethel realises that she is pregnant . She has a baby boy and names him Charlie after his father , but Major Bryant refuses to believe that he is the baby 's father . Series 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 3 ) In the third series , 1920 -- 1921 , Mary has ended her engagement to Richard Carlisle , despite his vindictive threats to expose her past indiscretion . Mary and Matthew are married in the series première , but Robert ( Lord Grantham ) learns that the bulk of the family 's fortune ( including Cora 's dowry ) has been lost , due to his well - intentioned , but bad investment . In the meantime , Edith has fallen hard for Sir Anthony Strallen , whom Robert discourages from marrying Edith due to his age and infirm condition . At Edith 's insistence , Robert gives in and welcomes Sir Anthony , but the latter can not accept the fact that there is no reservation from the Grantham family , and at the altar on their wedding day announces that he can not go through with the marriage , devastating Edith . Meanwhile , due to dislike and increasing tension , Bates ' cellmate tries to sabotage him with a crime that will ruin his chances for a pardon , but Bates is informed by a fellow prisoner about the search , which results in the guards not finding what they are seeking . Back at Downton , Mrs Hughes finds out she may have breast cancer , which only some of the household hear about , causing deep concern , but the tumour turns out to be benign , much to everyone 's relief . Tom Branson and Lady Sybil , now pregnant , return to Downton after Tom is implicated in the burning of an Irish aristocrat 's house . After Matthew 's reluctance to accept an inheritance from Lavinia 's recently deceased father and then Robert 's reluctance in turn to accept that inheritance as a gift , Matthew and Robert reach a compromise in which Matthew accepts and uses the inheritance to invest in Downton , giving him an equal say in how the estate is run . Tragedy strikes when Sybil dies from pre-eclampsia , shortly after giving birth . Tom , devastated , names his daughter Sybil , after his late wife . Bates is released from prison after Anna uncovers evidence clearing him of his wife 's murder . Tom becomes the new estate agent at the suggestion of Dowager Countess Violet . Barrow and Miss O'Brien have a falling out , after which O'Brien leads Barrow to believe that Jimmy , the new footman , is sexually attracted to him . Barrow enters Jimmy 's room and kisses him while he is sleeping , which wakes him up shocked and confused . In the end , Lord Grantham defuses the situation . The family visits Lady Violet 's niece Susan and her husband `` Shrimpie '' , the Marquess of Flintshire , in Scotland , while awaiting the birth of Matthew and Lady Mary 's baby . The Marquess confides to Robert that the estate is bankrupt and will be sold , making Robert recognise that Downton has been saved through Matthew and Tom 's efforts to modernise . Mary gives birth to the new heir , but Matthew dies in a car crash while driving home from the hospital . Series 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 4 ) In series four , 1922 -- 1923 , Cora 's maid Miss O'Brien , desiring adventure and travel , leaves to serve Lady Flintshire in India . Cora hires Edna Braithwaite , who had previously been fired for her interest in Tom . Eventually the situation blows up , and Edna is replaced by Miss Baxter . Lady Mary deeply mourns Matthew 's death . Matthew 's newly - found will states Mary is to be his sole heir and thus gives her management over his share of the estate until their son , George , comes of age . With Tom 's encouragement , Mary assumes a more active role in running Downton . Two new suitors -- Lord Gillingham and Charles Blake -- arrive at Downton , though Mary , still grieving , is not interested . Middle daughter Lady Edith , who has begun writing a weekly newspaper column , and Michael Gregson , her editor , fall in love . Due to British law , he is unable to divorce his wife , who is mentally ill and in an asylum . Gregson travels to Germany to seek citizenship there , enabling him to divorce , but is killed by Hitler 's Brownshirts during riots . Edith is left pregnant and with help from her paternal aunt , Lady Rosamund , secretly gives birth to a daughter . She intends to give her up for adoption in Switzerland and places the baby with adoptive parents , but reclaims her after arranging a new adoptive family on the estate . Mr and Mrs Drewe of Yew Tree Farm take the baby in and raise her as their own . Anna is raped by Lord Gillingham 's valet , Mr Green , which Mr Bates later discovers . Subsequently , Mr Green is killed in a London street accident . A local schoolteacher , Sarah Bunting and Tom begin a friendship , though Robert ( Lord Grantham ) despises her due to her openly vocal anti-aristocracy views . In the final Christmas special , Sampson , a card sharp , steals a letter from the Prince of Wales to his mistress , Rose 's friend Freda Ward , which , if made public , would create a scandal ; the entire Crawley family connives to retrieve it , though it is Bates who extracts the letter from Sampson 's overcoat , and it is returned to Mrs Ward . Series 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 5 ) In series five , 1924 , a Russian exile , Prince Kuragin , wishes to renew his past affections for the Dowager Countess . Violet instead locates his wife in Hong Kong and reunites the Prince and his estranged wife . Scotland Yard and the local police investigate Green 's death . Violet learns about Edith 's daughter , young Marigold . Meanwhile , Mrs Drewe , not knowing Marigold 's true parentage , resents Edith 's constant visits . To increase his chances with Mary , Charles Blake plots to reunite Gillingham and his ex-fiancée , Mabel . After Edith inherits Michael Gregson 's publishing company , she removes Marigold from the Drewes and relocates to London . Bricker , an art expert interested in one of Downton 's paintings , shows his real intentions toward Cora and is thrown out by Robert , causing a temporary rift between them . Mrs Patmore 's decision to invest her inheritance in real estate inspires Carson , Downton 's butler , to do likewise . He suggests that head housekeeper Mrs Hughes invest with him ; she confesses she has no money due to supporting a mentally incapacitated sister . The Crawleys ' cousin , Lady Rose , daughter of Lord and Lady Flintshire , becomes engaged to Atticus Aldridge , son of Lord and Lady Sinderby . Lord Sinderby strongly objects to Atticus ' marrying outside the Jewish faith . Lord Merton proposes to Isobel Crawley ( Matthew 's mother ) . She accepts , but later ends the engagement due to Lord Merton 's sons ' disparaging comments over her commoner background . Lady Flintshire employs underhanded schemes to derail Rose and Atticus 's engagement , including announcing to everyone at the wedding that she and her husband are divorcing , intending to cause a scandal to stop Rose 's marriage to Atticus ; they are married anyway . When Anna is arrested on suspicion of Green 's murder , Bates writes a false confession before fleeing to Ireland . Miss Baxter and Molesley , a footman , are able to prove that Bates was in York at the time of the murder . This new information allows Anna to be released . Cora eventually learns the truth about Marigold , and wants her raised at Downton ; Marigold is presented as Edith 's ward , but Robert and Tom eventually discern the truth : only Mary is unaware . When a war memorial is unveiled in the town , Robert arranges for a separate plaque to honour Mrs Patmore 's late nephew , who was shot for cowardice and excluded from his own village 's memorial . Lord and Lady Sinderby invite the Crawleys to their country estate for a shooting party . While there , Lady Rose , with help from the Crawleys , defuses a near -- personal disaster for Lord Sinderby , earning his gratitude and securing his approval of Rose . A second footman , Andy , is hired on Barrow 's recommendation . During the annual Downton Abbey Christmas celebration , Tom Branson announces he is moving to America to work for his cousin , taking daughter Sybil with him . Mr Carson proposes marriage to Mrs Hughes and she accepts . Series 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Downton Abbey ( series 6 ) In series six , 1925 , changes are once again afoot at Downton Abbey as the middle class rises and more bankrupted aristocrats are forced to sell off their large estates . Downton must do more to ensure its future survival ; reductions in staff are considered , forcing Barrow to look for a job elsewhere . Lady Mary defies a blackmailer , who is thwarted by Lord Grantham . Lady Mary becomes the estate agent . Edith is more hands - on in running her magazine and hires a female editor . Lady Violet and Isobel once again draw battle lines as a government take - over of the local hospital is considered . Meanwhile , Anna suffers repeated miscarriages . Lady Mary takes her to a specialist , who diagnoses a treatable condition , and she becomes pregnant again . Mr Carson and Mrs Hughes hold their wedding reception at the schoolhouse , during which Tom Branson reappears with Sybil , having returned to Downton for good . Coyle , who tricked Baxter into stealing , is convicted after she and other witnesses are persuaded to testify . After Mrs Drewe kidnaps Marigold when Edith is not looking , the Drewes vacate Yew Tree Farm ; Daisy convinces Tom Branson to ask Lord Grantham to give her father - in - law , Mr Mason , the tenancy . Andy , a footman , offers to help Mr Mason so he can learn about farming , but is held back by his illiteracy ; Mr Barrow offers to teach Andy to read . Robert suffers a near - fatal health crisis . Previous episodes alluded to health problems for Robert ; his ulcer bursts and he is rushed to the hospital for emergency surgery . The operation is successful , but Mary and Tom must take over Downton 's operations . Larry Merton 's fiancée , Amelia , encourages Lord Merton and Isobel Crawley to renew their engagement , but Lady Violet rightly suspects Amelia wants Isobel to be Lord Merton 's caretaker in his old age . Daisy and Mr Molesley score high marks on their academic exams ; Molesley 's are so exceptional that he is offered a teaching position at the school . Mary breaks off with Henry Talbot , unable to live with the constant fear he could be killed in a car race . Bertie Pelham proposes to Edith , but she hesitates to accept because of Marigold . Lady Violet , upset over Lady Grantham replacing her as hospital president , abruptly departs for a long cruise to restore her equanimity . Bertie Pelham unexpectedly succeeds his late second cousin as marquess , and Edith accepts him . Then Mary spitefully exposes Marigold 's parentage , causing Bertie to walk out . Tom confronts Mary over her spitefulness and her true feelings for Henry . Despondent Barrow attempts suicide , and is saved by Baxter , causing Robert and Mr Carson to reconsider Barrow 's position at Downton . Mary and Henry reunite and are married . Mary apologises to Edith , and the sisters reconcile . Mrs Patmore 's new bed and breakfast business is tainted by scandal , but saved when the Crawleys appear there publicly . Mary arranges a surprise meeting for Edith and Bertie , Bertie proposes again , and Edith accepts . Edith tells Bertie 's moralistic mother about Marigold ; she turns against the match , but is won over after all by Edith 's honesty . Barrow finds a position as butler and leaves Downton on good terms , but he is unhappy at his new post . Lord Merton is diagnosed with terminal pernicious anemia , and Amelia blocks Isobel from seeing him . Goaded by Lady Violet , Isobel pushes into the Merton house , and announces she will take Lord Merton away and marry him -- to his delight . Lord Merton is later correctly diagnosed with non-fatal anemia . Robert resents Cora 's frequent absences as the hospital president , but eventually comes to admire her ability . Henry and Tom go into business together selling cars , while Mary announces her pregnancy . Molesley accepts a permanent teaching position and he and Miss Baxter promise to continue seeing each other . Daisy and Andy finally acknowledge their feelings ; Daisy decides to move to the farm with her father - in - law . Carson develops palsy and must retire . Lord Grantham suggests Barrow return as butler , with Carson in an oversight role . Edith and Bertie are married on New Year 's Eve . Lady Rose and Atticus return for the wedding . Anna goes into labour during the reception , and she and Bates become parents to a healthy son . Crawley family ( edit ) The series is set in fictional Downton Abbey , a Yorkshire country house , which is the home and seat of the Earl and Countess of Grantham , along with their children and distant family members . Each series follows the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family , their friends , and their servants during the reign of King George V . 3rd Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) younger son wife 4th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) son wife 5th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Countess of Grantham ( deceased ) son wife younger son wife 6th Earl of Grantham ( deceased ) Violet Crawley , Dowager Countess of Grantham Isidore Levinson ( deceased ) Martha Levinson Roberta husband Dr. Reginald Crawley ( deceased ) Isobel Grey ( formerly Mrs. Crawley , née Turnbull ) Baroness Merton Richard `` Dickie '' Grey Baron Merton James Crawley 1st heir presumptive ( presumed dead ) wife Lady Rosamund Painswick ( née Crawley ) Marmaduke Painswick ( deceased ) Robert Crawley , 7th Earl of Grantham Cora Crawley , Countess of Grantham ( née Levinson ) Harold Levinson Susan MacClare , Former Marchioness of Flintshire Hugh `` Shrimpie '' MacClare , Marquess of Flintshire Patrick Crawley 2nd heir presumptive ( presumed dead ) Matthew Crawley 3rd heir presumptive ( deceased ) Lady Mary Talbot ( née Crawley ) Henry Talbot Michael Gregson ( deceased ) Edith Pelham ( née Lady Edith Crawley ) Marchioness of Hexam Herbert `` Bertie '' Pelham 5th Marquess of Hexham Tom Branson Lady Sybil Branson ( deceased ) The Hon Atticus Aldridge Lady Rose Aldridge ( née MacClare ) James MacClare Lady Abigail ( née MacClare ) George Crawley 4th heir presumptive ? Marigold Crawley Illegitimate Sybil Branson Victoria Aldridge Fictional coat of arms of the Earl of Grantham , as depicted above the `` Grantham Arms '' pub . Inspired by the alliance crest of Herbert - Molyneux - Howard Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Downton Abbey characters The main cast of the Crawley family is led by Hugh Bonneville as Robert Crawley , the Earl of Grantham , and Elizabeth McGovern as his wife Cora Crawley , the Countess of Grantham . Their three daughters are depicted by Michelle Dockery as Lady Mary Crawley , Laura Carmichael as Lady Edith Crawley and Jessica Brown Findlay as Lady Sybil Crawley ( Branson ) . Maggie Smith is Robert Crawley 's mother Violet , Dowager Countess of Grantham . Samantha Bond portrays Lady Rosamund Painswick , Robert 's sister who resides in Belgrave Square , London . Dan Stevens portrays Matthew Crawley , the new heir , along with Penelope Wilton as his mother , Isobel Crawley , who are brought to Downton . Allen Leech begins the series as Tom Branson the chauffeur but falls in love with Lady Sybil , marries her and becomes the agent for the estate . Joining the cast in series three is Lily James as the Lady Rose MacClare ( Aldridge ) , a second cousin through Violet 's family , who is sent to live with the Crawleys because her parents are serving the empire in India and , later , remains there because of family problems . David Robb portrays Dr. Richard Clarkson , the local town doctor . Other suitors for Lady Mary 's affections during the series include Tom Cullen as Lord Gillingham , Julian Ovenden as Charles Blake , and Matthew Goode as Henry Talbot . Downton Abbey 's senior staff are portrayed by Jim Carter as Mr Carson , the butler , and Phyllis Logan as Mrs Hughes , the housekeeper . Tensions rise when Rob James - Collier , portraying Mr Barrow , a valet and footman , along with Siobhan Finneran as Miss O'Brien , the personal maid to the Countess of Grantham ( up to series three ) , plot against Brendan Coyle as Mr Bates , the valet to the Earl of Grantham , and his love interest and eventual wife , Anna ( Joanne Froggatt ) , the personal maid to Lady Mary . Kevin Doyle plays the unlucky Mr Molesley , valet to Matthew Crawley ; he and Thomas Howes , as William Mason the second footman , round off the main , original downstairs staff . Matt Milne joins the cast as O'Brien's nephew Alfred Nugent , the awkward new footman for series three and four , and Raquel Cassidy plays Baxter , Cora 's personal maid , who was hired to replace O'Brien . The lower staff includes Lesley Nicol as Mrs Patmore the cook , Sophie McShera as Daisy , the scullery maid who works her way up to assistant cook and marries William Mason , and Rose Leslie as Gwen Dawson , a kitchen maid studying to be a secretary in series one . Amy Nuttall plays Ethel Parks , a maid , beginning in series two and three . Cara Theobold portrays Ivy Stuart , a kitchen maid , joining the cast for series three and four . Ed Speleers plays the dashing James Kent , the second footman from series three through five . In series five and six Michael C. Fox plays Andy Parker , a replacement footman for James . In series four , five , and six Andrew Scarborough plays Tim Drewe , a farmer of the estate , who helps Lady Edith conceal a big secret . Production ( edit ) Gareth Neame of Carnival Films conceived the idea of an Edwardian - era TV drama set in a country house and approached Fellowes , who had won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) for Gosford Park . Although Fellowes was reluctant to work on another project resembling Gosford , within a few weeks he returned to Neame with an outline of the first series . Influenced by Edith Wharton 's The Custom of the Country , Fellowes writes the scripts and his wife Emma is an informal story editor . Locations ( edit ) Highclere Castle , used for interior and exterior filming of Downton Abbey Highclere Castle in north Hampshire is used for exterior shots of Downton Abbey and most of the interior filming . The kitchen , servants ' quarters and working areas , and some of the `` upstairs '' bedrooms were constructed and filmed at Ealing Studios . Bridgewater House in the St James area of London served as the family 's London home . Film locations in Bampton , Oxfordshire St Mary the Virgin , used as St Michael and All Angels in Downton Bampton Library , used as the Downton Cottage Hospital Churchgate House ( the old rectory ) , used as Isobel Crawley 's house Outdoor scenes are filmed in the village of Bampton in Oxfordshire . Notable locations include St Mary 's the Virgin Church and the library , which served as the entrance to the cottage hospital . The old rectory in Bampton is used for exterior shots of Isobel Crawley 's house , with interior scenes filmed at Hall Place near Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire . The Downton Abbey of the title and setting is described as lying in Yorkshire . The towns of Easingwold , Kirkby Malzeard , Kirkbymoorside , Malton , Middlesbrough , Ripon , Richmond , and Thirsk , each mentioned by characters in the series , lie in North Yorkshire , as does the city of York , while Leeds -- similarly mentioned -- lies in West Yorkshire . Yorkshire media speculated the general location of the fictional Downton Abbey to be somewhere in the triangulated area between the towns of Easingwold , Ripon and Thirsk . First World War trench warfare scenes in France were filmed in a specially constructed replica battlefield for period war scenes near the village of Akenham in rural Suffolk . Many historical locations and aristocratic mansions have been used to film various scenes : The fictional Haxby Park , the estate Sir Richard Carlisle intends to buy in Series 2 , is part of Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire . Byfleet Manor in Surrey is the location for the Dower house , home to Violet , Dowager Countess of Grantham , while West Wycombe Park in Buckinghamshire is used for the interior scenes of Lady Rosamund ( Samantha Bond ) 's London residence in Belgrave Square . A house in Belgrave Square is used for exterior shots . Inveraray Castle in Argyll , Scotland , doubled as `` Duneagle Castle '' in the 2012 Christmas special . Byfleet Manor in Surrey is portrayed as the dower house Greys Court near Henley - on - Thames in Oxfordshire was used as the family 's secondary property , which they proposed moving into and calling `` Downton Place '' due to financial difficulties in Series Three . Also in the third series , Bates 's prison scenes were filmed at Lincoln Castle in Lincolnshire . Horsted Keynes railway station in Sussex is used as Downton station . The station is part of the heritage Bluebell Railway . St Pancras station in London doubled for King 's Cross station in episode one of series 4 , in the scene where Lady Edith Crawley meets her lover Michael Gregson . The restaurant scene where Lady Edith meets Michael Gregson and where they share their kiss is filmed at the Criterion Restaurant in Piccadilly Circus which was originally opened in 1874 . Bridgewater House in the St James area of London served as the family 's London home . Outdoor scenes are filmed in the village of Bampton in Oxfordshire . Notable locations include St Mary 's the Virgin Church and the library , which served as the entrance to the cottage hospital . The old rectory in Bampton is used for exterior shots of Isobel Crawley 's house , with interior scenes filmed at Hall Barn , Hall Place near Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire , featured as Loxley House , the home of Sir Anthony Strallan . Parts of series 4 were filmed at The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Kent -- The Tarred Yarn Store was used in episode one as a workhouse where Mrs Hughes ( Phyllis Logan ) visits Mr Grigg ( Nicky Henson ) and in episode two , streets at The Historic Dockyard Chatham were used for the scenes where Lady Rose MacClare ( Lily James ) is at the market with James Kent ( Ed Speleers ) watching her . The production had previously filmed in Kent for series 1 where the opening sequence of a train going through the countryside was filmed at the Kent & East Sussex Railway . Other filming locations for series 4 include the ballroom of The Savile Club in Mayfair , London . Scenes for the 2013 Christmas special were filmed at Royal Holloway , University of London near Egham , Surrey , West Wittering beach in West Sussex and Berkshire 's Basildon Park near Streatley . Lancaster House in London stood in for Buckingham Palace . Alnwick Castle , in Northumberland , was the filming location used for Brancaster Castle in the 2014 and 2015 Christmas specials , which included filming in Alnwick Castle 's State Rooms , as well as on the castle 's grounds , and at the nearby semi-ruined Hulne Abbey on the Duke of Northumberland 's parklands in Alnwick . Kingston Bagpuize House in Oxfordshire as Cavenham Park In Series 5 and 6 , Kingston Bagpuize House in Oxfordshire was used as the location for Cavenham Park , the home of Lord Merton . In Series 6 ( 2015 ) the scenes of motor racing at Brooklands were filmed at the Goodwood Circuit in West Sussex . In 2015 , Wayfair.co.uk published a map of 70 + Downton Abbey filming locations . Opening ( edit ) The opening music of Downton Abbey , titled `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' , was composed by John Lunn . A suite version was released on the soundtrack for the show on 19 September 2011 in the UK and later in the US on 13 December 2011 . The soundtrack also included the song performed by singer Mary - Jess Leaverland , with lyrics written by Don Black . Broadcasts ( edit ) The rights to broadcast Downton Abbey have been acquired in over 220 countries and territories , and the series is viewed by a global audience of an estimated 120 million people . United Kingdom ( edit ) The series first aired on the ITV network in the United Kingdom beginning on 26 September 2010 , and received its first Britain - wide broadcast when shown on ITV3 beginning in February 2011 . STV , the ITV franchisee in central and northern Scotland ( including the Orkney and Shetland islands ) , originally opted out of showing Downton Abbey , choosing instead to screen a brand - new six - part series of Taggart , following a long practice of opting out of networked United Kingdom - wide programming on the ITV network . This led to backlash from Scottish viewers , who were frustrated at not being able to watch the programme . Many viewers with satellite or cable television tuned into other regional stations of the ITV network , for example ITV London , with viewing figures showing this is also commonplace for other ITV programmes . STV announced in July 2011 that it would show the first and second series of Downton Abbey as part of its autumn schedule . Scottish cast members Phyllis Logan and Iain Glen were both quoted as being pleased with the decision . United States ( edit ) In the United States , Downton Abbey was first broadcast in January 2011 on PBS , as part of the 40th season of Masterpiece . The programme was aired in four 90 - minute episodes , controversially requiring PBS to alter the beginning and endpoints of each episode and make other small changes , slightly altering each episode 's structure to accommodate fitting the programme precisely into the running - times allotted . PBS also added a host ( Laura Linney ) , who introduced each episode , explaining matters such as `` the entail '' and `` Buccaneers '' for the benefit of U.S. viewers , which was labelled by some American critics as condescending . PBS editing for broadcasts in the United States continued in the subsequent seasons . The fifth began airing in the United States on 4 January 2015 . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , VisionTV began airing the programme on 7 September 2011 . Canadian audiences can also view the series on PBS . Downton Abbey is aired in French on Ici Radio - Canada Télé . Australia and new Zealand ( edit ) In Australia , the first series was broadcast on the Seven Network beginning on 29 May 2011 ; the second series was broadcast beginning on 20 May 2012 ; and the third series beginning on 10 February 2013 . In New Zealand , Prime began airing the first series on 10 May 2011 , the second series on 18 October 2011 and the third series on 18 October 2012 . Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , independent television channel TV3 aired the first series in January and February 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Metacritic ratings per series Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Rating 91 85 83 72 75 76 The series has been noted for its relatively sympathetic portrayal of the aristocratic family , and the class - based society of early 20th century Britain . This has led to criticism from the political left and praise from the right . James Fenton wrote in The New York Review of Books `` it is noticeable that the aristocrats in the series , even the ones who are supposed to be the most ridiculous , never lapse into the most offensive kind of upper - class drawl one would expect of them . Great care has been taken to keep them pleasant and approachable , even when the things they say are sometimes shown to be class - bound and unfeeling . '' Jerry Bowyer argued in Forbes that the sympathy for aristocracy is over-stated , and that the show is simply more balanced than most period dramas , which he believes have had a tendency to demonise or ridicule upper class characters . He wrote that Downton Abbey shows `` there is no inherent need for good TV to be left of center . Stories sympathetic to virtue , preservation of property and admiration of nobility and of wealth can be told beautifully and to wide audiences . '' Downton Abbey has been a commercial success and received general acclaim from critics , although some criticise it as superficial , melodramatic or unrealistic . Others defend these qualities as the reason for the show 's appeal . David Kamp of Vanity Fair wrote , `` Melodrama is an uncool thing to trade in these days , but then , that 's precisely why Downton Abbey is so pleasurable . In its clear delineation between the goodies and the baddies , in its regulated dosages of highs and lows , the show is welcome counter-programming to the slow - burning despair and moral ambiguity of most quality drama on television right now . '' James Parker , writing in The Atlantic , said , `` Preposterous as history , preposterous as drama , the show succeeds magnificently as bad television . The dialogue spins light - operatically along in the service of multiplying plotlets , not too hard on the ear , although now and again a line lands like a tray of dropped spoons . The acting is superb -- it has to be . '' Ben W. Heineman Jr. compared the series unfavourably to Brideshead Revisited , writing `` Downton Abbey is entertainment . Its illustrious predecessor in television mega-success about the English upper class , Brideshead Revisited , is art . '' He noted the lack of character development in Downton . Writing in The Sunday Times , A.A. Gill said that the show is `` everything I despise and despair of on British television : National Trust sentimentality , costumed comfort drama that flogs an embarrassing , demeaning , and bogus vision of the place I live in . '' The first episode of Downton Abbey had a consolidated British audience of 9.2 million viewers , a 32 % audience share -- making it the most successful new drama on any channel since Whitechapel was launched on ITV in February 2009 . The total audience for the first episode , including repeats and ITV Player viewings , exceeded 11.6 million viewers . This was beaten by the next episode , with a total audience of 11.8 million viewers -- including repeats and ITV Player views . Downton Abbey broke the record for a single episode viewing on ITV Player , the ITV online catch - up service . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the first series received an average score of 91 , based on 16 reviews , which indicates `` universal acclaim '' . This result earned the show a Guinness World Record in 2011 for `` Highest critical review ratings for a TV show '' , making Downton Abbey the most critically well received TV show in the world . Season 4 of Breaking Bad surpassed Downton Abbey 's record later in the year , with a score of 96 , making series 1 of Downton Abbey the 2nd highest rated show of 2011 . Sam Wollaston of The Guardian said , It 's beautifully made -- handsome , artfully crafted and acted . Smith , who plays the formidable and disdainful Dowager Countess , has a lovely way of delivering words , always spaced to perfection . This is going to be a treat if you like a lavish period drama of a Sunday evening . Viewers were critical of the number of advertisement breaks during the first episode ( five in a 90 - minute episode , as well as one before and one after ) , claiming it ruined the continuity . ITV responded by saying that the number of breaks complied with Ofcom regulations and that advertising was necessary to cover the high costs of production . The second series premiered in Britain on 18 September 2011 in the same 9 pm slot as the first series , with the first episode attracting an average audience of 9 million viewers on ITV1 , a 34.6 % share . The second episode attracted a similar following with an average of 9.3 million viewers . In January 2012 , the PBS premiere attracted 4.2 million viewers , over double the network 's average primetime audience of 2 million . The premiere audience was 18 % higher than the Series 1 premiere . The second series of Downton Abbey gave PBS its highest ratings since 2009 . The second series averaged 5.4 million viewers , excluding station replays , DVR viewings and online streaming . The 5.4 million average improved on PBS first series numbers by 25 % . Additionally , episodes of series two have been viewed 4.8 million times on PBS 's digital portal , which bests series one 's online viewing numbers by more than 400 percent . Overall , Downton Abbey - related content has racked up more than 9 million streams across all platforms , with 1.5 million unique visitors , since series 2 's 8 January premiere . In 2013 , Downton Abbey was ranked the 43rd most well - written TV show of all time by the Writers ' Guild of America . The third series premiered in the UK on 16 September 2012 with an average of 9 million viewers ( or a 36 % audience share ) . For the first time in the UK , episode three received an average of more than 10 million viewers ( or a 38.2 % audience share ) . Premiering in the US in January 2013 , the third series had an average audience of 11.5 million viewers and the finale on 17 February 2013 , drew 12.3 million viewers making it the night 's highest rating show . Overall , during its seven - week run , the series had an audience of 24 million viewers making it PBS 's highest - rated drama of all time . While rumoured , due to the departure of actor Dan Stevens , the death of Matthew Crawley , in the 2012 Christmas special , drew criticism . Lord Fellowes defended the decision stating that they ' did n't really have an option ' once Stevens decided to leave . Stevens later said that he had no say in the manner of his character 's departure but that he was ' sorry ' his character had died on Christmas Day . The fourth series premiered in the UK on 22 September 2013 with an average audience of 9.5 million viewers -- the highest ever for one of the drama 's debut episodes . It premiered in the US on 5 January 2014 , to an audience of at least 10.2 million viewers , outperforming every other drama on that night ; it was the largest audience for PBS since the 1990 premiere of the Ken Burns documentary The Civil War . In the UK , the second episode attracted an average of 9.6 million viewers . The third episode , which aired on 6 October 2013 , included a warning at the beginning : `` This episode contains violent scenes that some viewers may find upsetting . '' The episode content , in which Anna Bates was raped , led to more than 200 complaints by viewers to UK television regulator Ofcom , while ITV received 60 complaints directly . On 4 November 2013 , Ofcom announced it would not be taking action over the controversy citing the warning given , that the episode was screened after 9 pm , and , that the rape took place ' off - screen ' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Downton Abbey Anti-Irish allegations ( edit ) Julian Fellowes supports a united Ireland , `` Ultimately , I believe in a united Ireland . I do come from a long line of Home Rule supporters . '' Charges , largely in some Irish media , were made that the series depicts the Irish characters in a negative light . Allen Leech , who plays Tom Branson in the series , when asked about this by an Irish reporter writing for The Herald , denied that the series depicted Irish characters in a stage pejorative fashion . Tom 's brother Kieran , however , is depicted as boorish , rude , and drunken , and is described by the Dowager Countess as a ' drunken gorilla ' -- a reminder to Irish audiences of the ape - like figures depicting the Irish that were commonly featured in British and American publications in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The Dowager Countess character who makes these comments , however , was born in the mid 19th century , and frequently expresses Tory or pro-imperial views that were prevalent in England in the late 19th and early 20th century . Branson 's character as an Irishman came in for some criticism in Ireland . The Irish Times in a mocking review describes the character of Tom Branson as `` an Irish republican turned Downtonian toff '' and makes a humorous sarcastic case for a future Downton Abbey series where Branson `` waxes lyrical about how lovely being part of the British ascendancy is . Then he burns an Irish flag . '' Allegations of anti-Catholicism ( edit ) The character of the Earl of Grantham occasionally expresses anti-Catholic views and is described , by The Washington Post , as `` xenophobic '' but `` at least historically accurate '' . The series writer , Julian Fellowes , himself a Roman Catholic , explains that he chose to address this in terms of `` that casual , almost unconscious anti-Catholicism that was found among the upper classes , which lasted well into my growing up years . '' Fellowes also stated that he `` thought it might be interesting '' to explore this in the series and described his own experiences where the British upper classes `` were happy for you to come to their dances or shoot their pheasants , but there were plenty who did not want you to marry their daughters and risk Catholic grandchildren . '' Authenticity ( edit ) Fellowes tries to be as authentic in his depiction of the period as he can . Despite this , the show features many linguistic anachronisms . The accents of characters have also been questioned with the Received Pronunciation of the actors who play the wealthy characters described as `` slightly more contemporary '' than would be expected among early - 20th - century aristocrats , however , this `` elicited more natural and unaffected performances from the cast . '' In 2010 , Fellowes hired Alastair Bruce , an expert on state and court ritual , as historical adviser . Bruce explains his role as being `` here to guide the production and particularly the director as they bring Julian 's words to life . That also involves getting the social conduct right , and giving actors a sense of surety in the way they deliver a performance . '' Actor Jim Carter , who plays butler Carson , describes Bruce as the series `` etiquette watchdog '' , and the UK 's Daily Telegraph finished its 2011 profile of Bruce 's role stating `` Downton 's authenticity , it seems , is in safe hands . '' However , historian Simon Schama criticised the show for historical inaccuracies and `` pandering to clichés '' . Producer Gareth Neame defended the show , saying , `` Downton is a fictional drama . It is not a history programme , but a drama of social satire about a time when relationships , behaviour and hierarchy were very different from those we enjoy today . '' A `` tremendous amount of research '' went into recreating the servants ' quarters at Ealing Studios because Highclere Castle , where many of the upstairs scenes are filmed , was not adequate for representing the `` downstairs '' life at the fictional abbey . Researchers visited nearly 40 English country houses to help inform what the kitchen should look like , and production designer Donal Woods said of the kitchen equipment that `` Probably about 60 to 70 per cent of the stuff in there is from that period . '' Mrs Beeton 's Book of Household Management is an important guide to the food served in the series , but Highclere owner , and author of Lady Almina and the Real Downton Abbey : The Lost Legacy of Highclere Castle , Lady Carnarvon , states that dinner parties in the era `` would have been even more over the top '' than those shown . Lady Pamela Hicks agreed , stating that `` it is ridiculous to think that a weekend party would consist of only fourteen house guests , it would have consisted of at least 40 ! '' However , Carnavon understood the compromises that must be made for television , and adds , `` It 's a fun costume drama . It 's not a social documentary . Because it 's so popular , I think some people take it as historical fact . '' DVD , Blu - ray and streaming Video releases ( edit ) Streaming ( edit ) Previously available on Netflix , since 2013 the series has been available only on Amazon Video . Series 1 through 6 are currently free to Amazon Prime members . Blu - ray and DVD ( edit ) Title Number of discs Year ( s ) Number of episodes Release date ( UK only ) Blu - ray DVD Complete Series One 7 8 November 2010 Complete Series Two 2011 8 7 November 2011 Complete Series One and Two 5 7 2010 -- 11 15 7 November 2011 Christmas at Downton Abbey 2011 26 December 2011 Complete Series Three 2012 8 5 November 2012 Complete Series One - Three & Christmas at Downton Abbey 9 11 2010 -- 12 24 5 November 2012 A Journey to the Highlands 2012 26 December 2012 Complete Series Four 2013 8 11 November 2013 Complete Series One - Four & Christmas at Downton Abbey and A Journey to the Highlands 13 15 2010 -- 13 33 11 November 2013 The London Season 2013 26 December 2013 Complete Series Five 2014 8 17 November 2014 Complete Series One - Five & Christmas at Downton Abbey , A Journey to the Highlands and The London Season 16 19 2010 - 14 42 17 November 2014 A Moorland Holiday 2014 26 December 2014 Complete Series Six 2015 8 16 November 2015 Complete Series One - Six & Christmas at Downton Abbey , A Journey to the Highlands , The London Season and A Moorland Holiday 19 23 2010 - 15 51 16 November 2015 The Finale 2015 26 December 2015 Internationally , the US DVD release date was 11 January 2011 , in New Zealand it was released on 22 June 2011 and in Australia on 4 August 2011 . The release in Australia and New Zealand has an exclusive bonus disc in both the DVD and Blu - ray versions . It contains extras such as cast interviews , geography of Downton : upstairs and downstairs , a day in service and others . On 16 September 2011 , two days before the UK premiere of the second series , it was reported by Amazon.com that the first series of Downton Abbey had become the highest selling DVD boxset of all time on the online retailer 's website , surpassing popular American programmes such as The Sopranos , Friends and The Wire . On 1 October 2013 , a limited edition 10 - disc DVD boxset of Downton Abbey was released , which included Series 1 -- 3 in an inner slipcase , labelled as a ' 9 - disc set ' , as well as a bonus disc featuring the exclusive TV documentary , ' Secrets of Highclere Castle ' , which focuses on the real - life history of the castle used as the Downton Abbey estate in the series . On 26 January 2016 , PBS released Series Six on DVD in the US , including the final 2015 Christmas Special . Soundtrack ( edit ) A soundtrack , featuring music from the series and also new songs , was released by Decca in September 2011 . Music by John Lunn and Don Black features , with vocals from Mary - Jess Leaverland and Alfie Boe . Track listing ( edit ) Downton Abbey : Original Music from the Television Series No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Downton Abbey : The Suite '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 7 : 09 2 . `` Love and the Hunter '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 3 : 18 3 . `` Emancipation '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 15 4 . `` Story of My Life '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 58 5 . `` Fashion '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 19 6 . `` Damaged '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 5 : 25 7 . `` If You Were the Only Girl in the World '' Alfie Boe 3 : 47 8 . `` Preparation '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 3 : 27 9 . `` Such Good Luck '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 30 10 . `` Us and Them '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 53 11 . `` Violet '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 56 12 . `` A Drive '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 04 13 . `` An Ideal Marriage '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 43 14 . `` Roses of Picardy '' Alfie Boe 3 : 55 15 . `` Telegram '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 45 16 . `` Deception '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 51 17 . `` Titanic '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 2 : 10 18 . `` A Song and a Dance '' John Lunn & Chamber Orchestra of London 1 : 30 19 . `` Did I Make the Most of Loving You ? '' ( a shortened version of `` Downton Abbey : The Suite '' with lyrics ) John Lunn , Chamber Orchestra of London & Mary - Jess Leaverland 4 : 18 Cultural impact ( edit ) Downton Abbey has been credited with spawning a massive worldwide increase in demand for professionally trained butlers , especially British butlers , notably in China , Russia , and parts of the Middle East . Between 2010 and 2012 , demand was thought to have doubled , leading to some butlers fetching salaries as high as £ 150,000 . In 2014 , China 's first school for butlers opened to meet a demand again attributed to the influence of Downton Abbey . Some of the fashion items worn by characters on the show have seen a strong revival of interest in the UK and elsewhere during the show 's run , including starched collars , midi skirts , beaded gowns , and hunting plaids . The Equality ( Titles ) Bill was an unsuccessful piece of legislation introduced in the UK Parliament in 2013 that would have allowed equal succession of female heirs to hereditary titles and peerages . It was nicknamed the `` Downton Abbey law '' because it addressed the same issue that affects Lady Mary Crawley , who can not inherit the estate because it must pass to a male heir . The decor used on Downton Abbey inspired US Representative Aaron Schock to redecorate his congressional offices in a more luxurious style . He repaid the $40,000 cost of redecoration following scrutiny of his expenses and questions about his use of public money for personal benefit , and subsequently resigned in March 2015 . Other media ( edit ) The World of Downton Abbey , a book featuring a behind - the - scenes look at Downton Abbey and the era in which it is set , was released on 15 September 2011 . It was written by Jessica Fellowes ( the niece of Julian Fellowes ) and was published by HarperCollins . A second book also written by Jessica Fellowes and published by HarperCollins , The Chronicles of Downton Abbey , was released on 13 September 2012 . It is a guide to the show 's characters through the early part of the third series . In September 2012 , The Daily Telegraph reported Julian Fellowes as saying that he was working on a spin - off prequel of Downton Abbey that revolves around Lord Grantham and Cora 's romance and eventual marriage as the earl and countess of Downton Abbey . Initially planned as a book , it was then picked up by ITV . Due to the show 's popularity , there have been a number of references and spoofs on it , such as Family Guy episode Chap Stewie , which has Stewie Griffin reborn in a household similar to Downton Abbey , and How I Met Your Mother episode The Fortress , where the gang watch a television show called ' Woodworthy Manor ' , which is remarkably similar to Downton Abbey . In the episode the character , Lily , celebrates by viewing an episode of ' Woodworthy Manor ' . In 2015 , it was announced that a spin - off prequel television series was in planning . In April 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Fellowes was planning to be at work on a new period drama series for NBC television , to be set in late 19th - century New York City , titled The Gilded Age . In a 2015 interview with The Mail on Sunday , Fellowes suggested that a younger version of Maggie Smith 's Dowager Countess character from his Downton Abbey drama might appear in the new series , saying : `` Robert Crawley would be in his early teens , Cora would be a child . A young Violet ( the Dowager Countess ) could make an appearance . '' As the title suggests , the series is to be set during the time of America 's so - called Gilded Age -- the industrial boom era in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries -- and portray the upper echelons of New York 's high society during that period . Production and writing for The Gilded Age was updated in January 2016 indicating that filming would start at the end of 2016 . As reported in RadioTimes : `` NBC 's The Gilded Age is set to start shooting later this year , Fellowes tells RadioTimes.com . Asked whether he 'd written the script yet , Fellowes said , ' No I have n't , no . I 'm doing that this year ' , before adding : ' And then hopefully shooting at the end of the year . ' '' On 4 June 2016 , Fellowes was asked by The Los Angeles Times , `` Where does The Gilded Age stand ? '' Fellowes replied , `` It stands really with me up to my neck in research , and I 'm clearing the decks , so that when I start Gilded Age , I 'm only doing Gilded Age . These people were extraordinary . You can see why they frightened the old guard , because they saw no boundaries . They wanted to build a palace , they built a palace . They wanted to buy a yacht , they bought a yacht . And the old guard in New York were n't like that at all , and suddenly this whirlwind of couture descended on their heads . They redesigned being rich . They created a rich culture that we still have -- people who are rich are rich in a way that was established in America in the 1880s , ' 90s , 1900s . It was different from Europe . Something like Newport would never have happened in any other country , where you have huge palaces , and then about 20 yards away , another huge palace , and 20 yards beyond that another huge palace . In England right up to the 1930s , when people made good money , they would buy an estate of 5,000 acres and they 'd have to look after Nanny . The Americans of the 1880s and ' 90s did n't want too much of that . '' Fellowes and other co-workers on Downton Abbey have indicated in April 2016 an openness to consider possibilities for a feature film production of the television series after the completion of its final season in 2015 . See also ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Downton Abbey Gosford Park The Cherry Orchard The Duchess of Duke Street The Shooting Party The Remains of the Day Upstairs , Downstairs Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , these structure changes resulted in the character of entail heir Matthew Crawley ( played by Dan Stevens ) coming into the storyline in the first episode in the United States broadcast , rather than in the second as he had in the UK broadcast . Jump up ^ The series aired in the U.K. with commercial breaks , which required PBS , according to a spokeswoman , `` to plug those holes '' . Jump up ^ American heiresses who married into the British aristocracy during the Gilded Age -- see : The Buccaneers , a novel by Edith Wharton . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey ( Masterpiece ) '' . Emmys.com . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormack , Kirsty ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Back for more ! Hugh Bonneville and Michelle Dockery lead the way as Downton Abbey gets SIXTEEN nominations for this year 's Emmys '' . Daily Mail . London , UK . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : How Hollywood is snapping up our bright TV drama stars '' . Daily Mirror. 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Egner , Jeremy ( 3 January 2013 ) . `` A Bit of Britain Where the Sun Never Sets : ' Downton Abbey ' Reaches Around the World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey , the film : what we know so far '' . The Daily Telegraph . 9 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( 1 February 2016 ) . `` Downton Abbey Recap : Bloody Hell '' . TV line . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Fellowes , Julian ( 20 February 2013 ) . `` Julian Fellowes : ' Abbey ' owes much to Wharton '' . Berkshireeagle.com . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kamp , David . `` The Most Happy Fellowes '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Highclere Castle : Downton Abbey '' . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Elizabeth ( January -- February 1979 ) . `` Historic Houses : the Splendors of Highclere Castle '' . The Architectural Digest . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Morgan ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` Inside Highclere Castle : the Real Life Locale of Downton Abbey '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton opens for charity '' . ITV. 21 August 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Downton Abbey : behind the scenes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Ffrench , Andrew ( 23 April 2010 ) . `` Village is the star of the show '' . Oxford Mail . Retrieved 6 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enthralled by Crawley House '' . blogspot.co.uk. 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Dobrzynski , Judith H. ( 15 October 2010 ) . `` So where is Downton Abbey ? '' . The Press . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fellowes , Jessica ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey : The cast and crew reveal the secrets of filming Downton '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Hollingshead , Iain ( 24 August 2011 ) . `` Trench war comes to Downton Abbey '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waddesdon Manor making space for young minds '' . The Bucks Herald . 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Jennifer ( 13 September 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey home from home for Dame Maggie '' . Get Surrey . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Trust : West Wycombe Park '' . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Location Library : London Mansions '' . Location Works . Archived from the original on 30 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tweedie , Katrina ( 4 March 2013 ) . `` Inveraray Castle Set for Tourism Boost '' . The Daily Record . Scotland . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway Station : Horsted Keynes '' . Bluebell Railway . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's Filmed Where '' . Network Rail . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey , series four , episode one , first look review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trips and Tips - Britain On Location '' . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Downton Abbey Film Focus '' . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Film Office Downton Abbey series 1 Article '' . Kent Film Office . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rowley , Emma ( 13 September 2013 ) . `` What Next for Downton Abbey ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` That 's A Wrap : Filming On Downton Abbey Season 4 Completed '' . Downton Abbey Addicts. 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey heads to Buckingham Palace for Christmas special '' . Digital Spy. 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey Exhibition '' . Alnwick Castle . Archived from the original on 29 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Downton Abbey filming locations '' . Wayfair.co.uk . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold , Brett ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey Season 3 Finale : A Tragic Twist for Matthew Crawley '' . RR.com . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Barry , Maggie ( 16 September 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's composer John Lunn reveals James Brown is inspiration behind TV drama 's music '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Jon ( 20 September 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey -- Various Artists '' . Allmusic . All Media Network , LLC . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Digital sheet music -- Did I Make the Most of Loving You ( sic ) -- From Downton Abbey '' . Musicnotes.com . Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ITV commissions a fifth series of Downton Abbey presscentre '' . ITV. 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` STV 's Opting - out Policy Again Comes in for Criticism '' . allmediascotland. 30 September 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viewers opt out of STV on satellite '' . BBC News . 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` STV to show Downton Abbey in Autumn schedule '' . Glasgow : STV. 21 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` STV decides to show ' Downton Abbey ' '' . BBC News . 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Weisman , John ( 4 August 2010 ) . `` PBS to offer multiplatform content '' . Variety . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jace ( 3 January 2011 ) . `` In Defense of Downton Abbey ( Or , Do n't Believe Everything You Read ) '' . Televisionary . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , June . `` Why Downton Abbey Airs So Much Later in the U.S '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey 's Season - Five Premiere to Feature Surprising Stunt '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast. 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey '' . Geek Town . 2015 . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MASTERPIECE , Downton Abbey , Series 5 '' . PBS.org . The Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2011 on VisionTV '' . Channel Canada . 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Fox , Tiffany ( 27 May 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey , Sunday , 8.30 pm , Seven / GWN7 '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey , Sunday , May 20 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey love tangle revealed '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey '' ( in Polish ) . TVN Style . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey -- TV3 '' . Dublin : TV 3 . Archived from the original on 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 5 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bowyer , Jerry ( 14 February 2013 ) . `` Down on Downton : Why The Left Is Torching Downton Abbey '' . Forbes . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Fenton , James ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` The Abbey That Jumped the Shark '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Parker , James ( 2 January 2013 ) . `` Brideshead Regurgitated '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Heineman Jr. , Ben W. ( 1 February 2013 ) . `` ' Downton Abbey ' Is Entertainment , but ' Brideshead Revisited ' Was Art '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey show gets second series '' . BBC News . 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey -- Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey Wins Guinness World Record '' . Broadcast Now . Broadcast . Retrieved 13 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Metacritic Ranks for 2011 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Downton Abbey and All New Celebrity Total Wipeout '' . The Guardian . 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey fans accuse ITV of ' sabotaging ' period drama with too many adverts '' . Daily Mail . 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 18 September 2011 ) . `` Downton Abbey scares Spooks with 9m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Revoir , Paul ( 27 September 2011 ) . `` Slow down , Downton ! Fed - up viewers accuse hit drama of sprinting through its storylines '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` ' Downton Abbey ' season 2 premiere averages 4.2 million viewers '' . New York Post . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Kenneally , Tim ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Ratings : ' Downton Abbey ' Season 2 Finale Gives PBS Best Numbers Since 2009 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Best Written TV Series List '' . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 17 September 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey and The X Factor lift ITV 's spirits '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Deans , Jason ( 1 October 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey and The X Factor hit series highs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Ratings Cement `` Downton Abbey , Season 3 '' on MASTERPIECE CLASSIC as Highest - Rated Drama in PBS History `` . Public Broadcasting Service . 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Groskop , Viv ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey : plot moving slowly ? It must be time for someone to die '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Furness , Hannah ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Julian Fellowes : ' No option ' but to kill off Downton 's Matthew '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Noah , Sherna ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` Dan Stevens : Killing off Downton Abbey 's Matthew on Christmas Day was not my doing '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 23 September 2013 ) . `` ' Downton Abbey ' Draws Best Ever U.K. Season Premiere Ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 7 January 2014 ) . `` Downton Abbey premiere breaks ratings record '' . CNN . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 30 September 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey continues strong start '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Groskop , Viv ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey recap : season four , episode three '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ( 9 October 2013 ) . `` Downton Abbey rape scene defended by series creator Julian Fellowes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Sabrina . `` Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes defends storyline '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey to face no action from Ofcom over rape storyline '' . BBC . 4 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey creator Julian Fellowes : I support a united Ireland '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finn , Melanie ( 3 November 2012 ) . `` Downton 's not anti-Irish , says star Alan '' . Dublin : Herald . Retrieved 25 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Costigan , Giovanni ( April 1972 ) . `` Review of ' Apes and Angels : The Irishman in Victorian Caricature ' by L. Perry Curtis '' . The American Historical Review . 77 ( 2 ) : 519 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 1868756 . JSTOR 1868756 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Soper , Kerry ( August 2005 ) . `` From Swarthy Ape to Sympathetic Everyman and Subversive Trickster : The Development of Irish Caricature in American Comic Strips between 1890 and 1920 '' . Journal of American Studies . 39 ( 2 ) : 257 -- 96 . doi : 10.1017 / s0021875805009710 . JSTOR 27557638 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Gwen ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` Negative Stereotypes of the Irish '' . The Society Pages . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiberd , Declan ( 1996 ) . Inventing Ireland : The Literature of the Modern Nation . London , UK . p. 497 . Jump up ^ `` If Downton Abbey is going to end on a high , the revolution will need to be bloody '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Henneberger , Melinda ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` The politics of Downton Abbey : Down with the patriarchy ! '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( 22 October 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's anti-Catholic plot '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Haglund , David ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Did You See This ? Downton Abbey Anachronisms '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Trawick - Smith , Ben ( 19 January 2012 ) . `` The Accents in Downton Abbey '' . Dialect Blog . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gritten , David ( 20 September 2010 ) . `` Downton Abbey : behind the scenes '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Power , Vicki ( 16 September 2011 ) . `` How Downton minds its manners '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ( 20 January 2016 ) . `` No Downers in ' Downton ' '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Schama brands Downton ' cultural necrophilia ' '' . BBC News . 18 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Krystal , Becky ( 31 December 2012 ) . `` On ' Downton Abbey , ' aspic matters '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennicott , Philip ( 29 January 2011 ) . `` A Victorian fantasy , in stone '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , India ( 29 November 2016 ) . `` Watching The Crown with Lady Pamela Hicks , Queen Elizabeth 's Lady - in - Waiting '' . Town and Country . Jump up ^ `` Netflix To End ' Downton Abbey ' Streaming As Amazon Snatches Exclusive Rights To Latest Season '' . deadline.com. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton Abbey becomes top selling DVD box set of all time '' . Metro. 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Downton Abbey Series Two Press Pack '' ( PDF ) . ITV . July 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2012 . Retrieved 6 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Galvin , Libby ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Demand for British butlers DOUBLES in one year from world 's wealthiest families ' influenced by Downton Abbey ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Dan ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` Butlers cleaning up : Huge increase in mega-wealthy Chinese citizens leads to creation of country 's first school for posh staff '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kealey , Helena ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Downton Abbey : retro fashion revivals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Illinois Rep. Aaron Schock under fire for ' Downton Abbey ' office redo '' . Chicagotribune.com. 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Terris , Ben ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` He 's got a ' Downton Abbey ' - inspired office , but Rep. Aaron Schock wo n't talk about it '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 3 February 2015 ) . `` 33 - Year - Old Congressman Aaron Schock Causes Controversy with Downton Abbey - Themed Office '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aaron Schock reimburses US for $40,000 Downton Abbey office remodel '' . The Guardian . 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rep. Aaron Schock announces resignation in wake of spending probe '' . The Washington Post . 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Holland , Evangeline ( 12 September 2011 ) . `` Jessica Fellowes and the World of Downton Abbey '' . Edwardian Promenade . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Evangeline ( 13 September 2012 ) . `` Jessica Fellowes and The Chronicles of Downton Abbey '' . Edwardian Promenade . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Singh , Anita ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Downton Abbey : Julian Fellowes plans a prequel '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' recap , ' The Fortress ' : Give A Little '' . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ritman , Alex ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Dowager Countess May Appear in Julian Fellowes ' New NBC Drama ; ' The Gilded Age ' could feature a younger version of the character , said Fellowes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Julian Fellowes ' NBC period drama The Gilded Age will start filming this year '' . RadioTimes.com. 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Julian Fellowes '' . L.A. Times . 4 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Downton creator Julian Fellowes : ' Why the personal attacks hurt so much ' '' . The Telegraph . 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Fellowes , Jessica ; Sturgis , Matthew ( 2012 ) . The Chronicles of Downton Abbey . Foreword by Julian Fellowes , photography by Joss Barratt , Nick Briggs , and Giles Keyte . London , UK : Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745325 - 2 . OCLC 811576487 . The companion book covering the characters , through the early part of the third series . Fellowes , Jessica ( 2011 ) . The World of Downton Abbey . Foreword by Julian Fellowes , photography by Nick Briggs . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 00634 - 9 . OCLC 727704121 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . The companion book to the first and second series . Includes an extensive further reading section . Fellowes , Julian ( 2013 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts : Season One . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 9780062238313 . OCLC 795761131 . Fellowes , Julian ( 2013 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts : Season Two . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 9780062241351 . OCLC 828844711 . Fellowes , Julian ( 2014 ) . Downton Abbey : The Complete Scripts : Season Three . New York : William Morrow . ISBN 9780062241375 . OCLC 870982733 . MacColl , Gail ; Wallace , Carol McD. ( 1989 ) . To Marry an English Lord or , How Anglomania Really Got Started . New York : Workman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89480 - 939 - 2 . OCLC 243431665 . Gives a background on the preceding period , especially for Cora , Countess of Grantham , who is one of the `` Buccaneers '' . Reprinted as : To Marry an English Lord : Tales of Wealth and Marriage , Sex and Snobbery . New York : Workman Publishing Company . 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7611 - 7195 - 9 . OCLC 779399305 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Rowley , Emma ( 2013 ) . Behind the Scenes at Downton Abbey . Foreword by Gareth Neame ; photography by Nick Briggs . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781250047908 . OCLC 862880131 . The official companion book to series 1 -- 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Downton Abbey . 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Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things , season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Downton_Abbey&oldid=809448167 '' Categories : Downton Abbey 2010 British television programme debuts 2015 British television programme endings 2010s British drama television series Best Miniseries or Television Movie Golden Globe winners Costume drama television series Fictional servants ITV television dramas Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries winners Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Screen Actors Guild Award winners Serial drama television series English - language television programs Television series set in the 1910s Television series set in the 1920s Television series by ITV Studios Television shows set in Yorkshire World War I television drama series Fictional houses British LGBT - related television shows PBS network shows Hidden categories : CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Use dmy dates from January 2017 Use British English from October 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Vèneto 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is downton abbey supposed to take place	[ "The series, set in the fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey between 1912 and 1926, depicts the lives of the aristocratic Crawley family and their domestic servants in the post-Edwardian era—with the great events in history having an effect on their lives and on the British social hierarchy. Events depicted throughout the series include news of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in the first series; the outbreak of the First World War, the Spanish influenza pandemic, and the Marconi scandal in the second series; the Irish War of Independence leading to the formation of the Irish Free State in the third series; the Teapot Dome scandal in the fourth series; and the British general election of 1923, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the Beer Hall Putsch in the fifth series. The sixth and final series introduces the rise of the working class during the interwar period and hints towards the eventual decline of the British aristocracy." ]	[ "fictional Yorkshire country estate of Downton Abbey" ]
8208383893128481768	Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs	Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs - wikipedia Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Jump to : navigation , search `` Foreign Secretary '' redirects here . For other uses , see Foreign secretary . Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Royal Arms used by Her Majesty 's Government Incumbent Boris Johnson since 13 July 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 13 ) Foreign and Commonwealth Office Style The Right Honourable ( within the UK and the Commonwealth ) His Excellency ( in international correspondence ) Foreign Secretary ( informal ) Member of Cabinet Privy Council National Security Council Reports to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Residence No 1 Carlton Gardens Chevening Seat Westminster Appointer Monarch of the United Kingdom Term length At Her Majesty 's pleasure Inaugural holder Charles James Fox Formation 27 March 1782 Deputy Sir Alan Duncan as Minister of State for Europe Website Official website United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas Her Majesty 's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs , normally referred to as the Foreign Secretary , is a senior official within the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . The Foreign Secretary is a member of the Cabinet , and the post is considered one of the Great Offices of State . It is considered a position similar to that of Foreign Minister in other countries . The Foreign Secretary 's remit includes : relations with foreign countries , matters pertaining to the Commonwealth of Nations and the Overseas Territories in addition to the promotion of British interests abroad . The Foreign Secretary also has ministerial oversight for the Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) and the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) . The Foreign Secretary works out of the Foreign Office in Whitehall , and the post 's official residences are 1 Carlton Gardens in London and Chevening in Kent . Margaret Beckett , appointed in 2006 by Tony Blair , is the only woman to have held the post . The current Foreign Secretary is Boris Johnson , the former Mayor of London , who was appointed by Prime Minister Theresa May in July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 List of Foreign Secretaries 2.1 Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs ( 1782 -- 1968 ) 2.2 Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( 1968 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) ( show ) History of United Kingdom government departments with responsibility for foreign affairs Northern Department 1660 -- 1782 Secretaries Undersecretaries Foreign Office 1782 -- 1968 Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries Foreign and Commonwealth Office 1968 -- present Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries Southern Department 1660 -- 1768 Secretaries Undersecretaries Colonial Office 1768 -- 1782 Secretaries Undersecretaries Home Office 1782 -- 1794 Secretaries Undersecretaries War Office 1794 -- 1801 Secretaries Undersecretaries War and Colonial Office 1801 -- 1854 Secretaries Undersecretaries Colonial Office 1854 -- 1925 Secretaries Undersecretaries Colonial Office 1925 -- 1966 Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries Commonwealth Office 1966 -- 1968 Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries Southern Department 1768 -- 1782 Secretaries Undersecretaries Dominions Office 1925 -- 1947 Secretaries Undersecretaries Commonwealth Relations Office 1947 -- 1966 Secretaries Ministers Undersecretaries . India Office 1858 -- 1937 Secretaries Undersecretaries India Office and Burma Office 1937 -- 1947 Secretaries Undersecretaries The position of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs was created in the British governmental reorganisation of 1782 , in which the Northern and Southern Departments became the Home and Foreign Offices , respectively . Eventually , the position of Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs came into existence in 1968 with the merger of the functions of Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs into a single Department of State . The India Office was a constituent predecessor department of the Foreign Office , as were the Colonial Office and the Dominions Office . List of Foreign Secretaries ( edit ) Secretaries of State for Foreign Affairs ( 1782 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of office Party Ministry Monarch ( Reign ) Ref . The Right Honourable Charles James Fox MP for Westminster ( 1749 -- 1806 ) 27 March 1782 5 July 1782 Whig Rockingham II George III ( 1760 -- 1820 ) The Right Honourable Thomas Robinson 2nd Baron Grantham PC ( 1738 -- 1786 ) 13 July 1782 2 April 1783 Whig Shelburne ( Whig -- Tory ) The Right Honourable Charles James Fox MP for Westminster ( 1749 -- 1806 ) 2 April 1783 19 December 1783 Whig Fox -- North The Right Honourable George Nugent - Temple - Grenville 3rd Earl Temple PC ( 1753 -- 1813 ) 19 December 1783 23 December 1783 Tory Pitt I His Grace Francis Osborne 5th Duke of Leeds KG PC ( 1751 -- 1799 ) 23 December 1783 May 1791 Tory The Right Honourable William Grenville 1st Baron Grenville PC PC ( Ire ) ( 1759 -- 1834 ) 8 June 1791 20 February 1801 Tory The Right Honourable Robert Jenkinson 2nd Baron Hawkesbury PC FRS MP for Rye ( 1770 -- 1828 ) 20 February 1801 14 May 1804 Tory Addington The Right Honourable Dudley Ryder 2nd Baron Harrowby PC FSA ( 1762 -- 1847 ) 14 May 1804 11 January 1805 Tory Pitt II The Right Honourable Henry Phipps 3rd Baron Mulgrave PC ( 1755 -- 1831 ) 11 January 1805 7 February 1806 Tory The Right Honourable Charles James Fox MP for Westminster ( 1749 -- 1806 ) 7 February 1806 13 September 1806 Whig All the Talents ( Whig -- Tory ) The Right Honourable Charles Grey 1st Viscount Howick PC MP for Northumberland ( 1764 -- 1845 ) 24 September 1806 25 March 1807 Whig The Right Honourable George Canning MP for Newtown ( Isle of Wight ) -- Hastings ( 1770 -- 1827 ) 25 March 1807 11 October 1809 Tory Portland II The Right Honourable Henry Bathurst 3rd Earl Bathurst PC ( 1762 -- 1834 ) 11 October 1809 6 December 1809 Tory Perceval The Most Honourable Richard Wellesley 1st Marquess Wellesley KG PC PC ( Ire ) ( 1760 -- 1842 ) 6 December 1809 4 March 1812 Independent The Most Honourable Robert Stewart 2nd Marquess of Londonderry KG GCH PC PC ( Ire ) ( 1769 -- 1822 ) 4 March 1812 12 August 1822 Tory Liverpool George IV ( 1820 -- 1830 ) The Right Honourable George Canning FRS MP for 3 constituencies respectively ( 1770 -- 1827 ) 16 September 1822 30 April 1827 Tory The Right Honourable John Ward 1st Earl of Dudley PC FRS ( 1781 -- 1833 ) 30 April 1827 2 June 1828 Tory Canning ( Canningite -- Whig ) Goderich Wellington -- Peel The Right Honourable George Hamilton - Gordon 4th Earl of Aberdeen KT FRS PC FSA Scot ( 1784 -- 1860 ) 2 June 1828 22 November 1830 Tory William IV ( 1830 -- 1837 ) The Right Honourable Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston GCB PC MP for 3 constituencies respectively ( 1784 -- 1865 ) 22 November 1830 14 November 1834 Whig Grey Melbourne I Field Marshal His Grace Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington KG GCB GCH PC ( 1769 -- 1852 ) 14 November 1834 18 April 1835 Tory Wellington Caretaker Conservative Peel I The Right Honourable Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston GCB PC MP for Tiverton ( 1784 -- 1865 ) 18 April 1835 2 September 1841 Whig Melbourne II Victoria ( 1837 -- 1901 ) The Right Honourable George Hamilton - Gordon 4th Earl of Aberdeen KT FRS PC FSA Scot ( 1784 -- 1860 ) 2 September 1841 6 July 1846 Conservative Peel II The Right Honourable Henry John Temple 3rd Viscount Palmerston GCB PC MP for Tiverton ( 1784 -- 1865 ) 6 July 1846 26 December 1851 Whig Russell I The Right Honourable Granville Leveson - Gower 2nd Earl Granville PC ( 1815 -- 1891 ) 26 December 1851 27 February 1852 Whig The Right Honourable James Howard Harris 3rd Earl of Malmesbury PC ( 1807 -- 1889 ) 27 February 1852 28 December 1852 Conservative Who ? Who ? The Right Honourable Lord John Russell FRS MP for the City of London ( 1792 -- 1878 ) 28 December 1852 21 February 1853 Whig Aberdeen ( Peelite -- Whig ) The Right Honourable George Villiers 4th Earl of Clarendon KG GCB PC ( 1800 -- 1870 ) 21 February 1853 26 February 1858 Whig Palmerston I The Right Honourable James Howard Harris 3rd Earl of Malmesbury GCB PC ( 1807 -- 1889 ) 26 February 1858 18 June 1859 Conservative Derby -- Disraeli II The Right Honourable John Russell 1st Earl Russell KG PC FRS ( 1792 -- 1878 ) 18 June 1859 3 November 1865 Liberal Palmerston II Russell II The Right Honourable George Villiers 4th Earl of Clarendon KG GCB PC ( 1800 -- 1870 ) 3 November 1865 6 July 1866 Liberal The Right Honourable Edward Stanley Lord Stanley PC FRS MP for King 's Lynn ( 1826 -- 1893 ) 6 July 1866 9 December 1868 Conservative Derby -- Disraeli III The Right Honourable George Villiers 4th Earl of Clarendon KG GCB PC ( 1800 -- 1870 ) 9 December 1868 6 July 1870 Liberal Gladstone I The Right Honourable Granville Leveson - Gower 2nd Earl Granville KG PC FRS ( 1815 -- 1891 ) 6 July 1870 21 February 1874 Liberal The Right Honourable Edward Stanley 15th Earl of Derby PC FRS ( 1826 -- 1893 ) 21 February 1874 2 April 1878 Conservative Disraeli II The Most Honourable Robert Gascoyne - Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG PC FRS DL ( 1830 -- 1903 ) 2 April 1878 28 April 1880 Conservative The Right Honourable Granville Leveson - Gower 2nd Earl Granville KG PC FRS ( 1815 -- 1891 ) 28 April 1880 24 June 1885 Liberal Gladstone II The Most Honourable Robert Gascoyne - Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG PC FRS DL ( 1830 -- 1903 ) 24 June 1885 6 February 1886 Conservative Salisbury I The Right Honourable Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery PC FRS ( 1847 -- 1929 ) 6 February 1886 3 August 1886 Liberal Gladstone III The Right Honourable Stafford Northcote 1st Earl of Iddesleigh GCB PC FRS ( 1818 -- 1887 ) 3 August 1886 12 January 1887 Conservative Salisbury II The Most Honourable Robert Gascoyne - Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG PC FRS DL ( 1830 -- 1903 ) 14 January 1887 11 August 1892 Conservative The Right Honourable Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery KG PC FRS ( 1847 -- 1929 ) 18 August 1892 11 March 1894 Liberal Gladstone IV The Right Honourable John Wodehouse 1st Earl of Kimberley KG PC DL ( 1826 -- 1902 ) 11 March 1894 21 June 1895 Liberal Rosebery The Most Honourable Robert Gascoyne - Cecil 3rd Marquess of Salisbury KG PC FRS DL ( 1830 -- 1903 ) 29 June 1895 12 November 1900 Conservative Salisbury III ( Con. -- Lib. U . ) The Most Honourable Henry Petty - Fitzmaurice 5th Marquess of Lansdowne KG GCSI GCMG GCIE PC ( 1845 -- 1927 ) 12 November 1900 4 December 1905 Liberal Unionist Edward VII ( 1901 -- 1910 ) Balfour The Right Honourable Sir Edward Grey Bt DL MP for Berwick - upon - Tweed ( 1862 -- 1933 ) 10 December 1905 10 December 1916 Liberal Campbell - Bannerman Asquith I George V ( 1910 -- 1936 ) Asquith II ( Lib. -- Con. -- et al . ) The Right Honourable Arthur Balfour OM FRS DL MP for the City of London ( 1848 -- 1930 ) 10 December 1916 23 October 1919 Conservative Lloyd George ( I & II ) The Most Honourable George Curzon 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston KG GCSI GCIE PC ( 1859 -- 1925 ) 23 October 1919 22 January 1924 Conservative Law Baldwin I The Right Honourable Ramsay MacDonald MP for Aberavon ( 1866 -- 1937 ) 22 January 1924 3 November 1924 Labour MacDonald I The Right Honourable Sir Austen Chamberlain KG MP for Birmingham West ( 1863 -- 1937 ) 6 November 1924 4 June 1929 Conservative Baldwin II The Right Honourable Arthur Henderson MP for Burnley ( 1863 -- 1935 ) 7 June 1929 24 August 1931 Labour MacDonald II The Most Honourable Rufus Isaacs 1st Marquess of Reading GCB GCSI GCIE GCVO PC KC ( 1860 -- 1935 ) 25 August 1931 5 November 1931 Liberal National I ( N. Lab. -- Con. -- et al . ) The Right Honourable Sir John Simon GCSI OBE MP for Spen Valley ( 1873 -- 1954 ) 5 November 1931 7 June 1935 Liberal National National II The Right Honourable Sir Samuel Hoare Bt GCSI GBE CMG JP MP for Chelsea ( 1880 -- 1959 ) 7 June 1935 18 December 1935 Conservative National III ( Con. -- N. Lab. -- et al . ) The Right Honourable Anthony Eden MC MP for Warwick & Leamington ( 1897 -- 1977 ) 22 December 1935 20 February 1938 Conservative Edward VIII ( 1936 ) George VI ( 1936 -- 1952 ) National IV The Right Honourable Edward Wood 3rd Viscount Halifax PC ( 1881 -- 1959 ) 21 February 1938 22 December 1940 Conservative Chamberlain War Churchill War ( All parties ) The Right Honourable Anthony Eden MC MP for Warwick & Leamington ( 1897 -- 1977 ) 22 December 1940 26 July 1945 Conservative Churchill Caretaker ( Con. -- Lib. N . ) The Right Honourable Ernest Bevin MP for Wandsworth Central -- Woolwich East ( 1881 -- 1951 ) 27 July 1945 9 March 1951 Labour Attlee ( I & II ) The Right Honourable Herbert Morrison MP for Lewisham South ( 1888 -- 1965 ) 9 March 1951 26 October 1951 Labour The Right Honourable Sir Anthony Eden KG MC MP for Warwick & Leamington ( 1897 -- 1977 ) 28 October 1951 7 April 1955 Conservative Churchill III Elizabeth II ( 1952 -- present ) The Right Honourable Harold Macmillan MP for Bromley ( 1894 -- 1986 ) 7 April 1955 20 December 1955 Conservative Eden The Right Honourable Selwyn Lloyd CBE QC MP for Wirral ( 1904 -- 1978 ) 20 December 1955 27 July 1960 Conservative Macmillan ( I & II ) The Right Honourable Alec Douglas - Home 14th Earl of Home PC ( 1903 -- 1995 ) 27 July 1960 20 October 1963 Conservative The Right Honourable Richard Austen Butler CH MP for Saffron Walden ( 1902 -- 1982 ) 20 October 1963 16 October 1964 Conservative Douglas - Home The Right Honourable Patrick Gordon Walker MP for Smethwick ( 1907 -- 1980 ) 16 October 1964 22 January 1965 Labour Wilson ( I & II ) The Right Honourable Michael Stewart MP for Fulham ( 1906 -- 1990 ) 22 January 1965 11 August 1966 Labour The Right Honourable George Brown MP for Belper ( 1914 -- 1985 ) 11 August 1966 16 March 1968 Labour The Right Honourable Michael Stewart MP for Fulham ( 1906 -- 1990 ) 16 March 1968 17 October 1968 Labour ^ † Died in office . Jump up ^ The Prince of Wales served as Prince Regent from 5 February 1811 . Jump up ^ Elevated to the Peerage of the United Kingdom in November 1803 . Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1807 general election . Jump up ^ Elected to a new constituency in the 1950 general election . Jump up ^ Lost seat in the 1964 general election . Secretaries of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs ( 1968 -- present ) ( edit ) Post created through the merger of the Foreign Office and the Commonwealth Office . Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Term of office Party Ministry Sovereign ( Reign ) Ref . The Right Honourable Michael Stewart MP for Fulham ( 1906 -- 1990 ) 17 October 1968 19 June 1970 Labour Wilson ( I & II ) Elizabeth II ( 1952 -- present ) The Right Honourable Sir Alec Douglas - Home KT MP for Kinross and Western Perthshire ( 1903 -- 1995 ) 20 June 1970 4 March Conservative Heath The Right Honourable James Callaghan MP for Cardiff South East ( 1912 -- 2005 ) 5 March 5 April 1976 Labour Wilson ( III & IV ) The Right Honourable Anthony Crosland MP for Great Grimsby ( 1918 -- 1977 ) 8 April 1976 19 February 1977 Labour Callaghan The Right Honourable David Owen MP for Plymouth Devonport ( born 1938 ) 22 February 1977 4 May 1979 Labour The Right Honourable Peter Carington 6th Baron Carrington KCMG MC PC DL ( born 1919 ) 5 May 1979 5 April 1982 Conservative Thatcher I The Right Honourable Francis Pym MC MP for Cambridgeshire ( 1922 -- 2008 ) 6 April 1982 11 June Conservative The Right Honourable Sir Geoffrey Howe QC MP for East Surrey ( 1926 -- 2015 ) 11 June 24 July 1989 Conservative Thatcher II Thatcher III The Right Honourable John Major MP for Huntingdon ( born 1943 ) 24 July 1989 26 October 1989 Conservative The Right Honourable Douglas Hurd CBE MP for Witney ( born 1930 ) 26 October 1989 5 July 1995 Conservative Major I Major II The Right Honourable Malcolm Rifkind QC MP for Edinburgh Pentlands ( born 1946 ) 5 July 1995 2 May 1997 Conservative The Right Honourable Robin Cook MP for Livingston ( 1946 -- 2005 ) 2 May 1997 8 June 2001 Labour Blair ( I -- III ) The Right Honourable Jack Straw MP for Blackburn ( born 1946 ) 8 June 2001 5 May 2006 Labour The Right Honourable Margaret Beckett MP for Derby South ( born 1943 ) 5 May 2006 28 June 2007 Labour The Right Honourable David Miliband MP for South Shields ( born 1965 ) 28 June 2007 11 May Labour Brown The Right Honourable William Hague FRSL MP for Richmond ( Yorks ) ( born 1961 ) 11 May 14 July 2014 Conservative Cameron -- Clegg ( Con. -- L.D. ) The Right Honourable Philip Hammond MP for Runnymede and Weybridge ( born 1955 ) 14 July 2014 13 July 2016 Conservative Cameron II The Right Honourable Boris Johnson MP for Uxbridge and South Ruislip ( born 1964 ) 13 July 2016 Incumbent Conservative May I May II See also ( edit ) Parliamentary Under - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Permanent Under - Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations Secretary of State for the Colonies Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs Foreign minister Great Offices of State References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Public List '' ( PDF ) . Protocol and Liaison Service . United Nations . 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs '' . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ministerial responsibility '' . GCHQ. 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Day - to - day ministerial responsibility for GCHQ lies with the Foreign Secretary . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Foreign Secretaries '' . gov.uk . Government of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Including honorifics and constituencies for elected MPs . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foreign Secretaries of the United Kingdom . FCO website Cabinet of the United Kingdom Great Offices of State Prime Minister / First Lord of the Treasury Chancellor of the Exchequer / Second Lord of the Treasury Foreign & Commonwealth Home Other Cabinet posts Leader of the House of Lords / Lord Privy Seal Minister for the Cabinet Office / Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Minister without portfolio Business , Energy & Industrial Strategy Housing , Communities & Local Government Digital , Culture , Media & Sport Defence Education Environment , Food & Rural Affairs Exiting the European Union Health & Social Care International Development International Trade / President of the Board of Trade Lord Chancellor / Secretary of State for Justice Northern Ireland Scotland Transport Wales Work & Pensions Also attend Cabinet Attorney General Chief Secretary to the Treasury Chief Whip Leader of the House of Commons / Lord President of the Council Minister of State for Climate Change and Industry Minister of State for Immigration Great Offices of State of the United Kingdom Prime Minister Theresa May Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson Home Secretary Amber Rudd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs&oldid=823191727 '' Categories : Foreign relations of the United Kingdom Ministerial offices in the United Kingdom Lists of government ministers of the United Kingdom Foreign ministers 1782 establishments in Great Britain 1782 in politics 1968 in politics 1968 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Scots Simple English Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 January 2018 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the secretary of state for foreign and commonwealth affairs of the united kingdom	[ "The current Foreign Secretary is Boris Johnson, the former Mayor of London, who was appointed by Prime Minister Theresa May in July 2016." ]	[ "Boris Johnson" ]
-8027426053256803666	Heart murmur	Heart murmur - wikipedia Heart murmur Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cardiac murmurs and other cardiac sounds Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds Classification and external resources Specialty Cardiology ICD - 10 R01 ICD - 9 - CM 785.2 - 785.3 DiseasesDB 29151 MedlinePlus 003266 MeSH D006337 ( edit on Wikidata ) Heart murmurs are heart sounds produced when blood flows across one of the heart valves that are loud enough to be heard with a stethoscope . There are two types of murmurs . A functional murmur or `` physiologic murmur '' is a heart murmur that is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart . Other types of murmurs are due to structural defects in the heart itself . Functional murmurs are benign ( an `` innocent murmur '' ) . Murmurs may also be the result of various problems , such as narrowing or leaking of valves , or the presence of abnormal passages through which blood flows in or near the heart . Such murmurs , known as pathologic murmurs , should be evaluated by an expert . Heart murmurs are most frequently categorized by timing , into systolic heart murmurs and diastolic heart murmurs , differing in the part of the heartbeat on which they can be heard . However , continuous murmurs can not be directly placed into either category . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Interventions that change murmur sounds 3 Anatomic sources 4 Types and disease associations 5 Cooing dove murmur 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) Murmurs can be classified by seven different characteristics : timing , shape , location , radiation , intensity , pitch and quality . Timing refers to whether the murmur is a systolic or diastolic murmur . Shape refers to the intensity over time ; murmurs can be crescendo , decrescendo or crescendo - decrescendo . Crescendo murmurs progressively increase in intensity . Decrescendo murmurs progressively decrease in intensity . With crescendo -- decrescendo murmurs ( diamond or kite - shaped murmurs ) , a progressive increase in intensity is followed by a progressive decrease in intensity . Location refers to where the heart murmur is usually heard best . There are four places on the anterior chest wall to listen for heart murmurs ; each of the locations roughly corresponds to a specific part of the heart and should be listened to ( through the stethoscope ) with the patient lying down , face up . The four locations are : Aortic region - the 2nd right intercostal space . Pulmonic region - the 2nd left intercostal spaces . Tricuspid region - the 4th left intercostal space . Mitral region - the 5th left mid-clavicular intercostal space . Additional maneuvers can be performed for additional auscultation : Left lateral decubitus . With the patient sitting upright . With the patient leaning forward and exhaling . Radiation refers to where the sound of the murmur radiates . The rule of thumb is that the sound radiates in the direction of the blood flow . Intensity refers to the loudness of the murmur , and is graded according to the Levine scale , from 1 to 6 : The murmur is only audible on listening carefully for some time . The murmur is faint but immediately audible on placing the stethoscope on the chest . A loud murmur readily audible but with no palpable thrill . A loud murmur with a palpable thrill . A loud murmur with a palpable thrill . The murmur is so loud that it is audible with only the rim of the stethoscope touching the chest . A loud murmur with a palpable thrill . The murmur is audible with the stethoscope not touching the chest but lifted just off it . Pitch may be low , medium or high and is determined by whether it can be auscultated best with the bell or diaphragm of a stethoscope . Quality refers to unusual characteristics of a murmur , such as blowing , harsh , rumbling or musical . A mnemonic to remember what characteristics to look for when listening to murmurs is SCRIPT : Site , Configuration ( shape ) , Radiation , Intensity , Pitch and quality , and Timing in the cardiac cycle . The use of two simple mnemonics may help differentiate systolic and diastolic murmurs ; PASS and PAID . Pulmonary and aortic stenoses are systolic while pulmonary and aortic insufficiency ( regurgitation ) are diastolic . Mitral and tricuspid defects are opposite . Interventions that change murmur Sounds ( edit ) Inhalation leads to an increase in intrathoracic negative pressure , which increases the capacity of pulmonary circulation , thereby prolonging ejection time . This will affect the closure of the pulmonary valve . This finding , also called Carvallo 's maneuver , has been found by studies to have a sensitivity of 100 % and a specificity of 80 % to 88 % in detecting murmurs originating in the right heart . specifically positive Carvallo 's sign describes the increase in intensity of a tricuspid regurgitation murmur with inspiration . Abrupt standing Squatting , by increasing afterload and increasing preload . Handgrip maneuver , by increasing afterload Valsalva maneuver . One study found the Valsalva maneuver to have a sensitivity of 65 % , specificity of 96 % in detecting hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy ( HOCM ) . Both standing and Valsalva maneuver will decrease venous return and subsequently decrease left ventricular filling , resulting in an increase in the loudness of the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy , since outflow obstruction is increased by decreasing preload . Alternatively , squatting increases systemic vascular resistance , increasing afterload and helping to hold the obstruction in a more open configuration , decreasing the murmur . Maximum handgrip exercise also results in a decrease in the loudness of the murmur . Post ectopic potentiation Inhaled amyl nitrite is a vasodilator that diminishes systolic murmurs in left - to - right shunts in ventricular septal defects , and reveals right - to left shunts in the setting of a pulmonic stenosis and a ventricular septal defect . Methoxamine Positioning of the patient . That is , putting patients in the left lateral position will allow a murmur in the mitral valve area to be more pronounced . Anatomic sources ( edit ) Systolic Main article : Systolic heart murmur Aortic valve stenosis typically is a crescendo / decrescendo systolic murmur best heard at the right upper sternal border sometimes with radiation to the carotid arteries . In mild aortic stenosis , the crescendo - decrescendo is early peaking whereas in severe aortic stenosis , the crescendo is late - peaking , and the S2 heart sound may be obliterated . Stenosis of Bicuspid aortic valve is similar to the aortic valve stenosis heart murmur , but a systolic ejection click may be heard after S1 in calcified bicuspid aortic valves . Symptoms tend to present between 40 and 70 years of age . Mitral regurgitation typically is a holosystolic ( pansystolic ) murmur heard best at the apex , and may radiate to the axilla or precordium . A systolic click may be heard if there is associated mitral valve prolapse . Valsalva maneuver in mitral regurgitation associated with mitral valve prolapse will decrease left ventricular preload and move the murmur onset closer to S1 , and isometric handgrip , which increases left ventricular afterload , will increase murmur intensity . In acute severe mitral regurgitation , a holosystolic ( pansystolic ) murmur may not be heard . Pulmonary valve stenosis typically is a crescendo - decrescendo murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border , associated with a systolic ejection click that increases with inspiration ( due to increased venous return to the right side of the heart ) and sometimes radiates to the left clavicle . Tricuspid valve regurgitation presents as a holosystolic ( pansystolic ) murmur at the left lower sternal border with radiation to the left upper sternal border . Prominent v and c waves may be seen in the JVP ( jugular venous pressure ) . The murmur will increase with inspiration . Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy ( or hypertrophic subaortic stenosis ) will be a systolic crescendo - decrescendo murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border . Valsalva maneuver will increase the intensity of the murmur , as will changing positions from squatting to standing . Atrial septal defect will present with a systolic crescendo - decrescendo murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border due to increased volume going through the pulmonary valve , and is associated with a fixed , split S2 and a right ventricular heave . Ventricular septal defect ( VSD ) will present as a holosystolic ( pansystolic ) murmur at the left lower sternal border , associated with a palpable thrill , and increases with isometric handgrip . A right to left shunt ( Eisenmenger syndrome ) may develop with uncorrected VSDs due to worsening pulmonary hypertension , which will increase the murmur intensity and be associated with cyanosis . Flow murmur may be heard at the right upper sternal border in certain conditions , such as anemia , hyperthyroidism , fever , and pregnancy . Diastolic Main article : Diastolic heart murmur Aortic valve regurgitation will present as a diastolic decrescendo murmur heard at the left lower sternal border or right lower sternal border ( when associated with a dilated aorta ) . This may be associated with bounding carotid and peripheral pulses ( Corrigan 's pulse , Watson 's water hammer pulse ) , and a widened pulse pressure . Mitral stenosis typically presents as a diastolic low - pitched decrescendo murmur best heard at the cardiac apex in the left lateral decubitus position . It may be associated with an opening snap . Increasing severity will shorten the time between S2 ( A2 ) and the opening snap . ( i.e. In severe MS the opening snap will occur earlier after A2 ) Tricuspid valve stenosis presents as a diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left lower sternal border , and signs of right heart failure may be seen on exam . Pulmonary valve regurgitation presents as a diastolic decrescendo murmur at the left lower sternal border . A palpable S2 in the second left intercostal space correlates with pulmonary hypertension due to mitral stenosis . Continuous and Combined Systolic / Diastolic Patent ductus arteriosus may present as a continuous murmur radiating to the back . Severe coarctation of the aorta can present with a continuous murmur : a systolic component at the left infraclavicular region and the back due to the stenosis , and a diastolic component over the chest wall due to blood flow through collateral vessels . Acute severe aortic regurgitation is associated with a three phase murmur , specifically a midsystolic murmur followed by S2 , followed by a parasternal early diastolic and mid-diastolic murmur ( Austin Flint murmur ) . Although the exact cause of an Austin Flint murmur is unknown , it is hypothesized that the mechanism of murmur is from the severe aortic regurgitation jet vibrating the anterior mitral valve leaflet , colliding with the mitral inflow during diastole , with increased mitral inflow velocity from the narrowed mitral valve orifice leading to the jet impinging on the myocardial wall . Another uncommon cause of a continuous murmur is a ruptured sinus of valsalva . Usually the murmur is well heard in the aortic area and along the left sternal border . Types and disease associations ( edit ) Continuous machinery murmur , at the left upper sternal border Classic for a patent ductus arteriosus , and in serious cases associated with poor feeding , failure to thrive and respiratory distress . Other examination findings may include widened pulse pressures and bounding pulses . Systolic murmur loudest below the left scapula Classic for a coarctation of the aorta which is often seen in Turner 's Syndrome , ( gonadal dysgenesis ) , an X-linked disorder with a part missing of the X-chromosome . Other findings of this murmur is radio - femoral delay , and different blood pressures in the upper and lower extremities . Harsh holosystolic ( pansystolic ) murmur at the left lower sternal border Classic for a ventricular septal defect . It is in these children that the delayed - onset cyanotic heart disease occurs known as Eisenmenger syndrome , which is a reversal of the left - to - right heart shunt as the right ventricle hypertrophies , causing a right - to - left shunt and resulting cyanosis . Widely split fixed S and systolic ejection murmur at the left upper sternal border Classically due to a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect , which is lack of closure of the foramen ovale . This produces a left - to - right shunt initially , thus does not produce cyanosis , but causes pulmonary hypertension . Longstanding uncorrected atrial septal defects can also result in Eisenmenger 's syndrome with resultant cyanosis . Cooing dove murmur ( edit ) The cooing dove murmur is a cardiac murmur with a musical quality ( high pitched - hence the name ) and is associated with aortic valve regurgitation ( or mitral regurgitation before rupture of chordae ) . It is a diastolic murmur which can be heard over the mid-precordium. ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Benign paediatric heart murmur George Alexander Gibson discoverer of the Gibson murmur . Precordial examination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` heart murmur '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` continuous murmur '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ `` Heart murmur : characteristics '' . LifeHugger . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Orient JM . `` Chapter 17 : The Heart '' . Sapira 's Art & Science of Bedside Diagnosis ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Wolters Kluwers Health . p. 339 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60547 - 411 - 3 . Jump up ^ Freeman AR , Levine SA ( 1933 ) . `` Clinical significance of systolic murmurs : Study of 1000 consecutive `` noncardiac '' cases. `` . Ann Intern Med. 6 : 1371 -- 1379 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 6 - 11 - 1371 . Jump up ^ `` Medline Plus Medical Dictionary , definition of `` cardiac thrill '' `` . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4euNGIguluk Mnemonic tutorial video for cardiac murmurs ^ Jump up to : Lembo N , Dell'Italia L , Crawford M , O'Rourke R ( 1988 ) . `` Bedside diagnosis of systolic murmurs '' . N Engl J Med. 318 ( 24 ) : 1572 -- 8 . PMID 2897627 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198806163182404 . Jump up ^ Maisel A , Atwood J , Goldberger A ( 1984 ) . `` Hepatojugular reflux : useful in the bedside diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation '' . Ann Intern Med. 101 ( 6 ) : 781 -- 2 . PMID 6497192 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 101 - 6 - 781 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Internal Medicine 17th , chapter 5 , `` Disorders of the cardiovascular system , '' question 32 , self assessment and board review Jump up ^ Harrison 's Internal Medicine 17th , chapter 5 , `` Disorders of the cardiovascular system , '' question 86 - 87 , self assessment and board review Jump up ^ Cumming , Gordon R. ( 1963 ) . `` AMYL NITRITE INDUCED CHANGES IN CARDIAC SHUNTS '' . Br Heart J. 25 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 531 . PMC 1018027 . PMID 14047161 . Jump up ^ John Oshinski ; Robert Franch , MD ; Murray Baron , MD ; Roderic Pettigrew , MD ( 1998 ) . `` Images in Cardiovascular Medicine Austin Flint Murmur '' . Circulation. 98 ( 24 ) : 2782 -- 2783 . PMID 9851968 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. cir. 98.24. 2782 . Jump up ^ `` Blaufuss Multimedia - Heart Sounds and Cardiac Arrhythmias '' . Medical Multimedia Laboratories . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Topi , Bernard ; John ( September 2012 ) . `` An uncommon cause of a continuous murmur . '' . Experimental and clinical cardiology. 17 ( 3 ) : 148 -- 149 . PMC 3628432 . PMID 23620707 . External links ( edit ) Information on heart murmurs in children from Seattle Children 's Heart Center Heart Murmurs in Pediatric Patients Lehrer , Steven . Understanding Pediatric Heart Sounds . Elsevier 2002 . Hanifin , Christopher . Heart Sounds : A Cardiac Auscultation Primer . CreateSpace , 2010 Texas Heart Institute Scroll down to listen to heart murmurs . The Auscultation Assistant Provides recordings of heart murmurs . Heart murmurs in children information for parents . Patient and simulated holosystolic murmurs with audio , text , phonocardiograms and cardiac animations . Symptoms and signs relating to the cardiovascular system ( R00 -- R03 , 785 ) Chest pain Referred pain Angina Aerophagia Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Diastolic Continuous Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus tardus et parvus Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Dicrotic pulse Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Pulse deficit Vascular disease Gangrene Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Hypovolemic Distributive Septic Neurogenic Eponymous medical signs for circulatory system Heart disease Heart murmur Systolic heart murmur : Benign paediatric heart murmur ( Still 's murmur ) Diastolic heart murmur : Pulmonic regurgitation ( Graham Steell murmur ) Aortic insufficiency ( Austin Flint murmur ) Carey Coombs murmur Mitral regurgitation ( Presystolic murmur ) Aortic insufficiency Watson 's water hammer pulse / Corrigan pulse De Musset 's sign Duroziez 's sign Müller 's sign Quincke 's sign Austin Flint murmur Mayne 's sign Other endocardium endocarditis : Roth 's spot Janeway lesion / Osler 's node Bracht - Wachter bodies Pericardium Cardiac tamponade / Pericardial effusion : Beck 's triad Ewart 's sign Other rheumatic fever : Anitschkow cell Aschoff body EKG ( Osborn wave ) angina pectoris ( Levine 's sign ) Gallavardin phenomenon Vascular disease Arterial aortic aneurysm ( Cardarelli 's sign , Oliver 's sign ) pulmonary embolism ( McConnell 's sign ) radial artery sufficiency ( Allen 's test ) pseudohypertension ( Osler 's sign ) thrombus ( Lines of Zahn ) Adson 's sign arteriovenous fistula ( Nicoladoni sign ) Venous Friedreich 's sign Caput medusae Kussmaul 's sign DVT Bancroft 's sign Homans sign Lisker 's sign Louvel 's sign Lowenberg 's sign Peabody 's sign Pratt 's sign Rose 's sign Trendelenburg test superior vena cava syndrome ( Pemberton 's sign ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_murmur&oldid=789170009 '' Categories : Heart murmurs Turbulence Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are too technical from April 2014 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from April 2014 All articles needing expert attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lumbaart Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Shqip Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 July 2017 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the murmur associated with aortic stenosis radiate	[ "Aortic region - the 2nd right intercostal space." ]	[ "the 2nd right intercostal space" ]
3506579466876517951	Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater	Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater - wikipedia Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bathwater '' is an idiomatic expression for an avoidable error in which something good is eliminated when trying to get rid of something bad , or in other words , rejecting the favorable along with the unfavorable . A slightly different explanation suggests this flexible catchphrase has to do with discarding the essential while retaining the superfluous because of excessive zeal . In other words , the idiom is applicable not only when throwing out the baby with the bathwater , but also when someone might throw out the baby and keep the bathwater . Contents 1 History 2 Alternative expressions 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Earliest record of the phrase from Narrenbeschwörung ( Appeal to Fools ) by Thomas Murner , 1512 This idiom derives from a German proverb , das Kind mit dem Bade ausschütten . The earliest record of this phrase is in 1512 , in Narrenbeschwörung ( Appeal to Fools ) by Thomas Murner ; and this book includes a woodcut illustration showing a woman tossing a baby out with waste water . It is a common catchphrase in German , with examples of its use in work by Martin Luther , Johannes Kepler , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , Otto von Bismarck , Thomas Mann , and Günter Grass . Thomas Carlyle adapted the concept in an 1849 essay on slavery : And if true , it is important for us , in reference to this Negro Question and some others . The Germans say , `` you must empty - out the bathing - tub , but not the baby along with it . '' Fling - out your dirty water with all zeal , and set it careening down the kennels ; but try if you can keep the little child ! Carlyle is urging his readers to join in the struggle to end slavery , but he also encourages them to be mindful of the need to try to avoid harming the slaves themselves in the process . Some claim the phrase originates from a time when the whole household shared the same bath water . The head of household ( Lord ) would bathe first , followed by the men , then the Lady and the women , then the children , followed lastly by the baby . The water would be so black from dirt a baby could be accidentally `` tossed out with the bathwater '' . Others state there is no historical evidence there is any connection with the practice of several family members using the same bath water , the baby being bathed last . Alternative expressions ( edit ) The meaning and intent of the English idiomatic expression is sometimes presented in different terms . Throw out the champagne with the cork Empty the baby out with the bath Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cheng Lim Tan . ( 2002 ) . Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` What Does `` Throwing the Baby out with the Bath Water '' Mean ? `` . Wisegeek.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jewell , Elizabeth , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus ( 2nd edition ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ The World Book Dictionary , ' Vol. 1 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Nichols , James . ( 1995 ) . Assessment Case Studies : Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Wilton , David . ( 2004 ) . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends , pp. 66 - 67 . ^ Jump up to : Quinion , Michael ( 6 April 2013 ) . `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bath water '' . Newsletter . World Wide Words . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilton , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Karl ; Marchant , Stephen ; Gervais , Ricky ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Explanation , throw the baby out with the bathwater '' ( Audio ) . XFM . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/55503/7-tall-tales-about-life-1500s-and-origins-phrases Jump up ^ Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson . ( 1961 ) . Shaw on Shakespeare : an Anthology of Bernard Shaw 's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare , p. xvii . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Betty. ( 1999 ) . Clichés : Over 1500 Phrases Explored and Explained , pp. 180 - 181 , citing George Bernard Shaw 's `` Parent 's and Children '' ( 1914 ) . References ( edit ) Ammer , Christine ( 1997 ) . Throw out the baby with the bath water . The American Heritage dictionary of idioms . Boston , Massachusetts : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 72774 - X . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 72774 - 4 Cheng Lim Tan . ( 2002 ) . Advanced English Idioms for Effective Communication . Singapore : Singapore Asian Publications . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4122 - 35 - 1 ; OCLC 226051976 Nichols , James . ( 1995 ) . Assessment Case Studies : Common Issues in Implementation with Various Campus Approaches to Resolution . New York : Agathon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 112 - 8 ; OCLC 33132059 Quinion , Michael ( 6 April 2013 ) . `` Do n't throw the baby out with the bath water '' . Newsletter . World Wide Words . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Shaw Bernard and Edwin Wilson . ( 1961 ) . Shaw on Shakespeare : an Anthology of Bernard Shaw 's Writings on Plays and Production of Shakespeare . New York : E.F. Dutton . reprinted in 2002 by Applause Theatre & Cinema Books , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 561 - 1 ; OCLC 49690475 Wilton , David . ( 2004 ) . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517284 - 3 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7394 - 5593 - 7 ; OCLC 54767339 External links ( edit ) Look up throw the baby out with the bathwater in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pilkington , Karl ; Merchant , Stephen ; Gervais , Ricky ( May -- June 2005 ) . `` Explanation , throw the baby out with the bathwater '' . XFM . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_throw_the_baby_out_with_the_bathwater&oldid=864476938 '' Categories : English - language idioms Bathing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 13 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	don t throw the baby out with the bathwater what does that mean	[ "\"Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater\" is an idiomatic expression for an avoidable error in which something good is eliminated when trying to get rid of something bad, or in other words, rejecting the favorable along with the unfavorable.[1][2][3]\n" ]	[ "an idiomatic expression for an avoidable error in which something good is eliminated when trying to get rid of something bad, or in other words, rejecting the favorable along with the unfavorable" ]
-9155428574613895576	Lascaux	Lascaux - wikipedia Lascaux Jump to : navigation , search For Lascaux in the Corrèze department , see Lascaux , Corrèze . Lascaux UNESCO World Heritage Site depiction of aurochs , horses and deer Location near Montignac , France Part of Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley Criteria Cultural : i , iii Reference 85 - 011 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Coordinates 45 ° 03 ′ 13 '' N 1 ° 10 ′ 12 '' E / 45.05361 ° N 1.17000 ° E / 45.05361 ; 1.17000 Coordinates : 45 ° 03 ′ 13 '' N 1 ° 10 ′ 12 '' E / 45.05361 ° N 1.17000 ° E / 45.05361 ; 1.17000 Location in the Dordogne Lascaux ( France ) Show map of Dordogne Show map of France Show all Lascaux ( French : Grotte de Lascaux , `` Lascaux Cave '' ; English : / læsˈkoʊ / , French : ( lasko ) ) is the setting of a complex of caves near the village of Montignac , in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France . Over 600 parietal wall paintings cover the interior walls and ceilings of the cave . The paintings represent primarily large animals , typical local and contemporary fauna that correspond with the fossil record of the Upper Paleolithic time . The drawings are the combined effort of many generations , and with continued debate , the paintings are estimated around 17,000 years BP . Lascaux was inducted into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979 , as element of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley . Contents ( hide ) 1 History since rediscovery 1.1 Ochroconis lascauxensis 2 Geographic setting 3 Images 3.1 Interpretation 4 Threats 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History since rediscovery ( edit ) Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← LCA - Gorilla separation ← Possibly bipedal ← LCA - Chimpanzee separation ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years ago . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline Modern entrance to the Lascaux cave On September 12 , 1940 , the entrance to the Lascaux Cave was discovered by 18 - year - old Marcel Ravidat . Ravidat ( died in 1995 ) returned to the scene with three friends , Jacques Marsal , Georges Agnel , and Simon Coencas , and entered the cave via a long shaft . The teenagers discovered that the cave walls were covered with depictions of animals . Galleries that suggest continuity , context or simply represent a cavern were given names . Those include the Hall of the Bulls , the Passageway , the Shaft , the Nave , the Apse , and the Chamber of Felines . The cave complex was opened to the public on July 14 , 1948 . By 1955 , carbon dioxide , heat , humidity , and other contaminants produced by 1,200 visitors per day had visibly damaged the paintings . As air condition deteriorated fungi and lichen increasingly infested the walls . Consequently , the cave was closed to the public in 1963 , the paintings were restored to their original state and a monitoring system on a daily basis was introduced . Lascaux II , an exact copy of the Great Hall of the Bulls and the Painted Gallery opened in 1983 in the cave 's vicinity , a compromise and attempt to present an impression of the paintings ' scale and composition for the public without harming the originals . A full range of Lascaux 's parietal art is presented a few kilometres from the site at the Centre of Prehistoric Art , Le Parc du Thot , where there are also live animals representing ice - age fauna . Ochroconis lascauxensis ( edit ) Ochroconis lascauxensis is a species of fungus of the Ascomycota phylum , in May 2012 officially described and named after the locality of its first emergence , the Lascaux cave . It was along with a closely related second species Ochroconis anomala , first observed in 2000 inside the cave and the following year black spots appeared among the cave paintings . No official announcement on the effect and / or progress of attempted treatments has ever been made . As of 2008 , the cave contained black mold . In January 2008 , authorities closed the cave for three months , even to scientists and preservationists . A single individual was allowed to enter the cave for 20 minutes once a week to monitor climatic conditions . Now only a few scientific experts are allowed to work inside the cave and just for a few days a month but the efforts to remove the mold have taken a toll , leaving dark patches and damaging the pigments on the walls . In 2009 it was announced : Mould problem `` stable '' . In 2011 the fungus seemed to be in retreat after the installment of an additional , even stricter conservation program . Geographic setting ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) reproduction of Lascaux artwork in Lascaux II In its sedimentary composition , the Vézère drainage basin covers one fourth of the département of the Dordogne , the northernmost region of the Black Périgord . Before joining the Dordogne River near Limeuil , the Vézère flows in a south - westerly direction . At its centre point , the river 's course is marked by a series of meanders flanked by high limestone cliffs that determine the landscape . Upstream from this steep - sloped relief , near Montignac and in the vicinity of Lascaux , the contours of the land soften considerably ; the valley floor widens , and the banks of the river lose their steepness . The Lascaux valley is located some distance from the major concentrations of decorated caves and inhabited sites , most of which were discovered further downstream . In the environs of the village of Eyzies - de-Tayac Sireuil , there are no less than 37 decorated caves and shelters , as well as an even greater number of habitation sites from the Upper Paleolithic , located in the open , beneath a sheltering overhang , or at the entrance to one of the area 's karst cavities . This is the highest concentration in western Europe . Images ( edit ) Megaloceros with line of dots The cave contains nearly 6,000 figures , which can be grouped into three main categories : animals , human figures , and abstract signs . The paintings contain no images of the surrounding landscape or the vegetation of the time . Most of the major images have been painted onto the walls using red , yellow , and black colours from a complex multiplicity of mineral pigments including iron compounds such as iron oxide ( ochre ) , hematite , and goethite , as well as manganese - containing pigments . Charcoal may also have been used but seemingly to a sparing extent . On some of the cave walls , the colour may have been applied as a suspension of pigment in either animal fat or calcium - rich cave groundwater or clay , making paint , that was swabbed or blotted on , rather than applied by brush . In other areas , the colour was applied by spraying the pigments by blowing the mixture through a tube . Where the rock surface is softer , some designs have been incised into the stone . Many images are too faint to discern , and others have deteriorated entirely . Over 900 can be identified as animals , and 605 of these have been precisely identified . Out of these images , there are 364 paintings of equines as well as 90 paintings of stags . Also represented are cattle and bison , each representing 4 to 5 % of the images . A smattering of other images include seven felines , a bird , a bear , a rhinoceros , and a human . There are no images of reindeer , even though that was the principal source of food for the artists . Geometric images have also been found on the walls . The most famous section of the cave is The Hall of the Bulls where bulls , equines , and stags are depicted . The four black bulls , or aurochs , are the dominant figures among the 36 animals represented here . One of the bulls is 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) long , the largest animal discovered so far in cave art . Additionally , the bulls appear to be in motion . A painting referred to as `` The Crossed Bison '' , found in the chamber called the Nave , is often submitted as an example of the skill of the Paleolithic cave painters . The crossed hind legs create the illusion that one bison is closer to the viewer than the other . This visual depth in the scene demonstrates a primitive form of perspective which was particularly advanced for the time . Interpretation ( edit ) Some anthropologists and art historians theorize that the paintings could be an account of past hunting success , or could represent a mystical ritual in order to improve future hunting endeavors . The latter theory is supported by the overlapping images of one group of animals in the same cave location as another group of animals , suggesting that one area of the cave was more successful for predicting a plentiful hunting excursion . Applying the iconographic method of analysis to the Lascaux paintings ( studying position , direction and size of the figures ; organization of the composition ; painting technique ; distribution of the color planes ; research of the image center ) , Thérèse Guiot - Houdart attempted to comprehend the symbolic function of the animals , to identify the theme of each image and finally to reconstitute the canvas of the myth illustrated on the rock walls . Cave painting of a dun horse ( equine ) at Lascaux Julien d'Huy and Jean - Loïc Le Quellec showed that certain angular or barbed signs of Lascaux may be analysed as `` weapon '' or `` wounds '' . These signs affect dangerous animals -- big cats , aurochs and bison -- more than others and may be explained by a fear of the animation of the image . Another finding supports the hypothesis of half - alive images . At Lascaux , bison , aurochs and ibex are not represented side by side . Conversely , one can note a bison - horses - lions system and an aurochs - horses - deer - bears system , these animals being frequently associated . Such a distribution may show the relationship between the species pictured and their environmental conditions . Aurochs and bison fight one against the other , and horses and deer are very social with other animals . Bison and lions live in open plains areas ; aurochs , deer and bears are associated with forests and marshes ; ibex habitat is rocky areas , and horses are highly adaptive for all these areas . The Lascaux paintings ' disposition may be explained by a belief in the real life of the pictured species , wherein the artists tried to respect their real environmental conditions . Less known is the image area called the Abside ( Apse ) , a roundish , semi-spherical chamber similar to an apse in a Romanesque basilica . It is approximately 4.5 metres in diameter ( about 5 yards ) and covered on every wall surface ( including the ceiling ) with thousands of entangled , overlapping , engraved drawings . The ceiling of the Apse , which ranges from 1.6 to 2.7 metres high ( about 5.2 to 8.9 feet ) as measured from the original floor height , is so completely decorated with such engravings that it indicates that the prehistoric people who executed them first constructed a scaffold to do so . The famous shaft scene of Lascaux : a man with a bird head and a bison . According to David Lewis - Williams and Jean Clottes who both studied presumably similar art of the San people of Southern Africa , this type of art is spiritual in nature relating to visions experienced during ritualistic trance - dancing . These trance visions are a function of the human brain and so are independent of geographical location . Nigel Spivey , a professor of classical art and archeology at the University of Cambridge , has further postulated in his series , How Art Made the World , that dot and lattice patterns overlapping the representational images of animals are very similar to hallucinations provoked by sensory - deprivation . He further postulates that the connections between culturally important animals and these hallucinations led to the invention of image - making , or the art of drawing . Threats ( edit ) The conservation room at Lascaux The opening of Lascaux Cave after World War II changed the cave environment . The exhalations of 1,200 visitors per day , presence of light , and changes in air circulation have created a number of problems . Lichens and crystals began to appear on the walls in the late 1950s , leading to closure of the caves in 1963 . This led to restriction of access to the real caves to a few visitors every week , and the creation of a replica cave for visitors to Lascaux . In 2001 , the authorities in charge of Lascaux changed the air conditioning system which resulted in regulation of the temperature and humidity . When the system had been established , an infestation of Fusarium solani , a white mold , began spreading rapidly across the cave ceiling and walls . The mold is considered to have been present in the cave soil and exposed by the work of tradesmen , leading to the spread of the fungus which was treated with quicklime . In 2007 , a new fungus , which has created grey and black blemishes , began spreading in the real cave . Organized through the initiative of the French Ministry of Culture , an international symposium titled `` Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments '' was held in Paris on February 26 and 27 , 2009 , under the chairmanship of Jean Clottes . It brought together nearly three hundred participants from seventeen countries with the goal of confronting research and interventions conducted in Lascaux Cave since 2001 with the experiences gained in other countries in the domain of preservation in subterranean environments . The proceedings of this symposium were published in 2011 . Seventy - four specialists in fields as varied as biology , biochemistry , botany , hydrology , climatology , geology , fluid mechanics , archaeology , anthropology , restoration and conservation , from numerous countries ( France , United States , Portugal , Spain , Japan , and others ) contributed to this publication . The problem is ongoing , as are efforts to control the microbial and fungal growths in the cave . The fungal infection crises have led to the establishment of an International Scientific Committee for Lascaux and to rethinking how , and how much , human access should be permitted in caves containing prehistoric art . See also ( edit ) Art of the Upper Paleolithic Cave of Altamira Cave painting List of archaeological sites by country List of caves List of Stone Age art Prehistoric art References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` American English Dictionary : Definition of Lascaux '' . Collins . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` English Dictionary : Definition of Lascaux '' . Collins . Retrieved 18 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lascaux Cave Paintings : Layout , Meaning , Photographs - Dating - Chronological questions about the age of Lascaux 's cave paintings , over what period they were created , and the identity of the oldest art in the complex , are still being debated ... '' Visual arts cork com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age star map discovered - thought to date back 16,500 years '' . BBC . August 9 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lascaux , France . These paintings are estimated to be around 17,300 years old '' . Ancient - wisdom . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jr. , Robert McG . ( March 31 , 1995 ) . `` Marcel Ravidat is Dead at 72 ; Found Lascaux Paintings '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bahn , Paul G. ( 2007 ) . Cave Art : A Guide to the Decorated Ice Age Caves of Europe . London : Frances Lincoln . pp. 81 -- 85 . ISBN 0711226555 . Jump up ^ Littlewood , Ian ( 2005 ) . Justin Wintle , ed . The timeline history of France . New York : Barnes & Noble . p. 296 . ISBN 0760779759 . Jump up ^ le retour des loups `` préhistoriques '' Jump up ^ Martin - Sanchez , Pedro Maria ; Nováková , Alena ; Bastian , Fabiola ; Alabouvette , Claude ; Saiz - Jimenez , Cesareo ( 2012 ) . `` Two new species of the genus Ochroconis , O. lascauxensis and O. anomala isolated from black stains in Lascaux Cave , France '' . Fungal Biology . Elsevier . 116 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 89 . doi : 10.1016 / j. funbio. 2012.02. 006 . PMID 22559918 . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Debate Over Moldy Cave Art Is a Tale of Human Missteps '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lascaux 's 18,000 year - old cave art under threat '' . Phys.org . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nechvatal , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Immersion Into Noise . Ann Arbor : Open Humanities Press . pp. 74 -- 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60785 - 241 - 4 . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dickson , D. Bruce ( 1992 ) . The Dawn of Belief : Religion in the Upper Paleolithic of Southwestern Europe . ISBN 9780816513369 . ^ Jump up to : Chalmin E , Farges F , Vignaud C , et al. Discovery of Unusual Minerals in Paleolithic Black Pigments from Lascaux ( France ) and Ekain ( Spain ) . ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Rapp , George R. ( 2013 ) . Archaeomineralogy . ISBN 9783662050057 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lascaux Cave Paintings : Layout , Meaning , Photographs '' . visual-arts-cork.com . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The Cave Painters : Probing the Mysteries of the World 's First Artists ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 96 -- 97 , 102 . ISBN 1400043484 . Jump up ^ Guiot - Houdart , Thérèse ( 2004 ) . Lascaux et les mythes ( in French ) . Périgueux : Pilote 24 . ISBN 2 - 912347 - 39 - 4 . Jump up ^ Julien d'Huy et Jean - Loïc Le Quellec ( 2010 ) . `` Les animaux ' fléchés ' à Lascaux : nouvelle proposition d'interprétation '' Préhistoire du Sud - Ouest 18 ( 2 ) : 161 - 170 Jump up ^ Denis Tauxe ( 2007 ). `` L'organisation symbolique du dispositif pariétal de la grotte de Lascaux '' , Préhistoire du Sud - Ouest , 15 : 177 - 266 Jump up ^ Julien d'Huy ( 2011 ) . `` La distribution des animaux à Lascaux reflèterait leur distribution naturelle '' , Bulletin de la Société Historique et Archéologique du Périgord CXXXVIII , 493 - 502 Jump up ^ Leroi - Gourhan , André . The Art of Prehistoric Man in Western Europe . London : Thames and Hudson . 1968 . p. 315 Jump up ^ Mario Ruspoli , The Cave of Lascaux : The Final Photographic Record ( New York : Abrams , 1983 ) pp. 146 - 47 Jump up ^ Harry Francis Mallgrave ( 26 June 2013 ) . Architecture and Embodiment : The Implications of the New Sciences and Humanities for Design . Routledge . pp. 190 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 09424 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gray , S.W. ( 2014 ) . ( ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi ? article = 5404&context = theses `` The cartographic paradigm in contemporary Australian landscape painting '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Jump up ^ Joëlle Dupont ; Claire Jacquet ; Bruno Dennetière ; Sandrine Lacoste ( 2007 ) . `` Invasion of the French Paleolithic painted cave of Lascaux by members of the Fusarium solani species complex '' . Mycologia. 99 ( 4 ) : 526 -- 533 . doi : 10.3852 / mycologia. 99.4. 526 . PMID 18065003 . Jump up ^ At the Takamatsuzuka Tomb in Japan , and Altamira in Spain , for example . Jump up ^ Coye , N. dir. ( 2011 ) , Lascaux et la conservation en milieu souterrain : actes du symposium international ( Paris , 26 - 27 fév. 2009 ) = Lascaux and Preservation Issues in Subterranean Environments : Proceedings of the International Symposium ( Paris , February 26 and 27 ) , Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme , 360 p . In french and english. ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Simons , Marlise ( 9 December 2007 ) . `` Fungus Once Again Threatens French Cave Paintings '' . World : Europe . New York Times . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Dubowski , Mark ( 2010 ) . Discovery in the Cave ( Children 's early reader ) . New York , New York , USA : Random House . ISBN 0375858938 Curtis , Gregory ( 2006 ) . The Cave Painters : Probing the Mysteries of the World 's First Artists . New York , New York , USA : Knopf . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4348 - 4 Lewis - Williams , David ( 2004 ) . The Mind in the Cave : Consciousness and the Origins of Art . Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 28465 - 2 Bataille , Georges ( 2005 ) . The Cradle of Humanity : Prehistoric Art and Culture . New York , New York : Zone Books . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 55 - 2 Joseph Nechvatal , Immersive Excess in the Apse of Lascaux , Technonoetic Arts 3 , no3. 2005 B.et G. Delluc ( dir . ) , Le Livre du Jubilé de Lascaux 1940 - 1990 , Société historique et archéologique du Périgord , supplément au tome CXVII , 1990 , 155 p. , ill . B. et G. Delluc , 2003 : Lascaux retrouvé . Les recherches de l'abbé André Glory , Pilote 24 édition , 368 p. , ill . B. et G. Delluc , 2006 : Discovering Lascaux , Sud Ouest , nouvelle édition entièrement revue et très augmentée , 80 p. , ill . plans et coupe . B. et G. Delluc , 2008 : Dictionnaire de Lascaux , Sud Ouest , Bordeaux . Plus de 600 entrées et illustrations . Bibliographie ( 450 références ) . ISBN 978 - 2 - 87901 - 877 - 5 . B. et G. Delluc , 2010 : Lascaux et la guerre . Une galerie de portraits , Bull . de la Soc . historique et arch. du Périgord , CXXXVI , 2e livraison , 40 p. , ill. , bibliographie . A. Glory , 2008 : Les recherches à Lascaux ( 1952 - 1963 ) . Documents recueillis et présentés par B. et G. Delluc , XXXIXe suppl . à Gallia - Préhistoire , CNRS , Paris . Joseph Nechvatal , 2011 : Immersion Into Noise , University of Michigan Library 's Scholarly Publishing Office . Ann Arbor . Rigaud , Jean - Philippe ( October 1988 ) . `` Art Treasures from the Ice Age : Lascaux Cave '' . National Geographic . Vol. 174 no . 4 . pp. 482 -- 499 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lascaux . The microbiology of Lascaux Cave Lascaux Cave Official Lascaux Web site , from the French Ministry of Culture Save Lascaux Official website of the International Committee for the Preservation of Lascaux Lascaux Cave Art Symposium The Bradshaw Foundation Human Timeline ( Interactive ) -- Smithsonian , National Museum of Natural History ( August 2016 ) . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were the cave paintings in france created	[ "Lascaux (French: Grotte de Lascaux, \"Lascaux Cave\"; English: /læsˈkoʊ/,[1] French: [lasko][2]) is the setting of a complex of caves near the village of Montignac, in the department of Dordogne in southwestern France. Over 600 parietal wall paintings cover the interior walls and ceilings of the cave. The paintings represent primarily large animals, typical local and contemporary fauna that correspond with the fossil record of the Upper Paleolithic time. The drawings are the combined effort of many generations, and with continued debate, the paintings are estimated around 17,000 years BP.[3][4][5] Lascaux was inducted into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites list in 1979, as element of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley.[6]" ]	[ "estimated around 17,000 years BP" ]
679593085382472698	Bag valve mask	Bag valve mask - wikipedia Bag valve mask Jump to : navigation , search A disposable BVM Resuscitator A bag valve mask , abbreviated to BVM and sometimes known by the proprietary name Ambu bag or generically as a manual resuscitator or `` self - inflating bag '' , is a hand - held device commonly used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately . The device is a required part of resuscitation kits for trained professionals in out - of - hospital settings ( such as ambulance crews ) and is also frequently used in hospitals as part of standard equipment found on a crash cart , in emergency rooms or other critical care settings . Underscoring the frequency and prominence of BVM use in the United States , the American Heart Association ( AHA ) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care recommend that `` all healthcare providers should be familiar with the use of the bag - mask device . '' Manual resuscitators are also used within the hospital for temporary ventilation of patients dependent on mechanical ventilators when the mechanical ventilator needs to be examined for possible malfunction , or when ventilator - dependent patients are transported within the hospital . Two principal types of manual resuscitators exist ; one version is self - filling with air , although additional oxygen ( O ) can be added but is not necessary for the device to function . The other principal type of manual resuscitator ( flow - inflation ) is heavily used in non-emergency applications in the operating room to ventilate patients during anesthesia induction and recovery . Use of manual resuscitators to ventilate a patient is frequently called `` bagging '' the patient and is regularly necessary in medical emergencies when the patient 's breathing is insufficient ( respiratory failure ) or has ceased completely ( respiratory arrest ) . Use of the manual resuscitator force - feeds air or oxygen into the lungs in order to inflate them under pressure , thus constituting a means to manually provide positive - pressure ventilation . It is used by professional rescuers in preference to mouth - to - mouth ventilation , either directly or through an adjunct such as a pocket mask . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Standard components 2.1 Mask 2.2 Bag and valve 3 Method of operation 4 Complications 4.1 Stomach inflation / lung aspiration 4.2 Lung injury and air embolism 5 Public health risk from manual resuscitator complications 5.1 Prevalence of manual resuscitator use 5.2 Inability of professional providers to use manual resuscitators within established safety guidelines 5.3 Guideline non-compliance due to excessive rate versus excessive lung inflation 6 Additional components / features 6.1 Filters 6.2 Positive end - expiratory pressure 6.3 Medication delivery 6.4 Airway pressure port 6.5 Pressure relief valves 6.6 Device storage features 7 Manual resuscitator alternatives 8 Types of manual resuscitators 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The bag - valve mask concept was developed in 1953 by the German engineer Holger Hesse and his partner , Danish anaesthetist Henning Ruben , following their initial work on a suction pump . Later Hesse 's company was renamed to Ambu , which has manufactured and market the device since the late 1950s . The full - form of AMBU is Artificial Manual Breathing Unit . An Ambu ® bag is a self - inflating bag resuscitator from the company Ambu , who still manufactures and markets self - inflating bag resuscitators . Today there are several manufacturers of self - inflating bag resuscitators . Standard components ( edit ) Mask ( edit ) Bag valve mask . Part 1 is the flexible mask to seal over the patients face , part 2 has a filter and valve to prevent backflow into the bag itself ( prevents patient deprivation and bag contamination ) and part 3 is the soft bag element which is squeezed to expel air to the patient The BVM consists of a flexible air chamber ( the `` bag '' , about the size of an American football ) , attached to a face mask via a shutter valve . When the face mask is properly applied and the `` bag '' is squeezed , the device forces air through into the patient 's lungs ; when the bag is released , it self - inflates from its other end , drawing in either ambient air or a low pressure oxygen flow supplied by a regulated cylinder , while also allowing the patient 's lungs to deflate to the ambient environment ( not the bag ) past the one way valve . Bag and valve ( edit ) Bag and valve combinations can also be attached to an alternate airway adjunct , instead of to the mask . For example , it can be attached to an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway . Small heat and moisture exchangers , or humidifying / bacterial filters , can be used . A bag - valve mask can be used without being attached to an oxygen tank to provide `` room air '' ( 21 % oxygen ) to the patient , however manual resuscitator devices also can be connected to a separate bag reservoir which can be filled with pure oxygen from a compressed oxygen source -- this can increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the patient to nearly 100 % . Bag - valve masks come in different sizes to fit infants , children , and adults . The face mask size may be independent of the bag size ; for example , a single pediatric - sized bag might be used with different masks for multiple face sizes , or a pediatric mask might be used with an adult bag for patients with small faces . Most types of the device are disposable and therefore single use , while others are designed to be cleaned and reused . Method of operation ( edit ) Manual resuscitators cause the gas inside the inflatable bag portion to be force - fed to the patient via a one - way valve when compressed by the rescuer ; the gas is then ideally delivered through a mask and into the patient 's trachea , bronchus and into the lungs . In order to be effective , a bag valve mask must deliver between 500 and 800 milliliters of air to a normal male adult patient 's lungs , but if supplemental oxygen is provided 400 ml may still be adequate . Squeezing the bag once every 5 to 6 seconds for an adult or once every 3 seconds for an infant or child provides an adequate respiratory rate ( 10 -- 12 respirations per minute in an adult and 20 per minute in a child or infant ) . Professional rescuers are taught to ensure that the mask portion of the BVM is properly sealed around the patient 's face ( that is , to ensure proper `` mask seal '' ) ; otherwise , pressure needed to force - inflate the lungs is released to the environment . This is difficult when a single rescuer attempts to maintain a face mask seal with one hand while squeezing the bag with other . Therefore , common protocol uses two rescuers : one rescuer to hold the mask to the patient 's face with both hands and focus entirely on maintaining a leak - proof mask seal , while the other rescuer squeezes the bag and focuses on breath ( or tidal volume ) and timing . An endotracheal tube ( ET ) can be inserted by an advanced practitioner and can substitute for the mask portion of the manual resuscitator . This provides more secure air passage between the resuscitator and the patient , since the ET tube is sealed with an inflatable cuff within the trachea ( or windpipe ) , so any regurgitation is less likely to enter the lungs , and so that forced inflation pressure can only go into the lungs and not inadvertently go to the stomach ( see `` complications '' below ) . The ET tube also maintains an open and secure airway at all times , even during CPR compressions ; as opposed to when a manual resuscitator is used with a mask when a face mask seal can be difficult to maintain during compressions . Complications ( edit ) Under normal breathing , the lungs inflate under a slight vacuum when the chest wall muscles and diaphragm expand ; this `` pulls '' the lungs open , causing air to enter the lungs to inflate under a gentle vacuum . However , when using a manual resuscitator , as with other methods of positive - pressure ventilation , the lungs are force - inflated with pressurized air or oxygen . This inherently leads to risk of various complications , many of which depend on whether the manual resuscitator is being used with a face mask or ET tube . Complications are related to over-inflating or over-pressurizing the patient , which can cause : ( 1 ) air to inflate the stomach ( called gastric insufflation ) ; ( 2 ) lung injury from over-stretching ( called volutrauma ) ; and / or ( 3 ) lung injury from over-pressurization ( called barotrauma ) . Stomach inflation / lung aspiration ( edit ) When a face mask is used in conjunction with a manual resuscitator , the intent is for the force - delivered air or oxygen to inflate the lungs . However air entering the patient also has access to the stomach via the esophagus , which can inflate if the resuscitator is squeezed too hard ( causing air flow that is too rapid for the lungs to absorb alone ) or too much ( causing excess air to divert to the stomach ) . '' Gastric inflation can lead to vomiting and subsequent aspiration of stomach contents into the lungs , which has been cited as a major hazard of bag - valve - mask ventilation , with one study suggesting this effect is difficult to avoid even for the most skilled and experienced users , stating `` When using a self - inflatable bag , even experienced anesthesiologists in our study may have performed ventilation with too short inspiratory times and / or too large tidal volumes , which resulted in stomach inflation in some cases . '' The study goes on to state that `` Stomach inflation is a complex problem that may cause regurgitation , ( gastric acid ) aspiration , and , possibly , death . '' When stomach inflation leads to vomiting of highly acidic stomach acids , delivery of subsequent breaths can force these caustic acids down into the lungs where they cause life - threatening or fatal lung injuries including Mendelson 's syndrome , aspiration pneumonia , adult respiratory distress syndrome and `` pulmonary injuries similar to that seen in victims of chlorine gas exposure '' . Apart from the risks of gastric inflation causing vomiting and regurgitation , at least two reports have been found indicating that gastric insufflation itself remains clinically problematic even when vomiting does not occur . In one case of failed resuscitation ( leading to death ) , gastric insufflation in a 3 - month - old boy put sufficient pressure against the lungs that `` precluded effective ventilation '' . Another reported complication was a case of stomach rupture caused by stomach over-inflation from a manual resuscitator . The causative factors and degree of risk of inadvertent stomach inflation have been examined , with one published study revealing that during prolonged resuscitation up to 75 % of air delivered to the patient may inadvertently be delivered to the stomach instead of the lungs . Lung injury and air embolism ( edit ) When an endotracheal ( ET ) tube is placed , one of the key advantages is that a direct air - tight passageway is provided from the output of the manual resuscitator to the lungs , thus eliminating the possibilities of inadvertent stomach inflation or lung injuries from gastric acid aspiration . However this places the lungs at increased risk from separate lung injury patterns caused by accidental forced over-inflation ( called volutrauma and / or barotrauma ) . Sponge - like lung tissue is delicate , and over-stretching can lead to adult respiratory distress syndrome -- a condition that requires prolonged mechanical ventilator support in the ICU and is associated with poor survival ( e.g. , 50 % ) , and significantly increased care costs of up to $30,000 per day . Lung volutrauma , which can still be achieved through `` careful '' delivery of large , slow breaths , can also lead to a `` popped '' or collapsed lung ( called a pneumothorax ) , with at least one published report describing `` a patient in whom a sudden tension pneumothorax developed during ventilation with a bag - valve device . '' Additionally , there is at least one report of manual resuscitator use where the lungs were accidentally over-inflated to the point where `` the heart contained a large volume of air , '' and the `` aorta and pulmonary arteries were filled with air '' -- a condition called an air embolism which `` is almost uniformly fatal '' . Public health risk from manual resuscitator complications ( edit ) Two factors appear to make the public particularly at risk from complications from manual resuscitators : ( 1 ) their prevalence of use ( leading to high probability of exposure ) , and ( 2 ) apparent inability for providers to protect patients from uncontrolled , inadvertent , forced over-inflation . Prevalence of manual resuscitator use ( edit ) Manual resuscitators are commonly used for temporary ventilation support , especially flow - inflation versions that are used during anesthesia induction / recovery during routine surgery . Accordingly , most citizens are likely to be `` bagged '' at least once during their lifetime as they undergo procedures involving general anesthesia . Additionally , a significant number of newborns are ventilated with infant - sized manual resuscitators to help stimulate normal breathing , making manual resuscitators among the very first therapeutic medical devices encountered upon birth . As previously stated , manual resuscitators are the first - line device recommended for emergency artificial ventilation of critical care patients , and are thus used not only throughout hospitals but also in out - of - hospital care venues by firefighters , paramedics and outpatient clinic personnel . Inability of professional providers to use manual resuscitators within established safety guidelines ( edit ) Manual resuscitators have no built - in tidal volume control -- the amount of air used to force - inflate the lungs during each breath depends entirely on how much the operator squeezes the bag . In response to the dangers associated with use of manual resuscitators , specific guidelines from the American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council were issued that specify recommended maximal tidal volumes ( or breath sizes ) and ventilation rates safe for patients . While no studies are known that have assessed the frequency of complications and / or deaths due to uncontrolled manual resuscitator use , numerous peer - reviewed studies have found that , despite established safety guidelines , the incidence of provider over-inflation with manual resuscitators continues to be `` endemic '' and unrelated to provider training or skill level . Another clinical study found `` the tidal volume delivered by a manual resuscitator shows large variations '' , concluding that `` the manual resuscitator is not a suitable device for accurate ventilation . '' A separate assessment of another high - skilled group with frequent emergency use of manual resuscitators ( ambulance paramedics ) found that `` Despite seemingly adequate training , EMS personnel consistently hyperventilated patients during out - of - hospital CPR '' , with the same research group concluding that `` Unrecognized and inadvertent hyperventilation may be contributing to the currently dismal survival rates from cardiac arrest . '' A peer - reviewed study published in 2012 assessed the possible incidence of uncontrolled over-inflation in newborn neonates , finding that `` a large discrepancy between the delivered and the current guideline values was observed for all parameters , '' and that `` regardless of profession or handling technique ... 88.4 % delivered excessive pressures , whereas ... 73.8 % exceeded the recommended range of volume '' , concluding that `` the great majority of participants from all professional groups delivered excessive pressures and volumes . '' A further examination has recently been made to assess whether a solution to the over-ventilation problem may lie with use of pediatric - sized manual resuscitators in adults or use of more advanced flow - inflation ( or `` Mapleson C '' ) versions of manual resuscitators : while `` the paediatric self - inflating bag delivered the most guideline - consistent ventilation '' , it did not lead to full guideline compliance as `` participants hyperventilated patients ' lungs in simulated cardiac arrest with all three devices . '' Guideline non-compliance due to excessive rate versus excessive lung inflation ( edit ) `` Hyperventilation '' can be achieved through delivery of ( 1 ) too many breaths per minute ; ( 2 ) breaths that are too large and exceed the patient 's natural lung capacity ; or ( 3 ) a combination of both . With use of manual resuscitators , neither rate nor inflating volumes can be physically controlled through built - in safety adjustments within the device itself , and as highlighted above , studies show providers frequently exceed designated safety guidelines for both ventilation rate ( 10 breaths per minute ) and volume ( 5 -- 7 mL / kg body weight ) as outlined by the American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council . Numerous studies have concluded that ventilation at rates in excess of current guidelines are capable of interfering with blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation , however the pre-clinical experiments associated with these findings involved delivery of inspiratory volumes in excess of current guidelines ( e.g. , they assessed the effects of hyperventilation via both excessive rate and excessive volumes simultaneously ) . A more recent study published in 2012 expanded knowledge on this topic by evaluating the separate effects of ( 1 ) isolated excessive rate with guideline - compliant inspiratory volumes ; ( 2 ) guideline - compliant rate with excessive inspiratory volumes ; and ( 3 ) combined guideline non-compliance with both excessive rate and volume . This study found that excessive rate more than triple the current guideline ( e.g. , 33 breaths per minute ) may not interfere with CPR when inspiratory volumes are delivered within guideline - compliant levels , suggesting that ability to keep breath sizes within guideline limits may individually mitigate clinical dangers of excessive rate . It was also found that when guideline - excessive tidal volumes were delivered , changes in blood flow were observed that were transient at low ventilation rates but sustained when both tidal volumes and rates were simultaneously excessive , suggesting that guideline - excessive tidal volume is the principal mechanism of side effects , with ventilation rate acting as a multiplier of these effects . Consistent with previous studies where both excessive rate and volumes were found to produce side effects of blood flow interference during CPR , a complicating factor may be inadequate time to permit full expiration of oversized breaths in between closely spaced high - rate breaths , leading to the lungs never being permitted to fully exhale between ventilations ( also called `` stacking '' of breaths ) . A recent advancement in the safety of manual ventilation may be the growing use of time - assist devices that emit an audible and / or visual metronome tone or flashing light at the proper guideline - designated rate interval for breath frequency ; one study found these devices may lead to near 100 % guideline compliance for ventilation rate . While this advancement appears to provide a solution to the `` rate problem '' associated with guideline - excessive manual resuscitator use , it may not address the `` volume problem '' which may continue to make manual resuscitators a patient hazard ( as complications can still occur from over-inflation even when rate is delivered within guidelines ) . Currently the only devices that can deliver pre-set , physician - prescribed inflation volumes reliably within safety guidelines are mechanical ventilators that require an electrical power source and / or a source of compressed oxygen , a higher level of training to operate , and typically cost hundreds to thousands of dollars more than a disposable manual resuscitator . Additional components / features ( edit ) Filters ( edit ) A filter is sometimes placed between the mask and the bag ( before or after the valve ) to prevent contamination of the bag . Positive end - expiratory pressure ( edit ) Some devices have PEEP valve connectors , for better positive airway pressure maintenance . Medication delivery ( edit ) A covered port may be incorporated into the valve assembly to allow inhalatory medicines to be injected into the airflow , which may be particularly effective in treating patients in respiratory arrest from severe asthma . Airway pressure port ( edit ) A separate covered port may be included into the valve assembly to enable a pressure - monitoring device to be attached , enabling rescuers to continuously monitor the amount of positive - pressure being generated during forced lung inflation . Pressure relief valves ( edit ) A pressure relief valve ( often known as a `` pop - up valve '' ) is typically included in pediatric versions and some adult versions , the purpose of which is to prevent accidental over-pressurization of the lungs . A bypass clip is usually incorporated into this valve assembly in case medical needs call for inflation at a pressure beyond the normal cutoff of the pop - up valve . Device storage features ( edit ) Some bags are designed to collapse for storage . A bag not designed to store collapsed may lose elasticity when stored compressed for long periods , reducing its effectiveness . The collapsible design has longitudinal scoring so that the bag collapses on the scoring `` pivot point , '' opposite to the direction of normal bag compression . Manual resuscitator alternatives ( edit ) In a hospital , long - term mechanical ventilation is provided by using a more complex , automated ventilator . However a frequent use of a manual resuscitator is to temporarily provide manual ventilation whenever troubleshooting of the mechanical ventilator is needed , if the ventilator circuit needs to be changed , or if there is a loss of electrical power or source of compressed air and / or oxygen . A rudimentary type of mechanical ventilator device that has the advantage of not needing electricity is a flow - restricted , oxygen - powered ventilation device ( FROPVD ) . These are similar to manual resuscitators in that oxygen is pushed through a mask to force - inflate the patient 's lungs , but unlike a manual resuscitator where the pressure used to force - inflate the patient 's lungs comes from a person manually squeezing a bag , with the FROPVD the pressure needed to force - inflate the lungs comes directly from a pressurized oxygen cylinder . These devices will stop functioning when the compressed oxygen tank becomes depleted . Types of manual resuscitators ( edit ) Self - inflating bags : This type of manual resuscitator is the standard design most often used in both in - hospital and out - of - hospital settings . The material used for the bag - portion of a self - inflating manual resuscitator has a `` memory '' , meaning after it is manually compressed it will automatically re-expand on its own in between breaths ( drawing in air for the next breath ) . These devices can be used alone ( thus delivering room - air ) or can be used in connection with an oxygen source to deliver nearly 100 % oxygen . As a result of these features , this type of manual resuscitator is appropriate for in - hospital use and in out - of - hospital settings ( e.g. , ambulances ) . Flow - inflating bags : Also termed `` anesthesia bags '' , these are a specialized form of manual resuscitator with a bag - portion that is flaccid and does not re-inflate on its own . This necessitates an external flow source of pressurized inflation gas for the bag to inflate ; once inflated the provider can manually squeeze the bag or , if the patient is breathing on his / her own , the patient can inhale directly through the bag itself . These types of manual resuscitators are used extensively during anesthesia induction and recovery , and are often attached to anesthesia consoles so anesthesia gases can be used to ventilate the patient . They are primarily utilized by anesthesiologists administering general anesthesia , but also during some in - hospital emergencies which may involve anesthesiologists or respiratory therapists . They are not typically used outside hospital settings.As per a recent Indian study , these flow inflation bags can also be used to provide CPAP in spontaneously breathing children. The study quotes that this mode of CPAP is cost effective in limited resource settings See also ( edit ) Artificial respiration Mechanical ventilation Respiratory therapy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neumar RW , Otto CW , Link MS , Kronick SL , Shuster M , Callaway CW , Kudenchuk PJ , Ornato JP , McNally B , Silvers SM , Passman RS , White RD , Hess EP , Tang W , Davis D , Sinz E , Morrison LJ . Part 8 : Adult Advanced Cardiac Life Support : 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care . Circulation 2010 ; 122 : S729 -- S767 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Limmer and Michael F. O'Keefe. 2005 . Emergency Care 10th ed . Edward T. Dickinson , Ed . Pearson , Prentice Hall . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey . Page 140 . Jump up ^ `` Ambu 's history '' . Ambu Ltd . Archived from the original on 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stoy , Walt ( 2004 ) . Mosby 's EMT - Basic Textbook ( PDF ) . Mosby / JEMS . ISBN 0 - 323 - 03438 - 1 . Jump up ^ Emergency Care , Pages 142 -- 3 Jump up ^ Emergency Care , Page 141 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzel V , Keller C , Idris AH , Dörges V , Lindner KH , Brimbacombe JR . Effects of smaller tidal volumes during basic life support : good ventilation , less risk ? Resuscitation 1999 : 43 : 25 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Dörges V , Sauer C , Ocker H , Wenzel V , Schmucker P. Smaller tidal volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation : comparison of adult and paediatric self - inflatable bags with three different ventilator devices . Resuscitation 1999 : 43 : 31 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Berg MD , Idris AH , Berg RA . Severe ventilatory compromise due to gastric insufflation during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Resuscitation 1998 : 36 : 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Smally AJ , Ross MJ , Huot CP . Gastric rupture following bag - valve mask ventilation . J Amer Med 2002 : 22 : 27 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : Wenzel V , Idris AH , Banner MJ , Kubilis PS , Williams JL Jr . Influence of tidal volume on the distribution of gas between the lungs and the stomach in the nonintubated patient receiving positive - pressure ventilation . Critical Care Medicine 1998 : 26 : 364 -- 368 . Jump up ^ Dasta JF , McLaughlin TP , Mody SH , Tak Piech C. Daily cost of an intensive care unit stay : The contribution of mechanical ventilation . Critical Care Medicine 2005 : 33 : 1266 -- 1271 . Jump up ^ Silbergleit R , Lee DC , Blank - Ried C , McNamara RM . Sudden severe barotrauma from self - inflating bag devices . Journal of Trauma 1996 : 40 : 320 -- 322 . Jump up ^ Kane G , Hewines B , Grannis FW Jr . Massive air embolism in an adult following positive pressure ventilation . Chest 1988 : 93 : 874 -- 876 . ^ Jump up to : Deakin CD , Nolan JP , Soar J , Sunde K , Koster RW , Smith GB , Perkins GD . European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 . Section 4 . Adult advanced life support . Resuscitation 2010 : 81 : 1305 -- 1352 . ^ Jump up to : Aufderheide TP , Sigurdsson G , Pirrallo RG , Yannopoulos D , McKnite S , von Briesen C , Sparks CW , Conrad CJ , Provo TA , Lurie KG . Hyperventilation - induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Circulation 2004 : 109 : 1960 -- 1965 . Jump up ^ Lee HM , Cho KH , Choi YH , Yoon SY , Choi YH . Can you deliver accurate tidal volume by manual resuscitator . Emergency Medicine Journal 2008 : 10 : 632 -- 634 . Jump up ^ Bassani MA , Filho FM , de Carvalho Coppo MR , Marba STM . An evaluation of peak inspiratory pressure , tidal volume , and ventilatory frequency during ventilation with a neonatal self - inflating bag resuscitator . Respiratory Care 2012 : 57 : 525 -- 530 . Jump up ^ Sherren PB , Lewinsohn A , Jovaisa T , Wijayatilake DS . Comparison of the Mapleson C system and adult and paediatric self - inflating bags for delivering guideline - consistent ventilation during simulated adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Anaesthesia 2011 : 66 ( 7 ) : 563 -- 567 . ^ Jump up to : Aufderheide TP , Lurie KG . Death by hyperventilation : a common and life - threatening problem during cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Critical Care Medicine 2004 ; 32 ( 9 Suppl ) : S345 -- S351 . ^ Jump up to : Gazmuri RJ , Ayoub IM , Radhakrishnan J , Motl J , Upadhyaya MP . Clinically plausible hyperventilation does not exert adverse hemodynamic effects during CPR but markedly reduces end - tidal PCO2 . Resuscitation 2012 ; 83 ( 2 ) : 259 -- 264 . Jump up ^ Kern KB , Stickney RE , Gallison L , Smith RE . Metronome improves compression and ventilation rates during CPR on a manikin in a randomized trial . Resuscitation 2010 : 81 ( 2 ) : 206 - 210 . Jump up ^ Anitha GF , Velmurugan L , Sangareddi S , Nedunchelian K , Selvaraj V ( 1 August 2016 ) . `` Effectiveness of flow inflating device in providing Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for critically ill children in limited - resource settings : A prospective observational study '' . Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine . 20 ( 8 ) : 441 -- 447 . doi : 10.4103 / 0972 - 5229.188171 . PMC 4994122 . PMID 27630454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bag valve masks . A free transparent reality simulation of the self - inflating manual resuscitator Emergency medicine Emergency medicine Emergency department Emergency medical services Emergency nursing Emergency psychiatry Golden hour Medical emergency International emergency medicine Pediatric emergency medicine Pre-hospital emergency medicine Major trauma Trauma center Triage Equipment Bag valve mask ( BVM ) Chest tube Defibrillation ( AED ICD ) Electrocardiogram ( ECG / EKG ) Intraosseous infusion ( IO ) Intravenous therapy ( IV ) Tracheal intubation Laryngeal tube Combitube Nasopharyngeal airway ( NPA ) Oropharyngeal airway ( OPA ) Pocket mask Drugs Atropine Amiodarone Epinephrine / Adrenaline Magnesium sulfate Sodium bicarbonate Naloxone Organisations International Federation for Emergency Medicine American College of Emergency Physicians Australasian College for Emergency Medicine Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians Royal College of Emergency Medicine European Society of Emergency Medicine Asian Society for Emergency Medicine Courses / Life support Acute Care of at - Risk Newborns ( ACoRN ) Advanced cardiac life support ( ACLS ) Advanced trauma life support ( ATLS ) Basic life support ( BLS ) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient ( CCrISP ) First aid Neonatal Resuscitation Program ( NRP ) Pediatric Advanced Life Support ( PALS ) Scoring systems NACA score Injury Severity Score Book : Emergency medicine Category : Emergency medicine First aid Techniques Abdominal thrusts Airway management Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Emergency bleeding control Equipment Automated external defibrillator Bag valve mask Bandage Dressing First aid kit Nasopharyngeal airway Oropharyngeal airway Mnemonics ABC DCAP - BTLS OPQRST RICE SAMPLE SOAP Certifications Certified first responder Emergency medical technician Wilderness Emergency Medical Technician Topics Bleeding Golden hour Good Samaritan law Wilderness medicine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bag_valve_mask&oldid=812271597 '' Categories : Emergency medical equipment Intensive care medicine Respiratory system procedures Medical masks Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 00 : 35 . About Wikipedia	when can a bvm (bag-valve-mask) be used	[ "A bag valve mask, abbreviated to BVM and sometimes known by the proprietary name Ambu bag or generically as a manual resuscitator or \"self-inflating bag\", is a hand-held device commonly used to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately. The device is a required part of resuscitation kits for trained professionals in out-of-hospital settings (such as ambulance crews) and is also frequently used in hospitals as part of standard equipment found on a crash cart, in emergency rooms or other critical care settings. Underscoring the frequency and prominence of BVM use in the United States, the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care recommend that \"all healthcare providers should be familiar with the use of the bag-mask device.\"[1] Manual resuscitators are also used within the hospital for temporary ventilation of patients dependent on mechanical ventilators when the mechanical ventilator needs to be examined for possible malfunction, or when ventilator-dependent patients are transported within the hospital. Two principal types of manual resuscitators exist; one version is self-filling with air, although additional oxygen (O2) can be added but is not necessary for the device to function. The other principal type of manual resuscitator (flow-inflation) is heavily used in non-emergency applications in the operating room to ventilate patients during anesthesia induction and recovery." ]	[ "to provide positive pressure ventilation to patients who are not breathing or not breathing adequately" ]
3456797454784301922	Backcountry (film)	Backcountry ( film ) - Wikipedia Backcountry ( film ) Backcountry Directed by Adam MacDonald Produced by Thomas Michael Written by Adam MacDonald Starring Missy Peregrym Jeff Roop Eric Balfour Nicholas Campbell Music by Frères Lumières Cinematography Christian Bielz Edited by Dev Singh Distributed by IFC Midnight Release date September 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 08 ) ( TIFF ) March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) ( United States ) August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) ( Canada ) Running time 92 minutes Country Canada Language English Backcountry is a 2014 Canadian nature -- survival horror film , written and directed by Adam MacDonald . It is loosely based on the true story of 30 - year - olds Mark Jordan and Jacqueline Perry , in the back country of Missinaibi Lake Provincial Park , North of Chapleau , Ontario in 2005 , events for which Mark later received the Star of Courage award from Governor General Michaëlle Jean . Theatrical release was scheduled for August 14 , 2015 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alex ( Jeff Roop ) and Jenn ( Missy Peregrym ) are shown driving from the city towards the country in their SUV . Jenn uses her cell phone , which irritates Alex . They arrive at the visitor center and are greeted by the park ranger ( Nicholas Campbell ) . Alex tells him they have a reservation and will be leaving Monday . Alex also claims he is experienced and does not need a trail map , so the pair leave without one . As the couple prepares for their backpacking trip , Alex sees that Jenn has packed her cellphone on the left side pocket of her backpack . The duo arrive at their campsite by canoe . As they unload and set up their tent , Alex pokes fun at Jenn 's handheld flare and bear spray , claiming she wo n't need it . The two skinny dip at a waterhole . As night begins to settle , Alex goes for more firewood , leaving Jenn alone . He comes back to find that Brad ( Eric Balfour ) has approached Jenn whilst he was gone . Alex sees the duo and loudly drops the firewood to interrupt their conversation . He finds out that Jenn has invited Brad for dinner , as Brad has caught a few fish . Alex goes into the tent to look for a shirt and calls Jenn inside to talk with her about Brad . When the couple come out of the tent , Brad sees that he is unwanted and decides to leave . The couple state it was a misunderstanding , and Brad is invited to dinner . Throughout dinner , Alex and Jenn are uneasy . When asked if they should pair the fish with a starch , Alex picks veggies and Brad picks potatoes . When Jenn offers to have both , Brad insists on having only potatoes , further increasing the tension . Brad is very comfortable in front of the couple to the point of urinating in front of them , but the couple become more and more uneasy . The dinner concludes and as Brad departs for his own trek , he turns around and confronts Alex face - to - face about his statement on having a `` misunderstanding '' . Alex eventually explains himself and Brad walks away . Alex reprimands Jenn for asking a stranger to dinner , as she apologizes multiple times . Alex makes breakfast for Jenn the next morning , which is the first time he has done so for her . The couple continue to hike . Alex notices a bear print in the trail but keeps it to himself and continues on the trail . He sees a wintergreen plant and eats the leaves , while Jenn declines . As night settles again , the duo set up camp . Throughout the night , strange noises are heard , scaring Jenn . Alex dismisses the noises as acorns falling . In the morning , Alex stands outside looking at a broken branch . Jenn says with sarcasm `` Did an acorn do that ? '' . The couple continue their hike and Alex decides to go off the path to the lake he has mentioned and been to before . Just as he thinks they are about to be greeted by a beautiful view of the lake , he is shocked to find out they are in the middle of a forest . The two realize they are lost and without a trail map . Alex also reveals that he secretly left Jenn 's cellphone in the car . The two get into a heated argument , with Jenn berating Alex for trying to impress her and pointlessly wandering off the trail . Jenn asks why Alex even brought the two on the trip , and he reveals he was going to propose . At night , a black bear pokes around the tent while the two sleep and eats the food stored in a bag outside . The couple find the torn cans in the morning , and Alex tells her it must have been a raccoon he saw last night . They hike almost an entire day , trying to find their way out , and stumble across signs of a bear . They try to hike as far as possible before dark , and then camp for the night . The bear attacks the following morning , making its way into the tent and lashing Jenn 's arm before biting into Alex 's shin . It retreats momentarily from Jenn 's bear mace before dragging Alex outside and eating him alive . Jenn escapes the battered tent while the bear is occupied with Alex , taking the engagement ring before running away . She sees some wintergreen and begins eating the leaves by the bunch , and then breaks her leg while descending a waterfall when again being chased by the bear . She begins succumbing to dehydration , but manages to make her way back to the canoe by trailing a buck . She manages to paddle back to the visitor center . Brad is seen about to embark with a group of tourists when one of them points to Jenn , who had just collapsed on the ground , and Brad rushes to her aid . Cast ( edit ) Missy Peregrym as Jenn Jeff Roop as Alex Eric Balfour as Brad Nicholas Campbell as the Ranger Production ( edit ) Casting began in October 2013 with Missy Peregrym , Eric Balfour , Nicholas Campbell and Jeff Roop being named for the script . The movie was filmed in Powassan , Ontario as well as Caddy Lake , Manitoba . Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 , 2014 . D Films acquired 25 % of the film 's ownership and the Canadian distribution rights while Uwe Boll 's Event Film Distribution bought another 25 % ownership and the non-Canadian distribution rights , the latter of which they then sold to independent distributors . Event Film sold the US distribution rights to IFC Midnight after a bidding war with Orion Pictures , Blumhouse Tilt , and Open Road Films . Reception ( edit ) Backcountry received moderate to positive reviews . It currently holds an 88 % , `` Certified Fresh '' , rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 42 reviews , with the critical consensus stating `` Tense , well - acted , and at once atmospheric as well as brutally impactful . '' It has a 62 % rating on Metacritic based on 13 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Black bear kills woman camper north of Chapleau , Ont '' . Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri . `` Writer - Director Adam MacDonald Talks BACKCOUNTRY , the True Story , Shooting with Real Bears , Editing Gory Scenes and More at TIFF '' . Collider . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Governor General honours 15 Canadians for bravery '' . Jump up ^ `` Backcountry '' . Tribute.ca . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Haven 's Eric Balfour Heads to Backcountry '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Condit , Jon ( September 7 , 2014 ) . `` TIFF 2014 : Stills , Artwork , and Screening Details for Backcountry '' . Dreadscentral.com . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Backcountry '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Backcountry '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Backcountry on IMDb Backcountry at Rotten Tomatoes Backcountry at Metacritic The true story reported by The Toronto Star May 24 2007 Films directed by Adam MacDonald Sombre Zombie ( 2005 ) In the Dominican ( 2010 ) Backcountry ( 2014 ) Pyewacket ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Backcountry_(film)&oldid=853703990 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films Canadian films Canadian horror films Natural horror films Films set in forests Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 13 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of bear was in the movie backcountry	[ "At night, a black bear pokes around the tent while the two sleep and eats the food stored in a bag outside. The couple find the torn cans in the morning, and Alex tells her it must have been a raccoon he saw last night. They hike almost an entire day, trying to find their way out, and stumble across signs of a bear. They try to hike as far as possible before dark, and then camp for the night. The bear attacks the following morning, making its way into the tent and lashing Jenn's arm before biting into Alex's shin. It retreats momentarily from Jenn's bear mace before dragging Alex outside and eating him alive. Jenn escapes the battered tent while the bear is occupied with Alex, taking the engagement ring before running away.\n" ]	[ "a black bear" ]
-5189883562840924112	Harry and the Hendersons	Harry and the Hendersons - Wikipedia Harry and the Hendersons Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the TV series , see Harry and the Hendersons ( TV series ) . Harry and the Hendersons Theatrical release poster Directed by William Dear Produced by William Dear Richard Vane Written by William Dear William E. Martin Ezra D. Rappaport Starring John Lithgow Melinda Dillon Don Ameche David Suchet Margaret Langrick Lainie Kazan Kevin Peter Hall M. Emmet Walsh Music by Bruce Broughton Cinematography Allen Daviau Edited by Donn Cambern Production company Amblin Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 5 , 1987 ( 1987 - 06 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $16 million Box office $50 million Harry and the Hendersons is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed and produced by William Dear and starring John Lithgow , Melinda Dillon , Don Ameche , David Suchet , Margaret Langrick , Joshua Rudoy , Lainie Kazan , and Kevin Peter Hall . Steven Spielberg served as its uncredited executive producer , while Rick Baker provided the makeup and the creature designs for Harry . It is the story of a Seattle family 's encounter with the cryptozoological creature Bigfoot , partially inspired by the numerous claims of sightings in the Pacific Northwest , California and other parts of both the United States and Canada since the late 1960s . The film won an Academy Award for Best Makeup , and inspired a follow - up TV series of the same name . In the United Kingdom , the film was originally released as Bigfoot and the Hendersons , though the TV series retained the American title . The DVD and all current showings of the movie in the UK now refer to the movie by its original title . In conjunction with the film 's setting , shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near I - 90 and the town of Index near US 2 as well as Seattle 's Wallingford , Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle 's I - 5 corridor . While the film received mixed reviews , it was a box office success , with a combined domestic and international return of just under $50 million against a production budget of $16 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Box office 3.2 Critical response 3.3 Awards 4 Music 4.1 1987 MCA soundtrack album 4.2 2007 Intrada album 5 Home media 6 TV spin - off 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) George Henderson ( John Lithgow ) is returning to his suburban Seattle home with his family from a camping trip in the nearby Cascade mountains when they hit something with the family Ford Country Squire . George investigates , and discovers to his horror and awe , that they have hit a Sasquatch . Thinking they have killed it , they decide to take the creature home , strapping it to the roof of their car . Meanwhile , a mysterious hunter has been tracking the creature and discovers the Hendersons ' license plate , which fell off when they hit the creature . Later that night , George goes out to the garage to examine the creature and discovers that it is not dead , and has escaped . He hears noises from his kitchen and sees the creature , which has knocked over the fridge looking for food . The family realizes that the creature is friendly and kind . George has a change of heart ; at first he wished to make money from the creature , but now decides to take him back to the wild . Naming the creature `` Harry , '' George tries to lure him into the station wagon , but Harry believes that the Hendersons mean him harm and instead he disappears . Saddened , the family resume their normal lives , but sightings of Harry become more frequent and the media fervor heightens . George tries to find Harry in order to keep him safe . George visits the `` North American Museum of Anthropology '' to speak with Dr. Wallace Wrightwood , an expert on Bigfoot , but is disheartened when he realizes its ramshackle state . Giving his number to the clerk ( Don Ameche ) inside the Museum , George resumes his search for Harry . The hunter from the woods is Jacques LaFleur ( David Suchet ) , a legendary hunter who became obsessed with Bigfoot and has hunted for one ever since becoming a laughingstock . LaFleur tracks down the Hendersons and is closer to finding Harry . After a Harry sighting , George goes into the city to search for him . Meanwhile , the police are dealing with the `` Bigfoot Mania '' by apprehending several local enthusiasts that are hunting Bigfoot , in case the Bigfoot in question is someone dressed in a costume . Following a car chase , George is able to save Harry from LaFleur , and LaFleur is arrested by police officers . When George brings Harry home , he and the Hendersons bury the hunting trophies and pay their respects to the dead animals that were converted into hunting trophies . The next morning , the neighbors notice hair in the Hendersons pool , and Harry is seen being dried off while watching The Addams Family . In jail , LaFleur calls someone and tells him to secure his immediate release because he has a lead on Bigfoot . George calls Dr. Wrightwood from the museum and invites him to dinner to speak about Bigfoot . At dinner , the museum clerk is revealed to be Dr. Wrightwood , having also become a laughingstock . Dr. Wrightwood tells George and the family to give up on Bigfoot , as it has destroyed his life and will destroy theirs , but then he meets Harry , and instantly agrees to take him to safety , away from the city . By this time , LaFleur has been bailed of jail and heads to the Henderson house . George and Harry escape the house with Dr. Wrightwood in his old truck . LaFleur gives chase and eventually catches up with the Henderson family . Fleeing back to the mountains , George tries to make Harry leave , going so far as to hit Harry . Confused and upset , Harry does not leave . LaFleur catches up to them and attacks the Hendersons dog . Harry attacks LaFleur , but George intervenes . Through George 's faith and Harry 's kindness , LaFleur changes his mind and decides that Harry deserves to live peacefully . As the family says goodbye , George thanks Harry for all he has done for the family and tells him to take care of himself . to which Harry replies `` Okay '' ( his first spoken word ) . As Harry leaves , several other Sasquatches appear from their hiding places and also disappear into the wilderness with him , to the amazement of the Hendersons . When Dr. Wrightwood asks LaFleur what he 's going to do next , LaFleur replies , `` I do n't know . There 's always Loch Ness . '' As the two of them laugh at that comment , the Hendersons keep waving goodbye to Harry . Cast ( edit ) John Lithgow as George Henderson Melinda Dillon as Nancy Henderson Margaret Langrick as Sarah Henderson Joshua Rudoy as Ernie Henderson Kevin Peter Hall as Harry ( in - suit performer ) Rick Baker as Harry ( puppeteer ) Tom Hester as Harry ( puppeteer ) Tim Lawrence as Harry ( puppeteer ) Fred Newman as Harry ( voice ) Lainie Kazan as Irene Moffat Don Ameche as Dr. Wallace Wrightwood David Suchet as Jacques LaFleur M. Emmet Walsh as George Henderson Sr . William Dear as Sighting Man Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) Box office ( edit ) Harry and the Hendersons opened third behind Beverly Hills Cop II and The Untouchables . It went on to gross $29.7 million at the North American domestic box office and $20.2 million internationally for a total of $49.9 million worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) The response from critics was mixed . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 44 % based on reviews from 18 critics . Awards ( edit ) Academy Awards Best Makeup ( Won ) Music ( edit ) Bruce Broughton composed the film 's original score , and co-wrote `` Love Lives On '' with Barry Mann ( music ) , Cynthia Weil ( lyrics ) and Will Jennings ( lyrics ) , performed by Joe Cocker over the end credits ( in place of Broughton 's planned end title cue ) , the soundtrack version of `` Love Lives On '' which has a saxophone solo on a single and later released as a single . MCA Records released a soundtrack album on record and cassette ; in 2007 Intrada Records issued an expanded album , marking the music 's premiere CD release . 1987 mca soundtrack album ( edit ) Side 1 : Love Lives On - Joe Cocker ( 3 : 49 ) Main Title ( 3 : 05 ) Some Dumb Thing ( 2 : 28 ) Irene ! ( 1 : 26 ) Harry In The House ( 4 : 20 ) Harry Takes Off ( 3 : 20 ) Side 2 : Your Feet 's Too Big - Jimmy Walker ; arr . Chris Boardman ( 3 : 15 ) Drawing Harry ( 1 : 49 ) Taking Harry Home ( 2 : 57 ) Foot Prints ( 4 : 19 ) Goodbyes ( 4 : 07 ) `` Harry And The Hendersons '' ( 3 : 28 ) 2007 Intrada album ( edit ) The album begins with the film version of `` Love Lives On , '' which has a flute solo rather than the guitar heard on the single and on the 1987 soundtrack album . Love Lives On - Joe Cocker ( 3 : 51 ) Main Title ( 5 : 41 ) Taking Harry Home ( 4 : 33 ) Harry in the House ( 6 : 22 ) Night Prowler ( 1 : 01 ) Some Dumb Thing ( 3 : 16 ) Irene ! ( 1 : 26 ) Eye To Eye ( 0 : 54 ) Our Little Pet ( 1 : 36 ) Tracking Harry ( 1 : 37 ) Harry Takes Off ( 3 : 19 ) Big Freeway ( 1 : 39 ) Sasquatch ( 1 : 01 ) The Great Outdoors ( 1 : 55 ) Bigfoot Museum ( 0 : 59 ) Planning the Hunt ( 2 : 03 ) Drawing Harry ( 1 : 48 ) Night Pursuit ( 9 : 52 ) First Things First ( 1 : 41 ) Wrightwood Meets Harry ( 1 : 29 ) Bed Pals ( 0 : 43 ) Traffic Jam ! ( 7 : 14 ) Footprints ( 4 : 19 ) Goodbyes ( 4 : 06 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 3 : 27 ) Home media ( edit ) The film was released in January 2011 on DVD entitled Harry and The Hendersons Special Edition . A single - disc Blu - ray of the film was released on March 4 , 2014 . TV spin - off ( edit ) The film had a TV series spin - off , also called Harry and the Hendersons . Kevin Peter Hall reprised Harry until his death in 1991 . After that , Harry was performed by Dawan Scott in 1991 - 1992 and by Brian Steele in 1992 - 1993 . Harry 's vocal effects were provided by Patrick Pinney . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry ` Spinoff Is ` Alf ` For The ` 90s '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cop II Is First Again In Box Office Sales '' . New York Times . 1987 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Harry and the Hendersons '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( 1987 - 06 - 05 ) . `` MOVIE REVIEW BIGFOOT ` HARRY ' TRAVELS A FAMILIAR , GOOEY TRAIL '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 1987 - 06 - 05 ) . `` Harry And The Hendersons Takes Familiar Turns '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Awards , USA : 1998 '' . awardsdatabase.oscars.org . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Harry and the Hendersons '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry and the Hendersons Harry and the Hendersons on IMDb Harry and the Hendersons at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Films directed by William Dear Northville Cemetery Massacre ( 1976 ) Elephant Parts ( 1981 ) Timerider : The Adventure of Lyle Swann ( 1982 ) Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) If Looks Could Kill ( 1991 ) Angels in the Outfield ( 1994 ) Wild America ( 1997 ) Santa Who ? ( 2000 ) School of Life ( 2005 ) The Foursome ( 2006 ) Simon Says ( 2006 ) The Sandlot : Heading Home ( 2007 ) The Perfect Game ( 2009 ) Free Style ( 2009 ) Mr. Troop Mom ( 2009 ) Politics of Love ( 2011 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_and_the_Hendersons&oldid=827503817 '' Categories : 1987 films English - language films 1980s comedy films 1980s fantasy films Amblin Entertainment films American buddy films American fantasy - comedy films American films Bigfoot films Films based on urban legends Films directed by William Dear Films set in Seattle Films set in Washington ( state ) Films shot in Washington ( state ) Films that won the Academy Award for Best Makeup Universal Pictures films Films about animal rights Fictional portrayals of the Seattle Police Department Films scored by Bruce Broughton Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from January 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles to be expanded from December 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 02 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did they film harry and the hendersons	[ "In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near I-90 and the town of Index near US 2 as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle's I-5 corridor. While the film received mixed reviews, it was a box office success, with a combined domestic and international return of just under $50 million against a production budget of $16 million.", "In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near I-90 and the town of Index near US 2 as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle's I-5 corridor. While the film received mixed reviews, it was a box office success, with a combined domestic and international return of just under $50 million against a production budget of $16 million.", "In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near I-90 and the town of Index near US 2 as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle's I-5 corridor. While the film received mixed reviews, it was a box office success, with a combined domestic and international return of just under $50 million against a production budget of $16 million.", "In conjunction with the film's setting, shooting took place at several locations in the Cascade Range of Washington state near I-90 and the town of Index near US 2 as well as Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods and other locations in or around Seattle's I-5 corridor. While the film received mixed reviews, it was a box office success, with a combined domestic and international return of just under $50 million against a production budget of $16 million." ]	[ "the Cascade Range of Washington state near I-90", "the town of Index near US 2", "Seattle's Wallingford, Ballard and Beacon Hill neighborhoods", "other locations in or around Seattle's I-5 corridor" ]
6996512511149784243	Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Ladies' singles	Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- ladies ' singles - wikipedia Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- ladies ' singles Jump to : navigation , search Ladies ' singles at the XXIII Olympic Winter Games Venue Gangneung Ice Arena Gangneung , South Korea Dates 21 -- 23 February Competitors 30 from 20 nations Winning score 239.57 Medalists 01 ! Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 02 ! Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 03 ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada ← 2014 2022 → Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Qualification Singles men ladies Pairs mixed Ice dancing mixed Team event mixed The ladies ' single figure skating competition of the 2018 Winter Olympics was held at the Gangneung Ice Arena in Gangneung , South Korea . The short program was held on 21 February , and the free skating was held on 23 February . Contents ( hide ) 1 Records 2 Qualification 3 Schedule 4 Results 4.1 Short program 4.2 Free skating 4.3 Overall 5 References Records ( edit ) See also : World and Olympic records set at the 2018 Winter Olympics For a complete list of figure skating records , see list of highest scores in figure skating . The following new best scores were set during this competition : Component Skaters Score Date Ref Short program Evgenia Medvedeva ( OAR ) 81.61 21 February 2018 Alina Zagitova ( OAR ) 82.92 The Olympic Athletes from Russia set two subsequent world records in the short program on February 21 , with Evgenia Medvedeva scoring 81.61 and then Alina Zagitova scoring 82.92 ten minutes later . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics -- Qualification A total of 30 skaters qualified to compete in the event , with each country allowed to only enter a maximum of three . 24 quotas were handed out during the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships and the remaining six were given out at the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy . Each country decided the entry of its teams , and athletes winning the quota were not necessarily granted the right to compete . All athletes competing must have met the minimum total elements score , which does not include component scores . For the short program this was 20.00 and the free skate 36.00 . Schedule ( edit ) All times are ( UTC + 9 ) . Date Time Round 21 February 10 : 00 Short program 23 February 10 : 00 Free skating Results ( edit ) Short program ( edit ) The short program was held on 21 February . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 82.92 WR 45.30 37.62 9.36 9.18 9.64 9.43 9.43 0.00 28 Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 81.61 43.19 38.42 9.54 9.39 9.71 9.68 9.71 0.00 25 Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 78.87 41.83 37.04 9.32 9.00 9.36 9.29 9.32 0.00 27 Satoko Miyahara Japan 75.94 40.25 35.69 8.96 8.75 9.00 8.86 9.04 0.00 26 5 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 73.18 40.36 32.82 8.43 7.96 8.29 8.18 8.18 0.00 19 6 Carolina Kostner Italy 73.15 35.06 38.09 9.46 9.32 9.54 9.61 9.68 0.00 29 7 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 68.90 35.90 33.00 8.32 8.04 8.18 8.25 8.46 0.00 21 8 Choi Da - bin South Korea 67.77 37.54 30.23 7.75 7.29 7.68 7.5 7.57 0.00 24 9 Mirai Nagasu United States 66.93 37.24 30.69 8.04 7.36 7.61 7.68 7.68 - 1.00 20 10 Karen Chen United States 65.90 33.53 32.37 8.07 7.89 8.14 8.11 8.25 0.00 22 11 Bradie Tennell United States 64.01 35.50 29.51 7.57 7.25 7.25 7.43 7.39 - 1.00 12 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 63.86 31.47 33.39 8.46 8.21 8.21 8.46 8.39 - 1.00 30 13 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 60.59 32.36 28.23 7.18 6.82 7.21 7.00 7.07 0.00 18 14 Nicole Schott Germany 59.20 31.62 27.58 6.96 6.61 7.07 6.86 6.96 0.00 17 15 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 58.82 29.14 29.68 7.46 7.18 7.50 7.43 7.54 0.00 23 16 Kailani Craine Australia 56.77 30.36 26.41 6.61 6.32 6.71 6.57 6.79 0.00 13 17 Isadora Williams Brazil 55.74 29.83 25.91 6.54 6.29 6.64 6.46 6.46 0.00 18 Emmi Peltonen Finland 55.28 28.48 27.80 7.00 6.64 6.96 7.07 7.07 - 1.00 10 19 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 55.26 29.99 25.27 6.39 6.14 6.39 6.39 6.29 0.00 8 20 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 55.16 27.79 27.37 7.04 6.64 6.82 6.82 6.89 0.00 16 21 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 54.33 29.41 24.92 6.36 6.00 6.32 6.29 6.18 0.00 5 22 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 53.67 28.24 25.43 6.57 6.14 6.46 6.29 6.32 0.00 12 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 53.22 27.60 25.62 6.54 6.18 6.43 6.39 6.50 0.00 14 24 Li Xiangning China 52.46 27.27 26.19 6.64 6.29 6.54 6.64 6.64 - 1.00 7 Did not advance to free skating 25 Larkyn Austman Canada 51.42 25.93 26.49 6.71 6.32 6.61 6.71 6.75 - 1.00 11 26 Diāna Ņikitina Latvia 51.12 26.35 24.77 6.29 5.93 6.18 6.32 6.25 0.00 27 Giada Russo Italy 50.88 25.90 25.98 6.57 6.25 6.50 6.54 6.61 - 1.00 15 28 Anita Östlund Sweden 49.14 25.35 23.79 6.14 5.82 5.93 5.93 5.93 0.00 6 29 Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine 47.59 26.66 22.93 5.86 5.54 5.61 5.82 5.82 - 2.00 30 Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan 44.40 21.29 23.11 5.71 5.46 5.82 5.89 6.00 0.00 9 Notes : WR - World record TSS - Total Segment Score ; TES - Technical Element Score ; PCS - Program Component Score SS - Skating Skills ; TR - Transitions ; PE - Performance / Execution CH - Choreography ; IN - Interpretation ; Ded - Deduction ; StN - Starting Number Free skating ( edit ) The free skating was held on 23 February . Pl . Name Nation TSS TES PCS SS TR PE CH IN Ded StN Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 79.18 * 77.47 * 9.57 9.43 9.82 9.71 9.89 0.00 24 Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia * 156.65 * 81.62 * 75.03 * 9.32 9.21 9.61 9.29 9.46 0.00 22 Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 152.15 76.50 75.65 9.50 9.21 9.57 9.39 9.61 0.00 23 Satoko Miyahara Japan 146.44 75.20 71.24 8.93 8.64 9.07 8.89 9.00 0.00 19 5 Carolina Kostner Italy 139.29 63.64 75.65 9.46 9.25 9.43 9.57 9.57 0.00 20 6 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 136.53 68.42 68.11 8.57 8.36 8.50 8.57 8.57 0.00 21 7 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 134.24 66.94 67.30 8.39 8.14 8.54 8.43 8.57 0.00 13 8 Choi Da - bin South Korea 131.49 68.74 62.75 7.86 7.57 8.04 7.86 7.89 0.00 17 9 Bradie Tennell United States 128.34 65.41 62.93 7.93 7.68 7.79 7.93 8.00 0.00 15 10 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 121.38 67.03 54.35 6.96 6.46 7.00 6.68 6.86 0.00 11 Karen Chen United States 119.75 56.65 64.10 8.18 7.64 7.96 8.07 8.21 - 1.00 14 12 Mirai Nagasu United States 119.61 57.56 62.05 8.14 7.50 7.71 7.75 7.68 0.00 18 13 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 118.30 60.50 58.80 7.39 7.11 7.39 7.43 7.43 - 1.00 7 14 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 116.72 60.73 55.99 7.07 6.71 7.11 6.96 7.14 0.00 15 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 114.60 57.80 56.80 7.11 6.89 7.25 7.25 7.21 0.00 11 16 Kailani Craine Australia 111.84 57.89 57.89 6.68 6.54 7.00 6.64 6.86 0.00 9 17 Nicole Schott Germany 109.26 52.68 56.58 7.04 6.82 7.04 7.18 7.29 0.00 10 18 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 106.25 55.13 52.12 6.50 6.29 6.61 6.54 6.64 - 1.00 19 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 103.56 45.81 61.75 8.00 7.64 7.39 7.93 7.64 - 4.00 16 20 Li Xiangning China 101.97 50.56 51.41 6.57 6.21 6.46 6.39 6.50 0.00 5 21 Emmi Peltonen Finland 101.86 46.41 56.45 7.14 6.79 7.00 7.07 7.29 - 1.00 8 22 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 101.00 50.94 50.06 6.43 6.00 6.29 6.32 6.25 0.00 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 97.21 49.82 50.39 6.32 6.29 6.21 6.39 6.29 - 3.00 6 24 Isadora Williams Brazil 88.44 38.39 51.05 6.43 6.18 6.36 6.43 6.50 - 1.00 12 * Evgenia Medvedeva finished at higher place due to better program component score Overall ( edit ) The skaters were ranked according to their overall score . TP - Total points ; SP - Short program ; FS - Free skating Rank Name Nation Total points SP FS 01 ! Alina Zagitova Olympic Athletes from Russia 239.57 82.92 156.65 02 ! Evgenia Medvedeva Olympic Athletes from Russia 238.26 81.61 156.65 03 ! Kaetlyn Osmond Canada 231.02 78.87 152.15 Satoko Miyahara Japan 222.38 75.94 146.44 5 Carolina Kostner Italy 212.44 73.15 6 139.29 5 6 Kaori Sakamoto Japan 209.71 73.18 5 136.53 6 7 Choi Da - bin South Korea 199.26 67.77 8 131.49 8 8 Maria Sotskova Olympic Athletes from Russia 198.10 63.86 12 134.24 7 9 Bradie Tennell United States 192.35 64.01 11 128.34 9 10 Mirai Nagasu United States 186.54 66.93 9 119.61 12 11 Karen Chen United States 185.65 65.90 10 119.75 11 12 Elizabet Tursynbayeva Kazakhstan 177.12 58.82 15 118.30 13 13 Kim Ha - nul South Korea 175.71 54.33 21 121.38 10 14 Nicole Rajičová Slovakia 175.19 60.59 13 114.60 15 15 Gabrielle Daleman Canada 172.46 68.90 7 103.56 19 16 Loena Hendrickx Belgium 171.88 55.16 20 116.72 14 17 Kailani Craine Australia 168.61 56.77 16 111.84 16 18 Nicole Schott Germany 168.46 59.20 14 109.26 17 19 Maé - Bérénice Méité France 159.92 53.67 22 106.25 18 20 Emmi Peltonen Finland 157.14 55.28 18 101.86 21 21 Alexia Paganini Switzerland 156.26 55.26 19 101.00 22 22 Li Xiangning China 154.43 52.46 24 101.97 20 23 Ivett Tóth Hungary 150.43 53.22 23 97.21 23 24 Isadora Williams Brazil 144.18 55.74 17 88.44 24 Did not advance to free skating 25 Larkyn Austman Canada N / A 51.42 25 N / A N / A 26 Diāna Ņikitina Latvia N / A 51.12 26 N / A N / A 27 Giada Russo Italy N / A 50.88 27 N / A N / A 28 Anita Östlund Sweden N / A 49.14 28 N / A N / A 29 Anna Khnychenkova Ukraine N / A 47.59 29 N / A N / A 30 Aiza Mambekova Kazakhstan N / A 44.40 30 N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Venues '' . www.pyeongchang2018.com/ . Pyeongchang 2018 Olympic Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics . Retrieved 26 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schedule '' . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Start list ^ Jump up to : Bieler , Des ; Janes , Chelsea ( 21 February 2018 ) . `` Alina Zagitova tops Russian teammate Evgenia Medvedeva 's world - record short program score '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russia 's Zagitova beats Medvedeva 's short program world record at Olympics '' . TASS. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Qualification Systems for XXIII Olympic Winter Games , PyeongChang 2018 , Figure skating '' . International Skating Union ( ISU ) . 17 May 2016 . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extract from ISU Communication 2097 '' . www.iceskating.org.uk/ . National Ice Skating Association ( UK ) . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Short program results Jump up ^ Free skating results Jump up ^ Final results Olympic champions in figure skating -- Ladies ' singles 1908 : Madge Syers ( GBR ) 1920 : Magda Julin ( SWE ) 1924 : Herma Szabo ( AUT ) 1928 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1932 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1936 : Sonja Henie ( NOR ) 1948 : Barbara Ann Scott ( CAN ) 1952 : Jeannette Altwegg ( GBR ) 1956 : Tenley Albright ( USA ) 1960 : Carol Heiss ( USA ) 1964 : Sjoukje Dijkstra ( NED ) 1968 : Peggy Fleming ( USA ) 1972 : Trixi Schuba ( AUT ) 1976 : Dorothy Hamill ( USA ) 1980 : Anett Pötzsch ( GDR ) 1984 : Katarina Witt ( GDR ) 1988 : Katarina Witt ( GDR ) 1992 : Kristi Yamaguchi ( USA ) 1994 : Oksana Baiul ( UKR ) 1998 : Tara Lipinski ( USA ) 2002 : Sarah Hughes ( USA ) 2006 : Shizuka Arakawa ( JPN ) 2010 : Yuna Kim ( KOR ) 2014 : Adelina Sotnikova ( RUS ) 2018 : Alina Zagitova ( OAR ) Record scores in figure skating Combined total ( Total ) Short program ( SP ) Free skating ( FS ) Short dance ( SD ) Free dance ( FD ) Juniors ( J ) Men Total : Yuzuru Hanyu 330.43 SP : Yuzuru Hanyu 112.72 FS : Yuzuru Hanyu 223.20 Total ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 258.11 SP ( J ) : Shoma Uno 84.87 FS ( J ) : Vincent Zhou 179.24 Ladies Total : Evgenia Medvedeva 241.31 SP : Alina Zagitova 82.92 FS : Evgenia Medvedeva 160.46 Total ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 225.52 SP ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 73.25 FS ( J ) : Alexandra Trusova 153.49 Pairs Total : Aliona Savchenko / Bruno Massot 245.84 SP : Tatiana Volosozhar / Maxim Trankov 84.17 FS : Savchenko / Massot 162.86 Total ( J ) : Anna Dušková / Martin Bidař 181.82 SP ( J ) : Amina Atakhanova / Ilia Spiridonov 64.79 FS ( J ) : Sui Wenjing / Han Cong 118.54 Ice dance Total : Gabriella Papadakis / Guillaume Cizeron 207.20 SD : Papadakis / Cizeron 83.73 FD : Papadakis / Cizeron 123.47 Total ( J ) : Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 164.83 SD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 67.88 FD ( J ) : R. Parsons / M. Parsons 97.54 See also Progression of record scores Record technical and component scores Highest technical element scores Highest program component scores See also ( J ) Record junior scores Progression of record scores ( J ) Record technical and component scores ( J ) Highest technical element scores ( J ) Highest program component scores ( J ) 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Figure_skating_at_the_2018_Winter_Olympics_ -- _Ladies % 27_singles&oldid = 827594424 '' Categories : Figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics Women 's events at the 2018 Winter Olympics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 17 : 06 . About Wikipedia	when is the ladies ice skating at the olympics	[ "\n\nLadies' singles\nat the XXIII Olympic Winter Games\n\n\n\nVenue\nGangneung Ice Arena\nGangneung, South Korea\n\n\nDates\n21–23 February\n\n\nCompetitors\n30 from 20 nations\n\n\nWinning score\n239.57\n\n\nMedalists\n\n\n\n\n\n01 !\n\nAlina Zagitova\n Olympic Athletes from Russia\n\n\n02 !\n\nEvgenia Medvedeva\n Olympic Athletes from Russia\n\n\n03 !\n\nKaetlyn Osmond\n Canada\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n← 2014\n2022 →\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "21–23 February" ]
-6709045261261955380	Rajasthan Royals	Rajasthan Royals - Wikipedia Rajasthan Royals Rajasthan Royals Personnel Captain Ajinkya Rahane Coach Paddy Upton Owner Manoj Badale Team information City Jaipur , Rajasthan , India Colours Founded 2008 ( 2008 ) Home ground Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur ( Capacity : 23,185 ) Secondary home ground ( s ) Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad ( Capacity : 54,000 ) Brabourne Stadium , Mumbai ( Capacity : 25,000 ) History Indian Premier League wins 1 ( 2008 ) CLT20 wins 0 Official website : www.rajasthanroyals.com T20I kit Rajasthan Royals in 2018 The Rajasthan Royals ( often abbreviated as RR ) are a cricket team in the Indian Premier League from the city of Jaipur . Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises , the Royals are owned by Manoj Badale . The team played its home matches at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur and also had secondary home grounds at the Sardar Patel Stadium at Ahmedabad and the Brabourne Stadium at Mumbai . The Royals are sometimes considered the Moneyball team of the IPL . The Royals are known to unearth obscure , high potential talent . The team won the inaugural edition of the IPL under the captaincy of Shane Warne , despite being written off as a title contender by the media and fans . The Royals were also the runners - up of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 under Rahul Dravid 's captaincy . On 14 July 2015 the verdict reached by a panel appointed by India 's Supreme Court suspended Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings for two years over a corruption and match fixing scandal , meaning they could not participate in both the 2016 and 2017 IPL tournaments . They returned to the competition for the 2018 season . The team 's record run - scorer and current captain is Ajinkya Rahane , with 2705 runs , while the leading wicket - taker is Shane Watson , with 67 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Expulsion from the IPL & return 1.2 Ban in 2015 2 Team history 2.1 2008 IPL season 2.2 2009 IPL season 2.3 British Asian Cup 2.4 2010 IPL season 2.5 2011 IPL season 2.6 2012 IPL season 2.7 2013 IPL season 2.8 2013 spot - fixing case 2.9 2014 IPL season 2.10 2018 IPL Season 3 Team identity 3.1 Team anthem 3.2 Mascot 4 Players 5 Home ground 6 Current squad 7 Administration and support staff 8 Seasons 9 Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers 10 Statistics 11 Fixtures and results 11.1 2008 IPL season 11.2 2009 IPL season 11.3 2010 IPL season 11.4 2011 IPL season 11.5 2012 IPL season 11.6 2013 IPL season 11.7 2013 CLT20 season 11.8 2014 IPL season 11.9 2015 IPL season 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) The Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) announced in September 2007 the establishment of the Indian Premier League , a Twenty20 competition to be started in 2008 . In January 2008 , the BCCI unveiled the owners of eight city - based franchises . The team is one of the eight founding members of the IPL in 2008 . The Jaipur franchise was sold to the Emerging Media for $67 million , making it the least expensive team in the league . The franchise is currently owned and chaired by Manoj Badale . Other investors include Lachlan Murdoch , Aditya S Chellaram , and Suresh Chellaram . The Group acquired the franchise for $67 million . Incidentally , this was the least expensive franchise in the Indian Premier League and probably the least fancied team in the league at the beginning of the tournament . It made a pre-tax profit of $7.5 million in 2009 . Expulsion from the IPL & return ( edit ) In 2010 , the BCCI decided to expel Kings XI Punjab and Rajasthan Royals from the IPL . The expulsion baffled captain Shane Warne who stated that he suspected that there might be some foul play and that the BCCI might possess some ulterior motives . The Rajasthan Royals however filed an appeal against the decision and the two parties went to the Mumbai High Court to decide The Mumbai high - court adjourned that case until 29 October 2010 . Both parties then agreed to adjourn the case again to 15 November because they did n't want it to coincide with Diwali celebrations from 1 to 14 November Later it was announced by the Royals that they told the Bombay High Court that they would be negotiating with an arbitrator to see if they could reconcile with the IPL The arbitrator announced that while the investigation was ongoing the Royals would remain a part of the IPL for six - weeks and the BCCI would not be allowed to change rules which might go against the Royals . The six - week period included the player auction in which Rajasthan Royals participated . After this the Bombay High Court rejected the appeals of the BCCI against keeping the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL for six - weeks while the case was sorted out . It was estimated because of the losses in court cases and damaging reputation the BCCI decided not to pursue any further legal action against Royals ' or Kings XI Punjab and announced they decided to keep them in the IPL . Ban in 2015 ( edit ) In 2015 the team was banned for two years following the Lodha Panel inquiry . Rajasthan Royals became the source of controversy when inappropriate and fictitious bids were made , violating BCCI norms . Ranjit Barthakur and Fraser Castellino were the only two shareholders of the Jaipur IPL , completely unknown to the BCCI at the time . An out of court settlement between the two later ensued . In 2015 Rajasthan Royals were banned for two years by the BCCI , with its owner Raj Kundra banned for life . Team history ( edit ) hide This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2008 IPL season ( edit ) Prior to the start of the inaugural IPL season , many considered the Royals as possibly the weakest team in the IPL , giving them little chance of competing well in the tournament . Evidence of the latter opinion seemed to be confirmed when the team lost its first match against the Delhi Daredevils in a 9 wicket loss . The fears were confirmed that the team was likely to struggle , but no one had ever thought that this was the beginning of a new dawn for the team . But the team believed in writing their own script and there was something about their style of cricket , perhaps the simple attitude with which they approached the game . This simplicity was bought about largely by Warne 's captaincy , as he never had the fear to lose and was always calm in dealing with his players and pressure situations . In their first home game ever at Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , they played against the Kings XI Punjab and won by 6 wickets as Shane Watson was declared the man of the match for his unbeaten 76 off 49 balls in what was a successful run chase . That was followed by a crucial 3 wicket win against one of the favorites to win the competition , Deccan Chargers in Hyderabad . The victory proved to be a huge morale booster for the side since this was their first away win and second successful run chase on the trot , as Yusuf Pathan made a name for himself with his first man of the match award for his bowling figures of 2 / 20 in 4 overs and a 28 - ball 61 . Watson almost replicated Yusuf 's all - round performance in the following match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore as another run chase was completed . In the 7 wicket victory , ' Watto ' picked 2 / 20 in 4 overs and smashed 61 not out off 41 balls . Their next game was another crucial one , against the Kolkata Knight Riders at home and Rajasthan won convincingly by 45 runs as the diminutive opener from Goa , Swapnil Asnodkar received his first man of the match award for a fine knock of 60 off just 34 balls . They further managed to defeat the Chennai Super Kings in Jaipur , as Pakistan 's Sohail Tanvir continued to show his red hot bowling form in the game , picking 6 wickets for 14 runs in 4 overs , winning the man of the match award for the same . But a minor hiccup followed , as they were thrashed by 7 wickets by the unpredictable Mumbai Indians in Navi Mumbai . However the Royals won their next game by defeating the Kings XI Punjab and continued to win the next five games in a row . The Royals built up an impressive 11 -- 3 record after their fourteen preliminary round matches ; this included a consecutive 5 - game and 6 - game winning streak with an undefeated record on their home ground and a spot at the top of the points table . They were also the first team to book a place in the semifinals with their 65 run win over the Royal Challengers Bangalore . Deccan Chargers were denied their first victory against the Rajasthan Royals , once again due to the burly Yusuf Pathan , who won his second man of the match award for his 37 - ball 68 as Rajasthan prevailed by 8 wickets at home . There were two more home games on the trot , as the Delhi Daredevils were beaten this time by 3 wickets with Watto again performing his all - round magic to bewilder the opposition , as he ended with 2 / 21 in 4 overs and hit a 40 - ball 74 to guide the chase adequately enough in the end . Whereas , the Royal Challengers Bangalore were thrashed by 65 runs , as South Africa 's captain Graeme Smith won the man of the match award for his unbeaten 49 - ball 75 . Their next challenge was to conquer the nerves which can be developed when playing at the Eden Gardens in Kolkata . But the home team was given a proper thumping by Yusuf Pathan who hammered an unbeaten 48 off just 18 balls , and backed it with bowling figures of 1 / 14 in 2 overs as Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets . They were however , given a tough fight by the Chennai Super Kings at the MA Chidambaram Stadium in their 10 - run victory . Followed by which , their last home game of the season was against the Mumbai Indians and Warne 's boys ensured that they remained at the top of the points table in the conclusion of the round robin stage , with a 5 - wicket win as Tanvir once again was devastating , picking 4 / 14 in his 4 overs . They did lose to the Kings XI Punjab in the final round robin game , but easily made it to the semifinals and Sohail Tanvir won the first ever Purple Cap in IPL history , for taking the most number of wickets in the tournament . Shane Warne 's captaincy and simultaneous coaching was praised and well received by everyone , including opposition teams . In addition , several players of the Royals team had consistently played well . Their semifinal was against the Delhi Daredevils in Mumbai , which was expected to be a tough contest for them . Yet , Delhi were walloped by 105 runs as Watto made this a one - sided contest following his 29 - ball 52 and 3 / 10 in 3 overs , hence continuing his purple patch in the competition and assuring a place for Rajasthan in the final against MS Dhoni 's Chennai Super Kings in the same city . The final was a cliffhanger , which was ideal to end the first ever IPL tournament . Chennai could play their best possible to attempt stopping an in - form Rajasthan Royals . Although their team total after 20 overs was around 150 , they took the match till the final ball until appropriately . With the scores level with one ball remaining , it was their bowling hero Sohail Tanvir who hit the winning runs to ensure that Rajasthan were crowned the champions of the first season of the IPL , making history in the process . Yusuf Pathan was declared the man of the match in the final as well , for his figures of 3 / 22 in 4 overs and 56 runs and thus became a household name ever since , beating the popularity of his younger brother Irfan Pathan and going on to represent India in the shorter formats of the game . The all - rounder Shane Watson won the man of the tournament award for scoring as many as 472 runs and picking 17 wickets . This was able to make him cement his spot in all formats of the game in the Australian team , and has now become one of the most valuable T20 players in world cricket . It was an incredible victory for an underdog team which had inexperienced , young Indian cricketers mostly who could mainly speak in their mother tongues , which Warne could not understand . Rajasthan Royals qualified for the Champions League T20 that year , but the event was cancelled on the account of the terrorist attacks in Mumbai in November 2008 . The Rajasthan Royals became the winner of the first IPL tournament , when they defeated the Chennai Super Kings by 3 wickets in the final played on 1 June 2008 . With the scores level with one ball remaining , Sohail Tanvir scored the winning run and therefore prevented the match from being decided on a bowl out . Each player and representative on the team was awarded a medal and the team was presented with the DLF Indian Premier League trophy along with a cheque for US $1.2 million prize money . Many of the Royals ' players also took home individual awards for their performance during the tournament ; Yusuf Pathan claimed the Man of the Match award for the final match , Sohail Tanvir ~ finished the tournament in possession of the Purple Cap ( the IPL 's leading wicket taker ) and Australian all - rounder Shane Watson was declared the Man of the Series . 2009 IPL season ( edit ) The Royals came into the tournament in South Africa as the defending champions , but not one of the favourites since Sohail Tanvir was ineligible to play for the team due to the ban imposed by the BCCI on Pakistani players playing in the competition . As well as the fact that Shane Watson , theiaround was unavailable for the whole season as Australia toured to UAE for ODI series against Pakistan . Without these two , the team looked slightly weaker than the previous season and players such as the countryman Graeme Smith , fiery pacer Shaun Tait and the aging Shane Warne had to be relied on . Rajasthan began their 2009 campaign against the Royal Challengers Bangalore solemnly . They were bowled out for the Second lowest score ( First lowest score is of RCB against KKR in 2017 they made a score of 49 and were all out ) in the history of the IPL , a paltry 58 as they were thrashed by 75 runs in Newlands , Cape Town by the Kevin Pietersen - led side . They made a short trip to Durban to play the Mumbai Indians but that match was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan go at the bottom of the points table at that stage . But on their return to Cape Town , they faced the Kolkata Knight Riders in a match which went to the Super Over , and Rajasthan were only able to win due to Yusuf Pathan 's onslaught off the bowling of Ajantha Mendis , knocking off the required 17 runs in just 4 balls . At the same ground although , they were defeated by the Kings XI Punjab by 27 runs . Yusuf again played a blinder of an innings , an unbeaten 30 - ball 62 to help Rajasthan Royals beat Delhi Daredevils yet again , by 5 wickets . But the team that they met in the final last season , Chennai Super Kings was too good for them in their first clash of the season in Pretoria where Chennai won by 38 runs . However , Yusuf was at his all - round best as the Royals beat the Deccan Chargers by 3 wickets as he bowled well in his 4 overs , with figures of 1 / 19 and contributing 24 runs off 17 balls . They also were able to hammer Kings XI Punjab by 78 runs in their return match in Durban as Graeme Smith made the decibel levels on the ground increase with his 44 - ball 77 . Whereas , they took their revenge against the Royal Challengers Bangalore , prevailing by 7 wickets as the team rode on the unknown Indian pacer , Amit Singh 's spell of 4 / 19 in 4 overs . Then disaster struck . They lost yet another contest to the Chennai Super Kings , by 7 wickets and Deccan Chargers posted their first win against the Rajasthan Royals in the IPL , by a massive margin of 53 runs . The Royals managed to shut out the Mumbai Indians by a mere 2 runs due to Warne 's brilliance but were knocked out of the tournament with back - to - back defeats to the Delhi Daredevils by 14 runs and the bottom - ranked Kolkata Knight Riders by 3 wickets . Seven players were dropped from the team and they were sent back to home . These players were -- Mohammed Kaif , Dinesh Salunkhe , Paras Dogra , Anup Revandkar , Srideep Mangela , Ashraf Makda and Azhar Malik . Rajasthan Royals ended 6th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 matches out of the 14 they played . The Royals failed to make it to the semifinals after losing their last two matches against Delhi Daredevils and Kolkata Knight Riders . It was a disappointing finish for Warne 's boys , who had won many hearts with their 2008 performance . British Asian Cup ( edit ) On 14 May 2009 it was announced that Rajasthan Royals would meet Middlesex Crusaders in a one - off Twenty20 for the British Asian Cup . It was the first time that an annual charity series to be played between the Twenty20 champions of the two countries . The match took place on 6 July 2009 . The Squads were announced on 3 July 2009 with Rajasthan Royals included Mohammad Kaif and also saw a comeback of Sohail Tanvir . The match was won by Rajasthan Royals by 46 runs after scoring 162 / 5 in 20 overs and successfully defending it by 46 runs ( Middlesex 116 / 7 ) . The MoM was Dimitri Mascarenhas . 2010 IPL season ( edit ) The Royals were back in India after their average outing in South Africa . This time they seemed to be a better outfit as they were to play in conditions which should have suited them the most . But they had to suffer an unfortunate start to the competition , with a narrow 4 run defeat to the Mumbai Indians at the Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai . The highlight of this match though , was Yusuf Pathan hitting the fastest ever hundred in IPL history , off only 37 balls ! Even some of the Mumbai fans were disappointed not to see Rajasthan win , by the end of it all . They went on to lose to the Delhi Daredevils by 6 wickets on one of their new ' home ' grounds , Ahmedabad . And were again bruised badly by the Royal Challengers Bangalore , who won by 10 wickets . The team remained inconsistent throughout the whole season , winning their next four matches consecutively . One of the young Turks of the erstwhile ICL , Abhishek Jhunjhunwala impressed against the franchise representing his home state , Kolkata Knight Riders as his 36 - ball 45 helped the Royals win by 34 runs . Followed by which the Western Australian batsman Adam Voges hit 45 runs off 24 balls to help Rajasthan beat Punjab in Mohali by 31 runs . The team seemed to have adapted to the Ahmedabad conditions better with wins against Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets as Yusuf Pathan continued his good form against the team , while they beat Chennai Super Kings by 17 runs courtesy wicket - keeper batsman Naman Ojha 's 49 - ball 80 . But they lost against Chennai in their return clash as Murali Vijay 's hundred took the game away from them as well as were crushed in Delhi by 67 runs . But they managed to escape a Deccan Chargers attack , with a narrow 2 run victory in Nagpur and continued their unbeaten run in Jaipur though , as the out of sorts Kings XI Punjab were duly beaten by 9 wickets with English opener Michael Lumb winning the man of the match award for his 43 - ball 83 . Once again , Rajasthan Royals ended the tournament miserably with losses to Mumbai Indians and the Royal Challengers Bangalore at home , and the Kolkata Knight Riders in the last round robin game in Kolkata . Consequently , they failed to make it to the playoffs for the second consecutive season as they finished 7th out of the 8 teams in the competition , winning 6 games out of 14 played . 2011 IPL season ( edit ) The Rajasthan Royals , and the Kings XI Punjab were temporarily ejected from the league due to issues with their unreported ownership changes . The teams were reinstated with involvement from the High Court . Their owners were broken into several legal entities when the BCCI required the incorporation of the companies . Kochi was also at risk of ejection for the same reasons before BCCI cleared their new ownership pattern for the tournament . The team management decided to retain the Australian duo of Shane Warne and Shane Watson for the following three seasons of the IPL , although Warne 's future continued to be uncertain . Yet , he decided to make this his final season for the Rajasthan Royals on the insistence of the team owners who felt that he was the ultimate source of inspiration for the team on and off the field . In the auction , the team 's funds were reduced since they were penalised by the BCCI in 2010 and as a result , had to pay a certain amount of bank guarantee as fixed by the High Court . But they possessed an adequate amount of money to buy some of the world 's finest T20 players , which they did not exactly . They managed to buy back Australian fast bowler Shaun Tait for US $ 300,000 as well as South African bowling all - rounder Johan Botha for US $ 950,000 . The other star players which they picked were New Zealand batsman Ross Taylor for US $ 1 million as well as ' The Wall ' Rahul Dravid for half that price . England 's World T20 2010 winning skipper Paul Collingwood was also purchased for a mere US $ 250,000 . The other players were mostly from the domestic circuits , but were confident individuals following Rajasthan winning the Ranji Trophy that year . Rajasthan Royals began the IPL 2011 in grand fashion , beating the Kumar Sangakkara - led Deccan Chargers by 8 wickets , with the young Indian pacer Siddharth Trivedi adjudged the man of the match for his spell of 3 / 15 and the Royals continued their fine record against the Chargers . While Shane Warne defied age with a fine piece of bowling to assist Rajasthan in defeating a weakened Delhi Daredevils side by 6 wickets , with figures of 2 / 17 . However , their confidence was dented with two back - to - back defeats to the new look Kolkata Knight Riders in a span of three days . In the clash at Jaipur , they lost by 9 wickets courtesy a 100 - run partnership between Gautam Gambhir and Jacques Kallis , Whereas in Kolkata , Lakshmipathy Balaji picked 3 / 15 in 4 overs on a minefield pitch in Eden Gardens to help his team pull of an 8 wicket victory . The match against the Royal Challengers Bangalore in Bangalore was washed out due to rain , which made Rajasthan 's task of making it into the last four much tougher . Shaun Marsh was in great nick and his 42 - ball 71 resulted in the Royals losing to Kings XI Punjab in Mohali by 48 runs . However , they pulled together a string of a hat - trick of home wins , as Rajasthan chased successfully in all the three matches . The first was against the Kochi Tuskers Kerala , winning by 8 wickets . Followed by Mumbai Indians , the No. 1 team then on the points table as they chased down a total of 100 with 7 wickets to spare . And then the Pune Warriors India were undone by Ross Taylors ' 35 - ball 47 not out , as Rajasthan won by 6 wickets . But again it was inconsistency which let the Royals down badly . They were given a proper thumping by the eventual champions Chennai Super Kings in both the matches they played against each other , within a span of five days . The in - form Royal Challengers Bangalore thrashed them by 9 wickets courtesy Chris Gayle while they were bowled out for 97 in their 8 - wicket defeat to the Kochi Tuskers Kerala . Although this time they ended their round robin matches well with a win against the Mumbai Indians in Mumbai and in the process giving Shane Warne a fitting farewell , Rajasthan were dismissed from the competition since they ended at the 6th position out of the 10 teams in the tournament , having again won 6 out of their 14 matches played , with one being a no result . 2012 IPL season ( edit ) Rajasthan Royals finished in seventh place among the point table in season 5 of IPL winning only seven matches out of sixteen . 2013 IPL season ( edit ) Rajasthan Royals qualified for the playoff stage by finishing third in the group stage , thus grabbing a spot in Champions League 2013 . They won against Sunrisers Hyderabad in the eliminator but lost to Mumbai Indians in the second qualifier , which led to their exit from the tournament . Shane Watson was declared the Man of the tournament . 2013 spot - fixing case ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Indian Premier League spot - fixing and betting case On 16 May 2013 , three Rajasthan Royals players Sreesanth , Ankeet Chavan and Ajit Chandila were arrested from Mumbai by Delhi Police along with eleven bookies on charges of spot - fixing in the tournament . The fixing happened in the matches against Pune Warriors on 5 May , Kings XI Punjab on 9 May and Mumbai Indians on 15 May . Later BCCI suspended the three players . 2014 IPL season ( edit ) Rajasthan Royals retained five players -- Sanju Samson , Ajinkya Rahane , Shane Watson , James Faulkner and Stuart Binny -- for the seventh season of the IPL . Rajasthan Royals scored 65 runs off the last 17 balls at a strike rate of 382.35 to win the match against RCB . Shane Watson lead the side and Rahul Dravid played the role of a mentor . 2018 IPL season ( edit ) In 2018 , the Rajasthan Royals made a comeback to IPL after two years of suspension . Prior to the 2018 IPL auction , the Royals retained Steve Smith for ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) announcing him as captain for 2018 season . Following the ball tampering controversy in March 2018 , Smith stepped down as Royals captain with Ajinkya Rahane appointed . Smith was subsequently banned from playing in the 2018 IPL season . Following Steve Smith 's ban Heinrich Klaasen was announced as replacement . On 2 May 2018 , in a match against the Delhi Daredevils , Jos Buttler scored the fastest ever 50 for Rajasthan Royals , off just 18 balls . This was also the fifth fastest in IPL history . However , RR lost the match by four runs after failing to make the revised target of 151 from 12 overs due to rain . Buttler also equalled Virender Sehwag 's record for most consecutive fifties in the IPL , with 5 consecutive fifties . The Royals managed to secure fourth place in the regular season , with 14 points . However , they crashed out of the playoffs in the eliminator against Kolkata Knight Riders , losing by 25 runs in Eden Gardens . Team identity ( edit ) Team anthem ( edit ) The team anthem is ' Halla Bol ' . In the first IPL season the song was sung by Ila Arun . While in second season , it was sung by huudiya. Currently , this team 's anthem is ' Phir Halla Bol ' , released in 2018 . Mascot ( edit ) The team 's mascot is a lion named Moochu Singh . Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Rajasthan Royals cricketers Traditionally , the Rajasthan Royals usually purchase cricketers who are not very famous , unknown or uncapped i.e. not played for their nation , at cut - throat prices . The Royals are famous for their frugal spending in the IPL auctions , even during the mega-auctions held once in 3 years . They have even bought players who had previously never played first - class cricket such as Dinesh Salunkhe and Pravin Tambe . The team has also purchased leading cricketers at various times in their history like Shane Warne , Graeme Smith , Rahul Dravid , Shanthakumaran Sreesanth , Munaf Patel , Mohammad Kaif , Shaun Tait , Ross Taylor , Justin Langer , Damien Martyn and Brad Hogg to name a few . Many of the cricketers who have played for the Royals , having been bought by them as relatively unknown players , have ended up as leading international cricketers partly due to their strong performances in the IPL and backing from the Royals management . In the initial seasons , such players included Taruwar Kohli , who was acquired by the franchise in 2008 under the Under - 19 player quota and Yusuf Pathan , the elder brother of the Indian all - rounder Irfan Pathan and a relative unknown in cricketing circles unlike his more - celebrated younger brother . Yusuf 's brilliant performances in the initial seasons of the IPL earned him a place in the Indian cricket team , and was a member of the Indian squad which won the 2011 Cricket World Cup . Even Australian Shane Watson , who has played for the Royals ever since its inception , became a permanent , consistent and leading member of the Australian cricket team soon after his brilliant first season with the Royals in 2008 . In the later seasons , these players have included Indian cricketers such as Ajinkya Rahane , wicketkeeper - batsman Sanju Samson , leg - spinner Tambe , whose performances for the Royals earned him a Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at the age of 42 , Stuart Binny and Dhawal Kulkarni , as well as international cricketers like James Faulkner , Steve Smith and Tim Southee . Even off - spinner Ajit Chandila , who played only 2 first - class matches and was also convicted in the spot - fixing scandal , was one of the top bowlers for the Royals during the 2012 and 2013 seasons . Home ground ( edit ) Main article : Sawai Mansingh Stadium The home venue of the Royals is the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur . The stadium was built during the reign of Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II , who was also known as SMS , hence the name stadium . It is situated at one corner of the Rambagh Circle . The stadium seats 30,000 and is one of the best in India , after the 2006 renovation . But in 2014 , Sardar Patel Stadium in Ahmedabad hosted the Rajasthan Royals home matches . Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur , is set to host Royals home games in 2018 IPL season after Rajasthan Royals were suspended for 2 years in 2015 and after Stadium is banned to host matches for 4 years . Current squad ( edit ) Players with international caps are listed in bold . * denotes a player who is currently unavailable for selection . * denotes a player who is unavailable for rest of the season . No . Name Nat Birth date Batting style Bowling style Signed year Salary Notes Batsmen 27 Ajinkya Rahane ( 1988 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $596,000 ) Captain 52 Rahul Tripathi ( 1991 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1991 ( age 27 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 3.4 crore ( US $507,000 ) N / A Steve Smith ( 1989 - 06 - 02 ) 2 June 1989 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 12 crore ( US $1.8 million ) Overseas N / A Prashant Chopra ( 1992 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) N / A Aryaman Birla ( 1997 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1997 ( age 20 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $45,000 ) All - rounders 6 Mahipal Lomror ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) 16 November 1999 ( age 18 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 7 Krishnappa Gowtham ( 1988 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm off break 2018 ₹ 6.2 crore ( US $924,000 ) 18 Ankit Sharma ( 1991 - 04 - 20 ) 20 April 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 21 D'Arcy Short ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1990 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm orthodox 2018 ₹ 4 crore ( US $596,000 ) Overseas 22 Jofra Archer ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) 1 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 7.2 crore ( US $1.1 million ) Overseas 37 Shreyas Gopal ( 1993 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1993 ( age 24 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) 55 Ben Stokes ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 27 ) Left - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 12.5 crore ( US $1.9 million ) Overseas 84 Stuart Binny ( 1984 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1984 ( age 34 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) N / A Jatin Saxena ( 1982 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) Wicket - keepers 8 Sanju Samson ( 1994 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 8 crore ( US $1.2 million ) 45 Heinrich Klaasen ( 1991 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 63 Jos Buttler ( 1990 - 09 - 08 ) 8 September 1990 ( age 27 ) Right - handed 2018 ₹ 4.4 crore ( US $656,000 ) Overseas Bowlers 44 Anureet Singh ( 1988 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1988 ( age 30 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 30 lakh ( US $45,000 ) 56 Ben Laughlin ( 1982 - 10 - 03 ) 3 October 1982 ( age 35 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast - medium 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 61 Ish Sodhi ( 1992 - 10 - 31 ) 31 October 1992 ( age 25 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas 77 Jaydev Unadkat ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) 18 October 1991 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Left - arm medium 2018 ₹ 11.5 crore ( US $1.7 million ) 91 Dhawal Kulkarni ( 1988 - 12 - 10 ) 10 December 1988 ( age 29 ) Right - handed Right - arm medium 2018 ₹ 75 lakh ( US $112,000 ) N / A Dushmantha Chameera ( 1992 - 01 - 11 ) 11 January 1992 ( age 26 ) Right - handed Right - arm fast 2018 ₹ 50 lakh ( US $75,000 ) Overseas N / A Zahir Khan Pakteen ( 1998 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1998 ( age 19 ) Left - handed Slow left - arm chinaman 2018 ₹ 60 lakh ( US $89,000 ) Overseas N / A Sudhesan Midhun ( 1994 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1994 ( age 23 ) Right - handed Right - arm leg break 2018 ₹ 20 lakh ( US $30,000 ) Administration and support staff ( edit ) Owner - Manoj Badale Head of cricket - Zubin Bharucha Team Mentor - Shane Warne Head Coach - Paddy Upton Batting coach - Amol Muzumdar Bowling coach - Sairaj Bahutule Fielding coach - Dishant Yagnik Physiotherapist - John Gloster Seasons ( edit ) Year Indian Premier League Champions League Twenty20 2008 Champions Cancelled ( Q ) 2009 League stage ( 6th / 8 ) DNQ League stage ( 7th / 8 ) DNQ 2011 League stage ( 6th / 10 ) DNQ 2012 League stage ( 7th / 9 ) DNQ 2013 Playoffs ( 3rd / 9 ) Runners - up 2014 League stage ( 5th / 8 ) DNQ 2015 Playoffs ( 4th / 8 ) Tournament defunct 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 4th in the IPL Lost to Kolkata Knight Riders in the Eliminator Sponsors and Kit Manufacturers ( edit ) Year Kit Manufacturers Shirt Sponsor ( Front ) Shirt Sponsor ( Back ) Chest Branding 2008 Reebok Bajaj Allianz Royal Challenge Reebok 2009 UltraTech Cement HDFC Life 7up Puma MOOV 2011 Floriana SuperTech 2012 UltraTech Cement 2013 Rupa 2014 2015 Provogue Lawman Pg3 ( 9 ) 2018 TYKA Sports JK Lakshmi Pro+ Cement Mitsubishi Heavy Industries KEI Wires and Cables Statistics ( edit ) See also : List of Rajasthan Royals records Summary of results Years Matches Wins Losses No Result Success Rate 2008 14 11 0 78.57 % 2009 14 6 7 46.15 % 14 6 8 0 42.86 % 2011 14 6 7 46.15 % 2012 16 7 9 0 43.75 % 2013 16 10 6 0 62.50 % 2014 14 7 7 0 50.00 % 2015 14 6 6 50.00 % 2016 Suspended 2017 Suspended 2018 0 0 0 0 0 Total 116 59 53 50.86 % Fixtures and results ( edit ) 2008 IPL season ( edit ) Captain : Shane Warne No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002008 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Delhi Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2008 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Watson 76 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2008 Hyderabad Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 2 / 20 ( 2 overs ) and 61 ( 28 ) Scorecard 000000002008 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 20 ( 4 overs ) and 61 * ( 41 ) Scorecard 5 000000002008 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 45 runs Swapnil Asnodkar 60 ( 34 ) Scorecard 6 000000002008 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Sohail Tanvir 6 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 7 000000002008 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Navi Mumbai Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 8 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2008 Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 68 ( 37 ) Scorecard 9 000000002008 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Jaipur Won by 3 wickets Shane Watson 2 / 21 ( 4 overs ) and 74 ( 40 ) Scorecard 10 000000002008 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2008 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 65 runs Graeme Smith 75 * ( 49 ) Scorecard 11 000000002008 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2008 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Won by 6 wickets Yusuf Pathan 1 / 14 ( 2 overs ) and 48 * ( 18 ) Scorecard 12 000000002008 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2008 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Won by 10 runs Albie Morkel 71 ( 40 ) and 2 / 35 ( 4 overs Scorecard 13 000000002008 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2008 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 5 Wickets Sohail Tanvir 4 / 14 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 14 000000002008 - 05 - 28 - 0000 28 May 2008 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 41 Runs Scorecard Semi-Final 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 30 May 2008 Delhi Daredevils in 2008 Mumbai Won by 105 runs Shane Watson 52 ( 29 ) and 3 / 10 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard Final 000000002008 - 06 - 01 - 0000 1 June 2008 Chennai Super Kings Navi Mumbai Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 56 ( 39 ) and 3 / 22 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard The Royals won the inaugural DLF IPL T - 20 Tournament on 1 June 2008 . MoS -- Shane Watson 472 runs and 17 wickets , Purple Cap Holder Sohail Tanvir 2009 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002009 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Cape Town Lost by 75 runs Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Cape Town Won ( In The Superover ) Yusuf Pathan 42 ( 21 ) , 18 * ( 4 ) and 0 / 27 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2009 Kings XI Punjab Cape Town Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 5 000000002009 - 04 - 28 - 0000 28 April 2009 Delhi Daredevils Pretoria Won by 5 wickets Yusuf Pathan 62 * ( 30 ) Scorecard 6 000000002009 - 04 - 30 - 0000 30 April 2009 Chennai Super Kings Pretoria Lost by 38 runs Scorecard 7 000000002009 - 05 - 02 - 0000 2 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Port Elizabeth Won by 3 wickets Yusuf Pathan 24 ( 17 ) and 1 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002009 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2009 Kings XI Punjab Durban Won by 78 Runs Graeme Smith 77 ( 44 ) Scorecard 9 000000002009 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore Pretoria Won by 7 wickets Amit Singh 4 / 19 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 10 000000002009 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2009 Chennai Super Kings Kimberley Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002009 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2009 Deccan Chargers Kimberley Lost by 53 runs Scorecard 12 000000002009 - 05 - 14 - 0000 14 May 2009 Mumbai Indians Durban Won by 2 Runs Shane Warne 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 13 000000002009 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2009 Delhi Daredevils Bloemfontein Lost by 14 runs Scorecard 14 000000002009 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2009 Kolkata Knight Riders Durban Lost by 4 wickets Scorecard 2010 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002010 - 03 - 13 - 0000 13 March 2010 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 4 runs Yusuf Pathan 100 ( 37 ) Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 15 - 0000 15 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 20 March 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 34 runs Abhishek Jhunjhunwala 45 ( 36 ) Scorecard 5 000000002010 - 03 - 24 - 0000 24 March 2010 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 31 runs Adam Voges 45 ( 24 ) Scorecard 6 000000002010 - 03 - 26 - 0000 26 March 2010 Deccan Chargers Ahmedabad Won by 8 wickets Yusuf Pathan 73 ( 34 ) Scorecard 7 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 28 March 2010 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 17 runs Naman Ojha 80 ( 49 ) Scorecard 8 000000002010 - 03 - 31 - 0000 31 March 2010 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 67 runs Scorecard 9 000000002010 - 04 - 03 - 0000 3 April 2010 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 23 runs Scorecard 10 000000002010 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2010 Deccan Chargers Nagpur Won by 2 runs Shane Warne 4 / 21 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 11 000000002010 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2010 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Michael Lumb 83 ( 43 ) Scorecard 12 000000002010 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2010 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 37 runs Scorecard 13 000000002010 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 14 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2010 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 2011 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002011 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2011 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Won by 8 wickets Siddharth Trivedi 3 / 15 Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2011 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Shane Warne 2 / 17 Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 000000002011 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2011 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 5 000000002011 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Match abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain Scorecard 6 000000002011 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2011 Kings XI Punjab Chandigarh Lost by 48 runs Scorecard 7 000000002011 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Jaipur Won by 8 wickets Shane Warne 3 / 16 Scorecard 8 000000002011 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2011 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Johan Botha 45 ( 39 ) & 3 / 6 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard 9 000000002011 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2011 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 6 wickets Ross Taylor 47 * ( 35 ) Scorecard 10 000000002011 - 05 - 04 - 0000 4 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002011 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2011 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 63 runs Scorecard 12 000000002011 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 9 wickets Scorecard 13 000000002011 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2011 Kochi Tuskers Kerala Indore Lost by 8 wickets Scorecard 14 000000002011 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2011 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Won by 10 wickets Shane Watson 89 * ( 47 ) & 3 / 19 Scorecard 2012 IPL season ( edit ) Captain : Rahul Dravid No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002012 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2012 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 31 runs Ajinkya Rahane ( 98 ) Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 22 runs Brad Hodge 44 ( 29 ) Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2012 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 27 runs Scorecard 000000002012 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2012 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 5 000000002012 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 59 runs Ajinkya Rahane 103 * Scorecard 6 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2012 Deccan Chargers Jaipur Won by 5 wickets Brad Hodge Scorecard 7 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2012 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 8 000000002012 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2012 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Lost by 46 runs Scorecard 9 000000002012 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2012 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Lost by 1 run Scorecard 10 000000002012 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2012 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Lost by 6 wickets Scorecard 11 000000002012 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2012 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won by 43 runs Shane Watson Score Card 12 000000002012 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Pune Won by 7 wickets Shane Watson 90 * ( 51 ) Scorecard 13 000000002012 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2012 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 14 000000002012 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2012 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won by 45 runs Ajit Chandila 4 / 13 Scorecard 15 000000002012 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2012 Deccan Chargers Hyderabad Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 16 000000002012 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2012 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Lost by 10 wickets Scorecard 2013 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002013 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2013 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 5 runs Rahul Dravid 65 ( 51 ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Jaipur Won by 19 runs Siddharth Trivedi 4 / 23 Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2013 Pune Warriors India Pune Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 000000002013 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2013 Kings XI Punjab Jaipur Won by 6 wickets James Faulkner 2 / 30 Scorecard 5 000000002013 - 04 - 17 - 0000 17 April 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur won by 87 runs Ajinkya Rahane 68 ( 54 ) Scorecard 6 000000002013 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru Lost by 7 wickets Scorecard 7 000000002013 - 04 - 22 - 0000 22 April 2013 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 5 wickets Scorecard 8 000000002013 - 04 - 27 - 0000 27 April 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Jaipur Won by 8 wickets James Faulkner 5 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 9 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2013 Royal Challengers Bangalore Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Sanju Samson 63 ( 31 ) Scorecard 10 000000002013 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2013 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata Lost by 8 Wickets Scorecard 11 000000002013 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2013 Pune Warriors India Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 67 ( 48 ) Scorecard 12 000000002013 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2013 Delhi Daredevils Jaipur Won By 9 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 63 * ( 45 ) Scorecard 13 000000002013 - 05 - 09 - 0000 9 May 2013 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Won By 8 Wickets Kevon Cooper 3 -- 23 Scorecard 14 000000002013 - 05 - 12 - 0000 12 May 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won By 5 Wickets Shane Watson 70 ( 34 ) Scorecard 15 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2013 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 14 Runs Scorecard 16 000000002013 - 05 - 17 - 0000 17 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad Hyderabad Lost by 23 Runs Scorecard 17 000000002013 - 05 - 22 - 0000 22 May 2013 Sunrisers Hyderabad ( Eliminator ) New Delhi Won by 4 wickets Brad Hodge 54 * ( 29 ) Scorecard 18 000000002013 - 05 - 24 - 0000 24 May 2013 Mumbai Indians ( Qualifier 2 ) Kolkata Lost by 4 Wickets Scorecard 2013 CLT20 season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002013 - 09 - 21 - 0000 21 September 2013 Mumbai Indians Jaipur Won by 7 wickets Vikramjeet Malik 3 / 24 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 09 - 25 - 0000 25 September 2013 Highveld Lions Jaipur Won by 30 runs Pravin Tambe 4 / 15 ( 3 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 09 - 29 - 0000 29 September 2013 Perth Scorchers Jaipur Won by 9 wickets Kevon Cooper 4 / 18 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 000000002013 - 10 - 01 - 0000 1 October 2013 Otago Volts Jaipur Won by 4 wickets Rahul Shukla 3 / 23 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Semi-Final 000000002013 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2013 Chennai Super Kings Jaipur Won by 14 runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 10 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard Final 000000002013 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 October 2013 Mumbai Indians Feroz Shah Kotla Lost by 33 runs Scorecard 2014 IPL season ( edit ) Captain : Shane Watson No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link Phase 1 Matches in United Arab Emirates 000000002014 - 04 - 18 - 0000 18 April 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Abu Dhabi Won by 4 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 59 ( 53 ) Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 20 - 0000 20 April 2014 Kings XI Punjab Sharjah Lost by 7 Wickets Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 23 - 0000 23 April 2014 Chennai Super Kings Dubai Lost by 7 Runs Scorecard 000000002014 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Abu Dhabi Won by 6 Wickets Pravin Tambe 4 / 20 ( 4 overs ) Scorecard 5 000000002014 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Abu Dhabi Match Tied ; Super Over Tied ; Won by Boundary Count James Faulkner 2 * ( 1 ) & 3 / 11 ( 2 overs ) Scorecard Phase 2 Matches in India 6 000000002014 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils New Delhi Won by 7 Wickets Karun Nair 73 * ( 50 ) Scorecard 7 000000002014 - 05 - 05 - 0000 5 May 2014 Kolkata Knight Riders Ahmedabad Won by 10 Runs Pravin Tambe 3 / 26 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 8 000000002014 - 05 - 08 - 0000 8 May 2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad Ahmedabad Lost by 33 Runs Scorecard 9 000000002014 - 05 - 11 - 0000 11 May 2014 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bangalore Won by 5 Wickets James Faulkner 41 ( 17 ) & 1 / 42 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 10 000000002014 - 05 - 13 - 0000 13 May 2014 Chennai Super Kings Ranchi Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 11 000000002014 - 05 - 15 - 0000 15 May 2014 Delhi Daredevils Ahmedabad Won by 62 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 64 ( 50 ) Scorecard 12 000000002014 - 05 - 19 - 0000 19 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Lost by 26 Runs Scorecard 13 000000002014 - 05 - 23 - 0000 23 May 2014 Kings XI Punjab Mohali Lost by 17 Runs Scorecard 14 000000002014 - 05 - 25 - 0000 25 May 2014 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 5 Wickets Scorecard 2015 IPL season ( edit ) No . Date Opponent Venue Result Man of the Match Scorecard link 000000002015 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Pune Won by 26 Runs James Faulkner 46 ( 33 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 2015 Delhi Daredevils Delhi Won by 3 Wickets Deepak Hooda 54 ( 25 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2015 Mumbai Indians Ahmedabad Won by 7 Wickets Steven Smith 79 * ( 53 ) Scorecard 000000002015 - 04 - 16 - 0000 16 April 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Visakhapatnam Won by 6 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 62 ( 56 ) Scorecard 5 000000002015 - 04 - 19 - 0000 19 April 2015 Chennai Super Kings Ahmedabad Won by 8 Wickets Ajinkya Rahane 76 * ( 55 ) Scorecard 6 000000002015 - 04 - 21 - 0000 21 April 2015 Kings XI Punjab Ahmedabad Match Tied , Lost Super Over Scorecard 7 000000002015 - 04 - 24 - 0000 24 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Ahmedabad Lost by 9 Wickets Scorecard 8 000000002015 - 04 - 26 - 0000 26 April 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Kolkata `` No Toss '' Match abandoned without a ball bowled Scorecard 9 000000002015 - 04 - 29 - 0000 29 April 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore Bengaluru No Result Scorecard 10 000000002015 - 05 - 01 - 0000 1 May 2015 Mumbai Indians Mumbai Lost by 9 Runs Scorecard 11 000000002015 - 05 - 03 - 0000 3 May 2015 Delhi Daredevils Mumbai Won by 14 Runs Ajinkya Rahane 91 * ( 54 ) Scorecard 12 000000002015 - 05 - 07 - 0000 7 May 2015 Sunrisers Hyderabad Mumbai Lost by 8 Runs Scorecard 13 000000002015 - 05 - 10 - 0000 10 May 2015 Chennai Super Kings Chennai Lost by 13 Runs Scorecard 14 000000002015 - 05 - 16 - 0000 16 May 2015 Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Won by 9 Runs Shane Watson 104 * ( 59 ) & 2 / 38 ( 4 Overs ) Scorecard 15 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2015 Royal Challengers Bangalore ( Eliminator ) Pune Lost by 72 Runs Scorecard See also ( edit ) List of Rajasthan Royals records References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Big business and Bollywood grab stakes in IPL '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 24 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan Royals ' team ethos and values have remained intact since first season '' . cricketcountry.com. 8 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . ibnlive.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : ABOUT THE BRAND Archived 27 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 June 2008 . Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/usA/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=6;id=4345;type=team Jump up ^ http://stats.espncricinfo.com/usA/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=6;id=4345;type=team Jump up ^ `` Franchises for board 's new Twenty20 league '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Rajastan Royals -- Captained by Rahul Dravid . Liveindia.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Owners of IPL Team Rajasthan Royals Might Sell Out '' . sbnation. 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Asthana , Anushka . The Times . London http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article7052966.ece . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ IPL news : Shane Warne questions move to axe Rajasthan Royals Cricket News Rajasthan Royals ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ The IPL mess : Rajasthan franchise appeals against scrapping Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL : Rajasthan Royals hearing adjourned India Cricket News ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL news : Rajasthan Royals hearing adjourned again Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Rajasthan Royals to negotiate with BCCI over expulsion Jump up ^ Rajasthan Royals to be treated as IPL team for six weeks including player auction Jump up ^ The IPL Mess : Bombay High Court upholds Rajasthan 's return Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ IPL 2011 news : Brian Lara , Rahul Dravid in highest price band for IPL auction Cricket News Indian Premier League 2011 . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` IPL scandal : Chennai Super Kings and Rajasthan Royals suspended '' . BBC News . 14 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Season of the Long Knives '' . Openthemagazine.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' BCCI Aware Of Rajasthan Royals ' Workings ' '' . ReachNRI . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cricket : business trumps sports ' '' . The Voice of Goa . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rajasthan Royals hit with Rs 1 crore fine as BCCI ends row over ownership ' '' . Daily Mail . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raj Kundra Jump up ^ `` ' CSK , RR suspended from IPL for 2 years ; Meiyappan , Kundra banned for life ' '' . Times of India . 14 July 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` IPL preview '' . Setana Sports . 16 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Match 3 '' . Cricinfo. 19 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajasthan Royals '' . cricketdawn.com. 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Warne wants to keep winning '' . Cricinfo. 4 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The magic of Shane '' . Cricinfo. 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Not over till the fat laddie leads '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajasthan champions after cliffhanger '' . Cricinfo . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) cricketdawn.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 02 - 24 Jump up ^ ( 6 ) . sports.ndtv.com . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) cricketdawn.com Jump up ^ `` Middlesex v Rajasthan Royals '' . CricInfo. 2009 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2011 likely to have ten teams '' . CricInfo . ESPN . 2010 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` IPL auction set for ' mid-to - end November ' '' . CricInfo. 2010 - 09 - 30 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` IPL terminates Punjab , Rajasthan franchises '' . CricInfo. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi franchise cleared to play in the IPL '' . CricInfo. 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Point table - 2012 '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Mumbai in final after tense finish '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Hodge launches Royals into qualifier '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Three IPL players arrested for fraud , cheating -- Delhi Police '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` BCCI suspends trio , Srinivasan says IPL not ' untenable ' '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Royals retain Samson , Binny , Rahane , Watson , Faulkner '' . ESPN cricinfo . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Shane Watson to lead Rajasthan Royals in IPL 7 '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rahul Dravid to stay at Rajasthan Royals as mentor '' . TimesOfIndia . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith named Rajasthan Royals captain '' . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ajinkya Rahane replaces Steve Smith as Rajasthan Royals captain Times of India 26 March 2018 Jump up ^ `` Warner and Smith axed from IPL 2018 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith and David Warner banned from IPL 2018 by BCCI over ball - tampering scandal - Firstcricket News , Firstpost '' . FirstCricket . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , James ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) . `` IPL 2018 : Steve Smith and David Warner OUT of competition for ball - tampering in HUGE blow '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ila Arun to say ' Halla Bol ' for IPL team of Rajasthan '' . desirulez.net. 25 Mar 2008 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rajastha Royals '' . sportwalkindia.com/. 25 Mar 2009 . Retrieved 25 Mar 2009 . Jump up ^ Pravin Tambe set to make Ranji Trophy debut for Mumbai at 42 Jump up ^ `` Tambe proves the value of Royals ' unique culture '' . firstspot.com. 7 May 2014 . Retrieved 7 May 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ). cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` IPL 2018 : Heinrich Klaasen to replace Steve Smith in Rajasthan Royals team '' . The Financial Express . 2018 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Official Rajasthan Royals Site IPL team Rajasthan Royals web page on official IPL T20 website -- IPLT20.com Rajasthan Royals on Twitter Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Finals 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Participating teams Chennai Super Kings Delhi Daredevils Kings XI Punjab Kolkata Knight Riders Mumbai Indians Rajasthan Royals Royal Challengers Bangalore Sunrisers Hyderabad Defunct teams Deccan Chargers Gujarat Lions Kochi Tuskers Kerala Pune Warriors India Rising Pune Supergiant Auctions 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Statistics and records Team Series Batting Bowling Wicketkeeping and fielding Partnership Miscellaneous Lists Current squads Seasons Awards Venues Players Captains Umpires Centuries Five - wicket hauls Controversies 2012 spot - fixing case 2013 spot - fixing and betting case Related topics Champions League Twenty20 Lalit Modi Icon player Book Portal Commons WikiProject Rajasthan Royals -- current squad Anureet 3 Rahane Sodhi 7 Gowtham 9 Samson A Sharma 12 Midhun 77 Unadkat Saxena Lomror 21 Short 45 Klaasen P Chopra 31 Tripathi 37 Gopal 55 Stokes 56 Laughlin 63 Buttler A Birla 84 Binny 91 Kulkarni Coach : Upton Mentor : Dravid Rajasthan Royals Lists Players Records Home ground Sawai Mansingh Stadium , Jaipur Sardar Patel Stadium , Ahmedabad Captains Shane Warne ( 2008 - 11 ) Rahul Dravid ( 2012 - 13 ) Shane Watson ( 2014 - 15 ) Steve Smith ( 2015 ) ̈ Ajinkya Rahane ( 2018 - ) Coaches Shane Warne ( 2008 - 12 ) Paddy Upton ( 2013 -- 2015 ) ̈ & ( 2018 - ) Honours 2008 Indian Premier League Seasons 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajasthan_Royals&oldid=845567898 '' Categories : Indian Premier League teams Sport in Jaipur Cricket clubs established in 2008 Cricket in Rajasthan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Indian English from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2016 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from October 2016 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português தமிழ் తెలుగు 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2018 , at 16 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the owner of the rajasthan royals	[ "The Rajasthan Royals (often abbreviated as RR) are a cricket team in the Indian Premier League from the city of Jaipur.[1] Founded in 2008 as one of the initial eight IPL franchises, the Royals are owned by Manoj Badale. The team played its home matches at the Sawai Mansingh Stadium in Jaipur and also had secondary home grounds at the Sardar Patel Stadium at Ahmedabad and the Brabourne Stadium at Mumbai." ]	[ "Manoj Badale" ]
-6383430087504851388	History of United States postage rates	History of United States postage rates - wikipedia History of United States postage rates This article is about postage rates in the USA . For other uses , see Postage rate . Main article : United States Postal Service Seal of the former U.S. Post Office Department ( 1792 -- 1971 ) , predecessor to the USPS Initial United States postage rates were set by Congress as part of the Postal Service Act signed into law by President George Washington on February 20 , 1792 . The postal rate varied according to `` distance zone '' , the distance a letter was to be carried from the post office where it entered the mail to its final destination . Rates were adopted in 1847 for mail to or from the Pacific Coast and in 1848 for mail sent from one place in the west to another place in the west . There were double and triple rates as a letter 's size increased . There were ship fees which were also added ( i.e. mail to Hawaii ) . The ship fee , including the ship rate on letters for delivery at the port of entry , were on a per letter basis , rather than weight . The United States issued its first postage stamps in 1847 . Before that time , the rates , dates and origin of the letter were written by hand or sometimes in combination with a handstamp device . Since enactment of the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970 , postage rates have been set by the Postal Regulatory Commission . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical rates 2 Historical trend 3 Historical notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading Historical rates ( edit ) United States domestic first class & postcard rates , 1863 -- present ( USD ) Date Introduced Letters ( for first ounce ) Packages ( for first ounce ) Additional ( per ounce ) Postcard rate Comments March 3 , 1863 . 06 (. 03 for ⁄ oz ) . 06 . 06 (. 03 per ⁄ oz ) . 06 . 02 per half ounce in drop boxes October 1 , 1883 . 04 (. 02 for ⁄ oz ) . 04 . 04 (. 02 per ⁄ oz ) . 04 July 1 , 1885 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 02 July 1 , 1898 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 01 November 2 , 1917 . 03 . 03 . 03 . 02 War Years July 1 , 1919 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 01 Dropped back by Congress July 1 , 1928 . 02 . 02 . 02 . 01 July 6 , 1932 . 03 . 03 . 03 . 01 January 1 , 1952 . 03 . 03 . 03 . 02 August 1 , 1958 . 04 . 04 . 04 . 03 January 7 , 1963 . 05 . 05 . 05 . 04 January 7 , 1968 . 06 . 06 . 06 . 05 May 16 , 1971 . 08 . 08 . 08 . 06 March 2 , 1974 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 08 September 14 , 1975 . 10 . 10 . 09 . 07 Last surface mail rate December 31 , 1975 . 13 . 13 . 11 . 09 All domestic first class & postcards by airmail May 29 , 1978 . 15 . 15 . 13 . 10 A Stamp Used March 22 , 1981 . 18 . 18 . 17 . 12 B Stamp Used November 1 , 1981 . 20 . 20 . 17 . 13 C Stamp Used February 17 , 1985 . 22 . 22 . 17 . 14 D Stamp Used April 3 , 1988 . 25 . 25 . 20 . 15 E Stamp Used February 3 , 1991 . 29 . 29 . 23 . 19 F Stamp Used ( also 4 cent F makeup rate stamp ) January 1 , 1995 . 32 . 32 . 23 . 20 G Stamp Used ( also 3 cent G makeup rate stamp ) January 10 , 1999 . 33 . 33 . 22 . 20 H Stamp Used ( also 1 cent H makeup rate stamp ) January 7 , 2001 . 34 . 34 . 21 . 20 Nondenominated Stamps Used July 1 , 2001 . 34 . 34 . 23 . 21 Nondenominated Stamps Used June 30 , 2002 . 37 . 37 . 23 . 23 Flag and Antique Toy Stamps Used January 8 , 2006 . 39 . 39 . 24 . 24 Lady Liberty Flag Stamp Used May 14 , 2007 . 41 1.13 . 17 . 26 Shape - based postage pricing introduced ; Forever stamps introduced ; different prices for letters and packages for the first time May 12 , 2008 . 42 1.17 . 17 . 27 Price change announced February 11 , 2008 May 11 , 2009 . 44 1.22 . 17 . 28 Price change announced February 10 , 2009 April 17 , 2011 . 44 1.71 ( 3 oz ) . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 29 January 22 , 2012 . 45 1.95 ( 3 oz ) . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 32 January 27 , 2013 . 46 2.07 ( 3 oz ) . 20 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 33 Price change announced October 11 , 2012 January 26 , 2014 . 49 2.32 ( 3 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 17 ( packages ) . 34 Price change announced September 25 , 2013 May 31 , 2015 . 49 2.54 ( 3 oz ) . 22 ( letters ) . 20 ( packages ) . 35 April 10 , 2016 . 47 2.54 ( 3 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 20 ( packages ) . 34 Price change announced February 25 , 2016 January 22 , 2017 . 49 2.67 ( 3 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 18 ( packages ) . 34 Price change announced October 12 , 2016 January 21 , 2018 . 50 3.50 ( 4 oz ) . 21 ( letters ) . 35 ( packages ) . 35 Price change announced October 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ 1oz is 28.34 g Historical trend ( edit ) Nominal and inflation adjusted first - class postage rates in the US Taking the above data and plotting it yields the graph shown to the right . The dark plot is the nominal issued price of the stamp and the light plot is the price adjusted for inflation and is shown in 2016 US cents . This plot shows that , despite the rise in the nominal cost of a first - class stamp , the adjusted cost of the stamp has stayed relatively stable . The large jumps in the early 1900s are because a change by a single penny was large compared to the cost of the stamp . For example , the price increase from $0.02 to $0.03 on July 6 , 1932 was a 50 % increase in cost . Additionally , while the cost of the stamp itself remained fixed , the adjusted price in 2016 dollars was not fixed over time which added to larger jumps in adjusted prices . Historical notes ( edit ) Domestic parcel post service was adopted in 1913 , 25 years after the Post Office had agreed to deliver international parcel post packages pursuant to the Universal Postal Union treaty and various bilateral agreements with other nations . Initially , there were no or few postal regulations governing packages mailed by parcel post . E.g. , to construct a bank in Vernal , Utah , in 1916 , a Salt Lake City company ascertained that the cheapest way to send 40 tons of bricks to the building was by parcel post . Bulk postal rates were restructured in 1996 : Second Class became Periodicals Third and Fourth Class Mail became Standard Mail ( A ) and ( B ) Special Fourth Class Mail was renamed Special Standard Mail In 2007 , First Class Mail was restructured to include variable pricing based on size , not just on weight . Shape - based postage pricing is a form of dimensional weight . Also at that time , International Parcel Post air service was re-branded as Priority Mail International , and Parcel Post surface service was discontinued for international destinations . Regular Air Mail service began in 1918 and over the years rates varied considerably depending on distance and technology . Domestic Air Mail , as a class of service , officially ended May 1 , 1977 . By that time all domestic First Class Mail was being dispatched by the most expeditious means , surface or air , whether or not the Air Mail postage had been paid . Additional charges for Special delivery existed from 1885 to 2001 . Today , Express Mail Overnight is the most similar service level . During the summer of 2010 the USPS requested the Postal Regulatory Commission to raise the price of a first class stamp by 2 cents , from 44 cents to 46 cents , to take effect January 2 , 2011 . On September 30 , 2010 , the PRC formally denied the request , but the USPS filed an appeal with the Federal Court of Appeals in Washington DC . On September 25 , 2013 , the USPS announced a 3 cent increase in the First Class postal rate , to be effective January 26 , 2014 , increasing the price of a stamp to 49 cents . Bulk mail , periodicals , and package service rates were also increased by 6 percent . A loss of US $5 billion during the 2013 fiscal year was the reason given for the increase . The legislation which set the price to 49 cents was enacted as a temporary measure and as an `` exigent surcharge for mailing products and services '' . However , this legislation was set to expire in April 2016 . As a result , the Post Office retained one cent of the price change as a previously allotted adjustment for inflation , but the price of a first class stamp became 47 cents : for the first time in 97 years ( and for the third time in the agency 's history ) , the price of a stamp decreased . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal United States postal abbreviations United States Postal Service creed Unions of the U.S. Postal Service : American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History : Post Office Murals American Letter Mail Company Postage stamps and postal history of the United States of America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smoot , Frederick . `` Early United States Domestic Postal Rates '' . TNGenWeb . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Postcards ( privately printed cards ) did not qualify for a special postage rate until July 1 , 1898 . Since then , the rates for postcards have been the same as for stamped cards ( produced by the Postal Service ) except for the period from April 15 , 1925 , to July 1 , 1928 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica , 9th ed. , Postal Service Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm Jump up ^ https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/postcard-rates-since-1873.htm Jump up ^ https://postalmuseum.si.edu/about/frequently-asked-questions/us-domestic-postcard-rates.html Jump up ^ `` Postal rates go up today '' . The Galveston Daily News . Galveston , TX . AP . April 3 , 1988 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ U.S. Postal Service Stamp http://www.accuracyproject.org/postagechanges.html Jump up ^ New Prices and Services for 2014 , USPS Jump up ^ USPS website Jump up ^ `` Postal Service announces 2017 mailing services prices '' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS Website Price List , Notice 123 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Announces New Prices for 2018 '' . Jump up ^ USPS Website Price List , Notice 123 Jump up ^ for the 5th through 8th oz , the price is a constant 25 cent increase . the 35 cent increase starts with the 9th oz . Jump up ^ Parcel Post : Delivery of Dreams http://www.sil.si.edu/ondisplay/parcelpost/cf/view.cfm Jump up ^ `` Precious Packages -- America 's Parcel Post Service '' . National Postal Museum . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ 2007 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Service Operations http://www.usps.com/strategicplanning/cs07/chpt2_007.htm Jump up ^ Metzler , Natasha ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Rate board denies Postal Service price hike plea '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( October 22 , 2010 ) . `` Postage rates may still go up '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Allison ( 25 December 2013 ) . `` Postal Rates Going Up In January '' . DailyGlobe . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Laura Wagner ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Stamp Prices Set To Drop 2 Cents In April , Putting USPS In Sticky Situation '' . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ http://money.cnn.com/2016/04/08/news/companies/stamp-price-decrease/index.html Sources ( edit ) First Class Mail Prices , 2010 Rates for Domestic Letters Since 1863 Rates for Stamped Cards and Postcards Consumer Price Index data Nondenomination Stamps FAQ Paying the Postage in the U.S. , 1776 -- 1921 USPS Price List Notice 123 Further reading ( edit ) Beecher , Henry W. and Anthony S. Wawrukiewicz . U.S. Domestic Postal Rates , 1872 -- 2011 . Bellefonte , Pa. : American Philatelic Society , 2011 . ISBN 9780933580787 Philately of the United States Pre-stamp Henry Thomas Windsor Provisional stamps Alexandria `` Blue Boy '' Postmaster 's Provisional United States postmasters provisional stamps New York Postmaster 's Provisional St. Louis Bears 19th century 1869 Pictorial Issue Black Jack Columbian Issue Hawaiian Missionaries Lost Continental Trans - Mississippi Issue Western Cattle in Storm Z Grill 20th century All Aboard ! 20th Century American Trains Americana series Antarctic Treaty issue Bicentennial Series Breast cancer research stamp Celebrate the Century Comic Strip Classics Federal Duck Stamp Five cents John Kennedy Fourth Bureau issue Great Americans series Hanukkah stamps Liberty Issue Norse - American Centennial Oklahoma Statehood Stamps Overrun Countries series Presidential Issue Prominent Americans series Series of 1902 Special handling stamps Transportation coils U.S. Parcel Post stamps of 1912 -- 13 US Regular Issues of 1922 -- 31 War savings stamps Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932 Washington - Franklin Issues 21st century Distinguished Americans series Elvis Presley Forever stamp Nature of America Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Statue of Liberty Forever stamp 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp Airmails 1918 Curtiss Jenny airmail stamps 1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps Inverted Jenny List of United States airmail stamps EPOs CIA invert Dag Hammarskjöld invert Inverted Jenny Nixon invert Pan-American invert Topicals Artworks on stamps of the United States Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps History of Virginia on stamps List of fictional characters on stamps of the United States List of people on the postage stamps of the United States Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps Puerto Rico on stamps Territories of the United States on stamps U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps Women on US stamps Postmarks Earliest reported postmark Fancy cancel Collections and Benjamin Miller Collection Cardinal Spellman Philatelic Museum Florida Postal Museum National Philatelic Museum National Postal Museum Miscellaneous Air Mail scandal Apollo 15 postage stamp incident Barefoot mailman Boat Railway Post Office Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee Express mail in the United States History of United States postage rates Mail jumping Pneumatic tube mail in New York City Star routes Postal services American Letter Mail Company Butterfield Overland Mail Pony Express United States Post Office Department United States Postal Service U.S. Special Delivery Publications The American Philatelist Higgins & Gage World Postal Stationery Catalog Linn 's Stamp News Minkus catalogue Scott catalogue Stamp production Designers American stamp designers Companies American Bank Note Company Bureau of Engraving and Printing Homer Lee Bank Note Company Organizations American Air Mail Society American Philatelic Research Library American Philatelic Society Rocky Mountain Philatelic Library United Postal Stationery Society U.S. Philatelic Classics Society United States Stamp Society Related American philatelists American postmasters Revenue stamps of the United States United States postal notes United States Postmaster General United States Post Offices Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_United_States_postage_rates&oldid=837794763 '' Categories : United States Postal Service Postage stamps of the United States Postage rates by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 02 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did postage stamps go up to 50 cents	[ "\nUnited States domestic first class & postcard rates, 1863–present (USD)[conversion 1]\n\n\nDate Introduced\nLetters (for first ounce)\nPackages (for first ounce)\nAdditional (per ounce)\n\nPostcard rate[2]\nComments\n\n\nMarch 3, 1863\n.06 (.03 for 1⁄2 oz)\n.06\n.06 (.03 per 1⁄2 oz)\n.06\n.02 per half ounce in drop boxes[3][4]\n\n\nOctober 1, 1883\n.04 (.02 for 1⁄2 oz)\n.04\n.04 (.02 per 1⁄2 oz)\n.04\n[5]\n\n\nJuly 1, 1885\n.02\n.02\n.02\n.02\n[6]\n\n\nJuly 1, 1898\n.02\n.02\n.02\n.01\n[7]\n\n\nNovember 2, 1917\n.03\n.03\n.03\n.02\nWar Years\n\n\nJuly 1, 1919\n.02\n.02\n.02\n.01\nDropped back by Congress\n\n\nJuly 1, 1928\n.02\n.02\n.02\n.01\n\n\n\nJuly 6, 1932\n.03\n.03\n.03\n.01\n\n\n\nJanuary 1, 1952\n.03\n.03\n.03\n.02\n\n\n\nAugust 1, 1958\n.04\n.04\n.04\n.03\n\n\n\nJanuary 7, 1963\n.05\n.05\n.05\n.04\n\n\n\nJanuary 7, 1968\n.06\n.06\n.06\n.05\n\n\n\nMay 16, 1971\n.08\n.08\n.08\n.06\n\n\n\nMarch 2, 1974\n.10\n.10\n.10\n.08\n\n\n\nSeptember 14, 1975\n.10\n.10\n.09\n.07\nLast surface mail rate\n\n\nDecember 31, 1975\n.13\n.13\n.11\n.09\nAll domestic first class & postcards by airmail\n\n\nMay 29, 1978\n.15\n.15\n.13\n.10\nA Stamp Used\n\n\nMarch 22, 1981\n.18\n.18\n.17\n.12\nB Stamp Used\n\n\nNovember 1, 1981\n.20\n.20\n.17\n.13\nC Stamp Used\n\n\nFebruary 17, 1985\n.22\n.22\n.17\n.14\nD Stamp Used\n\n\nApril 3, 1988[8]\n.25\n.25\n.20\n.15\nE Stamp Used\n\n\nFebruary 3, 1991\n.29\n.29\n.23\n.19\nF Stamp Used (also 4 cent F makeup rate stamp)\n\n\nJanuary 1, 1995\n.32\n.32\n.23\n.20\nG Stamp Used (also 3 cent G makeup rate stamp)\n\n\nJanuary 10, 1999\n.33\n.33\n.22\n.20\nH Stamp Used (also 1 cent H makeup rate stamp)\n\n\nJanuary 7, 2001\n.34\n.34\n.21\n.20\nNondenominated Stamps Used\n\n\nJuly 1, 2001\n.34\n.34\n.23\n.21\nNondenominated Stamps Used\n\n\nJune 30, 2002\n.37\n.37\n.23\n.23\nFlag and Antique Toy Stamps Used\n\n\nJanuary 8, 2006\n.39\n.39\n.24\n.24\nLady Liberty Flag Stamp Used\n\n\nMay 14, 2007\n.41\n1.13\n.17\n.26\nShape-based postage pricing introduced; Forever stamps introduced; different prices for letters and packages for the first time\n\n\nMay 12, 2008\n.42\n1.17\n.17\n.27\nPrice change announced February 11, 2008\n\n\nMay 11, 2009\n.44\n1.22\n.17\n.28\nPrice change announced February 10, 2009\n\n\nApril 17, 2011\n.44\n1.71 (3 oz)\n.20 (letters).17 (packages)\n.29\n[9]\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2012\n.45\n1.95 (3 oz)\n.20 (letters).17 (packages)\n.32\n\n\n\nJanuary 27, 2013\n.46\n2.07 (3 oz)\n.20 (letters).17 (packages)\n.33\nPrice change announced October 11, 2012\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2014\n.49\n2.32 (3 oz)\n.21 (letters).17 (packages)\n.34\nPrice change announced September 25, 2013[10]\n\n\nMay 31, 2015\n.49\n2.54 (3 oz)\n.22 (letters).20 (packages)\n.35\n\n\n\nApril 10, 2016\n.47[11]\n2.54 (3 oz)\n.21 (letters).20 (packages)\n.34\nPrice change announced February 25, 2016\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2017\n\n.49[12]\n\n2.67 (3 oz)[13]\n\n.21 (letters).18 (packages)\n\n.34\n\nPrice change announced October 12, 2016\n\n\nJanuary 21, 2018\n\n.50[14]\n\n3.50 (4 oz)[15]\n\n.21 (letters).35 (packages)[16]\n\n.35\n\nPrice change announced October 6, 2017\n" ]	[ "January 21, 2018" ]
740595771296379568	Game of Thrones (season 6)	Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network HBO Original release April 24 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) -- June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 Next → Season 7 List of Game of Thrones episodes The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24 , 2016 , and concluded on June 26 , 2016 . It consists of ten episodes , each of approximately 50 -- 60 minutes , largely of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series . Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show - runners . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . HBO ordered the season on April 8 , 2014 , together with the fifth season , which began filming in July 2015 primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Each episode cost over $10 million . The season follows the continuing struggle between the Starks and other noble families of Westeros for the Iron Throne . The Starks defeat the Bolton forces in battle , and Jon Snow is proclaimed the King in the North . Tyrion attempts to rule Meereen while Daenerys is held captive by a Dothraki tribe . At King 's Landing , the Tyrell army attempts to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow , who becomes more powerful by influencing King Tommen . At her trial , Cersei burns the Great Sept , killing her rivals , while Tommen kills himself . Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive and takes command of the Dothraki . Olenna and the Dornish ally with Daenerys . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke and Kit Harington . The season introduced new cast members , including Max von Sydow , Pilou Asbæk and Essie Davis . Critics praised its production values , writing , plot development , and cast . Game of Thrones received most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , with 23 nominations , and won twelve , including that for Outstanding Drama Series for the second year in a row . U.S. viewership rose compared to the previous season , and by approximately 13 % over its course , from 7.9 million to 8.9 million by the finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Guest cast 3.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 3.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 3.2. 3 In the Riverlands 3.2. 4 On the Iron Islands 3.2. 5 In Dorne 3.2. 6 In King 's Landing 3.2. 7 In the Vale 3.2. 8 In Braavos 3.2. 9 In Meereen 3.2. 10 In Vaes Dothrak 3.2. 11 In the Reach 3.2. 12 In flashbacks 4 Production 4.1 Crew 4.2 Writing 4.3 Filming 4.4 Casting 4.4. 1 Fates of key characters 4.5 Promotion 4.6 Music 4.7 After the Thrones 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Ratings 5.3 Accolades 6 Release 6.1 Broadcast 6.2 Home media 6.3 Copyright infringement 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) See also : Synopsis of A Song of Ice and Fire Following their escape from Winterfell , Sansa Stark journeys to the Wall , while Theon Greyjoy returns to the Iron Islands . In Winterfell , Ramsay Bolton secures his claim on the North by killing Roose and Walda Bolton and his new - born half - brother . At the Wall , Melisandre resurrects Jon Snow , who is reunited with Sansa ; they gather loyalists and a battle ensues . Aided by the Knights of the Vale , the Starks defeat the Bolton forces . Sansa feeds Ramsay to his hounds and Jon is proclaimed the King in the North . Beyond the Wall , Bran Stark trains with the Three - Eyed Raven but alerts the Night King , who launches an attack of White Walkers . Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Benjen Stark . Bran subsequently has a vision to the Tower of Joy years prior , revealing that Jon is not Ned Stark 's bastard but rather the child of Lyanna Stark and Rhaegar Targaryen . At King 's Landing , Jaime Lannister and the Tyrell army attempt to liberate Margaery and Loras , but Margaery capitulates to the High Sparrow and Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith . During Loras and Cersei 's trial , Cersei uses wildfire to burn the Great Sept , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan , and Lancel , while Tommen kills himself after witnessing the events . Unopposed , Cersei is crowned Queen of Westeros . Ellaria Sand and three of Oberyn Martell 's daughters kill Doran and Trystane Martell and seize control of Dorne , and Olenna meets with Ellaria , at a summit brokered by Varys , to discuss allying with the Targaryens . In Braavos , Arya continues her training with the Faceless Men , and soon regains her eyesight . When she refuses to accomplish a mission , the Waif is ordered to kill Arya , who kills the Waif instead . Arya reasserts her identity as a Stark and returns to Westeros . In the Riverlands , the Hound , revealed to have survived his injuries , pursues the Brotherhood Without Banners for massacring the people who saved him . He finds Lord Beric Dondarrion executing traitorous bannermen , and is asked to join the Brotherhood traveling north . Jaime Lannister besieges Riverrun and takes the castle , killing the Blackfish after forcing Edmure Tully to order a surrender . Walder Frey celebrates the victory before being killed by Arya . Sam Tarly , Gilly and her son travel to the Citadel at Oldtown , stopping to visit Sam 's family . In Essos , Daenerys Targaryen is captured by Khal Moro , who takes her before the khals ; she burns them alive when they refuse to serve her and takes command of the Dothraki . Tyrion Lannister brings a short - lived peace to Meereen , which is reinforced when Daenerys returns and flies her dragons into battle against the slavers . Yara and Theon arrive and pledge allegiance to Daenerys after Euron Greyjoy kills their father and usurps leadership of the Iron Islands . Jorah Mormont departs to find a cure for greyscale and Daario is left in command of Meereen , while Daenerys sails for Westeros . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 51 `` The Red Woman '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 7.94 Jon Snow 's corpse is found by Ser Davos , Edd and a few other loyalists ; Davos and the others take him inside and lock themselves behind a door with him , while Edd goes to get help . Thorne assumes command of the Watch . At Winterfell , Ramsay mourns for Myranda , while Sansa and Theon escape through the woods . Ramsay 's men catch up with them , and are about to take them captive , when Brienne and Pod arrive , kill the men , and the former is accepted into Sansa 's service . In King 's Landing , Cersei receives Jaime , who arrives with Myrcella 's body . Jaime promises Cersei they will take their revenge . Obara and Nymeria murder Trystane , on his way home from King 's Landing , while in Sunspear , Doran and Areo Hotah are killed by Ellaria and Tyene , after the former learns of Myrcella 's death . In Meereen , Tyrion and Varys find all the ships burning in the harbor . Jorah and Daario continue to track Daenerys , who is taken by the Dothraki to Khal Moro . In Braavos , Arya lives on the streets as a beggar , where she is beaten by the Waif . In her chamber , Melisandre removes her bejeweled necklace as she reveals her true appearance as an old crone . 52 `` Home '' Jeremy Podeswa Dave Hill May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 7.29 Brandon visits Winterfell in a vision of the past , and sees Eddard , Benjen , and their sister Lyanna , as well as a young Hodor . Edd arrives with Tormund and a group of Wildlings , imprisoning Thorne and the other mutineers . Tommen asks Cersei to teach him to be strong . Tyrion learns that Astapor and Yunkai have reverted to slavery , and releases Rhaegal and Viserion from their chains . In Braavos , Arya is attacked by the Waif before H'ghar appears and recruits her again . Walda , Roose 's wife , gives birth to a boy , prompting Ramsay to murder Roose , her , and the baby . Brienne reveals to Sansa that Arya is still alive . Sansa permits Theon 's return to the Iron Islands , where his uncle Euron reappears and murders King Balon . Seaworth persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon . At first , her attempts seem to fail . However , once everyone leaves the room , he awakens . 53 `` Oathbreaker '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) 7.28 On a boat on their way to Oldtown , Tarly reveals his intent to leave Gilly and her baby with the former 's family at Horn Hill while he trains to be a Maester . In a vision of the past , Brandon sees Eddard and Howland , Meera 's father , defeat a group of Kingsguard loyal to the Targaryens at the Tower of Joy in Dorne . Varys discovers that the masters of Astapor , Yunkai , and Volantis have been financing the Sons of the Harpy . In King 's Landing , Tommen converses with the High Sparrow while Jaime and Cersei interrupt a small council meeting , only to be shunned by Kevan and the Tyrells . Cersei 's bodyguard is revealed to be Gregor . Arya trains rigorously with the Waif and her sight is returned to her once she has accepted herself as `` no - one '' . In Winterfell , Lord Umber asks Ramsay for help in protecting the North from the Wildlings , bringing Rickon and Osha as a gift , along with the head of Shaggydog , Rickon 's direwolf . Jon executes Thorne , Olly and the other officers involved in his assassination . He renounces his oath and puts Tollett in charge of the Night 's Watch . 54 `` Book of the Stranger '' Daniel Sackheim David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) 7.82 Sansa 's party arrives at Castle Black as she is reunited with Jon . In Meereen , Tyrion meets with the slave masters of Slaver 's Bay to offer peace if they will end slavery within a period of seven years , an action that angers the former slaves . Baelish returns to the Vale to mobilize their soldiers against Ramsay . Naharis learns about Mormont 's greyscale as they arrive in Vaes Dothrak . In King 's Landing , Margaery is permitted to visit Loras while Cersei , Jaime , Kevan and Olenna put aside their differences and plan a defeat of the Sparrows . Theon arrives at Pyke and explains to Yara that he will support her claim at the Kingsmoot . In Winterfell , Osha attempts to assassinate Ramsay but is killed by him . Ramsay sends a letter to Jon , threatening harm to Rickon if Sansa is not returned . She convinces Jon to march south in order to take back Winterfell . Daenerys meets with the Khals in the temple of the Dosh Khaleen ; after they refuse to serve her , she burns them and Moro to death . When she emerges unhurt , the Dothraki kneel to her . 55 5 `` The Door '' Jack Bender David Benioff & D.B. Weiss May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) 7.89 Sansa meets Baelish , who offers the support of the Vale and tells her that Brynden Tully , her great uncle , is gathering an army in Riverrun ; she initially refuses his help . Jon and Sansa leave Castle Black to gather support from the other Northern houses , with her sending Brienne to Brynden . In Braavos , Arya is given a second chance to prove her loyalty by killing an actress . Beyond the Wall , Brandon learns that the White Walkers were created by the Children of the Forest to protect themselves from the First Men . In the Iron Islands , Euron wins the Kingsmoot despite confessing to killing Balon , causing Yara and Theon to flee . In Essos , Daenerys learns about Mormont 's greyscale , ordering him to find a cure and return . In Meereen , a red priestess named Kinvara meets Tyrion and Varys and promises to support Daenerys . Brandon 's unaccompanied vision causes him to be touched by the Night King , making the cave vulnerable . The Night King , along with White Walkers and hordes of wights , attack the cave , killing the Three - Eyed Raven , several Children , Summer , and Hodor , whose younger self is shown to have been rendered mentally disabled by Brandon 's interference . 56 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' Jack Bender Bryan Cogman May 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 29 ) 6.71 Bran and Meera are saved by Benjen , who reveals that he was turned by the White Walkers , but was later unturned by the Children using Dragonglass . Samwell and Gilly reach the Tarly family estate Horn Hill . After Sam 's father , Randyll , insults her for being a Wildling , Sam decides to take her with him to the Citadel , also stealing House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . Arya warns the actress about her mission to assassinate her , recovering the Needle . H'ghar approves of the Waif 's request to kill Arya . Jaime attempts to rescue Margaery from the Faith Militant , only to find she has repented and Tommen has forged an alliance with the Faith . He removes Jaime from the Kingsguard and orders him to help Walder Frey , who is holding Edmure Tully hostage , and to retake Riverrun from Brynden . Daenerys mounts Drogon , and declares to the Dothraki that they will sail across the Narrow Sea to conquer Westeros . 57 7 `` The Broken Man '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 7.80 Margaery convinces Olenna to return to Highgarden after the High Sparrow says that he will pursue Olenna following her attempt to engage the Faith . Jon , Sansa , and Davos recruit the Wildlings and House Mormont to their cause , but remain outnumbered by the Boltons . In desperation , Sansa writes a letter begging for aid . Jaime arrives in Riverrun with Bronn , assuming control of the siege . The former goes to parley with Brynden , ultimately being unsuccessful . Theon and Yara spend their last night in Volantis , deciding to sail to Meereen to ally with Daenerys . In Braavos , Arya prepares to return to Westeros , but is attacked by the Waif . Arya is badly wounded but escapes . Sandor is revealed to be alive , having been saved by a Septon and his followers . When men from the Brotherhood threaten and eventually slaughter the group , Sandor decides to get revenge . 58 8 `` No One '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 12 ) 7.60 Tommen abolishes trial by combat , much to the dismay of Cersei , who planned to win using Gregor . Brienne arrives in Riverrun and attempts to persuade Brynden to surrender , without success . After Jaime threatens to kill Edmure 's young son , he enters the castle and orders the Tully forces to stand down , but Brynden is killed fighting the Lannisters . Brienne and Podrick escape . Varys departs Meereen on an unknown mission . Meereen comes under naval assault by the slaving cities , but Daenerys returns . Sandor kills the outlaws who sacked his village and encounters Dondarrion and Thoros , who explain that the outlaws were renegades . They try to convince Sandor to join the Brotherhood . Arya is taken in by the actress , who heals her wounds . In the morning , the Waif arrives , kills the actress and chases Arya through the streets of Braavos . Arya leads the Waif into the catacombs and kills her . She returns the Waif 's face to the House and declares that she is Arya Stark of Winterfell and she is going home . 59 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 19 ) 7.66 Daenerys meets with the slave masters to negotiate terms of surrender , but they refuse it . Riding Drogon , as Rhaegal and Viserion assist , Daenerys attacks and burns the slavers ' fleet . Grey Worm kills two of the masters , leaving one to tell of what he had witnessed . After the battle , Theon and Yara meet with Daenerys and Tyrion and agree to an alliance . Near Winterfell , the Stark and Bolton armies meet on the field . Ramsay feigns setting Rickon free , but kills him with a long - distance arrow before Jon can save him . In the battle , the Stark forces are pinned by Bolton soldiers , but are rescued by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees inside Winterfell , but the Wildling giant Wun Wun , having taken numerous arrows to his body , manages to break down the gate before succumbing to his wounds . Jon brutally beats Ramsay and takes him prisoner . Sansa later visits Ramsay 's cell in the kennels and watches as his starving hounds devour him . 60 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' Miguel Sapochnik David Benioff & D.B. Weiss June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) 8.89 Before her trial , Cersei destroys the Sept of Baelor by wildfire , killing the High Sparrow , Margaery , Mace and Loras Tyrell , Lancel and Kevan Lannister , along with hundreds of King 's Landing nobles and the Faith Militant , while Qyburn has Pycelle killed . Tommen commits suicide . In Dorne , Varys meets with Olenna and Ellaria , seeking to form an alliance between Daenerys and their houses against the Lannisters . Seaworth confronts Melisandre over the death of Shireen ; Jon banishes her from Winterfell . The Wildlings , the Knights of the Vale and the surviving Houses of the North pledge loyalty to Jon as the new King in the North . Sansa stops Baelish from getting intimate with her . Arya kills Walder Frey and his sons . Tarly and Gilly reach the Citadel in Oldtown . Benjen tells Brandon and Meera to pass the Wall without him . Brandon uses his powers and learns that Jon is actually the son of Lyanna , being adopted by Eddard after she died during Robert 's rebellion . Jaime returns to King 's Landing to find Qyburn crowning Cersei the new monarch of the Seven Kingdoms . Daenerys leaves Naharis and the Second Sons to rule Meereen before she sets sail to Westeros with her other companions , armies and dragons . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Natalie Dormer ( Margaery Tyrell ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Iwan Rheon ( Ramsay Bolton ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Carice van Houten as Melisandre Natalie Dormer as Margaery Tyrell Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Conleth Hill as Varys Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Tom Wlaschiha as Jaqen H'ghar Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Hannah Murray as Gilly Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Michiel Huisman as Daario Naharis Michael McElhatton as Roose Bolton Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton Dean - Charles Chapman as Tommen Baratheon Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Jerome Flynn as Bronn Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 6 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear : In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Natalia Tena as Osha Art Parkinson as Rickon Stark Owen Teale as Alliser Thorne Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Brenock O'Connor as Olly Charlotte Hope as Myranda Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Dean Jagger as Smalljon Umber Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Michael Condron as Bowen Marsh Brian Fortune as Othell Yarwyck Ian Whyte as Wun Wun Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Kristian Nairn as Hodor Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Kae Alexander as Leaf Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik as the Night King In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Ian McShane as Brother Ray On the Iron Islands ( edit ) Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy In Dorne ( edit ) Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah In King 's Landing ( edit ) Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Julian Glover as Grand Maester Pycelle Finn Jones as Loras Tyrell Anton Lesser as Qyburn Roger Ashton - Griffiths as Mace Tyrell Eugene Simon as Lancel Lannister Ian Gelder as Kevan Lannister Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella Nell Tiger Free as Myrcella Baratheon Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane Josephine Gillan as Marei Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances In the Vale ( edit ) Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce In Braavos ( edit ) Faye Marsay as the Waif Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Leigh Gill as Bobono Eline Powell as Bianca Rob Callender as Clarenzo Kevin Eldon as Camello In Meereen ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Meena Rayann as Vala In Vaes Dothrak ( edit ) Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Souad Faress as the High Priestess Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella In the Reach ( edit ) James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Freddie Stroma as Dickon Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly In flashbacks ( edit ) Robert Aramayo & Sebastian Croft as Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as Benjen Stark Aisling Franciosi & Cordelia Hill as Lyanna Stark Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark Fergus Leathem as Rodrik Cassel Annette Tierney as Old Nan Sam Coleman as Hodor Leo Woodruff as Howland Reed Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower David Rintoul as Aerys II Targaryen Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) The writing staff for the sixth season includes executive producers and showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , producer Bryan Cogman and Dave Hill . Author George R.R. Martin , who had written one episode for each of the first four seasons , did not write an episode for the sixth season , as he was working to finish writing the sixth A Song of Ice and Fire novel , The Winds of Winter . The directing staff for the sixth season was Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 2 ) , Daniel Sackheim ( episodes 3 and 4 ) , Jack Bender ( episodes 5 and 6 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 7 and 8 ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( episodes 9 and 10 ) . Sackheim and Bender were first - time Game of Thrones directors , with the rest each having directed two episodes in the previous season . Writing ( edit ) With the end of the fifth season , the content of the show has reached the plot of the latest novel in Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , A Dance with Dragons . Season 6 director Jeremy Podeswa said in August 2015 : `` Right now in season six , what we 're shooting currently is n't based on anything in the book . It 's fully based on discussions the writers have had with George Martin , because the series has now surpassed the books in terms of what 's available . '' Actress Natalie Dormer , who plays Margaery Tyrell , later added that the show 's writers `` know where it 's got to go and what ( George Martin ) 's intentions for the characters are . But they are just filling in the gaps . '' The season premiere starts off right where the fifth season ended . A plot from The Winds of Winter regarding a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series , is included in the sixth season . Filming ( edit ) The Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , Spain is among the filming locations . Filming for season six began in July 2015 , and ended on December 17 , 2015 . The budget for the sixth season increased compared to the previous seasons as each episode did cost over $10 million per episode , totaling over $100 million for the full season and setting a new high for the series . The season filmed in five different countries , Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia , Iceland and Canada . Like the previous seasons , a large amount of production took place in Northern Ireland , mainly in Belfast and on the Causeway Coast , including film locations in the Binevenagh , Magilligan area which was used to film scenes for the Dothraki Grasslands , and Larrybane Quarry and Ballintoy Harbour , both used for scenes in the Iron Islands . The small village of Corbet was also used , for the siege of Riverrun . As in previous seasons , some of Castle Black was set at the abandoned Magheramorne quarry . From September 3 to October 23 , 2015 the show also filmed in Spain , specifically in Girona , Navarre , Peniscola , and Almería . Some filming locations in Spain included the Castle of Zafra in Guadalajara , the Bardenas Reales Natural Park in Navarre , the Alcazaba in Almería , and the Castle of Santa Florentina in Canet de Mar . In August 2015 , HBO announced that for the first time since season 1 , the show would not be filming any scenes in Croatia . The Croatian city of Dubrovnik has stood in for King 's Landing since the beginning of season 2 ; nearby cities such as Klis , Split and Šibenik have been used to depict various other locations . Contradicting the statement by HBO , cast of the show were seen in costume in Dubrovnik in October 2015 . Only a very small portion of the season was filmed in Canada ( north of Calgary , Alberta ) : the scenes featuring Jon Snow 's wolf Ghost ( played by animal actor Quigly ) . However , some of the special effects were created at Montreal 's Rodeo FX studios which has won Emmy Awards previously for its work on the series . Casting ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk plays Euron Greyjoy . The sixth season saw the return of Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark , Kristian Nairn as Hodor , Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed , Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy , and Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , who did not appear in the fifth season . Clive Russell , Tobias Menzies , Patrick Malahide , Richard Dormer and Paul Kaye also returned to the show as Brynden Tully , Edmure Tully , Balon Greyjoy , Beric Dondarrion and Thoros of Myr after not appearing since the third season . Jonathan Pryce as the High Sparrow was added to the series main cast after appearing in a recurring role in the previous season . Across the Narrow Sea , Melanie Liburd plays a Red priestess from Asshai who is in R'hllor 's service . At the Reach , House Tarly is introduced , with Freddie Stroma joining the cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother Dickon Tarly , a character who was mentioned in the novels but has yet to appear in them . Other members of House Tarly that were introduced were Randyll Tarly , played by James Faulkner ; Melessa Tarly , played by Samantha Spiro and Talla Tarly , who was portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Veteran actor Max von Sydow was cast to play the Three - Eyed - Raven , who is training Bran . The character was previously played by Struan Rodger in the fourth - season finale `` The Children '' . David Bradley confirmed in August 2015 , that he would be returning to the show as Walder Frey after last appearing in the third - season finale `` Mhysa '' , but he did not confirm when he would be returning . After the second official trailer was released , it was confirmed that Bradley would appear in the sixth season . Danish actor Pilou Asbæk joins the show as Theon Greyjoy 's uncle , pirate captain Euron Greyjoy . Members of the Icelandic band Of Monsters and Men made cameo appearances . Ricky Champ played Gatins , an outlaw who is a part of a band using religion to justify extorting the people of the countryside . A young Ned Stark was portrayed by Sebastian Croft in a flashback scene . The sixth season also included a traveling theater troupe located in Braavos that stages a play called `` The Bloody Hand '' , about the events that have taken place in King 's Landing since the beginning of the series . Essie Davis and Kevin Eldon joined the cast in this theater troupe , portraying actors playing Cersei Lannister and Ned Stark , respectively , while Richard E. Grant was cast as the troupe 's manager . Members of Icelandic indie band Of Monsters and Men appear as the musicians of the Braavos theatre group . Fates of key characters ( edit ) After the fifth - season finale `` Mother 's Mercy '' , the fates of several key characters , such as Sansa Stark , Theon Greyjoy , Stannis Baratheon , Myrcella Baratheon and Jon Snow were left unknown . It was later confirmed at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con that Sophie Turner and Alfie Allen would return for the sixth season , implying that their characters Sansa and Theon / Reek survived the jump from the castle walls of Winterfell . The director of `` Mother 's Mercy '' , David Nutter , said later in an interview that Stannis ' death was intended by the episode 's script . Showrunners David Benioff and D.B. Weiss also confirmed that Myrcella died after being poisoned by Ellaria Sand . Although Weiss had stated that Jon Snow is indeed dead , photos of Kit Harington , the actor playing Jon Snow , arriving in Belfast surfaced in July 2015 . Since the season 6 script read - throughs were being held in Belfast , these photos fueled speculation that his character might not be dead after all . However , Joanna Robinson of Vanity Fair pointed out that Charles Dance was seen at Belfast the previous year , and his character Tywin Lannister only appeared in the first episode of the subsequent season and only as a corpse , although Dance himself confirmed the nature of his role shortly after the announcement . Another photo , showing Harington on set in Belfast in a costume that varied from the Night 's Watch outfit , was published on September 25 , 2015 . There has been considerable fan speculation regarding how Jon might have survived , including spiritually possessing his direwolf 's body and being brought back to life by Melisandre . In February 2016 , actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau revealed that the opening scene of the sixth season will `` kind of reveal that Jon Snow is ... dead . '' In March 2016 , Harington confirmed in an interview that he did in fact film new scenes for the sixth season as a corpse , and that he knows for how long his character is to remain that way . Promotion ( edit ) On November 23 , 2015 , a teaser poster displaying Jon Snow was released on the official Game of Thrones Twitter account . A 41 - second teaser trailer was released on December 3 , featuring Jon Snow from the fifth season episode `` Hardhome '' , as well as many of the previous seasons ' highlights , and a voice - over from Max von Sydow as the Three - Eyed Raven and Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on December 6 , 2015 , showcasing scenes involving Daenerys Targaryen , Ramsay Bolton , Cersei Lannister , and Tommen Baratheon . On December 28 , 2015 , Entertainment Weekly released its `` Exclusive First Look '' issue , featuring an image of Bran Stark , who was noticeably older from his last appearance in season four , and with shorter hair . On January 22 , 2016 , three teaser trailers were released , with each teaser depicting the banners of the houses Targaryen , Lannister and Stark , and included voice - overs by Iwan Rheon as Ramsay Bolton , Jonathan Pryce as The High Sparrow and an unknown character speaking in Dothraki . On February 11 , 2016 , HBO released 28 exclusive photos from the sixth season , picturing several of the main characters during the season and confirming the fates of Theon , Sansa and Myrcella , while Jon Snow was notably absent . HBO released a teaser trailer on February 14 , 2016 , that shows the faces of a number of living as well as deceased characters such as Ned Stark , Robb Stark , Catelyn Stark , Joffrey Baratheon , Tywin Lannister , Stannis Baratheon , Ygritte and , controversially , Jon Snow in the House of Black and White . On February 24 , 2016 , HBO released 16 character posters of both deceased and alive characters , and two official posters featuring various characters . A behind - the - scenes video of the sixth season was released on February 29 , 2016 , focusing on camera operators working on the show . The first official trailer for season 6 was released on March 8 , 2016 . Another behind - the - scenes video was released on March 22 , 2016 , focusing on the creative process of prosthetics , specifically the White Walkers . The video also contained new footage of White Walkers from the sixth season . On March 24 , Entertainment Weekly revealed a series of new issues titled `` Dame of Thrones '' , featuring six of the female lead characters from the series and focus on the sixth season . On March 26 , 2016 , new photos from season six , in addition to a new promo named `` March Madness '' with new footage , was released by HBO . After the screening of the season premiere `` The Red Woman '' , HBO released a second official trailer . As well , in July 2016 , HBO released a `` blooper reel '' online , a video of outtakes from season 6 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Game of Thrones : Season 6 ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for the season was digitally released on June 24 , 2016 , and was released on CD on July 29 , 2016 . The album reached # 27 on the Billboard 200 , # 1 on Soundtrack chart , and # 79 on the Canadian Albums chart on its digital release , with the track from the season finale `` Light of the Seven '' reaching # 1 on Billboard 's Spotify Viral 50 chart . After the Thrones ( edit ) Main article : After the Thrones After the Thrones , a live aftershow in which hosts Andy Greenwald and Chris Ryan discuss episodes of the series , airs on the stand - alone streaming service HBO Now on the Monday following each episode of the show 's sixth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The season received highly positive reviews , with special praise directed at the episodes `` The Door '' , `` Battle of the Bastards '' and `` The Winds of Winter '' . On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the sixth season has a 96 percent approval rating from 29 critics with an average rating of 8.4 out of 10 . The season also received a 95 % episode average score on Rotten Tomatoes . Game of Thrones ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO , up ten percent from the previous season 's finale , which was the most - watched episode prior to this episode . The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show , which include streaming , DVR recordings and repeat showings , reached over 25 million this season , and it was described as the last consensus show on television . The figure went up by 25 % compared to previous year , and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90 % , which were new records for HBO . Almost 40 % of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms . The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms , and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Red Woman '' April 24 , 2016 4.0 7.94 1.0 2.11 5.0 10.06 `` Home '' May 1 , 2016 3.7 7.29 0.9 1.92 4.6 9.20 `` Oathbreaker '' May 8 , 2016 3.7 7.28 1.0 1.96 4.7 9.24 `` Book of the Stranger '' May 15 , 2016 3.9 7.82 2.22 5.0 10.05 5 `` The Door '' May 22 , 2016 4.0 7.89 1.4 2.76 5.4 10.65 6 `` Blood of My Blood '' May 29 , 2016 3.2 6.71 2.0 3.61 5.2 10.32 7 `` The Broken Man '' June 5 , 2016 3.9 7.80 1.5 2.81 5.4 10.61 8 `` No One '' June 12 , 2016 3.9 7.60 1.5 3.0 5.4 10.60 9 `` Battle of the Bastards '' June 19 , 2016 3.8 7.66 1.7 3.42 5.5 11.08 10 `` The Winds of Winter '' June 26 , 2016 4.3 8.89 1.6 3.19 5.9 12.08 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones For the 32nd TCA Awards , the series was nominated for Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama . For the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards , the series received 23 nominations , the most of any series . It won 12 awards , including Outstanding Drama Series , David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' , and Miguel Sapochnik for Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series for `` Battle of the Bastards '' . For the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards , the series won for Best Drama Series . Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 AFI Awards AFI TV Award Game of Thrones Won 32nd TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Program of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated TV Choice Awards Best International Show Game of Thrones Won Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Game of Thrones Won Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Ensemble of the Year The cast of Game of Thrones Nominated Best Drama Supporting Actor Kit Harington Won Best Drama Supporting Actress Lena Headey Won Best Drama Guest Actor Ian McShane Nominated Max von Sydow Nominated Best Drama Episode `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting -- Television Series Drama Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , Carla Stronge Nominated EWwy Award Best Supporting Actress , Drama Sophie Turner Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nominated Kit Harington as Jon Snow Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Nominated Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Nominated Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Jack Bender for `` The Door '' Nominated Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne , and Carla Stronge Won Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Max von Sydow as Three - Eyed Raven Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series Gregory Middleton for Home Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Fantasy Series Michele Clapton , Chloe Aubry , Sheena Wichary for The Winds of Winter Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks , Nicola Mount , Laura Pollock , Gary Machin , Rosalia Culora for The Door Nominated Outstanding Make - up for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Jane Walker , Kate Thompson , Nicola Mathews , Kay Bilk , Marianna Kyriacou , Pamela Smyth for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Production Design for a Fantasy Program Deborah Riley , Paul Ghirardani , Rob Cameron for Blood of My Blood , The Broken Man , and No One Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series Jane Walker , Sarah Gower , Emma Sheffield , Tristan Versluis , Barrie Gower for The Door Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama series Tim Porter for Battle of the Bastards Won Katie Weiland for Oathbreaker Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Tim Kimmel , Tim Hands , Paul Bercovitch , Paula Fairfield , Bradley C. Katona , Michael Wabro , David Klotz , Brett Voss , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit for The Door Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series Ronan Hill , Richard Dyer , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects Steve Kullback , Joe Bauer , Adam Chazen , Derek Spears , Eric Carney , Sam Conway , Matthew Rouleau , Michelle Blok , Glenn Melenhorst for Battle of the Bastards Won Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Series Rowley Irlam Won Outstanding Interactive Program Game of Thrones Main Titles 360 Experience Nominated Hollywood Professional Alliance Outstanding Sound Tim Kimmel , Paula Fairfield , Mathew Waters , Onnalee Blank , Bradley Katona , Paul Bercovitch for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Editing Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Visual Effects Joe Bauer , Eric Carney , Derek Spears , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Australian Production Design Guild Production Design for a Television Drama Game of Thrones Won 3D Award for Visual Effects Design Iloura for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won British Society of Cinematographers Best Cinematography in a Television Drama Fabian Wagner for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated ACO / BSC / GBCT Operators TV Drama Award Sean Savage , David Morgan & John Ferguson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series Fabian Wagner for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Anette Haellmigk for `` Book of the Stranger '' Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Won Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated Kit Harington Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Nominated Lena Headey Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Game of Thrones Nominated IGN Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Nominated IGN People 's Choice Award Best TV Series Game of Thrones Won Best TV Episode `` The Winds of Winter '' Won Best TV Drama Series Game of Thrones Won MTV Fandom Awards Fan Freak Out of the Year Game of Thrones - Resurrection of Jon Snow Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Best Original Score for a Television Series Ramin Djawadi Won Film Music Composition Of The Year Ramin Djawadi for `` Light of the Seven '' Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Television Composer of the Year Ramin Djawadi Nominated 2017 43rd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Game of Thrones Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Emilia Clarke Nominated 44th Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement , Character Animation in a Live Action Production Nicholas Tripodi , Dean Elliott , James Hollingworth , Matt Weaver for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated 74th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated 21st Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Lena Headey Nominated Best Television Series -- Genre Game of Thrones Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards 2016 Episodic Drama David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Television Drama Series David Benioff , Bryan Cogman , Dave Hill , D.B. Weiss Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Drama Series Boian Anev , Kristina Baskett , Rachelle Beinart , Richard Bradshaw , Michael Byrch , Nick Chopping , Christopher Cox , Jake Cox , David Cronnelly , Matt Crook , Levan Doran , Bradley Farmer , Vladimir Furdik , Richard Hansen , Rob Hayns , Paul Howell , Rowley Irlam , Erol Ismail , Milen Kaleychev , Leigh Maddern , Jonathan McBride , Leona McCarron , Kim McGarrity , Richard Mead , Casey Michaels , Sian Milne , David Newton , Jason Otelle , Radoslav Parvanov , Ian Pead , Rashid Phoenix , Andy Pilgrim , Marc Redmond , Paul Shapcott , Jonny Stockwell , Ryan Stuart , Edward Upcott , Leo Woodruff Won Outstanding Performance by An Ensemble in a Drama Series Alfie Allen , Jacob Anderson , Dean Charles Chapman , Emilia Clarke , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Liam Cunnungham , Peter Dinklage , Nathalie Emmanuel , Kit Harington , Lena Headey , Conleth Hill , Kristofer Hivju , Michiel Huisman , Faye Marsay , Jonathan Pryce , Sophie Turner , Carcie Van Houten , Gemma Whelan , Maisie Williams , Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards 2017 Best Edited One - Hour Series For Non-Commercial Television Tim Porter for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Art Directors Guild Awards 2016 One - Hour Single Camera Period Or Fantasy Television Series Deborah Riley for `` Blood of My Blood '' , `` The Broken Man '' and `` No One '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards 2016 The Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama David Benioff , D.B. Weiss , Bernadette Caulfield , Frank Doelger , Carolyn Strauss , Bryan Cogman , Lisa McAtackney , Chris Newman , Greg Spence Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards 2016 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Joe Bauer , Steve Kullback , Glenn Melenhorst , Matthew Rouleau , Sam Conway for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won Outstanding Animated Performance in an Episode or Real - Time Project James Kinnings , Michael Holzl , Matt Derksen , Joeseph Hoback for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Drogon Won Sebastian Lauer , Jonathan Symmonds , Thomas Kutschera , Anthony Sieben for `` Home '' -- Emaciated Dragon Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial or Real - Time Project Deak Ferrand , Dominic Daigle , François Croteau , Alexandru Banuta for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Edmond Engelbrecht , Tomoka Matsumura , Edwin Holdsworth , Cheri Fojtik for `` The Winds of Winter '' -- Citadel Nominated Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Patrick Tiberius Gehlen , Michelle Blok , Christopher Baird , Drew Wood - Davies for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Kevin Blom , Sasmit Ranadive , Wanghua Huang , Ben Andersen for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Thomas Hullin , Dominik Kirouac , James Dong , Xavier Fourmond for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Meereen City Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Episode Thomas Montminy - Brodeur , Patrick David , Michael Crane , Joe Salazar for `` Battle of the Bastards '' - Meereen City Nominated Dominic Hellier , Morgan Jones , Thijs Noij , Caleb Thompson for `` Battle of the Bastards '' -- Retaking Winterfell Won Eduardo Díaz , Aníbal Del Busto , Angel Rico , Sonsoles López - Aranguren for `` The Door '' -- Land of Always Winter Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing -- Television Series -- One Hour Ronan Hill , Onnalee Blank , Mathew Waters , Richard Dyer , Brett Voss for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won 69th Directors Guild of America Awards Dramatic Series Miguel Sapochnik for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Won USC Scripter Award Best Adapted Screenplay David Benioff and D.B. Weiss for `` The Winds of Winter '' Nominated Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Jane Walker , Kay Bilk Won Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Kevin Alexander , Candice Banks Won Best Special Makeup Effects -- Television Barrie Gower , Sarah Gower Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series Michele Clapton , April Ferry Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Game of Thrones Nominated 22nd National Television Awards Best Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : FX / Foley Tim Kimmel , Brett Voss , John Matter , Jeffrey Wilhoit , Dylan Wilhoit , Paula Fairfield and Bradley Katona for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Dialogue / ADR Tim Kimmel and Tim Hands for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Best Sound Editing in Television , Short Form : Music David Klotz for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Society of Camera Operators Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Sean Savage Nominated Zulu Awards Best Actor Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Nominated Canadian Society of Cinematographers TV Series Cinematography Gregory Middleton for `` Home '' Won Location Managers Guild Awards LMGI Award for Outstanding Locations in Period Television Matt Jones and Naomi Liston Nominated 43rd Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Television Series Game of Thrones Nominated Best Supporting Actor on Television Kit Harington Nominated Best Actress on Television Lena Headey Nominated 22nd Empire Awards Best TV Series Game of Thrones Nominated Irish Film & Television Academy Best Television Drama Game of Thrones Nominated Actor in a Supporting Role -- Television Liam Cunningham Nominated Best Sound Game of Thrones Nominated Best VFX Game of Thrones Nominated Webby Award Best Overall Social Presence Game of Thrones Won Unscripted ( Branded ) `` Battle of the Bastards '' Featurette Won Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation , Short Form David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Miguel Sapochnik ( director ) for `` Battle of the Bastards '' Pending David Benioff ( writer ) , D.B. Weiss ( writer ) , and Jack Bender ( director ) for `` The Door '' Pending 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Show Of The Year Game of Thrones Nominated Best Actor In A Show Emilia Clarke Nominated Tearjerker Hodor 's ( Kristian Nairn ) Death Nominated 2017 British Academy Television Awards Must - See Moment `` Battle of the Bastards '' Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Sophie Turner Won Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD on November 15 , 2016 . The set includes extra background , behind - the - scenes material and deleted scenes . Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season Set details Special features Format : AC - 3 , Blu - ray , DTS Surround Sound , Dubbed , NTSC , Subtitled , Widescreen Language : English , French , Castilian , German Subtitles : English , French , Castilian , German , Dutch , Danish , Finnish , Greek , Hebrew , Norwegian , Portuguese , Romanian , Swedish , Turkish 16 : 9 aspect ratio 5 - disc set , 10 episodes `` 18 Hours At The Paint Hall '' : Follow all three shooting units as they converge in this behind - the - scenes snapshot of a day in the life of the largest show on television . `` The Battle Of The Bastards '' : An In - Depth Look -- Behind - the - scenes piece examining the production challenges of creating this epic event , including explorations of VFX , stunts , and interviews with key cast and crew . `` Recreating The Dothraki World '' : Behind - the - scenes piece looking at the creation of Vaes Dothrak and its importance to Dany 's evolution . 13 audio commentaries by , among others , Benioff , Weiss , Dinklage , Headey , Harington , Coster - Waldau , Turner and more . Blu - ray exclusive : `` In - Episode Guide '' : In - feature resource that provides background information about on - screen characters , locations and relevant histories . `` Histories & Lore '' : Learn about the mythology of Westeros as told from the varying perspectives of the characters themselves , includes 18 history pieces . DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 November 15 , 2016 November 14 , 2016 November 16 , 2016 Copyright infringement ( edit ) The sixth season of Game of Thrones was the most - pirated TV series in 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' David Benioff & D.B. Weiss On Shocking Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Premiere Date Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 5 and Season 6 '' . IGN . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' opens slightly lower , still dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' slips , ' Kardashians ' premiere steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' ( very ) steady with episode 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' rises , ' Fear the Walking Dead ' falls '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Preacher ' has decent debut , ' Game of Thrones ' ties season high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' hits season low on Memorial Day weekend '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' back to usual numbers , ' Preacher ' holds up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Silicon Valley ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' holds up opposite NBA Finals '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores series high with Season 6 finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Emmy ( R ) - and Golden Globe - Winning HBO Series `` Game of Thrones '' Returns for Sixth Season April 24 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lukowski , Andrzej ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kit Harington tells us Jon Snow will return in ' Game of Thrones ' season 6 ... '' . Time Out London . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Kit Harington Remains in Season 6 Opening Credits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Talk Jon Snow Theories , Rape Controversy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Cast and Crew '' . HBO . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Premiere : ' The Red Woman ' Reveals An Ancient Secret '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Everything We Know About the Season 6 Cast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Davos Defends Dead Jon Snow in New ' Game of Thrones ' Clip '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 , Home review : Earth - shattering stuff '' . Daily Express . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D , Léa ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Lord Karstark and Smalljon Umber to appear '' . Melty.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hawkes , Rebecca ( June 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : who is Lyanna Mormont , the 10 year - old taking the show by storm ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Snow 's Corpse and Davos 's Sword Take Center Stage in New Game of Thrones Clip '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cashin , Rory ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Trying to keep that secret was like I really did murder somebody `` . Exclusive interview with Game Of Thrones actor Brian Fortune '' . Newstalk.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` We spoke to Game of Thrones giant Wun Wun about his death '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts Three - Eyed Raven with Exorcist star '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Jack ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Are Meera and Jon Snow related ? Ellie Kendrick is unsure but would ' love it to be true ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones producer on the sudden return of that character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 Anatomy of a Scene : The Cave Battle ( HBO ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 trailer is finally here '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones new season 6 trailer released : Most epic yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brynden ' The Blackfish ' Tully returning for Siege of Riverrun storyline '' . The Independent . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : Edmure Tully returning in Riverrun storyline '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( June 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 Kills Several Someones in ' No One ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Character last seen in season 3 to make return '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bundel , Ani ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones recasts a villain from Season 3 '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garofalo , Alex ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Spoilers : Ricky Champ Joins Cast As New Character Amid Jon Snow Buzz '' . International Business Times . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Ian McShane Has No Regrets About Spoiling Game of Thrones '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Denham , Jess ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Yara Greyjoy returns as actress Gemma Whelan spotted in Belfast '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` See Exclusive Pictures From Season 6 '' . Making Game of Thrones.com . February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones adds Lucy actor to play Euron Greyjoy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 Opener Brings Reunions , Rescues , ( Spoilers ) & Revenge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : DeObia Oparei thinks people should be concerned about Trystane '' . Zap2it . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vivarelli , Nick ( October 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Star Rosabell Laurenti Sellers on Transition From Rome to London '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones 's Julian Glover on Playing Pycelle , Auditioning for Dumbledore , and What He Wo n't Do on HBO '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finn Jones : Ser Loras being treated ' very badly ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Olenna to Confront Mace Tyrell '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 6 production update and Kristian Nairn on what ' Hodor ' could mean '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` What HBO 's New ' Game of Thrones ' Photos Reveal About Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Season 6 Is In for a Mountain of Trouble '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot Garrett , Tommy ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lino Facioli ( Lord Robin Arryn Of The Vale ) Returning For Season 6 , Winter Is Coming , Highlight Hollywood News '' . Highlighthollywood.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 5 & 6 Yohn Royce Interview - Rupert Vansittart '' . YouTube . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Richard E. Grant in mystery role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Casts Babadook Star Essie Davis to Play Queen Cersei ... Kinda ( Updated ) '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Brass Eye 's Kevin Eldon joins Richard E. Grant 's ' theatre troupe ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , Itay ( May 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ania Bukstein on Game of Thrones '' . Ynetnews . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 6 : Episode # 1 -- A Widow 's Future ( HBO ) '' ( YouTube ) . HBO . April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : A Guide to Recognizing the Hunky Dothraki of Season 6 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Adds 3 Tarlys To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Aramayo Nabs Roles In ' Game Of Thrones ' & ' Nocturnal Animals ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nattrass , JJ ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones ' Ned Stark returns as a young boy played by Sebastian Croft - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Game Of Thrones : the Jon Snow revelation and what it all means '' . Empire . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' the Morning After : The Fight Against Fate '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` George R.R. Martin Wo n't Write for Game of Thrones Season 6 '' . Time . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones directors revealed for mysterious season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Noble , Matt ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' director Jeremy Podeswa dishes Jon Snow death , teases season six ( Exclusive Video ) '' . GoldDerby . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Natalie Dormer Teases Her New Plot on Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Time . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy - Nominated ' Game of Thrones ' Director Discusses Sansa 's Sinister Wedding , Looks Ahead to Season 6 '' . Yahoo TV . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Babadook actress in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sapochnik , Miguel ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Five days left ... '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 costs A LOT per episode : The HBO fantasy epic 's massive budget is revealed '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones premiere screening reveals season 6 surprises '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Games of Thrones season 6 : Castle Black set hit by rockslide during filming '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Predicting Game of Thrones Season - 6 Story Lines Using Shoot Locations '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wraps Spain filming , winter is finally coming '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones season 6 filming location suggests return of Jon Snow '' . IndiaToday.in . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmadas nuevas localizaciones de rodaje de ' Juego de Tronos ' T6 en España '' ( Confirmed new filming locations of ' Game of Thrones ' S6 in Spain ) ( in Spanish ) . canalplus.es . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 wo n't shoot in Croatia , HBO confirms , so do n't expect much from King 's Landing '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 spoilers : First look at Cersei Lannister following her infamous walk of shame '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Alberta wolf Quigly returns for Season 6 of Game of Thrones '' . Calgary Herald . Calgary , Alberta . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Season premiere of ' Game of Thrones ' was very Canadian '' . Pop Goes the News . John R Kennedy Media . April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Bran Stark actor confirms he 's in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HBO : Game of Thrones ( Season 6 ) Intro / Opening Credits '' . YouTube . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Adds Melanie Liburd As The Red Priestess '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Freddie Stroma cast as Samwell Tarly 's brother '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones Reportedly Just Hijacked a Downton Abbey Actor '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Walder Frey is coming back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones casts Of Monsters and Men for cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Young Ned Stark ' cast ' for flashback scene '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 : Richard E. Grant joins the cast ( confirmed ) '' . The Independent . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Music on TV : Inside Of Monsters and Men 's Cameo on ' Game of Thrones ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones director confirms Stannis Baratheon 's fate '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones team on that fatal Jaime twist : Does this mean war in season 6 ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones author , producer on whether that character is really dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Finally , Photographic Evidence that Kit Harington Has Joined the Cast of Game of Thrones in Belfast '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance Reveals Game of Thrones Return '' . MTV UK . September 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hewett , Emliy ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Kit Harington spotted filming Game Of Thrones on set in Belfast ... suggesting Jon Snow MAY be very much alive ! '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Is This Really the Last We 'll See of Jon Snow ? '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kain , Eric ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 5 , Episode 10 Review : Mother 's Mercy '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` New Game of Thrones Information Adds Fuel to the `` Jon Snow Lives '' Conspiracy `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Stars Tease Jon Snow and Sansa Stark 's Fates , Emilia Clarke Says Season 6 `` Almost Killed Us '' `` . E ! Online . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` The First Official Look at Game of Thrones Season 6 Is All About Jon Snow '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Trailer Hints at Jon Snow 's Return '' . Variety . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( December 6 , 2015 ) . `` HBO Reveals First Footage From ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 28 , 2015 ) . `` Game of Thrones : First look at Bran Stark in season 6 return '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Pledge allegiance to Game of Thrones houses in season 6 teasers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 6 Teaser : Is ( Spoiler ) a Goner ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones character posters tease dead Jon Snow in season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Cameras of Game of Thrones '' . Making Game of Thrones . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rubber , Latex and Gore : Go Inside GoT Prosthetics '' . Making Game of Thrones . March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Game of Thrones women are set to rule season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' : New Season 6 Photos Unveiled '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones teaser has new season 6 footage '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 7 trailer : the first teaser is here '' . Digital Arts . IDG . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kremkau , Bryan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Pandora Radio Previewing Ramin Djawadi 's Game of Thrones Film Score '' . Readjunk . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtracks '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spotify Viral 50 '' . Billboard . July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` HBO orders Game of Thrones weekly after - show from Bill Simmons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Ratings Hit Series High With Season 6 Finale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 ratings : Show brought in 25.1 million viewers on average per episode '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dockterman , Eliana ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Finale Ratings Record Proves It 's the Last Consensus Show on TV '' . Time . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Is Even More Insanely Popular than You Think '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones most popular Sky series ever with 5m viewers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season six finale sets Australian audience record for Foxtel '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , April 18 -- 24 : ' Fear the Walking Dead , ' ' Better Call Saul ' outgain ' Game of Thrones ' premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , April 25 - May 1 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' on top again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 2 -- 8 : ' Game of Thrones ' rises week to week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , May 9 -- 15 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest 3 - day gain of season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 16 -- 22 : ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Fear the Walking Dead ' tie for top gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 23 -- 29 : ' Game of Thrones ' posts biggest gain of the season '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 25 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , May 30 - June 5 : ' Game of Thrones ' keeps its lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 6 -- 12 : ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Teen Mom II ' stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 13 -- 19 : ' Game of Thrones ' leads , ' Penny Dreadful ' finale quadruples '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 7 ratings , June 20 -- 26 : ' Game of Thrones ' finale dominates '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Prudom , Laura ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Rules 2016 Emmy Race With 23 Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Emmys 2016 : Game of Thrones breaks record , wins best drama series - The HBO series won Outstanding Drama Series at this year 's ceremony '' . Independent . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Costantino , George ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2016 : Complete Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : This Is Us , Stranger Things , Atlanta Make TV 's Top 10 of 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sanusi , Hassan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones wins at 2016 TV Choice Awards as Big Bang Theory , The Walking Dead lose out '' . The Net . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners - The Dragon Award '' . Dragon Con . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Artios Awards Unveil 2017 Nominees ; Joel McHale to Host L.A. Ceremony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Jungle Book ' Claims VFX Trophy at HPA Awards '' . Yahoo !. November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 APDG Awards Winners '' . APDG . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Past nominees '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners '' ( PDF ) . bscine.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion ' Tops ASC Cinematographer Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winfrey , Graham ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Awards : HBO Leads With 22 Nominations '' . IndieWire . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Favorite Most Bingeworthy Show '' . A&E . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best of 2016 '' . IGN . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Fandom Awards : Game of Thrones , Hamilton among nominees '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Winners 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . International Film Music Critics Association . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 16th World Soundtrack Awards announces first wave of nominees '' . Film Fest Gent . August 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Zootopia ' and ' Kubo ' Lead Annie Awards Nominations ; ' Game of Thrones ' and ' Civil War ' Land Nods '' . Collider.com . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Annie Awards Nominees '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 74th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2017 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Hollywood Foreign Press Association ( HFPA ) . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Satellite Award Nominees Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` WGA TV Nominations Include ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Stranger Things ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Awards nominations 2017 : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' La La Land ' Top American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DeSantis , Rachel ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` People v. O.J. , Stranger Things score Producers Guild Award nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Jungle Book ' Takes Top Visual Effects Society Honors '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 4 , 2017 ) . `` Damien Chazelle Wins Directors Guild 's Top Film Award for ' La La Land ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrival , ' ' Fences , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Earn USC Scripter Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dry , Jude ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Gay and Lesbian Critics Association Honor ' Moonlight ' and ' Jackie ' with Dorian Award Noms '' . IndieWire . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harp , Justin ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` National Television Awards reveals its 2017 nominees -- check out the full rundown and vote now '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Awards 2017 : Mary Berry triumphs and Casualty wins over Game of Thrones , plus full list of winners '' . The Daily Telegraph . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hacksaw Ridge , ' ' Rogue One , ' ' Arrival ' Lead Sound Editors ' Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stem På Årets Skuespiller - Afstemning afsluttet '' . TV2 . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CSC Awards 2017 '' . www.csc.ca . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Three Empire Awards -- Nominations '' . Wemakemoviesonweekends.com . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Webby Awards : Lady Gaga , Kimmel 's Mean Tweets , and ' Mr. Robot ' Among Winners '' . Variety . April 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film & Video - Unscripted ( Branded ) '' . Webby Award . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Here are the 2017 Hugo Award nominees '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Lands 7 MTV Movie Awards Nominations '' . E !. Archived from the original on April 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones , Line of Duty and Strictly Come Dancing are up for Virgin TV 's Must - See Moment at BAFTA TV Awards '' . Digital Spy. April 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAMOUR Awards 2017 : All the talking points '' . Glamour . June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 6 release date : HBO confirms US start , Sky Atlantic to simulcast in UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : The Complete Sixth Season ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Selcke , Dan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Complete details on the Game of Thrones Season 6 DVD / Blu - ray boxset '' . Winteriscoming.net . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game Of Thrones - Season 6 '' . jbhifi.com.au . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van der Sar , Ernesto ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Most Torrented TV - Show of 2016 '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Game of Thrones -- official US site Game of Thrones -- official UK site Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com Game of Thrones : Season 6 at Rotten Tomatoes George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 6 `` The Red Woman '' `` Home '' `` Oathbreaker '' `` Book of the Stranger '' `` The Door '' `` Blood of My Blood '' `` The Broken Man '' `` No One '' `` Battle of the Bastards '' `` The Winds of Winter '' Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Series Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I / Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) The Americans , season 3 ( 2015 ) Mr. Robot , season 1 ( 2016 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse ( 1951 ) Westinghouse Studio One ( 1952 ) Robert Montgomery Presents ( 1953 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1954 ) The United States Steel Hour ( 1955 ) Producers ' Showcase ( 1956 ) Gunsmoke ( 1958 ) Alcoa - Goodyear Theatre ( 1959 ) Playhouse 90 ( 1960 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame ( 1961 ) The Defenders ( 1962 ) The Defenders ( 1963 ) The Defenders ( 1964 ) The Fugitive , season 3 ( 1966 ) Mission : Impossible , season 1 ( 1967 ) Mission : Impossible , season 2 ( 1968 ) NET Playhouse ( 1969 ) Marcus Welby , M.D. ( 1970 ) The Bold Ones : The Senator ( 1971 ) Elizabeth R ( 1972 ) The Waltons ( 1973 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1974 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1975 ) Police Story ( 1976 ) Upstairs , Downstairs ( 1977 ) The Rockford Files , season 4 ( 1978 ) Lou Grant , season 2 ( 1979 ) Lou Grant , season 3 ( 1980 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1981 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1982 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1983 ) Hill Street Blues ( 1984 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1985 ) Cagney & Lacey ( 1986 ) L.A. Law ( 1987 ) thirtysomething ( 1988 ) L.A. Law ( 1989 ) L.A. Law ( 1990 ) L.A. Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure , season 3 ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue , season 2 ( 1995 ) ER , season 2 ( 1996 ) Law & Order , season 7 ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing , season 1 ( 2000 ) The West Wing , season 2 ( 2001 ) The West Wing , season 3 ( 2002 ) The West Wing , season 4 ( 2003 ) The Sopranos , season 5 ( 2004 ) Lost , season 1 ( 2005 ) 24 , season 5 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos , season 6 , part II ( 2007 ) Mad Men , season 1 ( 2008 ) Mad Men , season 2 ( 2009 ) Mad Men , season 3 ( 2010 ) Mad Men , season 4 ( 2011 ) Homeland , season 1 ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part I ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale , season 1 ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series 24 , season 6 ( 2007 ) Heroes , season 3 , part I ( 2008 ) 24 , season 7 ( 2009 ) True Blood , season 3 ( 2010 ) Game of Thrones , season 1 ( 2011 ) Game of Thrones , season 2 ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones , season 3 ( 2013 ) Game of Thrones , season 4 ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones , season 5 ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones , season 6 ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)&oldid=808475415 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from December 2016 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Deutsch فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did season 6 of game of thrones air	[ "\n\nGame of Thrones (season 6)\n\n\n\nRegion 1 DVD cover\n\n\n\nStarring\nSee List of Game of Thrones cast\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n10\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nHBO\n\n\nOriginal release\nApril 24 (2016-04-24) – June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 5\nNext →\nSeason 7\n\n\n\nList of Game of Thrones episodes\n\n" ]	[ "April 24 (2016-04-24) – June 26, 2016" ]
-8549083519735215416	Governor-General of India	Governor - General of India - Wikipedia Governor - General of India Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . Viceroy and Governor - General of India Standard of the Governor - General Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first Governor - General during the dominion period Style His Excellency Residence Viceroy 's House Appointer East India Company ( to 1858 ) Monarch of India ( from 1858 ) Formation 20 October 1774 First holder Warren Hastings Final holder Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari Abolished 26 January 1950 The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' . In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch . To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him . The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan , but the office of governor - general continued to exist in each country separately -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 , respectively . Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government . Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded ; and if one was removed , or left , a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . The first Governor - General of British India was Warren Hastings , and the first Governor - General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Functions 3 Council 4 Style and title 5 Flag 6 Residence 7 Insignia 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading History ( edit ) Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 . Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act . The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval . After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval . India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 . Functions ( edit ) Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William . The powers of the Governor - General , in respect of foreign affairs , were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General or by the Company 's Court of Directors . While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India . That status came only with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council . After 1858 , the Governor - General ( now usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency , which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy , or by provincial authorities . The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King - Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee , which met more often . Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions . Council ( edit ) Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 31 ) , now the main building of the University of Delhi The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . '' The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General . In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding . The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated . In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India . The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) . The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation . In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval . Style and title ( edit ) Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) . The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 . When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 . Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all . Flag ( edit ) Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 -- 50 ) From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast . From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only . Residence ( edit ) Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century . The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India . Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan . After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded £ 877,000 ( over £ 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India . Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study . Insignia ( edit ) See also : Star of India ( flag ) Badge of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1885 -- 1947 ) Standard of the Governor - General ( 1947 -- 50 ) See also ( edit ) India portal Pakistan portal United Kingdom portal Politics portal List of governors - general of India Commander - in - Chief , India British Empire Emperor of India Indian independence movement Council of India British Raj Secretary of State for India India Office Indian Civil Service Partition of India History of Bangladesh History of India History of Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States . Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 . Association of Commonwealth Archivists and Record Managers ( 1999 ) `` Government Buildings -- India '' Forrest , G.W. , CIE , ( editor ) ( 1910 ) Selections from the State Papers of the Governors - General of India ; Warren Hastings ( 2 vols ) , Oxford : Blackwell 's Encyclopædia Britannica ( `` British Empire '' and `` Viceroy '' ) , London : Cambridge University Press , 1911 , 11th edition , James , Lawrence ( 1997 ) Raj : the Making and Unmaking of British India London : Little , Brown & Company ISBN 0 - 316 - 64072 - 7 Keith , A.B. ( editor ) ( 1922 ) Speeches and Documents on Indian Policy , 1750 -- 1921 , London : Oxford University Press Oldenburg , P. ( 2004 ) . `` India . '' Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia . ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) mountbattenofburma.com -- Tribute & Memorial website to Louis , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Further Reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India . Arnold , Sir Edwin ( 1865 ) . The Marquis of Dalhousie 's Administration of British India : Annexation of Pegu , Nagpor , and Oudh , and a general review of Lord Dalhousie 's rule in India . Dodwell H.H. , ed . The Cambridge History of India . Volume 6 : The Indian Empire 1858 - 1918 . With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818 - 1858 ( 1932 ) 660pp online edition ; also published as vol 5 of the Cambridge History of the British Empire Moon , Penderel . The British Conquest and Dominion of India ( 2 vol. 1989 ) 1235pp ; the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top - down perspective ; Rudhra , A.B. ( 1940 ) The Viceroy and Governor - General of India . London : H. Milford , Oxford University Press Spear , Percival ( 1990 ) ( First published 1965 ) , A History of India , Volume 2 , New Delhi and London : Penguin Books . Pp. 298 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013836 - 8 . Governors - General of India Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( 1774 -- 1833 ) Hastings Macpherson Cornwallis Shore Clarke Mornington Cornwallis Barlow Minto Moira Adam Amherst Bayley Bentinck ... Governors - General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) Bentinck Metcalfe Auckland Ellenborough Bird Hardinge Dalhousie Canning Governors - General and Viceroys of India ( 1858 -- 1947 ) Canning Elgin Napier Denison Lawrence Mayo Strachey Napier Northbrook Lytton Ripon Dufferin Lansdowne Elgin Curzon Minto Penshurst Chelmsford Reading Irwin Willingdon Wavell Mountbatten Governors - General of the Union of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Mountbatten Rajagopalachari Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions National Counsellors of State United Kingdom Governors - general Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu Sub-national Australia Governors New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Administrator Northern Territory Canada Lieutenant governors Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Realm of New Zealand Governor - general Niue , New Zealand Queen 's Representative Cook Islands Administrator Tokelau United Kingdom Lords lieutenant England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list Former Governors general Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka ) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India Irish Free State ( now Ireland ) Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Sierra Leone Union of South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_India&oldid=841555681 '' Categories : Governors - General of India India and the Commonwealth of Nations Westminster system Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2013 Use Indian English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული मैथिली മലയാളം მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the 1st governor general of india	[ "\n\nViceroy and Governor-General of India\n\n\n\nStandard of the Governor-General\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLouis Mountbatten, the\nlast Viceroy of India & the first Governor-General during the dominion period\n\n\n\n\nStyle\nHis Excellency\n\n\nResidence\nViceroy's House\n\n\nAppointer\n\n\n\nEast India Company (to 1858)\nMonarch of India (from 1858)\n\n\n\n\n\nFormation\n20 October 1774\n\n\nFirst holder\nWarren Hastings\n\n\nFinal holder\nChakravarthi Rajagopalachari\n\n\nAbolished\n26 January 1950\n\n" ]	[ "Warren Hastings" ]
1367592115902723471	Once Upon a Time in Shaolin	Once Upon a Time in Shaolin - wikipedia Once Upon a Time in Shaolin Jump to : navigation , search Once Upon a Time in Shaolin Studio album by Wu - Tang Clan Released 2015 Recorded 2008 -- 13 Genre Hip hop Length 110 : 12 Producer Cilvaringz RZA Wu - Tang Clan chronology A Better Tomorrow ( 2014 ) A Better Tomorrow 2014 Once Upon a Time in Shaolin ... ( 2015 ) The Saga Continues ( 2017 ) The Saga Continues 2017 Once Upon a Time in Shaolin is a double album by the New York hip hop group Wu - Tang Clan that was limited to a single copy sold in 2015 . It is the most expensive single album ever sold . One double - CD of the album , which was recorded in secret over six years , was pressed in 2014 and stored in a secured vault at the Royal Mansour Hotel in Marrakech , Morocco . The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015 . It was subsequently revealed that the winning bid of $2 million was placed by American businessman Martin Shkreli . A legal agreement with the purchaser states that the album can not be commercially exploited until 2103 , although it can be released for free or played during listening parties . Shkreli shared the intro and part of two tracks after Donald Trump was elected president , after threatening to destroy the album . In 2017 Shkreli allegedly livestreamed a portion of the album to YouTube after a verdict was reached in a criminal case against him . On September 6 , 2017 , Shkreli placed the album up for auction via eBay ; it received 343 bids and sold for $1,025,100 USD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Response 3 Track listing 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The concept to offer a musical work in a single form was conceived by Wu - Tang Clan producer Cilvaringz and was based on music exploitation as a commissioned commodity in the Baroque , Enlightenment and Renaissance ages . The idea was later developed further with Wu - Tang de facto leader RZA into a concept presentable to the public . The album reportedly features the singer and actress Cher as a guest on two of the album 's tracks . The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015 . A winning bid for the album was accepted by the Wu - Tang Clan on May 3 , 2015 , and was followed by months of legal diligence . Due to the unprecedented nature of the sale , new and unique legal structures were written for the sales agreement . The sale was completed on August 26 , 2015 , at a price `` in the millions '' to a `` private American collector '' . On December 9 , 2015 , Bloomberg Businessweek identified the buyer as controversial Turing pharmaceutical CEO Martin Shkreli . In a statement emailed to Bloomberg , RZA noted that the sale had been agreed upon before Shkreli 's controversial price hike of Daraprim , an anti-infective agent most commonly used in immunocompromised patients with toxoplasmosis . In the statement , RZA added that the group had donated a `` significant portion '' of the proceeds to charity upon hearing who the buyer was . Among the charities Wu - Tang Clan donated to were the Children 's Literacy Society , the Hip Hop Chess Federation and TTAC , an institution focused on showcasing alternative cures for cancer . The actual sale price was never revealed by the auction house or the Wu - Tang Clan , but Bloomberg reported and Shkreli later confirmed that he had purchased the album for $2 million . Response ( edit ) The ornate casing for the album Many fans reacted negatively to the news of the single - copy album , believing that the album would not be available to the public until 2103 . Wu - Tang member Method Man spoke out against the 88 - year commercial ban , blaming fellow member RZA and producer Cilvaringz . RZA replied that the 88 - year ban was necessary to maintain the integrity of the album as a work of art and deflect any notions of a grand marketing or publicity stunt . According to him , the number 8 bears symbolic significance because there were eight original members of the Wu - Tang Clan , the numbers of the year 2015 add up to eight , Paddle8 has eight in its name , and a rotated eight is the symbol for infinity that was used on their second album Wu - Tang Forever . Wu - Tang later released an official statement saying that , although the music can not be sold to the public until 2103 , the owner may exhibit or distribute the music for free . The Guinness Book of Records certified the album as the most valuable album in existence , outpricing the previous most expensive records in the world held by Elvis Presley and The Quarrymen , later to be known as The Beatles . On March 3 , 2015 , the album was detained at JFK Airport for three hours while border control determined the contents of the silver box holding the album . In February 2016 , artist Jason Koza sued RZA , Cilvaringz , Paddle8 and Shkreli in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York for the alleged unauthorized use of his artwork on the album . Track listing ( edit ) The track listing remained a secret for the buyer . Paddle8 released a track list of working titles the group used during the recordings . The track listing has been compiled by Complex magazine . Shaolin School `` Entrance ( Intro ) '' ( 1 : 57 ) `` Rivals '' ( 4 : 12 ) `` Staple Town Pt. 1 ( Interlude ) '' ( 0 : 44 ) `` Ethiopia '' ( 7 : 55 ) `` Handkerchief '' ( 0 : 49 ) `` Staple Town Pt. 2 ( Interlude ) '' ( 1 : 10 ) `` The Pillage of ' 88 '' ( 6 : 52 ) `` Centipedes '' ( 7 : 14 ) `` The Widow 's Tear '' ( 3 : 55 ) `` Sorrow '' ( 5 : 45 ) `` Shaolin '' ( 6 : 14 ) `` The Saga Continuous '' ( 6 : 58 ) `` Shaolin Soul ( Exit ) '' ( 3 : 41 ) Allah School `` Sustenance ( Intro ) '' ( 0 : 43 ) `` Lions '' ( 6 : 08 ) `` Since Time Immemorial '' ( 2 : 32 ) `` The Slaughter Mill '' ( 6 : 31 ) `` The Brute '' ( 3 : 24 ) `` Iqra '' ( 7 : 23 ) `` Flowers '' ( 5 : 49 ) `` Poisoned Earth '' ( 4 : 34 ) `` Freedom ( Interlude ) '' ( 2 : 25 ) `` The Sword Chamber '' ( 4 : 05 ) `` Unique '' ( 2 : 32 ) `` The Bloody Page '' ( 5 : 09 ) `` Salaam ( Outro ) '' ( 1 : 31 ) See also ( edit ) Musique pour Supermarché , another single - copy album References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley . `` New Details Emerge On Wu - Tang Clan Secret Album Sale '' . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Tshepo Mokoena ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan : unique copy of album will be sold by online auction '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Shawn Christ ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan Issue Statement to Clarify ' Once Upon a Time in Shaolin ' Release '' . Music Times . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Nunez , Michael ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Hell Freezes Over as Martin Shkreli Performs a Public Service '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lars Brandle ( 28 January 2016 ) . `` Martin Shkreli Considers Destroying or Leaving Wu - Tang Clan 's ' Shaolin ' in a Remote Place '' . Billboard . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Saul , Emily ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) . `` ' Pharma Bro ' plays $2 M Wu - Tang Clan album to celebrate verdict '' . New York Post . New York . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wu - Tang Clan - Once Upon A Time In Shaolin - Rare CD ! '' . EBay . Sep 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Asks Cilvaringz How The Idea For One Copy Conceptualized '' . Jump up ^ Evan Minsker ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan 's One - of - a-Kind Album Once Upon a Time in Shaolin Has Been Sold '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Zack O'Malley Greenburg ( 24 November 2015 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan Secret Album Sold By Paddle8 , But To Whom ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leonard , David ; Hordern , Annmarie ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Who Bought The Most Expensive Album Ever Made ? '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Jump up ^ Devin Leonard ; Annmarie Hordern ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Pharma 's Bad Boy Exec Paid $2 Million for Wu - Tang Clan 's New Record '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TTAC Confirms Donation Wu - Tang Clan '' . Jump up ^ Justin Hunte ( 16 December 2015 ) . `` Martin Shkreli Plans To Bail - Out Bobby Shmurda '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 20 December 2015 . Jump up ^ George Palathingal ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan 's Method Man slams ' stupid ' release plan for Once Upon a Time in Shaolin '' . Smh.com.au . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records ( September 1 , 2015 ) . Guinness World Records 2016 . Macmillan . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1910561027 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( 6 March 2015 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan 's ' Once Upon A Time In Shaolin ' Album Seized At Airport '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Eriq ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Wu - Tang Clan 's $2 Million Album a Target in Copyright Lawsuit '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Koza v. Diggs et al , Docket No. 1 : 16 - cv - 00956 ( S.D.N.Y. Feb 09 , 2016 ) , Court Docket '' . Bloomberg Law . 2016 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` You 'll Never Hear the New Wu - Tang Clan Album , But This Is What It Sounds Like '' . Complex. 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official site of Once Upon a Time in Shaolin ( hide ) Wu - Tang Clan Cappadonna Ghostface Killah GZA Inspectah Deck Masta Killa Method Man RZA Raekwon U-God Ol ' Dirty Bastard Wu - Tang Clan albums Enter the Wu - Tang ( 36 Chambers ) ( 1993 ) Wu - Tang Forever ( 1997 ) The W ( 2000 ) Iron Flag ( 2001 ) 8 Diagrams ( 2007 ) A Better Tomorrow ( 2014 ) Once Upon a Time in Shaolin ( 2015 ) Wu - Tang Clan compilations Legend of the Wu - Tang Clan ( 2004 ) Wu - Tang Clan singles `` Protect Ya Neck '' `` Method Man '' `` C.R.E.A.M. '' `` Can It Be All So Simple '' `` Triumph '' `` The Worst '' `` Gravel Pit '' `` Uzi ( Pinky Ring ) '' `` The Heart Gently Weeps '' Wu - Tang albums The Swarm ( 1998 ) The Sting ( 2002 ) Disciples of the 36 Chambers ( 2004 ) Wu - Tang Meets the Indie Culture ( 2005 ) Mathematics Presents Wu - Tang Clan & Friends Unreleased ( 2007 ) Soundtracks from the Shaolin Temple ( 2008 ) Wu - Tang Chamber Music ( 2009 ) Legendary Weapons ( 2011 ) The Saga Continues ( 2017 ) Wu - Tang compilations Wu - Chronicles ( 1999 ) Wu - Chronicles , Chapter 2 ( 2001 ) Related Discography Anthology Record Labels The Wu - Tang Manual The Nine Rings of Wu - Tang The Tao of Wu Wu - Tang : Shaolin Style Affiliates Affiliates discography Loud Records Wu - Massacre Wu Block Czarface Book Hip hop portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_Shaolin&oldid=815603813 '' Categories : 2015 albums Wu - Tang Clan albums Albums produced by RZA Albums produced by Cilvaringz Music controversies EBay listings Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the guy who bought the wu tang album	[ "Once Upon a Time in Shaolin is a double album by the New York hip hop group Wu-Tang Clan that was limited to a single copy sold in 2015. It is the most expensive single album ever sold.[1] One double-CD of the album, which was recorded in secret over six years, was pressed in 2014 and stored in a secured vault at the Royal Mansour Hotel in Marrakech, Morocco. The album was auctioned to the highest bidder through auction house Paddle8 in 2015.[2] It was subsequently revealed that the winning bid of $2 million was placed by American businessman Martin Shkreli. A legal agreement with the purchaser states that the album cannot be commercially exploited until 2103, although it can be released for free or played during listening parties.[3]" ]	[ "Martin Shkreli" ]
-4544795205769460588	Waterloo Creek massacre	Waterloo Creek massacre - Wikipedia Waterloo Creek massacre Jump to : navigation , search ' Mounted Police and Blacks ' , an 1852 lithograph by W.L. Walton , depicting the killing of Aboriginal warriors at Slaughterhouse Creek by colonial police troopers . The Waterloo Creek massacre ( also Slaughterhouse Creek massacre ) refers to a series of clashes between mounted police , civilian vigilantes and Gamilaraay Australians in December 1837 - January 1838 which took place south - west of Moree , New South Wales , Australia . The events have been subject to much dispute arising from conflicting views of relatives and connections of the participants about the nature and number of fatalities , and the lawfulness of the action . Interpretation of events at Waterloo Creek was raised during an Australian controversy known as the `` history wars '' which commenced in the 1990s . Contents ( hide ) 1 The events 1.1 ' Disproportionate force ' 2 Official inquiry 2.1 Police statements 3 Later historians ' views 4 See also 5 References The events ( edit ) A Sydney mounted police detachment was dispatched by acting Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales Colonel Kenneth Snodgrass , to track down the Namoi , Weraerai and Kamilaroi people who had killed five stockmen in separate incidents on recently established pastoral runs on the upper Gwydir River area of New South Wales . After two months the mounted police , consisting of two sergeants and twenty troopers led by Major James Nunn , arrested 15 Aborigines along the Namoi River . They released all but two , one of whom was shot whilst attempting to escape . The main body of Kamilaroi eluded the troopers , thus Major Nunn 's party along with two stockmen pursued the Kamilaroi for three weeks from present - day Manilla on the Namoi River north to the upper Gwydir River . On the morning of 26 January in a surprise attack on Nunn 's party , Corporal Hannan was wounded in the leg with a spear and subsequently four or five Aborigines were shot dead in retaliation . The Aborigines fled down the river as the troopers regrouped , rearmed and pursued them led by the second - in - command , Lieutenant George Cobban . Cobban 's party found their quarry about a mile down the river at a point now known as Waterloo Creek , where a second engagement took place . The encounter lasted several hours and no Aborigines were captured . ' Disproportionate force ' ( edit ) As there had been no declaration of martial law or other authorising legislation , the police lacked authority to use more than reasonable force proportionate to any risk to the safety of persons or property . Nobody had a licence to kill . The troopers may therefore have used disproportionate force directed towards individuals who posed no risk to anybody or anything . There was a suspicion that the troopers might have acted as an ill - disciplined military force rather than as a regular police force . Official inquiry ( edit ) On 5 March 1838 , Nunn submitted a report on his expedition to the newly arrived Governor Gipps . Within the following month the Colony 's Executive Council ( the Colonial government constituted by the Governor and his advisers ) accepted a recommendation of their Attorney General , Mr J.H. Plunkett , that there be an official inquiry into the expedition , including the Aboriginal deaths . The colonial government and the Colonial Office in England were both conscious of a need to extend the rule of law to Aborigines as well as other `` British subjects '' in the Colony . On 6 April 1838 the Executive Council decided to issue regulations in the form of a government notice announcing that there would be an inquiry ( that is , a coronial inquiry ) into the death of any Aboriginal at the hands of a Colonist in the same way as that held when the death of a Colonist occurred through violence or suddenly . However , the decision to publish this Inquiry notice was delayed , with the Executive Council deciding to defer publication until after `` public excitement '' ( about the Myall Creek murderers ' executions ) had abated . On 14 August 1838 the Legislative Council appointed a Committee of Inquiry into `` the present state of Aborigines '' , to be presided over by the Anglican Bishop , William Broughton . Gipps 's own inquiry into the Nunn expedition was delayed . He claimed to be unable to produce eyewitness evidence from mounted police owing to demands on police attendance elsewhere , and he could not afford to alienate the police volunteers upon whom policing then depended . Additionally , Colonists away from urban areas were tending to take the law into their own hands . Some argue that there was a breakdown in law and order , affecting the capacity of the NSW Government to govern . Although the Nunn inquiry was reactivated on 22 July 1839 at the Merton Courthouse , New South Wales , there were no convictions and the matter was dropped . The only eyewitness accounts of the fatal main engagement were provided by Lieutenant Cobban and Sergeant John Lee . Its outcome did not result in any further judicial proceedings . Attorney General Plunkett was reluctant to prosecute any of Nunn 's expeditionary force , due to the time delays , the unavailability of reliable evidence and popular opposition . The Executive Council decided to take no further action . It accepted that the Aboriginal deaths at Waterloo Creek were the consequence of the police , led by a military officer , acting honestly even if mistakenly or unwisely , under orders and in execution of their duty , to repel an `` aggressive attack '' by Aboriginals . Police statements ( edit ) Lieutenant Cobban claimed he rode to the rear of the group and found a large cache of Aboriginal weapons in the bush and secured them . When he returned to the river , he admitted to seeing two Aborigines being shot , trying to escape and believed that at most three or four Aborigines had been killed in the conflict . Sergeant John Lee was with the main detachment of mounted police that pursued the Aborigines into the river . He claimed that forty to fifty Aborigines were killed . Later historians ' views ( edit ) More recently , historians and other commentators have offered varying accounts of the site of the conflict and the number of casualties . R.H.W. Reece : The site was at the junction of the Slaughterhouse Creek and the Gwydir River , and 60 or 70 Aborigines were killed . Lyndall Ryan : Sergeant Lee 's estimate of 40 to 50 killed is the most reliable . Keith Windschuttle : What occurred at Waterloo Creek was a legitimate police action in which at most three to four Aborigines were killed in the second encounter . Roger Milliss : 200 - 300 Gamilaraay people were killed around the site of Snodgrass Lagoon at the Lower Waters of Waterloo Creek . See also ( edit ) List of massacres of Indigenous Australians References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Historical Records Of Australia , ( Enclosure A6 to Minute No. 20 of 1839 ) , 22 July 1839 . Depositions at inquiry re collision between mounted police under J.W. Nunn and aborigines Jump up ^ Ryan , L. ( 2003 ) , Attwood , Bain ; Foster , S.G. , eds. , Waterloo Creek , Northern New South Wales , 1838 , Frontier Conflict : The Australian Experience , Canberra : National Museum of Australia , pp. 33 -- 43 , ISBN 1876944110 Jump up ^ Historical Records Of Australia p. 251 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan p. 36 Jump up ^ Deposition of George Geddes McKenzie Cobban , 17 May 1839 , Historical Records of Australia , series i , vol . XX , pp. 253 -- 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lindsay , Geoff ( 2007 ) . `` Aborigines , Colonists and the Law 1838 '' ( PDF ) . The Francis Forbes Society For Australian Legal History . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Attwood , Bain ( 1999 ) , ' My Country ' : A history of the Djadja Wurrung 1837 - 1864 , 25 , Monash Publications in History , ISSN 0818 - 0032 , retrieved 5 March 2018 Jump up ^ Historical Records Of Australia p. 252 Jump up ^ Ryan p. 38 Jump up ^ Ryan p. 39 Jump up ^ Cited by Ryan , p. 40 Jump up ^ Milliss , Roger ( 1992 ) . Waterloo Creek : The Australia Day Massacre of 1838 . George Gipps and the British Conquest of New South Wales . Ringwood , Victoria : McPhee Gribble . p. 834 . ISBN 9780869141564 . Australian frontier wars Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars ( 1795 -- 1816 ) Battle of Richmond Hill Battle of Parramatta Tedbury 's War ( 1804 -- 05 ) Bathurst War ( 1824 ) Black War ( Tasmania ) ( 1828 -- 32 ) Cape Grim massacre ( 1828 ) Port Phillip District Wars ( 1830 -- 50 ) Yagan Resistance ( 1831 -- 33 ) Convincing Ground massacre ( 1833 / 34 ) Battle of Pinjarra ( 1834 ) Broken River ( 1836 ) Waterloo Creek massacre ( 1838 ) Myall Creek massacre ( 1838 ) Campaspe Plains massacre ( 1839 ) Blood Hole massacre ( 1839 ) Maria massacre ( 1840 ) Gippsland massacres ( 1840s ) Eumerella Wars ( 1840s -- 1860s ) Rufus River massacre ( 1841 ) Pelican Creek tragedy ( 1842 ) Evans Head massacre ( 1842 ) Battle of One Tree Hill ( 1843 ) Darkey Flat Massacre ( circa 1845 ) Avenue Range Station massacre ( 1848 ) Waterloo Bay massacre ( 1849 ) East Ballina massacre ( 1853 ) Cullin - La - Ringo massacre ( 1861 ) Flying Foam Massacre ( 1868 ) Kalkadoon Wars ( 1870 -- 90 ) Jandamarra Guerilla War ( 1894 -- 97 ) Mowla Bluff massacre ( 1916 ) Forrest River massacre ( 1926 ) Coniston massacre ( 1928 ) Caledon Bay crisis ( 1932 -- 34 ) Coordinates : 29 ° 47 ′ 36 '' S 149 ° 27 ′ 12 '' E / 29.79333 ° S 149.45333 ° E / - 29.79333 ; 149.45333 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waterloo_Creek_massacre&oldid=840651819 '' Categories : Conflicts in 1838 Crime in New South Wales Deaths by firearm in New South Wales 1838 in Australia Australian National Heritage List 19th century in New South Wales Massacres of Indigenous Australians January 1838 events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from February 2018 Use Australian English from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 07 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was involved in the waterloo creek massacre	[ "The Waterloo Creek massacre (also Slaughterhouse Creek massacre) refers to a series of clashes between mounted police, civilian vigilantes and Gamilaraay Australians in December 1837 - January 1838 which took place south-west of Moree, New South Wales, Australia.[1] The events have been subject to much dispute arising from conflicting views of relatives and connections of the participants about the nature and number of fatalities, and the lawfulness of the action. Interpretation of events at Waterloo Creek was raised during an Australian controversy known as the \"history wars\" which commenced in the 1990s.", "The Waterloo Creek massacre (also Slaughterhouse Creek massacre) refers to a series of clashes between mounted police, civilian vigilantes and Gamilaraay Australians in December 1837 - January 1838 which took place south-west of Moree, New South Wales, Australia.[1] The events have been subject to much dispute arising from conflicting views of relatives and connections of the participants about the nature and number of fatalities, and the lawfulness of the action. Interpretation of events at Waterloo Creek was raised during an Australian controversy known as the \"history wars\" which commenced in the 1990s.", "The Waterloo Creek massacre (also Slaughterhouse Creek massacre) refers to a series of clashes between mounted police, civilian vigilantes and Gamilaraay Australians in December 1837 - January 1838 which took place south-west of Moree, New South Wales, Australia.[1] The events have been subject to much dispute arising from conflicting views of relatives and connections of the participants about the nature and number of fatalities, and the lawfulness of the action. Interpretation of events at Waterloo Creek was raised during an Australian controversy known as the \"history wars\" which commenced in the 1990s." ]	[ "mounted police", "civilian vigilantes", "Gamilaraay Australians" ]
-2114820160218660095	Gypsy (TV series)	Gypsy ( tv series ) - wikipedia Gypsy ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gypsy ( disambiguation ) . Gypsy Genre Psychological thriller Created by Lisa Rubin Starring Naomi Watts Billy Crudup Sophie Cookson Lucy Boynton Karl Glusman Melanie Liburd Poorna Jagannathan Brenda Vaccaro Brooke Bloom Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 Production Executive producer ( s ) Lisa Rubin Liza Chasin Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Naomi Watts Sam Taylor - Johnson Sean Jablonski Running time 46 - 58 minutes Production company ( s ) Rhythm Arts Entertainment Working Title Television Pen and Paper Industries Universal Television Release Original network Netflix Original release June 30 , 2017 Gypsy is a television drama series created by Lisa Rubin for Netflix . Naomi Watts stars as Jean Holloway , a psychotherapist who secretly infiltrates the private lives of her patients . Billy Crudup co-stars as her husband Michael . The first season comprises 10 episodes and was released on June 30 , 2017 . In February 2016 , Sam Taylor - Johnson was announced as the director for the first two episodes of the series , in addition to an executive producer . Moreover , Lisa Rubin serves as executive producer and show - runner . Stevie Nicks re-recorded an acoustic version of her Fleetwood Mac hit Gypsy to serve as the show 's theme song . On August 11 , 2017 , the show was cancelled after one season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Episodes 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Naomi Watts as Jean Holloway , PhD , a therapist based in New York City , who oversteps personal and professional boundaries as she begins to develop relationships with people close to her patients , under the alias Diane Hart . Billy Crudup as Michael Holloway , Jean 's husband and a partner at Cooper , Woolf & Stein . Sophie Cookson as Sidney Pierce , a manipulative , attractive woman who is a member of a band , The Vagabond Hotel ; she also works as a barista , is Sam 's ex-girlfriend , and lusts for Jean . Karl Glusman as Sam Duffy , a young man failing to move on from a break - up with his ex-girlfriend , Sidney . He is one of Jean 's patients . Poorna Jagannathan as Larin Inamdar , a divorced therapist , and close friend and colleague of Jean 's . Brooke Bloom as Rebecca Rogers , Claire 's estranged daughter . Lucy Boynton as Allison Adams , a former college student who is addicted to drugs and is one of Jean 's patients . Melanie Liburd as Alexis Wright , Michael 's personal assistant ( PA ) , whom Jean distrusts . Brenda Vaccaro as Claire Rogers , a neurotic older woman ( and mother of Rebecca ) who is obsessed about her adult daughter 's life choices and is a patient of Jean 's . Recurring ( edit ) Kimberly Quinn as Holly Faitelson Edward Akrout as Zal Blythe Danner as Nancy , Jean 's mother Frank Deal as Gary Levine Shiloh Fernandez as Tom Evan Hoyt Thompson as Frances Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Rabbit Hole '' Sam Taylor - Johnson Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) Growing restless with married suburban life , New York therapist Jean Holloway develops a furtive fascination with a patient 's ex-girlfriend . `` Morgan Stop '' Sam Taylor - Johnson Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) As `` Diane '' and Sidney get to know each other , longtime patient Claire grates on Jean 's nerves , and new patient Allison slips into a downward spiral . `` Driftwood Lane '' Scott Winant Story by : Jessica Mecklenburg Teleplay by : Jessica Mecklenburg & Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) Jean surprises Michael with a date night in the city . Back in Connecticut , Dolly 's birthday party creates new tensions with the power moms . `` 309 '' Scott Winant Story by : Jonathan Caren Teleplay by : Jonathan Caren & Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) While deepening her bond with Sidney , Jean uncovers the truth behind Rebecca 's move and goes above and beyond to help a distressed Allison . 5 `` The Commune '' Alik Sakharov Sean Jablonski June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) Michael grows suspicious of Jean 's new secretive streak , Sidney 's frustrations boil over , and a visit to Rebecca 's new home triggers a revelation . 6 `` Vagabond Hotel '' Alik Sakharov Story by : Sneha Koorse Teleplay by : Sneha Koorse & Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) After an intense night out with Michael , Jean finds her secret identity at risk once again . A surprise visitor adds to mounting pressures at work . 7 `` Euphoria '' Victoria Mahoney Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) While Michael and Alexis throw back drinks at a hotel bar in Texas , Jean clears her schedule to prepare for the `` full Sidney experience . '' 8 `` Marfa '' Victoria Mahoney Jonathan Caren & Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) The office rumor mill stirs up trouble for Michael . A request from Claire backs Jean into a corner . Sidney takes a defiant step . 9 `` Neverland '' Coky Giedroyc Sean Jablonksi & Jessica Mecklenburg June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) Jean realizes a patient has been lying to her . As Dolly rehearses for her play , Jean contends with her disapproving mother and an impatient Sidney . 10 `` Black Barn '' Coky Giedroyc Lisa Rubin June 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) Jean 's worlds begin to collide as Sam celebrates his engagement , Michael makes a troubling discovery and a figure from the past reappears . Reception ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 26 % `` Rotten '' rating based on 27 reviews , with an average rating of 4.6 / 10 . Metacritic gave the season a rating of 45 out of 100 , based on 21 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The show has been criticized by Roma organizations for its use of the term `` Gypsy '' , which many Romani people consider to be an ethnic slur due to its historical use in antiziganist violence , including in laws authorizing the enslavement , branding , deportations , and murder of Romanichal ( British Roma ) during the Tudor period in England . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Psychological Thriller ' Gypsy ' to Series '' . Hollywood Reporter . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Naomi Watts To Star In Netflix Psychological Thriller Series ' Gypsy ' '' . Deadline. April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Crudup To Star In Netflix Drama Series ' Gypsy ' '' . Deadline . August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` See Naomi Watts As a Therapist With a Dark Secret in Netflix 's Gypsy '' . Vanity Fair . May 11 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Psychological Thriller ' Gypsy ' '' . Deadline . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gypsy ' : Naomi Watts is an Unscrupulous Therapist in First Look at Netflix 's Upcoming Thriller Series '' . IndieWire . May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' Helmer Sam Taylor - Johnson To Direct Netflix Series ' Gypsy ' '' . Deadline . February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look : Naomi Watts Flirts With Danger in Alluring ' Gypsy ' Photos '' . EW. 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` Stevie Nicks re-records Fleetwood Mac 's ' Gypsy ' for Naomi Watts Netflix thriller '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) . `` ' Gypsy ' Canceled By Netflix After 1 Season '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sophie Cookson Joins Naomi Watts in Gypsy '' . comingsoon.net . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brenda Vaccaro & ' The Night Of 's Poorna Jagannathan Join Netflix Drama ' Gyspy ' -- Update '' . Deadline . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Gypsy ' Casts Brooke Bloom As Series Regular , Kimberly Quinn To Recur In Netflix Drama '' . Deadline . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sing Street 's Lucy Boynton Cast In ' Gypsy ' Netflix Drama '' . Deadline . October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Gypsy ' Adds Brit Actress Melanie Liburd To Cast '' . Deadline . September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gypsy : season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gypsy : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Reidy , Jessica . `` The Harmful History of ' Gypsy ' '' . Bitch Magazine . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn . `` Netflix Names Its New Series ' Gypsy ' , Does n't Know That 's A Slur Apparently '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . 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( 2018 ) Spy Kids : Mission Critical ( 2018 ) The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) The Legend of Monkey ( 2018 ) Carmen Sandiego ( 2019 ) Altered Carbon ( TBA ) Black Earth Rising ( TBA ) Collateral ( TBA ) Ratched ( TBA ) Requiem ( TBA ) Seven Seconds ( TBA ) The Dark Crystal : Age of Resistance ( TBA ) The Eddy ( TBA ) The Good Cop ( TBA ) The Green Beret 's Guide to Surviving the Apocalypse ( TBA ) The Kominsky Method ( TBA ) The Letdown ( TBA ) The Spy ( TBA ) Troy : Fall of a City ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gypsy_(TV_series)&oldid=800033538 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2017 American television series endings 2010s American television series American drama television series English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series by Universal Television American LGBT - related television shows Bisexuality - related television series Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 06 : 16 . About Wikipedia	who sings the theme song for the show gypsy	[ "Stevie Nicks re-recorded an acoustic version of her Fleetwood Mac hit Gypsy to serve as the show's theme song.[9] On August 11, 2017, the show was cancelled after one season.[10]" ]	[ "Stevie Nicks" ]
3876607165877180715	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees	List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees - wikipedia List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Jump to : navigation , search The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , established in 1983 and located in Cleveland , Ohio , United States , is dedicated to recording the history of some of the best - known and most influential musicians , bands , producers , and others that have in some major way influenced the music industry , particularly in the area of rock and roll . Originally , there were four categories of induction : performers , non-performers , early influences , and lifetime achievement . In 2000 , `` sidemen '' was introduced as a category . The only category that has seen new inductees every single year is the performers category . Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are then sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers that receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2010 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . As of 2017 , new inductees will be honored at an annual ceremony held alternately in New York and at the Hall of Fame in Cleveland ; prior to that , the ceremonies rotated between Cleveland , New York , and Los Angeles . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has garnered criticism for allegedly allowing the nomination process to be controlled by a few individuals , nominating too many artists in too many genres that are not entirely rock , ignoring entire rock genres , and using technicalities to induct groups who may not have been among the top vote getters . The Sex Pistols , who were inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony ; John Lydon writing a note , read out by Jann Wenner , calling the museum a `` piss stain . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees 1.1 Performers 1.2 Early influences 1.3 Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) 1.4 Award for Musical Excellence 1.5 Sidemen 1.6 Lifetime achievement 2 Multiple inductees 3 References 4 External links Inductees ( edit ) Performers ( edit ) The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have `` influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . '' Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record . In order to be inducted , an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates . Ballots are sent to 600 `` rock experts '' who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted . The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted . In 2011 , the number inducted was five . The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees . In 2012 , six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee , due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . '' Year Image Name Inducted members Inducted by 1986 Berry , Chuck Chuck Berry Keith Richards 1986 Brown , James James Brown Steve Winwood 1986 Charles , Ray Ray Charles Quincy Jones 1986 Cooke , Sam Sam Cooke Herb Alpert 1986 Domino , Fats Fats Domino Billy Joel 1986 Everly Brothers ! The Everly Brothers Don Everly and Phil Everly . Neil Young 1986 Holly , Buddy Buddy Holly John Fogerty 1986 Lewis , Jerry Lee Jerry Lee Lewis Hank Williams Jr . 1986 Little Richard Roberta Flack 1986 Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Julian and Sean Lennon Coasters ! The Coasters Carl Gardner , Cornell Gunter , Billy Guy , and Will `` Dub '' Jones . Lester Sill Cochran , Eddie Eddie Cochran Mick Jones Diddley , Bo Bo Diddley ZZ Top Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Keith Richards Gaye , Marvin Marvin Gaye Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson Haley , Bill Bill Haley Chuck Berry King , B.B. B.B. King Sting McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter Ben E. King Nelson , Ricky Ricky Nelson John Fogerty Orbison , Roy Roy Orbison Bruce Springsteen Perkins , Carl Carl Perkins Sam Phillips Robinson , Smokey Smokey Robinson Daryl Hall and John Oates Turner , Big Joe Big Joe Turner Doc Pomus Waters , Muddy Muddy Waters Paul Butterfield Wilson , Jackie Jackie Wilson Peter Wolf 1988 Beach Boys ! The Beach Boys Al Jardine , Mike Love , Brian Wilson , Carl Wilson , and Dennis Wilson . Elton John 1988 Beatles ! The Beatles George Harrison , John Lennon , Paul McCartney , and Ringo Starr . Mick Jagger 1988 Drifters ! The Drifters Ben E. King , Rudy Lewis , Clyde McPhatter , Johnny Moore , Bill Pinkney , Charlie Thomas , and Gerhart Thrasher . Billy Joel 1988 Dylan , Bob Bob Dylan Bruce Springsteen 1988 Supremes ! The Supremes Florence Ballard , Diana Ross , and Mary Wilson . Little Richard 1989 Dion ! Dion Lou Reed 1989 Redding , Otis Otis Redding Little Richard 1989 Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , and Bill Wyman . Pete Townshend 1989 Temptations ! The Temptations Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams , Dennis Edwards . Daryl Hall and John Oates 1989 Wonder , Stevie Stevie Wonder Paul Simon 1990 Ballard , Hank Hank Ballard Boz Scaggs 1990 Darin , Bobby Bobby Darin Paul Anka 1990 Four Seasons ! The Four Seasons Tom DeVito , Bob Gaudio , Nick Massi , and Frankie Valli . Bob Crewe 1990 Four Tops ! Four Tops Renaldo `` Obie '' Benson , Abdul `` Duke '' Fakir , Lawrence Payton , and Levi Stubbs . Stevie Wonder 1990 Kinks ! The Kinks Mick Avory , Dave Davies , Ray Davies , and Pete Quaife . Graham Nash 1990 Platters ! The Platters David Lynch , Herb Reed , Paul Robi , Zola Taylor , and Tony Williams . Phil Spector 1990 Simon & Garfunkel Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel . James Taylor 1990 Who ! The Who Roger Daltrey , John Entwistle , Keith Moon , and Pete Townshend . Bono 1991 Baker , LaVern LaVern Baker Chaka Khan 1991 Byrds ! The Byrds Gene Clark , Michael Clarke , David Crosby , Chris Hillman , and Roger McGuinn . Don Henley 1991 Hooker , John Lee John Lee Hooker Bonnie Raitt 1991 -- Impressions ! The Impressions Curtis Mayfield , Sam Gooden , Fred Cash , Arthur Brooks , Richard Brooks , and Jerry Butler . Tracy Chapman 1991 Pickett , Wilson Wilson Pickett Bobby Brown 1991 Reed , Jimmy Jimmy Reed ZZ Top 1991 Turner , Ike & Tina Ike & Tina Turner Ike Turner and Tina Turner . Phil Spector 1992 Bland , Bobby ! Bobby `` Blue '' Bland B.B. King 1992 Booker T. & the M.G. 's Booker T. Jones , Steve Cropper , Donald `` Duck '' Dunn , Al Jackson Jr. , and Lewie Steinberg . Jim Stewart 1992 Cash , Johnny Johnny Cash Lyle Lovett 1992 Isley Brothers ! The Isley Brothers Ernie Isley , Marvin Isley , O'Kelly Isley Jr. , Ronald Isley , Rudolph Isley , and Chris Jasper . Little Richard 1992 Hendrix Experience , The Jimi The Jimi Hendrix Experience Jimi Hendrix , Mitch Mitchell , and Noel Redding . Neil Young 1992 Sam & Dave Sam Moore and Dave Prater . Billy Joel 1992 Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds Jeff Beck , Eric Clapton , Chris Dreja , Jim McCarty , Jimmy Page , Keith Relf , and Paul Samwell - Smith . The Edge 1993 Brown , Ruth Ruth Brown Bonnie Raitt 1993 Cream Ginger Baker , Jack Bruce , and Eric Clapton . ZZ Top 1993 Creedence Clearwater Revival Doug Clifford , Stu Cook , John Fogerty , and Tom Fogerty . Bruce Springsteen 1993 Doors ! The Doors John Densmore , Robby Krieger , Ray Manzarek , and Jim Morrison . Eddie Vedder 1993 Lymon & The Teenagers , Frankie Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers Herman Santiago , Jimmy Merchant , Sherman Garnes , Frankie Lymon , and Joe Negroni Boyz II Men 1993 James , Etta Etta James k.d. lang 1993 Morrison , Van Van Morrison Robbie Robertson 1993 Sly and the Family Stone Gregg Errico , Larry Graham , Jerry Martini , Cynthia Robinson , Freddie Stone , Rosie Stone , and Sly Stone . George Clinton 1994 Animals ! The Animals Eric Burdon , Chas Chandler , Alan Price , John Steel , and Hilton Valentine . Dave Pirner 1994 Band ! The Band Rick Danko , Levon Helm , Garth Hudson , Richard Manuel , and Robbie Robertson . Eric Clapton 1994 Eddy , Duane Duane Eddy Mick Jones 1994 Grateful Dead Tom Constanten , Jerry Garcia , Donna Jean Godchaux , Keith Godchaux , Mickey Hart , Robert Hunter , Bill Kreutzmann , Phil Lesh , Ron McKernan , Brent Mydland , Bob Weir , and Vince Welnick . Bruce Hornsby 1994 John , Elton Elton John Axl Rose 1994 Lennon , John John Lennon Paul McCartney 1994 Marley , Bob Bob Marley Bono 1994 Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart Jeff Beck 1995 Allman Brothers Band ! The Allman Brothers Band Duane Allman , Gregg Allman , Dickey Betts , Jai Johanny Johanson , Berry Oakley , and Butch Trucks . Willie Nelson 1995 Green , Al Al Green Natalie Cole 1995 Joplin , Janis Janis Joplin Melissa Etheridge 1995 Led Zeppelin John Bonham , John Paul Jones , Jimmy Page , and Robert Plant Steven Tyler and Joe Perry 1995 Martha and the Vandellas Rosalind Ashford , Annette Beard , Betty Kelly , Lois Reeves , and Martha Reeves . Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson 1995 Young , Neil Neil Young Eddie Vedder 1995 Zappa , Frank Frank Zappa Lou Reed Bowie , David David Bowie Madonna and David Byrne Knight & the Pips , Gladys Gladys Knight & the Pips William Guest , Gladys Knight , Merald `` Bubba '' Knight , and Edward Patten . Mariah Carey Jefferson Airplane Marty Balin , Jack Casady , Spencer Dryden , Paul Kantner , Jorma Kaukonen , and Grace Slick . Mickey Hart and Phil Lesh Little Willie John Stevie Wonder Pink Floyd Syd Barrett , David Gilmour , Nick Mason , Roger Waters , and Rick Wright . Billy Corgan Shirelles ! The Shirelles Shirley Alston Reeves , Addie Harris , Doris Kenner - Jackson , and Beverly Lee . Merry Clayton , Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground John Cale , Sterling Morrison , Lou Reed , and Maureen Tucker . Patti Smith 1997 Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , and Robin Gibb . Brian Wilson 1997 Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , and Neil Young . Tom Petty 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , and Stephen Stills . James Taylor 1997 Jackson 5 , The The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , and Tito Jackson . Diana Ross 1997 Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell Shawn Colvin 1997 Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , William `` Billy Bass '' Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , and Bernie Worrell . Prince 1997 Rascals ! The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , and Dino Danelli . Steven Van Zandt 1998 Eagles Don Felder , Glenn Frey , Don Henley , Bernie Leadon , Randy Meisner , Timothy B. Schmit , and Joe Walsh . Jimmy Buffett 1998 Fleetwood Mac Lindsey Buckingham , Mick Fleetwood , Peter Green , Danny Kirwan , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Jeremy Spencer . Sheryl Crow 1998 Mamas & The Papas ! The Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty , Cass Elliot , John Phillips , and Michelle Phillips . Shania Twain 1998 Price , Lloyd Lloyd Price Tony Rich 1998 Santana Jose Chepito Areas , David Brown , Michael Carabello , Gregg Rolie , Carlos Santana , and Michael Shrieve . John Popper 1998 Vincent , Gene Gene Vincent John Fogerty 1999 Joel , Billy Billy Joel Ray Charles 1999 Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Sean Combs 1999 McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Neil Young 1999 Shannon , Del Del Shannon Art Alexakis 1999 Springfield , Dusty Dusty Springfield Elton John 1999 Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Bono 1999 Staple Singers , The The Staple Singers Cleotha Staples , Mavis Staples , Pervis Staples , Pops Staples , and Yvonne Staples . Lauryn Hill 2000 Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Robbie Robertson 2000 Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey , Larry Dunn , Johnny Graham , Ralph Johnson , Al McKay , Fred White , Maurice White , Verdine White , and Andrew Woolfolk . Lil Kim 2000 Lovin ' Spoonful , The The Lovin ' Spoonful Steve Boone , Joe Butler , John Sebastian , and Zal Yanovsky . John Mellencamp 2000 Moonglows , The The Moonglows Prentiss Barnes , Harvey Fuqua , Peter Graves , Billy Johnson , and Bobby Lester . Paul Simon 2000 Raitt , Bonnie Bonnie Raitt Melissa Etheridge 2000 Taylor , James James Taylor Paul McCartney 2001 Aerosmith Tom Hamilton , Joey Kramer , Joe Perry , Steven Tyler , and Brad Whitford . Kid Rock 2001 Burke , Solomon Solomon Burke Mary J. Blige 2001 Flamingos , The The Flamingos Jake Carey , Zeke Carey , Johnny Carter , Tommy Hunt , Terry `` Buzzy '' Johnson , Sollie McElroy , Nate Nelson , and Paul Wilson . Frankie Valli 2001 Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson NSYNC 2001 Queen John Deacon , Brian May , Freddie Mercury , and Roger Taylor . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2001 Simon , Paul Paul Simon Marc Anthony 2001 Steely Dan Walter Becker and Donald Fagen . Moby 2001 Valens , Ritchie Ritchie Valens Ricky Martin 2002 Hayes , Isaac Isaac Hayes Alicia Keys 2002 Lee , Brenda Brenda Lee Jewel 2002 Petty and the Heartbreakers , Tom Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers Tom Petty , Ron Blair , Mike Campbell , Howie Epstein , Stan Lynch , and Benmont Tench . Jakob Dylan 2002 Pitney , Gene Gene Pitney Darlene Love 2002 Ramones Dee Dee Ramone , Joey Ramone , Johnny Ramone , Marky Ramone , and Tommy Ramone . Eddie Vedder 2002 Talking Heads David Byrne , Chris Frantz , Jerry Harrison , and Tina Weymouth . Anthony Kiedis 2003 AC / DC Brian Johnson , Phil Rudd , Bon Scott , Cliff Williams , Angus Young , and Malcolm Young . Steven Tyler 2003 Clash , The The Clash Terry Chimes , Topper Headon , Mick Jones , Paul Simonon , and Joe Strummer . The Edge and Tom Morello 2003 Costello & the Attractions , Elvis Elvis Costello & the Attractions Elvis Costello , Steve Nieve , Bruce Thomas , and Pete Thomas . Elton John 2003 Police , The The Police Stewart Copeland , Sting , and Andy Summers . Gwen Stefani 2003 Righteous Brothers , The The Righteous Brothers Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley . Billy Joel Browne , Jackson Jackson Browne Bruce Springsteen Dells , The The Dells Verne Allison , Chuck Barksdale , Johnny Carter , Johnny Funches , Marvin Junior , and Michael McGill . Robert Townsend Harrison , George George Harrison Tom Petty and Jeff Lynne Prince Outkast and Alicia Keys Seger , Bob Bob Seger Kid Rock Traffic Jim Capaldi , Dave Mason , Steve Winwood , and Chris Wood . Dave Matthews ZZ Top Frank Beard , Billy Gibbons , and Dusty Hill . Keith Richards 2005 Guy , Buddy Buddy Guy Eric Clapton and B.B. King 2005 O'Jays , The The O'Jays Eddie Levert , Bobby Massey , William Powell , Sammy Strain , and Walter Williams . Justin Timberlake 2005 The Pretenders Martin Chambers , Pete Farndon , James Honeyman - Scott , and Chrissie Hynde . Neil Young 2005 Sledge , Percy Percy Sledge Rod Stewart 2005 U2 Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge , and Larry Mullen , Jr ... Bruce Springsteen 2006 Black Sabbath Geezer Butler , Tony Iommi , Ozzy Osbourne , and Bill Ward . James Hetfield and Lars Ulrich 2006 Blondie Clem Burke , Jimmy Destri , Nigel Harrison , Debbie Harry , Frank Infante , Chris Stein , and Gary Valentine . Shirley Manson 2006 Davis , Miles Miles Davis Herbie Hancock 2006 Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns , Allen Collins , Steve Gaines , Ed King , Billy Powell , Artimus Pyle , Gary Rossington , Ronnie Van Zant , and Leon Wilkeson . Kid Rock 2006 Sex Pistols Paul Cook , Steve Jones , Glen Matlock , John Lydon , and Sid Vicious . Jann Wenner 2007 Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five Melvin `` Melle Mel '' Glover , Nathaniel `` The Kidd Creole '' Glover , Eddie `` Scorpio '' Morris , Joseph `` Grandmaster Flash '' Sadler , Robert Keith `` Keef Cowboy '' Wiggins , and Guy Todd `` Rahiem '' Williams . Jay - Z 2007 R.E.M. Bill Berry , Peter Buck , Mike Mills , and Michael Stipe . Eddie Vedder 2007 Ronettes , The The Ronettes Estelle Bennett , Ronnie Spector , and Nedra Talley . Keith Richards 2007 Smith , Patti Patti Smith Zack de la Rocha 2007 Van Halen Michael Anthony , Sammy Hagar , David Lee Roth , Alex Van Halen , and Eddie Van Halen . Velvet Revolver 2008 Clark Five , The Dave The Dave Clark Five Dave Clark , Lenny Davidson , Rick Huxley , Denis Payton , and Mike Smith . Tom Hanks 2008 Cohen , Leonard Leonard Cohen Lou Reed 2008 Madonna Justin Timberlake 2008 Mellencamp , John John Mellencamp Billy Joel 2008 Ventures , The The Ventures Bob Bogle , Nokie Edwards , Gerry McGee , Mel Taylor , and Don Wilson . John Fogerty 2009 Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Jimmy Page 2009 Little Anthony and the Imperials Clarence Collins , Anthony Gourdine , Tracy Lord , Glouster `` Nat '' Rogers , Sammy Strain , and Ernest Wright Jr . Smokey Robinson 2009 Metallica Cliff Burton , Kirk Hammett , James Hetfield , Jason Newsted , Robert Trujillo , and Lars Ulrich . Flea 2009 Run - DMC Darryl `` D.M.C. '' McDaniels , Jason `` Jam - Master Jay '' Mizell , and Joseph `` DJ Run '' Simmons . Eminem 2009 Womack , Bobby Bobby Womack Ron Wood ABBA Benny Andersson , Agnetha Fältskog , Anni - Frid Lyngstad , and Björn Ulvaeus . Barry and Robin Gibb Genesis Tony Banks , Phil Collins , Peter Gabriel , Steve Hackett , and Mike Rutherford . Trey Anastasio Cliff , Jimmy Jimmy Cliff Wyclef Jean Hollies , The The Hollies Bernie Calvert , Allan Clarke , Bobby Elliott , Eric Haydock , Tony Hicks , Graham Nash , and Terry Sylvester . Steven Van Zandt Stooges , The The Stooges Dave Alexander , Ron Asheton , Scott Asheton , Iggy Pop , and James Williamson . Billie Joe Armstrong 2011 Alice Cooper Alice Cooper , Michael Owen Bruce , Glen Buxton , Dennis Dunaway , and Neal Smith . Rob Zombie 2011 Diamond , Neil Neil Diamond Paul Simon 2011 Dr. John John Legend 2011 Love , Darlene Darlene Love Bette Midler 2011 Waits , Tom Tom Waits Neil Young 2012 Beastie Boys Michael `` Mike D '' Diamond , Adam `` Ad - Rock '' Horovitz , and Adam `` MCA '' Yauch . Chuck D and LL Cool J 2012 -- Blue Caps ! The Blue Caps Backing band for Gene Vincent . Inducted : Tommy Facenda , Cliff Gallup , Dickie Harrell , Bobby Jones , Johnny Meeks , Jack Neal , Paul Peek , and Willie Williams . Smokey Robinson 2012 Comets ! The Comets Backing band for Bill Haley . Inducted : Joey Ambrose , Franny Beecher , Danny Cedrone , Johnny Grande , Ralph Jones , Marshall Lytle , Rudy Pompilli , Al Rex , Dick Richards , and Billy Williamson . Smokey Robinson 2012 Crickets ! The Crickets Backing band for Buddy Holly . Inducted : Jerry Allison , Sonny Curtis , Joe B. Mauldin , and Niki Sullivan . Smokey Robinson 2012 Donovan John Mellencamp 2012 Famous Flames ! The Famous Flames Backing vocal group for James Brown . Inducted : Bobby Bennett , Bobby Byrd , Lloyd Stallworth , and Johnny Terry . Smokey Robinson 2012 Guns N ' Roses Steven Adler , Duff McKagan , Dizzy Reed , Axl Rose , Slash , Matt Sorum , and Izzy Stradlin . Green Day 2012 -- Midnighters ! The Midnighters Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard . Inducted : Henry Booth , Billy Davis , Cal Green , Arthur Porter , Lawson Smith , Charles Sutton , Norman Thrasher , and Sonny Woods . Smokey Robinson 2012 Miracles ! The Miracles Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson . Inducted : Claudette Rogers , Bobby Rogers , Ronald White , Marv Tarplin , and Pete Moore . Smokey Robinson 2012 Nyro , Laura Laura Nyro Bette Midler 2012 Red Hot Chili Peppers Flea , John Frusciante , Jack Irons , Anthony Kiedis , Josh Klinghoffer , Cliff Martinez , Hillel Slovak , and Chad Smith . Chris Rock 2012 -- Small Faces / Faces Kenney Jones , Ronnie Lane , Ian McLagan , Steve Marriott , Rod Stewart , and Ronnie Wood . Steven Van Zandt 2013 Heart Michael DeRosier , Roger Fisher , Steve Fossen , Howard Leese , Ann Wilson , and Nancy Wilson . Chris Cornell 2013 King , Albert Albert King John Mayer 2013 Newman , Randy Randy Newman Don Henley 2013 Public Enemy Flavor Flav , Professor Griff , Terminator X , and Chuck D . Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee 2013 Rush Geddy Lee , Alex Lifeson , and Neil Peart . Dave Grohl and Taylor Hawkins 2013 Summer , Donna Donna Summer Kelly Rowland 2014 Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Chris Martin 2014 Hall & Oates Daryl Hall and John Oates . Questlove 2014 Kiss Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons , and Paul Stanley . Tom Morello 2014 Nirvana Kurt Cobain , Dave Grohl , and Krist Novoselic . Michael Stipe 2014 Ronstadt , Linda Linda Ronstadt Glenn Frey 2014 Stevens , Cat Cat Stevens Art Garfunkel 2015 Butterfield Blues Band , The Paul The Paul Butterfield Blues Band Paul Butterfield , Mike Bloomfield , Elvin Bishop , Mark Naftalin , Jerome Arnold , Billy Davenport , and Sam Lay . Peter Wolf 2015 Jett & the Blackhearts , Joan Joan Jett & the Blackhearts Joan Jett , Gary Ryan , Lee Crystal , and Ricky Byrd . Miley Cyrus 2015 Reed , Lou Lou Reed Patti Smith 2015 Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong , Tré Cool , and Mike Dirnt . Fall Out Boy 2015 Vaughan , Stevie Ray Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble Stevie Ray Vaughan , Chris Layton , Tommy Shannon , and Reese Wynans . John Mayer 2015 Withers , Bill Bill Withers Stevie Wonder 2016 Cheap Trick Bun E. Carlos , Rick Nielsen , Tom Petersson , and Robin Zander . Kid Rock 2016 Chicago Peter Cetera , Terry Kath , Robert Lamm , Lee Loughnane , James Pankow , Walter Parazaider , and Danny Seraphine . Rob Thomas 2016 Deep Purple Ritchie Blackmore , David Coverdale , Rod Evans , Ian Gillan , Roger Glover , Glenn Hughes , Jon Lord , and Ian Paice Lars Ulrich 2016 N.W.A DJ Yella , Ice Cube , MC Ren , Eazy - E , and Dr. Dre Kendrick Lamar 2016 Miller , Steve Steve Miller The Black Keys 2017 Electric Light Orchestra Bev Bevan , Jeff Lynne , Richard Tandy , and Roy Wood Dhani Harrison 2017 Baez , Joan Joan Baez Jackson Browne 2017 Journey Jonathan Cain , Aynsley Dunbar , Steve Perry , Gregg Rolie , Neal Schon , Steve Smith , and Ross Valory Pat Monahan 2017 Pearl Jam Jeff Ament , Matt Cameron , Stone Gossard , Dave Krusen , Mike McCready , and Eddie Vedder David Letterman 2017 Tupac Shakur Snoop Dogg 2017 Yes Jon Anderson , Bill Bruford , Steve Howe , Tony Kaye , Trevor Rabin , Chris Squire , Rick Wakeman , and Alan White Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson 2018 Bon Jovi David Bryan , Jon Bon Jovi , Hugh McDonald , Richie Sambora , Alec John Such and Tico Torres Howard Stern 2018 The Cars Elliot Easton , Greg Hawkes , David Robinson , Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr Brandon Flowers 2018 Dire Straits Alan Clark , Guy Fletcher , John Illsley , David Knopfler , Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers 2018 The Moody Blues Graeme Edge , Justin Hayward , Denny Laine , John Lodge , Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas Ann Wilson 2018 Nina Simone Mary J. Blige ^ Note 1 . These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee , and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees . ^ Note 2 . This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else . ^ Note 3 . This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else . Early influences ( edit ) Woody Guthrie , inducted in 1988 . Louis Armstrong , inducted in 1990 . Pete Seeger , inducted in 1996 . Charles Brown , inducted in 1999 . Artists inducted into the early influences category are those `` whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock 's leading artists . '' Unlike the performers category , these inductees are selected by a committee . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . Year Name 1986 Rodgers , Jimmie Jimmie Rodgers 1986 Yancey , Jimmy Jimmy Yancey 1986 Johnson , Robert Robert Johnson Jordan , Louis Louis Jordan Walker , T - Bone T - Bone Walker Williams , Hank Hank Williams 1988 Guthrie , Woody Woody Guthrie 1988 Lead Belly 1988 Les Paul 1989 Ink Spots ! The Ink Spots 1989 Smith , Bessie Bessie Smith 1989 Soul Stirrers ! The Soul Stirrers 1990 Christian , Charlie Charlie Christian 1990 Armstrong , Louis Louis Armstrong 1990 Rainey , Ma Ma Rainey 1991 Howlin ' Wolf 1992 James , Elmore Elmore James 1992 Longhair , Professor Professor Longhair 1993 Washington , Dinah Dinah Washington 1994 Dixon , Willie Willie Dixon 1995 Orioles , The The Orioles Seeger , Pete Pete Seeger 1997 Jackson , Mahalia Mahalia Jackson 1997 Monroe , Bill Bill Monroe 1998 Jelly Roll Morton 1999 Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys 1999 Brown , Charles Charles Brown 2000 Cole , Nat ! Nat King Cole 2000 Holiday , Billie Billie Holiday 2009 Jackson , Wanda Wanda Jackson 2012 King , Freddie Freddie King 2015 5 Royalses ! The `` 5 '' Royales 2018 Tharpe , Sister Rosetta Sister Rosetta Tharpe ^ A. Inducted members : Bill Kenny , Charlie Fuqua , Deek Watson , and Orville `` Hoppy '' Jones . ^ B. Inducted members : Roy Crain Sr. , R.H. Harris , Jesse Farley , and E.A. Rundless . ^ C. Inducted members : Sonny Til , Tommy Gaither , George Nelson , Johnny Reed , and Alexander Sharp . ^ D. Inducted members : Bob Wills , Tommy Duncan , Leon McAuliffe , Johnny Gimble , Joe `` Jody '' Holley , Tiny Moore , Herb Remington , Eldon Shamblin , and Al Stricklin . ^ E. Nominated as a performer . ^ F. Inducted members : John L. Tanner , Eugene Tanner , James E. Moore , Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling , Jr Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegün Award ) ( edit ) Carole King , inducted in 1990 Dick Clark , inducted in 1993 Clive Davis , inducted in 2000 The non-performer category honors `` songwriters , producers , disc jockeys , record executives , journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll . '' Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well . The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences . The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee . This category has been criticized for inducting those that have `` been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets '' and not revealing their full criteria . In 2008 , this category was renamed the `` Ahmet Ertegün Award '' . Year Name 1986 Freed , Alan Alan Freed 1986 Phillips , Sam Sam Phillips Chess , Leonard Leonard Chess Ertegun , Ahmet Ahmet Ertegun Leiber ! Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller Wexler , Jerry Jerry Wexler 1988 Gordy , Jr. , Berry Berry Gordy , Jr . 1989 Spector , Phil Phil Spector 1990 Gerry Goffin and Carole King 1990 Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1991 Bartholomew , Dave Dave Bartholomew 1991 Bass , Ralph Ralph Bass 1992 Fender , Leo Leo Fender 1992 Graham , Bill Bill Graham 1992 Pomus , Doc Doc Pomus 1993 Clark , Dick Dick Clark 1993 Gabler , Milt Milt Gabler 1994 Otis , Johnny Johnny Otis 1995 Ackerman , Paul Paul Ackerman Donahue , Tom Tom Donahue 1997 Nathan , Syd Syd Nathan 1998 Toussaint , Allen Allen Toussaint 1999 Martin , George George Martin 2000 Davis , Clive Clive Davis 2001 Blackwell , Chris Chris Blackwell 2002 Stewart , Jim Jim Stewart 2003 Ostin , Mo Mo Ostin 2008 Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff Geffen , David David Geffen Blackwell , Otis Otis Blackwell Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich Shuman , Mort Mort Shuman Stone , Jesse Jesse Stone Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil 2011 Holzman , Jac Jac Holzman 2011 Rupe , Art Art Rupe 2012 Kirshner , Don Don Kirshner 2013 Adler , Lou Lou Adler 2013 Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 2014 Epstein , Brian Brian Epstein 2014 Andrew Loog Oldham 2016 Berns , Bert Bert Berns Award for Musical Excellence ( edit ) Leon Russell , inducted in 2011 . This category , which replaced sidemen , `` honors those musicians , producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers . '' Year Name 2011 Russell , Leon Leon Russell 2012 Matassa , Cosimo Cosimo Matassa 2012 Dowd , Tom Tom Dowd 2012 Johns , Glyn Glyn Johns 2014 E Street Band 2015 Ringo Starr 2017 Nile Rodgers ^ G. Inducted members : Garry Tallent , Roy Bittan , Max Weinberg , Steven Van Zandt , Nils Lofgren , Patti Scialfa , Clarence Clemons , Danny Federici , Vini Lopez , David Sancious . Sidemen ( edit ) Established in 2000 , the sidemen category `` honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight , performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert . '' A separate committee , composed mainly of producers , chooses the inductees . In 2010 , the category was renamed to `` Award for Musical Excellence '' . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . '' James Burton , inducted in 2001 . Year Name Instrument 2000 Blaine , Hal Hal Blaine Drums 2000 Curtis , King King Curtis Saxophone 2000 Jamerson , James James Jamerson Bass guitar 2000 Moore , Scotty Scotty Moore Guitar 2000 Palmer , Earl Earl Palmer Drums 2001 Burton , James James Burton Guitar 2001 Johnson , Johnnie Johnnie Johnson Piano 2002 Atkins , Chet Chet Atkins Guitar 2003 Benjamin , Benny Benny Benjamin Drums 2003 Cramer , Floyd Floyd Cramer Piano 2003 Douglas , Steve Steve Douglas Saxophone 2008 Walter , Little Little Walter Harmonica 2009 Black , Bill Bill Black Bass guitar 2009 Fontana , D.J. D.J. Fontana Drums 2009 Oldham , Spooner Spooner Oldham Keyboard Lifetime achievement ( edit ) The following were inducted for `` Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category . '' Year Name 1986 Hammond , John John Hammond 1991 Ertegun , Nesuhi Nesuhi Ertegun Wenner , Jann Jann Wenner 2005 Barsalona , Frank Frank Barsalona 2005 Stein , Seymour Seymour Stein 2006 Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Multiple inductees ( edit ) As of 2017 , 22 performers have been inducted twice or more ; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands . Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times : as a solo artist , with Cream and The Yardbirds . Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band , the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart . Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year . Crosby , Stills & Nash , inducted in 1997 , is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts : David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991 , Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997 , and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010 . The Beatles , inducted in 1988 , is the second band to have all of its members be inducted , as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction . Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories ( The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015 ) . He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions , at 27 years . Both of Stills ' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back - to - back years ( 1987 / 88 for McPhatter , 1992 / 93 for Clapton , as well as his solo induction in 2000 ) . The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted : Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987 , Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988 , George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004 , Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002 , and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017 . Name First Year Second Year Third Year Beck , Jeff Jeff Beck Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 zzzzz ! Solo career 2009 -- -- Carter , Johnny Johnny Carter Flamingos ! The Flamingos 2001 Dells ! The Dells -- -- Clapton , Eric Eric Clapton Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Cream 1993 Solo career 2000 Crosby , David David Crosby Byrds ! The Byrds 1991 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Gabriel , Peter Peter Gabriel Genesis ! Genesis Solo career 2014 -- -- Harrison , George George Harrison Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career -- -- Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jackson Five ! The Jackson Five 1997 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Lennon , John John Lennon Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 -- -- Mayfield , Curtis Curtis Mayfield Impressions ! The Impressions 1991 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McCartney , Paul Paul McCartney Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 zzzzz ! Solo career 1999 -- -- McPhatter , Clyde Clyde McPhatter zzzzz ! Solo career Drifters ! The Drifters 1988 -- -- Nash , Graham Graham Nash Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 Hollies ! The Hollies -- -- Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page Yardbirds ! The Yardbirds 1992 Led Zeppelin 1995 -- -- Reed , Lou Lou Reed Velvet Underground ! The Velvet Underground zzzzz ! Solo career 2015 -- -- Rolie , Gregg Gregg Rolie Santana 1998 Journey 2017 -- -- Simon , Paul Paul Simon Simon and Garfunkel 1990 zzzzz ! Solo career 2001 -- -- Starr , Ringo Ringo Starr Beatles ! The Beatles 1988 Award For Musical Excellence , Solo career 2015 -- -- Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart zzzzz ! Solo career 1994 Faces 2012 -- -- Stills , Stephen Stephen Stills Buffalo Springfield 1997 Crosby , Stills & Nash 1997 -- -- Strain , Sammy ! Sammy Strain The O'Jays 2005 Little Anthony & The Imperials 2009 -- -- Wood , Ronnie Ronnie Wood Rolling Stones ! The Rolling Stones 1989 Faces 2012 -- -- Young , Neil Neil Young zzzzz ! Solo career 1995 Buffalo Springfield 1997 -- -- References ( edit ) General `` Inductee list '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 02 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Induction Ceremony and Process '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Cleveland will host Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Ceremony every two years '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sinkevics , John ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Hall voters ' bias leaves prog - rock out -- again '' . The Grand Rapids Press . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most COntroversial Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Moments '' . billboard.com . Jump up ^ `` Were not coming . Were not your monkey and so what ? '' ( sic ) Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on February 24 , 2006 Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Famers '' . Future Rock Legends . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Everly Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Coasters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beach Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Drifters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Supremes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Temptations '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Seasons '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Tops '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Kinks '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Platters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Simon & Garfunkel '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Who '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Byrds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Impressions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Ike & Tina Turner '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Booker T . & The M.G. 's '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Isley Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Jimi Hendrix Experience '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Sam & Dave '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Yardbirds '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cream '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Creedence Clearwater Revival '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Doors '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Sly & The Family Stone '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Grateful Dead '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Allman Brothers Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Led Zeppelin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Martha & The Vandellas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gladys Knight & the Pips '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson Airplane '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Shirelles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Velvet Underground '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Buffalo Springfield '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills & Nash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackson Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament - Funkadelic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Rascals '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Mamas & The Papas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Santana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Staple Singers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Soeder , John ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` Canton 's O'Jays , Aerosmith among Rock Hall finalists '' . The Plain Dealer . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Flamingos '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Queen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Steely Dan '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Ramones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Talking Heads '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` AC / DC '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Clash '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Costello & the Attractions '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Police '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Righteous Brothers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Dells '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ZZ Top '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Jays '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Pretenders '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` U2 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sabbath '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Blondie '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Sex Pistols '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` R.E.M. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Ronettes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Van Halen '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Dave Clark Five '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The Ventures '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony and the Imperials '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Metallica '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Run - D.M.C. '' Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` ABBA '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Hollies '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Stooges '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Alice Cooper Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Beastie Boys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Blue Caps '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Comets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Crickets '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Flames '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Midnighters '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Miracles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Small Faces / Faces '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Heart '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Public Enemy '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rush '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall and John Oates '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kiss '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Nirvana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Paul Butterfield Blues Band '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joan Jett & the Blackhearts '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lou Reed '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Green Day '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Ray Vaughan & Double Trouble '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cheap Trick '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Deep Purple '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` N.W.A '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Light Orchestra '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journey '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearl Jam '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2016 . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bon Jovi '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Stern to Induct Bon Jovi Into Rock Hall of Fame '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cars '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mary J. Blige , Brandon Flowers to Present at Rock Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 30 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Moody Blues '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heart 's Ann Wilson says she will induct The Moody Blues into Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . cleveland.com. 27 March 201 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Mary J. Blige , Brandon Flowers to Present at Rock Hall of Fame Induction '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 30 2018 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Ink Spots '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Soul Stirrers '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Orioles '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The `` 5 '' Royales `` . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Roger Friedman ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Globes : Stars Fill in Blanks ; Rock Hall of Fame '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Inductees for 2008 '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame official website . December 13 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Class of 2017 Inductions '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Hal Blaine '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` King Curtis '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Jamerson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Scotty Moore '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Palmer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` James Burton '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Johnnie Johnson '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Chet Atkins '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Benjamin '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Cramer '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Douglas '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Little Walter '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Black '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Fontana '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Spooner Oldham '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame makes Clapton first triple inductee '' . CNN . March 7 , 2000 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees . ( hide ) Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Classes 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame_inductees&oldid=834388406 '' Categories : Music - related lists Lists of musicians Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Use mdy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Galego ქართული مصرى 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 13 : 29 . 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About Wikipedia	when was led zeppelin inducted into hall of fame	[ "\n\nYear\nImage\nName\nInducted members\nInducted by[11]\n\n\n1986\n\nBerry, ChuckChuck Berry\n\nKeith Richards[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nBrown, JamesJames Brown\n\nSteve Winwood[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nCharles, RayRay Charles\n\nQuincy Jones[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nCooke, SamSam Cooke\n\nHerb Alpert[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nDomino, FatsFats Domino\n\nBilly Joel[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nEverly Brothers !The Everly Brothers\nDon Everly and Phil Everly.[12]\nNeil Young[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nHolly, BuddyBuddy Holly\n\nJohn Fogerty[N2]\n\n\n1986\n\nLewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis\n\nHank Williams Jr.\n\n\n1986\n\nLittle Richard\n\nRoberta Flack\n\n\n1986\n\nPresley, ElvisElvis Presley\n\nJulian and Sean Lennon\n\n\n1987\n\nCoasters !The Coasters\nCarl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will \"Dub\" Jones.[13]\nLester Sill\n\n\n1987\n\nCochran, EddieEddie Cochran\n\nMick Jones\n\n\n1987\n\nDiddley, BoBo Diddley\n\nZZ Top[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nFranklin, ArethaAretha Franklin\n\nKeith Richards[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nGaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye\n\nNick Ashford and Valerie Simpson\n\n\n1987\n\nHaley, BillBill Haley\n\nChuck Berry[N3]\n\n\n1987\n\nKing, B.B.B.B. King\n\nSting[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nMcPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter\n\nBen E. King[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nNelson, RickyRicky Nelson\n\nJohn Fogerty[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nOrbison, RoyRoy Orbison\n\nBruce Springsteen[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nPerkins, CarlCarl Perkins\n\nSam Phillips[N3]\n\n\n1987\n\nRobinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson\n\nDaryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nTurner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner\n\nDoc Pomus[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nWaters, MuddyMuddy Waters\n\nPaul Butterfield[N2]\n\n\n1987\n\nWilson, JackieJackie Wilson\n\nPeter Wolf\n\n\n1988\n\nBeach Boys !The Beach Boys\nAl Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]\nElton John[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nBeatles !The Beatles\nGeorge Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]\nMick Jagger[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nDrifters !The Drifters\nBen E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]\nBilly Joel[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nDylan, BobBob Dylan\n\nBruce Springsteen[N2]\n\n\n1988\n\nSupremes !The Supremes\nFlorence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]\nLittle Richard[N3]\n\n\n1989\n\nDion !Dion\n\nLou Reed[N2]\n\n\n1989\n\nRedding, OtisOtis Redding\n\nLittle Richard[N3]\n\n\n1989\n\nRolling Stones !The Rolling Stones\nMick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]\nPete Townshend[N2]\n\n\n1989\n\nTemptations !The Temptations\nMelvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]\nDaryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]\n\n\n1989\n\nWonder, StevieStevie Wonder\n\nPaul Simon[N2]\n\n\n1990\n\nBallard, HankHank Ballard\n\nBoz Scaggs\n\n\n1990\n\nDarin, BobbyBobby Darin\n\nPaul Anka\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Seasons !The Four Seasons\nTom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]\nBob Crewe\n\n\n1990\n\nFour Tops !Four Tops\nRenaldo \"Obie\" Benson, Abdul \"Duke\" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]\nStevie Wonder[N3]\n\n\n1990\n\nKinks !The Kinks\nMick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]\nGraham Nash[N2]\n\n\n1990\n\nPlatters !The Platters\nDavid Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]\nPhil Spector[N3]\n\n\n1990\n\nSimon & Garfunkel\nPaul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]\nJames Taylor[N2]\n\n\n1990\n\nWho !The Who\nRoger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]\nBono[N2]\n\n\n1991\n\nBaker, LaVernLaVern Baker\n\nChaka Khan\n\n\n1991\n\nByrds !The Byrds\nGene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]\nDon Henley[N2]\n\n\n1991\n\nHooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker\n\nBonnie Raitt[N2]\n\n\n1991\n—\nImpressions !The Impressions\nCurtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]\nTracy Chapman\n\n\n1991\n\nPickett, WilsonWilson Pickett\n\nBobby Brown\n\n\n1991\n\nReed, JimmyJimmy Reed\n\nZZ Top[N2]\n\n\n1991\n\nTurner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner\nIke Turner and Tina Turner.[28]\nPhil Spector[N3]\n\n\n1992\n\nBland, Bobby !Bobby \"Blue\" Bland\n\nB.B. King[N3]\n\n\n1992\n\nBooker T. & the M.G.'s\nBooker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald \"Duck\" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]\nJim Stewart\n\n\n1992\n\nCash, JohnnyJohnny Cash\n\nLyle Lovett\n\n\n1992\n\nIsley Brothers !The Isley Brothers\nErnie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]\nLittle Richard[N3]\n\n\n1992\n\nHendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience\nJimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]\nNeil Young[N2]\n\n\n1992\n\nSam & Dave\nSam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]\nBilly Joel[N2]\n\n\n1992\n\nYardbirds !The Yardbirds\nJeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]\nThe Edge[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nBrown, RuthRuth Brown\n\nBonnie Raitt[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nCream\nGinger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]\nZZ Top[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nCreedence Clearwater Revival\nDoug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]\nBruce Springsteen[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nDoors !The Doors\nJohn Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nLymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers\nHerman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]\nBoyz II Men\n\n\n1993\n\nJames, EttaEtta James\n\nk.d. lang\n\n\n1993\n\nMorrison, VanVan Morrison\n\nRobbie Robertson[N2]\n\n\n1993\n\nSly and the Family Stone\nGregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]\nGeorge Clinton[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nAnimals !The Animals\nEric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]\nDave Pirner\n\n\n1994\n\nBand !The Band\nRick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]\nEric Clapton[N3]\n\n\n1994\n\nEddy, DuaneDuane Eddy\n\nMick Jones\n\n\n1994\n\nGrateful Dead\nTom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]\nBruce Hornsby\n\n\n1994\n\nJohn, EltonElton John\n\nAxl Rose[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nLennon, JohnJohn Lennon\n\nPaul McCartney[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nMarley, BobBob Marley\n\nBono[N2]\n\n\n1994\n\nStewart, RodRod Stewart\n\nJeff Beck[N3]\n\n\n1995\n\nAllman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band\nDuane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]\nWillie Nelson\n\n\n1995\n\nGreen, AlAl Green\n\nNatalie Cole\n\n\n1995\n\nJoplin, JanisJanis Joplin\n\nMelissa Etheridge\n\n\n1995\n\nLed Zeppelin\nJohn Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]\nSteven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]\n\n\n1995\n\nMartha and the Vandellas\nRosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]\nFred Schneider and Kate Pierson\n\n\n1995\n\nYoung, NeilNeil Young\n\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n1995\n\nZappa, FrankFrank Zappa\n\nLou Reed[N2]\n\n\n1996\n\nBowie, DavidDavid Bowie\n\nMadonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]\n\n\n1996\n\nKnight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips\nWilliam Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald \"Bubba\" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]\nMariah Carey\n\n\n1996\n\nJefferson Airplane\nMarty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]\nMickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]\n\n\n1996\n\nLittle Willie John\n\nStevie Wonder[N3]\n\n\n1996\n\nPink Floyd\nSyd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]\nBilly Corgan\n\n\n1996\n\nShirelles !The Shirelles\nShirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]\nMerry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]\n\n\n1996\n\nVelvet Underground !The Velvet Underground\nJohn Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]\nPatti Smith[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nBee Gees\nBarry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]\nBrian Wilson[N3]\n\n\n1997\n\nBuffalo Springfield\nRichie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]\nTom Petty[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nCrosby, Stills & Nash\nDavid Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]\nJames Taylor[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nJackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5\nJackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]\nDiana Ross[N3]\n\n\n1997\n\nMitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell\n\nShawn Colvin\n\n\n1997\n\nParliament-Funkadelic\nJerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William \"Billy Bass\" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]\nPrince[N2]\n\n\n1997\n\nRascals !The (Young) Rascals\nEddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]\nSteven Van Zandt[N2]\n\n\n1998\n\nEagles\nDon Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]\nJimmy Buffett\n\n\n1998\n\nFleetwood Mac\nLindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]\nSheryl Crow\n\n\n1998\n\nMamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas\nDenny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]\nShania Twain\n\n\n1998\n\nPrice, LloydLloyd Price\n\nTony Rich\n\n\n1998\n\nSantana\nJose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]\nJohn Popper\n\n\n1998\n\nVincent, GeneGene Vincent\n\nJohn Fogerty[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nJoel, BillyBilly Joel\n\nRay Charles[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nMayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield\n\nSean Combs\n\n\n1999\n\nMcCartney, PaulPaul McCartney\n\nNeil Young[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nShannon, DelDel Shannon\n\nArt Alexakis\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringfield, DustyDusty Springfield\n\nElton John[N3]\n\n\n1999\n\nSpringsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen\n\nBono[N2]\n\n\n1999\n\nStaple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers\nCleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]\nLauryn Hill\n\n\n2000\n\nClapton, EricEric Clapton\n\nRobbie Robertson[N3]\n\n\n2000\n\nEarth, Wind & Fire\nPhilip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]\nLil Kim\n\n\n2000\n\nLovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful\nSteve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]\nJohn Mellencamp[N2]\n\n\n2000\n\nMoonglows, TheThe Moonglows\nPrentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]\nPaul Simon[N3]\n\n\n2000\n\nRaitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt\n\nMelissa Etheridge\n\n\n2000\n\nTaylor, JamesJames Taylor\n\nPaul McCartney[N3]\n\n\n2001\n\nAerosmith\nTom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]\nKid Rock\n\n\n2001\n\nBurke, SolomonSolomon Burke\n\nMary J. Blige\n\n\n2001\n\nFlamingos, TheThe Flamingos\nJake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry \"Buzzy\" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]\nFrankie Valli[N3]\n\n\n2001\n\nJackson, MichaelMichael Jackson\n\nNSYNC\n\n\n2001\n\nQueen\nJohn Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]\nDave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins\n\n\n2001\n\nSimon, PaulPaul Simon\n\nMarc Anthony\n\n\n2001\n\nSteely Dan\nWalter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]\nMoby\n\n\n2001\n\nValens, RitchieRitchie Valens\n\nRicky Martin\n\n\n2002\n\nHayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes\n\nAlicia Keys\n\n\n2002\n\nLee, BrendaBrenda Lee\n\nJewel\n\n\n2002\n\nPetty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers\nTom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]\nJakob Dylan\n\n\n2002\n\nPitney, GeneGene Pitney\n\nDarlene Love[N2]\n\n\n2002\n\nRamones\nDee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n2002\n\nTalking Heads\nDavid Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]\nAnthony Kiedis[N2]\n\n\n2003\n\nAC/DC\nBrian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]\nSteven Tyler[N3]\n\n\n2003\n\nClash, TheThe Clash\nTerry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]\nThe Edge[N2] and Tom Morello\n\n\n2003\n\nCostello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions\nElvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]\nElton John[N3]\n\n\n2003\n\nPolice, TheThe Police\nStewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]\nGwen Stefani\n\n\n2003\n\nRighteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers\nBobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]\nBilly Joel[N3]\n\n\n2004\n\nBrowne, JacksonJackson Browne\n\nBruce Springsteen[N3]\n\n\n2004\n\nDells, TheThe Dells\nVerne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]\nRobert Townsend\n\n\n2004\n\nHarrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison\n\nTom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]\n\n\n2004\n\nPrince\n\nOutkast and Alicia Keys\n\n\n2004\n\nSeger, BobBob Seger\n\nKid Rock\n\n\n2004\n\nTraffic\nJim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]\nDave Matthews\n\n\n2004\n\nZZ Top\nFrank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]\nKeith Richards[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nGuy, BuddyBuddy Guy\n\nEric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nO'Jays, TheThe O'Jays\nEddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]\nJustin Timberlake\n\n\n2005\n\nThe Pretenders\nMartin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]\nNeil Young[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nSledge, PercyPercy Sledge\n\nRod Stewart[N3]\n\n\n2005\n\nU2\nBono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]\nBruce Springsteen[N3]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlack Sabbath\nGeezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]\nJames Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]\n\n\n2006\n\nBlondie\nClem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]\nShirley Manson\n\n\n2006\n\nDavis, MilesMiles Davis\n\nHerbie Hancock\n\n\n2006\n\nLynyrd Skynyrd\nBob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]\nKid Rock\n\n\n2006\n\nSex Pistols\nPaul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]\nJann Wenner[N3]\n\n\n2007\n\nGrandmaster Flash and The Furious Five\nMelvin \"Melle Mel\" Glover, Nathaniel \"The Kidd Creole\" Glover, Eddie \"Scorpio\" Morris, Joseph \"Grandmaster Flash\" Sadler, Robert Keith \"Keef Cowboy\" Wiggins, and Guy Todd \"Rahiem\" Williams.[84]\nJay-Z\n\n\n2007\n\nR.E.M.\nBill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]\nEddie Vedder[N2]\n\n\n2007\n\nRonettes, TheThe Ronettes\nEstelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]\nKeith Richards[N3]\n\n\n2007\n\nSmith, PattiPatti Smith\n\nZack de la Rocha\n\n\n2007\n\nVan Halen\nMichael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]\nVelvet Revolver\n\n\n2008\n\nClark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five\nDave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]\nTom Hanks\n\n\n2008\n\nCohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen\n\nLou Reed[N2]\n\n\n2008\n\nMadonna\n\nJustin Timberlake\n\n\n2008\n\nMellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp\n\nBilly Joel[N3]\n\n\n2008\n\nVentures, TheThe Ventures\nBob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]\nJohn Fogerty[N3]\n\n\n2009\n\nBeck, JeffJeff Beck\n\nJimmy Page[N3]\n\n\n2009\n\nLittle Anthony and the Imperials\nClarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster \"Nat\" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2009\n\nMetallica\nCliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]\nFlea[N2]\n\n\n2009\n\nRun-DMC\nDarryl \"D.M.C.\" McDaniels, Jason \"Jam-Master Jay\" Mizell, and Joseph \"DJ Run\" Simmons.[92]\nEminem\n\n\n2009\n\nWomack, BobbyBobby Womack\n\nRon Wood[N3]\n\n\n2010\n\nABBA\nBenny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]\nBarry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]\n\n\n2010\n\nGenesis\nTony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]\nTrey Anastasio\n\n\n2010\n\nCliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff\n\nWyclef Jean\n\n\n2010\n\nHollies, TheThe Hollies\nBernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]\nSteven Van Zandt[N2]\n\n\n2010\n\nStooges, TheThe Stooges\nDave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]\nBillie Joe Armstrong[N2]\n\n\n2011\n\nAlice Cooper\nAlice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]\nRob Zombie\n\n\n2011\n\nDiamond, NeilNeil Diamond\n\nPaul Simon[N3]\n\n\n2011\n\nDr. John\n\nJohn Legend\n\n\n2011\n\nLove, DarleneDarlene Love\n\nBette Midler\n\n\n2011\n\nWaits, TomTom Waits\n\nNeil Young[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nBeastie Boys\nMichael \"Mike D\" Diamond, Adam \"Ad-Rock\" Horovitz, and Adam \"MCA\" Yauch.[98]\nChuck D[N2] and LL Cool J\n\n\n2012\n—\nBlue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]\nBacking band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nComets !The Comets[N1]\nBacking band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nCrickets !The Crickets[N1]\nBacking band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nDonovan\n\nJohn Mellencamp[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nFamous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]\nBacking vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nGuns N' Roses\nSteven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]\nGreen Day[N2]\n\n\n2012\n—\nMidnighters !The Midnighters[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nMiracles !The Miracles[N1]\nBacking vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]\nSmokey Robinson[N3]\n\n\n2012\n\nNyro, LauraLaura Nyro\n\nBette Midler\n\n\n2012\n\nRed Hot Chili Peppers\nFlea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]\nChris Rock\n\n\n2012\n—\nSmall Faces/Faces\nKenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]\nSteven Van Zandt\n\n\n2013\n\nHeart\nMichael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]\nChris Cornell\n\n\n2013\n\nKing, AlbertAlbert King\n\nJohn Mayer\n\n\n2013\n\nNewman, RandyRandy Newman\n\nDon Henley[N3]\n\n\n2013\n\nPublic Enemy\nFlavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]\nHarry Belafonte and Spike Lee\n\n\n2013\n\nRush\nGeddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]\nDave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins\n\n\n2013\n\nSummer, DonnaDonna Summer\n\nKelly Rowland\n\n\n2014\n\nGabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel\n\nChris Martin\n\n\n2014\n\nHall & Oates\nDaryl Hall and John Oates.[111]\nQuestlove\n\n\n2014\n\nKiss\nPeter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]\nTom Morello\n\n\n2014\n\nNirvana\nKurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]\nMichael Stipe[N3]\n\n\n2014\n\nRonstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt\n\nGlenn Frey[N3]\n\n\n2014\n\nStevens, CatCat Stevens\n\nArt Garfunkel[N3]\n\n\n2015\n\nButterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band\nPaul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]\nPeter Wolf\n\n\n2015\n\nJett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts\nJoan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]\nMiley Cyrus\n\n\n2015\n\nReed, LouLou Reed[116]\n\nPatti Smith[N3]\n\n\n2015\n\nGreen Day\nBillie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]\nFall Out Boy\n\n\n2015\n\nVaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble\nStevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]\nJohn Mayer\n\n\n2015\n\nWithers, BillBill Withers\n\nStevie Wonder[N3]\n\n\n2016\n\nCheap Trick\nBun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]\nKid Rock\n\n\n2016\n\nChicago\nPeter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]\nRob Thomas\n\n\n2016\n\nDeep Purple\nRitchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]\nLars Ulrich[N3]\n\n\n2016\n\nN.W.A\nDJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]\nKendrick Lamar\n\n\n2016\n\nMiller, SteveSteve Miller\n\nThe Black Keys\n\n\n2017\n\nElectric Light Orchestra\nBev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]\nDhani Harrison\n\n\n2017\n\nBaez, JoanJoan Baez\n\nJackson Browne[N3]\n\n\n2017\n\nJourney\nJonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]\nPat Monahan\n\n\n2017\n\nPearl Jam\nJeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]\nDavid Letterman\n\n\n2017\n\nTupac Shakur\n\nSnoop Dogg\n\n\n2017\n\nYes\nJon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]\nGeddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]\n\n\n2018\n\nBon Jovi\nDavid Bryan, Jon Bon Jovi, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]\nHoward Stern[128]\n\n\n2018\n\nThe Cars\nElliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[129]\nBrandon Flowers[130]\n\n\n2018\n\nDire Straits\nAlan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[131]\n\n\n\n2018\n\nThe Moody Blues\nGraeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[132]\nAnn Wilson[N3][133]\n\n\n2018\n\nNina Simone\n\nMary J. Blige[134]\n\n" ]	[ "1995" ]
5800334432358626780	Rude (song)	Rude ( song ) - wikipedia Rude ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Rude '' Single by Magic ! from the album Do n't Kill the Magic B - side `` Mama Did n't Raise No Fool '' Released October 11 , 2013 ( as a promotional single ) February 24 , 2014 ( re-release ) Format CD digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Pop reggae fusion Length 3 : 44 4 : 33 ( Zedd remix ) Label Latium RCA Sony Songwriter ( s ) Nasri Atweh Adam Messinger Mark Pellizzer Ben Spivak Alex Tanas Producer ( s ) Adam Messinger Magic ! singles chronology `` Rude '' ( 2013 ) `` Do n't Kill the Magic '' ( 2014 ) `` Rude '' ( 2014 ) `` Do n't Kill the Magic '' ( 2014 ) Music video `` Rude '' on YouTube `` Rude '' is the debut single by Canadian band Magic ! from their debut studio album , Do n't Kill the Magic . It was originally released on October 11 , 2013 as a promotional single and then re-released on February 24 , 2014 by Sony Music Entertainment . The official remix for the song features Kid Ink , Ty Dolla Sign and Travis Barker on the drums . Despite mixed reviews from music critics , `` Rude '' was an international commercial success . The song peaked at number six on the Canadian Hot 100 and internationally topped the charts in the United States and the United Kingdom and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , Denmark , the Netherlands and Sweden . `` Rude '' was the ninth best - selling song of 2014 , with global sales of 8.6 million units , and won the Juno Award for Single of the Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances and covers 4 Music video 5 Track listing 5.1 Zedd remix 6 Chart performance 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background and composition ( edit ) `` Rude '' ( 2014 ) A 22 - second sample of `` Rude '' , a pop and reggae fusion song . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Rude '' was named after the reggae term `` rude boy '' and originally based on a real - life situation . The lead singer of Magic ! , Nasri , had been in an unhealthy relationship with a previous girlfriend . After Nasri got in a fight with his girlfriend , the band based the song off of that headline . The couple was in a `` mean time '' when they were both being rude to each other , as Nasri says in what he describes as a `` dark vibe . '' `` Rude '' was written by Nasri , Adam Messinger , Mark Pellizzer , Ben Spivak and Alex Tanas , and produced by Adam Messinger . According to the sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing at Musicnotes.com , `` Rude '' is a reggae fusion song set in common time with a tempo of 144 beats per minute . This song is written in the key of D ♭ major . Critical reception ( edit ) Critical reviews for `` Rude '' have been mixed . On a positive note , 4Music complimented the song , saying : `` One listen and you 'll be hooked . '' An article in Psychology Today drew a connection between the lyrics of the song and social attitudes about interracial relationships , while Time magazine named `` Rude '' the worst song of 2014 , criticizing its `` sanitized reggae - fusion sound '' and lyrics . Live performances and Covers ( edit ) On December 9 , 2013 , the band made their Australian television debut on Sunrise , where they performed `` Rude '' . In June 2014 , the band performed an acoustic version of the song on On Air with Ryan Seacrest . In July , they performed it on The View and on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . On August 10 , 2014 , the band performed the song at the 2014 Teen Choice Awards . Magic ! and American singer Marc Anthony performed a Spanglish version of the song at the 15th Latin Grammy Awards ceremony in 2014 with Anthony singing parts of the song in Spanish . On July 15 , 2015 , Postmodern Jukebox released a cover version of the song on YouTube , featuring Von Smith . In September 2015 , American singer Selena Gomez covered the song on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Music video ( edit ) The music video features the band singing the song in a garage while scenes show Nasri in a relationship with a beautiful woman played by model Ayla Parker . After this , Nasri asks her conservative father , played by actor Brian Knudson , for her hand in marriage , but the father refuses and wo n't explain why . The mother , played by actress Mary Kay McCartney , is somewhat softer . Eventually , Nasri secretly proposes to her and together with the rest of the band , try to convince the father , but he still refuses . Nasri marries her anyway and all party in the garage as Parker proclaims her love for Nasri and she abandons her overprotective father once and for all . The video was released on the band 's YouTube account on December 5 , 2013 . As of August 2017 , the video has over 1.3 billion views on YouTube , and is the site 's 37th most - watched video . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Rude '' 3 : 44 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` Rude '' 3 : 45 2 . `` Mama Did n't Raise No Fool '' 4 : 07 Zedd remix ( edit ) On 2 September 2014 Zedd released a remix of the song through Sony Music Entertainment lasting 4 minutes and 33 seconds . Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Rude '' ( Zedd remix ) 4 : 33 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Rude '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 97 on May 10 , 2014 . On the issue dated July 26 , 2014 , the song reached number one , marking their first number - one single . `` Rude '' spent six consecutive weeks at number one . On the chart issue dated September 6 , 2014 , the song tumbled from number one to number 5 on the Hot 100 as Taylor Swift 's `` Shake it Off '' debuted atop the chart . This is the first time since The Black Eyed Peas ' `` I Gotta Feeling '' that a song fell all the way to the number 5 spot after spending as many as six weeks atop the chart . The song has spent 16 weeks in the chart 's top ten . Magic ! is the sixth Canadian band to top the Billboard Hot 100 , the first since Nickelback with `` How You Remind Me '' in 2001 . It is also the ninth reggae song to reach the summit , the last being Sean Paul 's `` Get Busy '' in 2003 . `` Rude '' reached number two on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs on June 18 , 2014 , selling 207,000 digital copies . The following week the song peaked at number one , selling 210,000 . It is only the second reggae song to top the Billboard Hot Digital Songs , after Sean Kingston 's `` Beautiful Girls '' in 2007 . The song was certified three - times Platinum by the RIAA in September 2014 and has sold 3 million copies in the US , as of January 2015 . `` Rude '' peaked at number six on the Canadian Hot 100 and remained on the chart for 69 weeks . In Australia , `` Rude '' peaked at number two on the Australian Singles Chart . In New Zealand , the song peaked at number two on the New Zealand Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Rude '' debuted at number fifty on the UK Singles Chart on July 20 , 2014 ― for the week ending date July 26 , 2014 ― before climbing to number two a week later . The song topped the chart on August 3 , 2014 ― for the week ending date August 9 , 2014 ― becoming Magic ! 's first chart - topper in Britain . The song has peaked at number two in Ireland . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 37 Belgium Dance ( Ultratop Flanders ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 44 Belgium Dance Bubbling Under ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 15 Brazil ( ABPD ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 18 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 5 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 51 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) South Africa ( EMA ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 5 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 11 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Latin Airplay ( Billboard ) 23 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 5 US ( Monitor Latino ) 13 Venezuela ( Record Report ) 74 Venezuela Top Anglo ( Record Report ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 67 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 13 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 54 Italy ( FIMI ) 31 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 Poland ( ZPAV ) 17 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 24 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 17 Chart ( 2016 ) Position Argentina ( Monitor Latino ) 51 Brazil ( Brasil Hot 100 ) 26 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) 2 × Platinum 120,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 15,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 Streaming Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3 × Platinum 7,800,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 8,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Worldwide October 11 , 2013 Digital download Latium Sony United States February 24 , 2014 Adult album alternative Latium RCA Sony March 17 , 2014 Hot adult contemporary Contemporary hit radio RCA Germany February 28 , 2014 CD single Latium Sony United Kingdom July 20 , 2014 Digital download References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` IFPI publishes Digital Music Report 2015 '' . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry . 14 April 2015 . p. 12 . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC ! On `` Rude '' Backstory Interview On Air with Ryan Seacrest `` . Ryan Seacrest Presents . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rude - Magic ! '' . Allmusic . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVBSjznCZmc 17m54s Jump up ^ `` This Week 's Fresh Music Top 20 '' . 25 July 2014 . 4Music . Missing or empty series = ( help ) Jump up ^ Kyle D Killian Ph. D. ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Why You Gotta Be So Rude ? I 'm Gonna Marry Her Anyway '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Worst Songs '' . Time . Time Inc . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! perform ' Rude ' LIVE '' . Yahoo . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Perricone , Kathleen ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Magic ! Talk About Mega-Hit ' Rude ' -- and Perform It In - Studio ! '' . Ryanseacrest.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Asanka D ( July 11 , 2014 ) . `` Watch Magic ! Perform ' Rude ' on `` The View '' & Jimmy Fallon 's `` Tonight Show '' `` . Jamsplay.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Magic ! Perform ' Rude ' on TONIGHT SHOW '' . Broadway World . July 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Torrelio , Sebastian ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Best and Worst of the 2014 Teen Choice Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roiz , Jessica Lucia ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Marc Anthony and Magic ! at the Latin GRAMMYs was simply amazing '' . Voxxi . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rude - Vintage 1950s Sock Hop - Style MAGIC ! Cover ft . Von Smith '' . YouTube . Postmodern Jukebox YouTube Channel . 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Selena Gomez Covers MAGIC ! 's ' Rude ' Ahead of ' Revival ' Release for BBC Radio 1 ( WATCH ) '' . Music Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Resume '' . Brian Knudson . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MAGIC ! - Rude '' . ournameismagicVEVO . December 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Most Viewed Videos of All Time ( Over 300 million views ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rude - Magic ! - Digital download '' . Amazon . Amazon Germany . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rude - Magic ! - Amazon Germany '' . Amazon . Amazon Germany . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/rude-single-zedd-remix/id913726931 Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . May 10 , 2014 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Magic ! 's ' Rude ' Tops Hot 100 ; Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' Falls to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 2014 - 06 - 18 ) . `` Jack White 's ' Lazaretto ' Debuts at No. 1 , Sets Vinyl Sales Record '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Iggy Azalea Leads Hot 100 For Fifth Week , Maroon 5 Debuts In Top 20 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Mark Ronson , Bruno Mars Jump to # 1 on Hot 100 '' . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Dance . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Billboard Brasil - weekly '' . Billboard Brasil. 10 May 2015 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Canadian Hot 100 for Magic ! . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada AC for Magic ! . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Magic ! . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Hot AC for Magic ! . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201426 into search . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201433 into search . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! : Rude '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 34 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Rude Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Magic ! . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Magic ! search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201426 into search . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201433 into search . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' . SloTop50 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EMA Top 10 Airplay : Week Ending 2014 - 08 - 15 '' . Entertainment Monitoring Africa . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Magic ! . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Alternative Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Magic ! . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Alternative Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved June 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay for Magic ! . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Airplay for Magic ! . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Magic ! . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts monitorLATINO '' . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. August 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record Report -- Top Anglo '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. July 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2013 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 50 2014 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Utwory , których słuchaliśmy w radiu -- Airplay 2014 '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythmic Songs : Year End 2014 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official year end singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Anual 2016 '' . Monitor Latino . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016 '' . Billboard Brasil ( in Portuguese ) . January 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Magic ! ; ' Rude ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Magic ! -- Rude '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magic ! - Rude '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Magic ! ; ' Rude ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 . Enter Rude in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Magic ! -- Rude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer - Magic ! - Rude '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming - Semana 45 : del 03.11. 2014 al 09.11. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rude -- Single by Magic ! '' . iTunes Store . New Zealand : Apple . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rude by Magic ! '' . United States : 7digital . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Future Releases on Triple A ( AAA ) Radio Stations '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHR -- Available For Airplay '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rude -- Single by Magic ! '' . iTunes Store . United Kingdom : Apple . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ( hide ) Magic ! Nasri Mark `` Pelli '' Pellizzer Ben Spivak Alex Tanas Studio albums Do n't Kill the Magic Primary Colours Singles `` Rude '' `` Do n't Kill the Magic '' `` Let Your Hair Down '' Featured Singles `` Sun Goes Down '' Labels Sony Music Entertainment RCA Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rude_(song)&oldid=803272436 '' Categories : 2013 singles Magic ! songs Debut singles Canadian pop songs Reggae fusion songs 2014 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland Songs about marriage Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Flanders Dance Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for South Africa Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Português Русский Scots Suomi Tagalog ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 14 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang why you gotta be so rude	[ "\"Rude\" is the debut single by Canadian band Magic! from their debut studio album, Don't Kill the Magic. It was originally released on October 11, 2013 as a promotional single and then re-released on February 24, 2014 by Sony Music Entertainment. The official remix for the song features Kid Ink, Ty Dolla Sign and Travis Barker on the drums." ]	[ "Magic!" ]
2738291995788089166	PR interval	PR interval - wikipedia PR interval Schematic representation of normal EKG In electrocardiography , the PR interval is the period , measured in milliseconds , that extends from the beginning of the P wave ( the onset of atrial depolarization ) until the beginning of the QRS complex ( the onset of ventricular depolarization ) ; it is normally between 120 and 200ms in duration . The PR interval is sometimes termed the PQ interval . Interpretation ( edit ) Variations in the PR interval can be associated with certain medical conditions : Duration A long PR interval ( of over 200 ms ) may indicate a first degree heart block . Prolongation can be associated with hypokalemia , acute rheumatic fever , or carditis associated with Lyme disease . A short PR interval ( of less than 120ms ) may be associated with Wolff -- Parkinson -- White syndrome , Lown -- Ganong -- Levine syndrome , or Junctional rhythms . A variable PR interval may indicate other types of heart block . PR segment depression may indicate atrial injury or pericarditis . Variable morphologies of P waves in a single EKG lead is suggestive of an ectopic pacemaker rhythm such as wandering pacemaker or multifocal atrial tachycardia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ First - Degree Atrioventricular Block at eMedicine Jump up ^ Karacan M , Ceviz N , Olgun H ( 2012 ) . `` Heart rate variability in children with acute rheumatic fever '' . Cardiol Young . 22 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / S1047951111001429 . PMID 21933462 . Jump up ^ Costello , J.M. ; Alexander , M.E. ; Greco , K.M. ; Perez - Atayde , A.R. ; Laussen , P.C. ( 2009 ) . `` Lyme Carditis in Children : Presentation , Predictive Factors , and Clinical Course '' . Pediatrics. 123 ( 5 ) : e835 -- 41 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2008 - 3058 . PMID 19403477 . Jump up ^ Rao , B.N. Vijay Raghawa ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of ECG Changes '' . Clinical Examinations in Cardiology . pp. 561 -- 2 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 312 - 0964 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pedley , D.K. ; Brett , C ; Nichol , N ( 2002 ) . `` P-R segment depression : An early diagnostic feature in acute pericarditis : A telephone survey of UK accident and emergency departments '' . European Journal of Emergency Medicine . 9 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 5 . PMID 11989495 . Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PR_interval&oldid=804207353 '' Categories : Cardiac electrophysiology Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 13 : 49 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the significance of the pq interval	[ "In electrocardiography, the PR interval is the period, measured in milliseconds, that extends from the beginning of the P wave (the onset of atrial depolarization) until the beginning of the QRS complex (the onset of ventricular depolarization); it is normally between 120 and 200ms in duration.\nThe PR interval is sometimes termed the PQ interval.\n" ]	[ "the period, measured in milliseconds, that extends from the beginning of the P wave (the onset of atrial depolarization) until the beginning of the QRS complex (the onset of ventricular depolarization)" ]
516398022589508754	Economy of the United States	Economy of the United States - Wikipedia Economy of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Economy of the United States New York City , the financial centre of the United States Currency United States dollar ( USD ) = $1 Dollar Index Fiscal year October 1 , 2017 -- September 30 , 2018 Trade organizations WTO , OECD and others Statistics GDP $19.24 trillion ( 2017 ) GDP rank 1st ( nominal ) / 2nd ( PPP ) GDP growth 3.3 % ( Q3 2017 ) GDP per capita $59,495 ( 2017 ) GDP per capita rank 7th ( nominal ) / 11th ( PPP ) GDP by sector Agriculture : 1.1 % Industry : 19.4 % Services : 79.5 % ( 2016 ) Inflation ( CPI ) 0.4 % ( August 2017 ) Population below poverty line 12.7 % ( 2016 ) Gini coefficient 0.481 ( 2016 est . ) Labor force 160.5 million ( 2017 ) 7.5 million unemployed ( February 2017 ) Labor force by occupation farming , forestry , and fishing : 0.7 % manufacturing , extraction , transportation , and crafts : 20.3 % managerial , professional , and technical : 37.3 % sales and office : 24.2 % other services : 17.6 % Unemployment 4.1 % ( October 2017 ) Average gross salary $859 weekly ( Q2 2017 ) Main industries Petroleum steel motor vehicles aerospace telecommunications chemicals electronics food processing consumer goods lumber mining Ease - of - doing - business rank 6th ( 2018 ) External Exports $1.45 trillion ( 2016 ) Export goods Agricultural products 10.7 % Fuels and mining products 9.4 % Manufacturers 74.8 % Others 5.1 % Main export partners European Union 18.7 % Canada 18.3 % Mexico 15.9 % China 8 % Japan 4.4 % Others 34.8 % Imports $2.25 trillion ( 2016 ) Import goods Agricultural products 6.8 % Fuels and mining products 10.7 % Manufacturers 78.4 % Others 4.2 % Main import partners China 21.4 % European Union 18.9 % Mexico 13.2 % Canada 12.6 % Japan 6 % Others 27.9 % FDI stock $3.64 trillion ( 2016 ) Gross external debt $18.28 trillion ( March 2017 ) Public finances Public debt 73.8 % of GDP ( 2016 ) Revenues $3.3 trillion ( 2016 ) Expenses $3.9 trillion ( 2016 ) Economic aid donor : ODA , $33.59 billion ( 2016 ) Credit rating Standard & Poor 's : AA+ ( Domestic ) AA+ ( Foreign ) AAA ( T&C Assessment ) Outlook : Stable Moody 's : AAA Outlook : Stable Fitch : AAA Outlook : Stable Foreign reserves $118.525 billion ( June 23 , 2017 ) Main data source : CIA World Fact Book All values , unless otherwise stated , are in US dollars . The economy of the United States is a highly developed mixed economy . It is the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second largest by purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The U.S. GDP was estimated to be $19.3 trillion in 2017 It has the world 's seventh - highest per capita GDP ( nominal ) and eleventh - highest per capita GDP ( PPP ) in 2016 . The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world 's foremost reserve currency , backed by its science and technology , its military , the full faith of the US government to reimburse its debts , its central role in a range of international institutions since World War II and the petrodollar system . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . Its largest trading partners are China , Canada , Mexico , Japan , Germany , South Korea , United Kingdom , France , India and Taiwan . The US economy is fueled by abundant natural resources , a well - developed infrastructure , and high productivity . It has second highest total estimated value of natural resources , valued at $45 trillion in 2016 . Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2010 had the fourth highest median household income , down from second highest in 2007 . It has been the world 's largest national economy ( not including colonial empires ) since at least the 1890s . The U.S. is the world 's third largest producer of oil and natural gas . In 2016 , it was the largest trading nation in the world as well as the world 's second largest manufacturer , representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output . The US also has not only the largest economy , but also the largest Industrial sector , at 2005 prices according to the UNCTAD . The US not only has the largest internal market for goods , but also dominates the trade in services . US total trade amounted to $4.92 trillion in 2016 . Of the world 's 500 largest companies , 134 are headquartered in the US . The United States has one of the world 's largest and most influential financial markets . The New York Stock Exchange is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization . Foreign investments made in the US total almost $2.4 trillion , while American investments in foreign countries total over $3.3 trillion . The economy of the U.S. leads in international ranking on venture capital and Global Research and Development funding . Consumer spending comprises 71 % of the US economy in 2013 . The United States has the largest consumer market in the world , with a household final consumption expenditure five times larger than Japan 's . The labor market has attracted immigrants from all over the world and its net migration rate is among the highest in the world . The U.S. is one of the top - performing economies in studies such as the Ease of Doing Business Index , the Global Competitiveness Report , and others . The US economy went through an economic downturn following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , with output as late as 2013 still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . The economy , however , began to recover in the second half of 2009 , and as of October 2017 , unemployment had declined from a high of 10 % to 4.1 % . In December 2014 , public debt was slightly more than 100 % of GDP . Domestic financial assets totaled $131 trillion and domestic financial liabilities totaled $106 trillion . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Colonial era and 18th century 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 GDP 2.1 GDP growth 2.2 GDP by industry 3 By economic sector 3.1 Nominal GDP sector composition 4 Employment 4.1 Unemployment 4.2 Employment by sector 5 Income and wealth 5.1 Home ownership 5.2 Profits and wages 5.3 Poverty 6 Health care 7 Composition of economic sectors 8 Energy , transportation , and telecommunications 9 International trade 10 Financial position 11 Currency and central bank 12 Law and government 12.1 Regulations 12.2 Taxation 12.3 Expenditure 12.4 Budget 13 Business culture 14 Demographic shift 15 Entrepreneurship 16 Venture capital investment 17 Research and development 17.1 Impact of recession on research spending 17.2 Business spending on research 17.3 Research spending at the state level 17.4 Research spending by multinational corporations 17.5 Exports of high - tech goods and patents 18 Notable companies and markets 18.1 Forbes top 10 U.S. corporations by revenue 19 Finance 20 Historical statistics 20.1 GDP 20.2 Employment 20.3 Manufacturing 20.4 Wealth and Income 20.5 Productivity 20.6 Inequality 20.7 Health spending 20.8 Tariff Rates 20.9 Trade Balance 20.10 Inflation 20.11 US Federal Tax 20.12 Government spending 20.13 Debt 20.14 Deficit 21 List of state economies 22 See also 23 Sources 24 References 25 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the United States Colonial era and 18th century ( edit ) The economic history of the United States began with American settlements in the 17th and 18th centuries . The American colonies went from marginally successful colonial economies to a small , independent farming economy , which in 1776 became the United States of America . 19th century ( edit ) In 180 years , the US grew to a huge , integrated , industrialized economy that made up around one fifth of the world economy . As a result , the US GDP per capita converged on and eventually surpassed that of the UK , as well as other nations that it previously trailed economically . The economy maintained high wages , attracting immigrants by the millions from all over the world . In the early 1800s the United States were largely agricultural with more than 80 per cent of the population in farming . Most of the manufacturing centred on the first stages of transformation of raw materials with lumber and saw mills , textiles and boots and shoes leading the way . The rich resource endowments contributed to the rapid economic expansion during the nineteenth century . Ample land availability allowed the number of farmers to keep growing , but activity in manufacturing , services , transportation and other sectors grew at a much faster pace . Thus , by 1860 the share of the farm population in the US had fallen from over 80 per cent to roughly 50 per cent . In the 19th century , recessions frequently coincided with financial crises . The Panic of 1837 was followed by a five - year depression , with the failure of banks and then - record - high unemployment levels . Because of the great changes in the economy over the centuries , it is difficult to compare the severity of modern recessions to early recessions . Recessions after World War II appear to have been less severe than earlier recessions , but the reasons for this are unclear . 20th century ( edit ) At the beginning of the century new innovations and improvements in existing innovations opened the door for improvements in the standard of living among American consumers . Many firms grew large by taking advantage of economies of scale and better communication to run nationwide operations . Concentration in these industries raised fears of monopoly that would drive prices higher and output lower , but many of these firms were cutting costs so fast that trends were towards lower price and more output in these industries . Lots of workers shared the success of these large firms , which typically offered the highest wages in the world . The United States has been the world 's largest national economy in terms of GDP since at least the 1920s . For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s , when danger of recession appeared most serious , the government strengthened the economy by spending heavily itself or cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more , and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply , which also encouraged more spending . Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1930s and the 1980s . From the New Deal era that began in 1933 , to the Great Society initiatives of the 1960s , national policy makers relied principally on fiscal policy to influence the economy . During the world wars of the twentieth century the United States fared better than the rest of the combatants because - aside from the attack at Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 - neither world war was fought on American territory . Yet , even in the United States , the wars meant sacrifice . During the peak of Second World War activity , nearly 40 per cent of US GDP was devoted to war production . Decisions about large swaths of the economy were largely made for military purposes and nearly all relevant inputs were allocated to the war effort . Many goods were rationed , prices and wages controlled and many durable consumer goods were no longer produced . Large segments of the workforce were inducted into the military , paid half wages , and roughly half of those were sent into harm 's way . The approach , advanced by British economist John Maynard Keynes , gave elected officials a leading role in directing the economy , since spending and taxes are controlled by the U.S. President and the Congress . The `` Baby Boom '' saw a dramatic increase in fertility in the period 1942 -- 1957 ; it was caused by delayed marriages and childbearing during depression years , a surge in prosperity , a demand for suburban single - family homes ( as opposed to inner city apartments ) and new optimism about the future . The boom crested about 1957 , then slowly declined . A period of high inflation , interest rates and unemployment after 1973 weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity . The U.S. economy grew by an average of 3.8 % from 1946 to 1973 , while real median household income surged 74 % ( or 2.1 % a year ) . The worst recession in recent decades , in terms of lost output , occurred during the financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 , when GDP fell by 5.0 % from the spring of 2008 to the spring of 2009 . Other significant recessions took place in 1957 -- 58 , when GDP fell 3.7 % , following the 1973 oil crisis , with a 3.1 % fall from late 1973 to early 1975 , and in the 1981 -- 82 recession , when GDP dropped by 2.9 % . Recent , mild recessions have included the 1990 -- 91 downturn , when output fell by 1.3 % , and the 2001 recession , in which GDP slid by 0.3 % ; the 2001 downturn lasted just eight months . The most vigorous , sustained periods of growth , on the other hand , took place from early 1961 to mid-1969 , with an expansion of 53 % ( 5.1 % a year ) , from mid-1991 to late in 2000 , at 43 % ( 3.8 % a year ) , and from late 1982 to mid-1990 , at 37 % ( 4 % a year ) . In the 1970s and 1980s , it was popular in the U.S. to believe that Japan 's economy would surpass that of the U.S. , but this did not happen . Since the 1970s , several emerging countries have begun to close the economic gap with the United States . In most cases , this has been due to moving the manufacture of goods formerly made in the U.S. to countries where they could be made for sufficiently less money to cover the cost of shipping plus a higher profit . In other cases , some countries have gradually learned to produce the same products and services that previously only the U.S. and a few other countries could produce . Real income growth in the U.S. has slowed 21st century ( edit ) The United States economy experienced a crisis in 2008 led by a derivatives market and subprime mortgage crisis , and a declining dollar value . On December 1 , 2008 , the NBER declared that the United States entered a recession in December 2007 , citing employment and production figures as well as the third quarter decline in GDP . The recession did , however , lead to a reduction in record trade deficits , which fell from $840 billion annually during the 2006 -- 08 period , to $500 billion in 2009 , as well as to higher personal savings rates , which jumped from a historic low of 1 % in early 2008 , to nearly 5 % in late 2009 . The merchandise trade deficit rose to $670 billion in 2010 ; savings rates , however , remained at around 5 % . In 2016 , median income reached a record high . GDP ( edit ) Historical US GDP per capita , 1929 -- 2011 United States wealth compared to the rest of the world in the year 2000 . GDP growth ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of the United States § 1790 - 2006 GDP The development of the United States ' GDP according to World Bank : US real GDP grew by an average of 1.7 % from 2000 to the first half of 2014 , a rate around half the historical average up to 2000 . GDP by industry ( edit ) Industries by GDP value added 2015 , 2005 Constant Prices By economic sector ( edit ) Nominal GDP sector Composition ( edit ) Nominal GDP sector composition , 2015 ( in millions of dollars ) at 2005 constant prices No Country / Economy Real GDP Agri . Indus . Serv . -- World 60,093,221 1,968,215 16,453,140 38,396,695 United States 15,160,104 149,023 3,042,332 11,518,980 Nominal GDP Sector Composition , 2016 ( in millions of dollars ) at current prices . No Country / Economy Nominal GDP Agri . Indus . Serv . United States 18,624,450 204,868.95 3,613,143.3 14,806,437.75 * Percentages from CIA World Factbook Employment ( edit ) Further information : List of largest employers in the United States There are approximately 154.4 million employed individuals . The US . Government is the largest employment sector with 22 million . Small businesses are the largest employer in the country representing 53 % of US workers . The second largest share of employment belongs to large businesses that employ 38 % of the US workforce . The private sector employs 91 % of working Americans . Government accounts for 8 % of all US workers . Over 99 % of all employing organizations in the US are small businesses . The 30 million small businesses in the U.S. account for 64 % of newly created jobs ( those created minus those lost ) . Jobs in small businesses accounted for 70 % of those created in the last decade . The proportion of Americans employed by small business versus large business has remained relatively the same year by year as some small businesses become large businesses and just over half of small businesses survive more than 5 years . Amongst large businesses , several of the largest companies and employers in the world are American companies . Amongst them are Walmart , the largest company and the largest private sector employer in the world , which employs 2.1 million people worldwide and 1.4 million in the US alone . There are nearly 30 million small businesses in the US . Minorities such as Hispanics , African Americans , Asian Americans , and Native Americans ( 35 % of the country 's population ) , own 4.1 million of the country 's businesses . Minority - owned businesses generate almost $700 billion in revenue and employ almost 5 million workers in the U.S. Americans have the highest average employee income among OECD nations . The median household income in the US as of 2008 is $52,029 . About 284,000 working people in the US have two full - time jobs and 7.6 million have a part - time job in addition to their full - time employment . Of working individuals in the US , 12 % belong to a labor union ; most union members are government workers . The decline of union membership in the US over the last several decades parallels the decline of labor 's share of the economy . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not legally guarantee its workers paid vacation or paid sick days , and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . In 2014 , the International Trade Union Confederation graded the U.S a 4 out of 5 + , its third lowest score , on the subject of powers and rights granted to labor unions . Unemployment ( edit ) Main articles : Unemployment in the United States and List of U.S. states by unemployment rate As of December 2016 , the unemployment rate in the United States was 4.7 % or 7.5 million people , while the government 's broader U-6 unemployment rate , which includes the part - time underemployed was 9.2 % or 10.2 million people . These figures were calculated with a civilian labor force of approximately 160 million people , relative to a U.S. population of approximately 324 million people . In 2009 through 2013 , following the Great Recession , the emerging problem of jobless recoveries resulted in record levels of long - term unemployment with over 6 million workers looking for work longer than 6 months as of January 2010 . This particularly affected older workers . In the year following the recession 's end in June 2009 in the United States , immigrants gained 656,000 jobs , while U.S. - born workers lost more than a million jobs . In April 2010 , the official unemployment rate was 9.9 % , but the government 's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1 % . In the period between February 2008 and February 2010 , the number of people working part - time for economic reasons has increased by 4 million to 8.8 million , an 83 % increase in part - time workers during the two - year period . By 2013 , although the unemployment rate had fallen below 8 % , the record proportion of long term unemployed and continued decreasing household income remained indicative of a jobless recovery . After being higher in the postwar period , the U.S. unemployment rate fell below the rising eurozone unemployment rate in the mid-1980s and has remained significantly lower almost continuously since . In 1955 , 55 % of Americans worked in services , between 30 % and 35 % in industry , and between 10 % and 15 % in agriculture . By 1980 , over 65 % were employed in services , between 25 % and 30 % in industry , and less than 5 % in agriculture . Male unemployment continued to be significantly higher than female unemployment ( 9.8 % vs. 7.5 % in 2009 ) . The unemployment among Caucasians continues to be much lower than African - American unemployment ( at 8.5 % vs. 15.8 % in 2009 ) . The youth unemployment rate was 18.5 % in July 2009 , the highest July rate since 1948 . The unemployment rate of young African Americans was 28.2 % in May 2013 . Officially , Detroit 's unemployment rate is 27 % , but Detroit News suggests that nearly half of this city 's working - age population may be unemployed . Employment by sector ( edit ) See also : Employment by Major Industry Sector in United States United States employment as estimated in 2012 , is divided into 79.7 % in the service sector , 19.2 % in the manufacturing sector and 1.1 % in the agriculture sector . United States non-farm employment by industry sector February 2013 . Income and wealth ( edit ) Year - on - year change in total net worth of US households and nonprofit organizations 1946 -- 2007 , unadjusted for inflation or population change . Net worth in the United States , 2006 -- 2015 Year Wealth ( billions in USD ) 2006 66,095 2007 66,577 2008 56,214 2009 58,094 62,316 2011 63,545 2012 69,598 2013 79,383 2014 84,201 2015 87,250 Main articles : Income in the United States and Wealth in the United States See also : Personal income in the United States , Household income in the United States , Income inequality in the United States , Affluence in the United States , and United States counties by per capita income This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more neutral presentation , with details put in their proper context . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( August 2014 ) As of Q4 2013 , total household net worth in the United States is $80.664 trillion , an increase of $9.8 trillion from 2012 . Employee compensation amounts to $8.969 trillion , while gross private investment totals $2.781 trillion . The mean net worth of US adults increased to $301,140 in 2013 , with the majority being held in financial assets , due to higher activity by shareholders and more private investment . Americans have the highest average household income among OECD nations , and in 2010 had the fourth highest median household income , down from second highest in 2007 . According to one analysis middle class incomes in the United States fell into a tie with those in Canada in 2010 , and may have fallen behind by 2014 , while several other advanced economies have closed the gap in recent years . According to the Census Bureau , inflation - adjusted household income reached an all - time high of $59,039 in 2016 , with record gains in recent years . Income inequality is also at record highs , with the top fifth of earners taking home more than 50 % of all overall income . According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve , wealth inequality is at record highs as well ; the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016 . The Boston Consulting Group posited in June 2017 report that 1 % of the Americans will control 70 % of country 's wealth by 2021 . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , while their share of total income has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 . According to a 2014 OECD report , 80 % of total pre-tax market income income growth went to the top 10 % from 1975 to 2007 . The top 10 % wealthiest possess 80 % of all financial assets . Wealth inequality in the U.S. is greater than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark . Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a `` substantial head start '' . In September 2012 , according to the Institute for Policy Studies , `` over 60 percent '' of the Forbes richest 400 Americans `` grew up in substantial privilege '' . A number of economists and others have expressed growing concern about income inequality , calling it `` deeply worrying '' , unjust , a danger to democracy / social stability , or a sign of national decline . Yale professor Robert Shiller has said , `` The most important problem that we are facing now today , I think , is rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere in the world . '' Thomas Piketty of the Paris School of Economics argues that the post-1980 increase in inequality played a role in the 2008 crisis by contributing to the nation 's financial instability . In 2016 , the economists Peter H. Lindert and Jeffrey G. Williamson claimed that inequality is the highest it has been since the nation 's founding . Others disagree , saying that the inequality issue is a political distraction from what they consider real problems like chronic unemployment and sluggish growth . George Mason University economics professor Tyler Cowen has called inequality a `` red herring '' , saying that factors driving its increase within a nation can simultaneously be driving its reduction globally , and arguing that redistributive policies intended to reduce inequality can do more harm than good regarding the real problem of stagnant wages . Robert Lucas Jr. has argued that the salient problem American living standards face is a government that has grown too much , and that recent policy shifts in the direction of European style taxation , welfare spending , and regulation may be indefinitely putting the US on a significantly lower , European level income trajectory . Some researchers have disputed the accuracy of the underlying data regarding claims about inequality trends , and economists Michael Bordo and Christopher M. Meissner have argued that inequality can not be blamed for the 2008 financial crisis . About 30 % of the entire world 's millionaire population resides in the United States ( as of 2009 ) . The Economist Intelligence Unit estimated in 2008 that there were 16,600,000 millionaires in the U.S. Furthermore , 34 % of the world 's billionaires are American ( in 2011 ) . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . The primary cause for the gap between productivity and income growth is the decline in per capita hours worked . Other causes include the rise in non-cash benefits as a share of worker compensation ( which are n't counted in CPS income data ) , immigrants entering the labor force , statistical distortions including the use of different inflation adjusters by the BLS and CPS , productivity gains being skewed toward less labor - intensive sectors , income shifting from labor to capital , a skill gap - driven wage disparity , productivity being falsely inflated by hidden technology - driven depreciation increases and import price measurement problems , and / or a natural period of adjustment following an income surge during aberrational postwar circumstances . According to a report by the Congressional Research Service , decreased progressiveness in capital gains taxes was the largest contributor to the increase in overall income inequality in the US from 1996 to 2006 . According to the Federal Reserve Board , in 2010 single Black and Hispanic women ages 18 -- 64 had a median wealth of $100 and $120 respectively , excluding vehicles , while the median for single white women was $41,500 . As of 2010 The U.S. had the fourth widest income distribution among OECD nations , behind Turkey , Mexico and Chile . The Brookings Institution said in March 2013 that income inequality was increasing and becoming permanent , sharply reducing social mobility in the US . The OECD ranks the US 10th in social mobility , behind the Nordic countries , Australia , Canada , Germany , Spain , and France . Of the major developed nations , only Italy and Great Britain have lower mobility . This has been partly attributed to the depth of American poverty , which leaves poor children economically disadvantaged , though others have observed that a relative rise in the U.S. is mathematically harder due to its higher and more widely distributed income range than in nations with artificial income compression , even if one enjoys more absolute mobility in the U.S. , and have questioned how meaningful such international comparisons are . Home ownership ( edit ) Further information : Homeownership in the United States The average home in the United States has more than 700 square feet per person , which is 50 % -- 100 % more than the average in other high - income countries . Similarly , ownership rates of gadgets and amenities are relatively high compared to other countries . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth is down $14 trillion . The Fed also said that at the end of 2008 , the debt owed by nonfinancial sectors was $33.5 trillion , including household debt valued at $13.8 trillion . It was reported by Pew Research Center in 2016 that , for the first time in 130 years , Americans aged 18 to 34 are more likely to live with their parents than in any other housing situation . Home ownership is largely out of reach for the majority of young adults . Profits and wages ( edit ) In March 2013 , as the stock market 's Dow Jones Industrial Average set record highs , household and personal income were both down sharply from their 2007 peaks . In 1970 , wages represented more than 51 % of the U.S. GDP and profits were less than 5 % . But by 2013 , wages had fallen to 44 % of the economy , while profits had more than doubled to 11 % . Inflation - adjusted ( `` real '' ) per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008 , but has since remained generally level . In 2005 , median personal income for those over the age of 18 ranged from $3,317 for an unemployed , married Asian American female to $55,935 for a full - time , year - round employed Asian American male . According to the US Census men tended to have higher income than women while Asians and Whites earned more than African Americans and Hispanics . The overall median personal income for all individuals over the age of 18 was $24,062 ( $32,140 for those age 25 or above ) in the year 2005 . The overall median income for all 155 million persons over the age of 15 who worked with earnings in 2005 was $28,567 . As a reference point , the minimum wage rate in 2009 was $7.25 per hour or $15,080 for the 2080 hours in a typical work year . The minimum wage is a little more than the poverty level for a single person unit and about 50 % of the poverty level for a family of four . An August 2017 survey by CareerBuilder found that 8 out of 10 U.S. workers live paycheck to paycheck . CareerBuilder spokesman Mike Erwin blamed `` stagnant wages and the rising cost of everything from education to many consumer goods '' . According to a survey by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau on the financial well - being of U.S. citizens , roughly half have trouble paying bills , and more than one - third have faced hardships such as not being able to afford a place to live , running out of food , or not having enough money to pay for medical care . The distribution of household incomes in the United States has become more unequal during the post-2008 economic recovery , a first for the US but in line with the trend over the last ten economic recoveries since 1949 . Income inequality in the United States has grown from 2005 to 2012 in more than 2 out of 3 metropolitan areas . Median household wealth fell 35 % in the US , from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011 . Poverty ( edit ) Main article : Poverty in the United States The gap in income between rich and poor is greater in the United States than in any other developed country . Starting in the 1980s relative poverty rates have consistently exceeded those of other wealthy nations , though analyses using a common data set for comparisons tend to find that the U.S. has a lower absolute poverty rate by market income than most other wealthy nations . Extreme poverty in the United States , meaning households living on less than $2 per day before government benefits , doubled from 1996 levels to 1.5 million households in 2011 , including 2.8 million children . In 2013 , child poverty reached record high levels , with 16.7 million children living in food insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels . As of 2015 , 44 percent of children in the United States live with low - income families . In 2014 , 14.8 percent of the U.S. population lives in poverty . According to a survey by the Associated Press , four out of five U.S. adults struggle with joblessness , near - poverty or reliance on welfare for at least parts of their lives . Feeding America reported in 2014 that 49 million Americans are `` food insecure '' . In June 2016 , The IMF warned the United States that its high poverty rate needs to be tackled urgently . The population in extreme - poverty neighborhoods rose by one - third from 2000 to 2009 . People living in such neighborhoods tend to suffer from inadequate access to quality education ; higher crime rates ; higher rates of physical and psychological ailment ; limited access to credit and wealth accumulation ; higher prices for goods and services ; and constrained access to job opportunities . As of 2013 , 44 % of America 's poor are considered to be in `` deep poverty , '' with an income 50 % or more below the government 's official poverty line . There were about 643,000 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. on a single night in January 2009 . Almost two - thirds stayed in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program and the other third were living on the street , in an abandoned building , or another place not meant for human habitation . About 1.56 million people , or about 0.5 % of the U.S. population , used an emergency shelter or a transitional housing program between October 1 , 2008 and September 30 , 2009 . Around 44 % of homeless people are employed . The United States has one of the least extensive social safety nets in the developed world , reducing both relative poverty and absolute poverty by considerably less than the mean for wealthy nations . The living standards for the poor in the United States are also among the highest in the world . Others , including the U.N. Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights , posit that those in poverty live in conditions rivaling the developing world . Over the last three decades the poor in America have been incarcerated at a much higher rate than their counterparts in other developed nations , with penal confinement being `` commonplace for poor men of working age '' . Some scholars contend that the shift to neoliberal social and economic policies starting in the late 1970s has expanded the penal state , retrenched the social welfare state , deregulated the economy and criminalized poverty , ultimately `` transforming what it means to be poor in America '' . Health care ( edit ) Main article : Health care in the United States The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article ( those related to uninsured statistics ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2016 ) Many distinct organizations provide health care in the US . Facilities are largely owned and operated by private sector businesses . Health insurance for public sector employees is primarily provided by the government . 60 -- 65 % of healthcare provision and spending comes from programs such as Medicare , Medicaid , Tricare , the Children 's Health Insurance Program , and the Veterans Health Administration . Most of the population under 65 is insured by their or a family member 's employer , some buy health insurance on their own , and the remainder are uninsured . On March 23 , 2010 , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) became law , providing for major changes in health insurance . Of 17 high - income countries studied by the National Institutes of Health in 2013 , the United States ranked at or near the top in obesity rate , frequency of automobile use and accidents , homicides , infant mortality rate , incidence of heart and lung disease , sexually transmitted infections , adolescent pregnancies , recreational drug or alcohol deaths , injuries , and rates of disability . Together , such lifestyle and societal factors place the U.S. at the bottom of that list for life expectancy . On average , a U.S. male can be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in the top - ranked country , though Americans who reach age 75 live longer than those who reach that age in peer nations . A comprehensive 2007 study by European doctors found the five - year cancer survival rate was significantly higher in the U.S. than in all 21 European nations studied , 66.3 % for men versus the European mean of 47.3 % and 62.9 % versus 52.8 % for women . Americans undergo cancer screenings at significantly higher rates than people in other developed countries , and access MRI and CT scans at the highest rate of any OECD nation . People in the U.S. diagnosed with high cholesterol or hypertension access pharmaceutical treatments at higher rates than those diagnosed in other developed nations , and are more likely to successfully control the conditions . Diabetics are more likely to receive treatment and meet treatment targets in the U.S. than in Canada , England , or Scotland . The U.S. lags in overall healthcare performance but is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , Americans have received more Nobel Prizes in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . According to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , the United States spent more on health care per capita ( $7,146 ) , and more on health care as percentage of its GDP ( 15.2 % ) , than any other nation in 2008 . In 2010 , 49.9 million residents or 16.3 % of the population reported not carrying health insurance to the U.S. Census . Of that number 18.3 million had annual household incomes at or greater than $50,000 , 9.5 million had household incomes of $75,000 or higher , 16.2 million had household incomes of less than $25,000 , 27.2 million were under age 35 , and 9.7 million were non-citizens . The Census has stated that its surveys likely underreport insurance coverage . For example , a quality control analysis revealed that 16.9 % of those enrolled in Medicaid incorrectly reported being uninsured . Analyses have also shown that millions of uninsured are eligible for coverage through programs like Medicaid but have not signed up or have let their enrollments expire . According to Physicians for a National Health Program , this lack of insurance causes roughly 48,000 unnecessary deaths per year . The group 's methodology has been criticized by John C. Goodman for not looking at cause of death or tracking insurance status changes over time , including the time of death . A 2009 study by former Clinton policy adviser Richard Kronick found no increased mortality from being uninsured after certain risk factors were controlled for . The high cost of health care in the United States is attributed variously to technological advance , administration costs , drug pricing , suppliers charging more for medical equipment , the receiving of more medical care than people in other countries , the high wages of doctors , government regulations , the impact of lawsuits , and third party payment systems insulating consumers from the full cost of treatments . The lowest prices for pharmaceuticals , medical devices , and payments to physicians are in government plans . Americans tend to receive more medical care than people do in other countries , which is a notable contributor to higher costs . In the United States , a person is more likely to receive open heart surgery after a heart attack than in other countries . Medicaid pays less than Medicare for many prescription drugs due to the fact Medicaid discounts are set by law , whereas Medicare prices are negotiated by private insurers and drug companies . Government plans often pay less than overhead , resulting in healthcare providers shifting the cost to the privately insured through higher prices . Composition of economic sectors ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United States by sector See also : Technological and industrial history of the United States , Manufacturing in the United States , and Agriculture in the United States A wheat harvest in Idaho The United States is the world 's second largest manufacturer , with a 2013 industrial output of US $2.4 trillion . Its manufacturing output is greater than of Germany , France , India , and Brazil combined . Its main industries include petroleum , steel , automobiles , construction machinery , aerospace , agricultural machinery , telecommunications , chemicals , electronics , food processing , consumer goods , lumber , and mining . The US Economy has the worlds largest industrial sector at 2005 prices . The US leads the world in airplane manufacturing , which represents a large portion of US industrial output . American companies such as Boeing , Cessna ( see : Textron ) , Lockheed Martin ( see : Skunk Works ) , and General Dynamics produce a majority of the world 's civilian and military aircraft in factories across the United States . The manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy has experienced substantial job losses over the past several years . In January 2004 , the number of such jobs stood at 14.3 million , down by 3.0 million jobs , or 17.5 percent , since July 2000 and about 5.2 million since the historical peak in 1979 . Employment in manufacturing was its lowest since July 1950 . The number of steel workers fell from 500,000 in 1980 to 224,000 in 2000 . Statistics released by the US Census Bureau showed that , in 2008 , the number of business ' deaths ' began overtaking the number of business ' births ' and that the trend continued at least through 2012 . The U.S. produces approximately 18 % of the world 's manufacturing output , a share that has declined as other nations developed competitive manufacturing industries . The job loss during this continual volume growth is the result of multiple factors including increased productivity , trade , and secular economic trends . In addition , growth in telecommunications , pharmaceuticals , aircraft , heavy machinery and other industries along with declines in low end , low skill industries such as clothing , toys , and other simple manufacturing have resulted in some U.S. jobs being more highly skilled and better paying . There has been much debate within the United States on whether the decline in manufacturing jobs are related to American unions , lower foreign wages , or both . Although agriculture comprises less than two percent of the economy , the United States is a net exporter of food . With vast tracts of temperate arable land , technologically advanced agribusiness , and agricultural subsidies , the United States controls almost half of world grain exports . Products include wheat , corn , other grains , fruits , vegetables , cotton ; beef , pork , poultry , dairy products ; forest products ; fish . Energy , Transportation , and telecommunications ( edit ) Main articles : Energy in the United States , Transportation in the United States , and Internet in the United States The Interstate Highway System extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . The Port of Houston , one of the largest ports in the United States . The U.S. economy is heavily dependent on road transport for the movement of people and goods . Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91,700 km ) . The world 's second largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . The state of California is currently constructing the nation 's first high - speed rail system . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 30 busiest passenger airports , 12 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport . The United States is the second largest energy consumer in total use . The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per - capita after Canada and a number of other countries . The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels : in 2005 , it was estimated that 40 % of the nation 's energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 23 % from natural gas . Nuclear power supplied 8.4 % and renewable energy supplied 6.8 % , which was mainly from hydroelectric dams although other renewables are included . American dependence on oil imports grew from 24 % in 1970 to 65 % by the end of 2005 . Transportation has the highest consumption rates , accounting for approximately 69 % of the oil used in the United States in 2006 , and 55 % of oil use worldwide as documented in the Hirsch report . In 2013 , the United States imported 2,808 million barrels of crude oil , compared to 3,377 million barrels in 2010 . While the U.S. is the largest importer of fuel , the Wall Street Journal reported in 2011 that the country was about to become a net fuel exporter for the first time in 62 years . The paper reported expectations that this would continue until 2020 . In fact , petroleum was the major export from the country in 2011 . Internet was developed in the U.S. and the country hosts many of the world 's largest hubs . International trade ( edit ) Protectionist measures since 2008 by country . Treemap of United States ' Exports ( 2016 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Main articles : Foreign trade of the United States , List of tariffs in the United States , and Tariffs in United States history See also : List of exports of the United States , List of the largest trading partners of the United States , List of imports of the United States , and Comparison of imports vs exports of the United States The United States is the world 's second largest trading nation . There is a large amount of U.S. dollars in circulation all around the planet ; about 60 % of funds used in international trade are U.S. dollars . The dollar is also used as the standard unit of currency in international markets for commodities such as gold and petroleum . The North American Free Trade Agreement , or NAFTA , created one of the largest trade blocs in the world in 1994 . Since 1976 , the U.S. has sustained merchandise trade deficits with other nations , and since 1982 , current account deficits . The nation 's long - standing surplus in its trade in services was maintained , however , and reached a record US $231 billion in 2013 . In recent years , the primary economic concerns have centered on : high household debt ( $11 trillion , including $2.5 trillion in revolving debt ) , high net national debt ( $9 trillion ) , high corporate debt ( $9 trillion ) , high mortgage debt ( over $15 trillion as of 2005 year - end ) , high external debt ( amount owed to foreign lenders ) , high trade deficits , a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position ( NIIP ) ( − 24 % of GDP ) , and high unemployment . In 2006 , the U.S. economy had its lowest saving rate since 1933 . These issues have raised concerns among economists and national politicians . In 2013 , U.S. exports goods and services amounted to $2.27 trillion and imports goods and services amounted to $2.74 trillion , with a trade deficit was $450 billion . The deficit on petroleum products was $232 billion . The trade deficit with China was $318 billion in 2013 , a new record and up from $304 million in 1983 . The United States had a $231 billion surplus on trade in services , and $703 billion deficit on trade in goods in 2013 . China has expanded its foreign exchange reserves , which included $1.6 trillion of U.S. securities as of 2013 . Americas ten largest trading partners are China , Canada , Mexico , Japan , Germany , South Korea , United Kingdom , France , India and Taiwan . According to the KOF Index of Globalization and the Globalization Index by A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy Magazine , the U.S. has a relatively high degree of globalization . U.S. workers send a third of all remittances in the world . Balance of Trade 2014 China Euro Area Japan Mexico Pacific Canada Middle East Lat . America Total by Product Computer - 151.9 3.4 - 8.0 - 11.0 - 26.1 20.9 5.8 12.1 - 155.0 Oil , Gas , Minerals 1.9 6.4 2.4 - 20.8 1.1 - 79.8 - 45.1 - 15.9 - 149.7 Transportation 10.9 - 30.9 - 46.2 - 59.5 - 0.5 - 6.1 17.1 8.8 - 106.3 Apparel - 56.3 - 4.9 0.6 - 4.2 - 6.3 2.5 - 0.3 - 1.1 - 69.9 Electrical Equipment - 35.9 - 2.4 - 4.0 - 8.5 - 3.3 10.0 1.8 2.0 - 40.4 Misc . Manufacturing - 35.3 4.9 2.7 - 2.8 - 1.4 5.8 - 1.5 1.8 - 25.8 Furniture - 18.3 - 1.2 0.0 - 1.6 - 2.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 - 22.6 Machinery - 19.9 - 27.0 - 18.8 3.9 7.6 18.1 4.5 9.1 - 22.4 Primary Metals - 3.1 3.1 - 1.8 1.0 1.9 - 8.9 - 0.9 - 10.4 - 19.1 Fabricated Metals - 17.9 - 5.9 - 3.5 2.8 - 4.3 7.3 1.2 1.9 - 18.5 Plastics - 15.7 - 1.9 - 2.0 5.7 - 4.1 2.6 - 0.1 0.5 - 15.0 Textile - 12.3 - 1.1 - 0.3 2.8 - 4.6 1.5 - 0.9 0.2 - 14.7 Beverages , Tobacco 1.3 - 9.9 0.6 - 3.3 0.0 1.0 0.2 - 0.6 - 10.6 Nonmetallic Minerals - 6.1 - 1.9 - 0.4 - 1.2 0.1 1.9 - 0.5 - 0.8 - 8.9 Paper - 2.7 1.2 1.1 4.3 1.2 - 9.8 0.9 - 1.9 - 5.8 Chemical - 3.9 - 39.5 - 1.5 19.1 3.2 4.6 - 2.4 15.8 - 4.7 Food 0.7 - 3.6 6.1 4.9 0.9 0.1 1.4 - 1.1 9.5 Agriculture 17.8 6.2 7.3 - 3.0 5.7 - 0.8 2.8 - 6.5 29.5 Petroleum 0.6 - 1.2 0.1 16.6 - 2.0 - 0.1 0.6 18.3 32.9 Total by Country / Area - 346.1 - 106.1 - 65.6 - 54.9 - 33.0 - 29.0 - 15.1 32.3 Financial position ( edit ) Main article : Financial position of the United States The U.S. public debt was $909 billion in 1980 , an amount equal to 33 % of America 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) ; by 1990 , that number had more than tripled to $3.2 trillion -- or 56 % of GDP . In 2001 the national debt was $5.7 trillion ; however , the debt - to - GDP ratio remained at 1990 levels . Debt levels rose quickly in the following decade , and on January 28 , 2010 , the US debt ceiling was raised to $14.3 trillion . Based on the 2010 United States federal budget , total national debt will grow to nearly 100 % of GDP , versus a level of approximately 80 % in early 2009 . The White House estimates that the government 's tab for servicing the debt will exceed $700 billion a year in 2019 , up from $202 billion in 2009 . The U.S. Treasury statistics indicate that , at the end of 2006 , non-US citizens and institutions held 44 % of federal debt held by the public . As of 2014 , China , holding $1.26 trillion in treasury bonds , is the largest foreign financier of the U.S. public debt . The overall financial position of the United States as of 2014 includes $269.6 trillion of assets owned by households , businesses , and governments within its borders , representing more than 15.7 times the annual gross domestic product of the United States . Debts owed during this same period amounted to $145.8 trillion , about 8.5 times the annual gross domestic product . Since 2010 , the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt . Such low rates , outpaced by the inflation rate , occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk , or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies , pensions , or bond , money market , and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk . Lawrence Summers and others state that at such low rates , government debt borrowing saves taxpayer money , and improves creditworthiness . In the late 1940s through the early 1970s , the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30 % to 40 % of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates , but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low . In January 2012 , the U.S. Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association unanimously recommended that government debt be allowed to auction even lower , at negative absolute interest rates . Now that the connection between public and private debt is better - known , U.S. combined debts are worrisome . See Causes of the Great Depression : Debt Deflation . Currency and central Bank ( edit ) Main articles : United States dollar and Federal Reserve System The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States . The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions . Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . The federal government attempts to use both monetary policy ( control of the money supply through mechanisms such as changes in interest rates ) and fiscal policy ( taxes and spending ) to maintain low inflation , high economic growth , and low unemployment . A private central bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was formed in 1913 to supposedly provide a stable currency and monetary policy . The U.S. dollar has been regarded as one of the more stable currencies in the world and many nations back their own currency with U.S. dollar reserves . The U.S. dollar has maintained its position as the world 's primary reserve currency , although it is gradually being challenged in that role . Almost two - thirds of currency reserves held around the world are held in US dollars , compared to around 25 % for the next most popular currency , the Euro . Rising US national debt and quantitative easing has caused some to predict that the US Dollar will lose its status as the world 's reserve currency , however these predictions have not come to fruition . Law and government ( edit ) The United States ranked 4th in the Ease of Doing Business Index in 2012 , 18th in the Economic Freedom of the World index by the Fraser Institute in 2012 , 10th in the Index of Economic Freedom by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation in 2012 , 15th in the 2014 Global Enabling Trade Report , and 3rd on the Global Competitiveness Report . According to the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom , released by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation , the US has dropped out of the top 10 most economically free countries . The US has been on a steady 7 year economic freedom decline and is the only country to do so . The index measures each nation 's commitment to free enterprise on a scale of 0 to 100 . Countries losing economic freedom and receiving low index scores are at risk of economic stagnation , high unemployment rates , and diminishing social conditions . The 2014 Index of Economic Freedom gave the United States a score of 75.5 and is listed as the 12th freest economy in world . It dropped two rankings and its score is half a point lower than in 2013 . Regulations ( edit ) Number of countries having a banking crisis in each year since 1800 . This is based on This Time is Different : Eight Centuries of Financial Folly which covers only 70 countries . The general upward trend might be attributed to many factors . One of these is a gradual increase in the percent of people who receive money for their labor . The dramatic feature of this graph is the virtual absence of banking crises during the period of the Bretton Woods agreement , 1945 to 1971 . This analysis is similar to Figure 10.1 in Reinhart and Rogoff ( 2009 ) . For more details see the help file for `` bankingCrises '' in the Ecdat package available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network ( CRAN ) . The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways . Regulation falls into two general categories . Some efforts seek , either directly or indirectly , to control prices . Traditionally , the government has sought to create state - regulated monopolies such as electric utilities from while allowing prices in the level that would ensure them normal profits . At times , the government has extended economic control to other kinds of industries as well . In the years following the Great Depression , it devised a complex system to stabilize prices for agricultural goods , which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to rapidly changing supply and demand . A number of other industries -- trucking and , later , airlines -- successfully sought regulation themselves to limit what they considered as harmful price - cutting , a process called regulatory capture . Another form of economic regulation , antitrust law , seeks to strengthen market forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary . The government -- and , sometimes , private parties -- have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would unduly limit competition . Bank regulation in the United States is highly fragmented compared to other G10 countries where most countries have only one bank regulator . In the U.S. , banking is regulated at both the federal and state level . The U.S. also has one of the most highly regulated banking environments in the world ; however , many of the regulations are not soundness related , but are instead focused on privacy , disclosure , fraud prevention , anti-money laundering , anti-terrorism , anti-usury lending , and promoting lending to lower - income segments . Since the 1970s , government has also exercised control over private companies to achieve social goals , such as improving the public 's health and safety or maintaining a healthy environment . For example , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration provides and enforces standards for workplace safety , and the United States Environmental Protection Agency provides standards and regulations to maintain air , water , and land resources . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates what drugs may reach the market , and also provides standards of disclosure for food products . American attitudes about regulation changed substantially during the final three decades of the 20th century . Beginning in the 1970s , policy makers grew increasingly convinced that economic regulation protected companies at the expense of consumers in industries such as airlines and trucking . At the same time , technological changes spawned new competitors in some industries , such as telecommunications , that once were considered natural monopolies . Both developments led to a succession of laws easing regulation . While leaders of America 's two most influential political parties generally favored economic deregulation during the 1970s , 1980s , and 1990s , there was less agreement concerning regulations designed to achieve social goals . Social regulation had assumed growing importance in the years following the Depression and World War II , and again in the 1960s and 1970s . During the 1980s , the government relaxed labor , consumer and environmental rules based on the idea that such regulation interfered with free enterprise , increased the costs of doing business , and thus contributed to inflation . The response to such changes is mixed ; many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or trends , prompting the government to issue new regulations in some areas , including environmental protection . Where legislative channels have been unresponsive , some citizens have turned to the courts to address social issues more quickly . For instance , in the 1990s , individuals , and eventually the government itself , sued tobacco companies over the health risks of cigarette smoking . The 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement provided states with long - term payments to cover medical costs to treat smoking - related illnesses . Between 2000 and 2008 , economic regulation in the United States saw the most rapid expansion since the early 1970s . The number of new pages in the Federal Registry , a proxy for economic regulation , rose from 64,438 new pages in 2001 to 78,090 in new pages in 2007 , a record amount of regulation . Economically significant regulations , defined as regulations which cost more than $100 million a year , increased by 70 % . Spending on regulation increased by 62 % from $26.4 billion to $42.7 billion . Taxation ( edit ) Main article : Taxation in the United States Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation . Taxes are levied by the federal government , by the state governments , and often by local governments , which may include counties , municipalities , township , school districts , and other special - purpose districts , which include fire , utility , and transit districts . Forms of taxation include taxes on income , property , sales , imports , payroll , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . When taxation by all government levels taken into consideration , the total taxation as percentage of GDP was approximately a quarter of GDP in 2011 . Share of black market in the U.S. economy is very low compared to other countries . Although a federal wealth tax is prohibited by the United States Constitution unless the receipts are distributed to the States by their populations , state and local government property tax amount to a wealth tax on real estate , and because capital gains are taxed on nominal instead of inflation - adjusted profits , the capital gains tax amounts to a wealth tax on the inflation rate . U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially at the federal level , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . There is debate over whether taxes should be more or less progressive . Expenditure ( edit ) Main articles : United States federal budget and United States public debt Fiscal Year 2015 U.S. Federal Spending -- Cash or Budget Basis Fiscal Year 2015 U.S. Federal Receipts The United States public - sector spending amounts to about 30 % of GDP . Each level of government provides many direct services . The federal government , for example , is responsible for national defense , research that often leads to the development of new products , conducts space exploration , and runs numerous programs designed to help workers develop workplace skills and find jobs ( including higher education ) . Government spending has a significant effect on local and regional economies -- and on the overall pace of economic activity . State governments , meanwhile , are responsible for the construction and maintenance of most highways . State , county , or city governments play the leading role in financing and operating public schools . Local governments are primarily responsible for police and fire protection . The welfare system in the United States began in the 1930s , during the Great Depression , with the passage of the New Deal . The welfare system was later expanded in the 1960s through Great Society legislation , which included Medicare , Medicaid , the Older Americans Act and federal education funding . Overall , federal , state , and local spending accounted for almost 28 % of gross domestic product in 1998 . As of January 20 , 2009 , the total U.S. federal debt was $10.63 trillion . The borrowing - cap debt ceiling as of 2005 stood at $8.18 trillion . In March 2006 , Congress raised that ceiling an additional $0.79 trillion to $8.97 trillion , which is approximately 68 % of GDP . Congress has used this method to deal with an encroaching debt ceiling in previous years , as the federal borrowing limit was raised in 2002 and 2003 . As of October 4 , 2008 , the `` Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 '' raised the current debt ceiling to $11.3 trillion . The federal government 's debt rose by $680 billion in 2013 , and was at $17.091 trillion in 2014 . While the U.S. public debt is the world 's largest in absolute size , another measure is its size relative to the nation 's GDP . As of October 2013 the debt was 107 % of GDP . This debt , as a percent of GDP , is still less than the debt of Japan ( 192 % ) and roughly equivalent to those of a few western European nations . Budget ( edit ) Further information : United States budget CBO reported in October 2014 : `` The federal government ran a budget deficit of $486 billion in fiscal year 2014 ... $195 billion less than the shortfall recorded in fiscal year 2013 , and the smallest deficit recorded since 2008 . Relative to the size of the economy , that deficit -- at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product ( GDP ) -- was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years , and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009 . By CBO 's estimate , revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year . '' ( 1 ) Fiscal revenue fiscal year 2012 ( Total Receipts ) Fiscal expenses fiscal year 2011 Business culture ( edit ) A central feature of the U.S. economy is the economic freedom afforded to the private sector by allowing the private sector to make the majority of economic decisions in determining the direction and scale of what the U.S. economy produces . This is enhanced by relatively low levels of regulation and government involvement , as well as a court system that generally protects property rights and enforces contracts . Today , the United States is home to 29.6 million small businesses , 30 % of the world 's millionaires , 40 % of the world 's billionaires , as well as 139 of the world 's 500 largest companies . From its emergence as an independent nation , the United States has encouraged science and innovation . In the early 20th century , the research developed through informal cooperation between U.S. industry and academia grew rapidly and by the late 1930s exceeded the size of that taking place in Britain ( although the quality of U.S. research was not yet on par with British and German research at the time ) . After World War II , federal spending on defense R&D and antitrust policy played a significant role in U.S. innovation . The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil , and it is fortunate to have a moderate climate . It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans , as well as on the Gulf of Mexico . Rivers flow from far within the continent and the Great Lakes -- five large , inland lakes along the U.S. border with Canada -- provide additional shipping access . These extensive waterways have helped shape the country 's economic growth over the years and helped bind America 's 50 individual states together in a single economic unit . The number of workers and , more importantly , their productivity help determine the health of the U.S. economy . Consumer spending in the US rose to about 62 % of GDP in 1960 , where it stayed until about 1981 , and has since risen to 71 % in 2013 . Throughout its history , the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force , a phenomenon that is both cause and effect of almost constant economic expansion . Until shortly after World War I , most workers were immigrants from Europe , their immediate descendants , or African Americans who were mostly slaves taken from Africa , or their descendants . Demographic shift ( edit ) See also : Demographics of the United States Beginning in the late 20th century , many Latin Americans immigrated , followed by large numbers of Asians after the removal of nation - origin based immigration quotas . The promise of high wages brings many highly skilled workers from around the world to the United States , as well as millions of illegal immigrants seeking work in the informal economy . Over 13 million people officially entered the United States during the 1990s alone . Labor mobility has also been important to the capacity of the American economy to adapt to changing conditions . When immigrants flooded labor markets on the East Coast , many workers moved inland , often to farmland waiting to be tilled . Similarly , economic opportunities in industrial , northern cities attracted black Americans from southern farms in the first half of the 20th century , in what was known as the Great Migration . In the United States , the corporation has emerged as an association of owners , known as stockholders , who form a business enterprise governed by a complex set of rules and customs . Brought on by the process of mass production , corporations , such as General Electric , have been instrumental in shaping the United States . Through the stock market , American banks and investors have grown their economy by investing and withdrawing capital from profitable corporations . Today in the era of globalization , American investors and corporations have influence all over the world . The American government is also included among the major investors in the American economy . Government investments have been directed towards public works of scale ( such as from the Hoover Dam ) , military - industrial contracts , and the financial industry . Entrepreneurship ( edit ) See also : Technological and industrial history of the United States Percent of US economy from State - owned Enterprises or GSEs Tennessee in 1897 . The US was a leader in the adoption of electric lighting The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid 20th century . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's laboratory developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . Nikola Tesla pioneered the AC induction motor and high frequency power transmission used in radio . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are two of the best - known American entrepreneurs . American society highly emphasizes entrepreneurship and business . Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur , which can be defined as `` one who undertakes innovations , finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods '' . This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity . The most obvious form of entrepreneurship refers to the process and engagement of starting new businesses ( referred to as startup companies ) ; however , in recent years , the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity . When entrepreneurship is describing activities within a firm or large organization it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate venturing , when large entities spin - off organizations . According to Paul Reynolds , entrepreneurship scholar and creator of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor , `` by the time they reach their retirement years , half of all working men in the United States probably have a period of self - employment of one or more years ; one in four may have engaged in self - employment for six or more years . Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers . '' And in recent years , business creation has been documented by scholars such as David Audretsch to be a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe . Survival rate of US start - ups , 1977 - 2012 . Source : US Census Bureau , Business Dynamic Statistics , Published by Gallup , reproduced in UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , Figure 5.7 , p. 143 Venture capital investment ( edit ) Venture capital , as an industry , originated in the United States , which it still dominates . According to the National Venture Capital Association 11 % of private sector jobs come from venture capital backed companies and venture capital backed revenue accounts for 21 % of US GDP . Total US investment in venture capital amounted to US $48.3 billion in 2014 , for 4 356 deals . This represented ' an increase of 61 % in dollars and a 4 % increase in deals over the prior year , ' reported the National Venture Capital Association . The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that venture capital investment in the United States had fully recovered by 2014 to pre-recession levels . The National Venture Capital Association has reported that , in 2014 , venture capital investment in the life sciences was at its highest level since 2008 : in biotechnology , $6.0 billion was invested in 470 deals and , in life sciences overall , $8.6 billion in 789 deals ( including biotechnology and medical devices ) . Two - thirds ( 68 % ) of the investment in biotechnology went to first - time / early - stage development deals and the remainder to the expansion stage of development ( 14 % ) , seed - stage companies ( 11 % ) and late - stage companies ( 7 % ) . However , it was the software industry which invested in the greatest number of deals overall : 1 799 , for an investment of $19.8 billion . Second came internet - specific companies , garnering US $11.9 billion in investment through 1 005 deals . Many of these companies are based in the State of California , which alone concentrates 28 % of US research . Some new American businesses raise investments from angel investors ( venture capitalists ) . In 2010 healthcare / medical accounted for the largest share of angel investments , with 30 % of total angel investments ( vs. 17 % in 2009 ) , followed by software ( 16 % vs. 19 % in 2007 ) , biotech ( 15 % vs. 8 % in 2009 ) , industrial / energy ( 8 % vs. 17 % in 2009 ) , retail ( 5 % vs. 8 % in 2009 ) and IT services ( 5 % ) . Americans are `` venturesome consumers '' who are unusually willing to try new products of all sorts , and to pester manufacturers to improve their products . Research and development ( edit ) Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in the USA as a percentage of GDP , 2002 - 2013 . Other countries are given for comparison . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 The United States of America invests more funds in research and development ( R&D ) in absolute terms than the other G7 nations combined : 17.2 % more in 2012 . Since 2000 , gross domestic expenditure on R&D ( GERD ) in the USA has increased by 31.2 % , enabling it to maintain its share of GERD among the G7 nations at 54.0 % ( 54.2 % in 2000 ) . Impact of recession on research spending ( edit ) Generally speaking , US investment in R&D rose with the economy in the first years of the century before receding slightly during the economic recession then rising again as growth resumed . At its peak in 2009 , GERD amounted to US $ 406 billion ( 2.82 % of GDP ) . Despite the recession , it was still at 2.79 % in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73 % in 2013 , according to provisional data , and should remain at a similar level in 2014 . The federal government is the primary funder of basic research , at 52.6 % in 2012 ; state governments , universities and other non-profits funded 26 % . Experimental development , on the other hand , is primarily funded by industry : 76.4 % to the federal government 's 22.1 % in 2012 . World shares of GDP , research spending , researchers and scientific publications , 2009 and 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , Figure 1.7 While US investment in R&D is high , it failed to reach President Obama 's target of 3 % of GDP by the end of his presidency in 2016 . American supremacy is eroding in this respect , even as other nations -- China , in particular -- are carrying their own investment in R&D to new heights . Between 2009 and 2012 , the United States ' world share of research expenditure receded slightly from 30.5 % to 28.1 % . Several countries now devote more than 4 % of GDP to R&D ( Israel , Japan and the Republic of Korea ) and others plan to raise their own GERD / GDP ratio to 4 % by 2020 ( Finland and Sweden ) . Business spending on research ( edit ) Business enterprises contributed 59.1 % of US GERD in 2012 , down from 69.0 % in 2000 . Private non-profits and foreign entities each contribute a small fraction of total R&D , 3.3 % and 3.8 % respectively . US research and development budget by government agency , 1994 - 2014 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , Figure 5.4 , based on data from American Association for the Advancement of Science The USA has historically been a leader in business R&D and innovation . The economic recession of 2008 -- 2009 has had a lasting impact , however . While the major performers of R&D largely maintained their commitments , the pain of the US recession was felt mainly by small businesses and start - ups . Statistics released by the US Census Bureau showed that , in 2008 , the number of business ' deaths ' began overtaking the number of business ' births ' and that the trend continued at least through 2012 . From 2003 to 2008 , business research spending had followed a generally upward trajectory . In 2009 , the curve inverted , as expenditure fell by 4 % over the previous year then again in 2010 , albeit by 1 -- 2 % this time . Companies in high - opportunity industries like health care cut back less than those in more mature industries , such as fossil fuels . The largest cutbacks in R&D spending were in agriculture production : - 3.5 % compared to the average R&D to net sales ratio . The chemicals and allied products industry and electronic equipment industry , on the other hand , showed R&D to net sales ratios that were 3.8 % and 4.8 % higher than average . Although the amount of R&D spending increased in 2011 , it was still below the level of 2008 expenditure . By 2012 , the growth rate of business - funded R&D had recovered . Whether this continues will be contingent on the pursuit of economic recovery and growth , levels of federal research funding and the general business climate . Research spending at the state level ( edit ) The level of research spending varies considerably from one state to another . Six states ( New Mexico , Maryland , Massachusetts , Washington , California and Michigan ) each devoted 3.9 % or more of their GDP to R&D in 2010 , together contributing 42 % of national research expenditure . In 2010 , more than one - quarter of R&D was concentrated in California ( 28.1 % ) , ahead of Massachusetts ( 5.7 % ) , New Jersey ( 5.6 % ) , Washington State ( 5.5 % ) , Michigan ( 5.4 % ) , Texas ( 5.2 % ) , Illinois ( 4.8 % ) , New York ( 3.6 % ) and Pennsylvania ( 3.5 % ) . Seven states ( Arkansas , Nevada , Oklahoma , Louisiana , South Dakota and Wyoming ) devoted less than 0.8 % of GDP to R&D . Science and engineering in the United States of America by state . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , Figure 5.6 , based on data from American Association for the Advancement of Science California is home to Silicon Valley , the name given to the area hosting the leading corporations and start - ups in information technology . This state also hosts dynamic biotechnology clusters in the San Francisco Bay Area , Los Angeles and San Diego . The main biotechnology clusters outside California are the cities of Boston / Cambridge , Massachusetts , Maryland , suburban Washington DC , New York , Seattle , Philadelphia and Chicago . California supplies 13.7 % of all jobs in science and engineering across the country , more than any other state . Some 5.7 % of Californians are employed in these fields . This high share reflects a potent combination of academic excellence and a strong business focus on R&D : the prestigious Stanford University and University of California rub shoulders with Silicon Valley , for instance . In much the same way , Route 128 around Boston in the State of Massachusetts is not only home to numerous high - tech firms and corporations but also hosts the renowned Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology . New Mexico 's high research intensity can be explained by the fact that it hosts the Los Alamos National Laboratory . Maryland 's position may reflect the concentration of federally funded research institutions there . Washington State has a high concentration of high - tech firms like Microsoft , Amazon and Boeing and the engineering functions of most automobile manufacturers are located in the State of Michigan . Research spending by multinational corporations ( edit ) The federal government and most of the 50 states that make up the United States offer tax credits to particular industries and companies to encourage them to engage in research and development ( R&D ) . Congress usually renews a tax credit every few years . According to a survey by Wall Street Journal in 2012 , companies do not factor in these credits when making decisions about investing in R&D , since they can not rely on these credits being renewed . In 2014 , four US multinational corporations figured in the Top 50 for the volume of expenditure on R&D : Microsoft , Intel , Johnson & Johnson and Google . Several have figured in the Top 20 for at least ten years : Intel , Microsoft , Johnson & Johnson , Pfizer and IBM . Google was included in this table for the first time in 2013 . Global top 50 companies by R&D volume and intensity , 2014 * R&D intensity is defined as R&D expenditure divided by net sales . * * Although incorporated in the Netherlands , Airbus 's principal manufacturing facilities are located in France , Germany , Spain and the UK . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Table 9.3 , based on Hernández et . al ( 2014 ) EU R&D Scoreboard : the 2014 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard . European Commission : Brussels , Table 2.2 . Exports of high - tech goods and patents ( edit ) High - tech exports from the USA as a percentage of the world share , 2008 - 2013 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , Figure 5.10 , based on Comtrade database The United States has lost its world leadership for high - tech goods . Even computing and communications equipment is now assembled in China and other emerging economies , with high - tech value - added components being produced elsewhere . Until 2010 , the United States was a net exporter of pharmaceuticals but , since 2011 , it has become a net importer of these goods . The United States is a post-industrial country . Imports of high - tech products far exceed exports . However , the United States ' technologically skilled workforce produces a large volume of patents and can still profit from the license or sale of these patents . Within the United States ' scientific industries active in research , 9.1 % of products and services are concerned with the licensing of intellectual property rights . When it comes to trade in intellectual property , the United States remains unrivalled . Income from royalties and licensing amounted to $129.2 billion in 2013 , the highest in the world . Japan comes a distant second , with receipts of $31.6 billion in 2013 . The United States ' payments for use of intellectual property amounted to $39.0 billion in 2013 , exceeded only by Ireland ( $46.4 billion ) . Notable companies and markets ( edit ) See also : Forbes 500 and Fortune 500 A typical Walmart discount department store ( location : Laredo , Texas ) . In 2011 , the 20 largest U.S. - based companies by revenue were Walmart , ExxonMobil , Chevron , ConocoPhillips , Fannie Mae , General Electric , Berkshire Hathaway , General Motors , Ford Motor Company , Hewlett - Packard , AT&T , Cargill , McKesson Corporation , Bank of America , Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation , Apple Inc. , Verizon , JPMorgan Chase , and Cardinal Health . In 2013 , eight of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization were American : Apple Inc. , Exxon Mobil , Berkshire Hathaway , Walmart , General Electric , Microsoft , IBM , and Chevron Corporation . According to Fortune Global 500 2011 , the ten largest U.S. employers were Walmart , U.S. Postal Service , IBM , UPS , McDonald 's , Target Corporation , Kroger , The Home Depot , General Electric , and Sears Holdings . Apple , Google , IBM , McDonald 's , and Microsoft are the world 's five most valuable brands in an index published by Millward Brown . A 2012 Deloitte report published in STORES magazine indicated that of the world 's top 250 largest retailers by retail sales revenue in fiscal year 2010 , 32 % of those retailers were based in the United States , and those 32 % accounted for 41 % of the total retail sales revenue of the top 250 . Amazon.com is the world 's largest online retailer . Half of the world 's 20 largest semiconductor manufacturers by sales were American - origin in 2011 . Most of the world 's largest charitable foundations were founded by Americans . American producers create nearly all of the world 's highest - grossing films . Many of the world 's best - selling music artists are based in the United States . U.S. tourism sector welcomes approximately 60 million international visitors every year . In a recent study by Salam Standard , it has been reported that the United States is the biggest beneficiary of global Muslim tourism spend , enjoying 24 per cent share of the total Muslim travel spend worldwide or almost $35 billion . Forbes top 10 U.S. corporations by revenue ( edit ) Further information : List of largest companies by revenue Top 10 U.S. corporations by revenue in 2013 Finance ( edit ) The New York Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in the world . Main articles : Banking in the United States and Insurance in the United States Further information : List of largest banks Measured by value of its listed companies ' securities , the New York Stock Exchange is more than three times larger than any other stock exchange in the world . As of October 2008 , the combined capitalization of all domestic NYSE listed companies was US $10.1 trillion . NASDAQ is another American stock exchange and the world 's 3rd largest exchange after the New York Stock Exchange and Japan 's Tokyo Stock Exchange . However NASDAQ 's trade value is larger than Japan 's TSE . NASDAQ is the largest electronic screen - based equity securities trading market in the U.S. With approximately 3,800 companies and corporations , it has more trading volume per hour than any other stock exchange . Because of the influential role that the US stock market plays in international finance , a New York University study in late 2014 interprets that in the short run , shocks that affect the willingness to bear risk independently of macroeconomic fundamentals explain most of the variation in the US stock market . In the long run , the US stock market is profoundly affected by shocks that reallocate the rewards of a given level of production between workers and shareholders . Productivity shocks however play a small role in historical stock market fluctuations at all horizons in the US stock market . The U.S. finance industry comprised only 10 % of total non-farm business profits in 1947 , but it grew to 50 % by 2010 . Over the same period , finance industry income as a proportion of GDP rose from 2.5 % to 7.5 % , and the finance industry 's proportion of all corporate income rose from 10 % to 20 % . The mean earnings per employee hour in finance relative to all other sectors has closely mirrored the share of total U.S. income earned by the top 1 % income earners since 1930 . The mean salary in New York City 's finance industry rose from $80,000 in 1981 to $360,000 in 2011 , while average New York City salaries rose from $40,000 to $70,000 . In 1988 , there were about 12,500 U.S. banks with less than $300 million in deposits , and about 900 with more deposits , but by 2012 , there were only 4,200 banks with less than $300 million in deposits in the U.S. , and over 1,800 with more . Top ten U.S. banks by assets 1 JP Morgan Chase 2 Bank of America 3 Citigroup 4 Wells Fargo 5 Goldman Sachs 6 Morgan Stanley 7 U.S. Bancorp 8 Bank of NY Mellon 9 HSBC North American Holdings 10 Capital One Financial A 2012 International Monetary Fund study concluded that the US financial sector has grown so large that it is slowing economic growth . New York University economist Thomas Philippon supported those findings , estimating that the US spends $300 billion too much on financial services per year , and that the sector needs to shrink by 20 % . Harvard University and University of Chicago economists agreed , calculating in 2014 that workers in research and development add $5 to the GDP for each dollar they earn , but finance industry workers cause the GDP to shrink by $0.60 for every dollar they are paid . A study by the Bank for International Settlements reached similar conclusions , saying the finance industry impedes economic growth and research and development based industries . Historical Statistics ( edit ) GDP ( edit ) Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1930 -- 1946 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1947 -- 1973 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1974 -- 1990 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis Contributions to Percent Change in Real GDP ( 1991 -- 2008 ) , source Bureau of Economic Analysis GDP per capita growth . Real GDP per capita in the United States Historical growth of the US economy from 1961 - 2015 GDP per person in the United States US Gross Private Domestic Investment and Corporate Profits After Tax as shares of Gross Domestic Product US share of world GDP ( % ) since 1980 . US share of world GDP ( nominal ) peaked in 1985 with 32.74 % of global GDP ( nominal ) . The second highest share was 32.24 % in 2001 . US share of world GDP ( PPP ) peaked in 1999 with 23.78 % of global GDP ( PPP ) . The share has been declining each year since then . U.S. in global economy Employment ( edit ) Main article : Unemployment in the United States The Percentage of the US working age population employed , 1995 -- 2012 . Official U.S. unemployment rate , 1950 -- 2005 United States mean duration of unemployment 1948 -- 2010 . Average annual hours worked All employees , private industries , by branches Manufacturing ( edit ) Main articles : Manufacturing in the United States and Economy of the United States by sector U.S. manufacturing employment Wealth and income ( edit ) Main articles : Income in the United States and Wealth in the United States See also : Personal income in the United States , Household income in the United States , Income inequality in the United States , Affluence in the United States , and United States counties by per capita income U.S. Change in real income versus selected goods and services v1 Real compensation per hour in the US ( 1947 -- 2013 ) . Productivity ( edit ) Productivity and real median family income growth , 1947 -- 2009 . U.S. Productivity and Real Hourly Compensation ( 1948 - 2013 ) Inequality ( edit ) Main articles : Income inequality in the United States and Poverty in the United States Top income inequality in the United States and France Top 1 % fiscal income share Gini Coefficient for Household Income ( 1967 -- 2007 ) , source United States Chamber of Commerce U.S. Income Shares of Top 1 % and 0.1 % 1913 - 2013 Income inequality panel - v1 Health spending ( edit ) Main article : Health care in the United States Life expectancy compared to healthcare spending from 1970 to 2008 , in the US and the next 19 most wealthy countries by total GDP . Health spending as a share of GDP International Comparison - Healthcare spending as % GDP Tariff Rates ( edit ) Main articles : List of tariffs in the United States , Tariffs in United States history , and Protectionism in the United States Average Tariff Rates in USA ( 1821 - 2016 ) Average Tariff Rate ( France , UK , US ) Average Tariff Rates for Selected Countries ( 1913 - 2007 ) Average Tariff Rates on manufactured products Trade Balance ( edit ) Main article : Foreign trade of the United States U.S. Trade Balance ( 1895 -- 2015 ) Imports vs exports & net imports US Trade Balance 1980 2010 Merchandise exports ( 1870 - 1992 ) Inflation ( edit ) United States historical inflation rate , 1666 -- 2004 . U.S. federal tax ( edit ) Main article : Taxation in the United States U.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center . CBO estimates of historical effective federal tax rates broken down by income level . Government spending ( edit ) Main article : United States federal budget Federal , state , and local government spending as a % of GDP history Revenue and Expense as % GDP . Debt ( edit ) Main article : United States public debt Assets of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 -- 2008 Liabilities of the United States as a fraction of GDP 1960 -- 2009 Development of US federal government debt ceiling from 1990 to January 2012 . Deficit and debt increases 2001 -- 2016 . U.S. public net debt and the total public debt Deficit ( edit ) Annual federal deficit as a percent of GDP `` Twin deficit '' ( 1960 -- 2006 ) List of state economies ( edit ) Economy of Alabama Economy of Alaska Economy of Arizona Economy of Arkansas Economy of California Economy of Colorado Economy of Connecticut Economy of Delaware Economy of Florida Economy of Georgia Economy of Hawaii Economy of Idaho Economy of Illinois Economy of Indiana Economy of Iowa Economy of Kansas Economy of Kentucky Economy of Louisiana Economy of Maine Economy of Maryland Economy of Massachusetts Economy of Michigan Economy of Minnesota Economy of Mississippi Economy of Missouri Economy of Montana Economy of Nebraska Economy of Nevada Economy of New Hampshire Economy of New Jersey Economy of New Mexico Economy of New York Economy of North Carolina Economy of North Dakota Economy of Ohio Economy of Oklahoma Economy of Oregon Economy of Pennsylvania Economy of Rhode Island Economy of South Carolina Economy of South Dakota Economy of Tennessee Economy of Texas Economy of Utah Economy of Vermont Economy of Virginia Economy of Washington Economy of West Virginia Economy of Wisconsin Economy of Wyoming See also ( edit ) Economy of Puerto Rico Energy policy of the United States Historical Statistics of the United States Job creation index Labor unions in the United States List of industry trade groups in the United States World oil market chronology from 2003 Sources ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO 3.0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , 141 - 143 , UNESCO Publishing . To learn how to add freely licensed text to Wikipedia articles , please see the terms of use . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Global Financial Centres Index 18 '' ( PDF ) . Long Finance . September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects : United States '' . IMF . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product : Second Quarter 2017 ( Second Estimate ) '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Jump up ^ `` FIELD LISTING : : GDP - COMPOSITION , BY SECTOR OF ORIGIN '' . Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONSUMER PRICE INDEX -- SEPTEMBER 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Bureau of Labor Statistics . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2016 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . September 12 , 2017 . 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About Wikipedia	when did the united states become the world's largest economy	[ "The US economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity.[37] It has second highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at $45 trillion in 2016.[38] Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations, and in 2010 had the fourth highest median household income, down from second highest in 2007.[39][40] It has been the world's largest national economy (not including colonial empires) since at least the 1890s.[41] The U.S. is the world's third largest producer of oil[42] and natural gas.[43] In 2016, it was the largest trading nation in the world[44] as well as the world's second largest manufacturer, representing a fifth of the global manufacturing output.[45] The US also has not only the largest economy, but also the largest Industrial sector, at 2005 prices according to the UNCTAD.[46] The US not only has the largest internal market for goods, but also dominates the trade in services. US total trade amounted to $4.92 trillion in 2016.[47] Of the world's 500 largest companies, 134 are headquartered in the US.[48]" ]	[ "the 1890s" ]
4017457010400451582	Microchip implant (animal)	Microchip implant ( animal ) - wikipedia Microchip implant ( animal ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For use in humans , see Microchip implant ( human ) . Microchip implant in a cat . An RFID chip ( also known as PIT tag ) next to a grain of rice . A microchip implant is an identifying integrated circuit placed under the skin of an animal . The chip , about the size of a large grain of rice , uses passive RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification ) technology , and is also known as a PIT ( Passive Integrated Transponder ) tag . Externally attached microchips such as RFID ear tags are commonly used to identify farm and ranch animals , with the exception of horses . Some external microchips can be read with the same scanner used with implanted chips . Contents ( hide ) 1 Uses and benefits 2 Usage 3 Components of a microchip 4 Implant location 5 Animal species 6 Worldwide use 7 Cross-compatibility and standards issues 8 Reported adverse reactions 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Uses and benefits ( edit ) Animal shelters , animal control officers and veterinarians routinely look for microchips to return lost pets quickly to their owners , avoiding expenses for housing , food , medical care , outplacing and euthanasia . Many shelters place chips in all outplaced animals . Microchips are also used by kennels , breeders , brokers , trainers , registries , rescue groups , humane societies , clinics , farms , stables , animal clubs and associations , researchers , and pet stores . Some pet doors can be programmed to be activated by the microchips of specific animals , allowing only certain animals to use the door . Some countries require microchips in imported animals to match vaccination records . Microchip tagging may also be required for CITES - regulated international trade in certain endangered animals : for example , Asian Arowana are tagged to limit import to captive - bred fish . Also , birds not banded who cross international borders as pets or for trade must be microchipped so that each bird is uniquely identifiable . Usage ( edit ) Information about the implant is often imprinted on a collar tag worn by a pet Microchips can be implanted by a veterinarian or at a shelter . After checking that the animal does not already have a chip , the vet or technician injects the chip with a syringe and records the chip 's unique ID . No anesthetic is required it is a simple procedure and causes little discomfort : the pain is minimal and short - lived . A test scan ensures correct operation . An enrollment form is completed with chip ID , owner contact information , pet name and description , shelter and / or veterinarian contact information , and an alternate emergency contact designated by the pet owner . Some shelters and vets designate themselves as the primary contact to remain informed about possible problems with the animals they place . The form is sent to a registry , who may be the chip manufacturer , distributor or an independent entity such as a pet recovery service . Some countries have a single official national database . For a fee , the registry typically provides 24 - hour , toll - free telephone service for the life of the pet . Some veterinarians leave registration to the owner , usually done online , but a chip without current contact information is essentially useless . The owner receives a registration certificate with the chip ID and recovery service contact information . The information can also be imprinted on a collar tag worn by the animal . Like an automobile title , the certificate serves as proof of ownership and is transferred with the animal when it is sold or traded ; an animal without a certificate could be stolen . Authorities and shelters examine strays for chips , providing the recovery service with the ID number , description and location so they may notify the owner or contact . If the pet is wearing the collar tag , the finder does not need a chip reader to contact the registry . An owner can also report a missing pet to the recovery service , as vets look for chips in new animals and check with the recovery service to see if it has been reported lost or stolen . Many veterinarians scan an animal 's chip on every visit to verify correct operation . Some use the chip ID as their database index and print it on receipts , test results , vaccination certifications and other records . Some veterinary tests and procedures require positive identification of the animal , and a microchip may be acceptable for this purpose as an alternative to a tattoo . Components of a microchip ( edit ) A microchip implant is a passive RFID device . Lacking an internal power source , it remains inert until it is powered by the scanner or other power source . Most implants contain three elements : a ' chip ' or integrated circuit ; a coil inductor , possibly with a ferrite core ; and a capacitor . The chip contains unique identification data and electronic circuits to encode that information . The coil acts as the secondary winding of a transformer , receiving power inductively coupled to it from the scanner . The coil and capacitor together form a resonant LC circuit tuned to the frequency of the scanner 's oscillating magnetic field to produce power for the chip . The chip then transmits its data back through the coil to the scanner . Example of an RFID scanner used with animal microchip implants . These components are encased in biocompatible soda lime or borosilicate glass and hermetically sealed . Datamars has also started selling polymer microchips that are being implanted in pets. . Implant location ( edit ) In dogs and cats , chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline . According to one reference , continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck . The chip can often be felt under the skin . Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place . Horses are microchipped on the left side of the neck , halfway between the poll and withers and approximately one inch below the midline of the mane , into the nuchal ligament . Birds are implanted in their breast muscles . Proper restraint is necessary so the operation requires either two people ( an avian veterinarian and a veterinary technician ) or general anesthesia . Implanted microchips can distort magnetic resonance imaging ( MRIs ) , including those of the spinal cord . Animal species ( edit ) Horse microchipping Many animal species have been microchipped , including cockatiels and other parrots , horses , llamas , alpacas , goats , sheep , miniature pigs , rabbits , deer , ferrets , penguins , sharks , snakes , lizards , alligators , turtles , toads , frogs , rare fish , chimpanzees , mice , and prairie dogs -- even whales and elephants . The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses microchipping in its research of wild bison , black - footed ferrets , grizzly bears , elk , white - tailed deer , giant land tortoises and armadillos . Worldwide use ( edit ) Microchips are not yet universal , but they are legally required in some jurisdictions such as the state of New South Wales , Australia and the United Kingdom ( for dogs , since 6 April 2016 ) . Some countries , such as Japan , require ISO - compliant microchips or a compatible reader on imported dogs and cats . In New Zealand , all dogs first registered after 1 July 2006 must be microchipped . Farmers protested that farm dogs should be exempt , drawing a parallel to the Dog Tax War of 1898 . Farm dogs were exempted from microchipping in an amendment to the legislation passed in June 2006 . A National Animal Identification and Tracing scheme in New Zealand is currently being developed for tracking livestock . In April 2012 Northern Ireland became the first part of the United Kingdom to require microchipping of individually licensed dogs . Dog microchipping became mandatory in England on 6 April 2016 . In Israel , microchips in dogs are mandatory . Australia has a National Livestock Identification System . The United States uses the National Animal Identification System for farm and ranch animals other than dogs and cats . In most species except horses , an external eartag is typically used in lieu of an implant microchip . Eartags with microchips or simply stamped with a visible number can be used . Both use ISO 15 digit microchip numbers with the U.S. country code of 840 . Cross-compatibility and standards issues ( edit ) In most countries , pet ID chips adhere to an international standard to promote compatibility between chips and scanners . In the United States , however , three proprietary types of chips compete along with the international standard . Scanners distributed to United States shelters and veterinarians well into 2006 could each read at most three of the four types . Scanners with quad - read capability are now available and are increasingly considered required equipment . Older scanner models will be in use for some time , so United States pet owners must still choose between a chip with good coverage by existing scanners and one compatible with the international standard . The four types include : The ISO Conformant Full Duplex type has the greatest international acceptance . It is common in many countries including Europe ( since the late 1990s ) and Canada . It is one of two chip protocol types ( along with the `` Half Duplex '' type sometimes used in farm and ranch animals ) that conform to International Organization for Standardization standards ISO 11784 & 11785 . To support international / multivendor application , the 3 - digit country code can contain an assigned ISO country code or a manufacturer code from 900 to 998 plus its identifying serial number . In the United States , distribution of this type has been controversial . When 24PetWatch.com began distributing them in 2003 ( and more famously Banfield Pet Hospitals in 2004 ) many shelter scanners could n't read them . ( Some still ca n't ; asking local shelters about this is still a good idea . ) At least one Banfield - chipped pet was inadvertently euthanized . The Trovan Unique type is another pet chip protocol type in use since 1990 in pets in the United States . Patent problems forced the withdrawal of Trovan 's implanter device from United States distribution and they became uncommon in pets in the United States , although Trovan 's original registry database `` infopet.biz '' remained in operation . In early 2007 , the American Kennel Club 's chip registration service , AKC Companion Animal Recovery Corp , which had been the authorized registry for HomeAgain brand chips made by Destron / Digital Angel , began distributing Trovan chips with a different implanter . These chips are read by the Trovan , HomeAgain ( Destron Fearing ) , and Bayer ( Black Label ) readers . Despite multiple offers from Trovan to AVID to license the technology to read the Trovan chips , AVID continues to distribute readers that do not read Trovan or the ISO compliant chips . A third type sometimes known as FECAVA or Destron is available under various brand names . These include , in the United States , `` Avid Eurochip '' , the common current 24PetWatch chips , and the original ( and still popular ) style of HomeAgain chips . ( HomeAgain and 24Petwatch can now supply the true ISO chip instead on request . ) Chips of this type have 10 digit ( hexadecimal ) chip numbers . This `` FECAVA '' type is readable on a wide variety of scanners in the United States and has been less controversial , although its level of adherence to the ISO standards is sometimes exaggerated in some descriptions . The ISO standard has an annex ( appendix ) recommending that three older chip types be supported by scanners , including a 35 - bit `` FECAVA '' / `` Destron '' type . The common Eurochip / HomeAgain chips do n't agree perfectly with the annex description , although the differences are sometimes considered minor . But the ISO standard also makes it clear that only its 64 - bit `` full - duplex '' and `` half - duplex '' types are `` conformant '' ; even chips ( e.g. , the Trovan Unique ) that match one of the Annex descriptions are not . More visibly , FECAVA can not support the ISO standard 's required country / manufacturer codes . They may be accepted by authorities in many countries where ISO - standard chips are the norm , but not by those requiring literal ISO conformance . Finally , there 's the AVID brand Friendchip type , which is peculiar due to its encryption characteristics . Cryptographic features are not necessarily unwelcome ; few pet rescuers or humane societies would object to a design that outputs an ID number `` in the clear '' for anyone to read , along with authentication features for detection of counterfeit chips , but the authentication in `` Friendchips '' has been found lacking and rather easy to spoof to the AVID scanner . Although no authentication encryption is involved , obfuscation requires proprietary information to convert transmitted chip data to its original label ID code . Well into 2006 , scanners containing the proprietary decryption were provided to the United States market only by AVID and Destron / Digital Angel ; Destron / Digital Angel put the decryption feature in some , but not all , of its scanners , possibly as early as 1996 . ( For years , its scanners distributed to shelters through HomeAgain usually had full decryption , while many sold to veterinarians would only state that an AVID chip had been found . ) Well into 2006 , both were resisting calls from consumers and welfare group officials to bring scanners to the United States shelter community combining AVID decryption capability with the ability to read ISO - compliant chips . Some complained that AVID itself had long marketed combination pet scanners compatible with all common pet chips except possibly Trovan outside the United States . By keeping them out of the United States , it could be considered partly culpable in the missed - ISO chips problem others blamed on Banfield . In 2006 , the European manufacturer Datamars , a supplier of ISO chips used by Banfield and others , gained access to the decryption secrets and began supplying scanners with them to United States customers . This `` Black Label '' scanner was the first four - standard full - multi pet scanner in the United States market . Later in 2006 , Digital Angel announced that it would supply a full - multi scanner in the United States . In 2008 AVID announced a `` breakthrough '' scanner , although as of October 2010 AVID 's is still so uncommon that it 's unclear whether it supports the Trovan chip . Trovan also acquired the decryption technology in 2006 or earlier , and now provides it in scanners distributed in the United States by AKC - CAR . ( Some are quad - read , but others lack full ISO support . ) Numerous references in print state that the incompatibilities between different chip types are a matter of `` frequency '' . One may find claims that early ISO adopters in the United States endangered their customers ' pets by giving them ISO chips that work at a `` different frequency '' from the local shelter 's scanner , or that the United States government considered forcing an incompatible frequency change . These claims were little challenged by manufacturers and distributors of ISO chips , although later evidence suggests the claims were disinformation . In fact , all chips operate at the scanner 's frequency . Although ISO chips are optimized for 134.2 kHz , in practice they are readable at 125 kHz and the `` 125 kHz '' chips are readable at 134.2 kHz . Confirmation comes from government filings that indicate the supposed `` multi-frequency '' scanners now commonly available are really single - frequency scanners operating at 125 , 134.2 or 128 kHz . In particular , the United States HomeAgain scanner did n't change excitation frequency when ISO - read capability was added ; it 's still a single frequency , 125 kHz scanner . Expected results for chip type ( OK = Good read NR = No read DO = Detect Only with no number given ) Scanner to test ISO Conformant Full Duplex chip AVID Encrypted `` FriendChip '' Original U.S. HomeAgain , AVID Eurochip , or FECAVA `` Trovan Unique '' and current AKC CAR chips Minimal ISO Conformant Scanner ( also must read HALF Duplex chips common in livestock ear tags ) OK NR NR NR AVID Basic U.S. Scanner NR OK NR NR AVID Deluxe U.S. Scanner NR OK OK NR AVID Universal Scanner sold outside U.S. OK OK OK NR Assumed AVID MiniTracker Pro Scanner announced August 2008 OK OK OK NR according to some ( Few have seen one . ) Various vintages of U.S. HomeAgain `` Universal '' Shelter Scanners by Destron / Digital Angel Corp . NR , DO , or OK OK OK Possibly all OK Typical Destron / Digital Angel Corp . U.S. Veterinarian 's scanner pre-2007 NR DO OK DO Trovan LID - 560 - MULTI per mfr . specifications on Web OK OK OK OK U.S. Trovan Pocket Scanner per AKC - CAR Web Site DO OK OK OK U.S. Trovan ProScan700 per AKC - CAR Web Site OK OK OK OK Original 2006 Datamars Black Label Scanner OK OK OK OK but Reliability Questioned Datamars Black Label Scanner `` classypets '' model OK NR or DO ? OK OK but Reliability Questioned Banfield - Distributed 2004 - 2005 Vintage Datamars Scanners OK Possibly all DO OK Possibly all OK but Reliability Questioned ( Undocumented Feature ) Datamars Minimax and Micromax OK NR NR NR Typical Homemade Scanner OK OK but extra step required ( web - based decryption service ) OK OK Microchip ID Systems `` Hero '' Scanner OK OK OK NR Microchip ID Systems `` Pocket Hero '' Scanner OK NR NR NR ( For users requiring Shelter - Grade certainty , this table is not a substitute for testing the scanner with a set of specimen chips . One study cites problems with certain Trovan chips on the Datamars Black Label scanner . In general , the study found none of the tested scanners to read all four standards without some deficiency . The study predates the most recent scanner models , however . ) Reported adverse reactions ( edit ) RFID chips are used in animal research , and at least three studies conducted since the 1990s have reported tumors at the site of implantation in laboratory mice and rats . Noted veterinary associations responded with continued support for the procedure as reasonably safe for cats and dogs , pointing to rates of serious complications on the order of one in a million in the U.K. , which has a system for tracking such adverse reactions and has chipped over 3.7 million pet dogs . A recent study found no safety concerns for microchipped animals with RFID chips undergoing MRI at one Tesla magnetic field strength . In 2011 a microchip - associated fibrosarcoma was reported found in the neck of a 9 - year old , neutered - male cat . Histological examination was consistent with postinjection sarcoma , but all prior vaccinations occurred in the hindlegs . The microchip is implanted in the subcutaneous tissues causing an inflammatory response until scar tissue develops around the microchip . Studies on horses are used as the basis for short inflammatory response claims , while procedures on done on small kittens and puppies . Humans are reporting swelling and bruising at the time of implant with itching and pinching sensations for up to two years . The broader impacts on inflammatory disorders and cancer have not been determined and most of the health risks that were defined in the FDA Guidance developed for human implants should be considered . Adverse event reporting in the US can be made by the pet owner or a veterinarian to the FDA . https://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ReportaProblem/ucm055305.htm Adverse event reporting for animal microchips has been inconsistent . The UK 's Veterinary Medicines Directorate ( VMD ) assumed the task of adverse event reporting for animal microchips there in April 2014 . Mandatory microchipping of dogs and mandatory adverse event reporting went into effect in the UK in February of 2015 . The first report was issued for the period of April 2014 through December 2015 . There were 1,500 adverse events reported for an unknown number of pets . The estimate for the total cat and dog population of the UK is 16 million with 8.5 million dogs subject to mandatory microchipping. 4.5 % of the adverse events are from adverse reactions and most of the rest from scanner failures and migration . Microchip Adverse Event Reports for 2016 and 2017 do not appear to have been released . See also ( edit ) Microchip implant ( human ) PositiveID Proximity card Pet recovery service Remote - controlled animal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For display , typically the three country / manufacturer code digits are followed by twelve digits of serial number to make a 15 - digit numeric string . Jump up ^ Curiously , an actual matching descriptive specification from the Federation of European Companion Animal Veterinary Associations , or one from Destron Corporation , remains illusive . Jump up ^ The differences are obvious and easily surmounted by someone trying to make a scanner for a FECAVA chip specimen , so the Annex is still quite useful . ( The actual FECAVA frequency - modulated signals are inverted ( backwards ) from the Annex specification . ) Jump up ^ This is found in clauses 2 and 6 of ISO 11785 ; the two actual conformant 64 - bit types are described in clauses 6.1 and 6.2 . Jump up ^ Few of the petitioners bothered to ask AVID to add Trovan - chip compatibility at that time , as these chips would remain uncommon and obscure until 2007 in the U.S. Jump up ^ In addition to its current scanners with full support for ISO full duplex chips , and maybe ten years production of earlier scanners with no ISO support , Destron / Digital Angel Corp. is also reported to have made in - between models circa 2006 , one that gives a detection indication , but no number for ISO chips , and one model that gives either simple detection or full number readout , depending perhaps on the chip 's manufacturer or some other factor . These models may be hard to discern without many specimen chips ; upgrades may be available , especially to current customer partners of HomeAgain . Jump up ^ A mention of a chip type called `` AVID Travelchip '' has been removed from this heading . It appears that `` Travelchip '' was actually a trademark not of AVID itself but of a chip distributor , which used it as a blanket term for several different chip types sold in value - added kits - firstly AVID Eurochips , later HomeAgain types both regular and ISO . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lomas , Natasha ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` Now you can quantify your cat 's comings and goings too '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Why is it important to ensure my pet is microchipped ? - RSPCA Australia knowledgebase '' . kb.rspca.org.au . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://www.pet.datamars.com/portfolio-items/t-sl-slim-polymer-microchip-usa/?portfolioCats=63 Jump up ^ Microchip Implantation Sites ( World Small Animal Veterinary Association ) . Jump up ^ Saito M , Ono S , Kayanuma H , Honnami M , Muto M , Une Y ( May 2010 ) . `` Evaluation of the susceptibility artifacts and tissue injury caused by implanted microchips in dogs on 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging '' . J. Vet . Med . Sci. 72 ( 5 ) : 575 -- 81 . doi : 10.1292 / jvms. 09 - 0386 . PMID 20086326 . Jump up ^ `` WSAVA - Australian Microchip Standard '' . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dog microchipping law brings fines risk '' . 6 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Entering Japan : Dogs & Cats . Jump up ^ Masters , Catherine ( 25 March 2006 ) . `` The year of the dog war '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Farm Dogs Exempted from Microchipping Jump up ^ `` NI first on law to microchip dogs '' . 8 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Dog microchipping becomes compulsory across UK '' . BBC News . 2016 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Pet 's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News Jump up ^ Trovan Chips Adopted by Los Angeles in 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Open Letter to Hannis Stoddard '' . www.rfidnews.com . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` B '' Country List ( Search for `` Home Again microchips are ISO compatible '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ ISO Standards Discussion ( Search for `` as compliant '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ The TRAVELchip Single ( Search for `` Complies with '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ ISO Standards Combined Text ( `` FECAVA '' discussion starts on page 16 of the PDF file . ) Jump up ^ Pet 's Death Rekindles Electronic ID Debate in JAVMA News ( Search for `` best '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ APHIS Comment Submission from Digital Angel Corp ( page 2 , item 4 in the referenced . doc file . ) Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner to Reunite More Lost Pets with Their Families Jump up ^ U.S. FCC database search form ( Submit the form with `` Grantee Code '' and `` Product Code '' for each individual scanner ; for the new universal Digital Angel / HomeAgain Scanner , still operating at 125 kHz codes `` C5S '' and `` HS9250L '' ; for a recent AVID scanner , operating at 134.2 kHz , codes `` IOL '' and `` - 134 - AV1034I '' . ) Jump up ^ Descriptions of AVID Scanners ( Search for `` only the AVID '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane ( Search for `` in use in canada '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Avid Announces New Scanner . Jump up ^ Test Results from American Humane ( Search for `` unless vet is with a shelter '' in the text . ) Jump up ^ Trovan Multi Scanner specifications ( Apparently applies to models sold outside U.S. ) Jump up ^ Using The AKC - CAR Multi-System Pocket Scanner ( U.S. Model says `` Detect Only '' on ISO chip type . ) Jump up ^ AKC CAR Scanners Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications . Jump up ^ Datamars Multi Scanner specifications . Jump up ^ Datamars Scanner Descriptions . Jump up ^ Software for Homemade Scanners - Chip Type Listing . Jump up ^ `` NEW ! Hero TM Advanced Reader Microchip ID Systems '' . www.microchipidsystems.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pocket HERO TM Microchip ID Systems '' . www.microchipidsystems.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nov. 2007 Scanner Evaluation from EID Limited . Jump up ^ Lewan , Todd . `` Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Position Statement from World Small Animal Veterinary Association . Jump up ^ Baker , Martin A. ; MacDonald , Iain ( 2011 ) . `` Evaluation of veterinary radiofrequency identification devices at 1T '' . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound. 52 ( 2 ) : 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1740 - 8261.2010. 01762. x . Jump up ^ Carminato A , Vascellari M , Marchioro W , Melchiotti E , Mutinelli F ( December 2011 ) . `` Microchip - associated fibrosarcoma in a cat '' . Vet . Dermatol. 22 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 9 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3164.2011. 00975. x . PMID 21535253 . Jump up ^ https://www.animalagriculture.org/resources/Pictures/Page%20Graphics/LaColla,%20Marta%20Luz.pdf Jump up ^ / https://arstechnica.com/features/2018/01/a-practical-guide-to-microchip-implants/ Jump up ^ https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ucm072141.htm Jump up ^ https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/527763/951335-Microchip_report_2015.pdf External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Microchip implant . Lost Pet Found After 13 Years ( Apparently the current record for this type of story ) `` Injunction on Microchip Sales '' . Pet Age . January 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microchip_implant_(animal)&oldid=850300235 '' Categories : Cat equipment Dog equipment Dogs as pets Radio - frequency identification Identification of domesticated animals Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2010 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 01 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the microchip placed in a dog	[ "In dogs and cats, chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. According to one reference, continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck.[4] The chip can often be felt under the skin. Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place.\n", "In dogs and cats, chips are usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline. According to one reference, continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck.[4] The chip can often be felt under the skin. Thin layers of connective tissue form around the implant and hold it in place.\n" ]	[ "usually inserted below the skin at the back of the neck between the shoulder blades on the dorsal midline", "continental European pets get the implant in the left side of the neck" ]
-856138747696878594	Education in South Africa	Education in South Africa - Wikipedia Education in South Africa Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) School children in Cape Town Education in South Africa is governed by two national departments , namely the department of Basic Education ( DBE ) , which is responsible for primary and secondary schools , and the department of Higher Education and Training ( DHET ) , which is responsible for tertiary education and vocational training . Prior to 2009 , these two departments were represented in a single Department of Education . The DBE department deals with public schools , private schools ( also referred to by the department as independent schools ) , early childhood development ( ECD ) centres , and special needs schools . The public schools and private schools are collectively known as ordinary schools , and comprise roughly 97 % of schools in South Africa . The DHET department deals with further education and training ( FET ) colleges , adult basic education and training ( ABET ) centres , and higher education ( HE ) institutions . The nine provinces in South Africa also have their own education departments that are responsible for implementing the policies of the national department , as well as dealing with local issues . In 2010 , the basic education system comprised 12 644 208 learners , 30 586 schools , and 439 394 teachers . In 2009 , the higher education and training system comprised 837 779 students in HE institutions , 420 475 students in state - controlled FET institutions and 297 900 in state - controlled ABET centres . In 2013 , the South African government will spend 21 % of the national budget on education . Some ten percent of the education budget is for higher education . According to the national census of 2011 , among the South African population , 35.2 % of black / African , 32.6 % of coloureds , 61.6 % of Indians / Asians and 76 % of white citizens have completed an education of high school or higher . 41.7 % of the total population has completed an education of high school or higher , whereas 8.6 % of the population aged 20 years and older have not completed any schooling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and policies 2 Basic education system ( primary and secondary schools ) 2.1 Optional grades 2.2 Learner ratios 2.3 School income and expenses 2.3. 1 Sample school fees 2.3. 2 Poverty and school fees 2.4 Private schools 3 Higher education and training system 3.1 Restructuring of universities and technikons 4 History 4.1 1806 to 1900 4.2 1900 to 1948 4.3 1948 to 1974 4.4 1974 to 1983 4.5 1984 to 1990 4.6 1990 to 1993 4.7 1994 to 1997 4.8 1997 to 2005 4.9 2006 until now - use of English 5 Performance 6 Violence 7 References 8 External links 9 Further reading Structure and policies ( edit ) The department of Basic Education is headed by the director - general Bobby Soobrayan , and its policy is made by the minister Angie Motshekga and the deputy minister Enver Surty . The department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director - general Mary Metcalfe , and its policy is made by the minister Blade Nzimande and the deputy minister Comfort Manana . Both these departments are funded from central government taxes . The department of Basic Education pays a portion of teachers ' salaries in government schools , whereas independent schools are funded privately . Government schools may under certain circumstances supplement their funds through parent contributions . Basic education system ( primary and secondary schools ) ( edit ) The DBE officially groups grades into two `` bands '' called General Education and Training ( GET ) , which includes grade 0 plus grades 1 to 9 , and Further Education and Training ( FET ) , which includes grades 10 - 12 as well as non-higher education vocational training facilities . The GET ( General Education and Training band ) is subdivided further into `` phases '' called the Foundation Phase ( grade 0 plus grade 1 to 3 ) , the Intermediate Phase ( grades 4 to 6 ) , and the Senior Phase ( grades 7 to 9 ) . The administrative structure of most ordinary schools in South Africa do not reflect the division of bands and phases , however . For historical reasons , most schools are either `` primary '' schools ( grade R plus grades 1 to 7 ) or `` secondary '' schools , also known as high schools ( grades 8 to 12 ) . Optional grades ( edit ) Some home schools and private schools offer the option to complete an additional year after grade 12 , sometimes known as grade 13 or `` post-matric '' . The South African governmental school system does not have a grade 13 , but it forms part of non-South African curriculums that are sometimes followed by private schools in South Africa . The DBE 's Foundation Phase includes a pre-school grade known as grade R , for `` reception '' . Grade R is compulsory , but not all primary schools offer grade R. Grade R may also be attended at pre-school facilities . Other grades that can be completed at a pre-school centre include grade 0 and grade 000 ( although the 000 and 00 designations are not universally applied ) . Grade R is sometimes called Grade 0 ( pronounced `` grade nought '' ) , particularly in previously white schools , where the usage was once common . Learner ratios ( edit ) According to the DBE 's 2010 statistics report ( published in 2012 ) , on average there are 30 learners per teacher , 480 learners per school , and 16 teachers per school . The ratio of learners per teacher is roughly the same in all provinces , but the ratio of learners per school varies per province . For example , in Gauteng there are 800 learners per school and 28 teachers per school , whereas in the Eastern Cape there 350 learners per school and 12 teachers per school . Updated 2013 statistics ( published in 2015 ) is available . School income and expenses ( edit ) Schools in South Africa receive a grant from government for their operational costs , such as maintaining the grounds , administrative costs , salaries , books and educational materials , and extramural activities . Most schools supplement the government grant with other streams of income , such as school fees paid by parents , fundraising events , and receiving donations . Generally , higher school fees prevent poorer children from attending affluent schools . There is no limit to the amount of the fees that a school may set . Parents may apply to the school for full or partial reduction of school fees , and many affluent schools do provide financial assistance to a small number of learners ( for example , if the parents are alumni ) , but it is not a legal requirement . Children at South African schools are usually required to wear school uniforms , which can be expensive and are not provided for free , although it is often possible to buy them second - hand . Most schools offer extra mural activities such as a variety of sports and cultural activities , which requires money to maintain . Many schools maintain their own sports fields as well . The size of the grant paid by government is determined largely by the poverty level of the neighbourhood in which the school is situated , as well as unemployment rate and general education rate of the population in that neighbourhood . Consequently , schools in more affluent areas have to raise more money from other sources to maintain the same standard of education , but schools from affluent areas often have so much additional income that their standard of education is much higher than that of less affluent schools anyway . The size of the government grant per child depends on the `` quintille '' of the school . In 2009 , schools in quintille 1 ( the poorest ) and quintille 2 received R807 and R740 per child per year , respectively , where as schools in quintille 4 and quintille 5 ( the richest ) received R404 and R134 per child per year . Schools in quintille 1 - 3 may apply for classification as a `` No Fee '' school . 5 % of all schools are quintille 5 schools , and 15 % of all schools are quintille 4 schools . Sample school fees ( edit ) Schools are not required to publish their school fees publicly and many schools are secretive about it , but here are some examples of school fees in non-private schools in South Africa : The Settler 's High , Bellville : R15200 per child per year Monument Park High , Kraaifontein : R9000 per child per year Poverty and school fees ( edit ) Schools may not refuse admission to children who live in the immediate vicinity of the school . Schools may not refuse entry to children or refuse to hand over report cards even if their parents neglect to pay the school fees , but schools are permitted to sue parents for non-payment of school fees . Since 1996 , children whose parents are very poor are legally exempt from some or all school fees . Since 1998 , the formula is as follows : If the combined annual income of the parents is less than ten times the annual school fee , the child is legally exempt from paying school fees . If the income is more than ten times the school fee but less than thirty times the school fee , the child is legally entitled to a specific reduction in school fees . In practice , these regulations help only very poor families , and not working - class and middle - income families . Orphans and children of parents who receive poverty - linked social grants are also exempt from paying school fees . Since 2006 the Education department offers the following incentive to the poorest 40 % of schools : if the school charges no school fees , the education department increases the grant to make up for the lack of income from school fees . It was originally planned to increase this incentive to the poorest 60 % of schools by 2009 . The incentive only applies to children in the GED band , and children who wish to complete grade 10 - 12 must still pay the full fee . In 2008 , some 5 million learners in 14 264 schools benefited from the No Fee school programme , and most of those learners were in the Eastern Cape , KwaZulu - Natal and Limpopo provinces . Not all schools who qualify for this incentive make use of it . Private schools ( edit ) Main article : Private school § South_Africa Private schools , also known as independent schools , are schools that are not owned by the state . They are usually owned and operated by a trust , church or community , or by a for - profit company . Not all private schools in South Africa charge high school fees . Certain private schools also receive a grant from the state , depending on the community served and fees charged . Higher education and training system ( edit ) A graph mapping out the National Qualification Frameworks ( NQF ) and how they relate to different educational options within the South African educational system in 2017 . NQFs are a key component of the South African higher education system . See also : List of universities in South Africa See also : Academic ranks in South Africa For university entrance , a `` Matriculation Endorsement '' is required , although some universities do set their own additional academic requirements . South Africa has a vibrant higher sector , with more than a million students enrolled in the country 's universities , colleges and universities of technology . All the universities are autonomous , reporting to their own councils rather than government . The National Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) system of administering higher education broadly in the country is run by the South African Qualifications Authority . Restructuring of universities and technikons ( edit ) The Extension of Universities Act of 1959 made provision for separate universities for separate races . In addition , the independent homelands were given universities of their own . After the re-incorporation of the independent homelands , there were 36 universities and technikons in South Africa , often in close proximity and offering the same courses . In 1994 , the government embarked on a restructure of the universities and technikons by a series of mergers and incorporations . This was completed by January 2005 . It created 22 new institutions from the previous 36 . Ten of the universities got new names . History ( edit ) 1806 to 1900 ( edit ) The earliest European schools in South Africa were established in the Cape Colony in the late seventeenth century by Dutch Reformed Church elders committed to biblical instruction , which was necessary for church confirmation . In rural areas , itinerant teachers ( meesters ) taught basic literacy and math skills . British mission schools proliferated after 1799 , when the first members of the London Missionary Society arrived in the Cape Colony . Language soon became a sensitive issue in education . At least two dozen English - language schools operated in rural areas of the Cape Colony by 1827 , but their presence rankled among devout Afrikaners , who considered the English language and curriculum irrelevant to rural life and Afrikaner values . Throughout the nineteenth century , Afrikaners resisted government policies aimed at the spread of the English language and British values , and many educated their children at home or in the churches . After British colonial officials began encouraging families to emigrate from Britain to the Cape Colony in 1820 , the Colonial Office screened applicants for immigration for background qualifications . They selected educated families , for the most part , to establish a British presence in the Cape Colony . After their arrival , these parents placed a high priority on education . Throughout this time , most religious schools in the eastern Cape accepted Xhosa children who applied for admission ; in Natal many other Nguni - speaking groups sent their children to mission schools after the mid-nineteenth century . The government also financed teacher training classes for Africans as part of its pacification campaign throughout the nineteenth century . By 1877 some 60 percent of white school - age children in Natal were enrolled in school , as were 49 percent in the Cape Colony . After the Boer War ( ended 1902 ) in the former Afrikaner republics , however , enrolments remained low -- only 12 percent in the Orange Free State and 8 percent in the Transvaal -- primarily the result of Afrikaner resistance to British education . Enrolments in these republics increased after the government of the Union agreed to the use of Afrikaans in the schools and to allow Afrikaner parents greater control over primary and secondary education . By the late nineteenth century , three types of schools were receiving government assistance -- ward schools , or small rural schools generally employing one teacher ; district schools , providing primary - level education to several towns in an area ; and a few secondary schools in larger cities . But during the last decades of that century , all four provinces virtually abolished African enrolment in government schools . African children attended mission schools , for the most part , and were taught by clergy or by lay teachers , sometimes with government assistance . Higher education was generally reserved for those who could travel to Europe , but in 1829 the government established the multiracial South African College , which later became the University of Cape Town . Religious seminaries accepted a few African applicants as early as 1841 . In 1852 the independent state of Transvaal and in 1854 the Orange Free State established their own institutions of higher learning in Dutch . The government established Grey College -- later the University of the Orange Free State -- in Bloemfontein in 1855 and placed it under the supervision of the Dutch Reformed Church . The Grey Institute was established in Port Elizabeth in 1856 ; Graaff - Reinet College was founded in 1860 . The Christian College was founded at Potchefstroom in 1869 and was later incorporated into the University of South Africa and renamed Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education . 1900 to 1948 ( edit ) Following the British victory in the South African War , the British High Commissioner for Southern Africa , Sir Alfred Milner , brought thousands of teachers from Britain , Canada , Australia , and New Zealand to instil the English language and British cultural values , especially in the two former Afrikaner republics . To counter the British influence , a group of Afrikaner churches proposed an education program , Christian National Education , to serve as the core of the school curriculum . The government initially refused to fund schools adopting this program , but Jan C. Smuts , the Transvaal leader who later became prime minister , was strongly committed to reconciliation between Afrikaners and English speakers ; he favoured local control over many aspects of education . Provincial autonomy in education was strengthened in the early twentieth century , and all four provincial governments used government funds primarily to educate whites . The National Party ( NP ) was able to capitalise on the fear of racial integration in the schools to build its support . The NP 's narrow election victory in 1948 gave Afrikaans new standing in the schools and , after that , all high - school graduates were required to be proficient in Afrikaans and English . The NP government also reintroduced Christian National Education as the guiding philosophy of education . 1948 to 1974 ( edit ) Before 1953 , many black people attended schools set up by religions organisations . These schools provided schooling of the same quality that white children received in state schools . Following the Bantu Education Act ( No. 47 ) of 1953 the government tightened its control over religious high schools by eliminating almost all financial aid , forcing many churches to sell their schools to the government or close them entirely . The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education ( CNE ) . The basis of this system is that a person 's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person 's ethnic identity . Although CNE advanced principles of racial inferiority , it promoted teaching of cultural diversity and enforced mother - tongue instruction in the first years of primary school . The government gave strong management control to the school boards , who were elected by the parents in each district . In 1959 , the Extension of University Education Act prohibited established universities from accepting most black students , although the government did create universities for black , coloured , and Indian students . The number of schools for blacks increased during the 1960s , but their curriculum was designed to prepare children for menial jobs . Per capita government spending on black education slipped to one - tenth of spending on whites in the 1970s . Black schools had inferior facilities , teachers , and textbooks . 1974 to 1983 ( edit ) In 1974 , the Minister of Bantu Education and Development issued a decree commonly known as the `` Afrikaans medium decree '' in which the use of both English and Afrikaans was made compulsory in black secondary schools . In this decree , physical science and practical subjects would be taught in English , mathematics and social science subjects would be taught in Afrikaans , and music and cultural subjects would be taught in the learner 's native language . The Minister said that the reason for this decree was to ensure that black people can communicate effectively with English and Afrikaans speaking white people . This decree was unpopular with learners and teachers alike , particularly in towns like the Johannesburg township of Soweto , where practically no - one spoke Afrikaans . Tensions over language in education erupted into violence on 16 June 1976 , when students took to the streets in Soweto and eventually in other towns and cities in the country . The schools suffered further damage as vandals damaged or destroyed school property . Students who tried to attend school and their teachers were attacked , and school staff found it increasingly difficult to maintain normal school activities . 1984 to 1990 ( edit ) The National Policy for General Affairs Act ( No. 76 ) of 1984 provided some improvements in black education but maintained the overall separation called for by the Bantu education system . The Department of Education and Training was responsible for black education outside the homelands . Each of the three houses of parliament -- for whites , coloureds , and Indians -- had an education department for one racial group . Each of the ten homelands had its own education department . In addition , several other government departments managed specific aspects of education . Education was compulsory for all racial groups , but at different ages , and the law was enforced differently . Whites were required to attend school between the ages of seven and sixteen . Black children were required to attend school from age seven until the equivalent of seventh grade or the age of sixteen . This law was enforced only weakly and not at all in areas where schools were unavailable . For Asians and coloured children , education was compulsory between the ages of seven and fifteen . Teacher - pupil ratios in primary schools averaged 1 : 18 in white schools , 1 : 24 in Asian schools , 1 : 27 in coloured schools , and 1 : 39 in black schools . Moreover , whereas 96 percent of all teachers in white schools had teaching certificates , only 15 percent of teachers in black schools were certified . Secondary - school pass rates for black pupils in the nationwide , standardised high - school graduation exams were less than one - half the pass rate for whites . 1990 to 1993 ( edit ) The white education system was restructured , in anticipation of democracy , by the apartheid government . From the beginning of 1991 , white schools were required to select one of four `` Models '' : A , B , C , or D. `` Model C '' was a semi-private structure , with decreased funding from the state , and greatly increased autonomy for schools . Although most white schools opted for the status quo , by 1993 , due to government policy , 96 % of white public schools became `` Model C '' schools . Although the form of `` Model C '' was abolished by the post-apartheid government , the term is still commonly used to describe former whites - only government schools , as of 2013 . 1994 to 1997 ( edit ) Under Apartheid South Africa , there were eight education departments that followed different curricula and offered different standards of learning quality . This included nationwide departments for coloured people , for Indians and for black people , a department for independent schools , and provincial departments for white people in each of the former four provinces . Some of the Bantustans that were incorporated back into South Africa in 1994 also had their own education departments . In terms of the Interim Constitution , the Mandela government restructured these departments as well as tertiary education departments , splitting responsibilities between nine newly formed provincial education departments and a single national education department . It also set about reforming the educational system by first removing all racially offensive and outdated content and then introducing continuous assessment into schools . The South African Schools Act , 1996 was promulgated to `` provide for a uniform system for the organisation , governance and funding of schools '' . 1997 to 2005 ( edit ) In 1997 , the government launched its new education system called Curriculum 2005 , which would be based on `` outcomes based education '' ( OBE ) . By 2006 it was clear that OBE as a social experiment had failed , and it was quietly shelved . 2006 until now - use of English ( edit ) South Africa has 11 official languages . and the first year of schooling is provided in all these home languages . Before 2009 , schools serving non-English speakers had to teach English as a subject only from grade 3 and all subjects were taught in English from grade 4 ( except in Afrikaans language schools ) . Since 2009 , all schools teach English as a subject from grade 1 and all subjects are taught in English from grade 4 . Afrikaans language schools are an exception , in that all subjects ( other than other languages ) are taught in Afrikaans . Performance ( edit ) An independent study by Stellenbosch University researchers found that undue union influence and `` critical educational factors '' , including weak institutional functionality , uneducated teachers , and insufficient learning time , were responsible for the poor state of South Africa . Violence ( edit ) The South African Human Rights Commission has found that 40 % of children interviewed said they had been the victims of crime at school . More than a fifth of sexual assaults on South African children were found to have taken place in schools . The Education Department and the Centre for Justice and Crime Prevention initiated a program named Hlayiseka , the purpose of which is to staunch the epidemic of school violence in South African schools . Map of South Africa with English labels References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Photographic image '' . Education.gov.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130321030525/http://www.southafrica.info:80/about/education/budget13e.htm#.WfUHDTBLfDc . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org. 13 November 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` High School - Roseway Waldorf School '' . Rosewaywaldorf.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.sprogs.co.za/resources/kids-questions-answers/child-'school'-gr-000-send-he's-6-turning-7-gr-1 Jump up ^ `` Is there a difference between Gr0 and Gr00 ? - Sprogs '' . Sprogs.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Education Statistics 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Gov.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Education Policy : School Fees '' . Etu.org.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 28 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` NO fees Schools in South Africa - Policy Brief 7 '' ( PDF ) . Create-rpc.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` SCHOOL FEES 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Settlers.org.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Monument Park School fees ( Afrikaans ) '' . Hsmp.co.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : South Africa country study . Library of Congress Federal Research Division . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo , Lizet ( 2004 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Global Perspectives on Human Language : The South African Context - Timeline of Education and Apartheid '' . stanford.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Boddy , Alistair ( 1976 - 06 - 16 ) . `` The Afrikaans Medium Decree & the Soweto Uprising '' . africanhistory.about.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` ' Model C ' is the model to emulate - 1 February 2011 - South AfricanInstitute of Race Relations '' . Sairr.org.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Curriculum reform in South Africa : a critical analysis of outcomes - based education '' ( PDF ) . Repository.up.ac.za . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Foundation Phase Learners to Take More Subjects '' . Allafrica.com. 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Education Statistics South Africa '' . Statssa.gov.za . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Megan Doidge ( 2014 ) . `` Factors influencing Grade 7 teachers ' implementation of outcomes - based approaches in the National Curriculum when teaching `` Human Reproduction '' '' ( PDF ) . Doctors Thesis , University of the Witwatersrand . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Masondo , Sipho ( 2016 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Education in South Africa : A system in crisis '' . CityPress . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Violence rife in S Africa schools . ( 2008 , March 12 ) . BBC News Online . London . Jump up ^ `` Children of wrath '' . Mail & Guardian . 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( Ministry ) Department of Basic Education ( Ministry ) Department of Higher Education and Training ( Ministry ) Department of Science and Technology Education in South Africa at SouthAfrica.info Education in South Africa from the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality Education in South Africa , webdossier by Education Worldwide , a portal of the German Education Server The Presidency , South Africa ( Date unknown ) : Improving Government Performance : Our Approach Tertiary Education Options in South Africa Further reading ( edit ) The Next Twenty - Five Years : Affirmative Action in Higher Education in the United States and South Africa . David L. Featherman , et al. University of Michigan Press . 2009 . 416 pages . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11705 - 5 Estudiantes negros en Sudáfrica alzan la voz y piden una verdadera transformación . Norimitsu Onishi , The New York Times , September 11 , 2015 . 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About Wikipedia	which principle formed the foundation of christian national education	[ "The South African government implemented an education system called Christian National Education (CNE). The basis of this system is that a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity." ]	[ "a person's social responsibilities and political opportunities are defined by that person's ethnic identity" ]
-3202928532513301641	Ian Nelson (actor, born 1995)	Ian Nelson ( actor , born 1995 ) - Wikipedia Ian Nelson ( actor , born 1995 ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Ian Nelson ( actor , born 1982 ) . This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as its only attribution is to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ian Nelson Ian Michael Nelson ( 1995 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1995 ( age 22 ) Madison , Wisconsin , United States Occupation Actor , singer , dancer Years active 2011 -- present Height 178 cm ( 5 ft 10 in ) Ian Michael Nelson ( born 10 April , 1995 ) is an American actor who portrayed a young Derek Hale in the television series Teen Wolf and Eric Palmer in the drama film The Judge . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Stage 4 External links Personal life ( edit ) Nelson is the son of Mark and Janie Nelson . He is a trained singer , dancer , and actor , and has been featured in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City . For tenth and eleventh grade , Nelson attended Forsyth County Day School in Lewisville , North Carolina . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 The Hunger Games Chase stunt performer 2013 Alone yet Not Alone Young Owen Gibson 2013 Medeas Micah 2014 The Judge Eric Palmer 2014 The Best of Me Jared Reynolds 2015 The Boy Next Door Kevin Peterson 2017 Freak Show Flip Kelly 2017 Like Me Burt Walden 2018 Summer Night Seth Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 -- 2014 Teen Wolf Young Derek Hale 3 episodes 2014 Criminal Minds William Pratt Episode : `` Hashtag '' 2015 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Craig Wilson Episode : `` Simon Helberg Wears a Sky Blue Button Down and Jeans '' 2015 Legends Young Curtis Ballard Episode : `` The Legend of Curtis Ballard '' 2016 The Deleted Parker 7 episodes 2017 Law and Order : Special Victims Unit Eric Hendricks Episode : `` Decline and Fall '' 2017 There 's ... Johnny ! Andy Klavin Upcoming series Stage ( edit ) Amahl and the Night Visitors -- Amahl 13 -- Archie Walker West Side Story -- Baby John Oliver ! -- Artful Dodger The Secret Garden -- Colin Craven You 're a Good Man Charlie Brown -- Linus van Pelt Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat -- Joseph External links ( edit ) Ian Nelson on IMDb This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1990s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ian_Nelson_(actor,_born_1995)&oldid=828190245 '' Categories : 1995 births Living people 21st - century American male actors American male film actors American male television actors American film actor , 1990s birth stubs American television actor , 1990s birth stubs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Articles lacking reliable references from January 2018 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from January 2018 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced only by IMDb from January 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Place of birth missing ( living people ) All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Português Русский தமிழ் 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 02 : 09 . About Wikipedia	who played young derek hale in season 4	[ "Ian Michael Nelson (born 10 April, 1995)[citation needed] is an American actor who portrayed a young Derek Hale in the television series Teen Wolf and Eric Palmer in the drama film The Judge." ]	[ "Ian Michael Nelson" ]
7875190841548652656	Concord, New Hampshire	Concord , New Hampshire - wikipedia Concord , New Hampshire Jump to : navigation , search For other places of the same name , see Concord ( disambiguation ) . Concord , New Hampshire City State Capital The New Hampshire State House as seen from Eagle Square Flag Seal Location in Merrimack County , New Hampshire Concord Location in New Hampshire , United States & North America Concord Concord ( the US ) Concord Concord ( North America ) Show map of New Hampshire Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 43 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 71 ° 32 ′ 17 '' W / 43.20667 ° N 71.53806 ° W / 43.20667 ; - 71.53806 Coordinates : 43 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 71 ° 32 ′ 17 '' W / 43.20667 ° N 71.53806 ° W / 43.20667 ; - 71.53806 Country United States State New Hampshire County Merrimack Incorporated 1734 Villages East Concord Penacook West Concord Government Mayor Jim Bouley City Manager Thomas J. Aspell , Jr . City Council Brent Todd Allan Herschlag Jennifer Kretovic Byron Champlin Robert Werner Linda Kenison Keith Nyhan Gail Matson Candace C.W. Bouchard Dan St. Hilaire Mark Coen Amanda Grady Sexton Fred Keach Steve Shurtleff Area Total 67.5 sq mi ( 174.8 km ) Land 64.2 sq mi ( 166.4 km ) Water 3.2 sq mi ( 8.4 km ) 4.79 % Elevation 288 ft ( 88 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 42,695 Estimate ( 2016 ) 42,904 Density 668 / sq mi ( 257.8 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( UTC − 5 ) Summer ( DST ) Eastern ( UTC − 4 ) ZIP Codes 03301 , 03302 , 03303 , 03305 Area code ( s ) 603 FIPS code 33 - 14200 GNIS feature ID 0873303 Website www.concordnh.gov Concord / ˈkɒŋ. kərd / is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and the county seat of Merrimack County . As of the 2010 census , its population was 42,695 . Concord includes the villages of Penacook , East Concord , and West Concord . The city is home to the University of New Hampshire School of Law , New Hampshire 's only law school ; St. Paul 's School , a private preparatory school ; NHTI , a two - year community college ; and the Granite State Symphony Orchestra . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Economy 4.1 Top employers 5 Transportation 5.1 Highways 5.2 Bus 5.3 Other modes 6 Notable people 7 Government 8 Media 9 Sites of interest 10 Education 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Old Town House , 1790 The area that would become Concord was originally settled thousands of years ago by Abenaki Native Americans called the Pennacook . The tribe fished for migrating salmon , sturgeon , and alewives with nets strung across the rapids of the Merrimack River . The stream was also the transportation route for their birch bark canoes , which could travel from Lake Winnipesaukee to the Atlantic Ocean . The broad sweep of the Merrimack River valley floodplain provided good soil for farming beans , gourds , pumpkins , melons and maize . On January 17 , 1725 , the Province of Massachusetts Bay , which then claimed territories west of the Merrimack River , granted the Concord area as the Plantation of Penacook . It was settled between 1725 and 1727 by Captain Ebenezer Eastman and others from Haverhill , Massachusetts . On February 9 , 1734 , the town was incorporated as Rumford , from which Sir Benjamin Thompson , Count Rumford would take his title . It was renamed Concord in 1765 by Governor Benning Wentworth following a bitter boundary dispute between Rumford and the town of Bow ; the city name was meant to reflect the new concord , or harmony , between the disputant towns . Citizens displaced by the resulting border adjustment were given land elsewhere as compensation . In 1779 , New Pennacook Plantation was granted to Timothy Walker , Jr. and his associates at what would be incorporated in 1800 as Rumford , Maine , the site of Pennacook Falls . Concord grew in prominence throughout the 18th century , and some of its earliest houses survive at the northern end of Main Street . In the years following the Revolution , Concord 's central geographical location made it a logical choice for the state capital , particularly after Samuel Blodget in 1807 opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the Amoskeag Falls downriver , connecting Concord with Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal . In 1808 , Concord was named the official seat of state government . The 1819 State House is the oldest capitol in the nation in which the state 's legislative branches meet in their original chambers . The city would become noted for furniture - making and granite quarrying . In 1828 , Lewis Downing joined J. Stephens Abbot to form Abbot and Downing . Their most famous coach was the Concord Coach , modeled after the coronation coach of King George III . In the 19th century , Concord became a hub for the railroad industry , with Penacook a textile manufacturing center using water power from the Contoocook River . Today , the city is a center for health care and several insurance companies . It is also home to Concord Litho , one of the largest independently owned commercial printing companies in the country . First Concord Bridge , 1795 State House c. 1906 Main Street c. 1908 City Hall in 1913 Old Library c. 1915 Geography ( edit ) Downtown Concord in 2017 Concord is located at 43 ° 12 ′ 24 '' N 71 ° 32 ′ 17 '' W / 43.20667 ° N 71.53806 ° W / 43.20667 ; - 71.53806 ( 43.2070 , − 71.5371 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 67.5 square miles ( 174.8 km ) . 64.2 square miles ( 166.4 km ) of it is land and 3.2 square miles ( 8.4 km ) of it is water , comprising 4.79 % of the city . Concord is drained by the Merrimack River . Penacook Lake is in the west . The highest point in Concord is 860 feet ( 260 m ) above sea level on Oak Hill , just west of the hill 's 970 - foot ( 300 m ) summit in neighboring Loudon . Concord lies fully within the Merrimack River watershed , and is centered on the river , which runs from northwest to southeast through the city . Downtown is located on a low terrace to the west of the river , with residential neighborhoods climbing hills to the west and extending southwards towards the town of Bow . To the east of the Merrimack , atop a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) bluff , is a flat , sandy plain known as Concord Heights , which has seen most of the city 's commercial development since 1960 . The eastern boundary of Concord ( with the town of Pembroke ) is formed by the Soucook River , a tributary of the Merrimack . The Turkey River winds through the southwestern quarter of the city , passing through the campus of St. Paul 's School before entering the Merrimack River in Bow . In the northern part of the city , the Contoocook River enters the Merrimack at the village of Penacook . Other village centers in the city include West Concord ( actually north of downtown , on the west side of the Merrimack ) and East Concord ( also north of downtown , but on the east side of the Merrimack ) . Aerial view of downtown Concord ( looking east ) The city 's neighboring communities are Bow to the south , Pembroke to the southeast , Loudon to the northeast , Canterbury , Boscawen , and Webster to the north , and Hopkinton to the west . Climate ( edit ) Concord , as with much of New England , is within the humid continental climate zone ( Köppen Dfb ) , with long , cold , snowy winters , very warm ( and at times humid ) summers , and relatively brief autumns and springs . In winter , successive storms deliver light to moderate snowfall amounts , contributing to the relatively reliable snow cover . In addition , lows reach at least 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) on an average 15 nights per year , and the city straddles the border between USDA Hardiness Zone 5b and 6a . However , thaws are frequent , with one to three days per month with 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) + highs from December to February . Summer can bring stretches of humid conditions as well as thunderstorms , and there is an average of 12 days of 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) + highs annually . The window for freezing temperatures on average begins on September 27 and expires on May 14 . The monthly daily average temperature range from 20.6 ° F ( − 6.3 ° C ) in January to 70.0 ° F ( 21.1 ° C ) in July . Temperature extremes have ranged from − 37 ° F ( − 38 ° C ) in February 1943 to 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) in July 1966 . ( show ) Climate data for Concord Municipal Airport , New Hampshire ( 1981 − 2010 normals , extremes 1903 -- present ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 67 ( 19 ) 89 ( 32 ) 95 ( 35 ) 98 ( 37 ) 101 ( 38 ) 102 ( 39 ) 101 ( 38 ) 98 ( 37 ) 92 ( 33 ) 80 ( 27 ) 73 ( 23 ) 102 ( 39 ) Mean maximum ° F ( ° C ) 50.8 ( 10.4 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 66.6 ( 19.2 ) 81.5 ( 27.5 ) 88.7 ( 31.5 ) 92.0 ( 33.3 ) 93.1 ( 33.9 ) 91.8 ( 33.2 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) 78.5 ( 25.8 ) 68.7 ( 20.4 ) 56.0 ( 13.3 ) 95.5 ( 35.3 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 30.8 ( − 0.7 ) 34.9 ( 1.6 ) 43.8 ( 6.6 ) 57.4 ( 14.1 ) 68.9 ( 20.5 ) 77.4 ( 25.2 ) 82.3 ( 27.9 ) 80.9 ( 27.2 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 48.4 ( 9.1 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 58.0 ( 14.4 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 10.4 ( − 12 ) 13.8 ( − 10.1 ) 22.5 ( − 5.3 ) 32.7 ( 0.4 ) 42.6 ( 5.9 ) 52.5 ( 11.4 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 56.1 ( 13.4 ) 47.4 ( 8.6 ) 35.8 ( 2.1 ) 28.2 ( − 2.1 ) 17.2 ( − 8.2 ) 34.8 ( 1.6 ) Mean minimum ° F ( ° C ) − 11.2 ( − 24 ) − 8.2 ( − 22.3 ) 0.8 ( − 17.3 ) 19.4 ( − 7 ) 28.1 ( − 2.2 ) 37.9 ( 3.3 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 42.0 ( 5.6 ) 31.8 ( − 0.1 ) 21.2 ( − 6 ) 11.1 ( − 11.6 ) − 2.8 ( − 19.3 ) − 14.6 ( − 25.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 35 ( − 37 ) − 37 ( − 38 ) − 20 ( − 29 ) ( − 16 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 30 ( − 1 ) 35 ( 2 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 10 ( − 12 ) − 17 ( − 27 ) − 24 ( − 31 ) − 37 ( − 38 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.70 ( 68.6 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 3.41 ( 86.6 ) 3.66 ( 93 ) 3.69 ( 93.7 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 3.18 ( 80.8 ) 3.38 ( 85.9 ) 4.04 ( 102.6 ) 3.72 ( 94.5 ) 3.20 ( 81.3 ) 40.61 ( 1,031.6 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 18.1 ( 46 ) 12.3 ( 31.2 ) 11.1 ( 28.2 ) 2.8 ( 7.1 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) trace 2.6 ( 6.6 ) 14.5 ( 36.8 ) 61.4 ( 156 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.8 9.5 11.5 11.8 12.4 12.7 10.9 9.8 9.3 10.1 11.2 10.9 130.9 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 8.2 6.5 5.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 6.6 29.7 Average relative humidity ( % ) 67.9 66.0 64.8 62.0 65.0 70.9 71.8 74.5 76.3 72.8 73.3 72.3 69.8 Mean monthly sunshine hours 162.8 171.8 210.5 223.2 258.4 274.3 295.8 261.9 214.7 183.4 127.8 134.8 2,519.4 Percent possible sunshine 56 58 57 56 57 60 64 61 57 54 44 48 56 Source : NOAA ( relative humidity and sun 1961 -- 1990 ) Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 1,747 -- 1800 2,052 17.5 % 1810 2,393 16.6 % 1820 2,838 18.6 % 1830 3,720 31.1 % 1840 4,897 31.6 % 1850 8,576 75.1 % 1860 10,896 27.1 % 1870 12,241 12.3 % 1880 13,843 13.1 % 1890 17,004 22.8 % 1900 19,632 15.5 % 1910 21,497 9.5 % 1920 22,167 3.1 % 1930 25,228 13.8 % 1940 27,171 7.7 % 1950 27,988 3.0 % 1960 28,991 3.6 % 1970 30,022 3.6 % 1980 30,400 1.3 % 36,006 18.4 % 2000 40,687 13.0 % 42,695 4.9 % Est. 2016 42,904 0.5 % U.S. Decennial Census Old Post Office in 1910 As of the census of 2010 , there were 42,695 people , 17,592 households , and 10,052 families residing in the city . The population density was 632.5 people per square mile ( 244.2 / km2 ) . There were 18,852 housing units at an average density of 293.2 per square mile ( 113.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 91.8 % White , 2.2 % Black or African American , 0.3 % Native American , 3.4 % Asian , 0.0 % Pacific Islander , 0.4 % from some other race , and 1.8 % from two or more races. 2.1 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 17,592 households out of which 28.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 41.3 % were headed by married couples living together , 11.6 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 42.9 % were non-families. 33.6 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 12.0 % were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.26 , and the average family size was 2.90 . In the city , the population was spread out with 20.7 % under the age of 18 , 9.3 % from 18 to 24 , 28.0 % from 25 to 44 , 28.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 13.8 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 39.4 years . For every 100 females there were 98.5 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 96.9 males . For the period 2009 - 11 , the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $52,695 , and the median income for a family was $73,457 . Male full - time workers had a median income of $49,228 versus $38,782 for females . The per capita income for the city was $29,296 . About 5.5 % of families and 10.1 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.4 % of those under age 18 and 5.5 % of those age 65 or over . Economy ( edit ) Top employers ( edit ) According to Concord 's 2011 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees State of New Hampshire 6,450 Concord Hospital 3,200 Steeplegate Mall 1,233 Genesis HealthCare 1,200 5 Concord School District 876 6 New Hampshire Hospital 850 7 Lincoln National Corporation 602 8 Market Basket 533 9 Sanel Auto Parts 525 10 Merrimack Valley School District 500 11 City of Concord 454 Transportation ( edit ) Highways ( edit ) Interstate 89 and Interstate 93 are the two main interstate highways serving Concord , and join just south of the city limits . Interstate 89 links Concord with Lebanon and the state of Vermont to the northwest , while Interstate 93 connects the city to Plymouth , Littleton , and the White Mountains to the north and Manchester to the south . Interstate 393 is a spur highway leading east from Concord and merging with U.S. Route 4 as a direct route to New Hampshire 's seacoast . North - south U.S. Route 3 serves as Concord 's Main Street , while U.S. Route 202 and New Hampshire Route 9 cross the city from east to west . Also , state routes 13 and 132 serve the city : Route 13 leads southwest out of Concord towards Goffstown and Milford , while Route 132 travels north parallel to Interstate 93 . New Hampshire Route 106 passes through the easternmost part of Concord , crossing I - 393 and NH 9 before crossing the Soucook River into the town of Pembroke . To the north , NH 106 leads to Loudon , Belmont , and Laconia . Bus ( edit ) Local bus service is provided by Concord Area Transit ( CAT ) , with three routes through the city . Regional bus service provided by Concord Coach Lines and Greyhound Lines is available from the Concord Transportation Center at 30 Stickney Avenue next to Exit 14 on Interstate 93 , with service south to Boston and points in between , as well as north to Littleton and northeast to Berlin . Other modes ( edit ) There is no passenger rail service to Concord . General aviation services are available through Concord Municipal Airport , located 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of downtown . There is no commercial air service within the city limits ; the nearest such airport is Manchester -- Boston Regional Airport , located 23 miles ( 37 km ) to the south . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from Concord , New Hampshire Government ( edit ) Concord City Hall Concord is governed via the manager - council system . The city council consists of 14 members , ten of which are elected from single - member wards , while the other four are elected at large . The mayor is elected directly every two years . The current mayor is Jim Bouley . According to the Concord city charter , the mayor chairs the council ( composed of 15 members , including the mayor ) . However , the mayor has very few formal powers over the day - to - day management of the city . The actual operations of the city are overseen by the city manager , currently Thomas J. Aspell , Jr . The current police chief is Bradley S. Osgood . In the New Hampshire Senate , Concord is in the 15th District , represented by Democrat Dan Feltes . On the New Hampshire Executive Council , Concord is in the 2nd District , represented by Democrat Andru Volinsky . In the United States House of Representatives , Concord is in New Hampshire 's 2nd congressional district , represented by Democrat Ann McLane Kuster . New Hampshire Department of Corrections operates the New Hampshire State Prison for Men in Concord . Across from the state capitol , the former Eagle Hotel on Main Street , was a downtown landmark in Concord from its opening in 1827 until it closed in 1961 . It was added in 1978 to the National Register of Historic Places . Downtown Concord near the state capitol Veterans Monument in Concord Media ( edit ) Newspapers The Concord Monitor ( daily ) Concord NH Patch ( daily ) The Concord Insider ( weekly ) The Hippo ( weekly ) Radio WKXL 1450 AM ( News Talk Information ) WNHN - LP 94.7 FM ( Classical music ) WEVO 89.1 FM ( Public radio ) WJYY 105.5 FM ( Top 40 ) WXRG 102.3 FM ( Adult Album Alternative ) WICX 102.7 FM ( Catholic Radio ) New Hampshire Public Radio is headquartered in Concord . Television WPXG - TV ( Channel 21 ) ( Ion Television ) Concord TV Public - access television cable TV station Sites of interest ( edit ) Capitol sign ( 2005 ) Concord has many landmarks and other tourist attractions . The New Hampshire State House , designed by architect Stuart Park and constructed between 1815 and 1818 , is the oldest state house in which the legislature meets in its original chambers . The building was remodeled in 1866 , and the third story and west wing were added in 1910 . Located directly across from the State House is the Eagle Hotel on Main Street , which has been a downtown landmark since its opening in 1827 . U.S. Presidents Ulysses S. Grant , Rutherford Hayes , and Benjamin Harrison all dined there , and Franklin Pierce spent the night before departing for his inauguration . Other well - known guests included Jefferson Davis , Charles Lindbergh , Eleanor Roosevelt , Richard M. Nixon ( who carried New Hampshire in all three of his presidential bids ) , and Thomas E. Dewey . The hotel closed in 1961 . South from the Eagle Hotel on Main Street is Phenix Hall , which replaced `` Old '' Phenix Hall , which burned in 1893 . Both the old and new buildings featured multi-purpose auditoriums used for political speeches , theater productions , and fairs . Abraham Lincoln spoke at the old hall in 1860 ; Theodore Roosevelt , at the new hall in 1912 . Walker - Woodman House , built from 1733 to 1735 , as it appeared c. 1908 North on Main Street is the Walker - Woodman House , also known as the Reverend Timothy Walker House , the oldest standing two - story house in Concord . It was built for the Reverend Timothy Walker between 1733 and 1735 . On the north end of Main Street is the Pierce Manse , in which President Franklin Pierce lived in Concord before and following his presidency . The mid-1830s Greek Revival house was moved from Montgomery Street to North Main Street in 1971 to prevent its demolition . Beaver Meadow Golf Course , located in the northern part of Concord , is one of the oldest golf courses in New England . Besides this golf course , other important sporting venues in Concord include Everett Arena and Memorial Field . The SNOB ( Somewhat North Of Boston ) Film Festival , started in the fall of 2002 , brings independent films and filmmakers to Concord and has provided an outlet for local filmmakers to display their films . SNOB Film Festival was a catalyst for the building of Red River Theatres , a locally owned , nonprofit , independent cinema in 2007 . The SNOB Film Festival is one of the many arts organizations in the city . Other sites of interest include the Capitol Center for the Arts , the New Hampshire Historical Society , which has two facilities in Concord , the Steeplegate Mall on Loudon Road , and the McAuliffe - Shepard Discovery Center , a planetarium named after Christa McAuliffe , the Concord teacher who died during the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986 . Education ( edit ) Concord 's public schools are within the Concord School District , except for schools in the Penacook area of the city , which are within the Merrimack Valley School District , a district which also includes several towns north of Concord . The only public high school in the Concord School District is Concord High School , which has about 2,000 students . The only public middle school in the Concord School District is Rundlett Middle School , which has roughly 1,500 students . Concord School District 's elementary schools underwent a major re-configuration in 2012 , with three newly constructed schools opening and replacing six previous schools . Kimball School and Walker School were replaced by Christa McAuliffe School on the Kimball School site , Conant School ( and Rumford School , which closed a year earlier ) were replaced by Abbot - Downing School at the Conant site , and Eastman and Dame schools were replaced by Mill Brook School , serving kindergarten through grade two , located next to Broken Ground Elementary School , serving grades three to five . Beaver Meadow School , the remaining elementary school , was unaffected by the changes . Concord schools in the Merrimack Valley School District include Merrimack Valley High School and Merrimack Valley Middle School , which are adjacent to each other and to Rolfe Park in Penacook village , and Penacook Elementary School , just south of the village . Concord has two parochial schools , Bishop Brady High School and Saint John Regional School . Other area schools include Concord Christian Academy , Parker Academy , Trinity Christian School , Shaker Road School , and St. Paul 's School . Concord is also home to NHTI , Concord 's Community College , Granite State College , the University of New Hampshire School of Law , and the Franklin Pierce University Doctorate of Physical Therapy program . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima ( i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month ) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010 . Jump up ^ Official records for Concord were kept at downtown from September 1868 to April 1941 and at Concord Municipal Airport since May 1941 ; snow records date from December 1942 . For more information , see ThreadEx References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lyford , James ; Amos Hadley ; Howard F. Hill ; Benjamin A. Kimball ; Lyman D. Stevens ; John M. Mitchell ( 1903 ) . History of Concord , N.H. ( PDF ) . Concord , N.H. : The Rumford Press . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau , American FactFinder , 2010 Census figures . Retrieved March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Moore , Jacob ( 1824 ) . Annals of the Town of Concord . Concord , N.H. : Jacob B. Moore . pp. 31 -- 34 . Jump up ^ `` Topo Map : Concord , New Hampshire , United States 01 July 1985 '' . The National Map . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Concord city , New Hampshire '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Foster , Debra H. ; Batorfalvy , Tatianna N. ; Medalie , Laura ( 1995 ) . Water Use in New Hampshire : An Activities Guide for Teachers . U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Geological Survey . Jump up ^ The Arbor Day Foundation . Arborday.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Station Name : NH CONCORD MUNI AP '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Climate Normals for CONCORD MUNICIPAL AP , NH 1961 -- 1990 '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Decennial Census '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Concord city , New Hampshire '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Economic Characteristics : 2009 - 2011 American Community Survey 3 - Year Estimates ( DP03 ) : Concord city , New Hampshire '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ City of Concord CAFR Jump up ^ `` City Council '' . City of Concord . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lubsdorf , Bob ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Mayor to face challenger '' . Concord Monitor . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` City Manager '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Police '' . City of Concord . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State House History '' ( PDF ) . nh.gov . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagle Hotel '' . waymarking.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Phenix Hall '' . nhtourguide.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` History of Concord Police Department ( Pre 1853 ) '' . City of Concord , NH. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Learn '' . The Pierce Brigade . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Beaver Meadow Golf Course '' ( PDF ) . Beaver Meadow Golf Course. 2015 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Watson , David ( 1864 ) , The Concord city directory , Concord : McFarland & Jenks External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Concord , New Hampshire . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Concord , New Hampshire . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Concord , New Hampshire . City of Concord official website Concord School District website New Hampshire Economic and Labor Market Information Bureau Profile New Hampshire Historical Society Greater Concord Chamber of Commerce Places adjacent to Concord , New Hampshire Webster Boscawen and Canterbury Loudon Hopkinton Concord Pembroke Bow Bow Pembroke Municipalities and communities of Merrimack County , New Hampshire , United States County seat : Concord Cities Concord Franklin Towns Allenstown Andover Boscawen Bow Bradford Canterbury Chichester Danbury Dunbarton Epsom Henniker Hill Hooksett Hopkinton Loudon New London Newbury Northfield Pembroke Pittsfield Salisbury Sutton Warner Webster Wilmot CDPs Blodgett Landing Bradford Contoocook Henniker Hooksett Loudon New London Pittsfield South Hooksett Suncook Tilton Northfield ‡ Warner Other unincorporated communities East Andover Elkins North Sutton Penacook South Newbury South Sutton West Hopkinton Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of New Hampshire Concord ( capital ) Topics Index History People Politics Government Delegations Constitution General Court Executive Council Governor Supreme Court Elections Symbols Tourist attractions Regions Dartmouth -- Lake Sunapee Great North Woods Lakes Region Merrimack Valley Monadnock Seacoast White Mountains Counties Belknap Carroll Cheshire Coös Grafton Hillsborough Merrimack Rockingham Strafford Sullivan Cities Berlin Claremont Concord Dover Franklin Keene Laconia Lebanon Manchester Nashua Portsmouth Rochester Somersworth Towns Acworth Albany Alexandria Allenstown Alstead Alton Amherst Andover Antrim Ashland Atkinson Auburn Barnstead Barrington Bartlett Bath Bedford Belmont Bennington Benton Bethlehem Boscawen Bow Bradford Brentwood Bridgewater Bristol Brookfield Brookline Campton Canaan Candia Canterbury Carroll Center Harbor Charlestown Chatham Chester Chesterfield Chichester Clarksville Colebrook Columbia Conway Cornish Croydon Dalton Danbury Danville Deerfield Deering Derry Dorchester Dublin Dummer Dunbarton Durham East Kingston Easton Eaton Effingham Ellsworth Enfield Epping Epsom Errol Exeter Farmington Fitzwilliam Francestown Franconia Freedom Fremont Gilford Gilmanton Gilsum Goffstown Gorham Goshen Grafton Grantham Greenfield Greenland Greenville Groton Hampstead Hampton Hampton Falls Hancock Hanover Harrisville Hart 's Location Haverhill Hebron Henniker Hill Hillsborough Hinsdale Holderness Hollis Hooksett Hopkinton Hudson Jackson Jaffrey Jefferson Kensington Kingston Lancaster Landaff Langdon Lee Lempster Lincoln Lisbon Litchfield Littleton Londonderry Loudon Lyman Lyme Lyndeborough Madbury Madison Marlborough Marlow Mason Meredith Merrimack Middleton Milan Milford Milton Monroe Mont Vernon Moultonborough Nelson New Boston Newbury New Castle New Durham Newfields New Hampton Newington New Ipswich New London Newmarket Newport Newton Northfield North Hampton Northumberland Northwood Nottingham Orange Orford Ossipee Pelham Pembroke Peterborough Piermont Pittsburg Pittsfield Plainfield Plaistow Plymouth Randolph Raymond Richmond Rindge Rollinsford Roxbury Rumney Rye Salem Salisbury Sanbornton Sandown Sandwich Seabrook Sharon Shelburne South Hampton Springfield Stark Stewartstown Stoddard Strafford Stratford Stratham Sugar Hill Sullivan Sunapee Surry Sutton Swanzey Tamworth Temple Thornton Tilton Troy Tuftonboro Unity Wakefield Walpole Warner Warren Washington Waterville Valley Weare Webster Wentworth Westmoreland Whitefield Wilmot Wilton Winchester Windham Windsor Wolfeboro Woodstock Townships Atkinson and Gilmanton Academy Grant Bean 's Grant Bean 's Purchase Cambridge Chandler 's Purchase Crawford 's Purchase Cutt 's Grant Dix 's Grant Dixville Erving 's Location Green 's Grant Hadley 's Purchase Hale 's Location Kilkenny Livermore Low and Burbank 's Grant Martin 's Location Millsfield Odell Pinkham 's Grant Sargent 's Purchase Second College Grant Success Thompson and Meserve 's Purchase Wentworth 's Location New England Topics Autumn Climate Cuisine Culture Demographics Economy Elections Flag Geography Geology Government History New England Colonies Dominion of New England New England Confederation Literature Place names of Native - American origin Politics Sports States Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont Major cities Augusta Boston Bridgeport Burlington Cambridge Concord Hartford Lowell Manchester Montpelier New Bedford New Haven New London New Britain Portland Providence Quincy Springfield Stamford Waterbury Worcester State capitals Augusta Boston Concord Hartford Montpelier Providence Transportation Passenger rail MBTA ( MA , RI ) Northeast Corridor ( CT , MA , RI ) Acela Express ( CT , MA , RI ) Downeaster ( ME , NH , MA ) Vermonter ( CT , MA , NH , VT ) Shore Line East ( CT ) Metro - North ( CT ) Hartford Line ( CT , MA ; 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Waterbury Wilmington Worcester State capitals Albany Annapolis Augusta Boston Concord Dover Hartford Harrisburg Montpelier Providence Trenton Merrimack River watershed Tributaries Artichoke River Assabet River Baboosic Brook Back River Baker River Bear Brook Beards Brook Beaver Brook Beebe River Big River Black Brook Blackwater River Cochichewick River Cockermouth River Cohas Brook Concord River Contoocook River East Branch Baker River East Branch Pemigewasset River Fowler River Frazier Brook Gridley River Gunstock River Lane River Little Massabesic Brook - Sucker Brook Little River ( Barnstead ) Little River ( Haverhill ) Little Suncook River Lost River Mad River Melvin River Merrymeeting River Middle Branch Piscataquog River Nashua River Newfound River Nissitissit River North Branch Contoocook River North Fork East Branch Pemigewasset River North Nashua River Nubanusit Brook Pemigewasset River Phillips Brook Piscataquog River Powwow River Purgatory Brook Quinapoxet River Red Hill River Salmon Brook Shawsheen River Shedd Brook Smith River Soucook River Souhegan River South Branch Baker River South Branch Piscataquog River South Branch Souhegan River South Nashua River Spicket River Squam River Squannacook River Stillwater River Stony Brook Sudbury River Suncook River Tioga River Trout Brook Turkey River Vine Brook Warner River West Branch Mad River West Branch Souhegan River West Branch Warner River Whitman River Winnipesaukee River Lakes Arlington Mill Reservoir Lake Attitash Ayers Island Reservoir Baboosic Lake Lake Boon Canobie Lake Cobbetts Pond Lake Cochichewick Lake Cochituate Contoocook Lake Country Pond Crystal Lake ( Gilmanton ) Crystal Lake ( Manchester ) Deering Reservoir Franklin Pierce Lake Great Pond Haggetts Pond Halfmoon Lake Harrisville Pond Highland Lake Hopkins Pond ( Adder Pond ) Island Pond ( Derry ) Island Pond ( Stoddard ) Jenness Pond Lake Kanasatka Little Squam Lake Locke Lake Lonesome Lake Lost Lake Massabesic Lake Lake Massasecum Merrymeeting Lake Mirror Lake Newfound Lake Northwood Lake Nubanusit Lake Opechee Bay Paugus Bay Pemigewasset Lake Penacook Lake Pleasant Lake ( Deerfield ) Pleasant Lake ( New London ) Potanipo Pond Powder Mill Pond Powwow Pond Profile Lake Lake Saltonstall Sebbins Pond Silver Lake ( Hollis ) Skatutakee Lake Lake Solitude Squam Lake Stinson Lake Suncook Lakes Sunset Lake Thorndike Pond Turkey Ponds Tuxbury Pond Wachusett Reservoir Walden Pond Lake Waukewan Weare Reservoir Webster Lake Lake Wentworth White Oak Pond Wickwas Lake Willard Pond Lake Winnipesaukee Winnisquam Lake Towns Acton Allenstown Amesbury Amherst Andover Ashland MA Ashland NH Atkinson Bedford MA Bedford NH Belmont Billerica Boscawen Bow Bridgewater Bristol Burlington Campton Canterbury Chelmsford Clinton Concord MA Concord NH Derry Dracut Fitchburg Framingham Franklin Gilford Goffstown Groton Groveland Hampstead Haverhill Hill Hillsborough Holderness Hollis Hooksett Hopkinton MA Hopkinton NH Hudson MA Hudson NH Kingston Laconia Lawrence Leominster Lexington Lincoln Litchfield Londonderry Lowell Lunenburg Manchester Marlborough Maynard Meredith Merrimac Merrimack Methuen Milford Nashua New Hampton Newburyport North Andover Northborough Northfield Pelham Pembroke Penacook Pepperell Peterborough Plaistow Plymouth Salem Salisbury Sanbornton Sudbury Suncook Tewksbury Thornton Tilton Tyngsborough Weare West Newbury Westborough Westford Windham Wolfeboro Woodstock Landmarks Amoskeag Falls Bear Brook State Park Belknap Mountains Blackwater Dam Cedar Hill Egg Rock Franconia Notch State Park Franklin Falls Dam Gunstock Mountain Hannah Duston Memorial Hobo Railroad Lakes Region Lost River Reservation Middlesex Canal Minute Man National Historical Park Mount Major Mount Monadnock Mount Rowe Pawtucket Falls Pemigewasset Wilderness Sculptured Rocks Natural Area Wellington State Park White Mountains VIAF : 139542924 ISNI : 0000 0004 0525 1124 GND : 4442653 - 7 BNF : cb120093086 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concord,_New_Hampshire&oldid=824510285 '' Categories : Cities in New Hampshire Concord , New Hampshire County seats in New Hampshire Cities in Merrimack County , New Hampshire Populated places established in 1725 Micropolitan areas of New Hampshire 1725 establishments in New Hampshire 18th - century establishments in New Hampshire Populated places on the Merrimack River Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Italiano עברית Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan पालि پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Sardu Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why is concord the capital of new hampshire	[ "Concord grew in prominence throughout the 18th century, and some of its earliest houses survive at the northern end of Main Street. In the years following the Revolution, Concord's central geographical location made it a logical choice for the state capital, particularly after Samuel Blodget in 1807 opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the Amoskeag Falls downriver, connecting Concord with Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal. In 1808, Concord was named the official seat of state government.[1]:324–326 The 1819 State House is the oldest capitol in the nation in which the state's legislative branches meet in their original chambers. The city would become noted for furniture-making and granite quarrying. In 1828, Lewis Downing joined J. Stephens Abbot to form Abbot and Downing.[1]:339–340 Their most famous coach was the Concord Coach, modeled after the coronation coach of King George III. In the 19th century, Concord became a hub for the railroad industry, with Penacook a textile manufacturing center using water power from the Contoocook River. Today, the city is a center for health care and several insurance companies. It is also home to Concord Litho, one of the largest independently owned commercial printing companies in the country." ]	[ "central geographical location made it a logical choice for the state capital, particularly after Samuel Blodget in 1807 opened a canal and lock system to allow vessels passage around the Amoskeag Falls downriver, connecting Concord with Boston by way of the Middlesex Canal" ]
-4357357307167432853	Doug Pederson	Doug Pederson - wikipedia Doug Pederson Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Doug Peterson . Doug Pederson Pederson in 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Position : Head coach Born : ( 1968 - 01 - 31 ) January 31 , 1968 ( age 50 ) Bellingham , Washington Height : 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Weight : 221 lb ( 100 kg ) Career information High school : Ferndale ( WA ) College : Northeast Louisiana Undrafted : 1991 Career history As player : Miami Dolphins ( 1991 ) * New York / New Jersey Knights ( 1992 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Carolina Panthers ( 1995 ) * Rhein Fire ( 1995 ) Miami Dolphins ( 1995 ) Green Bay Packers ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Philadelphia Eagles ( 1999 ) Cleveland Browns ( 2000 ) Green Bay Packers ( 2001 -- 2004 ) * Offseason and / or practice squad member only As coach : Calvary Baptist Academy ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Head coach Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Offensive quality control coordinator Philadelphia Eagles ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Quarterbacks coach Kansas City Chiefs ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Offensive coordinator Philadelphia Eagles ( 2016 -- present ) Head coach Career highlights and awards As player Super Bowl champion ( XXXI ) As coach Super Bowl champion ( LII ) Career NFL statistics Pass attempts : 522 Pass completions : 286 Percentage : 54.7 TD -- INT : 12 -- 19 Passing yards : 2,762 Passer rating : 62.3 Player stats at NFL.com Head coaching record Regular season : 20 -- 12 (. 625 ) Postseason : 3 -- 0 ( 1.000 ) Career : 23 -- 12 (. 657 ) Coaching stats at PFR Douglas Irving Pederson ( born January 31 , 1968 ) is an American football coach who is currently the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He served as the offensive coordinator of the Kansas City Chiefs from 2013 -- 2015 . He spent most of his playing career as a member of the Green Bay Packers , serving as a backup quarterback to Brett Favre and holder on placekicks , and winning Super Bowl XXXI with the team over the New England Patriots . He was also a backup to Dan Marino as a member of the Miami Dolphins , and a starting quarterback for the Eagles and Cleveland Browns . In his second season as the Eagles ' head coach , Pederson won Super Bowl LII ( also against the Patriots ) , marking the first Super Bowl title in franchise history . He also became just the fourth person , after Mike Ditka , Tom Flores , and Tony Dungy to win a Super Bowl as both a player and head coach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Playing career 1.1 Early years 1.2 Professional 1.2. 1 Miami Dolphins 1.2. 2 First stint with Packers 1.2. 3 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 4 Cleveland Browns 1.2. 5 Green Bay Packers ( second stint ) 2 Coaching career 2.1 High school 2.2 NFL assistant coaching positions 2.3 NFL head coach 2.4 Head coaching record 2.5 Coaching tree 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Playing career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Pederson was born in Bellingham , Washington , in 1968 . He attended Ferndale High School in nearby Ferndale , Washington , and was an All - State selection in football , basketball , and baseball . After high school he graduated from Northeast Louisiana University , where he was quarterback from 1987 through 1990 . He still holds multiple passing records at the school . Professional ( edit ) Miami Dolphins ( edit ) Pederson originally signed as a rookie free agent by the Miami Dolphins on May 1 , 1991 , out of Northeast Louisiana University ( now University of Louisiana at Monroe ) in Monroe , Louisiana . He was waived on August 17 , 1991 , before the start of the regular season . After spending the 1991 season as a free agent , the New York / New Jersey Knights of the World League of American Football ( WLAF ) drafted him in the fifth round for the first pool of draft - eligible players on February 4 , 1992 . The second pool , which was drafted from on February 20 , consisted of players allocated by NFL teams to the league . He was the backup quarterback to Reggie Slack with the Knights from March to May 1992 . After the WLAF season finished , he was re-signed by the Dolphins on June 2 , 1992 . Pederson spent 1992 training camp with the Dolphins , before being released during final roster cuts again . He was subsequently re-signed to the team 's practice squad , where he practiced on the scout team until he was waived on October 8 , 1992 . He was re-signed by the Dolphins after the season on March 3 , 1993 . After his third training camp with the Dolphins , he was waived again on August 31 , 1993 . For the second consecutive season , Pederson was re-signed to the team 's practice squad , on September 1 , 1993 . Dan Marino , the Dolphins ' starting quarterback since 1983 , ruptured his Achilles ' tendon in a week 6 game against the Cleveland Browns on October 10 , 1993 , forcing backup Scott Mitchell to replace him . Pederson replaced Marino on the active roster , and served as Mitchell 's backup for the next four games . Pederson made his NFL debut on October 24 , 1993 , in a week 8 game against the Indianapolis Colts . He helped head coach Don Shula win his NFL - record 325th victory as a coach when Mitchell suffered a separated shoulder in a week 11 game against the Philadelphia Eagles on November 14 , 1993 . In that record breaking game for Coach Shula , Pederson entered in the 3rd quarter of the game and went 3 for 6 for 34 yards , and completed several crucial 3rd downs . Pederson was able to steer the Dolphins to the win . Pederson also served as the backup to recently acquired Steve DeBerg for the three games Mitchell missed with injury . He briefly entered a week 14 game against the New York Giants while DeBerg was receiving stitches on his face . Mitchell returned as the Dolphins ' starter after week 15 , and Pederson was released in favor of backup DeBerg and third - string quarterback Hugh Millen on December 16 , 1993 . Pederson re-signed with the Dolphins on April 16 , 1994 , after the season ended . He spent the entire 1994 season on the Dolphins ' active roster as the third - string quarterback behind Marino and Bernie Kosar . On February 15 , 1995 , Pederson was selected by the Carolina Panthers in the twenty - second round of the NFL Expansion Draft , after being placed on the Dolphins ' available players list on January 19 , but was released on May 24 , 1995 . He returned to the World League after his release , playing with Rhein Fire . Pederson re-signed with the Dolphins again in June 1995 . After competing with Dan McGwire throughout training camp , Pederson was waived on August 22 , 1995 . Marino suffered a knee injury during a week 6 game , so Pederson was re-signed on October 10 to serve as the third quarterback behind Kosar and McGwire for the next two games . He was released again after Marino returned for week 9 on October 24 . First stint with Packers ( edit ) Pederson worked out for the Green Bay Packers following week 10 in 1995 , due to a season - ending injury suffered by backup Ty Detmer and a minor injury sustained by starter Brett Favre . Third - string quarterback T.J. Rubley was forced to play in week 10 and threw a game - ending interception after calling an audible , going against head coach Mike Holmgren 's playcall . The Packers signed Bob Gagliano to serve as the third - stringer quarterback for weeks 11 and 12 . Pederson replaced Gagliano as the third - string quarterback when he signed with the Packers on November 22 , 1995 . The Packers claimed Jim McMahon off waivers from the Browns to serve as Favre 's backup ahead of Pederson and Rubley on November 29 , 1995 . Rubley was waived on December 13 , leaving McMahon and Pederson as Favre 's backups . Favre did not miss any games , so Pederson did not see any game action for the Packers in 1995 . Pederson served as the third quarterback behind Favre and McMahon in 1996 , playing in one game but recorded no statistics . He received a Super Bowl ring following the Packers ' win over the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI . He re-signed with the Packers with a two - year contract on February 20 , 1997 . Pederson was again the third quarterback throughout 1997 , backing up Favre and Steve Bono . Pederson beat out Rick Mirer for the backup job to Favre , as well as the primary placekick holder job , in 1998 . In a week 5 loss to the Minnesota Vikings , Pederson replaced Favre in the last five minutes of a blowout game , and threw two touchdowns in his place . However , Pederson suffered a broken jaw that knocked him out for the team 's next four games . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Pederson signed a three - year , $4.5 million contract with the Philadelphia Eagles on February 18 , 1999 , to become the team 's starting quarterback under new head coach Andy Reid , who was Pederson 's quarterbacks coach in Green Bay from 1997 -- 1998 . The Eagles drafted Donovan McNabb with the second overall pick in the 1999 NFL Draft in April 1999 , and Reid said Pederson would remain the starter until McNabb was ready to play . In his nine starts for the Eagles , Pederson had a 2 -- 7 record , a 51.6 % completion rate , 1,168 passing yards , six touchdowns , and nine interceptions . In his first career start , a week 1 game against the Arizona Cardinals , Pederson threw two touchdowns in the first quarter to help give the Eagles a 21 -- 0 lead . The Cardinals came back , however , and won the game on a field goal as time expired , 25 -- 24 . Pederson went 12 - for - 25 for 91 yards and two touchdowns in the game . McNabb replaced Pederson , who suffered a bruised throwing shoulder , after one half in a week 2 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , in which Pederson went 12 - of - 19 for 100 yards and an interception . Pederson started a week 3 shutout loss ( 26 -- 0 ) to the Buffalo Bills , going 14 - of - 26 for 137 yards and two lost fumbles , before being replaced by McNabb again in the fourth quarter . In a week 4 loss to the New York Giants , Pederson went 6 - for - 15 for 75 yards and two interceptions before being replaced by McNabb after halftime . Pederson 's first NFL win came in week 5 in a game against the Dallas Cowboys . He played the entire game , going 11 - of - 29 for 145 yards , one touchdown , and one interception . Pederson played the entirety of the next three games , posting a 1 -- 2 record while throwing three touchdowns and three interceptions . In his final start as an Eagle , Pederson was benched at halftime of a week 9 game against the Carolina Panthers after going 3 - of - 9 for 28 yards and being down 23 -- 0 . He did not see game action at quarterback again until a week 14 game against the Cowboys in which McNabb suffered an injury in the fourth quarter . Pederson went 8 - for - 12 for 108 yards and a touchdown in the loss , and Koy Detmer received the start ahead of him in week 15 with McNabb still injured . After spending the next season 's training camp with the team , the Eagles released Pederson on August 28 , 2000 . Cleveland Browns ( edit ) Pederson considered retirement after being released by the Eagles , but instead signed a two - year contract with the Cleveland Browns on September 2 , 2000 . The Browns ' backup , Ty Detmer , suffered a season - ending injury , and the Browns needed a backup quarterback to starter Tim Couch . This was the second time in Pederson 's career that he was signed to replace an injured Ty Detmer . Pederson started as the third quarterback behind Couch and Spergon Wynn , until Couch suffered a season - ending injury in week 7 . Pederson started the next six games , posting a 1 -- 5 record . In a week 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , he was knocked out of the game with bruised ribs and replaced with Wynn . Wynn started the next week against the Jacksonville Jaguars , but he suffered a season - ending injury and Pederson replaced him . Pederson returned for the final two games of the season , losing both , including a 35 -- 24 loss to his former team , the Eagles , and a 24 -- 0 shutout loss to the Tennessee Titans . Pederson was released after the season on February 22 , 2001 . Green Bay Packers ( second stint ) ( edit ) The Packers re-signed Pederson to a one - year contract on March 13 , 2001 , to replace backup Matt Hasselbeck , who was traded to the Seattle Seahawks . Pederson was the primary backup to Favre for the entire 2001 season , and was the primary placekick holder in every game . He was re-signed to a one - year , $650,000 contract with the Packers on April 2 , 2002 . Pederson again was the backup quarterback and primary holder in all 16 games in 2002 . In a week 7 game against the Washington Redskins , Favre suffered a sprained knee and Pederson took most of the snaps in the second half , going 9 - for - 15 for 78 yards to help win the game 30 -- 9 . Pederson also played in games against the Miami Dolphins , Detroit Lions , and New York Jets . He re-signed with the Packers to a one - year , $750,000 contract on April 29 , 2003 . For the third consecutive season , Pederson backed up Favre in all 16 games and held placekicks . He completed both of his passes during the regular season for a total of 16 yards . The Packers re-signed Pederson to a one - year contract on April 28 , 2004 . Tim Couch was signed to compete for the backup quarterback job , but lost out to Pederson and was released on September 5 , 2004 . In a week 3 game against the Indianapolis Colts , Pederson replaced Favre in a blowout loss and went 4 - of - 6 for 34 yards and an interception . The next week , a week 4 game against the New York Giants , Favre sustained a concussion in the third quarter , and Pederson replaced him at quarterback . Pederson went 7 - of - 17 for 86 yards and an interception in the loss before he suffered a hit to his side in the third quarter that resulted in a cracked bone in his back , a torn muscle in his side , and a broken rib . He stayed in the game up until the last snap , when he was replaced by third - string quarterback Craig Nall . Pederson was placed on injured reserve on October 7 , ending his season . He retired in March 2005 to become a head coach at Calvary Baptist Academy . Coaching career ( edit ) High school ( edit ) After his retirement , Pederson was hired as head football coach of Calvary Baptist Academy , a private Christian high school in Shreveport , Louisiana . Calvary was going into its second year as a program when Pederson signed on in March 2005 . Pederson was the head coach at Calvary for four years , and held a 33 -- 7 record in the regular season and an 8 -- 3 record in the post-season . The Cavaliers were in the state playoffs all four years with Pederson as head coach . In his first season in 2005 , the Cavaliers went 5 -- 6 and lost in the first round of the state playoffs . In 2007 , he led the Cavaliers to the semi-finals and to their first district title . NFL assistant coaching positions ( edit ) On January 29 , 2009 , Pederson was hired as the offensive quality control coach for the Philadelphia Eagles , reuniting him with his former head coach , Andy Reid . He was promoted to quarterbacks coach on February 8 , 2011 , replacing James Urban , who was promoted to assistant offensive coordinator . On January 11 , 2013 , Pederson followed Andy Reid to the Kansas City Chiefs to serve as offensive coordinator . NFL head coach ( edit ) On January 18 , 2016 , Pederson was hired as head coach of the Eagles replacing Chip Kelly . Despite having Sam Bradford on the roster as the starting quarterback , the Eagles drafted Carson Wentz with the second overall pick in 2016 . Right before the 2016 season began , Bradford was traded to the Minnesota Vikings and Wentz was named the starting quarterback as a rookie . Pederson and Wentz won their first three NFL games together , but finished the season 7 -- 9 , missing the playoffs . Pederson 's second season was much more successful as he led the Eagles to a 13 - 3 record , winning them the NFC East division championship and allotting them home - field advantage throughout the playoffs . Wentz , who was having a career year and was considered a front runner for league MVP , tore his ACL in Week 14 , leaving backup Nick Foles with the starting job for the remainder of the year . Despite becoming major playoff underdogs due to the loss of Wentz , Foles filled in admirably as the starter , allowing Philadelphia to make it to Super Bowl LII , their first Super Bowl appearance since the 2004 season . Eventual Super Bowl MVP Foles led the team in a 41 - 33 win over the New England Patriots , giving them their first Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first league championship since 1960 . Head coaching record ( edit ) Team Year Regular season Postseason Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result PHI 2016 7 9 0 . 438 4th in NFC East -- -- -- -- PHI 2017 13 0 . 813 1st in NFC East 0 1.000 Won Super Bowl LII Total 20 12 0 . 625 0 1.000 Coaching tree ( edit ) NFL head coaches under whom Pederson has served : Andy Reid , Philadelphia Eagles ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Kansas City Chiefs ( 2013 - 2015 ) Assistant coaches under Pederson who have become NFL head coaches : Frank Reich , Indianapolis Colts ( 2018 -- present ) Personal life ( edit ) Pederson was born to Teri ( née Boykin ) and Gordon `` Gordy '' Pederson ( 1939 -- 2016 ) on January 31 , 1968 , in Bellingham , Washington . A devout Christian , Pederson and his wife Jeannie have three sons . Pederson has been a resident of Moorestown , New Jersey . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cahill , Dan ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Ron Rivera could become one of four to win Super Bowl as player and coach '' . chicago.suntimes.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCallister , Laura ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Andy Reid fills out coaching staff , including coordinators '' . KCTV - TV website . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ULM Football Records . '' 2008 ULM Warhawks Football Media Guide . Retrieved on September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The Dispatch. 1991 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Pederson '' . Pro Football Reference . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mayo , Michael ( August 17 , 1991 ) . `` Brown On Leave But Robbie Is , Too '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( February 5 , 1992 ) . `` Football ; World League Kicks Off Its Talent Hunt for 1992 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Smith , Timothy W. ( May 17 , 1992 ) . `` Football ; Knights Do Their Part but Ca n't Gain Playoff Berth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The Dispatch . June 2 , 1992 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1992 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Today '' . The Buffalo News . March 3 , 1993 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The New York Times . August 31 , 1993 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The New York Times . September 1 , 1993 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Pederson '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ George , Thomas ( November 15 , 1993 ) . `` Pro Football ; No. 325 : Shula Rides the Shoulders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Pederson : Game Logs at NFL.com '' . www.nfl.com . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FINS FLASHBACK : Coach Shula Wins 325 '' . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Mike ( December 6 , 1993 ) . `` Pro Football ; Finally , Giants Get Some Respect '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( December 16 , 1993 ) . `` Pederson , Humphrey Are Dolphins No More '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions '' . The New York Times . April 16 , 1994 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Expansion Draft '' . panthers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( January 19 , 1995 ) . `` No Big Names On Dolphins ' Expansion List '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Capers makes first big roster cuts '' . Star - News . May 24 , 1995 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Calkins , Geoff ( June 7 , 1995 ) . `` Kicker , Safety Contracts Extended '' . Sun - Sentinel . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Calkins , Geoff ( August 22 , 1995 ) . `` It 's McGwire : Pederson Loses No. 3 QB Spot '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cole , Jason ( October 10 , 1995 ) . `` Marino To Miss A Game Or 2 '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Checkpoint Was Sore Spot to Chief Fans '' . The Los Angeles Times . October 11 , 1995 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transactions '' . The New York Times . February 23 , 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Plaschke , Bill ( November 11 , 1995 ) . `` Any Old Joe Could Start For Packers This Week '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Hostetler Is Doubtful ; Packers Change Backups '' . The Los Angeles Times . November 23 , 1995 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` McMahon Joins the Packers '' . The New York Times . November 29 , 1995 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rubley , Former Ram , Waived by Packers '' . The Los Angeles Times . December 13 , 1995 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday 's Transactions '' . Laurel Leader . February 21 , 1997 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Pierson , Don ( October 6 , 1998 ) . `` Vikings 37 , Packers 24 '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Packers trade quarterback Rick Mirer to Jets for draft choice '' . packers.com . August 20 , 1999 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Sign Backup Passer to Start '' . The New York Times . February 18 , 1999 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` McNabb Signed but Not in Uniform '' . The New York Times . August 1 , 1999 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kinney , David ( September 12 , 1999 ) . `` Jacke 's 4th Field Goal Gives Cardinals 25 -- 24 Win '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Berger , Ken ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Bucaneers Pound Philadelphia in McNabb 's Debut '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Porter , Bill ( September 26 , 1999 ) . `` Bills Bury Punchless Eagles , 26 -- 0 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cananvan , Tom ( October 3 , 1999 ) . `` Giants Edge Eagles , 16 -- 15 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moore , David and Jean - Jacques Taylor ( October 11 , 1999 ) . `` Cowboys ' Irvin Suffers Spinal Injury in Loss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reeves Releases A Former Top Pick '' . The New York Times . August 28 , 2000 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Suddenly Leaves Denver , And Hopes to Help Another Team '' . The New York Times . September 2 , 2000 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Big Fine Surprises Steeler '' . The New York Times . December 9 , 2000 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterback Doug Pederson officially rejoins Packers , reports Monday ; Horacek also added '' . packers.com . March 13 , 2001 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Re-Sign QB Doug Pederson '' . packers.com. April 29 , 2003 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Giants release Collins , focus search for backup on O'Donnell '' . Buffalo News . April 29 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Packers cut former No. 1 pick Tim Couch '' . ESPN.com . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( October 4 , 2004 ) . `` Packers Suffer A Giant Loss '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Packers Re-sign Smith , Place Pederson On I.R , Sign Millhouse To Practice Squad '' . packers.com . October 7 , 2004 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Fedotin , Jeff ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Using Lessons He Learned Backing Up Favre , Pederson Coaches High Schoolers '' . Green Bay Packers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Calvary Baptist Academy '' . cavsfootball.com. 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles bring back ex-QB Pederson '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 2009 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Coaching Staff Complete '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com. 2011 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs hire Doug Pederson and Bob Sutton as Coordinators '' . nfl.com. 2013 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Phil ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Doug Pederson announced as Eagles coach '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( 11 February 2018 ) . `` Eagles OC Frank Reich named new Colts coach '' . ESPN . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon `` Gordy '' Pederson `` . Legacy.com . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles head coach Doug Pederson gives glory to God , says his faith keeps him grounded '' . Jump up ^ McLane , Jeff ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Pederson goes on without his first mentor -- his late father '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Cuellar , Dann . `` Doug Pedersons ' neighbors ready to welcome him back home '' , WPVI - TV , January 19 , 2016 . Accessed November 29 , 2017 . `` New Philadelphia Eagles head coach Doug Pederson and his family are excited about moving back to the area ... Before moving to Kansas City in 2011 , the Pederson family lived on a cul - de-sac in the unit block of Hamilton Court in Moorestown , New Jersey . '' External links ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles profile Current head coaches of the National Football League American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Sean McDermott ( Buffalo Bills ) Adam Gase ( Miami Dolphins ) Bill Belichick ( New England Patriots ) Todd Bowles ( New York Jets ) John Harbaugh ( Baltimore Ravens ) Marvin Lewis ( Cincinnati Bengals ) Hue Jackson ( Cleveland Browns ) Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) Bill O'Brien ( Houston Texans ) Frank Reich ( Indianapolis Colts ) Doug Marrone ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Mike Vrabel ( Tennessee Titans ) Vance Joseph ( Denver Broncos ) Andy Reid ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Anthony Lynn ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Jon Gruden ( Oakland Raiders ) National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Jason Garrett ( Dallas Cowboys ) Pat Shurmur ( New York Giants ) Doug Pederson ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Jay Gruden ( Washington Redskins ) Matt Nagy ( Chicago Bears ) Matt Patricia ( Detroit Lions ) Mike McCarthy ( Green Bay Packers ) Mike Zimmer ( Minnesota Vikings ) Dan Quinn ( Atlanta Falcons ) Ron Rivera ( Carolina Panthers ) Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) Dirk Koetter ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Steve Wilks ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean McVay ( Los Angeles Rams ) Kyle Shanahan ( San Francisco 49ers ) Pete Carroll ( Seattle Seahawks ) Links to related articles Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks starting quarterbacks Lloyd Ray ( 1951 ) Mark Boatright ( 1953 ) Pete Chambless ( 1954 ) Everett Reynolds ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Nathan Zametto ( 1957 ) Bob Randel ( 1959 ) Don Wattigny ( 1960 ) Ronnie Myrick ( 1961 -- 1962 ) Bookie Shillcutt ( 1963 ) Johnny Garrison ( 1964 ) Steve Mansur ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Terry Reisig ( 1967 ) Mike Audirsch ( 1969 ) Allen Taylor ( 1970 ) Don Smith ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Scotty Dyer ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Joe Bruner ( 1975 ) Mike Howell ( 1976 ) Bud Cespiva ( 1977 ) Kirby Arceneaux ( 1978 ) John Holman ( 1979 -- 1982 ) Rodney Horn ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Bubby Brister ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Stan Humphries ( 1986 -- 1987 ) Doug Pederson ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Wendal Lowrey ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Robert Cobb ( 1993 ) Raymond Philyaw ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Daniel Jeremiah ( 1997 ) Andre Vige ( 1998 ) Andy Chance ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Steven Jyles ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Kinsmon Lancaster ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Trey Revell ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Cody Wells ( 2009 , 2012 ) Kolton Browning ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Brayle Brown ( 2013 ) Pete Thomas ( 2014 ) Garrett Smith ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Earnest Carrington ( 2015 ) Will Collins ( 2016 ) Caleb Evans ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 1987 Northeast Louisiana Indians football -- NCAA Division I - AA national champions Teddy Garcia Jackie Harris Stan Humphries Doug Pederson Head coach : Pat Collins Assistant coaches : Rickey Bustle Chris Scelfo Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XXXI champions 4 Brett Favre 7 Kyle Wachholtz 9 Jim McMahon 13 Chris Jacke 17 Craig Hentrich 18 Doug Pederson 21 Craig Newsome 25 Dorsey Levens 27 Calvin Jones 28 Roderick Mullen 30 William Henderson 32 Travis Jervey 33 Doug Evans 34 Edgar Bennett 36 LeRoy Butler 37 Tyrone Williams 39 Mike Prior 40 Chris Hayes 41 Eugene Robinson 46 Michael Robinson 51 Brian Williams 52 Frank Winters 53 George Koonce 54 Ron Cox 55 Bernardo Harris 56 Lamont Hollinquest 59 Wayne Simmons 62 Marco Rivera 63 Adam Timmerman 64 Bruce Wilkerson 65 Lindsay Knapp 67 Jeff Dellenbach 68 Gary Brown 71 Santana Dotson 72 Earl Dotson 73 Aaron Taylor 75 Ken Ruettgers 77 John Michels 80 Derrick Mayes 81 Desmond Howard ( MVP ) 82 Don Beebe 83 Jeff Thomason 84 Andre Rison 85 Terry Mickens 86 Antonio Freeman 87 Robert Brooks 88 Keith Jackson 89 Mark Chmura 90 Darius Holland 91 Shannon Clavelle 92 Reggie White 93 Gilbert Brown 94 Bob Kuberski 95 Keith McKenzie 96 Sean Jones 98 Gabe Wilkins Head coach : Mike Holmgren Coaches : Larry Brooks Nolan Cromwell Gil Haskell Johnny Holland Sherman Lewis Jim Lind Tom Lovat Marty Mornhinweg Andy Reid Gary Reynolds Fritz Shurmur Harry Sydney Bob Valesente Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. Paganetti Justin Peelle Spencer Phillips Frank Reich Jim Schwartz Duce Staley Jeff Stoutland Press Taylor Cory Undlin Dino Vasso Chris Wilson Philadelphia Eagles starting quarterbacks Red Kirkman ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Jim Leonard ( 1934 , 1936 ) Stumpy Thomason ( 1935 ) Irv Kupcinet ( 1935 ) Glenn Frey ( 1936 -- 1937 ) Jess Dow ( 1938 -- 1939 ) Davey O'Brien ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Len Barnum ( 1941 ) Tommy Thompson ( 1941 -- 1942 , 1946 -- 1950 ) Foster Watkins ( 1941 ) Roy Zimmerman ( 1943 -- 1946 ) Allie Sherman ( 1945 ) Bill Mackrides ( 1948 ) Jack Myers ( 1948 ) Adrian Burk ( 1951 -- 1956 ) Bobby Thomason ( 1952 -- 1957 ) Sonny Jurgensen ( 1957 , 1961 -- 1963 ) Norm Van Brocklin ( 1958 -- 1960 ) King Hill ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1968 ) Norm Snead ( 1964 -- 1970 ) Jack Concannon ( 1964 , 1966 ) John Huarte ( 1968 ) George Mira ( 1969 ) Rick Arrington ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Pete Liske ( 1971 -- 1972 ) John Reaves ( 1972 ) Roman Gabriel ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Mike Boryla ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Ron Jaworski ( 1977 -- 1986 ) Joe Pisarcik ( 1984 ) Randall Cunningham ( 1985 -- 1995 ) Matt Cavanaugh ( 1986 ) Scott Tinsley ( 1987 ) Guido Merkens ( 1987 ) Jim McMahon ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Jeff Kemp ( 1991 ) Brad Goebel ( 1991 ) Bubby Brister ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Ken O'Brien ( 1993 ) Rodney Peete ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Ty Detmer ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Bobby Hoying ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Koy Detmer ( 1998 -- 1999 , 2002 , 2004 ) Doug Pederson ( 1999 ) Donovan McNabb ( 1999 -- 2009 ) A.J. Feeley ( 2002 , 2007 ) Mike McMahon ( 2005 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2006 ) Kevin Kolb ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Michael Vick ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Vince Young ( 2011 ) Nick Foles ( 2012 -- 2014 , 2017 -- present ) Mark Sanchez ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Sam Bradford ( 2015 ) Carson Wentz ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Browns starting quarterbacks Cliff Lewis ( 1946 -- 1947 , 1949 ) Otto Graham ( 1946 -- 1955 ) George Ratterman ( 1953 -- 1956 ) Babe Parilli ( 1956 ) Tommy O'Connell ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Milt Plum ( 1957 -- 1961 ) Len Dawson ( 1961 ) Jim Ninowski ( 1962 -- 1963 , 1965 ) Frank Ryan ( 1962 -- 1968 ) Gary Lane ( 1967 ) Bill Nelsen ( 1968 -- 1972 ) Mike Phipps ( 1970 -- 1976 ) Don Gault ( 1970 ) Brian Sipe ( 1974 -- 1983 ) Will Cureton ( 1975 ) Dave Mays ( 1977 ) Terry Luck ( 1977 ) Paul McDonald ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Gary Danielson ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Bernie Kosar ( 1985 -- 1993 ) Jeff Christensen ( 1987 ) Mike Pagel ( 1988 , 1990 ) Don Strock ( 1988 ) Mike Tomczak ( 1992 ) Todd Philcox ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Vinny Testaverde ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Mark Rypien ( 1994 ) Eric Zeier ( 1995 ) Ty Detmer ( 1999 ) Tim Couch ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Doug Pederson ( 2000 ) Spergon Wynn ( 2000 ) Kelly Holcomb ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Jeff Garcia ( 2004 ) Luke McCown ( 2004 ) Trent Dilfer ( 2005 ) Charlie Frye ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Derek Anderson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Brady Quinn ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Ken Dorsey ( 2008 ) Bruce Gradkowski ( 2008 ) Jake Delhomme ( 2010 ) Seneca Wallace ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Colt McCoy ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Brandon Weeden ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Thad Lewis ( 2012 ) Brian Hoyer ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Jason Campbell ( 2013 ) Johnny Manziel ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Connor Shaw ( 2014 ) Josh McCown ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Austin Davis ( 2015 ) Robert Griffin III ( 2016 ) Cody Kessler ( 2016 ) DeShone Kizer ( 2017 ) Kevin Hogan ( 2017 ) Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Lud Wray ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Bert Bell ( 1936 -- 1940 ) Greasy Neale ( 1941 -- 1950 ) Bo McMillin ( 1951 ) Wayne Millner # ( 1951 ) Jim Trimble ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Hugh Devore ( 1956 -- 1957 ) Buck Shaw ( 1958 -- 1960 ) Nick Skorich ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Joe Kuharich ( 1964 -- 1968 ) Jerry Williams ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Ed Khayat ( 1971 -- 1972 ) Mike McCormack ( 1973 -- 1975 ) Dick Vermeil ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Marion Campbell ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Fred Bruney # ( 1985 ) Buddy Ryan ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Rich Kotite ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Ray Rhodes ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Andy Reid ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Chip Kelly ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Pat Shurmur # ( 2015 ) Doug Pederson ( 2016 -- ) Pound ( # ) sign denotes interim head coach . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Pederson&oldid=832875504 '' Categories : 1968 births Living people American football quarterbacks Cleveland Browns players Green Bay Packers players High school football coaches in the United States Kansas City Chiefs coaches Louisiana -- Monroe Warhawks football players Miami Dolphins players New York / New Jersey Knights players People from Moorestown , New Jersey Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Philadelphia Eagles players Players of American football from Washington ( state ) Rhein Fire players Sportspeople from Bellingham , Washington Super Bowl champions Super Bowl - winning head coaches Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Philadelphia Eagles currentteam parameter articles NFL player with coaching information Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 13 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did doug pederson coach high school football	[ "After his retirement, Pederson was hired as head football coach of Calvary Baptist Academy, a private Christian high school in Shreveport, Louisiana.[52] Calvary was going into its second year as a program when Pederson signed on in March 2005." ]	[ "Calvary Baptist Academy, a private Christian high school in Shreveport, Louisiana" ]
1892223470857115226	Taxodium distichum	Taxodium distichum - wikipedia Taxodium distichum Taxodium distichum Bald cypress forest in a central Mississippi lake Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Division : Pinophyta Class : Pinopsida Order : Pinales Family : Cupressaceae Genus : Taxodium Species : T. distichum Binomial name Taxodium distichum ( L . ) Rich . Taxodium distichum ( bald cypress , cypress , southern - cypress , white - cypress , tidewater red - cypress , Gulf - cypress , red - cypress , or swamp cypress ) is a deciduous conifer in the family Cupressaceae that grows on saturated and seasonally inundated soils in the lowlands of the Southeastern and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States . Contents 1 Description 2 Gallery 3 Taxonomy 4 Habitat 4.1 Range 4.2 Soils and topography 5 Reproduction and early growth 5.1 Seed production and dissemination 5.2 Seedling development 5.3 Vegetative reproduction 6 Ecology 7 Conservation 8 Cultivation and uses 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Taxodium distichum is a large , slow - growing , and long - lived tree . It typically grows to heights of 30 -- 35 m ( 100 -- 120 ft ) and to a trunk diameter of 1 -- 2 m ( 3 -- 6 ft ) . The main trunks are surrounded by cypress knees . The bark is grayish brown to reddish brown , thin , and fibrous with a stringy texture ; it has a vertically interwoven pattern of shallow ridges and narrow furrows . The leaves are alternate and linear , with flat blades borne on the twigs that are spirally arranged on the stems , but twisted at the base to lie in two horizontal ranks , 1 -- 2 cm ( ⁄ -- ⁄ in ) long and 1 -- 2 mm ( ⁄ -- ⁄ in ) broad . Unlike most other species in the family Cupressaceae , it is deciduous , i.e. , it loses its leaves in winter , hence the appellation of `` bald '' . It is monoecious - has both staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on every plant , with male and female flowers forming on slender , tassel - like structures near the edge of branchlets . The male and female strobili are produced from buds formed in late autumn , with pollination in early winter , and mature in about 12 months . The seed cones are green and mature to grayish brown , globular , and 2.0 -- 3.5 cm ( ⁄ -- 1 ⁄ in ) in diameter . They have from 20 to 30 spirally arranged , four - sided scales , each bearing one , two , or rarely three triangular seeds . Around 20 - 40 seeds are in each cone . The cones disintegrate at maturity to release the large seeds . The seeds are 5 -- 10 mm ( ⁄ -- ⁄ in ) long , the largest of any species of Cupressaceae , and are produced every year , with heavy crops every 3 -- 5 years . The seedlings have three to 9 , but usually six , cotyledons each . The tallest known specimen , near Williamsburg , Virginia , is 44.11 m ( 145 ft ) tall , and the stoutest known , in the Cat Island National Wildlife Refuge near Baton Rouge , Louisiana , has a diameter at breast height of 521 cm ( 17 ft ) . The oldest known living specimen , in Bladen County , North Carolina , is over 1,620 years old , rendering it one of the oldest living plants in North America . Although there are specimens estimated to be nearly 2,000 years old at Sky Lake in Humphreys County , Mississippi , precisely determining their age is difficult because the cores of older trees have become hollow . Gallery ( edit ) Foliage Cones Knees Bark Taxonomy ( edit ) The closely related Taxodium ascendens ( pond cypress ) is treated by some botanists as a distinct species , while others classify it as merely a variety of bald cypress , as Taxodium distichum var . imbricatum ( Nutt . ) Croom . It differs in shorter leaves borne on erect shoots , and in ecology , being largely confined to low - nutrient blackwater habitats . A few authors also treat Taxodium mucronatum as a variety of bald cypress , as T. distichum var . mexicanum Gordon , thereby considering the genus as comprising only one species . Habitat ( edit ) Bald cypress in Trap Pond State Park , Delaware Range ( edit ) Bald cypress range Bald cypress on the Texas side of Caddo Lake The native range extends from southeastern New Jersey south to Florida and west to East Texas and southeastern Oklahoma , and also inland up the Mississippi River , Ancient bald cypress forests , with some trees more than 1,700 years old , once dominated swamps in the southeast US . Past research has shown that the range extended north to Delaware , but researchers have found a natural forest on the Cape May Peninsula in Southeastern New Jersey . The largest remaining old - growth stands are at Corkscrew Swamp Sanctuary , near Naples , Florida . and in the Three Sisters tract along eastern North Carolina 's Black River . The Corkscrew trees are around 500 years of age and some exceed 40 m in height . The Black River trees were cored by David Stahle from the University of Arkansas . He is a dendrochronologist and his dates range back to 364 AD . In the northern and more inland part of its range from Delaware and Maryland to Williamsburg , Virginia , it is found in groups growing in swamps and is accompanied by other hardwoods . In the southern parts of its range from extreme southeastern Virginia , Virginia Beach south to Florida and west to Texas , bald cypress can be found growing with loblolly pine and live oak , and it may be heavily covered in Spanish moss . This can be observed in the far northern part of its range at First Landing State Park , Virginia Beach , Virginia . From eastern North Carolina down throughout Florida and over to southeast and south Texas , bald cypress may be accompanied in forests by dwarf palmetto ( Sabal minor ) . It is native to humid climates where annual precipitation ranges from about 760 mm or 30 inches in Texas to 1,630 mm or 64 inches ( along the Gulf Coast ) . Although it grows best in warm climates , the natural northern limit of the species is not due to a lack of cold tolerance , but to specific reproductive requirements ; further north , regeneration is prevented by ice damage to seedlings . Larger trees are able to tolerate much lower temperatures and lower humidity . In 2012 scuba divers discovered an underwater forest several miles off the coast of Mobile , AL in 60 feet of water . The forest contains trees that could not be dated with radiocarbon methods since they are older than 50,000 years old , thus most likely lived in the early glacial interval of the last ice age . The forest contains trees so well - preserved that when they are cut , they still smell like fresh cypress . The team , which has not yet published their results in a peer - reviewed journal , is currently studying the site . It is estimated that they have less than two years before wood - burrowing marine animals destroy the submerged forest . Soils and topography ( edit ) Most bald cypress trees grow on flat ground on alluvial soils , usually at elevations of less than 50 m above sea level , although some stands may occur at elevations of 500 m in Texas . Bald cypress occurs mainly along riparian ( riverside ) wetlands normally subject to periodic flooding by silt - rich ' brownwater ' rivers , unlike the related Taxodium ascendens , which occurs in silt - poor blackwater rivers and ponds . T. distichum tolerates minor salinity , but does not grow in brackish or saline coastal waters . Reproduction and early growth ( edit ) Foliage in autumn just before shedding Bald cypress is monoecious . Male and female strobili mature in one growing season from buds formed the previous year . The male catkins are about 2 mm ( 0.079 in ) in diameter and are borne in slender , purplish , drooping clusters 7 to 13 cm ( 2 ⁄ to 5 in ) long that are conspicuous during the winter on this deciduous conifer . Pollen is shed in March and April . Female conelets are found singly or in clusters of two or three . The globose cones turn from green to brownish - purple as they mature from October to December . The cones are 13 to 36 mm ( 0.51 to 1.42 in ) in diameter and consist of 9 to 15 four - sided scales that break away irregularly after maturity . Each scale can bear two irregular , triangular seeds with thick , horny , warty coats and projecting flanges . The number of seeds per cone averages 16 and ranges from two to 34 . Cleaned seeds number from about 5600 to 18,430 / kg ( 2,540 to 8,360 / lb ) . Seed production and dissemination ( edit ) Some seeds are produced every year , and good seed crops occur at three - to five - year intervals . At maturity , the cone scales with their resin - coated seeds adhering to them , or sometimes entire cones , drop to the water or ground . This drop of mature seeds is often hastened by squirrels , which eat bald cypress seeds , but usually drop several scales with undamaged seeds still attached to each cone they pick . Floodwaters spread the scales or cones along streams and are the most important means of seed dissemination . Seedling development ( edit ) Germination is epigeal . Under swamp conditions , germination generally takes place on a sphagnum moss or a wet - muck seedbed . Seeds will not germinate under water , but some will remain viable for 30 months under water . On the other hand , seeds usually fail to germinate on better drained soils because of the lack of surface water . Thus , a soil saturated but not flooded for a period of one to three months after seedfall is required for germination . Bald cypress swamp and Spanish moss at First Landing State Park in Virginia Beach , VA After germination , seedlings must grow fast enough to keep at least part of their crowns above floodwaters for most of the growing season . Bald cypress seedlings can endure partial shading , but require overhead light for good growth . Seedlings in swamps often reach heights of 20 to 75 cm ( 8 to 29.5 in ) their first year . Growth is checked when a seedling is completely submerged by flooding , and prolonged submergence kills the seedling . In nurseries , Taxodium seeds show an apparent internal dormancy that can be overcome by various treatments , usually including cold stratification or submerging in water for 60 days . Nursery beds are sown in spring with pretreated seeds or in fall with untreated seeds . Seedlings usually reach 75 to 100 cm ( 29.5 to 39.5 in ) in height during their first ( and usually only ) year in the nursery . Average size of 1 - 0 nursery - grown seedlings in a seed source test including 72 families was 81.4 cm ( 32.0 in ) tall and 1.1 cm ( 0.43 in ) in diameter . Control of competing vegetation may be necessary for a year or more for bald cypress planted outside of swamps . Five years after planting on a harrowed and bedded , poorly drained site in Florida , survival was high , but heights had increased only 30 cm ( 12 in ) , probably because of heavy herbaceous competition . Seedlings grown in a crawfish pond in Louisiana , where weed control and soil moisture were excellent through June , averaged 2.9 m ( 9.5 ft ) and 3.5 cm ( 1.4 in ) diameter at breast height ( DBH ) after five years . However , a replicate of the same sources planted on an old soybean field , where weed control and soil moisture were poor , resulted in the same DBH , but a smaller average seedling height of 2.1 m ( 6.9 ft ) . When planted in a residential yard and weeded and watered , they averaged 3.7 m ( 12 ft ) tall three years later . Vegetative reproduction ( edit ) Bald cypress is one of the few conifer species that sprouts . Thrifty sprouts are generally produced from stumps of young trees , but trees up to 60 years old also send up healthy sprouts if the trees are cut during the fall or winter . However , survival of these sprouts is often poor and those that live are usually poorly shaped and do not make quality sawtimber trees . Stumps of trees up to 200 years old may also sprout , but the sprouts are not as vigorous and are more subject to wind damage as the stump decays . In the only report on the rooting of bald cypress cuttings found in the literature , cuttings from trees five years old rooted better than those from older trees . Ecology ( edit ) A bald cypress in the Atchafalaya Basin of Louisiana Bald cypress knees in duckweed The seeds remain viable for less than one year , and are dispersed in two ways . One is by water ; the seeds float and move on water until flooding recedes or the cone is deposited on shore . The second is by wildlife ; squirrels eat seeds , but often drop some scales from the cones they harvest . Seeds do not germinate under water and rarely germinate on well - drained soils ; seedlings normally become established on continuously saturated , but not flooded , soils for one to three months . After germination , seedlings must grow quickly to escape floodwaters ; they often reach a height of 20 -- 75 cm ( up to 100 cm in fertilized nursery conditions ) in their first year . Seedlings die if inundated for more than about two to four weeks . Natural regeneration is therefore prevented on sites that are always flooded during the growing season . Although vigorous saplings and stump sprouts can produce viable seed , most specimens do not produce seed until they are about 30 years old . In good conditions , Bald - cypress grows fairly fast when young , then more slowly with age . Trees have been measured to reach 3 m in five years , 21 m in 41 years , and 36 m in height in 96 years ; height growth has largely ceased by the time the trees are 200 years old . Some individuals can live over 1,000 years . Determination of the age of an old tree may be difficult because of frequent missing or false rings of stemwood caused by variable and stressful growing environments . Bald cypress forest in winter , showing `` knees '' and ( brown ) high flood level , Lynches River , Johnsonville , South Carolina Bald cypress trees growing in swamps have a peculiarity of growth called cypress knees . These are woody projections from the root system project above the ground or water . Their function was once thought to be to provide oxygen to the roots , which grow in the low dissolved oxygen ( DO ) waters typical of a swamp ( as in mangroves ) . However , evidence for this is scant ; in fact , roots of swamp - dwelling specimens whose knees are removed do not decrease in oxygen content and the trees continue to thrive . Another more likely function is structural support and stabilization . Bald cypress trees growing on flood - prone sites tend to form buttressed bases , but trees grown on drier sites may lack this feature . Buttressed bases and a strong , intertwined root system allow them to resist very strong winds ; even hurricanes rarely overturn them . Many agents damage T. distichum trees . The main damaging ( in some cases lethal ) agent is the fungus Stereum taxodii , which causes a brown pocket rot known as `` pecky cypress '' . It attacks the heartwood of living trees , usually from the crown down to the roots . A few other fungi attack the sapwood and the heartwood of the tree , but they do not usually cause serious damage . Insects such as the cypress flea beetle ( Systena marginalis ) and the bald cypress leafroller ( Archips goyerana ) ( closely related to the fruit tree leafroller ) can seriously damage trees by destroying leaves , cones or the bark . Nutrias also clip and unroot young bald cypress seedlings , sometimes killing a whole plantation in a short amount of time . Conservation ( edit ) In 2002 , the Indiana Department of Natural Resources identified T distichum as a state protected plant with the status of Threatened . Cultivation and uses ( edit ) Timber The species is a popular ornamental tree that is cultivated for its light , feathery foliage and orangey brown to dull red autumnal color . In cultivation it thrives on a wide range of soils , including well drained sites where it would not grow naturally because juvenile seedlings can not compete with other vegetation . Cultivation is successful far north of its native range , even to southern Canada . It is also commonly planted in Europe , Asia , and other temperate and subtropical locales . It does , however , require hot summers for good growth . When planted in locales with the cool summers of oceanic climates , growth is healthy but very slow ; some specimens in northeastern England have only grown to 4 -- 5 m tall in circa 50 years and do not produce cones . One of the oldest specimens in Europe was planted in the 1900s in the Arboretum de Pézanin in Burgundy , France . Bald cypress has great merchantable yields . In virgin stands , yields from 112 -- 196 m3 / ha were common , and some stands may have exceeded 1000 m3 / ha . Bald cypress swamps are some of the world 's most productive ecosystems . The odorless wood , which closely resembles that of other Cupressus species , has long been valued for its resistance to water , and thus is denominated `` wood eternal '' . Still usable , prehistoric wood is often found in swamps as far north as New Jersey , and occasionally as far north as Connecticut , although it is more common in the southeastern states . The somewhat mineralized wood is harvested from some swamps in the southeastern states , and is greatly prized for special uses such as for carvings . The fungus Stereum taxodii causes a specific form of the wood that is denominated `` Pecky cypress '' , which is used for decorative wall paneling . The bald cypress was designated the official state tree of Louisiana in 1963 . Some consider it to be a symbol of the southern swamps of the United States . Shingles can be fashioned from bald cypress . Joshua D. Brown , the first settler of Kerrville , Texas , made his living producing shingles from bald cypress trees that grew along the Guadalupe River of the Texas Hill Country . Shingles produced from bald cypress were also one of the primary industries for early pioneers in Kissimmee , Florida , where one of the primary bodies of water , Shingle Creek , was named in honor of this industry 's importance to the growth of the city . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Farjon , A. ( 2013 ) . `` Taxodium distichum '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2013 : e. T42261A2967873 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2013 - 1. RLTS. T42261A2967873. en . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taxodium distichum '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Farjon , A. ( 2005 ) . Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys . Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew . ISBN 1 - 84246 - 068 - 4 Jump up ^ Watson , Frank D. ( 1993 ) . `` Taxodium distichum '' . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee . Flora of North America North of Mexico ( FNA ) . 2 . New York and Oxford -- via eFloras.org , Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis , MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge , MA . ^ Jump up to : Earle , Christopher J. , ed. ( 2018 ) . `` Taxodium distichum subsp . distichum '' . The Gymnosperm Database . ^ Jump up to : Wilhite , L.P. ; Toliver , J.R. ( 1990 ) . `` Taxodium distichum '' . In Burns , Russell M. ; Honkala , Barbara H. Conifers . Silvics of North America . Washington , D.C. : United States Forest Service ( USFS ) , United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) . 1 -- via Southern Research Station ( www.srs.fs.fed.us ) . Jump up ^ http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~adk/oldlisteast/Spp/TADI.html Jump up ^ `` The Sky Lake Boardwalk '' ( PDF ) . Wild Life Mississippi . Fall 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Taxodium distichum '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Jump up ^ `` Taxodium ascendens '' . Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database . USDA . Jump up ^ Watson , Frank D. ( 1993 ) . `` Taxodium '' . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee . Flora of North America North of Mexico ( FNA ) . 2 . New York and Oxford -- via eFloras.org , Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis , MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge , MA . Jump up ^ Paul Ferguson ( 2008 ) . `` Searching for Methuselah '' ( PDF ) . Pocosin Press . pp. 1 -- 3 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Primeval Underwater Forest Discovered in Gulf of Mexico '' . Live Science . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Faulkner , Stephen P. 1982 . Genetic variation of cones , seed and nursery - grown seedlings of baldcypress ( Taxodium distichum ( L . ) Rich . ) provenances . M.S. Thesis , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge . 71 p . ^ Jump up to : Radford , Albert E. , Harry E. Ahles , and C. Ritchie Bell . 1968 . Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas . University of North Carolina Press , Chapel Hill . 1183 p . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . 1965 . Silvics of forest trees of the United States . H.A. Fowells , comp . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agriculture Handbook 271 . Washington , DC . 762 p . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Agriculture , Forest Service . 1974 . Seeds of woody plants in the United States . C.S. Schopmeyer , tech. coord . U.S. Department of Agriculture , Agriculture Handbook 450 . Washington , DC . 883 p . Jump up ^ Stubbs , Jack . 1983 . Personal communication . USDA Forest Service , Southeastern Forest Experiment Station , Clemson , SC . Jump up ^ Brunswig , Norman L. 1983 . Personal communication . National Audubon Society , Francis Beidler Forest , Harleyville , SC . Jump up ^ Conner , William H , 1988 , Natural and artificial regeneration of baldcypress ( Taxodium distichum ( L . ) Rich . ) in the Barataria and Lake Verret basins of Louisiana . Ph. D. Dissertation , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge . 148 p . Jump up ^ Conner , William H. , and John R. Toliver. 1987 . Vexar seedling protectors did not reduce nutria damage to planted baldcypress seedlings . USDA Forest Service , Tree Planter 's Notes 38 ( 3 ) : 26 - 29 . Jump up ^ Conner , William H. , John R. Toliver , and Fred H. Sklar. 1986 . Natural regeneration of baldcypress ( Taxodium distichum ( L . ) Rich . ) in a Louisiana swamp . Forest Ecology and Management 14 : 305 - 317 . Jump up ^ Williston , H.L. , F.W. Shropshire , and W.E. Balmer. 1980 . Cypress management : a forgotten opportunity . USDA Forest Service , Southeastern Area State and Private Forestry , Forestry Report SA - FR - 8 . Atlanta , GA. 8 p . Jump up ^ Bull , H. 1949 . Cypress planting in southern Louisiana . Southern Lumberman 179 ( 2249 ) : 227 - 230 . Jump up ^ Tree Register of the British Isles Jump up ^ Calhoun , Milburn ; Frois , Jeanne ( 31 May 2006 ) . Louisiana Almanac , 2006 - 2007 ( 17th ed . ) . Pelican Publishing . p. 431 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58980 - 307 - 7 . Jump up ^ Texas Historical Commission , historical marker in Kerrville , Texas , 1971 . Jump up ^ http://osceola.ifas.ufl.edu/pdfs/Natural%20Resources/Shingle%20Creek_Brochure_2013_final.pdf External links ( edit ) Taxodium distichum . Wikispecies has information related to Taxodium distichum The Ancient Bald Cypress Consortium Images of bald - cypress trees and swamps Interactive Distribution Map for Taxodium distichum Photos of remarkable bald - cypress trees worldwide Taxodium distichum - information , genetic conservation units and related resources . European Forest Genetic Resources Programme ( EUFORGEN ) Extant Cupressaceae species Subfamily Athrotaxidoideae Athrotaxis A. cupressoides A. selaginoides A. laxifolia Subfamily Callitroideae Actinostrobus A. acuminatus A. arenarius A. pyramidalis Austrocedrus A. chilensis Callitris C. baileyi C. canescens C. columellaris C. drummondii C. endlicheri C. macleayana C. monticola C. muelleri C. neocaledonica C. oblonga C. preissii C. rhomboidea C. roei C. sulcata C. verrucosa Diselma D. archeri Fitzroya F. cupressoides Libocedrus L. austrocaledonicus L. bidwillii L. chevalieri L. plumosa L. yateensis Neocallitropsis N. pancheri Papuacedrus P. papuana Pilgerodendron P. uviferum Widdringtonia W. cafra W. cedarbergensis W. commersonii W. cupressoides W. dracomontana W. equisetiformis W. juniperoides W. mahoni W. natalensis W. nodiflora W. schwarzii W. stipitata W. whytei Subfamily Cunninghamioideae Cunninghamia C. konishii C. lanceolata Subfamily Cupressoideae Calocedrus C. decurrens C. formosana C. macrolepis C. rupestris Chamaecyparis C. formosensis C. lawsoniana C. obtusa C. pisifera C. taiwanensis C. thyoides Cupressus Old World Species : C. atlantica C. austrotibetica C. cashmeriana C. chengiana C. duclouxiana C. dupreziana C. funebris C. gigantea C. sempervirens C. tonkinensis C. torulosa C. vietnamensis New World Species : C. abramsiana C. arizonica C. bakeri C. benthamii C. forbesii C. glabra C. goveniana C. guadalupensis C. lusitanica C. macnabiana C. macrocarpa C. montana C. nevadensis C. nootkatensis C. pigmaea C. revealiana C. sargentii C. stephensonii Fokienia F. hodginsii Juniperus Section Juniperus J. brevifolia J. cedrus J. communis J. conferta J. drupacea J. formosana J. lutchuensis J. macrocarpa J. oxycedrus J. rigida Section Sabina Old World Species : J. chinensis J. convallium J. excelsa J. foetidissima J. indica J. komarovii J. phoenicea J. pingii J. procera J. procumbens J. pseudosabina J. recurva J. sabina J. saltuaria J. semiglobosa J. squamata J. thurifera J. tibetica J. wallichiana New World Species : J. angosturana J. ashei J. arizonica J. barbadensis J. bermudiana J. blancoi J. californica J. coahuilensis J. comitana J. deppeana J. durangensis J. flaccida J. gamboana J. horizontalis J. jaliscana J. monosperma J. monticola J. occidentalis J. osteosperma J. pinchotii J. saltillensis J. scopulorum J. standleyi J. virginiana J. zanonii Microbiota M. decussata Platycladus P. orientalis Tetraclinis T. articulata Thuja T. koraiensis T. occidentalis T. plicata T. standishii T. sutchuenensis Thujopsis T. dolabrata Xanthocyparis X . nootkatensis X . vietnamensis Subfamily Sequoioideae Metasequoia M. glyptostroboides Sequoia S. sempervirens Sequoiadendron S. giganteum Subfamily Taiwanioideae Taiwania T. cryptomerioides Subfamily Taxodioideae Cryptomeria C. japonica Glyptostrobus G. pensilis Taxodium T. ascendens T. distichum T. mucronatum Taxon identifiers Taxodium distichum Wikidata : Q148950 Wikispecies : Taxodium distichum ARKive : taxodium - distichum BioLib : 2401 EoL : 1061709 EPPO : TADDI FNA : 200005404 FoC : 200005404 GBIF : 2684191 GRIN : 80066 iNaturalist : 49666 IPNI : 30052311 - 2 IRMNG : 11074053 ITIS : 18041 IUCN : 42261 NBN : NBNSYS0000033999 NCBI : 28982 NZOR : d42344d8 - b681 - 42fd - 8d61 - 01945eb10822 PfaF : Taxodium distichum Plantarium : 46689 Plant List : kew - 2434119 PLANTS : TADI2 POWO : urn : lsid : ipni.org : names : 30052311 - 2 Tropicos : 31300230 WCSP : 378596 Cupressus disticha Wikidata : Q17363915 GBIF : 2684210 GRIN : 12645 IRMNG : 11155647 ITIS : 183431 Tropicos : 9400133 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taxodium_distichum&oldid=866333101 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Taxodium Trees of the Eastern United States Trees of the Southeastern United States Trees of the South - Central United States Plants used in bonsai Ornamental trees Least concern plants Trees of the North - Central United States Trees of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Taxonbars with 20 -- 24 taxon IDs Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do cypress trees grow in the us	[ "Taxodium distichum (bald cypress,[2] cypress, southern-cypress, white-cypress, tidewater red-cypress, Gulf-cypress, red-cypress, or swamp cypress) is a deciduous conifer in the family Cupressaceae that grows on saturated and seasonally inundated soils in the lowlands of the Southeastern and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States.[3][4][5][6]\n" ]	[ "the lowlands of the Southeastern and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States" ]
-8753339625355660291	Say Amen (Saturday Night)	Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) - wikipedia Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' Single by Panic ! at the Disco from the album Pray for the Wicked B - side `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' Released March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2017 -- 18 Genre Pop Length 3 : 09 Label Fueled by Ramen DCD2 Songwriter ( s ) Brendon Urie Jake Sinclair Sam Hollander Lauren Pritchard Imad Royal Andrew Greene Mike Deller Brian Profilio Thomas Brenneck Daniel Foder Jared Tankel Nathan Abshire Suzy Shinn Tom Peyton Toby Wincorn Producer ( s ) Jake Sinclair Imad Royal Panic ! at the Disco singles chronology `` Death of a Bachelor '' ( 2016 ) `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' ( 2018 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2018 ) `` Death of a Bachelor '' ( 2016 ) `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' ( 2018 ) `` High Hopes '' ( 2018 ) `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' is a song by American pop rock band Panic ! at the Disco from their sixth studio album , Pray for the Wicked ( 2018 ) . It was released as the lead single for the album on March 21 , 2018 . The song became Panic ! at the Disco 's first number one single on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in June 2018 . Contents 1 Release 2 Music video 3 Track listing 4 Charts 5 References Release ( edit ) `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' was released for digital download and streaming on March 21 , 2018 and was produced by Jake Sinclair and Imad Royal . On the same day , the promotional single `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' was released . The song became Panic ! at the Disco 's first number one single on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart in June 2018 . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Daniel `` Cloud '' Campos , the music video for `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' premiered on March 21 , 2018 . Panic ! at the Disco frontman Brendon Urie confirmed that the music video serves as a prequel to the band 's 2013 music video , `` This Is Gospel '' , from the band 's fourth studio album Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! and the 2015 music video for `` Emperor 's New Clothes , '' from the band 's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor . The actress featured is Chloe Holmes . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' 3 : 09 Say Amen for Silver Linings No . Title Length 1 . `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' 3 : 09 2 . `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' 2 : 49 Total length : 5 : 58 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 90 Canada ( Hot Canadian Digital Songs ) 48 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 35 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 37 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 60 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Rock Airplay ( Billboard ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NME article '' , NME , March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved on March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco Prep New LP , Release Two New Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Swing - Pop ^ Jump up to : `` Single Information '' , Amazon , March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved on March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ACE Repertory '' . ASCAP . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Melendez , Monique ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Panic ! at the Disco -- `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' / `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` . Spin . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 🤴 🏻 on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco 's ' Pray for the Wicked ' Set for No. 1 Debut on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic ! at the Disco Announces New Album & Arena Tour : Hear New Song ' Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) ' '' . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 466 '' . auspOp . March 31 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Hot Canadian Digital Song Sales ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201831 into search . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panic at the Disco Chart History ( Rock Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Panic ! at the Disco Brendon Urie Brent Wilson Ryan Ross Jon Walker Spencer Smith Dallon Weekes Studio albums A Fever You Ca n't Sweat Out Pretty . Odd . Vices & Virtues Too Weird to Live , Too Rare to Die ! Death of a Bachelor Pray for the Wicked Live albums ... Live in Chicago All My Friends We 're Glorious Singles `` The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage '' `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' `` But It 's Better If You Do '' `` Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off '' `` Build God , Then We 'll Talk '' `` Nine in the Afternoon '' `` Mad as Rabbits '' `` That Green Gentleman ( Things Have Changed ) '' `` Northern Downpour '' `` New Perspective '' `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' `` Ready to Go ( Get Me Out of My Mind ) '' `` Let 's Kill Tonight '' `` Miss Jackson '' `` This Is Gospel '' `` Girls / Girls / Boys '' `` Hallelujah '' `` Victorious '' `` Emperor 's New Clothes '' `` Death of a Bachelor '' `` Say Amen ( Saturday Night ) '' `` ( Fuck A ) Silver Lining '' `` High Hopes '' Other songs `` LA Devotee '' `` Do n't Threaten Me with a Good Time '' `` Crazy = Genius '' `` King of the Clouds '' Tours Vices & Virtues Tour Summer Tour 2016 Death of a Bachelor Tour Pray for the Wicked Tour Related articles Band members Discography List of songs recorded The Young Veins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_Amen_(Saturday_Night)&oldid=854442850 '' Categories : 2018 singles Panic ! at the Disco songs Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Songs written by Jake Sinclair ( songwriter ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrockairplay Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 11 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	panic at the disco say amen music video girl	[ "Directed by Daniel \"Cloud\" Campos, the music video for \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\" premiered on March 21, 2018.[8] Panic! at the Disco frontman Brendon Urie confirmed that the music video serves as a prequel to the band's 2013 music video, \"This Is Gospel\", from the band's fourth studio album Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die! and the 2015 music video for \"Emperor's New Clothes,\" from the band's fifth studio album Death of a Bachelor.[2] The actress featured is Chloe Holmes.\n" ]	[ "Chloe Holmes" ]
-198281630029035370	List of Jane the Virgin episodes	List of Jane the Virgin episodes - wikipedia List of Jane the Virgin episodes Jump to : navigation , search Jane the Virgin is an American comedy - drama television series that premiered on The CW on October 13 , 2014 . The series follows Jane Villanueva , a hard - working , religious young Latina woman whose vow to save her virginity until marriage is shattered when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup . To make matters worse , the biological donor is a married man , a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works , but was also her former teenage crush . The show was ordered to series on May 8 , 2014 , followed by a full season order on October 21 , 2014 . On January 11 , 2015 , the show was renewed for a second season . On March 11 , 2016 , the show was renewed for a third season . On January 8 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a fourth season , which debuted on October 13 , 2017 . As of February 9 , 2018 , 74 episodes of Jane the Virgin have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 22 October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 20 October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 17 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One '' Brad Silberling Teleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 1.61 `` Chapter Two '' Uta Briesewitz Jennie Snyder Urman October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 1.36 `` Chapter Three '' Brad Silberling Meredith Averill October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 1.09 `` Chapter Four '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 1.01 5 5 `` Chapter Five '' Edward Ornelas Josh Reims November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 1.22 6 6 `` Chapter Six '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 1.09 7 7 `` Chapter Seven '' Janice Cooke David S. Rosenthal November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 0.96 8 8 `` Chapter Eight '' Norman Buckley Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.22 9 9 `` Chapter Nine '' Zetna Fuentes Corinne Brinkerhoff December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 1.28 10 10 `` Chapter Ten '' Elodie Keene Meredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.39 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven '' Joanna Kerns Gracie Glassmeyer January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.55 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve '' Gina Lamar David S. Rosenthal February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.24 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen '' Howard Deutch Josh Reims February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.34 14 14 `` Chapter Fourteen '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.31 15 15 `` Chapter Fifteen '' Melanie Mayron Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.26 16 16 `` Chapter Sixteen '' Joanna Kerns Josh Reims & Carolina Rivera March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.10 17 17 `` Chapter Seventeen '' Uta Briesewitz Amy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 0.93 18 18 `` Chapter Eighteen '' Edward Ornelas Meredith Averill April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 1.03 19 19 `` Chapter Nineteen '' Robert Luketic Emmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 1.05 20 20 `` Chapter Twenty '' Debbie Allen Corinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 1.06 21 21 `` Chapter Twenty - One '' Stuart Gillard Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 1.05 22 22 `` Chapter Twenty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Josh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 1.24 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Chapter Twenty - Three '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 1.06 24 `` Chapter Twenty - Four '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.84 25 `` Chapter Twenty - Five '' Robert Luketic Corinne Brinkerhoff October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.94 26 `` Chapter Twenty - Six '' Zetna Fuentes Paul Sciarrotta November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 1.09 27 5 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven '' Jann Turner Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 1.11 28 6 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Corinne Brinkerhoff & Micah Schraf November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 1.10 29 7 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine '' Edward Ornelas David S. Rosenthal & Dara Resnick Creasey November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 0.98 30 8 `` Chapter Thirty '' Uta Briesewitz Paul Sciarrotta & Carolina Rivera December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 0.98 31 9 `` Chapter Thirty - One '' Joanna Kerns Emmylou Diaz & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 0.99 32 10 `` Chapter Thirty - Two '' Jason Reilly Micah Schraft February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 1.04 33 11 `` Chapter Thirty - Three '' Uta Briesewitz Michael J. Cinquemani February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.94 34 12 `` Chapter Thirty - Four '' Howard Deutch Madeline Hendricks February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.94 35 13 `` Chapter Thirty - Five '' Melanie Mayron Chantelle M. Wells February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.91 36 14 `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' Uta Briesewitz Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.92 37 15 `` Chapter Thirty - Seven '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.77 38 16 `` Chapter Thirty - Eight '' Georgina Garcia Riedel Micah Schraft March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.94 39 17 `` Chapter Thirty - Nine '' Matthew Diamond Carolina Rivera April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 0.93 40 18 `` Chapter Forty '' Anna Mastro Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.96 41 19 `` Chapter Forty - One '' Gina Lamar Joe Lawson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 0.84 42 20 `` Chapter Forty - Two '' Zetna Fuentes Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 0.86 43 21 `` Chapter Forty - Three '' Melanie Mayron Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & Paul Sciarrotta May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 0.90 44 22 `` Chapter Forty - Four '' Jann Turner Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 0.97 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 45 `` Chapter Forty - Five '' Gina Lamar Jennie Snyder Urman October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 1.09 46 `` Chapter Forty - Six '' Brad Silberling David S. Rosenthal & Paul Sciarrotta October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 1.10 47 `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' Eva Longoria Baston Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 0.97 48 `` Chapter Forty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 1.08 49 5 `` Chapter Forty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Paul Sciarrotta November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 0.93 50 6 `` Chapter Fifty '' Melanie Mayron Valentina Garza & David S. Rosenthal November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 1.01 51 7 `` Chapter Fifty - One '' Gina Lamar Sarah Goldfinger & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) 1.15 52 8 `` Chapter Fifty - Two '' Anna Mastro Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 0.99 53 9 `` Chapter Fifty - Three '' Gina Lamar Chantelle M. Wells January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) 0.91 54 10 `` Chapter Fifty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 0.93 55 11 `` Chapter Fifty - Five '' Brad Silberling Paul Sciarrotta & Jennie Snyder Urman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 1.07 56 12 `` Chapter Fifty - Six '' Matthew Diamond Valentina Garza February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 1.06 57 13 `` Chapter Fifty - Seven '' Zetna Fuentes Madeline Hendricks February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 0.88 58 14 `` Chapter Fifty - Eight '' Melanie Mayron Merigan Mulhern March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 0.84 59 15 `` Chapter Fifty - Nine '' Anna Mastro Deidre Shaw March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) 0.89 60 16 `` Chapter Sixty '' Micah Schraft Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) 0.79 61 17 `` Chapter Sixty - One '' Melanie Mayron Paul Sciarrotta May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 0.77 62 18 `` Chapter Sixty - Two '' Fernando Sariñana Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin & David S. Rosenthal May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 0.99 63 19 `` Chapter Sixty - Three '' Gina Lamar Paul Sciarrotta May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 0.76 64 20 `` Chapter Sixty - Four '' Melanie Mayron Micah Schraft & Jennie Snyder Urman May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) 0.96 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : Jane the Virgin ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 65 `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' Brad Silberling Jennie Snyder Urman & Paul Sciarrotta October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 0.68 66 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' Gina Lamar Valentina Garza & Jessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) 0.61 67 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' Fernando Sariñana Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 0.60 68 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) 0.69 69 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' Stuart Gillard Paul Sciarrotta November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.65 70 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Micah Schraft November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.61 71 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' Micah Schraft Valentina Garza & Deidre Shaw December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.65 72 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' Melanie Mayron Carolina Rivera & Paul Sciarrotta January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.68 73 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' Eric Lea Valentina Garza & Chantelle M. Wells February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.67 74 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' Gina Rodriguez Micah Schraft & Paul Sciarrotta February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) 0.80 75 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' Gina Lamar Merigan Mulhern March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) TBD 76 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' Melanie Mayron Leah Longoria March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBD 77 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' Gina Lamar Deirdre Shaw & Chantelle M. Wells March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBD 78 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' TBA TBA March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBD 79 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' TBA TBA March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBD 80 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' TBA TBA April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) TBD 81 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' TBA TBA April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) Jane the Virgin : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Source : Nielsen Media Research Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One '' October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 0.6 / 2 1.61 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Chapter Two '' October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 0.5 / 1 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Chapter Three '' October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 0.4 / 1 1.09 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A `` Chapter Four '' November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 0.4 / 2 1.01 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Chapter Five '' November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 0.5 / 1 1.22 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Chapter Six '' November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 0.4 / 1 1.11 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven '' November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 0.4 / 1 0.96 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Chapter Eight '' December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 0.5 / 1 1.22 0.3 N / A 0.8 N / A 9 `` Chapter Nine '' December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 0.5 / 2 1.28 0.3 0.62 0.8 1.90 10 `` Chapter Ten '' January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 0.5 / 1 1.39 0.3 N / A 0.8 N / A 11 `` Chapter Eleven '' January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 0.6 / 2 1.55 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve '' February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 0.5 / 1 1.24 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Chapter Thirteen '' February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 0.6 / 2 1.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Chapter Fourteen '' February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 0.6 / 2 1.31 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Chapter Fifteen '' March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 0.5 / 1 1.26 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Chapter Sixteen '' March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 0.5 / 1 1.10 0.3 N / A 0.8 N / A 17 `` Chapter Seventeen '' April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 0.4 / 1 0.93 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A 18 `` Chapter Eighteen '' April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 0.4 / 1 1.03 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Chapter Nineteen '' April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 0.4 / 1 1.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Chapter Twenty '' April 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 27 ) 0.4 / 1 1.06 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A 21 `` Chapter Twenty - One '' May 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) 0.5 / 1 1.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A 22 `` Chapter Twenty - Two '' May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 0.5 / 1 1.24 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Twenty - Three '' October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 0.4 / 1 1.06 0.4 0.69 0.8 1.76 `` Chapter Twenty - Four '' October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 0.4 / 1 0.84 N / A 0.68 N / A 1.52 `` Chapter Twenty - Five '' October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.56 0.6 1.51 `` Chapter Twenty - Six '' November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 0.4 / 1 1.09 0.4 0.71 0.8 1.81 5 `` Chapter Twenty - Seven '' November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 0.4 / 1 1.11 0.3 0.65 0.7 1.76 6 `` Chapter Twenty - Eight '' November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 0.5 / 2 1.10 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.67 7 `` Chapter Twenty - Nine '' November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 0.4 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.62 0.7 1.60 8 `` Chapter Thirty '' December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.63 0.7 1.61 9 `` Chapter Thirty - One '' January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.69 0.7 1.68 10 `` Chapter Thirty - Two '' February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 0.4 / 1 1.04 0.3 0.66 0.7 1.70 11 `` Chapter Thirty - Three '' February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.4 0.74 0.7 1.68 12 `` Chapter Thirty - Four '' February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.4 0.72 0.7 1.66 13 `` Chapter Thirty - Five '' February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.4 0.70 0.7 1.61 14 `` Chapter Thirty - Six '' March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.4 / 1 0.92 0.3 0.68 0.7 1.60 15 `` Chapter Thirty - Seven '' March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.3 / 1 0.77 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.43 16 `` Chapter Thirty - Eight '' March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.4 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.69 0.7 1.63 17 `` Chapter Thirty - Nine '' April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 0.4 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.69 0.7 1.66 18 `` Chapter Forty '' April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 0.4 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.68 0.8 1.64 19 `` Chapter Forty - One '' April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 0.4 / 1 0.84 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.58 20 `` Chapter Forty - Two '' May 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 02 ) 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.4 0.69 0.7 1.54 21 `` Chapter Forty - Three '' May 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.4 0.66 0.7 1.56 22 `` Chapter Forty - Four '' May 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) 0.4 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.66 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Forty - Five '' October 17 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.09 0.4 0.83 0.8 1.92 `` Chapter Forty - Six '' October 24 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.4 0.77 0.8 1.88 `` Chapter Forty - Seven '' October 31 , 2016 0.4 / 1 0.97 0.4 0.88 0.8 1.85 `` Chapter Forty - Eight '' November 7 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.4 0.72 0.8 1.80 5 `` Chapter Forty - Nine '' November 14 , 2016 0.3 / 1 0.93 0.4 N / A 0.7 N / A 6 `` Chapter Fifty '' November 21 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.01 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.79 7 `` Chapter Fifty - One '' November 28 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.70 0.8 1.85 8 `` Chapter Fifty - Two '' January 23 , 2017 0.4 / 1 0.99 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.70 9 `` Chapter Fifty - Three '' January 30 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.59 10 `` Chapter Fifty - Four '' February 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.93 0.4 0.76 0.7 1.69 11 `` Chapter Fifty - Five '' February 13 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.07 0.3 0.64 0.7 1.71 12 `` Chapter Fifty - Six '' February 20 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.06 0.3 0.61 0.7 1.67 13 `` Chapter Fifty - Seven '' February 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Chapter Fifty - Eight '' March 20 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.84 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.55 15 `` Chapter Fifty - Nine '' March 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 0.4 0.69 0.7 1.57 16 `` Chapter Sixty '' April 24 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.79 TBD TBD TBD TBD 17 `` Chapter Sixty - One '' May 1 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.77 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.32 18 `` Chapter Sixty - Two '' May 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 0.99 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Chapter Sixty - Three '' May 15 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.76 0.3 0.58 0.5 1.34 20 `` Chapter Sixty - Four '' May 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.3 0.60 0.6 1.56 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter Sixty - Five '' October 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.68 0.3 0.67 0.6 1.35 `` Chapter Sixty - Six '' October 20 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.61 0.3 0.58 0.5 1.19 `` Chapter Sixty - Seven '' October 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.60 TBD 0.54 TBD 1.16 `` Chapter Sixty - Eight '' November 3 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.69 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.24 5 `` Chapter Sixty - Nine '' November 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.65 TBD 0.61 TBD 1.26 6 `` Chapter Seventy '' November 17 , 2017 0.2 / 1 0.61 0.3 0.55 0.5 1.16 7 `` Chapter Seventy - One '' December 8 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.65 0.3 0.61 0.6 1.25 8 `` Chapter Seventy - Two '' January 26 , 2018 0.2 / 1 0.68 0.4 0.71 0.6 1.39 9 `` Chapter Seventy - Three '' February 2 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.67 0.3 0.60 0.6 1.27 10 `` Chapter Seventy - Four '' February 9 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.80 TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' March 2 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' March 9 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 13 `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' March 16 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 14 `` Chapter Seventy - Eight '' March 23 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 15 `` Chapter Seventy - Nine '' March 30 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 16 `` Chapter Eighty '' April 6 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 17 `` Chapter Eighty - One '' April 13 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : The CW Orders Four Dramas , Including Flash , iZombie and Jane the Virgin , Passes on Supernatural Spin - Off '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' Get Full - Season Orders at CW '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Arrow ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' , ' Reign ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Flash ' , ' Supernatural , ' The Originals ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Renewed by the CW '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ge , Linda ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews ' The Flash , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and 4 Other Series '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` Jane the Virgin Episode Count Revealed ( Hint : It 's the Shortest Season Yet ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' , ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice , , ' Castle ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Scorpion ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Gotham ' , ' Sleepy Hollow ' , ' The Originals ' or ' Jane The Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Dancing With The Stars ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Jane The Virgin ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' The Night Shift ' + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , ' Stalker ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' & ' Mike and Molly ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Following ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusted up , ' Castle , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusted down , ' Big Bang ' adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusts Up ; Everything Else Holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' finale and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' and ' Reign ' adjust down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' finale and ' The Voice ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up , ' Gotham , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' finale , ' Jane the Virgin , ' all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics opening ceremony adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 411 ) `` Chapter Seventy - Five '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - Jane the Virgin on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 412 ) `` Chapter Seventy - Six '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 413 ) `` Chapter Seventy - Seven '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane the Virgin : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings ; ' Person of Interest ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Has Biggest Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 27 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 - 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Following ' Tops Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 29 Ending April 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Tie for Adults 18 - 49 Growth , ' The Messengers ' Leads Percentage Gains + ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 - 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Nick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' lead a light week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 6 shows double ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 - April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week of May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Jane the Virgin on IMDb Jane the Virgin at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jane_the_Virgin_episodes&oldid=826786216 '' Categories : Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 00 : 23 . About Wikipedia	when will episode 8 of jane the virgin air	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Chapter One\"\nBrad Silberling\nTeleplay by : Jennie Snyder Urman\nOctober 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)\n1.61[9]\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Chapter Two\"\nUta Briesewitz\nJennie Snyder Urman\nOctober 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)\n1.36[10]\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Chapter Three\"\nBrad Silberling\nMeredith Averill\nOctober 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)\n1.09[11]\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Chapter Four\"\nDebbie Allen\nCorinne Brinkerhoff\nNovember 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)\n1.01[12]\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Chapter Five\"\nEdward Ornelas\nJosh Reims\nNovember 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)\n1.22[13]\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Chapter Six\"\nJann Turner\nPaul Sciarrotta\nNovember 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)\n1.09[14]\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Chapter Seven\"\nJanice Cooke\nDavid S. Rosenthal\nNovember 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)\n0.96[15]\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Chapter Eight\"\nNorman Buckley\nJosh Reims & Carolina Rivera\nDecember 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)\n1.22[16]\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Chapter Nine\"\nZetna Fuentes\nCorinne Brinkerhoff\nDecember 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)\n1.28[17]\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Chapter Ten\"\nElodie Keene\nMeredith Averill & Christopher Oscar Peña\nJanuary 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)\n1.39[18]\n\n\n11\n11\n\"Chapter Eleven\"\nJoanna Kerns\nGracie Glassmeyer\nJanuary 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)\n1.55[19]\n\n\n12\n12\n\"Chapter Twelve\"\nGina Lamar\nDavid S. Rosenthal\nFebruary 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)\n1.24[20]\n\n\n13\n13\n\"Chapter Thirteen\"\nHoward Deutch\nJosh Reims\nFebruary 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)\n1.34[21]\n\n\n14\n14\n\"Chapter Fourteen\"\nBrad Silberling\nPaul Sciarrotta\nFebruary 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)\n1.31[22]\n\n\n15\n15\n\"Chapter Fifteen\"\nMelanie Mayron\nEmmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal\nMarch 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)\n1.26[23]\n\n\n16\n16\n\"Chapter Sixteen\"\nJoanna Kerns\nJosh Reims & Carolina Rivera\nMarch 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)\n1.10[24]\n\n\n17\n17\n\"Chapter Seventeen\"\nUta Briesewitz\nAmy Rardin & Jessica O'Toole\nApril 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)\n0.93[25]\n\n\n18\n18\n\"Chapter Eighteen\"\nEdward Ornelas\nMeredith Averill\nApril 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)\n1.03[26]\n\n\n19\n19\n\"Chapter Nineteen\"\nRobert Luketic\nEmmylou Diaz & David S. Rosenthal\nApril 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)\n1.05[27]\n\n\n20\n20\n\"Chapter Twenty\"\nDebbie Allen\nCorinne Brinkerhoff & Paul Sciarrotta\nApril 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)\n1.06[28]\n\n\n21\n21\n\"Chapter Twenty-One\"\nStuart Gillard\nJessica O'Toole & Amy Rardin\nMay 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)\n1.05[29]\n\n\n22\n22\n\"Chapter Twenty-Two\"\nZetna Fuentes\nJosh Reims & Jennie Snyder Urman\nMay 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)\n1.24[30]\n\n" ]	[ "December 8, 2014" ]
1929256697295155876	Seven Wonders of the Ancient World	Seven Wonders of the Ancient World - wikipedia Seven Wonders of the Ancient World This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` 7 Wonders of the Ancient World '' redirects here . For the video game , see 7 Wonders of the Ancient World ( video game ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria Timeline and map of the Seven Wonders . Dates in bold green and dark red are of their construction and destruction , respectively . The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists . Although the list , in its current form , did not stabilise until the Renaissance , the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 1st - 2nd century BC . The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages , often listing seven entries . Of the original Seven Wonders , only one -- the Great Pyramid of Giza ( also called the Pyramid of Khufu , after the pharaoh who built it ) , the oldest of the ancient wonders -- remains relatively intact . The Colossus of Rhodes , the Lighthouse of Alexandria , the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus , the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed . The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown , and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Scope 3 Wonders 4 Influence 4.1 Arts and architecture 4.2 Modern lists 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) The Greek conquest of much of the known western world in the 4th century BC gave Hellenistic travellers access to the civilizations of the Egyptians , Persians , and Babylonians . Impressed and captivated by the landmarks and marvels of the various lands , these travellers began to list what they saw to remember them . Instead of `` wonders '' , the ancient Greeks spoke of `` theamata '' ( θεάματα ) , which means `` sights '' , in other words `` things to be seen '' ( Τὰ ἑπτὰ θεάματα τῆς οἰκουμένης ( γῆς ) Tà heptà theámata tēs oikoumenēs ( gēs ) ) . Later , the word for `` wonder '' ( `` thaumata '' θαύματα , `` wonders '' ) was used . Hence , the list was meant to be the Ancient World 's counterpart of a travel guidebook . The first reference to a list of seven such monuments was given by Diodorus Siculus . The epigrammist Antipater of Sidon who lived around or before 100 BC , gave a list of seven such monuments , including six of the present list ( substituting the walls of Babylon for the lighthouse ) : I have gazed on the walls of impregnable Babylon along which chariots may race , and on the Zeus by the banks of the Alpheus , I have seen the hanging gardens , and the Colossus of the Helios , the great man - made mountains of the lofty pyramids , and the gigantic tomb of Mausolus ; but when I saw the sacred house of Artemis that towers to the clouds , the others were placed in the shade , for the sun himself has never looked upon its equal outside Olympus . -- Greek Anthology IX. 58 The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing Another 2nd century BC observer , who claimed to be the mathematician Philo of Byzantium , wrote a short account entitled The Seven Sights of the World . However , the incomplete surviving manuscript only covered six of the supposedly seven places , which agreed with Antipater 's list . Earlier and later lists by the historian Herodotus ( 484 BC -- ca . 425 BC ) and the architect Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , housed at the Museum of Alexandria , survived only as references . The Colossus of Rhodes was the last of the seven to be completed , after 280 BC , and the first to be destroyed , by an earthquake in 226 / 225 BC . Hence , all seven existed at the same time for a period of less than 60 years . Scope ( edit ) The list covered only the sculptural and architectural monuments of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions , which then comprised the known world for the Greeks . Hence , extant sites beyond this realm were not considered as part of contemporary accounts . The primary accounts , coming from Hellenistic writers , also heavily influenced the places included in the wonders list . Five of the seven entries are a celebration of Greek accomplishments in the arts and architecture ( the exceptions being the Pyramids of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon ) . Wonders ( edit ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Name Date of construction Builders Date of destruction Cause of destruction Modern location Great Pyramid of Giza 2584 -- 2561 BC Egyptians Still in existence , majority of façade gone Giza Necropolis , Egypt 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 ( Great Pyramid of Giza ) Hanging Gardens of Babylon ( existence unresolved ) c. 600 BC ( evident ) Babylonians or Assyrians After 1st century AD Unknown Hillah or Nineveh , Iraq 32 ° 32 ′ 08 '' N 44 ° 25 ′ 39 '' E / 32.5355 ° N 44.4275 ° E / 32.5355 ; 44.4275 ( Hanging Gardens of Babylon ) Temple of Artemis at Ephesus c. 550 BC ; and again at 323 BC Greeks , Lydians 356 BC ( by Herostratus ) AD 262 ( by the Goths ) Arson by Herostratus , plundering Near Selçuk , Turkey 37 ° 56 ′ 59 '' N 27 ° 21 ′ 50 '' E / 37.94972 ° N 27.36389 ° E / 37.94972 ; 27.36389 ( Temple of Artemis at Ephesus ) Statue of Zeus at Olympia 466 -- 456 BC ( temple ) 435 BC ( statue ) Greeks 5th -- 6th centuries AD Disassembled and reassembled at Constantinople ; later destroyed by fire Olympia , Greece 37 ° 38 ′ 16.3 '' N 21 ° 37 ′ 48 '' E / 37.637861 ° N 21.63000 ° E / 37.637861 ; 21.63000 ( Statue of Zeus at Olympia ) Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 351 BC Greeks , Persians , Carians 12th -- 15th century AD Earthquakes Bodrum , Turkey 37 ° 02 ′ 16 '' N 27 ° 25 ′ 27 '' E / 37.0379 ° N 27.4241 ° E / 37.0379 ; 27.4241 ( Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ) Colossus of Rhodes 292 -- 280 BC Greeks 226 BC 226 BC Rhodes earthquake Rhodes , Greece 36 ° 27 ′ 04 '' N 28 ° 13 ′ 40 '' E / 36.45111 ° N 28.22778 ° E / 36.45111 ; 28.22778 ( Colossus of Rhodes ) Lighthouse of Alexandria c. 280 BC Greeks , Ptolemaic Egyptians AD 1303 -- 1480 1303 Crete earthquake Alexandria , Egypt 31 ° 12 ′ 50 '' N 29 ° 53 ′ 08 '' E / 31.21389 ° N 29.88556 ° E / 31.21389 ; 29.88556 ( Lighthouse of Alexandria ) Influence ( edit ) A map showing the locations of the seven wonders of the ancient world Arts and Architecture ( edit ) In this painting by Maerten van Heemskerck , the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World are depicted as a background for the abduction of Helen by Paris . The Walters Art Museum The seven wonders on Antipater 's list won praises for their notable features , ranging from superlatives of the highest or largest of their types , to the artistry with which they were executed . Their architectural and artistic features were imitated throughout the Hellenistic world and beyond . The Greek influence in Roman culture , and the revival of Greco - Roman artistic styles during the Renaissance caught the imagination of European artists and travellers . Paintings and sculptures alluding to Antipater 's list were made , while adventurers flocked to the actual sites to personally witness the wonders . Legends circulated to further complement the superlatives of the wonders . Modern lists ( edit ) Of Antipater 's wonders , the only one that has survived to the present day is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Its brilliant white stone facing had survived intact until around 1300 AD , when local communities removed most of the stonework for building materials . The existence of the Hanging Gardens has not been proven , although theories abound . Records and archaeology confirm the existence of the other five wonders . The Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were destroyed by fire , while the Lighthouse of Alexandria , Colossus , and tomb of Mausolus were destroyed by earthquakes . Among the artifacts to have survived are sculptures from the tomb of Mausolus and the Temple of Artemis in the British Museum in London . Still , the listing of seven of the most marvellous architectural and artistic human achievements continued beyond the Ancient Greek times to the Roman Empire , the Middle Ages , the Renaissance and to the modern age . The Roman poet Martial and the Christian bishop Gregory of Tours had their versions . Reflecting the rise of Christianity and the factor of time , nature and the hand of man overcoming Antipater 's seven wonders , Roman and Christian sites began to figure on the list , including the Colosseum , Noah 's Ark and Solomon 's Temple . In the 6th century , a list of seven wonders was compiled by St. Gregory of Tours : the list included the Temple of Solomon , the Pharos of Alexandria and Noah 's Ark . Modern historians , working on the premise that the original Seven Ancient Wonders List was limited in its geographic scope , also had their versions to encompass sites beyond the Hellenistic realm -- from the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to the Seven Wonders of the World . Indeed , the `` seven wonders '' label has spawned innumerable versions among international organizations , publications and individuals based on different themes -- works of nature , engineering masterpieces , constructions of the Middle Ages , etc . Its purpose has also changed from just a simple travel guidebook or a compendium of curious places , to lists of sites to defend or to preserve . See also ( edit ) Eighth Wonder of the World , about attempted additions to the famous ancient list . Wonders of the World , about similar lists made throughout the ages . Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Past : World History '' . ^ Jump up to : Paul Lunde ( May -- June 1980 ) . `` The Seven Wonders '' . Saudi Aramco World . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter ; Martin J. Price ( 1990 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05036 - 4 . Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus . Bibliotheca Historica , Books I-V. 2.11. 5 : Perseus Project , Tufts University . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 158 . ISBN 9781136748097 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Greek Anthology , Volume III . Book 9 , chapter 58 : Perseus Project , Tufts University . Jump up ^ Biographical Dictionary Volume III . Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge . p. 48 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter A. ; Price , Martin . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Routledge . p. 10 . ISBN 9781136748103 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The New Encyclopædia Britannica Micropædia Volume 10 . USA : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1995 . p. 666 . ISBN 0 - 85229 - 605 - 3 . Jump up ^ There is some conjecture as to whether the Hanging Gardens actually existed , or were purely legendary ( see Finkel , Irving ( 1988 ) `` The Hanging Gardens of Babylon , '' In The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , Edited by Peter Clayton and Martin Price , Routledge , New York , pp. 38 ff . ISBN 0 - 415 - 05036 - 7 ) . Jump up ^ Kostof , Spiro ( 1985 ) . A History of Architecture . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503473 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gloag , John ( 1969 ) ( 1958 ) . Guide to Western Architecture ( Revised ed . ) . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 362 . Jump up ^ `` Panorama with the Abduction of Helen Amidst the Wonders of the Ancient World '' . The Walters Art Museum . Jump up ^ `` Wonders of Europe '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Dalley ( 2013 ) , The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon : an elusive World wonder traced . OUP ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 966226 - 5 Jump up ^ Clayton , Peter and Price , Martin : The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( Routledge , 1988 ) , pp. 162 -- 163 . Library resources about Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Further reading ( edit ) Clayton , Peter A. , and Martin Price . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . New York : Dorset , 1989 . Deliyannis , Deborah Mauskopf . `` The mausoleum of Theoderic and the Seven Wonders of the World . '' Journal of Late Antiquity 3 , no . 2 ( 2010 ) : 365 - 85 . D'Epiro , Peter , and Mary Desmond Pinkowish . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . New York : Anchor Books / Doubleday , 1988 . Jordan , Paul . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Harlow , UK : Longman , 2002 . Mueller , Artur . The seven wonders of the world : Five thousand years of culture and history in the ancient world . New York : McGraw - Hill , 1968 . Romer , John , and Elizabeth Romer . The Seven Wonders of the World : A History of the Modern Imagination . 1st American ed . New York : Henry Holt , 1995 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . `` Seven Ancient Wonders of the World '' on The History Channel website . Also includes links to medieval , modern and natural wonders . Parkin , Tim , Researching Ancient Wonders : A Research Guide , from the University of Canterbury , New Zealand . -- a collection of books and Internet resources with information on seven ancient wonders . `` Eternal wonder of humanity 's first great achievements '' , by Jonathan Glancey in The Guardian , 10 March 2007 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) SUDOC : 02977084X BNF : cb12132325w ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World&oldid=817330360 '' Categories : Ancient history Former buildings and structures Cultural lists Ancient technology World Heritage Sites Seven Wonders of the Ancient World History of construction Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Монгол Nederlands नेपाली Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 18 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who made the list of the seven wonders	[ "The Seven Wonders of the World or the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is a list of remarkable constructions of classical antiquity given by various authors in guidebooks or poems popular among ancient Hellenic tourists. Although the list, in its current form, did not stabilise until the Renaissance, the first such lists of seven wonders date from the 1st-2nd century BC. The original list inspired innumerable versions through the ages, often listing seven entries. Of the original Seven Wonders, only one—the Great Pyramid of Giza (also called the Pyramid of Khufu, after the pharaoh who built it), the oldest of the ancient wonders—remains relatively intact. The Colossus of Rhodes, the Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the Temple of Artemis and the Statue of Zeus were all destroyed. The location and ultimate fate of the Hanging Gardens are unknown, and there is speculation that they may not have existed at all." ]	[ "various authors in guidebooks or poems" ]
-5879004167821679578	Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve	Gates of the Arctic National park and Preserve - wikipedia Gates of the Arctic National park and Preserve Jump to : navigation , search Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve IUCN category VI ( protected area with sustainable use of natural resources ) Oolah Valley in the Itkillik Preserve Location in northern Alaska Location Bettles , Alaska Coordinates 67 ° 47 ′ N 153 ° 18 ′ W / 67.783 ° N 153.300 ° W / 67.783 ; - 153.300 Coordinates : 67 ° 47 ′ N 153 ° 18 ′ W / 67.783 ° N 153.300 ° W / 67.783 ; - 153.300 Area 8,472,506 acres ( 34,287.02 km ) Established December 2 , 1980 Visitors 10,047 ( in 2016 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is a U.S. National Park in Alaska . It is the northernmost national park in the U.S. ( the entirety of the park lies north of the Arctic Circle ) and the second largest at 8,472,506 acres ( 3,428,702 ha ) ( 34,287 km2 ) , slightly larger in area than Belgium . The park consists primarily of portions of the Brooks Range of mountains . It was first protected as a U.S. National Monument on December 1 , 1978 , before becoming a national park and preserve two years later in 1980 upon passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act . A large part of the park is protected in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness which covers 7,167,192 acres ( 2,900,460 ha ) . The wilderness area adjoins the Noatak Wilderness Area and together they form the largest contiguous wilderness in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activities 2 Geography 2.1 Geology 3 Ecology 4 History 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Activities ( edit ) Hikers in the Itkillik River drainage , a group of tilted sedimentary peaks in the central Brooks Range There are no roads in Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve . Owing to its remoteness and lack of supportive infrastructure , the park is the least visited national park in the U.S. , and one of the least visited areas in the entire U.S. National Park System , which also includes national monuments , recreation areas , preserves and historic sites . In 2016 , the park received just 10,047 visitors , while Grand Canyon National Park received nearly 6 million visitors ( about 600 times as many ) in the same year . Camping is permitted throughout the park , but may be restricted by easements when crossing Native Corporation lands within the park . The park headquarters is in Fairbanks. Park Service operations in the park are managed from the Bettles Ranger Station , to the south of the park . Geography ( edit ) Park map - also see resolution adjustable map Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve lies to the west of the Dalton Highway , centered on the Brooks Range and covering the north and south slopes of the mountains . The park includes the Endicott Mountains and part of the Schwatka Mountains . The majority of Gates of the Arctic is designated as national park , in which only subsistence hunting by local rural residents is permitted . Sport hunting is only permitted in the national preserve . To hunt and trap in the preserve , a person must have all required licenses and permits and follow all other state regulations . The eastern boundary of the park generally follows the Dalton Highway at a distance of a few miles , with the westernmost part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 10 miles ( 16 km ) farther east . Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge is near the park 's southeast boundary . Noatak National Preserve adjoins the western boundary , and the National Petroleum Reserve -- Alaska adjoins the northwest corner of the park . Almost all of the park is designated as wilderness , with the exception of areas around Anaktuvuk Pass . A detached portion of the park surrounds the outlying Fortress Mountain and Castle Mountain to the north of the park . Ten small communities outside the park 's boundaries are classified as `` resident zone communities '' and depend on park resources for food and livelihood . They are Alatna , Allakaket , Ambler , Anaktuvuk Pass , Bettles / Evansville , Hughes , Kobuk , Nuiqsut , Shungnak , and Wiseman . There are no established roads , trails , visitor facilities , or campgrounds in the park . The Dalton Highway ( Alaska State Highway 11 ) comes within five miles ( 8 km ) of the park 's eastern boundary , but requires a river crossing to reach the park from the road . The Arctic Interagency Visitor Center in nearby Coldfoot is open from late May to early September , providing information on the parks , preserves and refuges of the Brooks Range , Yukon Valley and the North Slope . About 259,000 acres ( 105,000 ha ) of the park and preserve are owned by native corporations or the State of Alaska . 7,263,000 acres ( 2,939,000 ha ) are protected in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness . The park contains mountains such as the Arrigetch Peaks and Mount Igikpak . The park also features six Wild and Scenic Rivers : Alatna River 83 miles ( 134 km ) John River 52 miles ( 84 km ) Kobuk River 110 miles ( 177 km ) the North Fork of the Koyukuk River 102 miles ( 164 km ) part of the Noatak River Tinayguk River 44 miles ( 71 km ) Geology ( edit ) Aerial view of mountains in summer The park includes much of the central and eastern Brooks Range . It extends to the east as far as the Middle Fork of the Koyukuk River , which is paralleled by the Dalton Highway and the Trans - Alaska Pipeline . The park straddles the continental divide , separating the drainages of the Pacific and Arctic Oceans . The northernmost section of the park includes small portions of the Arctic foothills tundra . The Brooks Range occupies the central section of the park , running on an east - west line . To the south of the Brooks Range the Ambler - Chandalar Ridge , with associated valleys and lakes , runs east - west . The southernmost portion of the park includes the Kobuk - Selawik Lowlands , with the headwaters of the Kobuk River . The Brooks Range has seen repeated glaciation , with the most recent called the Itkillik glaciation from about 24,000 years ago to roughly 1500 to 1200 years before the present . Ecology ( edit ) Wolverine on the bank of the Noatak River The boreal forest extends to about 68 degrees north latitude , characterized by black and white spruce mixed with poplar . To the north of that line , which coincides with the spine of the Brooks Range , lies cold - arid land that has been described as `` Arctic desert . '' During the long winters temperatures can reach − 75 ° F ( − 59 ° C ) , but can reach 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) for a short time in summer . The park lies above the Arctic circle . Fauna include foxes , black bears , bald eagles , Dall sheep , marmots , snowshoe hares , northern hawk - owls , muskoxen , golden eagles , Alaskan moose , brown bears , coyotes , Canadian lynxes , polar bears , peregrine falcons , muskrats , great horned owls , river otters , ospreys , beavers , and northwestern wolves . Caribou are common in the park , and one of Alaska 's best known populations , the Porcupine herd , may spend some time in the park . Caribou are important as a food source to native peoples . The park is also the northernmost range limit for the Dall sheep . Grizzly bears are also present in the park and preserve . There are about 132 brown bears in the park and preserve , based on a density of about one bear per 100 square miles . History ( edit ) Ancient seabed formations have weathered into cliffs , fins , pinnacles , and arches . Nomadic peoples have inhabited the Brooks Range for as many as 12,500 years , living mainly on caribou and other wildlife . The Mesa site at Iteriak Creek has yielded evidence of occupation between 11,500 and 10,300 years before the present . Later sites from around 6,000 years before present have yielded projectile points , stone knives and net sinkers . The Arctic small tool tradition ( ASTt ) of about 4,500 BP has also been documented . A late phase of the ASTt from between 2500 and 950 BP , the Ipuitak phase , has been documented in the park at the Bateman Site at Itkillik Lake . The earliest Inupiat people appeared about 1200 AD at the coast and spread to the Brooks Range , becoming the Nunamiut . The Nunamiut people , who had left much of their traditional homelands following a crash in the caribou populations in the early 1900s , resumed a relatively isolated subsistence way of life after returning to the mountains in the late 1930s . In 1949 the last two semi-nomadic bands came together in the valley of the Anaktuvuk River , and over the next decade established the community of Anaktuvuk Pass . The Gwich'in people , a Northern Athabaskan group also lived in the area in the last 1000 years , moving south of the park in historic times . The Alaskan interior was not explored until the late 19th century , shortly before discovery of gold in the Klondike brought prospectors to Alaska . Some encampments of explorers and survey parties have been identified in the park . A few small mining operations were established in the early 20th century , never amounting to much . The park 's name dates to 1929 , when wilderness activist Bob Marshall , exploring the North Fork of the Koyukuk River , encountered a pair of mountains ( Frigid Crags and Boreal Mountain ) , one on each side of the river . He christened this portal the `` Gates of the Arctic . '' Marshall spent time in Wiseman during the early 1930s , publishing an account of the place in his 1933 book Arctic Village . In the 1940s writer and researcher Olaus Murie proposed that Alaskan lands be preserved . Proposals for a national park in the Brooks Range first emerged in the 1960s , and in 1968 a National Park Service survey team recommended the establishment of a 4,100,000 - acre ( 1,700,000 ha ) park in the area . That year , Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall recommended to President Lyndon B. Johnson that Johnson use the Antiquities Act to proclaim a national monument in the Brooks Range and other Alaskan locations , but Johnson declined . During the 1970s the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANCSA ) prompted serious examination of the disposition of lands held by the federal government . A series of bills were considered to deal with conservation land proposals authorized under ANCSA , but the legislation that would become the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act ( ANILCA ) was held up in Congress in the late 1970s . Consequently , on December 1 , 1978 President Jimmy Carter used the Antiquities Act to proclaim much of the proposed new Alaskan parklands as national monuments , including Gates of the Arctic National Monument . In 1980 Congress passed ANILCA , and the monument became Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve on December 2 , 1980 . Looking southwest across Galbraith Lake into the northern section of the preserve , from the Dalton Highway References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Listing of acreage as of December 31 , 2011 '' . Land Resource Division , National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gates of the Arctic Wilderness '' . Wilderness.net . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visitors '' . irma.nps.gov . National Park Service . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Us '' . Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve . National Park Service . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directions '' . Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve . National Park Service . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunting - Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gates of the Arctic Map '' ( PDF ) . Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve . National Park Service . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Title 36 : Parks , Forests , and Public Property '' . GPO Access . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Interagency Visitor Center '' . Bureau of Land Management . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gate of the Arctic National Park and Preserve '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Caribou '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dall 's Sheep '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brown Bears '' . National Park Service . Retrieved November 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Anaktuvuk Pass History '' . Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve . National Park Service . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creation of Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve '' . Gates of the Arctic National Park & Preserve . National Park Service . Bibliography ( edit ) Marshall , Robert ( 1956 ) , Alaska Wilderness , George Marshall ed. , ( 2005 reprint ) , University of California Press ISBN 0 - 520 - 24498 - 2 Marshall , Robert ( 1933 ) , Arctic Village . H. Smith and R. Haas , New York . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gates of the Arctic National Park . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gates of the Arctic National Park . Gates Of The Arctic National Park and Preserve National Park Service site Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve at the National Park Service Alaska Regional Office National parks of the United States Acadia American Samoa Arches Badlands Big Bend Biscayne Black Canyon of the Gunnison Bryce Canyon Canyonlands Capitol Reef Carlsbad Caverns Channel Islands Congaree Crater Lake Cuyahoga Valley Death Valley Denali Dry Tortugas Everglades Gates of the Arctic Glacier Glacier Bay Grand Canyon Grand Teton Great Basin Great Sand Dunes Great Smoky Mountains Guadalupe Mountains Haleakalā Hawaiʻi Volcanoes Hot Springs Isle Royale Joshua Tree Katmai Kenai Fjords Kings Canyon Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Lassen Volcanic Mammoth Cave Mesa Verde Mount Rainier North Cascades Olympic Petrified Forest Pinnacles Redwood Rocky Mountain Saguaro Sequoia Shenandoah Theodore Roosevelt Virgin Islands Voyageurs Wind Cave Wrangell -- St. Elias Yellowstone Yosemite Zion List of national parks of the United States ( by elevation ) National Preserves of the United States Aniakchak Bering Land Bridge Big Cypress Big Thicket Craters of the Moon Denali Gates of the Arctic Glacier Bay Great Sand Dunes Katmai Lake Clark Little River Canyon Mojave Noatak Tallgrass Prairie Timucuan Yukon -- Charley Rivers Wrangell -- St. Elias Protected areas of Alaska Federal National Parks Denali Gates of the Arctic Glacier Bay Katmai Kenai Fjords Kobuk Valley Lake Clark Wrangell -- St. Elias National Historical Parks Klondike Gold Rush Sitka National Monuments Admiralty Island ( USFS ) Aniakchak Cape Krusenstern Misty Fiords ( USFS ) World War II Valor in the Pacific National Preserves Bering Land Bridge Noatak Yukon -- Charley Rivers National Wildlife Refuges Alaska Maritime Alaska Peninsula Arctic Becharof Innoko Izembek Kanuti Kenai Kodiak Koyukuk Nowitna Selawik Tetlin Togiak Yukon Delta Yukon Flats National Forests Chugach Tongass Forest Service units Mendenhall Glacier U.S. Wilderness Areas Aleutian Islands Andreafsky Becharof Bering Sea Bogoslof Chamisso Chuck River Coronation Island Denali Endicott River Forrester Island Gates of the Arctic Glacier Bay Hazy Islands Innoko Izembek Karta River Katmai Kenai Kobuk Valley Kootznoowoo Koyukuk Kuiu Lake Clark Maurille Islands Misty Fjords Mollie Beattie Noatak Nunivak Petersburg Creek -- Duncan Salt Chuck Pleasant / Lemusurier / Inian Islands Russell Fjord Saint Lazaria Selawik Semidi Simeonof South Baranof South Etolin South Prince of Wales Stikine - LeConte Tebenkof Bay Togiak Tracy Arm - Fords Terror Tuxedni Unimak Warren Island West Chichagof - Yakobi Wrangell -- Saint Elias National Conservation Area Steese State State Parks Afognak Island Alaska Chilkat Bald Eagle Baranof Castle Hill Birch Lake Chena River Area Chena River Site Chugach Deep Creek Denali Kachemak Bay Totem Bight Wood - Tikchik State Forests Haines Southeast Tanana Valley Alaska Department of Natural Resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gates_of_the_Arctic_National_Park_and_Preserve&oldid=818549699 '' Categories : IUCN Category VI ANILCA establishments Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 05 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did gates of the arctic become a national park	[ "Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve is a U.S. National Park in Alaska. It is the northernmost national park in the U.S. (the entirety of the park lies north of the Arctic Circle) and the second largest at 8,472,506 acres (3,428,702 ha) (34,287 km²), slightly larger in area than Belgium. The park consists primarily of portions of the Brooks Range of mountains. It was first protected as a U.S. National Monument on December 1, 1978, before becoming a national park and preserve two years later in 1980 upon passage of the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act. A large part of the park is protected in the Gates of the Arctic Wilderness which covers 7,167,192 acres (2,900,460 ha).[3] The wilderness area adjoins the Noatak Wilderness Area and together they form the largest contiguous wilderness in the United States." ]	[ "1980" ]
3078717282264422028	Maryland Hunt Cup	Maryland Hunt Cup - wikipedia Maryland Hunt Cup Jump to : navigation , search Win Picture of 2013 Maryland Hunt Cup winner Professor Maxwell , Mark Beecher aboard . The Maryland Hunt Cup is a Timber race , which is an American Steeplechase . It was first run on May 26 1894 and won by Johnny Miller . Eight horses have won the race three times but no horse has won it four times . It is considered one of the most difficult steeplechase races in the world . Fred Winter , a famous English horse trainer who attended Jay Trump 's 1966 race , was asked about bringing a horse over for the Maryland Hunt Cup , he responded `` Why I would n't dare ! '' Two undefeated winners , Jay Trump ( 1963 , 1964 and 1966 ) and Ben Nevis II ( 1977 , 1978 ) , went on to win the Grand National in England . Both horses are in the Hall of Fame . The Maryland Hunt Cup is four miles long with 22 timber fences . Its permanent home is in Worthington Valley , Maryland . The 2013 edition of the race was the 117th running of the Maryland Hunt Cup . The race has been run each year since 1894 , except for three years during the Second World War , 1943 -- 1945 . The 120th running of the race took place on Saturday , April 30 , 2016 . It 's now always run on the last Saturday in April . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Rivalry 3 Records 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Fence six of the Maryland Hunt Cup , 4 - foot nine inches of solid timber . The Maryland Hunt Cup was established in 1894 as a contest between two hunts , The Elkridge Fox Hunting Club and the Green Spring Fox Hunting Club , to determine the relative merits of the local hunting horses . In the first running of the race , the riders and owners had to come from either of the two hunt clubs . A year later the race was opened up to horses owned and ridden by members of any recognized Hunt Club in Maryland . In 1903 this was further expanded to horses owned and ridden by members of any Hunt Club in North America . Nowadays , there are no restrictions on where the horse and rider come from . Throughout its history , the Maryland Hunt Cup has been limited to amateur jockeys . In the late 1970s , women were allowed to ride in the race for the first time . The first female amateur jockey to win the race was Joy Slater on Cancottage in 1981 . To prove this was no fluke , Slater and Cancottage repeated in 1982 . Since then , other female riders to win this race included Blythe Miller and Anne Moran . In 1922 , a permanent location for the Maryland Hunt Cup was established in Worthington Valley , where it remains to this day . Prior to this date , the race was run at a variety of locations . The Maryland Hunt Cup is a timber race , which is a steeplechase run over solid timber fences . This form of steeplechasing is unique to North America . The timber fences mimic the hunt country over which many of these horses are prepared . The Maryland Hunt Cup is part of a series of timber races run in Maryland in the Spring , which also includes My Lady 's Manor ( second Saturday in April ) , and the Grand National ( third Saturday in April ) . The Maryland Hunt Cup is known for the size of its timber fences , some of which are close to 5 feet tall . The third fence ( 4 feet and six inches ) and 16th fence ( 4 feet and ten inches ) are particularly challenging . Rivalry ( edit ) During the 1960s , two horses dominated the Maryland Hunt Cup , Mountain Dew and Jay Trump . In 1962 Mountain Dew won the race , only to finish second the following year to Jay Trump . In 1964 , Jay Trump was a repeat winner and Mountain Dew was again second . In 1965 , Jay Trump went to England and won the English Grand National , which allowed Mountain Dew to regain his Maryland Hunt Cup crown . Jay Trump returned to the Maryland Hunt Cup in 1966 and won his third Cup , Mountain Dew was runner - up again . Jay Trump was retired after his 1966 victory , which allowed Mountain Dew the opportunity to win his third Cup in 1967 , which he did . The rivalry between the two horses was not limited to the Maryland Hunt Cup . Mountain Dew also won six Grand National Point to Points ( 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 and 1968 ) , Jay Trump was second to Mountain Dew in this race in 1963 and 1966 . Jay Trump won the 1964 edition of the Grand National Point to Point , Mountain Dew was third in that race . In the My Lady 's Manor , the first of the three race timber series , Jay Trump won the 1964 and 1966 editions . In 1964 his rival , Mountain Dew , was second . Records ( edit ) Leading horse : Most wins , 3 : Garry Owen ( 1901 , 1902 , 1907 ) , Princeton ( 1903 , 1905 , 1906 ) , Blockade ( 1938 , 1939 , 1940 ) , Winton ( 1942 , 1946 , 1947 ) , Pine Pep ( 1949 , 1950 , 1952 ) , Mountain Dew ( 1962 , 1965 , 1967 ) , Jay Trump ( 1963 , 1964 , 1966 ) , Cancottage ( 1980 , 1981 , 1983 ) Most starts , 8 : The Squire ( 1894 , 1895 , 1896 , 1897 , 1898 ( 1 ) , 1899 , 1900 , 1904 ) , Mountain Dew ( 1961 , 1962 ( 1 ) , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 ( 1 ) , 1966 , 1967 ( 1 ) , 1968 ) Leading jockey : 6 wins : Mikey Smithwick ( 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 ) 5 wins : Jervis Spencer Jr. ( 1901 , 1902 , 1907 , 1915 , 1919 ) , Crompton `` Tommy Smith '' ( 1959 , 1961 , 1963 , 1966 ) and Charles Fenwick Jr. ( 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1987 ) Time : The current course record is 8 : 25 and 3 / 5 set by Young Dubliner in 2002 . Jay Trump and Ben Nevis II , both undefeated winners of the Maryland Hunt Cup that went on to win the English Grand National , set course records during one of their Maryland Hunt Cup triumphs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup ( Margaret Worrall , 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Years of The Maryland Hunt Cup '' Jump up ^ `` Maryland Hunt Cup winners '' Jump up ^ `` Sport : Maryland Hunt Cup '' Jump up ^ Steeplechasing in America ( National Steeplechase Association , 1966 ) Jump up ^ `` Maryland Hunt Cup History '' Jump up ^ `` Your Photos : Twill Do Wins 2nd Hunt Cup '' Jump up ^ `` Maryland Hunt Cup FAQ '' Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup ( Margaret Worrall , 1997 ) Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup ( Margaret Worrall , 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` Maryland Hunt Cup '' Jump up ^ Steeplechasing in America ( National Steeplechase Association , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 ) Jump up ^ 100 Runnings of the Maryland Hunt Cup ( Margaret Worrall , 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` Looking Back - Maryland Hunt Cup '' External links ( edit ) Maryland Hunt Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryland_Hunt_Cup&oldid=795419038 '' Categories : Horse races in the United States Steeplechase horse racing Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 03 : 12 . About Wikipedia	where is the maryland hunt cup race held	[ "The Maryland Hunt Cup is four miles long with 22 timber fences. Its permanent home is in Worthington Valley, Maryland.[6] The 2013 edition of the race was the 117th running of the Maryland Hunt Cup.[7] The race has been run each year since 1894, except for three years during the Second World War, 1943 – 1945." ]	[ "Worthington Valley, Maryland" ]
-5803822280891461108	Remember the Titans	Remember the Titans - Wikipedia Remember the Titans Jump to : navigation , search Remember the Titans Theatrical release poster Directed by Boaz Yakin Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Chad Oman Written by Gregory Allen Howard Starring Denzel Washington Will Patton Donald Faison Nicole Ari Parker Music by Trevor Rabin Cinematography Philippe Rousselot Edited by Michael Tronick Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Technical Black Films Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 29 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $136.7 million Remember the Titans is a 2000 American sports film produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and directed by Boaz Yakin . The screenplay , written by Gregory Allen Howard , is based on the true story of African - American coach Herman Boone , portrayed by Denzel Washington , and his attempt to integrate the T.C. Williams High School football team in Alexandria , Virginia , in 1971 . Will Patton portrays Bill Yoast , Boone 's assistant coach . Real - life athletes Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell are portrayed by Ryan Hurst and Wood Harris , respectively . The film was co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films and released by Buena Vista Pictures . On September 29 , 2000 , the film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . It features songs by several recording artists including Creedence Clearwater Revival , The Hollies , Marvin Gaye , James Taylor , The Temptations , and Cat Stevens . Remember the Titans had a budget of $30 million and premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on September 29 , 2000 . It has grossed an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,683 worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Historical accuracy 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1971 , at the desegregated T.C. Williams High School , a black head coach , Herman Boone , is hired to lead the school 's football team . Boone is assigned to the coaching team under current coach Bill Yoast , nominated for the Virginia High School Hall of Fame . But , in an attempt to placate rising racial tensions and the fact that all other high schools are `` white '' only , Boone is assigned the head coach job . At first , he refuses as he thinks it is extremely unfair to Yoast , but accepts when he sees what it means to the black community . Yoast is then offered an assistant coach 's job by the school board and initially refuses , but reconsiders after the white players pledge to boycott the team if he does not participate . Dismayed at the prospect of the students losing their chances at scholarships , Yoast changes his mind and takes up the position of defensive coordinator under Boone . The black students have a meeting in the gymnasium in auditioning to play for the team until Boone arrives , but the meeting turns into a fiasco when Yoast and white students interrupt . On August 15 , 1971 , the players gather and journey to Gettysburg College , where their training camp takes place . As their days of training camp progress , black and white football team members frequently clash in racially motivated conflicts , including some between captains Gerry Bertier and Julius Campbell . But after forceful coaching and rigorous athletic training by Boone , which includes an early morning run to the Gettysburg cemetery , and a motivational speech , the team achieves racial harmony and success . After returning from football camp , Boone is told by a member of the school board that if he loses even a single game , he will be dismissed . Subsequently , the Titans go through the season undefeated while battling racial prejudice , before slowly gaining support from the community . Gerry even has his best friend Ray removed from the team because of his racism , following a game where he intentionally missed a block that led to the near - season - ending injury of starting quarterback Jerry `` Rev '' Harris . Just before the state semi-finals , Yoast is told by the chairman of the school board that he will be inducted into the Hall of Fame after the Titans lose one game , implying he wants Boone to be dismissed over his race . During the game , it becomes apparent that the referees are biased against the Titans . Upon seeing the chairman and other board members in the audience looking on with satisfaction , Yoast realizes they 've rigged the game and warns the head official that he will go to the press and expose the scandal unless the game is officiated fairly . The Titans nonetheless win and advance to the state championship , but Yoast is told by the chairman that his actions have resulted in his loss of candidacy for Hall of Fame induction . While celebrating the victory , Bertier is severely injured in an car accident with a truck after driving through an intersection . Although Bertier is unable to play due to being paralyzed from the waist down , the team goes on to win the state championship . Bertier would remain a paraplegic for the rest of his life . Ten years later , Bertier dies in another automobile accident by a drunk driver , after winning the gold medal in shot put . Coaches and other former teammates reunite to attend his funeral . In the epilogue , descriptions show about the players and coaches activities after the events in 1971 . Cast ( edit ) Denzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone Will Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast Wood Harris as DE Julius Campbell Ryan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier Donald Faison as RB / CB Petey Jones Ethan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik Kip Pardue as QB Ronnie `` Sunshine '' Bass Craig Kirkwood as QB Jerry `` Rev '' Harris Nicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone , Herman Boone 's wife . Krysten Leigh Jones as Nicky Boone , Herman Boone 's daughter . Inasia Brown as Karen Boone , Herman Boone 's youngest daughter . Hayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast , Bill Yoast 's 10 - year - old daughter . Kate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt - Gerry 's girlfriend Earl C. Poitier as OL Darryl `` Blue '' Stanton Ryan Gosling as Linebacker Alan Bosley Gregory Alan Williams as Coach Paul `` Doc '' Hines , offensive line coach Brett Rice as Coach Herb Tyrell , special teams coach Burgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds David Jefferson Jr. as `` Cook '' Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Filming locations for the motion picture included Atlanta , Georgia , including Henry Grady High School and Druid Hills High School which both filled in for T.C. Williams High School . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) While this movie is based on a true story , it has strayed from the actual events that had occurred on many occasions to add new elements of teamwork , commitment , and friendship to the film . Boone may not be the coach that Washington portrays in the movie ; in interviews , many former Titans football players said they believed his coaching strategies had no correlation to their success , and were indeed too harsh , causing some players to quit . The Titans had a solid football team for many years and most of their games were large victories . By the end of the 1971 football season they were ranked second in the nation , and nine out of thirteen games were shutouts . In the movie , Coach Boone states , `` We are not like all the other schools in this conference , they 're all white . They do n't have to worry about race . We do . '' This is false as well ; all the schools the Titans faced were integrated years before . While the team is at camp , it shows Coach Boone waking them up at three in the morning to go for a run . This did not occur ; neither did his speech at Gettysburg . The team did go on a tour in Gettysburg , although it was not as dramatic as portrayed in the film . Sunshine ( Ronnie ) was far from being the only one with long hair at the time . Even Gerry ( Ryan Hurst ) had long hair . But in interviews Bass said `` I 'll say for the record my hair was never that long . '' He also says the kiss with Gerry never happened . The climax of the movie is the fictionalized 1971 AAA state championship football game between T.C. Williams and George C. Marshall High School . The dramatic license taken in the movie was to convert what was actually a mid-season match - up between T.C. Williams and Marshall into a made - for - Hollywood state championship . In reality , the Marshall game was the toughest game T.C. Williams played all year . As depicted in the movie , the real Titans won the Marshall game on a fourth down come - from - behind play at the very end of the game . The actual state championship ( against Andrew Lewis High School of Salem ) was a 27 -- 0 blowout . Bertier 's car accident took place AFTER the Championship game , on December 11 , 1971 . Bertier had been at a banquet honoring the players of the 1971 , T.C. Williams Titans football team for their undefeated season . After the banquet , Bertier borrowed his mother 's new 1971 Chevrolet Camaro . Bertier lost control of the Camaro and crashed . ( The movie shows him getting broadsided ) . The cause of the accident was determined to be a mechanical failure in the motor mount of the engine . The film also omits the fact that Sheryl Yoast died in 1996 at the age of 34 and that she was not an only child as she had three sisters . Her oldest sister Bonnie was in college , her second oldest Angela went to a different high school , and her younger sister Deidre was only three years - old in 1971 . Music ( edit ) On September 19 , 2000 , the soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records . The film score was orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin and features music composed by various artists . From the instrumental score , Rabin 's track `` Titans Spirit '' , was the only cue ( of the 12 composed ) added to the soundtrack . It is also the only piece of music on the soundtrack album not to have been previously released . `` Titans Spirit '' was a seven - minute instrumental . It has been used on numerous sports telecasts , particularly those on NBC , which utilized the score during its closing credits for the Salt Lake 2002 , Athens 2004 , Torino 2006 , Beijing 2008 , Vancouver 2010 , London 2012 , and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games as well as with the final closing credits montage for their 12 - year run with the NBA in 2002 . The song was also played as veteran New York Mets players crossed home plate during the closing ceremonies at Shea Stadium , and as the New York Yankees were awarded their rings from their 2009 World Series championship . The New Jersey Devils also used this song during the jersey number retirement ceremonies for Scott Stevens , Ken Daneyko , Scott Niedermayer , and Martin Brodeur . It was also used during the 2008 Democratic National Convention to accompany the celebration and fireworks at Invesco Field after future president Barack Obama gave his nomination acceptance speech , and was also used immediately following his victory speech upon winning the 2008 Presidential Election . Soundtrack ( edit ) Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by Various Artists Released September 19 , 2000 Genre R&B , pop rock Length 46 : 21 Label Walt Disney Remember the Titans : An Original Walt Disney Motion Picture Soundtrack No . Title Length 1 . `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' 2 : 29 2 . `` Spirit in the Sky '' 4 : 02 3 . `` Peace Train '' 4 : 08 4 . `` Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye '' 4 : 05 5 . `` Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress '' 3 : 17 6 . `` I Want to Take You Higher '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Up Around the Bend '' 2 : 42 8 . `` Spill the Wine '' 4 : 05 9 . `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' 5 : 10 10 . `` Act Naturally '' 2 : 21 11 . `` Express Yourself '' 3 : 53 12 . `` Titans Spirit '' 7 : 25 Total length : 46 : 21 Release ( edit ) Home media ( edit ) Following its release in theaters , the Region 1 widescreen and Pan and scan edition of the motion picture was released on DVD in the United States on March 20 , 2001 . A Special Edition widescreen format of the film was released on March 20 , 2001 , along with a widescreen Director 's cut on March 14 , 2006 . A restored widescreen hi - definition Blu - ray version was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 4 , 2007 . Special features include backstage feature audio commentary with director Boaz Yakin , producer Jerry Bruckheimer and writer Gregory Allen Howard , feature audio commentary with real - life coaches Herman Boone and Bill Yoast , `` Remember The Titans : An inspirational journey behind the scenes '' hosted by Lynn Swann , `` Denzel Becomes Boone , '' `` Beating The Odds '' ; Deleted scenes ; Movie Showcase and seamless menus . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) Remember the Titans opened strongly at the U.S. box office , grossing $26,654,715 in its first weekend and staying within the top five for six weeks . It eventually went on to gross an estimated $115,654,751 in the U.S. , and $136,706,683 worldwide . Critical response ( edit ) Among mainstream critics in the U.S. , Remember the Titans received generally positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 73 % of 132 sampled critics gave the film a positive review , with an average score of 6.3 out of 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average out of 100 to critics ' reviews , the film received a score of 48 based on 32 reviews . CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Writing for The New York Times , A.O. Scott said that `` aside from a handful of tense showdowns at the line of scrimmage , there 's not much else to see -- is washed in on the flood tide of a thousand violins . '' James Berardinelli writing for ReelViews , called the film `` relentlessly manipulative and hopelessly predictable '' but noted that it was `` a notch above the average entry in part because its social message ( even if it is soft - peddled ) creates a richer fabric than the usual cloth from which this kind of movie is cut . '' Describing some pitfalls , Robert Wilonsky of the Dallas Observer said that `` beneath its rah - rah rhetoric and pigskin proselytizing , it 's no more provocative or thoughtful than a Hallmark Hall of Fame film or , for that matter , a Hallmark greeting card . Its heart is in the right place , but it has no soul . '' Wilonsky however was quick to admit `` The film 's intentions are noble , but its delivery is ham - fisted and pretentious ; you ca n't deny the message , but you can loathe the messenger without feeling too guilty about it . '' ' Remember the Titans ' has the outer form of a brave statement about the races in America , but the soul of a sports movie in which everything is settled by the obligatory last play in the last seconds of the championship game . `` '' -- Roger Ebert , writing in the Chicago Sun - Times Todd McCarthy , writing in Variety , said , `` As simplistic and drained of complexity as the picture is , it may well appeal to mainstream audiences as an ' if only it could be like this ' fantasy , as well as on the elemental level of a boot camp training film , albeit a PG - rated one with all the cuss words removed . '' Roger Ebert , in the Chicago Sun - Times , viewed the film as `` a parable about racial harmony , yoked to the formula of a sports movie , '' adding , `` Victories over racism and victories over opposing teams alternate so quickly that sometimes we 're not sure if we 're cheering for tolerance or touchdowns . Real life is never this simple , but then that 's what the movies are for '' . In the San Francisco Chronicle , Mick LaSalle wrote that the film reminds the viewer that `` it 's possible to make a sentimental drama that is n't sickening -- and a sports movie that transcends cliches . '' Columnist Bob Grimm of the Sacramento News & Review , somewhat praised the film , writing , `` The film is quite lightweight for the subject matter , but Washington and company make it watchable . '' Some detractors like Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote , `` Denzel Washington should have held out for a better script before he signed on to star in Remember the Titans , but you can see why he wanted to do the movie : He gets to play Martin Luther King Jr. and Vince Lombardi rolled into one nostalgically omnipotent tough - love saint . '' Jeff Vice of the Deseret News admitted that although the film contained dialogue that was `` corny , clichéd , and downright cheesy at times , '' as well as how it relayed its message in one of the `` most predictable , heavy - handed manners we 've seen in a movie in years '' , the film `` serves as a reminder of how much goodness there is inside people , just waiting for the right person to bring it out . '' He also viewed the casting as top - notch , saying that it helped to have a `` rock - solid foundation in the form of leading - man Denzel Washington '' at the helm . Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated and won several awards in 2000 -- 2001 . Award Nominee Result 2001 Angel Awards Silver Angel -- -- -- -- Nominated BET Awards 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won 2001 BMI Film & TV Awards Film Music Award Trevor Rabin Won Black Reel Awards of 2001 Best Actor Denzel Washington Won Best Screenplay Gregory Allen Howard Won Best Film Jerry Bruckheimer , Chad Oman Nominated 2001 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Actor - Drama Denzel Washington Nominated Favorite Supporting Actor - Drama Wood Harris Nominated 2001 Casting Society of America Awards Best Casting for Feature Film - Drama Ronna Kress Nominated 2001 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Denzel Washington Won Outstanding Motion Picture -- -- -- -- Won Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture Wood Harris Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Nicole Ari Parker Nominated Outstanding Youth Actor / Actress Krysten Leigh Jones Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Male Newcomer Kip Pardue Nominated Youth in Film Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Motion Picture Sound Editors Awards Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & ADR Robert L. Sephton , Christopher T. Welch , Julie Feiner , Cindy Marty , Gaston Biraben , Suhail Kafity Nominated Best Sound Editing - Music Will Kaplan Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards 2000 Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role Hayden Panettiere Nominated 2001 Political Film Society Awards Human Rights -- -- -- -- Won Exposé -- -- -- -- Nominated Golden Satellite Awards 2000 Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture Drama Denzel Washington Nominated 2001 Teen Choice Awards Film - Choice Drama / Action Adventure -- -- -- -- Nominated 22nd Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Hayden Panettiere Won Best Family Feature Film - Drama -- -- -- -- Nominated The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated See also ( edit ) American Football portal Virginia portal Film in the United States portal 1970s portal 2000s portal T.C. Williams High School References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Titans '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Production Details '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( 2014 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Remember The Titans Is A Lie , And This Man Still Wants You To Know It '' . Deadspin . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remember the Titans True Story - Real Gerry Bertier , Bill Yoast , Herman Boone '' . ChasingtheFrog.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Rose , Tom ( November 24 , 2002 ) . `` This legendary football coach wo n't forget the Titans '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , MA . p . C1 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama Wins Big : ' Change Has Come to America ' '' . Time . November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) - DVD Widescreen '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans All Available Formats & Editions '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans Blu - Ray '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Weekly '' . BoxOfficeMojo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Remember the Titans . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.thewrap.com/movies-you-loved-or-hated-films-got-or-f-cinemascores-photos-90331/19/ Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( 29 September 2000 ) . How the Goal Line Came To Replace the Color Line . The New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . ReelViews . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wilonsky , Robert ( 28 September 2000 ) . Clash of the Titans . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( 29 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( 24 September 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( 29 September 2000 ) . Gaining Ground / Sport bridges racial divide with a minimum of cliches in Remember the Titans . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grimm , Bob ( 19 July 2001 ) . Remember the Titans . Sacramento News & Review . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( 6 October 2000 ) . Remember the Titans . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jeff , Vice ( 27 June 2002 ) . Remember the Titans . Deseret News . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Remember the Titans Official website Remember the Titans on IMDb Remember the Titans at AllMovie Remember the Titans at Rotten Tomatoes Remember the Titans at Metacritic Remember the Titans at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Boaz Yakin Fresh ( 1994 ) A Price Above Rubies ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) Death in Love ( 2008 ) Safe ( 2012 ) Max ( 2015 ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) March or Die ( 1977 ) Defiance ( 1980 ) American Gigolo ( 1980 ) Thief ( 1981 ) Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) Flashdance ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Thief of Hearts ( 1984 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Days of Thunder ( 1990 ) Dangerous Minds ( 1995 ) Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) Bad Boys ( 1995 ) The Rock ( 1996 ) Con Air ( 1997 ) Enemy of the State ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Remember the Titans ( 2000 ) Coyote Ugly ( 2000 ) Gone in 60 Seconds ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) Bad Company ( 2002 ) Bad Boys II ( 2003 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Veronica Guerin ( 2003 ) Kangaroo Jack ( 2003 ) National Treasure ( 2004 ) King Arthur ( 2004 ) Just Legal ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Déjà Vu ( 2006 ) Glory Road ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) National Treasure : Book of Secrets ( 2007 ) G - Force ( 2009 ) Confessions of a Shopaholic ( 2009 ) Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time ( 2010 ) The Sorcerer 's Apprentice ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) The Lone Ranger ( 2013 ) Deliver Us from Evil ( 2014 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture 1972 -- 2000 Lady Sings the Blues ( 1972 ) Let 's Do It Again ( 1976 ) The Greatest ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Bustin ' Loose ( 1981 ) An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) A Soldier 's Story ( 1985 ) The Color Purple ( 1986 ) Lethal Weapon ( 1987 ) Coming to America ( 1988 ) Lean on Me ( 1989 ) Glory ( 1990 ) Boyz n the Hood ( 1992 ) Sister Act ( 1993 ) Malcolm X ( 1994 ) Waiting to Exhale ( 1996 ) A Time to Kill ( 1997 ) Soul Food ( 1998 ) How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1999 ) The Best Man ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Remember the Titans ( 2001 ) Ali ( 2002 ) Antwone Fisher ( 2003 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2004 ) Ray ( 2005 ) Crash ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) The Great Debaters ( 2008 ) The Secret Life of Bees ( 2009 ) Precious ( 2010 ) For Colored Girls ( 2011 ) The Help ( 2012 ) Red Tails ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2014 ) Selma ( 2015 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2016 ) Hidden Figures ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_the_Titans&oldid=804905872 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s sports films American drama films American football films American films Films about racism Films set in the 1970s Films set in 1971 Films set in 1981 Films directed by Boaz Yakin Films set in Virginia Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Films based on actual events Film scores by Trevor Rabin Films about race and ethnicity High school football films Sports drama films Sports films based on actual events Walt Disney Pictures films 2000s high school films Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 20 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the older sheryl yoast in remember the titans	[ "\nDenzel Washington as Coach Herman Boone\nWill Patton as assistant coach Bill Yoast\nWood Harris as DE Julius Campbell\nRyan Hurst as LB Gerry Bertier\nDonald Faison as RB/CB Petey Jones\nEthan Suplee as OL Louie Lastik\nKip Pardue as QB Ronnie \"Sunshine\" Bass\nCraig Kirkwood as QB Jerry \"Rev\" Harris\nNicole Ari Parker as Carol Boone, Herman Boone's wife.\nKrysten Leigh Jones as Nicky Boone, Herman Boone's daughter.\nInasia Brown as Karen Boone, Herman Boone's youngest daughter.\nHayden Panettiere as Sheryl Yoast, Bill Yoast's 10-year-old daughter.\nKate Bosworth as Emma Hoyt - Gerry's girlfriend\nEarl C. Poitier as OL Darryl \"Blue\" Stanton\nRyan Gosling as Linebacker Alan Bosley\nGregory Alan Williams as Coach Paul \"Doc\" Hines, offensive line coach\nBrett Rice as Coach Herb Tyrell, special teams coach\nBurgess Jenkins as TE Ray Budds\nDavid Jefferson Jr. as \"Cook\"\n" ]	[ "Hayden Panettiere" ]
-8847724771618786838	History of rail transport in Great Britain	History of rail transport in Great Britain - wikipedia History of rail transport in Great Britain Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series . Rail Passengers in Great Britain from 1829 - 2016 Class 87 electric locomotive and Mark 3 coaches franchised by Virgin Trains . The railway system of Great Britain , the principal territory of the United Kingdom , is the oldest in the world . It was started with the building of local isolated wooden wagonways starting in 1560s . The system was later built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies in late 18th century . These isolated links developed during the railway boom of the 1840s into a national network , although still run by dozens of competing companies . Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries , these amalgamated or were bought by competitors until only a handful of larger companies remained ( see railway mania ) . The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed . However , the government resisted calls for the nationalisation of the network . In 1923 , almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the `` big four '' , the Great Western Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway . The `` Big Four '' were joint - stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947 . From the start of 1948 , the `` big four '' were nationalised to form British Railways . Though there were few initial changes to the service , usage increased and the network became profitable . Declining passenger numbers and financial losses in the late 1950s and early 1960s prompted the closure of many branch and main lines , and small stations , under the Beeching Axe . Passenger services experienced a renaissance with the introduction of high - speed inter-city trains in the 1970s . The 1980s saw severe cuts in rail subsidies and above - inflation increases in fares and the service became more cost - effective . Railway operations were privatised during 1994 - 1997 . Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack , whilst passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright . Since privatisation , passenger levels have since increased to their highest ever level , but whether this is due to privatisation is disputed . The Hatfield accident set in motion the series of events that resulted in the ultimate collapse of Railtrack and its replacement with Network Rail , a state - owned , not - for - dividend company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before 1830 : The pioneers 2 1830 -- 1922 : Early development 3 1923 -- 1947 : The Big Four 4 1948 -- 1994 : British Rail 5 1995 onwards : Post-privatisation 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 General 8.2 Pre-1830 8.3 1830 -- 1922 8.4 1923 -- 1947 8.5 1948 -- 1994 Before 1830 : the pioneers ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 A wagonway was used by German miners at Caldbeck , Cumbria , England , perhaps from the 1560s . A wagonway was built at Prescot , near Liverpool , sometime around 1600 , possibly as early as 1594 . Owned by Philip Layton , the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away . Another wagonway was Sir Francis Willoughby 's Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire built between 1603 and 1604 to carry coal . As early as 1671 railed roads were in use in Durham to ease the conveyance of coal ; the first of these was the Tanfield Wagonway . Many of these tramroads or wagon ways were built in the 17th and 18th centuries . They used simply straight and parallel rails of timber on which carts with simple flanged iron wheels were drawn by horses , enabling several wagons to be moved simultaneously . Although the idea of wooden - railed wagonways originated in Germany in the 16th century , the first use of steam locomotives was in Britain . Its earliest `` railways '' were straight and were constructed from parallel rails of timber on which ran horse - drawn carts . These were succeeded in 1793 when Benjamin Outram constructed a mile - long tramway with L - shaped cast iron rails . These rails became obsolete when William Jessop began to manufacture cast iron rails without guiding ledges - the wheels of the carts had flanges instead . Cast iron is brittle and so the rails tended to break easily . Consequently , in 1820 , John Birkenshaw introduced a method of rolling wrought iron rails , which were used from then onwards . The first passenger service was at Oystermouth in 1807 The first passenger - carrying public railway was opened by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway at Oystermouth in 1807 , using horse - drawn carriages on an existing tramline . In 1804 , Richard Trevithick designed and built the first ( unnamed ) steam locomotive to run on smooth rails . Salamanca of 1812 The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Salamanca , built in 1812 by John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray for the 4 ft ( 1,219 mm ) gauge Middleton Railway . Salamanca was a rack and pinion locomotive , with cog wheels driven by two cylinders embedded into the top of the centre - flue boiler . In 1813 , William Hedley and Timothy Hackworth designed a locomotive ( Puffing Billy ) for use on the tramway between Stockton and Darlington . Puffing Billy featured piston rods extending upwards to pivoting beams , connected in turn by rods to a crankshaft beneath the frames which , in turn , drove the gears attached to the wheels . This meant that the wheels were coupled , allowing better traction . A year later , George Stephenson improved on that design with his first locomotive Blücher , which was the first locomotive to use single - flanged wheels . That design persuaded the backers of the proposed Stockton and Darlington Railway to appoint Stephenson as Engineer for the line in 1821 . While traffic was originally intended to be horse - drawn , Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage . The Act was subsequently amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives and also to allow passengers to be carried on the railway . The 25 - mile ( 40 km ) long route opened on 27 September 1825 and , with the aid of Stephenson 's Locomotion No 1 , was the first locomotive - hauled public railway in the world . 1830 -- 1922 : early Development ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 -- 1922 In 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened . This set the pattern for modern railways . It was the world 's first inter-city passenger railway and the first to have ' scheduled ' services , terminal stations and services as we know them today . The railways carried freight and passengers with also the world 's first goods terminal station at the Park Lane railway goods station at Liverpool 's south docks , accessed by the 1.26 mile Wapping Tunnel . In 1836 , at the Liverpool end the line was extended to Lime Street Station in Liverpool 's city centre via a 1.1 mile long tunnel . Many of the first public railways were built as local rail links operated by small private railway companies . With increasing rapidity , more and more lines were built , often with scant regard for their potential for traffic . The 1840s were by far the biggest decade for railway growth . In 1840 , when the decade began , railway lines in Britain were few and scattered but , within ten years , a virtually complete network had been laid down and the vast majority of towns and villages had a rail connection and sometimes two or three . Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries , most of the pioneering independent railway companies amalgamated or were bought by competitors , until only a handful of larger companies remained ( see Railway Mania ) . The period also saw a steady increase in government involvement , especially in safety matters . The 1840 `` Act for Regulating Railways '' empowered the Board of Trade to appoint railway inspectors . The Railway Inspectorate was established in 1840 , to enquire into the causes of accidents and recommend ways of avoiding them . As early as 1844 , a bill had been put before Parliament suggesting the state purchase of the railways ; this was not adopted . It did , however , lead to the introduction of minimum standards for the construction of carriages and the compulsory provision of 3rd class accommodation for passengers - so - called `` Parliamentary trains '' . The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed . However , the Conservative members of the wartime coalition government resisted calls for the formal nationalisation of the railways ( first proposed by William Ewart Gladstone as early as the 1840s ) in 1921 . 1923 -- 1947 : the Big Four ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 -- 1947 On 1 January 1923 , almost all the railway companies were grouped into the Big Four : the Great Western Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway companies . A number of other lines , already operating as joint railways , remained separate from the Big Four ; these included the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway and the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway . The `` Big Four '' were joint - stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947 . The LNER Class A4 streamlined loco hauled express trains of the 1930s offered a high - speed alternative to road transport The competition from road transport during the 1920s and 1930s greatly reduced the revenue available to the railways , even though the needs for maintenance on the network had never been higher , as investment had been deferred over the past decade . Rail companies accused the government of favouring road haulage through the construction of roads subsidised by the taxpayer , while restricting the rail industry 's ability to use flexible pricing because it was held to nationally agreed rate cards . The government response was to commission several inconclusive reports ; the Salter Report of 1933 finally recommended that road transport should be taxed directly to fund the roads and increased Vehicle Excise Duty and fuel duties were introduced . It also noted that many small lines would never be likely to compete with road haulage . Although these road pricing changes helped their survival , the railways entered a period of slow decline , owing to a lack of investment and changes in transport policy and lifestyles . During the Second World War , the companies ' managements joined together , effectively operating as one company . Assisting the country 's ' war effort ' put a severe strain on the railways ' resources and a substantial maintenance backlog developed . After 1945 , for both practical and ideological reasons , the government decided to bring the rail service into the public sector . 1948 -- 1994 : British rail ( edit ) The network recommended by `` Beeching II '' plans Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 -- 1994 From the start of 1948 , the railways were nationalised to form British Railways ( latterly `` British Rail '' ) under the control of the British Transport Commission . Though there were few initial changes to the service , usage increased and the network became profitable . Regeneration of track and stations was completed by 1954 . Rail revenue fell and , in 1955 , the network again ceased to be profitable . The mid-1950s saw the hasty introduction of diesel and electric rolling stock to replace steam in a modernisation plan costing many millions of pounds but the expected transfer back from road to rail did not occur and losses began to mount . This failure to make the railways more profitable through investment led governments of all political persuasions to restrict rail investment to a drip feed and seek economies through cutbacks . The desire for profitability led to a major reduction in the network during the mid-1960s . Dr. Richard Beeching was given the task by the government of re-organising the railways ( `` the Beeching Axe '' ) . This policy resulted in many branch lines and secondary routes being closed because they were deemed uneconomic . The closure of stations serving rural communities removed much feeder traffic from main line passenger services . The closure of many freight depots that had been used by larger industries such as coal and iron led to much freight transferring to road haulage . The closures were extremely unpopular with the general public at that time and remain so today . Passenger levels decreased steadily from the late fifties to late seventies . Passenger services then experienced a renaissance with the introduction of the high - speed Intercity 125 trains in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The 1980s saw severe cuts in government funding and above - inflation increases in fares , but the service became more cost - effective . Following sectorisation of British Rail , InterCity became profitable . InterCity became one of Britain 's top 150 companies operating city centre to city centre travel across the nation from Aberdeen and Inverness in the north to Poole and Penzance in the south . Between 1994 and 1997 , British Rail was privatised . Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack , passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright ( six companies were set up , but five of these were sold to the same buyer ) . The Conservative government under John Major said that privatisation would see an improvement in passenger services . Passenger levels have since increased strongly . 1995 onwards : post-privatisation ( edit ) Main articles : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date and Impact of the privatisation of British Rail Rail modal share 1952 - 2015 The Great Western Railway 's London terminus at Paddington Since privatisation , numbers of passengers have grown rapidly ; by 2010 the railways were carrying more passengers than at any time since the 1920s. and by 2014 passenger numbers had expanded to their highest level ever , more than doubling in the 20 years since privatisation . Train fares cost more than under British Rail . The railways have become significantly safer since privatisation and are now the safest in Europe . However , the public image of rail travel was damaged by some prominent accidents shortly after privatisation . These included the Southall rail crash ( where a train with faulty automatic train protection equipment went through a red light ) , the Ladbroke Grove rail crash ( also caused by a train going through a red light ) and the Hatfield accident ( caused by a rail fragmenting due to the development of microscopic cracks ) . Following the Hatfield accident , the rail infrastructure company Railtrack imposed over 1,200 emergency speed restrictions across its network and instigated an extremely costly nationwide track replacement programme . The consequential severe operational disruption to the national network and the company 's spiralling costs set in motion the series of events which resulted in the ultimate collapse of the company and its replacement with Network Rail , a state - owned , not - for - dividend company . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Railways of Great Britain . History of rail transport Rail transport in Great Britain Rail freight in Great Britain List of early British railway companies History of rail transport in Ireland British postal system List of railway lines in Great Britain List of closed railway lines in Great Britain British narrow gauge railways British industrial narrow gauge railways Railway electrification in Great Britain British electric multiple units British railcars and diesel multiple units History by era History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 -- 1922 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 -- 1947 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 -- 1994 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Allison , Samuel Murphy and Richard Smith , An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck in G. Boyes ( ed . ) , Early Railways 4 : Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008 ( Six Martlets , Sudbury , 2010 ) , pp. 52 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark ( 2012 ) . Lancashire Railways -- The History of Steam . Newbury : Countryside Books . p. 5 . ISBN 978 1 84674 298 9 . Jump up ^ Hylton , Stuart ( 2007 ) . The Grand Experiment : the Birth of the Railway Age 1820 - 1845 . Ian Allan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 3172 - X . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Kirkby ; Richard Shelton ; et al. ( October 1990 ) . Engineering in History . New York : Dover Publications Inc . pp. 274 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 26412 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopaedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Puffing Billy '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on 15 November 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the locomotives '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ 1840 Railway Regulation Act , originally published by HMSO ; link is to The Railways Archive Jump up ^ Hall , Stanley ( 28 September 1990 ) . Railway Detectives : The 150 - year Saga of the Railway Inspectorate . Shepperton : Ian Allan Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1929 - 0 . Jump up ^ 1844 Railway Regulation Act , originally published by HMSO ; link is to The Railways Archive Jump up ^ HM Government ( 1921 ) . `` Railways Act 1921 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by HMSO ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 1947 ) . `` Transport Act 1947 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Railways Board history '' . The National Archives . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ British Transport Commission ( 1963 ) . `` The Reshaping of British Railways - Part 1 : Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ British Transport Commission ( 1963 ) . `` The Reshaping of British Railways - Part 2 : Maps '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did Dr Beeching get it wrong with his railway cuts 50 years ago ? '' . Jump up ^ The UK Department for Transport Archived 17 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine . ( DfT ) , specifically Table 6.1 from Transport Statistics Great Britain 2006 Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 4MB PDF file ) Jump up ^ Marsden , Colin J. ( 1983 ) . British Rail 1983 Motive Power : Combined Volume . London : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1284 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The fall and rise of Britain 's railways '' . Rail Staff News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 1903 ) . `` Railways Act 1993 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EWS Railway - Company History '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The UK Office of Rail Regulation Archived 9 November 2008 at the UK Government Web Archive ( ORR ) , specifically Section 1.2 from National Rail Trends 2006 - 2007 Q1 Archived 7 November 2008 at the UK Government Web Archive ( PDF file ) Jump up ^ `` Department for Transport Statistics : Passenger transport : by mode , annual from 1952 '' . Jump up ^ `` Growth of 6.9 % in 2010 takes demand for rail travel to new high levels '' . Association of Train Operating Companies . February 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Train fares cost 0.6 % more than under British Rail '' . Daily Telegraph . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's railways now safest in Europe '' . Jump up ^ Professor John Uff ( QC FREng ) ( 2000 ) . `` Investigation The Southall Rail Accident Inquiry Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Rt Hon Lord Cullen ( PC ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry : Part 1 Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Rt Hon Lord Cullen ( PC ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry : Part 2 Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Railway Safety ; Standards Board ( 2004 ) . `` Hatfield Report and Recommendations '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Network Rail - Our History '' . Network Rail website . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Sources ( edit ) General ( edit ) Simmons , Jack ; Biddle , Gordon ( eds . ) . The Oxford Companion to British Railway History : From 1603 to the 1990s ( 2nd ed. ( 1999 ) ed . ) . White , H.P. ( 1986 ) . Forgotten Railways . Newton Abbot , Devon : David St. John Thomas . ISBN 0 - 946537 - 13 - 5 . Westwood , John . Illustrated History of the Railroads . Brompton Books . Pre-1830 ( edit ) Hadfield , Charles. ; Skempton , A.W. ( January 1979 ) . William Jessop , Engineer . Newton Abbot : M. & M. Baldwin . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 7603 - 9 . Schofield , R.B. ( October 2000 ) . Benjamin Outram , 1764 - 1805 : An Engineering Biography . Cardiff : Merton Priory Press . ISBN 1 - 898937 - 42 - 7 . Ransom , P.J.G. ( July 1989 ) . The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98083 - 8 . `` The History of the Railway in Britain '' . Historic Herefordshire Online . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . `` The Old Times - History of the Locomotive '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Dendy Marshall , C.F. ( 1929 ) . `` The Rainhill Locomotive Trials of 1829 '' . Transactions of the Newcomen Society . 9 . Dowd , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` The Liverpool & Manchester Railway '' . Journal of the International Bond & Share Society . Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . `` The Broad Gauge Story '' . Journal of the Monmouthshire Railway Society . Summer 1985 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . 1830 -- 1922 ( edit ) McKenna , Frank . `` Victorian Railway Workers , '' History Workshop ( spring 1975 ) # 1 pp. 26 -- 73 in JSTOR Ransom , P.J.G. ( July 1989 ) . The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98083 - 8 . Science Museum ( November 1972 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 1 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290153 - 0 . Christine Heap ; John Van Riemsdijk ( November 1980 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 2 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290309 - 6 . Christine Heap ; John Van Riemsdijk ( November 1985 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 3 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290432 - 7 . ( No Author ) ( 1980 ) . British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer ( 5th ed . ) . Shepperton : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0320 - 3 . 1923 -- 1947 ( edit ) R. Tourret ( November 2003 ) . GWR Engineering Work , 1928 - 1938 . Tourret Publishing , . ISBN 0 - 905878 - 08 - 6 . O.S. Nock ( 1967 ) . History of the Great Western Railway Volume Three 1923 - 48 . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0304 - 1 . Nock , O.S. ( 1982 ) . A History of the LMS . Vol. 1 : The First Years , 1923 - 1930 . George Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 385087 - 1 . Nock , O.S. ( 1982 ) . A History of the LMS . Vol. 2 : The Record Breaking ' Thirties , 1931 - 1939 . George Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 385093 - 6 . 1948 -- 1994 ( edit ) Henshaw , David ( 1994 ) . The Great Railway Conspiracy : The Fall and Rise of Britain 's Railways Since the 1950s ( 2nd ed . ) . Hawes , North Yorkshire : Leading Edge Press . ISBN 0 - 948135 - 48 - 4 . Gourvish , Terry ( 2002 ) . British Rail : 1974 - 97 : From Integration to Privatisation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926909 - 2 . `` British Railways Board history '' . The National Archives . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . History of rail transport in Great Britain pre-1830 The pioneers 1830 -- 1922 Early development 1923 -- 1947 The Big Four 1948 -- 1994 British Rail 1995 to date Post-privatisation History of rail transport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain&oldid=815515728 '' Categories : Rail transport in Great Britain History of rail transport in Great Britain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first railway built in england	[ "The railway system of Great Britain, the principal territory of the United Kingdom, is the oldest in the world. It was started with the building of local isolated wooden wagonways starting in 1560s. The system was later built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies in late 18th century. These isolated links developed during the railway boom of the 1840s into a national network, although still run by dozens of competing companies. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, these amalgamated or were bought by competitors until only a handful of larger companies remained (see railway mania). The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed. However, the government resisted calls for the nationalisation of the network. In 1923, almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the \"big four\", the Great Western Railway, the London and North Eastern Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway. The \"Big Four\" were joint-stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947." ]	[ "1560s" ]
-4321319286834550320	Bokaro Steel Plant	Bokaro steel plant - Wikipedia Bokaro steel plant Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject . It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia 's content policies , particularly neutral point of view . Please discuss further on the talk page . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bokaro Steel Plant Type State - owned enterprise public company Traded as NSE : SAIL Industry Steel Founded 1964 Headquarters Bokaro , Jharkhand , India Products Hot Rolled & Cold Rolled Website www.sail.co.in Bokaro Steel Plant ( BSP ) is located in the Bokaro district of Jharkhand ... It is the fourth integrated public sector steel plant in India built with Soviet help . It was incorporated as a limited company in 1964 . It was later merged with the state - owned Steel Authority of India Limited ( SAIL ) . Bokaro Steel Plant Main Gate Currently it houses five blast furnaces with a total capacity to produce 4.5 MT of liquid steel . The plant is undergoing a mass modernisation drive after which its output capacity is expected to cross 10 MT The plant 's yearly profit stood at ₹ 11.2 billion ( US $170 million ) for the financial year 2003 -- 04 and has increased every year since then reaching to 84.26 billion INR in the financial year 2007 -- 08 . Products ( edit ) Bokaro Steel Plant is designed to produce a wide range of flat products : Hot rolled coils Hot rolled plates Hot rolled sheets Cold rolled coils ( CRM ) Cold rolled sheets Tin mill black plates ( tmbp ) Galvanised plain and corrugated ( gp / gc ) sheets Oxygen Gas Produced in Oxygen Plant . Hydrogen Gas Coke Oven byproducts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nirmal Sengupta ( 1 May 1979 ) . Destitutes and Development : A Study of the Bauri Community in the Bokaro Region . Concept Publishing Company . pp. 25 -- . GGKEY : 73SPC2220UQ . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Steel Authority Of India Limited Further reading ( edit ) Sutinder Bhatia ( 1 January 1991 ) . Bokaro steel plant : some economic aspects . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7154 - 540 - 7 . Padma Desai ( 1972 ) . The Bokaro steel plant : a study of Soviet economic assistance . North - Holland Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 10388 - 8 . ( hide ) Steel industry of India Companies Steel Bhushan Steel Bramhani Industries Essar Steel Goel TMT Ispat Industries Ltd Jai Balaji group JSW Steel Ltd Jindal Steel and Power Mahindra Ugine Steel Mukand Ltd POSCO India Prakash Industries Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Steel Authority of India Limited Tata Steel Uttam Galva Steels VISA Steel Allied industries Bharat Refractories Limited Ferro Alloys Corporation NSPCL Tayo Rolls Tube Products of India Welspun Corp Ltd Welspun Maxsteel Ltd Plants Integrated Bhilai Steel Plant Bokaro Steel Plant Durgapur Steel Plant ESSAR Steel India Ltd Plants IISCO Steel Plant Rourkela Steel Plant Visakhapatnam Steel Plant Alloy / Mini Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant Under construction Nagarnar Steel Plant Related topics Coalfields of India Power Stations of India Automotive companies of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bokaro_Steel_Plant&oldid=814880638 '' Categories : 1964 establishments in India Steel plants of India Steel Authority of India Bokaro district Companies based in Jharkhand Companies established in 1964 Economy of Jharkhand Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with possible conflicts of interest from June 2015 Articles lacking in - text citations from June 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 13 : 36 . About Wikipedia	where is bokaro steel plant located in india	[ "\nBokaro Steel Plant\n\n\nType\n\nState-owned enterprise\npublic company\n\n\nTraded as\nNSE: SAIL\n\n\nIndustry\nSteel\n\n\nFounded\n1964\n\n\nHeadquarters\nBokaro, Jharkhand, India\n\n\nProducts\nHot Rolled & Cold Rolled\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.sail.co.in\n\n" ]	[ "Bokaro, Jharkhand, India" ]
292603566423865195	World Rugby Under 20 Championship	World Rugby Under 20 Championship - wikipedia World Rugby Under 20 Championship World Rugby Under 20 Championship Current season or competition : 2018 World Rugby Under 20 Championship Competition logo Sport Rugby union Instituted 2008 Number of teams 12 Country International ( World Rugby ) Holders France ( 2018 ) Most titles New Zealand ( 6 titles ) The World Rugby Under 20 Championship ( known as the IRB Junior World Championship until 2014 ) is an international rugby union competition . The event is organised by the sport 's governing body , World Rugby , and is contested by 12 men 's junior national teams with an under - 20 age requirement . This event replaced the IRB 's former age - grade world championships , the Under 19 and Under 21 World Championships . The inaugural tournament was held in June 2008 , hosted by Wales and with 16 teams participating . Wales was announced as host for the inaugural tournament in November 2007 . The number of participating nations was reduced to 12 before the 2010 tournament due to financial reasons . The U20 Championship is the upper level of the World Rugby tournament structure for under - 20 national sides . At the same time that the U20 Championship was launched , World Rugby ( then known as the International Rugby Board ) also launched a second - level competition , the U20 Trophy , featuring eight teams . Promotion and relegation between the Trophy and the Championship is in place . The winner of the Trophy will play in next year 's Championship , while the last placed team at the Championship will be relegated to the Trophy for the next year . Contents 1 Tournament results 2 Team records 3 Participating nations 4 World Rugby Junior Player of the Year 5 References 6 External links Tournament results ( edit ) Year Host Final Third place match Winner Score Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place 2008 Wales New Zealand 38 -- 3 England South Africa 43 -- 18 Wales 2009 Japan New Zealand 44 -- 28 England South Africa 32 -- 5 Australia Argentina New Zealand 62 -- 17 Australia South Africa 27 -- 22 England 2011 Italy New Zealand 33 -- 22 England Australia 30 -- 17 France 2012 South Africa South Africa 22 -- 16 New Zealand Wales 25 -- 17 Argentina 2013 France England 23 -- 15 Wales South Africa 41 -- 34 New Zealand 2014 New Zealand England 21 -- 20 South Africa New Zealand 45 -- 23 Ireland 2015 Italy New Zealand 21 -- 16 England South Africa 31 -- 18 France 2016 England England 45 -- 21 Ireland Argentina 49 -- 19 South Africa 2017 Georgia New Zealand 64 -- 17 England South Africa 37 -- 15 France 2018 France France 33 -- 25 England South Africa 40 -- 30 New Zealand 2019 Argentina Team records ( edit ) Team Titles Runners - up Third Fourth New Zealand 6 ( details ) 1 ( 2012 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 2 ( 2013 , 2018 ) England 3 ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 ) 6 ( details ) -- 1 ( 2010 ) South Africa 1 ( 2012 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 7 ( details ) 1 ( 2016 ) France 1 ( 2018 ) -- -- 3 ( 2011 , 2015 , 2017 ) Australia -- 1 ( 2010 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 2009 ) Wales -- 1 ( 2013 ) 1 ( 2012 ) 1 ( 2008 ) Ireland 1 ( 2016 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Argentina -- -- 1 ( 2016 ) 1 ( 2012 ) Participating nations ( edit ) Team 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Years Argentina 8th 11th 6th 9th 4th 6th 9th 9th 3rd 11th 6th q 12 Australia 5th 4th 2nd 3rd 8th 7th 5th 5th 6th 6th 5th q 12 Canada 12th 14th WT WT WT WT WT WT - WT WT England 2nd 2nd 4th 2nd 7th 1st 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 2nd q 12 Fiji 14th 12th 8th 6th 11th 11th 12th WT WT WT WT 7 France 6th 5th 5th 4th 6th 5th 6th 4th 9th 4th 1st q 12 Georgia WT - - WT WT - WT WT 10th 10th 9th q Ireland 9th 8th 9th 8th 5th 8th 4th 7th 2nd 9th 11th q 12 Italy 11th 13th WT 11th 12th WT 11th 11th 11th 8th 8th q 10 Japan 15th 15th WT WT WT WT WT 10th 12th WT 12th WT 5 New Zealand 1st 1st 1st 1st 2nd 4th 3rd 1st 5th 1st 4th q 12 Samoa 7th 7th 12th WT 10th 9th 8th 12th WT 12th WT 8 Scotland 10th 9th 10th 10th 9th 10th 10th 8th 8th 5th 10th q 12 South Africa 3rd 3rd 3rd 5th 1st 3rd 2nd 3rd 4th 3rd 3rd q 12 Tonga 13th 10th 11th 12th WT WT WT WT - - - United States 16th WT - WT WT 12th WT - WT - - Uruguay WT 16th WT WT - WT WT WT WT WT WT Wales 4th 6th 7th 7th 3rd 2nd 7th 6th 7th 7th 7th q 12 Total 16 16 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 Legend = Hosts 1st = Champions 2nd = Runners - up 3rd = Third place 4th = Fourth place Place = Relegated to World Rugby Under 20 Trophy WT = Competed in the World Rugby Under 20 Trophy q = Qualified - = Did not qualify World Rugby Junior Player of the Year ( edit ) Year Name Nation 2008 Luke Braid New Zealand 2009 Aaron Cruden New Zealand Julian Savea New Zealand 2011 George Ford England 2012 Jan Serfontein South Africa 2013 Sam Davies Wales 2014 Handré Pollard South Africa 2015 James Chisholm England 2016 Max Deegan Ireland 2017 Juarno Augustus South Africa 2018 Jordan Joseph France References ( edit ) Jump up ^ UK Sport Jump up ^ International Rugby Board External links ( edit ) World Rugby U20 Championship -- from World Rugby website World Rugby Junior Championships U-20 Championship 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 U-20 Trophy 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 U-21 ( defunct ) 2002 2003 2005 2006 U-19 ( defunct ) 2005 2006 2007 International rugby union competitions World Rugby Africa Asia Europe North America South America Oceania Worldwide Men World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series U20 World Championship U20 Trophy Women World Cup World Cup Sevens Sevens Series Multi-sport events Olympic Games ( 7s ) Asian Games Commonwealth Games ( 7s ) Pacific Games Pan American Games Intercontinental Nations Cup Pacific Nations Cup Pacific Rugby Challenge The Rugby Championship Continental Africa Africa Cup African Development Trophy North African Tri Nations Rugby Africa Sevens African Rugby Under - 19 Cup Asia Asia Rugby Championship Asian Sevens Series Europe Six Nations Rugby Europe International Championships European Nations Cup Women 's Six Nations Under - 20 Six Nations Under - 20 Championship Under - 18 Championship Oceania Oceania Cup Oceania U20 Championship Americas South American Rugby Championship Americas Rugby Championship Rugby Americas North Championship South American U19 Championship Defunct Olympic Games ( 15s ) World Games ( 7s ) Churchill Cup Crescent Cup Four Nations Pacific Rim Championship Pan American Serendib International Cup Super Cup Tbilisi Cup U-19 World Championship U-21 World Championship Women 's Nations Cup IRB Women 's Sevens Challenge Cup Women 's international rugby World Rugby Rankings World Rugby Awards Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Rugby_Under_20_Championship&oldid=851011742 '' Categories : World Rugby Under 20 Championship World Rugby competitions Under - 20 rugby union competitions World championships in rugby union Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Ελληνικά Español Français Italiano 日本語 Polski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 July 2018 , at 13 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the under 21 rugby world cup	[ "\n\n\nYear\n\nHost\n\n\n\nFinal\n\n\n\nThird place match\n\n\nWinner\n\nScore\n\nRunner-up\n\n3rd place\n\nScore\n\n4th place\n\n\n\n2008\n\n Wales\n\nNew Zealand\n\n38–3\n\nEngland\n\nSouth Africa\n\n43–18\n\nWales\n\n\n2009\n\n Japan\n\nNew Zealand\n\n44–28\n\nEngland\n\nSouth Africa\n\n32–5\n\nAustralia\n\n\n2010\n\n Argentina\n\nNew Zealand\n\n62–17\n\nAustralia\n\nSouth Africa\n\n27–22\n\nEngland\n\n\n2011\n\n Italy\n\nNew Zealand\n\n33–22\n\nEngland\n\nAustralia\n\n30–17\n\nFrance\n\n\n2012\n\n South Africa\n\nSouth Africa\n\n22–16\n\nNew Zealand\n\nWales\n\n25–17\n\nArgentina\n\n\n2013\n\n France\n\nEngland\n\n23–15\n\nWales\n\nSouth Africa\n\n41–34\n\nNew Zealand\n\n\n2014\n\n New Zealand\n\nEngland\n\n21–20\n\nSouth Africa\n\nNew Zealand\n\n45–23\n\nIreland\n\n\n2015\n\n Italy\n\nNew Zealand\n\n21–16\n\nEngland\n\nSouth Africa\n\n31–18\n\nFrance\n\n\n2016\n\n England\n\nEngland\n\n45–21\n\nIreland\n\nArgentina\n\n49–19\n\nSouth Africa\n\n\n2017\n\n Georgia\n\nNew Zealand\n\n64–17\n\nEngland\n\nSouth Africa\n\n37–15\n\nFrance\n\n\n2018\n\n France\n\nFrance\n\n33–25\n\nEngland\n\nSouth Africa\n\n40–30\n\nNew Zealand\n\n\n2019\n\n Argentina\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "France" ]
-9002914891672307221	Wave base	Wave base - wikipedia Wave base Jump to : navigation , search Wave base diagram . The wave base , in physical oceanography , is the maximum depth at which a water wave 's passage causes significant water motion . For water depths deeper than the wave base , bottom sediments and the seafloor are no longer stirred by the wave motion above . Contents ( hide ) 1 Process 2 Distinctions 3 See also 4 References Process ( edit ) In seawater , the water particles are moved in a circular orbital motion when a wave passes . The radius of the circle of motion for any given water molecule decreases exponentially with increasing depth . The wave base , which is the depth of influence of a water wave , is about half the wavelength . At depths greater than half the wavelength , the water motion is less than 4 % of its value at the water surface and may be neglected . For example , in a pool of water 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) deep , a wave with a 3 metres ( 9.8 ft ) wavelength would be moving the water at the bottom . In the same pool , a wave with a wavelength of 0.5 metres ( 1.6 ft ) would not be able to cause water movement on the bottom . Distinctions ( edit ) There are typically two wave bases , the fair weather wave base ( FWWB ) and the storm wave base ( SWB ) . The fair weather wave base refers to the depth beneath the waves under normal conditions and the portion of the seafloor that is agitated by this everyday wave action is known as the Upper shoreface . The storm wave base refers to the depths beneath storm - driven waves and can be much deeper . The portion of the seafloor that is only agitated by storm - driven wave action is known as the Lower shoreface . Note that another classification exists , which considers that the zone affected by both fair weather and storm waves is to be defined as shoreface , whereas Upper offshore is the name given to the zone only affected by storm waves and Lower offshore a zone not disturbed by any surface wave . ( e.g. ) See also ( edit ) Upper shoreface -- above wave base Lower shoreface -- below wave base Airy wave theory Dispersion ( water waves ) Waves and shallow water References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : R.G. Dean and R.A. Dalrymple ( 1991 ) . Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists . Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering . 2 . World Scientific , Singapore . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 0420 - 4 . Jump up ^ At a depth of half the wave length , the amplitude of the water particle motion by the waves has been reduced to e ≈ 0.04 times it value at the water surface . Jump up ^ Bayetgoll et al. , 2015 , Ichnology and sedimentology of a shallow marine Upper Cretaceous depositional system ( Neyzar Formation , Kopet - Dagh , Iran ) : Palaeoceanographic influence on ichnodiversity , Cretaceous Research , 56 , 628 - 646 ( hide ) Physical oceanography Waves Airy wave theory Ballantine scale Benjamin -- Feir instability Boussinesq approximation Breaking wave Clapotis Cnoidal wave Cross sea Dispersion Edge wave Equatorial waves Fetch Gravity wave Green 's law Infragravity wave Internal wave Iribarren number Kelvin wave Kinematic wave Longshore drift Luke 's variational principle Mild - slope equation Radiation stress Rogue wave Rossby wave Rossby - gravity waves Sea state Seiche Significant wave height Soliton Stokes boundary layer Stokes drift Stokes wave Swell Trochoidal wave Tsunami megatsunami Undertow Ursell number Wave action Wave base Wave height Wave power Wave radar Wave setup Wave shoaling Wave turbulence Wave -- current interaction Waves and shallow water one - dimensional Saint - Venant equations shallow water equations Wind wave model Circulation Atmospheric circulation Baroclinity Boundary current Coriolis force Coriolis -- Stokes force Craik -- Leibovich vortex force Downwelling Eddy Ekman layer Ekman spiral Ekman transport El Niño -- Southern Oscillation General circulation model Geostrophic current Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Gulf Stream Halothermal circulation Humboldt Current Hydrothermal circulation Langmuir circulation Longshore drift Loop Current Modular Ocean Model Ocean dynamics Ocean gyre Princeton Ocean Model Rip current Subsurface currents Sverdrup balance Thermohaline circulation shutdown Upwelling Whirlpool World Ocean Circulation Experiment Tides Amphidromic point Earth tide Head of tide Internal tide Lunitidal interval Perigean spring tide Rip tide Rule of twelfths Slack water Tidal bore Tidal force Tidal power Tidal race Tidal range Tidal resonance Tide gauge Tideline Landforms Abyssal fan Abyssal plain Atoll Bathymetric chart Coastal geography Cold seep Continental margin Continental rise Continental shelf Contourite Guyot Hydrography Oceanic basin Oceanic plateau Oceanic trench Passive margin Seabed Seamount Submarine canyon Submarine volcano Plate tectonics Convergent boundary Divergent boundary Fracture zone Hydrothermal vent Marine geology Mid-ocean ridge Mohorovičić discontinuity Vine -- Matthews -- Morley hypothesis Oceanic crust Outer trench swell Ridge push Seafloor spreading Slab pull Slab suction Slab window Subduction Transform fault Volcanic arc Ocean zones Benthic Deep ocean water Deep sea Littoral Mesopelagic Oceanic Pelagic Photic Surf Swash Sea level Deep - ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis Future sea level Global Sea Level Observing System North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System Sea - level curve Sea level rise World Geodetic System Acoustics Deep scattering layer Hydroacoustics Ocean acoustic tomography Sofar bomb SOFAR channel Underwater acoustics Satellites Jason - 1 Jason - 2 ( Ocean Surface Topography Mission ) Jason - 3 Related Argo Benthic lander Color of water DSV Alvin Marginal sea Marine energy Marine pollution Mooring National Oceanographic Data Center Ocean Ocean exploration Ocean observations Ocean reanalysis Ocean surface topography Ocean thermal energy conversion Oceanography Pelagic sediment Sea surface microlayer Sea surface temperature Seawater Science On a Sphere Thermocline Underwater glider Water column World Ocean Atlas Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wave_base&oldid=810814845 '' Categories : Water waves Wave mechanics Physical oceanography Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 16 : 37 . About Wikipedia	the depth of the wave base is approximately	[ "In seawater, the water particles are moved in a circular orbital motion when a wave passes. The radius of the circle of motion for any given water molecule decreases exponentially with increasing depth. The wave base, which is the depth of influence of a water wave, is about half the wavelength." ]	[ "half the wavelength" ]
-4367991673169689997	Real Time with Bill Maher	Real Time with Bill Maher - wikipedia Real Time with Bill Maher Jump to : navigation , search Real Time with Bill Maher Written by Bill Maher , Scott Carter , Adam Felber Presented by Bill Maher Theme music composer Scott `` Shavoni '' Parker Louis `` Buster '' Brown II Christopher `` Kid '' Reid Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 441 ( as of October 20 , 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Location ( s ) CBS Television City , Fairfax District , Los Angeles , California , United States Running time 60 minutes Release Original network HBO Picture format 4 : 3 SDTV ( 2003 -- 07 ) 16 : 9 HDTV ( 2008 -- present ) Original release February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Politically Incorrect External links Website www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher Real Time with Bill Maher is a talk show that airs weekly on HBO , hosted by comedian and political satirist Bill Maher . Much like his previous series Politically Incorrect on Comedy Central and later ABC , Real Time features a panel of guests who discuss current events in politics and the media . Unlike the previous show , guests are usually more well - versed in the subject matter : more experts such as journalists , professors and politicians participate in the panel , and fewer actors and celebrities are included . Additionally , many guests appear via satellite . Real Time is a weekly hour - long program with a studio audience , airing live on Friday nights at 10 : 00 pm EST . It originates from Studio 33 ( `` The Bob Barker Studio '' ) at CBS Television City in Los Angeles . In addition , a 10 - to 15 - minute `` Overtime '' segment quickly follows the show on YouTube ( Live Streams ) which answers questions posted by viewers through HBO 's online website for the show . Prior to 2009 , approximately 12 new weekly episodes aired from February to early May , followed by another such set of new episodes from late August to November . In 2009 , the show began airing as one continuous season . HBO has renewed Real Time through 2020 , for its 16th , 17th , and 18th seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Politics and current events 1.1. 1 Christine O'Donnell 1.2 Changes in 2008 1.3 Changes in 2009 1.4 Changes in 2012 1.5 Changes in 2017 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Reviews 3.2 Books 3.3 Award nominations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Format ( edit ) The format of the show usually features an opening current events or political skit , followed by the credits and a comedy monologue . Maher then interviews an important figure via satellite or in - studio before sitting down with the panel guests for an extensive debate . Halfway through the panel session , Maher does a comedy skit that usually satirizes current news items . Following the comedy bit , Maher interviews another figure via satellite or in - studio . The format varies , with two or three people on the panel . Maher explains that the format is not rigid and that they prefer live interviews to satellite interviews . Near the end of every episode , Maher has a segment called `` New Rules '' which serves as a humorous editorial on popular culture and American politics . The final `` New Rule '' segues into Maher 's closing editorial monologue . Since the show airs on HBO , the participants do not have to restrict their language to conform to the broadcast standards that existed on Politically Incorrect . Also , pictures shown on New Rules sometimes have nudity or uncensored images . In the first season , Paul F. Tompkins was featured as a correspondent . Also , every episode would end with a performance by a stand - up comedian , none of which were political satirists . The segments featuring Tompkins and comedians were dropped after the tenth episode . Viewers were also able to call into the live show in the first season and ask questions over the air , but this was also dropped . Starting with episode 67 in February 2006 , audio - only episodes were made available as a free podcast via the iTunes Store and as a raw RSS feed . The podcasts also feature material cut from the show but taped during the studio rehearsal , including New Rules not aired in the final version . During the fall of 2006 , Maher began hosting a live chat ( now called `` Overtime '' ) on HBO 's website following each broadcast , usually including some of the show guests . Viewers are invited to submit questions prior to and during the original telecast for Maher and the guests to answer and discuss afterwards . It is also available on the show 's YouTube channel . The opening sequence begins with a spoken phrase from the ( now defunct ) Los Angeles speaking clock , featuring an ( uncredited ) Joanne Daniels as the time lady saying `` Good Afternoon '' . The theme song is composed by Christopher `` Kid '' Reid and his voice is heard saying `` Start the clock '' , `` Real Time '' and `` Bill Maher '' . A montage of historical events from the beginning of time to election night on November 4 , 2008 accompanies the music along with a crawl at the bottom listing the guests for that night 's show . According to HBO the show receives an average of 4 million viewers per week . Politics and current events ( edit ) Bill Maher in 2007 Maher has been a critic of the Obama administration , the Bush administration and the Trump administration . His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views . Frequently , it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure , a conservative commentator or political figure , and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label , or someone with moderate beliefs . This third individual is often an actor , comedian , musician or other entertainment figure , though many times the commentator is openly conservative or liberal . On his previous TV series , Politically Incorrect , he used the word `` libertarian '' to describe his political leanings . Regarding religion , he considers himself a `` rationalist '' , as someone `` preaching the gospel of ' I do n't know ' '' . Maher identifies himself as politically unaffiliated and disagrees with the Republican party on many issues , and with the Democratic Party on many of their party platform 's planks . He endorsed the candidacy of Ralph Nader of the Green Party in the US presidential campaign of 2000 . After the 2000 election , Maher was among those who felt that votes cast by progressives for Nader possibly cost Democratic candidate Al Gore the election , and put George W. Bush in the White House . During an episode on which Nader and Michael Moore were guests , both Maher and Moore begged Nader not to run again in 2004 ( season 2 , episode 11 ) . He endorsed Democratic presidential candidate John Kerry leading up to the 2004 presidential election . In 2008 , he endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama and harshly criticized Republican candidate John McCain 's political campaign . He also heavily criticized McCain 's vice presidential pick , Sarah Palin , on her qualifications and intelligence . Maher interviewed then - presidential - candidate , Republican Ron Paul , giving him some positive air time . He often cites Paul 's views in order to demonstrate the diversity of views on the right . Maher has strong opinions on US drug policy , advocating for the legalization of marijuana . He is against censorship , often citing his own dismissal from ABC and the backlash against the Dixie Chicks for their comments on the Iraq War . He is also against conservative attitudes towards sex and sexuality , mocking outrages over Bill Clinton 's infidelity and Janet Jackson 's `` wardrobe malfunction '' . He is also not shy about his lack of religious beliefs and he frequently criticizes religion . He is widely known for his support of animal rights groups such as PETA . Hot - button political issues such as health care , corporate influence in government , illegal immigration , the environment , entitlement programs , and human service regulations are frequently discussed on the show . Christine O'Donnell ( edit ) On September 17 , 2010 , Maher aired a clip of Delaware Republican Senatorial candidate Christine O'Donnell from the October 29 , 1999 , episode of his prior TV series Politically Incorrect , where she discussed that she had `` dabbled in witchcraft '' . This was perhaps the most notable of numerous controversial statements by O'Donnell that made her the most covered candidate in the 2010 mid-term election cycle . O'Donnell went on to film a rebuttal commercial claiming `` I 'm not a witch , I 'm you . '' This ad inspired many video parodies and O'Donnell later said that the ad backfired and focused attention on her decade - old statement . O'Donnell lost to her Democratic opponent , Chris Coons , in the general election . On the September 7 , 2012 , episode of Real Time with Bill Maher , O'Donnell appeared on the show for the first time and resolved the issue with Maher , who apologized for the amount of publicity that the clip garnered . Maher said that he would not have aired the clip if he knew that it would have taken away from the message of her campaign . Changes in 2008 ( edit ) The show returned on January 11 , 2008 , and began broadcasting in high definition , with updates to the set for HD display . As a result of the writers ' strike , the opening skit , the `` New Rules '' segment , and the closing monologue were eliminated for five episodes at the beginning of the year . The ice breaker used in the middle of the show ( normally a fake products sketch tying into a current event ) was also eliminated due to the strike . The announcement that Real Time would return without writers indicated that the opening monologue would also be cut , but every episode included a full monologue . During the strike , the `` Overtime '' concept became part of the live show itself , through a new segment called `` Blogga , Please ! '' Using HBO 's website , viewers were able to leave comments or questions during the live show . Maher and the panel then responded to selected postings at the end of the show . The `` Blogga , Please ! '' segment was discontinued , and `` New Rules '' brought back , on February 15 following the resolution of the strike . Additionally , during the strike , Maher aired pre-recorded interviews by himself with everyday people about the election and other issues after the opening monologue . Established early on , the final `` New Rule '' served as a segue into the closing monologue . On the March 7 episode , the closing monologue returned to the format of the show . The opening skits have not reappeared , except for April 4 and 11 , 2008 . Instead of doing a second satellite interview near the forty - minute mark , the January 11 episode also featured the debut of the `` Real Time Real Reporter '' , a blogger or political pundit who is brought on midway through the show as an extra panelist to offer opinions on the latest election campaign happenings . Such correspondents have included Matt Taibbi , Frank Luntz , Amy Holmes , P. J. O'Rourke , and Dan Savage . Changes in 2009 ( edit ) The 2009 premiere was on February 20 at the earlier time of 10 : 00 pm EST . The opening sequence was also slightly changed to include then President - elect Barack Obama and his family waving to a crowd of supporters on election night in November 2008 . Also , the show aired one continuous season as opposed to airing episodes in the spring and fall with a summer break in between . For a short time the Real Time panel was reduced from three panelists to two for the new season . Maher jokingly attributed the new panel line - up to the economic crisis , stating that it was a means of reining in spending for the HBO show ; Maher later stated that there is no connection between the failing economy and the producers ' decision to remove the third guest . During his show on March 13 , 2009 , Maher reacted to the confusion sparked by his remarks from his previous show regarding the panel stating , `` I said as a joke that we had cut down the panel to two people because of economic times , and people took me seriously . No . It 's just because I 'm tired of talking to three people sometimes . '' The panel was once again at three panelists for the show one week later , on March 20 . In addition to the panel reconfiguration , Maher has instituted a one - on - one in - studio interview segment in lieu of the past seasons ' satellite interviews . The interview with James Carville on the May 8 show , however , was conducted via satellite . Changes in 2012 ( edit ) HBO renewed the show on April 24 , 2012 , for two more seasons through 2013 -- 14 . The first episode of Season 11 aired on January 18 , 2013 , retaining its format of an initial monologue from Maher , a one - on - one interview with a guest , then turning to a discussion panel of three guests , and ending with `` New Rules '' . A new addition to the format is that of a fourth or `` mid-guest '' , who comes in at approximately the halfway point of the show , bringing their own issue to the table and discussing it with the entire panel . Changes in 2017 ( edit ) In 2017 , Real Time debuted a new theme song and a new set . The new theme song continues in the path of its predecessor by showcasing important political events including the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the United States . The new season retained the basic format of the show -- a top of the show guest , a table discussion and a mid-show guest . The biggest change in terms of set design has been that the main table where Bill Maher and two -- three guests discuss current political events is moved closer to the audience after the top of the show interview is completed . In addition to this , some mid-show guests including Leah Remini and Jake Tapper have been interviewed on a separate side table . This has meant that the mid-show guest has not taken part in any discussion on the main show after their interview and Tapper and Remini have also not appeared on Overtime , the segment which is broadcast on YouTube . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Real Time with Bill Maher episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 February 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 21 ) September 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 26 ) 23 January 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 01 - 16 ) November 5 , 2004 ( 2004 - 11 - 05 ) 23 February 18 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 18 ) November 4 , 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) 24 February 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 02 - 17 ) November 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) 5 24 February 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) November 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) 6 27 January 11 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 11 ) November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 7 31 February 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) October 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 16 ) 8 25 February 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 19 ) November 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 12 ) 9 35 January 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 14 ) November 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 11 - 11 ) 10 35 January 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 13 ) November 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 16 ) 11 35 January 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 18 ) November 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 22 ) 12 35 January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 13 35 January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 14 38 January 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 15 ) November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 15 TBA January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Larry King calls Real Time `` one of the best shows on television '' . Maher was a regular guest on Larry King Live as well as co-host at various times , and co-emcee of the final show , along with Ryan Seacrest . Common Sense Media 's website says , `` Comedian Bill Maher is very funny , very well - informed , and very insightful , but he 's also very crass . '' It later says , `` Maher also expects his audience to have plenty of tolerance for blue humor . His jokes are profane and riddled with explicit sexual references , and he often pokes fun at the use and abuse of alcohol and other intoxicants . It 's funny , but it 's very much aimed at adults . '' The site gives Real Time with Bill Maher an `` overall quality '' rating of 4 out of 5 stars . Ruthless Reviews was also positive , saying , `` Maher 's show is as good as ever , which means that the sacred and the profane continue to be discussed with intelligence , humor , and the occasional silliness '' and that it `` works so well because he selects provocative guests and I ca n't remember the panel ever having a dull conversation . Maher is smart and witty ( and clearly in control ) , which means that he wo n't let his guests get away with bullshit . '' Fareed Zakaria has referred to Maher as `` one of the most astute political observers of our time '' . Books ( edit ) Two books by Maher based on the show have been published , New Rules : Polite Musings from a Timid Observer , by Rodale Books in 2005 and The New New Rules : A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass , by Blue Rider Press in 2011 . Award Nominations ( edit ) The show has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Series every year from 2005 through 2014 and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Variety Talk Series in 2016 & 2017 . See also ( edit ) Inside Washington Agronsky & Co . Washington Week Gordon Peterson References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Shavoni and Buster Discography '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Maher 's ' Real Time ' Renewed by HBO Through 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Waxman ( 2009 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Bill Maher : Grilled '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher : Seasons : Episodes '' . HBO . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher -- Download free podcast episodes by HBO Podcasts on iTunes '' . Phobos.apple.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher '' . Hbo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Online , HBO . `` HBO Talk Moving To Social Platforms '' . Jump up ^ Real Time with Bill Maher 's channel on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Yourself '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( 25 September 2014 ) . `` John Oliver 's Talk Show Ratings Edging Out HBO Colleague Bill Maher '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Religulous Jump up ^ `` Maher and Moore beg Nader not to run in ' 04 '' . YouTube . 2006 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ McGreal , Chris ( 2010 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Christine O'Donnell : I dabbled in witchcraft '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Midterms ' Media Mainstays '' . Project for Excellence in Journalism . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlynn , Katia ( 2010 - 10 - 10 ) . `` ' SNL ' Does The Best Parody Of Christine O'Donnell's ' Not A Witch ' Ad Yet '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Elvira Spoofs Christine O'Donnell's ' I 'm Not A Witch ' Ad '' . Huffington Post . 2010 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( 2010 - 10 - 26 ) . `` '' I 'm Not A Witch '' -- The Remix `` . The Ca10 - 2626 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tom Diemer ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Christine O'Donnell Regrets ' I 'm Not a Witch ' Ad '' . Politics Daily . Jump up ^ `` Bill Maher says sorry to ' witch ' Christine O'Donnell - Kevin Cirilli '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - HBO Renews `` Real Time With Bill Maher '' for Its 11th and 12th Seasons `` . TheFutonCritic.com. 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` '' Real Time with Bill Maher '' Episode # 11.1 ( TV episode 2013 ) - IMDb : `` . IMDb.com . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Real Time Guests : Friday Feb. 1 , 2013 '' . Facebook . 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HBO 's ' Real Time ' returns for new season with overhaul '' . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Transcripts '' . Transcripts.cnn.com. 2004 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Maher helps Larry King say goodbye '' . Mediaite . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Douglas J. ( December 16 , 2010 ) . `` Surrounded by Famous Fans , Larry King Ends His 25 - Year Run on CNN '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher - Television Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Television Review of Real Time '' . RuthlessReviews.com ( archived ) . 23 Nov 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 27 Apr 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com - Transcripts '' . edition.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Real Time with Bill Maher -- Awards & Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Real Time with Bill Maher on IMDb Real Time with Bill Maher at TV.com Bill Maher Television Politically Incorrect ( 1993 -- 2002 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Film Religulous ( 2008 ) Books True Story : A Novel When You Ride Alone You Ride with bin Laden New Rules : Polite Musings from a Timid Observer The New New Rules : A Funny Look at How Everybody but Me Has Their Head Up Their Ass Specials I 'm Swiss ( 2005 ) Bill Maher : The Decider ( 2007 ) But I 'm Not Wrong ( 2010 ) Bill Maher : Live from D.C. ( 2014 ) Real Time with Bill Maher seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers Big Little Lies The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . 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Streaming Netflix Chelsea Hulu I Love You , America with Sarah Silverman See also Morning Daytime talk Evening news Late night Overnight news Sunday talk Newsmagazines Tabloid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Real_Time_with_Bill_Maher&oldid=806338208 '' Categories : 2003 American television series debuts 2000s American comedy television series 2010s American comedy television series American television talk shows Criticism of political correctness English - language television programs HBO network shows Liberalism in the United States Progressivism in the United States Satirical television programmes Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia עברית Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 10 : 18 . 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About Wikipedia	when does the new season of bill maher start	[ "\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\n\n\n\n1\n20\nFebruary 21, 2003 (2003-02-21)\nSeptember 26, 2003 (2003-09-26)\n\n\n\n2\n23\nJanuary 16, 2004 (2004-01-16)\nNovember 5, 2004 (2004-11-05)\n\n\n\n3\n23\nFebruary 18, 2005 (2005-02-18)\nNovember 4, 2005 (2005-11-04)\n\n\n\n4\n24\nFebruary 17, 2006 (2006-02-17)\nNovember 17, 2006 (2006-11-17)\n\n\n\n5\n24\nFebruary 16, 2007 (2007-02-16)\nNovember 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)\n\n\n\n6\n27\nJanuary 11, 2008 (2008-01-11)\nNovember 14, 2008 (2008-11-14)\n\n\n\n7\n31\nFebruary 20, 2009 (2009-02-20)\nOctober 16, 2009 (2009-10-16)\n\n\n\n8\n25\nFebruary 19, 2010 (2010-02-19)\nNovember 12, 2010 (2010-11-12)\n\n\n\n9\n35\nJanuary 14, 2011 (2011-01-14)\nNovember 11, 2011 (2011-11-11)\n\n\n\n10\n35\nJanuary 13, 2012 (2012-01-13)\nNovember 16, 2012 (2012-11-16)\n\n\n\n11\n35\nJanuary 18, 2013 (2013-01-18)\nNovember 22, 2013 (2013-11-22)\n\n\n\n12\n35\nJanuary 17, 2014 (2014-01-17)\nNovember 21, 2014 (2014-11-21)\n\n\n\n13\n35\nJanuary 9, 2015 (2015-01-09)\nNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)\n\n\n\n14\n38\nJanuary 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)\nNovember 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)\n\n\n\n15\nTBA\nJanuary 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)\nTBA\n\n" ]	[ "January 20, 2017" ]
3259074706817441581	2018 UEFA Champions League Final	2018 UEFA Champions League final - wikipedia 2018 UEFA Champions League final 2018 UEFA Champions League Final Match programme cover Event 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Real Madrid Liverpool Date 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) Venue NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Man of the Match Gareth Bale ( Real Madrid ) Referee Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Attendance 61,561 Weather Sunny 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) 37 % humidity ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , the 63rd season of Europe 's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA , and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League . It was played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev , Ukraine on 26 May 2018 , between Spanish side and defending champions Real Madrid , who had won the competition in each of the last two seasons , and English side Liverpool . Real Madrid won the final 3 -- 1 for their third consecutive and 13th overall Champions League title , becoming the first team to achieve three back - to - back titles since Bayern Munich defeated Saint - Étienne in the 1976 European Cup Final ; it was additionally their fourth title in five seasons . They also earned the right to play the winners of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Europa League , Atlético Madrid , in the 2018 UEFA Super Cup and to enter the semi-finals of the 2018 FIFA Club World Cup . They also qualified to enter the group stage of the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League , but since they already qualified through their league performance , the berth reserved was given to the champions of the 2017 -- 18 Czech First League , the 11th - ranked association according to next season 's access list . Contents 1 Teams 2 Venue 3 Background 4 Road to the final 5 Pre-match 5.1 Ambassador 5.2 Ticketing 5.3 Opening ceremony 5.4 Related events 5.5 Incidents 6 Match 6.1 Officials 6.2 Summary 6.3 Details 6.4 Statistics 7 Post-match 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Teams ( edit ) In the following table , finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era , since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era . Team Previous finals appearances ( bold indicates winners ) Real Madrid 15 ( 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1966 , 1981 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Liverpool 7 ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 , 1985 , 2005 , 2007 ) Venue ( edit ) The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev hosted the final The NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium was announced as the final venue on 15 September 2016 , following the decision of the UEFA Executive Committee meeting in Athens , Greece . This was the sixth European Cup / Champions League final hosted at an Eastern European venue following those in 1973 in Belgrade , Yugoslavia , the 1983 , 1994 and 2007 finals hosted by Athens , Greece as well as the 2008 final in Moscow , Russia . The Olimpiyskiy Stadium was built in 1923 and it has been renovated three times , most recently in 2011 in preparation for the UEFA Euro 2012 tournament . The stadium was used as a venue in the 1980 Summer Olympics for its football event and the aforementioned European Championship , including the final match , which saw Spain beat Italy by the record - breaking score of 4 -- 0 on the way to their third title . Its current capacity is 70,050 and it is used by the Ukraine national football team , Dynamo Kyiv , and major domestic matches like the Ukrainian Cup . Background ( edit ) Defending champions Real Madrid reached a record 16th final after a 4 -- 3 aggregate win against German side Bayern Munich , knocking them out of the competition for the second consecutive season . This was Real Madrid 's third consecutive final , and fourth final in five tournaments with an opportunity to win a record 13th title . Previously they won finals in 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1966 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ; and lost in 1962 , 1964 and 1981 . This was also their 20th final in all seasonal UEFA competitions , having also played in two Cup Winners ' Cup finals ( losing in 1971 and 1983 ) and two UEFA Cup finals ( winning in 1985 and 1986 ) . Real Madrid are only the third team since the competition 's rebranding as the Champions League to reach three consecutive finals after Milan in 1995 and Juventus in 1998 . They are the first team in the Champions League era , and the fourth overall , to win three straight finals , a feat only achieved by the Real Madrid side of the 1950s , as they went on to win a record five successive finals , as well as the Ajax and Bayern Munich squads of the 1970s in 1973 and 1976 , respectively . Liverpool reached their eighth final , their first since 2007 , after a 7 -- 6 aggregate win against Italian side Roma . They have won the final on five occasions ( 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1984 and 2005 ) , and have lost twice ( 1985 and 2007 ) . This was also their 13th final in UEFA seasonal competitions , having played in one Cup Winners ' Cup final ( losing in 1966 ) and four UEFA Cup / Europa League finals ( winning in 1973 , 1976 and 2001 ; and losing in 2016 ) . Liverpool were the first team since Bayern Munich in 2011 -- 12 to reach the final having qualified for the competition through the play - off round . This was also the most recent occasion the final featured an English team ( Chelsea ) . Liverpool were the most recent team to defeat Real Madrid in a European Cup Final , winning 1 -- 0 in Paris in 1981 . Besides the 1981 final , the two teams have played each other four times in the Champions League era . Liverpool won both matches in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League round of 16 , while Real Madrid won both matches in the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League group stage . Road to the final ( edit ) Further information : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League Note : In all results below , the score of the finalist is given first ( H : home ; A : away ) . Real Madrid Round Liverpool Bye Qualifying phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Play - off round 1899 Hoffenheim 6 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 4 -- 2 ( H ) Opponent Result Group stage Opponent Result APOEL 3 -- 0 ( H ) Matchday 1 Sevilla 2 -- 2 ( H ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 1 ( A ) Matchday 2 Spartak Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ( H ) Matchday 3 Maribor 7 -- 0 ( A ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 3 ( A ) Matchday 4 Maribor 3 -- 0 ( H ) APOEL 6 -- 0 ( A ) Matchday 5 Sevilla 3 -- 3 ( A ) Borussia Dortmund 3 -- 2 ( H ) Matchday 6 Spartak Moscow 7 -- 0 ( H ) Group H runners - up Pos Team Pld Pts Tottenham Hotspur 6 16 Real Madrid 6 13 Borussia Dortmund 6 APOEL 6 Source : UEFA Final standings Group E winners Pos Team Pld Pts Liverpool 6 12 Sevilla 6 9 Spartak Moscow 6 6 Maribor 6 Source : UEFA Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Knockout phase Opponent Agg . 1st leg 2nd leg Paris Saint - Germain 5 -- 2 3 -- 1 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Round of 16 Porto 5 -- 0 5 -- 0 ( A ) 0 -- 0 ( H ) Juventus 4 -- 3 3 -- 0 ( A ) 1 -- 3 ( H ) Quarter - finals Manchester City 5 -- 1 3 -- 0 ( H ) 2 -- 1 ( A ) Bayern Munich 4 -- 3 2 -- 1 ( A ) 2 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-finals Roma 7 -- 6 5 -- 2 ( H ) 2 -- 4 ( A ) Pre-match ( edit ) Ambassador ( edit ) Andriy Shevchenko was named as the ambassador for the final . The ambassador for the final was former Ukrainian international Andriy Shevchenko , who won the UEFA Champions League with Milan in 2003 . Ticketing ( edit ) With a stadium capacity of 63,000 for the final , a total of 40,700 tickets are available to fans and the general public , with the two finalist teams receiving 17,000 tickets each and with 6,700 tickets being available for sale to fans worldwide via UEFA.com from 15 to 22 March 2018 in four price categories : € 450 , € 320 , € 160 , and € 70 . The remaining tickets are allocated to the local organising committee , UEFA and national associations , commercial partners and broadcasters , and to serve the corporate hospitality programme . Opening ceremony ( edit ) English singer Dua Lipa performed at the opening ceremony preceding the final . Jamaican rapper Sean Paul joined her as a special guest to perform their collaborative song , `` No Lie '' . Dua Lipa 2018 UEFA Champions League Final Opening Ceremony Setlist `` One Kiss '' `` No Lie '' ( with Sean Paul ) `` Be the One '' `` IDGAF '' `` New Rules '' Related events ( edit ) The 2018 UEFA Women 's Champions League Final was held two days earlier , on 24 May 2018 , at the Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium between Wolfsburg and Lyon , Lyon emerging victorious 4 -- 1 . This was also the last time that the host city for the men 's Champions League final was also automatically assigned the Women 's Champions League final . The annual UEFA Champions Festival was held between 24 -- 27 May 2018 at the Kiev city centre . Incidents ( edit ) In late May , The New York Times reported that some fans with allocated tickets had returned them after having trouble finding flights to and accommodation in Kiev . Locals in Kiev began offering free accommodation for fans affected by cancelled hotel and apartment arrangements . Several charter flights arranged for Liverpool fans were cancelled , leaving fans with tickets stranded and leading to an unsuccessful search for alternative solutions by the club and city government . Other airlines offered flights to Kiev from airports in Liverpool and Manchester , using assigned slots at Kiev 's airports . On 24 May , a group of Liverpool fans were attacked in a restaurant by 20 masked hooligans . Match ( edit ) Officials ( edit ) On 7 May 2018 , UEFA announced that Serbian Milorad Mažić would officiate the final . Mažić has been a FIFA referee since 2009 , and gained UEFA 's elite referee status in 2013 . He was joined by his fellow countrymen , with Milovan Ristić and Dalibor Đurdević as assistant referees , Nenad Đokić and Danilo Grujić as additional assistant referees , and Nemanja Petrović as reserve assistant referee . The fourth official for the final was Frenchman Clément Turpin . Summary ( edit ) Gareth Bale entered the match as a substitute in the 61st minute and scored two goals for Madrid The match began with Liverpool 's kickoff and the team 's successive attacks to counter Madrid 's slower , possession - based buildup . In the 23rd minute , a low shot by Trent Alexander - Arnold went through a defender 's legs and forced a late save by Keylor Navas . Two minutes later , Liverpool forward Mohamed Salah was injured competing for the ball with Sergio Ramos , who had locked Salah 's arm resulting in a fall . Due to a dislocated shoulder , Salah was substituted four minutes later for Adam Lallana . Madrid 's Dani Carvajal was substituted in the 37th minute with a hamstring injury after an unsuccessful backheel . Minutes later , Karim Benzema 's goal was disallowed after he was determined to be offside while finishing a shot started by Cristiano Ronaldo 's header . The first half ended scoreless , with Madrid dominating possession but Liverpool having more chances to score . The second half began with a shot by Isco , who hit the crossbar . In the 51st minute , Benzema scored the match 's first goal by deflecting a throw by Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius back into the net . Liverpool equalised four minutes later with a tap - in by Sadio Mané , who finished a header by Dejan Lovren after a corner kick by James Milner from the right . Gareth Bale was substituted in for Isco in the 61st minute and scored Madrid 's second goal two minutes later , using an acrobatic bicycle kick to finish a cross by Marcelo from the left . Liverpool pressed for a second equalising goal , with a shot by Mané that hit the goal post and calls for a penalty for an alleged handball , but were also losing possession to Madrid . Ronaldo had a chance to score his first goal of the match during a counterattack in the 73rd minute , but was tackled by Liverpool defender Andrew Robertson in the penalty box . Bale scored his second goal of the match in the 83rd minute on a 40 - yard ( 37 m ) shot that swerved in front of Karius and went through his hands and into the net . A second chance on goal for Ronaldo in the 93rd minute of play was interrupted by a pitch invader , who was captured by stadium stewards . Details ( edit ) The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw , which was held on 13 April 2018 , 13 : 00 CEST , at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland . 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) 21 : 45 EEST Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Liverpool Benzema 51 ' Bale 64 ' , 83 ' Report Mané 55 ' NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Attendance : 61,561 Referee : Milorad Mažić ( Serbia ) Real Madrid Liverpool GK Keylor Navas RB Dani Carvajal 37 ' CB 5 Raphaël Varane CB Sergio Ramos ( c ) LB 12 Marcelo CM 10 Luka Modrić CM 14 Casemiro CM 8 Toni Kroos AM 22 Isco 61 ' CF 9 Karim Benzema 89 ' CF 7 Cristiano Ronaldo Substitutes : GK 13 Kiko Casilla DF 6 Nacho 37 ' DF 15 Theo Hernández MF 20 Marco Asensio 89 ' MF 23 Mateo Kovačić FW 11 Gareth Bale 61 ' FW 17 Lucas Vázquez Manager : Zinedine Zidane GK Loris Karius RB 66 Trent Alexander - Arnold CB 6 Dejan Lovren CB Virgil van Dijk LB 26 Andrew Robertson CM 7 James Milner 83 ' CM 14 Jordan Henderson ( c ) CM 5 Georginio Wijnaldum RF 11 Mohamed Salah 31 ' CF 9 Roberto Firmino LF 19 Sadio Mané 82 ' Substitutes : GK 22 Simon Mignolet DF Nathaniel Clyne DF 17 Ragnar Klavan DF 18 Alberto Moreno MF 20 Adam Lallana 31 ' MF 23 Emre Can 83 ' FW 29 Dominic Solanke Manager : Jürgen Klopp Man of the Match : Gareth Bale ( Real Madrid ) Assistant referees : Milovan Ristić ( Serbia ) Dalibor Đurđević ( Serbia ) Fourth official : Clément Turpin ( France ) Additional assistant referees : Nenad Đokić ( Serbia ) Danilo Grujić ( Serbia ) Reserve assistant referee : Nemanja Petrović ( Serbia ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Seven named substitutes , of which up to three may be used . Statistics ( edit ) First half Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored 0 0 Total shots 5 9 Shots on target 0 Saves 0 Ball possession 65 % 35 % Corner kicks Fouls committed 10 Offsides Yellow cards 0 0 Red cards 0 0 Second half Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored Total shots 7 Shots on target 5 Saves 0 Ball possession 58 % 42 % Corner kicks 7 Fouls committed 8 Offsides Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Overall Statistic Real Madrid Liverpool Goals scored Total shots 12 12 Shots on target 5 Saves Ball possession 62 % 38 % Corner kicks 9 5 Fouls committed 5 18 Offsides 7 Yellow cards 0 Red cards 0 0 Post-match ( edit ) Postage stamp of Ukraine , 2018 Captain Sergio Ramos hoisting the European Champion Clubs ' Cup as Real Madrid celebrate winning the final Real Madrid became the first team since Bayern Munich in 1974 -- 76 to win three consecutive UEFA Champions Leagues or European Cups . The title was Madrid 's 13th , another Champions League record , and their fourth in five years . Real Madrid 's victory was the fifth consecutive title for a Spanish side in the Champions League , becoming the longest run for the trophy to be held by teams from the same country since English sides won six consecutive titles between 1977 and 1982 . Manager Zinedine Zidane became the first to win three consecutive Champions League titles and matched Carlo Ancelotti 's record of Champions League era wins . Five days after the final , Zidane announced that he would step down as manager in favour of a `` different voice '' . Cristiano Ronaldo became the first player to win the Champions League five times , surpassing the record set by Clarence Seedorf in 2007 and by Andrés Iniesta in 2015 . Gareth Bale became the first substitute to score two goals in a Champions League final and was named man of the match . His first goal received acclaim as one of the best in Champions League history and was compared to Ronaldo 's bicycle kick goal against Juventus in the quarter - final and manager Zinedine Zidane 's goal in the 2002 final . Sergio Ramos 's tackle on Mohamed Salah received mixed reactions from the press and fans on whether the injury was the result of a deliberate blow or an accident . Egyptian fans responded with anger on social media , including insults that became trending topics on Twitter . A Change.org petition calling on UEFA and FIFA to punish Ramos for the challenge received 400,000 signatures within two days . A separate incident involving Ramos and Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius raised questions after a video showed him allegedly elbowing Karius in the face prior to his first goalkeeping error . UEFA declined to take action against Ramos for the incident with Karius . After an examination , on 4 June 2018 , physiatrist Ross Zafonte at the Massachusetts General Hospital said in a statement that Karius suffered a concussion during the match and that , according to him , it was possible the concussion would affect the player 's performance . Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp lost his sixth of seven major finals , including Champions League and league cups . After the match , Loris Karius tearfully apologised to Liverpool supporters who remained in the stands and stated that his mistakes `` lost the team the final '' . After the match , Karius received online death threats and hate messages directed at him and his family . See also ( edit ) Association football portal Ukraine portal 2018 UEFA Europa League Final 2018 UEFA Super Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bale named Champions League final man of the match '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Milorad Mažić to referee Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 May 2018 . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full Time Report Final -- Real Madrid v Liverpool '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tactical Line - ups -- Final -- Saturday 26 May 2018 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kyiv to host 2018 Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid v Liverpool : meet the Champions League finalists '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of UEFA club competitions from 2018 '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who is in the 2018 / 19 Champions League group stage ? '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1972 -- 73 season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Harrold , Michael ( 24 May 2007 ) . `` Inzaghi inspires Milan to glory '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 season '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kyiv opens host stadium for Euro 2012 final '' . Kyiv Post . 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Technical Report -- 1980 Olympics Football Tournament '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1980 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 4 Italy 0 Match Report '' . Guardian UK . 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Facts & Figures '' . NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium . Archived from the original on 12 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 UEFA Champions League final : Guide to Kyiv '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Saffer , Paul ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid making final history '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Liverpool see off spirited Roma to reach Champions League final '' . CNN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club facts : Liverpool '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Neil ( 2 May 2018 ) . `` Roma 4 - 2 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Champions League final repeat of 1981 shows tables have turned at Madrid , Liverpool '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : detailed head - to - head '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about the Champions League final '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 2 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League final ticket application window '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 12 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 UEFA Champions League final ticket sales launched '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa to Perform at UEFA Champions League Opening Ceremony : ' There 'll Be a Whole Lot of Girl Power ' '' . Billboard. 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Paul returns to stage after father 's death '' . www.loopjamaica.com . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Wrack , Suzanne ( 24 May 2018 ) . `` Lyon sweep to Women 's Champions League win over 10 - player Wolfsburg '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Lyon beats Wolfsburg 4 - 1 to win Women 's Champions League '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Associated Press . 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions Festival in Kyiv during final week '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Rory ( 20 May 2018 ) . `` Why Was My Room Canceled ? A Final Overwhelms Kiev '' . The New York Times . p . D1 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final : Fans gather in Kiev after flight cancellations '' . BBC . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool mayor ' gutted ' after Kiev flights cancelled '' . Sky News . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Calder , Simon ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Champions League final 2018 : What went wrong with cancelled flights to Kiev ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Masked hooligans attack Liverpool fans like a ' pack of dogs ' in horrifying ambush ahead of Champions League final in Kiev '' . Mirror.co.uk. 24 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Daniel ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as brilliant Bale sinks Liverpool '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Ramos had locked Salah 's right arm and turned him , judo - style , as they lost balance going for the same ball . Jump up ^ `` Salah and Karius mark dark night for Reds '' . SBS. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . They jeered Madrid captain Ramos , who appeared to have had Salah in an armlock as they fell to the ground ^ Jump up to : Smyth , Rob ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : Champions League final 2018 -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Price , Glenn ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Liverpool 's Mohamed Salah , Real Madrid 's Dani Carvajal injured in Champions League final '' . ESPN . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNulty , Phil ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 3 - 1 Liverpool '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Rory ; Das , Andrew ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid Beats Liverpool in Champions League Final on a Wonder and Two Blunders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Semi-final and final draws '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Team statistics '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Has one league ever dominated European football like La Liga ? '' . The Guardian . 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane reaches more milestones in Kyiv '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zinedine Zidane : Real Madrid boss stands down five days after Champions League win '' . BBC Sport. 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bale named Champions League final man of the match '' . UEFA.com. 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid v Liverpool -- Story of the match '' . BT Sport . Press Association . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Winter , Lewis ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Gareth Bale goal : Real Madrid hero makes Zidane and Ronaldo comparison on Liverpool strike '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kristian ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Football world split on Mohamed Salah injury - and whether Liverpool should blame Sergio Ramos '' . Liverpool Echo . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ellingworth , James ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Salah 's World Cup in doubt as Egyptians turn on Ramos '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 400,000 sign petition for Sergio Ramos to be banned for Mohamed Salah injury '' . ESPN . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Champions League final Extra Time : Pitch invader stops Ronaldo , Should Ramos have been sent off ? '' . News.com.au . News Corp Australia . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid 's historic Champions League title obscured by online outrage '' . ESPN . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Sergio Ramos to face no action for Loris Karius clash - UEFA '' . ESPN . Associated Press . 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius suffered concussion in Champions League final '' . ESPN . 4 June 2018 . Retrieved 4 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Loris Karius apologises to Liverpool for Champions League horror show : ' my mistakes lost us the final ' '' . The Independent . 26 May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Crisp , Wil ( 27 May 2018 ) . `` Police investigating death threats issued to Liverpool goalkeeper Loris Karius '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( official website ) UEFA Champions League history : 2017 / 18 2018 UEFA Champions League final : Kyiv , UEFA.com European Cup and UEFA Champions League European Cup era , 1955 -- 1992 Seasons 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 Finals 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 UEFA Champions League era , 1992 -- present Seasons 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 2019 -- 20 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 History Finals Winning managers Winning players Records and statistics Top scorers Hat - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are they going to play uefa champions league final	[ "The 2018 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, the 63rd season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 26th season since it was renamed from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It was played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine on 26 May 2018,[5] between Spanish side and defending champions Real Madrid, who had won the competition in each of the last two seasons, and English side Liverpool.[6][7]\n" ]	[ "NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev, Ukraine" ]
8875618812335911189	1744 English cricket season	1744 English Cricket season - wikipedia 1744 English Cricket season Jump to : navigation , search The 1744 cricket season was the 147th in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 ( i.e. , Old Style -- 1598 New Style ) . Details have survived of 22 important eleven - a-side and three single wicket matches . It was a pivotal season in English cricket history because the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket was written by a group calling themselves the `` Noblemen and Gentlemen '' of the London Cricket Club . The season is also notable for the two earliest known surviving match scorecards , although they are nothing like as comprehensive as modern ones . The first , containing individual scores but no details of dismissal , has survived from the London v Slindon game on Saturday , 2 June . Just over a fortnight later , Monday , 18 June , the most famous match of the 1740s was the challenge by Kent to take on a team representing the rest of England at the Artillery Ground . Kent won a dramatic contest by a single wicket despite needing several runs to win when their last pair of batsmen came together . The scorecard became the first entry in Arthur Haygarth 's Scores & Biographies , though he had the date wrong . It is not until the 1772 season that any more scorecards of important matches have survived ( a handful of cards from minor matches have been found ) . In September , Slindon defeated London and then issued its famous challenge to play any parish in England . The challenge was accepted by the Addington and Bromley clubs , which both had fine teams , but the two challenge matches may have been hit by bad weather and it is not known if they were completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Laws of Cricket 2 The earliest known scorecard 3 Important matches 4 Single wicket 5 Other events 6 First mentions 6.1 Counties 6.2 Clubs and teams 6.3 Players 6.4 Venues 7 Leading players 7.1 Batsmen 7.2 Bowlers 7.3 Fielders and wicketkeepers 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Additional reading 12 External links Laws of Cricket ( edit ) The first known coded issue of the Laws of Cricket can be traced to 1744 , possibly an upgrade of an earlier code . They are here reproduced in full . The Laws were drawn up by the noblemen and gentlemen members of the London Cricket Club , which was based at the Artillery Ground . The intention must have been to establish a universal codification . A general set of rules was in place subject to local variations but , apart from cases where Articles of Agreement were drawn up , as for the Richmond v Brodrick matches in the 1727 season , the rules as such were agreed orally . By and large , the same rules had existed since time immemorial . A summary of the main points : there is reference to the toss of a coin and the pitch dimensions ; the stumps must be 22 inches ( 560 mm ) high with a six - inch ( 152 mm ) bail ; the ball must weigh between five and six ounces ; overs last four balls ; the no ball is the penalty for overstepping , which means the hind foot going in front of the bowling crease ( i.e. , in direct line of the wicket ) ; the popping crease is exactly 3 feet ten inches before the bowling crease ; various means of `` it is out '' are included ; hitting the ball twice and obstructing the field are emphatically out following experiences in the 17th century ; the wicket keeper is required to be still and quiet until the ball is bowled ; umpires must allow two minutes for a new batsman to arrive and ten minutes between innings ( meal and rain breaks presumably excepted ) ; the umpire can not give a batsman out if the fielders do not appeal ; the umpire is allowed a certain amount of discretion and it is made clear that the umpire is the `` sole judge '' and that `` his determination shall be absolute '' The Laws do not say the bowler must roll the ball and there is no mention of prescribed arm action so , in theory , a pitched delivery would have been legal , though potentially controversial . The earliest known scorecard ( edit ) When London played a combined Surrey & Sussex team at the Artillery Ground on Saturday , 2 June , details of individual scores were recorded and the scorecard was kept by the Duke of Richmond at Goodwood House . It gives scores only and no means of dismissal . It does not give much information about the players except their surnames although the scorer did think to differentiate between the two pairs of brothers ( the Harrises and Newlands ) who were playing . The Daily Advertiser carried various notices from Thursday , 31 May until Sunday , 3 June which announced that two untitled sides would play in the Artillery Ground on Saturday , 2 June . On 31 May , the paper said that the teams would consist of `` four gentlemen from Slindon , one from Eastbourne , two from Hamilton ( sic ) in Sussex , one from Addington and three from Lingfield in Surrey '' against `` four gentlemen of London , one from Richmond , one from Reigate , three from Addington in Surrey , one from Bray Wick in Berkshire and one from Arundel in Sussex '' . This was followed by the usual reminder about no dogs and the need to obtain a pass ticket if leaving the ground during play . The Daily Advertiser changed its notice on Friday , 1 June through 2 and 3 June by announcing the names of the players on each side , but the names in the paper are not the same as those on the scorecard kept by the Duke of Richmond . The same ( i.e. , incorrect ) names were also reported on 3 June , the day after the match . The paper announced that the two teams would consist of : Cuddy , Richard Newland , Adam Newland , John Newland , Ridgeway , Green of Sussex ; Sawyer , Stevens , Stevens , Collins of Surrey ; and Norris of London versus Dingate , John Harris , Joseph Harris , Faulkner , Jackson , Maynard of Surrey ; Bennett , Bryant , Smith , Howlett of London ; and Waymark of Berkshire . No titles were given to the teams at the time ( various titles have been applied retrospectively by modern authors ) . Bryant was one of the two brothers of that name , John and James , who were prominent Kent players of the time , while Bennett was one of `` Little '' or `` Tall '' Bennett , both noted batsmen in the 1740s . According to the Duke of Richmond 's papers , which are now in the possession of the West Sussex Record Office , including the recorded scores of this match , the teams were somewhat different from those advertised . No team names were allocated at the time and future accounts label the match in different ways . London v Surrey & Sussex is used here because London ( with their `` given men '' ) was the home club and their opponents were all from Surrey or Sussex . Saturday , 2 June 1744 -- London v Surrey & Sussex ( Artillery Ground ) Surrey & Sussex 1st 2nd -- London 1st 2nd Edward Aburrow senior 5 0 -- Howlett 5 ? Bryant ( James or John ) 5 10 -- Stephen Dingate 0 19 Richard Newland 0 0 -- William Sawyer Adam Newland 0 22 -- Maynard 8 6 Ridgeway 6 dnb -- ? Bennett ( Little or Tall ) 11 7 Joseph Harris 13 14 -- Tom Faulkner 0 George Jackson 19 -- Thomas Waymark 13 16 John Harris 18 47 -- Butler 18 0 Norris 13 dnb -- Green 11 12 Andrews 7 -- Hodder 6 0 George Smith 8 dnb -- Collins Extras 8 -- Extras 0 TOTAL 102 102 -- 6d -- TOTAL 79 70 Surrey & Sussex won by 55 runs There were two players called Bryant ( James and John ) and two called Bennett who were always referred to as Little Bennett and Tall Bennett . It is not known which player in each of these pairs took part . Note also that there were two Harrises who both played ; and the three Newland brothers , of whom John did not play . Edward Aburrow senior , alias Cuddy and a notorious smuggler , was the father of the later Hambledon player of the same name . Thomas Waymark was formerly employed by Sussex 's benefactor the Duke of Richmond but he was here given as a Berkshire resident and playing for the London XI . The match included one of cricket 's earliest known declarations by Surrey & Sussex in their second innings at 102 -- 6 , although the term `` declaration '' was not in use at that time and neither was the concept generally recognised . Rather it was a case of Surrey & Sussex `` forfeiting '' part of their innings in order to allow time to bowl out their opponents . This was also the first known game at which tickets for readmission were issued to the spectators . Important matches ( edit ) The following matches are classified as important : date match title venue result source 10 May ( Th ) Kent v England venue unknown Kent won ( IM ) notes This match and its return on 17 May are known because of a 1748 court case over unpaid gambling debts . 14 May ( M ) Surrey v England Moulsey Hurst Surrey won by 4 runs notes The Prince of Wales was involved in the promotion of this match and arranged the next match the following Monday at the Artillery Ground . 17 May ( Th ) Kent v England venue unknown Kent won ( IM ) notes The return to the match on 10 May , again known because of the 1748 court case . 21 May ( M ) England v Surrey Artillery Ground result unknown notes The match started at 11 o'clock and was completed in one day . 2 June ( S ) London v Surrey & Sussex Artillery Ground Surrey & Sussex won by 55 runs notes See `` The earliest known scorecard '' above . 15 June ( F ) Kent v England Coxheath Common result unknown notes In his Index to Waghorn , Martin Wilson states that the famous match at the Artillery Ground on Monday , 18 June ( see below ) was the return of a match played at Coxheath on Friday , 15 June . 18 June ( M ) England v Kent Artillery Ground Kent won by 1 wicket notes This is the first match for which a full scorecard including dismissals has survived and it is the opening entry in Scores & Biographies . Haygarth , however , gave the date as 1746 instead of 1744 . In his Dawn of Cricket , Waghorn specified a source called the London Magazine , published in 1744 , which reported the match on page 307 . The scorecard presents the problem of players sharing names and not being differentiated by the scorers , whom Haygarth denounced for their `` laziness '' . It was not until the 1772 season that scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis . The game was arranged by Lord John Philip Sackville who challenged `` all England '' to play against his county , Kent . The match was extremely close and must have had an exciting finish . It was low scoring : England totalled 40 and 70 ; Kent responded with 53 and 58 -- 9 to win by one wicket . The two not out Kent batsmen at the end ( Hodsoll and Cutbush ) scored 5 and 7 , so Kent must have needed at least five to win when their ninth wicket fell . Sackville himself is reported to have held a remarkable catch to dismiss England 's best player Richard Newland and that may have been the defining moment of the match . Most of the players had already taken part in the London v Slindon match on 2 June but this match 's scorecard provides the first known mentions of five Kent cricketers : Bartram , Danes , the noted wicket - keeper Kipps , the bowler John Mills and his brother . The Daily Advertiser reported on Saturday , 30 June : `` It was observed by the noblemen and gentlemen there present that there was great disorder so that it was with difficulty the match was played out . It is ordered for the future that each person pay for going into the Ground sixpence , and there will be for the better conveniency ( sic ) of all gentlemen that favour me with their company , a ring of benches that will hold at least 800 persons . And it is further desired that no person whatever , except those appointed to keep order and the players engaged for the day , be admitted to walk within the ring '' . The poet James Love ( 1722 -- 1774 ) commemorated this match in his Cricket : An Heroic Poem . There is a reference in Buckley 's `` FL18C '' to the first publication of his poem . As announced in the Daily Advertiser on 4 July 1745 , it was priced 1 / - and `` illustrated with critical observations of Scriblerus Maximus ( ! ) '' . A footnote says : `` Printed for W. Bickerton at the Gazette in the Temple Exchange near the Inner Temple Gate , Fleet Street '' . Love was himself a cricketer and a member of Richmond Cricket Club in Surrey . 5 July ( Th ) Two Elevens Artillery Ground result unknown notes Described as `` a scratch match between 22 picked players from Kent , Sussex , Surrey and London and all the most - famed places in England '' . It was postponed from the previous day because of the weather ( Daily Advertiser : Thurs 5 July ) . The Penny London Morning Advertiser on Friday , 6 July observed that : `` the small appearance of the company is a plain proof of the resentment of the Public to any imposition , for the price on going into the ground being raised from twopence to sixpence , it is thought there were not 200 persons present when before there used to be 7,000 to 8,000 ; which plainly verifies the old proverb `` all cover , all loose ( sic ) '' . 6 & 7 July ( F-S ) Two Elevens Moulsey Hurst / Artillery Ground result unknown notes It is known that this was a return game to the one played on 5 July and that it was unfinished at Moulsey Hurst on Friday , 6 July so the players continued at the Artillery Ground on Saturday , 7 July . The state of play on Friday night was that one side led by 31 runs with 2 second innings wickets standing . On the Saturday , price of admission was reduced to the `` as usual '' two pence . 9 July ( M ) London v Richmond Kennington Common result unknown notes Advertised in the Daily Advertiser same morning but no match report was found . 9 July ( M ) Addington & Bromley v Rest of Kent & Surrey Duppas Hill , Croydon result unknown notes Kipps of Eltham , the noted wicketkeeper was a given man for Addington & Bromley . The Rest team was described as `` the best Eleven in other Parts of Kent and Surrey '' . An additional item in the announcement was no person being allowed to bring liquor into the ground `` that do n't live in the Parish '' . 13 July ( F ) Bromley v Addington Bromley Common result unknown notes The announcement of this match stated that no person was allowed to sell liquor on the common `` but who belong to the Parish '' . 21 July ( S ) London v Woburn Artillery Ground result unknown notes This match was postponed from Thursday , 19 July because the Honourable Artillery Company required the ground . 30 July ( M ) London v Addington Artillery Ground result unknown notes `` The wickets were pitched at one o'clock '' . 24 August ( F ) Surrey v London Moulsey Hurst London won notes Robert Colchin of Bromley and Val Romney of Sevenoaks were given men for London . Played for £ 50 a side . 27 August ( M ) London v Surrey Artillery Ground London won notes Robert Colchin of Bromley and Val Romney of Sevenoaks were again given men for London . 3 September ( M ) London v Bromley Artillery Ground result unknown notes Bromley was a leading club at the time and later in the month was one of two ( Addington being the other ) to accept Slindon 's challenge to play any parish in England . 7 September ( F ) London v Surrey Artillery Ground result unknown notes Val Romney of Sevenoaks was a given man for London . 10 & 11 September ( M - Tu ) London v Slindon Artillery Ground Slindon won notes The Newland brothers and `` Cuddy '' ( Edward Aburrow senior ) all played for Slindon . Play commenced at noon on the first day but was affected by bad weather . Play on the Tuesday commenced at ten o'clock . It was at the conclusion of this game that Slindon issued its famous challenge to play `` any parish in England '' . They received immediate acceptances from Addington and Bromley who played Slindon in the next two matches . 12 & 13 September ( W - Th ) Slindon v Addington Artillery Ground result unknown notes This was affected by bad weather on the 12th . At close of play each side had completed its first innings and Slindon had a lead of just two runs . It is not known if the match was completed on the 13th and it may have been rained off . 14 September ( F ) Slindon v Bromley Artillery Ground result unknown notes As with the first challenge game , details of the result are unknown . Possibly it was rained off . 19 September ( W ) Two Elevens Artillery Ground result unknown notes Described a `` scratch match '' but between 22 of the `` best players in England '' . No post-match reports were found . Single wicket ( edit ) Monday , 20 August . There was a single wicket match `` for a large sum '' between a Sevenoaks player ( perhaps Val Romney ) and a London player . No other details are known . Monday , 17 September . A big game between two `` threes '' at the Artillery Ground . Billed as `` Long Robin 's Side v Richard Newland 's Side '' , the teams were Robert Colchin ( aka `` Long Robin '' ; Bromley ) , Val Romney ( Sevenoaks ) and John Bryant ( Addington ) against Richard Newland ( Slindon ) , Edward Aburrow senior ( Slindon ) and Joe Harris ( Addington ) . Aburrow replaced John Mills of Horsmonden , the `` famous Kent bowler '' who was originally chosen . The stake was two hundred guineas and the players involved were stated to be the `` best in England '' . Once again , despite this being a senior fixture , the outcome is unknown . Monday , 1 October . Another `` threes '' game was played at the Artillery Ground for a considerable sum and again the outcome is unknown . The sides were Robert Colchin , James Bryant and Joe Harris versus John Bryant , Val Romney and Thomas Waymark . Other events ( edit ) Monday , 11 June . The Penny London Morning Advertiser announced a match on Walworth Common in Surrey between `` 11 gentlemen of the Borough of Southwark and 11 gentlemen of High Kent and Blackman ; the wickets to be pitched at one o'clock '' . The announcement continued : `` The gentlemen who play this match have subscribed for a Holland smock of one guinea value , which will be run for by two jolly wenches , one known by the name of The Little Bit of Blue ( the handsome Broom Girl ) at the fag end of Kent Street , and the other Black Bess of the Mint . They are to run in drawers only and there is excellent sport expected '' . As for security : `` Captain Vinegar with a great many of his bruisers and bulldogs will attend to make a ring , that no civil spectators may be incommoded by the rabble '' . The Penny London Morning Advertiser on Wednesday , 27 June advertised a match to be played next day on Woolwich Common between Woolwich and `` the Club in Long Lane , Southwark '' . First mentions ( edit ) Thanks to the survival of scorecards from two matches in 1744 , the names of a great many players from the period are known . The players listed below are named on the two scorecards but the spans of their careers is generally unknown . It is believed that Dingate , for example , was active in the 1720s while others may have continued into the 1760s . Counties ( edit ) none Clubs and teams ( edit ) Addington & Bromley Kent & Surrey Long Robin 's XI ( or `` Side '' ) Richard Newland 's XI ( or `` Side '' ) Surrey & Sussex Players ( edit ) Edward Aburrow senior aka `` Cuddy '' Andrews Bartram Little Bennett Tall Bennett James Bryant Butler Collins Danes Stephen Dingate Tom Faulkner Green Joe Harris John Harris Hodder Howlett George Jackson Kipps James Love Maynard John Mills Mills Adam Newland Norris Stevens Venues ( edit ) none Leading players ( edit ) Batsmen ( edit ) The best batting performances by those players who took part in both the games with scorecards are given below . Note that many scorecards in the 18th century are unknown or have missing details and so it is impossible to provide a complete analysis of batting performances . For example , the missing not outs prevent computation of batting averages . The `` runs scored '' are in fact the runs known . runs player 69 John Harris 45 Thomas Waymark 33 Richard Newland 33 Stephen Dingate 28 Joseph Harris Bowlers ( edit ) William Hodsoll of Dartford and Kent was one of the earliest fast bowlers known . He took eight wickets in the match ( i.e. , bowled wickets only ) for Kent against All England . The other noted Kent bowler taking part was John Mills of Horsmonden . His exact tally is not known , as his brother may have taken some wickets . The same is true of the Harrises and Newlands who bowled for All England . Seven wickets each were taken by players called Mills , Harris and Newland . Fielders and wicketkeepers ( edit ) Kipps of Kent was a noted wicketkeeper at the time and is the earliest known specialist keeper . Thomas Waymark held two catches for All England against Kent , and he was praised many years earlier for his agility and dexterity . The most memorable catch in the All England v Kent match was a diving effort held by Lord John Philip Sackville to dismiss Richard Newland . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ First - class cricket was officially defined in May 1894 by a meeting at Lord 's of Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) and the county clubs which were then competing in the County Championship . The ruling was effective from the beginning of the 1895 season . Pre-1895 matches of the same standard have no official definition of status because the ruling is not retrospective and the important matches designation , as applied to a given match , is based on the views of one or more substantial historical sources . For further information , see First - class cricket , Forms of cricket and History of cricket . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Leach , John ( 2007 ) . `` From Lads to Lord 's ( 1744 ) -- The First Laws of Cricket '' . Stumpsite . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCann , Tim ( 2004 ) . Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century . Sussex Record Society . pp. 26 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Waghorn , H.T. ( 1906 ) . The Dawn of Cricket . Electric Press . p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Maun , Ian ( 2009 ) . From Commons to Lord 's , Volume One : 1700 to 1750 . Roger Heavens . p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : ACS , Important Matches , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley - Cooper , At the Sign of the Wicket , 22 February 1900 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Wilson , An Index to Waghorn , p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley - Cooper , At the Sign of the Wicket , 29 March 1900 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Haygarth , Arthur ( 1862 ) . Scores & Biographies , Volume 1 ( 1744 -- 1826 ) . Lillywhite . pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waghorn , Cricket Scores , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Waghorn , Dawn of Cricket , p. 15 Jump up ^ Wilson , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Buckley , FL18C , pp. 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Buckley , G.B. ( 1935 ) . Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket ( FL18C ) . Cotterell . pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McCann , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , FL18C , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McCann , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Maun , p. 141 . ^ Jump up to : Maun , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Ashley - Cooper , At the Sign of the Wicket , 29 March 1900 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ McCann , pp. 28 -- 29 . ^ Jump up to : McCann , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McCann , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : McCann , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Buckley , FL18C , p. 18 . Bibliography ( edit ) ACS ( 1981 ) . A Guide to Important Cricket Matches Played in the British Isles 1709 -- 1863 . Nottingham : ACS . Ashley - Cooper , F.S. ( 1900 ) . At the Sign of the Wicket : Cricket 1742 -- 1751 . Cricket : A Weekly Record of the Game . London : Cricket Magazine . OCLC 28863559 . Buckley , G.B. ( 1935 ) . Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket . Cotterell . Haygarth , Arthur ( 1862 ) . Scores & Biographies , Volume 1 ( 1744 -- 1826 ) . Lillywhite . McCann , Tim ( 2004 ) . Sussex Cricket in the Eighteenth Century . Sussex Record Society . Maun , Ian ( 2009 ) . From Commons to Lord 's , Volume One : 1700 to 1750 . Roger Heavens . ISBN 978 1 900592 52 9 . Waghorn , H.T. ( 1899 ) . Cricket Scores , Notes , etc . ( 1730 -- 1773 ) . Blackwood . Waghorn , H.T. ( 1906 ) . The Dawn of Cricket . Electric Press . Wilson , Martin ( 2005 ) . An Index to Waghorn . Bodyline . Additional reading ( edit ) Altham , H.S. ( 1962 ) . A History of Cricket , Volume 1 ( to 1914 ) . George Allen & Unwin . Birley , Derek ( 1999 ) . A Social History of English Cricket . Aurum . Bowen , Rowland ( 1970 ) . Cricket : A History of its Growth and Development . Eyre & Spottiswoode . Buckley , G.B. ( 1937 ) . Fresh Light on pre-Victorian Cricket . Cotterell . Major , John ( 2007 ) . More Than A Game . HarperCollins . Marshall , John ( 1961 ) . The Duke who was Cricket . Muller . Underdown , David ( 2000 ) . Start of Play . Allen Lane . External links ( edit ) Leach , John ( 2008 ) . `` Classification of cricket matches from 1697 to 1825 '' . Stumpsite . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Leach , John ( 2007 ) . `` From Lads to Lord 's ; The History of Cricket : 1300 -- 1787 '' . Stumpsite . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Collins , A.R. ( 2016 ) . `` Historical Calendar '' . Dr A.R. Collins . Marylebone Cricket Club ( 2017 ) . `` The official Laws of Cricket '' . MCC . English cricket teams in the 18th century `` All '' England Berkshire Essex Hampshire Hertfordshire Kent Leicestershire & Rutland Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) Middlesex Nottingham Sheffield Suffolk Surrey Sussex Addington Alresford Arundel Bourne Brentford Brighton Bromley Caterham Chatham Chertsey Chislehurst Coulsdon Croydon Dartford East Kent Epsom Hadlow Hambledon Hampton Homerton Hornchurch Horsmonden Kingston Lingfield London Mitcham Montpelier Richmond Rochester Slindon Sunbury West Kent White Conduit Club Woburn Woolwich English cricket venues ( 1726 -- 1770 ) Addington Hills Artillery Ground Barnes Common Barrack Field Bishopsbourne Paddock Blackheath Broadhalfpenny Down Bromley Common Caterham Common Charlwood Chelsea Common Chislehurst Common Cow Meadow Datchet Common Dripping Pan Ealing Common Epping Forest Gray 's Inn Guildford Bason Horsmonden Ilford Kew Green Laleham Burway Merrow Down Mickleham Down Parsons Green Putney Heath Sanderstead Common Stansted Park Tothill Fields Uxbridge Moor Vine Cricket Ground Walworth Common Westerham Common Woburn Park `` Woolpack '' , Islington English cricket seasons Underarm era 1598 to 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 Roundarm era 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 `` Champion County '' era 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 County Championship era 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1744_English_cricket_season&oldid=806829912 '' Categories : 1744 in English cricket English cricket seasons from 1598 to 1763 Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2017 Use dmy dates from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 12 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were the first laws of cricket written	[ "The 1744 cricket season was the 147th in England since the earliest known definite reference to cricket in January 1597 (i.e., Old Style – 1598 New Style). Details have survived of 22 important eleven-a-side and three single wicket matches. It was a pivotal season in English cricket history because the earliest known codification of the Laws of Cricket was written by a group calling themselves the \"Noblemen and Gentlemen\" of the London Cricket Club." ]	[ "1744" ]
-8091583907539632132	United States presidential line of succession	United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Federal judge Sarah T. Hughes administering the Oath of Office to President Lyndon B. Johnson following the assassination of John F. Kennedy , November 22 , 1963 . Chief Justice Warren Burger administering the Oath of Office to President Gerald Ford following the resignation of Richard Nixon , August 9 , 1974 . The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which officials of the United States federal government discharge the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) during their four - year term of office . Presidency succession is referred to multiple times in the U.S. Constitution -- Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , as well as the 12th Amendment , 20th Amendment , and 25th Amendment . The Article II succession clause authorizes Congress to provide for a line of succession beyond the vice president , which it has done on three occasions . The current Presidential Succession Act was adopted in 1947 , and last revised in 2006 . The line of succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the eligible heads of federal executive departments who form the president 's Cabinet . The Presidential Succession Act refers specifically to officers beyond the vice president acting as president rather than becoming president when filling a vacancy . The Cabinet currently has 15 members , of which the Secretary of State is first in line ; the other Cabinet secretaries follow in the order in which their department ( or the department of which their department is the successor ) was created . Those heads of department who are constitutionally ineligible to be elected to the presidency are also disqualified from assuming the powers and duties of the presidency through succession . Since 1789 , the vice president has succeeded to the presidency intra-term on nine occasions , eight times due to the incumbent 's death , and once due to resignation . No one lower in the line of succession has yet been called upon to act as president . Widely considered a settled issue during the late 20th century , the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 demonstrated the potential for a decapitation strike that would kill or incapacitate multiple individuals in the presidential line of succession , in addition to many members of Congress and of the federal judiciary . In the years immediately following the attacks , there were numerous wide - ranging discussions in Congress , among academics , and within the public policy community about continuity of government concerns , including the existing constitutional and statutory provisions governing presidential succession . These discussions are ongoing . One effort , that of the Continuity of Government Commission , a nonpartisan think tank , produced three reports ( in 2003 , 2009 , and 2011 ) , the second of which focused on the implicit ambiguities and limitations in the current succession act , and contained recommendations for amending the laws for succession to the presidency . Contents 1 Current order 2 Constitutional provisions 2.1 Presidential eligibility 2.2 Presidential succession 3 Succession acts 3.1 Act of 1792 3.2 Act of 1886 3.3 Act of 1947 4 Ambiguities regarding succession and inability 5 Presidential succession by vice presidents 6 Presidential succession beyond the vice president 6.1 Next in line 6.1. 1 Under the 1792 succession act 6.1. 2 Under the 1886 succession act 6.1. 3 Under the 1947 succession act 7 Contemporary issues and concerns 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Current order ( edit ) The table below details the current presidential order of succession as established by the 1947 presidential succession statute as amended ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . The order is determined by the offices . However , the individual in an office must still satisfy the constitutional requirements for the office in order to serve as Acting President . In the table , the absence of a number in the first column indicates that the incumbent is ineligible , or is of uncertain eligibility . In such cases , a note explains the detail . No . Office Current officer Party Vice President Mike Pence Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan Republican President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Republican Secretary of State Mike Pompeo Republican 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin Republican 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Independent 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions Republican 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke Republican 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue Republican 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross Republican 11 Secretary of Labor Alexander Acosta Republican 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar Republican 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson Republican -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao Republican 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry Republican 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos Republican 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert Wilkie Republican 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen Independent Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Presidential eligibility ( edit ) Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency . To serve as president , one must : be a natural - born U.S. citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; and be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications , however , would still be constitutionally disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the 22nd Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the 14th Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Presidential succession ( edit ) The presidential line of succession is mentioned at four places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The 12th Amendment includes a statement clarifying that , just as they would due to the president 's death or disability , the powers and duties of the presidency devolve to the vice president if -- following a presidential election where no candidate won an absolute majority of votes in the Electoral College -- the House of Representatives has been unable to elect a president by the scheduled beginning of the president 's term . The 20th Amendment , Section 3 , supersedes the above 12th Amendment provision , by declaring that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected , and also that , if on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . It also authorizes Congress to provide for instances in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect have qualified . The 25th Amendment , Section 1 , clarifies Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 , by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president , and becomes president if the incumbent dies , resigns or is removed from office . It also , in sections 3 and 4 , provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . Additionally , in Section 2 , the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession , establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began ; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967 . Further information : Vice President of the United States § Vacancies Succession acts ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Act of 1792 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ( Full text ) provided for succession to the presidency , in the event both the office of the President and the Vice President were vacant , by , first , the president pro tempore of the Senate , followed by , if need be , the speaker of the House . Various framers of the Constitution , such as James Madison , criticized the arrangement as being contrary to their intent . The decision to build the line of succession around those two officials was made after a long and contentious debate . In addition to the president pro tempore and the speaker , both the secretary of state and the chief justice of the Supreme Court were also suggested . Including the secretary of state was unacceptable to most Federalists , who did not want the then secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the opposition Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession , and many objected to including the chief justice due to separation of powers concerns . The statute provided that the presidential successor would serve in an acting capacity , holding office only until a new president could be elected . A special election was to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The persons elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year ; no such election ever took place . Act of 1886 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1886 ( Full text ) established a line of succession that included the members of the president 's cabinet , the order of the establishment of the various departments , beginning with the Secretary of State , and stipulated that any official discharging the powers and duties of the presidency must possess the constitutional qualifications to hold the office . The president pro tempore and speaker were excluded from the new line ; also dropped was the provision mandating a special presidential election when a double vacancy arose . The need for increasing the number of presidential successors was abundantly clear to Congress , for twice within the span of four years it happened that there was no one in the presidential line of succession . In September 1881 , When Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency following James A. Garfield 's death , there was no vice President , no president pro tempore of the Senate , and no Speaker of the House of Representatives . Then , in November 1885 , Grover Cleveland faced a similar situation , following the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks , as the Senate and the House had not convened yet to elect new officers . Act of 1947 ( edit ) The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( Full text ) restored the speaker of the House and president pro tempore of the Senate to the line of succession -- but in reverse - order from their 1792 positions -- and placed them ahead of the members of the Cabinet , who were positioned once more in the order of the establishment of their department . Placing the speaker and the president pro tempore ( both elected officials ) back in the succession and placing them ahead of cabinet members ( all of whom are appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate ) , was Harry S. Truman 's idea . Personally conveyed to Congress in June 1945 , two months after becoming president upon Franklin D. Roosevelt 's death , the proposal reflected Truman 's belief that the president should not have the power to appoint to office `` the person who would be my immediate successor in the event of my own death or inability to act , '' and that the presidency should , whenever possible , `` be filled by an elective officer . '' The Act , which the president signed into law on July 18 , 1947 , has been modified several times , with changes being made as the face of the federal bureaucracy has changed over the ensuing years . Its most recent change came about in 2006 , when the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act added the secretary of Homeland Security to the presidential line of succession . Ambiguities regarding succession and inability ( edit ) In April 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency intra-term upon the death of William Henry Harrison . Although the Presidential Succession Clause in Article II of the Constitution clearly provided for the vice president to take over the `` powers and duties '' of the presidency in the event of a president 's removal , death , resignation , or inability , left unclear was whether the vice president became president of the United States or simply acted as president in a case of succession . Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency until a new president could be elected . The hypothetical debate about whether the office or merely the powers of the office devolve upon a vice president who succeeds to the presidency between elections became an urgent constitutional issue in 1841 , when President William Henry Harrison died in office , only 31 days into his term . Vice President John Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to carry out the full powers and duties of the presidency , asserting he was the president and not merely a temporary acting president , by taking the presidential oath of office . Many around him -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress , along with Whig party leaders , and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . He was nicknamed `` His Accidency '' and excoriated as a usurper . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' setting a momentous precedent for an orderly transfer of presidential power following a president 's death , one that was written into the Constitution as section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Even after the precedent regarding presidential succession due to the president 's death was set , the part of the Presidential Succession Clause that provided for replacing a disabled president remained unclear . What constituted an `` inability '' ? Who determined the existence of an inability ? Did a vice president become president for the rest of the presidential term in the case of an inability ; or was the vice president merely `` acting as President '' ? Due to this lack of clarity , later vice presidents were hesitant to assert any role in cases of presidential inability . Two situations are noteworthy : On July 2 , 1881 , James Garfield was shot ; hit from behind by two bullets ( one grazing his arm and the other lodging in his back ) . The president wavered between life and death for 80 days after the shooting ; it was the first time that the nation as a whole experienced the uncertainties associated with a prolonged period of presidential inability . Most disconcerting , especially for Garfield administration personnel and members of Congress , was the lack of constitutional guidance on how to handle the situation . No one was sure who , if anyone , should exercise presidential authority while the president was disabled ; many urged Vice President Chester Arthur to step - up , but he declined , fearful of being labeled a usurper . Aware that he was in a delicate position and that his every action was placed under scrutiny , Arthur remained secluded in his New York City home for most of the summer . Members of the Garfield Cabinet conferred daily with the president 's doctors , and kept the vice president informed of significant developments on the president 's condition . In October 1919 , Woodrow Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke . Nearly blind and partially paralyzed , he spent the final 17 months of his presidency sequestered in the White House . Vice President Thomas Marshall , the cabinet , and the nation were kept in the dark over the severity of the president 's illness for several months . Marshall was pointedly afraid to ask about Wilson 's health , or to preside over cabinet meetings , fearful that he would be accused of `` longing for his place . '' Though members of both parties in Congress pledged to support him if he assert his claim to the presidency , Marshall declined to act , or to do anything that might seem ambitious or disloyal to Wilson . At a time when the fight over joining the League of Nations was reaching a climax , and domestic issues such as strikes , unemployment , inflation and the threat of Communism were demanding action , the operations of the executive branch were once more hampered due to the fact that there was no constitutional basis for declaring that the president was unable to function . When Dwight D. Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September 1955 , he and Vice President Richard Nixon developed an informal plan authorizing Nixon to assume some administrative duties during Eisenhower 's recovery . Although it did not have the force of law , the plan helped to reassure the nation . The agreement also contained a provision whereby Eisenhower could declare his own inability and , if unable to do so , empowered Nixon , with appropriate consultation , to make the decision . Had it been invoked , Nixon would have served as acting president until the president issued a declaration of his recovery . Moved forward as consequence of President Kennedy 's November 1963 assassination , this informal plan evolved into constitutional procedure a decade later through Sections 3 and 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , which resolved the uncertainties surrounding presidential disability . Presidential succession by vice presidents ( edit ) Nine vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency intra-term , eight due to the president 's death , and one due to the president 's resignation from office . Successor Party Date and reason for succession John Tyler Whig April 4 , 1841 , William Henry Harrison died 31 days into his presidency . Millard Fillmore Whig July 9 , 1850 , Zachary Taylor died 1 year , 4 months and 5 days into his presidency . Andrew Johnson Republican April 15 , 1865 , Abraham Lincoln died 4 years , 1 month and 11 days into his presidency . Chester A. Arthur Republican September 19 , 1881 , James A. Garfield died 6 months and 15 days into his presidency . Theodore Roosevelt Republican September 14 , 1901 , William McKinley died 4 years , 6 months and 10 days into his presidency . Calvin Coolidge Republican August 2 , 1923 , Warren G. Harding died 2 years , 4 months and 29 days into his presidency . Harry S. Truman Democratic April 12 , 1945 , Franklin D. Roosevelt died 12 years , 1 month and 8 days into his presidency . Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic November 22 , 1963 , John F. Kennedy died 2 years , 10 months and 2 days into his presidency . Gerald Ford Republican August 9 , 1974 , Richard Nixon resigned from office 5 years , 6 months and 20 days into his presidency . Additionally , two vice presidents have temporarily assumed the powers and duties of the presidency as acting president , as authorized by Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment : George H.W. Bush did so once , on July 13 , 1985 , and Dick Cheney did so twice , on June 29 , 2002 , and on July 21 , 2007 . Presidential succession beyond the vice president ( edit ) While several vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency upon the death or resignation of the president , and a number of them have died or resigned , the offices of President and Vice President have never been simultaneously vacant ; thus no other officer in the presidential line of succession has ever been called upon to act as president . The prospect of such a double vacancy lurked in the shadows surrounding President Abraham Lincoln 's 1865 assassination , as Vice President Andrew Johnson ( along with Secretary of State William Seward and possibly General Ulysses S. Grant ) was also targeted as part of John Wilkes Booth 's plot to destabilize the Union government . It was also there three years later , when , as president and with the vice presidency vacant , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and faced removal from office if convicted at trial in the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . Ratification of the 25th Amendment , with its mechanism for filling an intra-term vice presidential vacancy , has made calling on the speaker , president pro tempore , or a cabinet member to serve as acting president unlikely to happen , except in the aftermath of a catastrophic event . Only a few years after it went into effect , in October 1973 , at the height of Watergate , Vice President Spiro Agnew resigned . With Agnew 's unexpected departure , and the state of Richard Nixon 's presidency , Speaker of the House Carl Albert was suddenly first in line to become acting president . The vacancy continued until Gerald Ford was sworn in as vice president on December 6 , 1973 . Albert was also next in line from the time Ford assumed the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , following Nixon 's resignation from office , until Ford 's choice to succeed him as vice president , Nelson Rockefeller , was confirmed by Congress four months later . Next in line ( edit ) The vice presidency has been vacant on 18 occasions since 1789 ; during those periods , the following people have been next in line to serve as Acting President of the United States : Under the 1792 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office Party Dates Reason President William H. Crawford President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican April 20 , 1812 -- March 4 , 1813 Death of Vice President George Clinton Madison Langdon Cheves Speaker of the House Democratic - Republican November 23 , 1814 -- November 25 , 1814 Death of Vice President Elbridge Gerry ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate Madison John Gaillard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic - Republican November 25 , 1814 -- March 4 , 1817 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Hugh Lawson White President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 28 , 1832 -- March 4 , 1833 Resignation of Vice President John C. Calhoun Jackson Samuel L. Southard President pro tempore of the Senate Whig April 4 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1842 Death of President William Henry Harrison and accession of Vice President John Tyler to the presidency Tyler Willie Person Mangum President pro tempore of the Senate Whig May 31 , 1842 -- March 4 , 1845 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 5 Vacant July 9 , 1850 -- July 11 , 1850 Death of President Zachary Taylor and accession of Vice President Millard Fillmore to the presidency ; vacancy in office of President pro tempore of the Senate ; and ineligibility of Speaker of the House Howell Cobb who was not yet 35 years old Fillmore William R. King President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic July 11 , 1850 -- December 20 , 1852 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 20 , 1852 -- March 4 , 1853 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 6 David Rice Atchison President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic April 18 , 1853 -- December 4 , 1854 Death of Vice President William R. King Pierce Lewis Cass President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 4 , 1854 -- December 5 , 1854 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic December 5 , 1854 -- June 9 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Charles E. Stuart President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 9 , 1856 -- June 10 , 1856 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Jesse D. Bright President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic June 11 , 1856 -- January 6 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States James Murray Mason President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic January 6 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1857 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 7 Lafayette S. Foster President pro tempore of the Senate Republican April 15 , 1865 -- March 2 , 1867 Death of President Abraham Lincoln and accession of Vice President Andrew Johnson to the presidency A. Johnson Benjamin Wade President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 2 , 1867 -- March 4 , 1869 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 8 Thomas W. Ferry President pro tempore of the Senate Republican November 22 , 1875 -- March 4 , 1877 Death of Vice President Henry Wilson Grant 9 Vacant September 19 , 1881 -- October 10 , 1881 Death of President James A. Garfield and accession of Vice President Chester A. Arthur to the presidency ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Arthur Thomas F. Bayard President pro tempore of the Senate Democratic October 10 , 1881 -- October 13 , 1881 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States David Davis President pro tempore of the Senate Independent October 13 , 1881 -- March 3 , 1883 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States George F. Edmunds President pro tempore of the Senate Republican March 3 , 1883 -- March 3 , 1885 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 10 Vacant November 25 , 1885 -- December 7 , 1885 Death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks ; vacancy in offices of President pro tempore of the Senate and Speaker of the House Cleveland John Sherman President pro tempore of the Senate Republican December 7 , 1885 -- January 19 , 1886 Elected President pro tempore of the Senate ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Under the 1886 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office Party Dates Reason President 10 Thomas F. Bayard Secretary of State Democratic January 19 , 1886 -- March 4 , 1889 Succession Act of 1886 is enacted ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Cleveland 11 John Hay Secretary of State Republican November 21 , 1899 -- March 4 , 1901 Death of Vice President Garret Hobart McKinley 12 John Hay Secretary of State Republican September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1905 Death of President William McKinley and accession of Vice President Theodore Roosevelt to the presidency T. Roosevelt 13 Philander C. Knox Secretary of State Republican October 30 , 1912 -- March 4 , 1913 Death of Vice President James S. Sherman Taft 14 Charles Evans Hughes Secretary of State Republican August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1925 Death of President Warren G. Harding and accession of Vice President Calvin Coolidge to the presidency Coolidge 15 Edward Stettinius Jr . Secretary of State Democratic April 12 , 1945 -- June 27 , 1945 Death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and accession of Vice President Harry S. Truman to the presidency Truman Henry Morgenthau Jr . Secretary of the Treasury Democratic June 27 , 1945 -- July 3 , 1945 Resignation of Secretary of State Edward Stettinius Jr. ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States James F. Byrnes Secretary of State Democratic July 3 , 1945 -- January 21 , 1947 Confirmed as Secretary of State ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States George Marshall Secretary of State Democratic January 21 , 1947 -- July 18 , 1947 Confirmed as Secretary of State ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Under the 1947 succession act ( edit ) No . Official Office Party Dates Reason President 15 Joseph William Martin Jr . Speaker of the House Republican July 18 , 1947 -- January 3 , 1949 Succession Act of 1947 is enacted ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States Truman Sam Rayburn Speaker of the House Democratic January 3 , 1949 -- January 20 , 1949 Elected Speaker of the House ; continuing vacancy in the office of Vice President of the United States 16 John W. McCormack Speaker of the House Democratic November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1965 Death of President John F. Kennedy and accession of Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson to the presidency L. Johnson 17 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic October 10 , 1973 -- December 6 , 1973 Resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew Nixon 18 Carl Albert Speaker of the House Democratic August 9 , 1974 -- December 19 , 1974 Resignation of President Richard Nixon and accession of Vice President Gerald Ford to the presidency Ford Contemporary issues and concerns ( edit ) In 2003 , the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission commented on the use of the term `` Officer '' in the 1947 statute , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) In 2016 - 17 , the Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession developed a series of proposals to `` resolve succession issues that have received little attention from scholars and commissions '' over the past several decades . The clinic 's recommendations included : Remove legislators and several Cabinet members from the line of succession and adding four officials , or `` Standing Successors , '' outside of Washington , D.C. The line of succession would be : 1st -- Secretary of State , 2nd -- Secretary of Defense , 3rd -- Attorney General , 4th -- Secretary of Homeland Security , 5th -- Secretary of the Treasury , 6th -- Standing Successor 1 , 7th -- Standing Successor 2 , 8th -- Standing Successor 3 , and 9th -- Standing Successor 4 ; If legislators are not removed from the line of succession , only designate them as successors in cases where the President dies or resigns not where he is disabled ( to protect legislators from being forced to resign to act as President temporarily ) or removed from office ; Eliminate the `` bumping provision '' in the Succession Act of 1947 ; Clarify the ambiguity in the Succession Act of 1947 as to whether acting Cabinet secretaries are in the line of succession ; That the outgoing President nominate and the Senate confirm some of the incoming President 's Cabinet secretaries prior to Inauguration Day , which is a particular point of vulnerability for the line of succession ; Establish statutory procedures for declaring 1 -- a dual inability of the President and the Vice President , including where there is no Vice President and 2 -- a sole inability of the Vice President . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Department of Defense is the successor to the earlier Department of War . Jump up ^ The Department of Health and Human Services is the successor to the earlier Department of Health , Education and Welfare . Jump up ^ Not eligible to become Acting President -- not a natural - born U.S. citizen ( citizenship acquired through naturalization ) . Jump up ^ The final sentence of the 12th Amendment explicitly states that the constitutional qualifications for holding the presidency also apply to being vice president . Jump up ^ This section 2 of the 25th Amendment has been invoked twice : 1973 -- Gerald Ford was nominated and confirmed to office following Spiro Agnew 's resignation . 1974 -- Nelson Rockefeller was nominated and confirmed to office after Gerald Ford became president upon Richard Nixon 's resignation . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney - General , Postmaster - General , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Interior . Jump up ^ Secretary of State , Secretary of the Treasury , Secretary of War , Attorney General , Postmaster General , Secretary of the Navy , Secretary of the Interior , Secretary of Agriculture , Secretary of Commerce , Secretary of Labor . Jump up ^ 1947 -- substituted Secretary of Defense for Secretary of War and struck out Secretary of the Navy . 1965 -- added Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and also Secretary of Housing and Urban Development . 1966 -- added Secretary of Transportation . 1970 -- removed Postmaster General . 1977 -- added Secretary of Energy . 1979 -- substituted Secretary of Health and Human Services for Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare and added Secretary of Education . 1988 -- Secretary of Veterans Affairs . 2006 -- Secretary of Homeland Security . Jump up ^ Various friends and colleagues of Senator David Rice Atchison asserted that both offices were vacant on March 4 -- 5 1849 , because the terms of President Zachary Taylor and Vice President Millard Fillmore began on March 4 , but neither took their oath of office on that day -- following precedent as the day fell on a Sunday . The inauguration was held the next day , Monday , March 5 . Consequently , they considered David Rice Atchison , by virtue of being the last President pro tempore of the Senate in the out - going Congress , to have been Acting President of the United States during the day - long Interregnum ( in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 ) . Historians , constitutional scholars and biographers all dismiss the claim . Atchison did not take the presidential oath of office either , and his term as president pro tempore had expired on March 4 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Succession : Presidential and Vice Presidential Fast Facts '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Fordham University School of Law Clinic on Presidential Succession , Fifty Years After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment : Recommendations for Improving the Presidential Succession System '' . Fordham Law Review . 86 ( 3 ) : 917 -- 1025 . 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back ... The National Security Act of 1947 '' . News & Information . Langley , Virginia : Central Intelligence Agency . July 31 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HHS Historical Highlights '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Debbie ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` A president resigns , dies or is impeached : What is the line of succession ? '' . WFTV.com . Cox Media Group . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Article II . The Executive Branch , Annenberg Classroom '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Law School . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Albert , Richard ( Winter 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 4 ) : 812 -- 893 . Jump up ^ `` Article I '' . US Legal System . USLegal . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moreno , Paul . `` Articles on Amendment XIV : Disqualification for Rebellion '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Article II : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ( 2011 ) . `` Presidential Succession and Inability : Before and After the Twenty - Fifth Amendment '' . Fordham Law Review . 79 ( 3 ) : 907 -- 949 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Larson , Edward J. ; Shesol , Jeff . `` The Twentieth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 5 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kalt , Brian C. ; Pozen , David . `` The Twenty - fifth Amendment '' . The Interactive Constitution . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spivak , Joshua ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` America 's System for Presidential Succession is Ridiculous '' . Time . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 57 -- 62 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Relyea , Harold C. ( August 5 , 2005 ) . `` Continuity of Government : Current Federal Arrangements and the Future '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . pp. 2 -- 4 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Truman , Harry S. ( June 19 , 1945 ) . `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency '' . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 US Code Title 3 -- The President Chapter 1 -- Presidential Elections and Vacancies Sec. 19 -- Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Succession '' . US Law . Mountain View , California : Justia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Freehling , William . `` John Tyler : Domestic Affairs '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John . `` Essays on Amendment XXV : Presidential Succession '' . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 118 -- 127 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ Amber , Saladin . `` Woodrow Wilson : Life After The Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas R. Marshall , 28th Vice President ( 1913 -- 1921 ) '' . Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress 1774 -- Present . Washington , D.C. : United States Congress . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , John M. ( 2009 ) . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography . Alfred A. Knopf . p. 555 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26541 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Neale , Thomas H. ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Succession : Overview and Current Legislation '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Research Service , the Library of Congress . p. 22 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vice President of the United States ( President of the Senate ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freehling , William . `` William Harrison : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holt , Michael . `` Zachary Taylor : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Michael . `` Abraham Lincoln : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` James Garfield '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` William McKinley '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trani , Eugene P. `` Warren G. Harding : Death of the President '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` Franklin D. Roosevelt '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ; Sidey , Hugh . `` John F. Kennedy '' . WhiteHouse.gov . From `` The Presidents of the United States of America '' . ( 2006 ) Washington D.C. : White House Historical Association . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Ken . `` Richard Nixon : Life After the Presidency '' . Charllotesville , Virginia : Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woolley , John ; Peters , Gerhard . `` List of Vice-Presidents Who Served as `` Acting '' President Under the 25th Amendment `` . The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Santa Barbara , California : University of California ( hosted ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 16th Presidential Inauguration : Zachary Taylor , March 5 , 1849 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` The forgotten man who almost became President after Lincoln '' . The constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The National Constitution Center . April 15 , 2018 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gup , Ted ( November 28 , 1982 ) . `` Speaker Albert Was Ready to Be President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George Clinton , 4th Vice President ( 1805 - 1812 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 84 , 86 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Tyler , Tenth Vice President ( 1841 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 104 -- 105 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` William Rufus King , 13th Vice President ( 1853 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Pro Tempore '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Secretary , United States Senate . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bomboy , Scott ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Five little - known men who almost became president '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : National Constitution Center . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . p. 116 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Nancy , ed . ( August 22 , 2008 ) . `` Chapter 2 : A Question of Succession , 1861 - 1889 '' ( PDF ) . Pro tem : presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate since 1789 . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing office . pp. 55 -- 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 079984 - 6 . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . ^ Jump up to : Feinman , Ronald L. ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` These 11 People Came Close to Being President of the United States ... '' . Seattle , Washington : History News Network . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Feerick , John D. ; Freund , Paul A. ( 1965 ) . From Failing Hands : the Story of Presidential Succession . New York City : Fordham University Press . pp. 204 -- 205 . LCCN 65 - 14917 . Jump up ^ `` List of Speakers of the House '' . Washington , D.C. : Office of the Clerk , U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Feinman , Ronald L. ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` Three Speakers Of The House Who Were `` A Heartbeat Away '' From The Presidency ! `` . TheProgressiveProfessor . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of Congress : The First Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' ( PDF ) . Preserving Our Institutions . Washington , D.C. : Continuity of Government Commission . May 2003 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 28 , 2008 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency : The Second Report of the Continuity of Government Commission '' ( PDF ) . Preserving Our Institutions . Washington , D.C. : Continuity of Government Commission . June 2009 . p. 34 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 -- via WebCite . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who becomes the vice president if the president is impeached	[ "The 25th Amendment, Section 1, clarifies Article II, Section 1, Clause 6, by stating unequivocally that the vice president is the direct successor of the president, and becomes president if the incumbent dies, resigns or is removed from office. It also, in sections 3 and 4, provides for situations where the president is temporarily disabled, such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit. Additionally, in Section 2, the amendment provides a mechanism for intra-term vice presidential succession, establishing that vice presidential vacancies will be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress.[E] Previously, whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had died or resigned from office, the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began; there were 16 such vacancies prior to 1967.[15]" ]	[ "filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of Congress" ]
319754554314000014	1972 FA Cup Final	1972 FA Cup final - wikipedia 1972 FA Cup final Jump to : navigation , search 1972 FA Cup Final Event 1971 -- 72 FA Cup Leeds United Arsenal 0 Date 6 May 1972 Venue Wembley Stadium , London Referee David Smith ( Stonehouse ) Attendance 100,000 ← 1971 1973 → The 1972 FA Cup Final took place on 6 May 1972 at Wembley Stadium . It was the centenary final ( although only the 91st final due to world wars ) and the 44th to be played at Wembley . It was contested between cup holders Arsenal , who had won the Football League and the FA Cup the previous season , and Leeds United , who had won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and finished 2nd in the league the previous season . They had never won the trophy before . Arsenal planned to make it the third decade for a club to return as Cup - holders and win again for the second successive year , as Newcastle had done in 1952 and Tottenham in 1962 . The final is also the origin of the song `` Leeds ! Leeds ! Leeds ! '' ( commonly known as `` Marching On Together '' ) as the B - side of the Leeds cup final song , still played by United and other Leeds sports teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Road to Wembley 1.1 Leeds United 1.2 Arsenal 2 Match summary 3 Match facts 4 External links Road to Wembley ( edit ) Leeds United ( edit ) Home teams listed first . Round 3 : Leeds United 4 -- 1 Bristol Rovers Round 4 : Liverpool 0 -- 0 Leeds United Replay : Leeds United 2 -- 0 Liverpool Round 5 : Cardiff City 0 -- 2 Leeds United Round 6 : Leeds United 2 -- 1 Tottenham Hotspur Semi-final : Leeds United 3 -- 0 Birmingham City ( at Hillsborough Stadium , Sheffield ) Arsenal ( edit ) Home teams listed first . Round 3 : Swindon Town 0 -- 2 Arsenal Round 4 : Reading 1 -- 2 Arsenal Round 5 : Derby County 2 -- 2 Arsenal Replay : Arsenal 0 -- 0 Derby County 2nd Replay : Arsenal 1 -- 0 Derby County ( at Filbert Street ) Round 6 : Leyton Orient 0 -- 1 Arsenal Semi-final : Stoke City 1 -- 1 Arsenal ( at Villa Park , Birmingham ) Replay : Arsenal 2 -- 1 Stoke City ( at Goodison Park , Everton ) Match summary ( edit ) The Leeds duo Mick Jones and Allan ' Sniffer ' Clarke combined to produce a goal in the fifty - third minute . Jones sent across a hard , shoulder - high centre and Clarke headed powerfully past Arsenal keeper Geoff Barnett 's left hand from fifteen yards . A match that often fell below the highest level began badly with a foul by Clarke on Alan Ball in the first five seconds and the first of four bookings -- Bob McNab bringing down Peter Lorimer as early as the second minute . Neither side played consistently up to their capabilities , yet both had their moments . Charlie George 's fierce volley cannoned back off the bar for Arsenal , and both Clarke and Lorimer struck the woodwork for Leeds . Leeds ' jubilation at the end was tempered by a last - minute injury to Mick Jones , who dislocated his elbow and had to be helped up the steps by Norman Hunter to receive his winners ' medal . Match facts ( edit ) 6 May 1972 15 : 00 BST Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Clarke 53 ' ( Report ) Wembley , London Attendance : 100,000 Referee : David Smith Leeds United Arsenal GK David Harvey RB Paul Reaney LB Paul Madeley MF Billy Bremner ( c ) CB 5 Jack Charlton CB 6 Norman Hunter RW 7 Peter Lorimer FW 8 Allan Clarke FW 9 Mick Jones MF 10 Johnny Giles LW 11 Eddie Gray Substitute : MF 12 Mick Bates Manager : Don Revie GK Geoff Barnett RB Pat Rice LB Bob McNab MF Peter Storey CB 5 Frank McLintock ( c ) CB 6 Peter Simpson MF 7 George Armstrong MF 8 Alan Ball FW 9 Charlie George FW 10 John Radford 73 ' MF 11 George Graham Substitute : FW 12 Ray Kennedy 73 ' Manager : Bertie Mee Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Replay if scores still level . One named substitute . External links ( edit ) Match Programme at fa-cupfinals.co.uk Game facts at soccerbase.com Full Results from the 1972 FA Cup competition at soccerbase.com Match Report at Mighty Whites FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 2001 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round 1971 -- 72 in English football `` 1970 -- 71 1972 -- 73 '' FA competitions FA Cup ( Qualifying rounds Final ) Charity Shield FA Trophy Football League Football League ( First Division Second Division Third Division Fourth Division ) League Cup ( Final ) Lower leagues Isthmian League Northern Premier League Southern League Western League Yorkshire League European competitions European Cup UEFA Cup ( Final ) European Cup Winners ' Cup Anglo - Italian Cup Texaco Cup Related to national team Alf Ramsey Home Championship UEFA Euro 1972 ( qualification ) Club seasons First Division Arsenal Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Derby County Everton Huddersfield Town Ipswich Town Leeds United Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Nottingham Forest Queens Park Rangers Sheffield United Southampton Stoke City Tottenham Hotspur West Bromwich Albion West Ham United Wolverhampton Wanderers Second Division Birmingham City Blackpool Bristol City Burnley Cardiff City Carlisle United Charlton Athletic Fulham Hull City Leyton Orient Luton Town Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Oxford United Portsmouth Preston North End Sheffield Wednesday Sunderland Swindon Town Watford Third Division Aston Villa Barnsley Blackburn Rovers Bolton Wanderers Bournemouth Bradford City Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol Rovers Chesterfield Halifax Town Mansfield Town Notts County Oldham Athletic Plymouth Argyle Port Vale Rochdale Rotherham United Shrewsbury Town Swansea City Torquay United Tranmere Rovers Walsall Wrexham York City Fourth Division Aldershot Barrow Brentford Bury Cambridge United Chester Colchester United Crewe Alexandra Darlington Doncaster Rovers Exeter City Gillingham Grimsby Town Hartlepool United Lincoln City Newport County Northampton Town Peterborough United Reading Scunthorpe United Southend United Southport Stockport County Workington Leeds United F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1965 1970 1972 1973 League Cup Finals 1968 FA Charity Shields 1969 1992 European Cup Final European Cup Winners ' Cup Final 1973 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Finals 1967 1968 1971 Trophy Play - Off Football League play - off Finals 1987 Second Division 2006 Championship 2008 League One Arsenal F.C. matches FA Cup Finals 1927 1930 1932 1936 1950 1952 1971 1972 1978 1979 1980 1993 1998 2001 2002 2003 2005 2014 2015 2017 Football League War Cup Finals 1941 1943 League Cup Finals 1968 1969 1988 1993 2007 2011 2018 FA Community Shields 1930 1931 1933 1934 1935 1936 1938 1948 1953 1979 1989 1991 1993 1998 1999 2002 2003 2005 2014 2015 2017 UEFA Champions League Final 2006 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Finals 1980 1994 1995 UEFA Cup Final 2000 riots Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final 1970 European Super Cup 1994 Other matches Leicester City 6 -- 6 Arsenal ( 1930 ) Aston Villa 1 -- 7 Arsenal ( 1935 ) Liverpool 0 -- 2 Arsenal ( 1989 ) Manchester United -- Arsenal brawl ( 1990 ) Wrexham 2 -- 1 Arsenal ( 1992 ) Battle of Old Trafford ( 2003 ) Battle of the Buffet ( 2004 ) MLS All - Star Game ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_FA_Cup_Final&oldid=815237633 '' Categories : 1971 -- 72 FA Cup FA Cup Finals Arsenal F.C. matches Leeds United F.C. matches 1972 in London May 1972 sports events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 16 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did leeds united win the fa cup	[ "\n1972 FA Cup Final\n\n\n\n\nEvent\n1971–72 FA Cup\n\n\n\n\n\nLeeds United\nArsenal\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n0\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\n6 May 1972\n\n\nVenue\nWembley Stadium, London\n\n\nReferee\nDavid Smith (Stonehouse)\n\n\nAttendance\n100,000\n\n\n\n← 1971\n1973 →\n\n\n" ]	[ "6 May 1972" ]
-8289331258380558982	Dadasaheb Phalke Award	Dadasaheb Phalke award - Wikipedia Dadasaheb Phalke award Dadasaheb Phalke Award National award for contributions to Indian Cinema Awarded for `` outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema '' Sponsored by Directorate of Film Festivals Reward ( s ) Swarna Kamal ( Golden Lotus ) ₹ 1,000,000 ( US $15,000 ) First awarded 1969 Last awarded 2017 Most recent winner Vinod Khanna ( Posthumous ) Highlights Total awarded 49 First winner Devika Rani Dadasaheb Phalke , often credited as `` the father of Indian cinema '' , made India 's first full - length feature Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) . The Dadasaheb Phalke Award is India 's highest award in cinema . It is presented annually at the National Film Awards ceremony by the Directorate of Film Festivals , an organisation set up by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . The recipient is honoured for their `` outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema '' and is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry . As of 2016 , the award comprises a Swarna Kamal ( Golden Lotus ) medallion , a shawl , and a cash prize of ₹ 1,000,000 ( US $15,000 ) . First presented in 1969 , the award was introduced by the Government of India to commemorate Dadasaheb Phalke 's contribution to Indian cinema . Phalke ( 1870 -- 1944 ) , who is popularly known as and often regarded as `` the father of Indian cinema '' , was an Indian film - maker who directed India 's first full - length feature film , Raja Harishchandra ( 1913 ) . The first recipient of the award was actress Devika Rani , who was honoured at the 17th National Film Awards . As of 2017 , there have been 49 awardees . Among those , actor Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1971 ) and actor Vinod Khanna ( 2017 ) are the only posthumous recipients . His actor - filmmaker son , Raj Kapoor , accepted the award on his behalf at the 19th National Film Awards in 1971 and was himself a recipient in 1987 at the 35th National Film Awards ceremony . Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy ( 1974 ) and Bommireddy Nagi Reddy ( 1986 ) ; Raj Kapoor ( 1987 ) and Shashi Kapoor ( 2014 ) ; Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) and Asha Bhosle ( 2000 ) along with Baldev Raj Chopra ( 1998 ) and Yash Chopra ( 2001 ) are the siblings who have won the award . The most recent recipient of the award is actor Vinod Khanna who will be honoured at the 65th National Film Awards ceremony . Khanna has been awarded posthumously . Contents 1 Recipients 2 Explanatory notes 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 Further reading 6 External links Recipients ( edit ) List of award recipients by year Year ( Ceremony ) Image Recipient Film industry Notes 1969 ( 17th ) Devika Rani Hindi Widely acknowledged as `` the first lady of Indian cinema '' , the actress debuted in Karma ( 1933 ) , which was the first Indian English - language film and the first Indian film to feature an on - screen kiss . She also founded the first Indian public limited film company , Bombay Talkies , in 1934 . 1970 ( 18th ) Birendranath Sircar Bengali The founder of two production companies , International Filmcraft and New Theatres , Sircar is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indian cinema . He also built two cinema theatres in Calcutta , one for screening Bengali films and one for Hindi films . 1971 ( 19th ) Prithviraj Kapoor Hindi Kapoor began his acting career in theatres and starred in India 's first sound film , Alam Ara ( 1931 ) . He founded Prithvi Theatre , a travelling theatre company in 1944 `` to promote Hindi stage productions '' . 1972 ( 20th ) Pankaj Mullick Bengali Hindi A composer , singer and actor , Mullick began his career providing background music by conducting live orchestras during the screening of silent films . He is best known for Mahishasuramardini , a radio musical composed in 1931 . 1973 ( 21st ) Ruby Myers ( Sulochana ) Hindi One of the highest - paid actresses of her time , Sulochana made her debut with Veer Bala ( 1925 ) and is considered to be `` the first sex symbol of Indian cinema '' . ( 22nd ) -- Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy Telugu The director of fifteen feature films in Telugu , Reddy was the first Indian film personality to be honoured with a Doctor of Letters and also the first to receive the Padma Bhushan , the third - highest civilian award in India . ( 23rd ) Dhirendra Nath Ganguly Bengali Considered one of the founders of Bengali film industry , Ganguly debuted as an actor in Bilat Ferat ( 1921 ) . He established three production companies - Indo British Film Company ( 1918 ) , Lotus Film Company ( 1922 ) and British Dominion Films Studio ( 1929 ) - to direct several Bengali films . 1976 ( 24th ) Kanan Devi Bengali Acknowledged as `` the first lady of Bengali cinema '' , Kanan Devi made her acting debut in silent films in the 1920s . She also sang songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and was a producer with her film company , Shrimati Pictures . 1977 ( 25th ) -- Nitin Bose Bengali Hindi A cinematographer , director and screenwriter , Bose is noted for introducing playback singing to Indian cinema in 1935 through his Bengali film Bhagya Chakra and its Hindi remake Dhoop Chhaon . 1978 ( 26th ) -- Raichand Boral Bengali Hindi Considered one of the pioneers of Indian film music , Boral was a music director who , in collaboration with director Nitin Bose , introduced the system of playback singing in Indian cinema . 1979 ( 27th ) Sohrab Modi Hindi An actor and film - maker , Modi is credited with bringing Shakespearean classics to Indian cinema and was noted for his delivery of Urdu dialogue . 1980 ( 28th ) Paidi Jairaj Hindi Telugu Initially having worked as a body double , actor - director Jairaj is known for his portrayal of Indian historical characters and was involved in instituting the Filmfare Awards . 1981 ( 29th ) Naushad Hindi Music director Naushad debuted with Prem Nagar ( 1940 ) , and is credited with introducing the technique of sound mixing to Indian cinema . 1982 ( 30th ) -- L.V. Prasad Telugu Tamil Hindi Actor - director - producer L.V. Prasad has the distinction of acting in the first talkie films produced in three languages : the Hindi Alam Ara , Tamil Kalidas and Telugu Bhakta Prahlada , all released in 1931 . He founded Prasad Studios in 1965 and the Colour Film Laboratory in 1976 . Prasad Studios has produced over 150 film in various Indian languages . ( 31st ) Durga Khote Hindi Marathi Having acted in the first Marathi - language talkie Ayodhyecha Raja ( 1932 ) , Khote is considered a pioneer among women in Indian cinema . She set up two production companies , Fact Films and Durga Khote Productions , which produced short films and documentaries . 1984 ( 32nd ) Satyajit Ray Bengali Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali ( 1955 ) , the film - maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema . 1985 ( 33rd ) V. Shantaram Hindi Marathi Actor and film - maker V. Shantaram produced and directed India 's first colour film , Sairandhri ( 1931 ) . He also produced and direct the first Marathi - language talkie , Ayodhyecha Raja ( 1932 ) , and was associated with nearly 100 films over 50 years . 1986 ( 34th ) -- B. Nagi Reddy Telugu Reddy produced more than 50 films , beginning in the 1950s . He established Vijaya Vauhini Studios which was at that time the biggest film studio in Asia . ( 35th ) Raj Kapoor Hindi Often revered as `` The Show Man '' , actor and film - maker Kapoor 's performance in the Hindi film Awara ( 1951 ) was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine in 2010 . 1988 ( 36th ) Ashok Kumar Hindi Popularly known as `` Dadamoni '' ( the grand old man ) , Kumar is noted for his roles in Achhut Kannya ( 1936 ) , Bandhan ( 1940 ) and Kismet ( 1943 ) , the first blockbuster in Indian cinema . 1989 ( 37th ) Lata Mangeshkar Hindi Marathi Widely credited as the `` nightingale of India '' , playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages . 1990 ( 38th ) Akkineni Nageswara Rao Telugu Having debuted in Dharma Pathini ( 1941 ) , Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted in more than 250 films , mostly in the Telugu language . 1991 ( 39th ) -- Bhalji Pendharkar Marathi Film - maker Pendharkar started his career in the 1920s and produced more than 60 Marathi films and eight Hindi films . He has been widely recognised for the historical and social narratives depicted in these films . 1992 ( 40th ) Bhupen Hazarika Assamese Popularly referred to as `` the Bard of Brahmaputra '' , musician Hazarika is best known for his folk songs and ballads sung in the Assamese language . 1993 ( 41st ) Majrooh Sultanpuri Hindi Lyricist Sultanpuri penned his first Hindi song for Shahjehan ( 1946 ) and wrote around 8000 songs for over 350 Hindi films . 1994 ( 42nd ) Dilip Kumar Hindi Debuting in Jwar Bhata ( 1944 ) , the `` Tragedy King '' Dilip Kumar acted in more than 60 Hindi films in a career that spanned over six decades . 1995 ( 43rd ) Rajkumar Kannada In a career spanning over 45 years , Rajkumar acted in more than 200 Kannada - language films and also won a National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1992 . ( 44th ) Sivaji Ganesan Tamil Ganesan debuted as an actor in Parasakthi ( 1952 ) and went on to appear in more than 300 films . He is known for his `` expressive and resonant voice '' . 1997 ( 45th ) Kavi Pradeep Hindi Best known for the patriotic song `` Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo '' , lyricist Pradeep wrote around 1700 songs , hymns and fiery nationalistic poems , including the lyrics for more than 80 Hindi films . 1998 ( 46th ) B.R. Chopra Hindi Film - maker B.R. Chopra established his own production house , B.R. Films , in 1956 , and is best known for the films such as Naya Daur ( 1957 ) and Hamraaz ( 1967 ) , as well as the TV series Mahabharat based on the similarly - titled epic of Hindu literature . 1999 ( 47th ) Hrishikesh Mukherjee Hindi Having directed 45 Hindi films , film - maker Mukherjee is credited with popularising `` middle - of - the - road cinema '' through films like Anuradha ( 1960 ) , Anand ( 1971 ) and Gol Maal ( 1979 ) . 2000 ( 48th ) Asha Bhosle Hindi Marathi A playback singer of `` extraordinary range and versatility '' , Bhosle began her singing career in 1948 and is acknowledged by The Guinness Book of World Records as the `` most recorded artist in music history '' . 2001 ( 49th ) Yash Chopra Hindi The founder of Yash Raj Films , Chopra debuted as a director with Dhool Ka Phool ( 1959 ) . He directed 22 Hindi films . 2002 ( 50th ) Dev Anand Hindi Widely revered as `` evergreen star of Hindi cinema '' , actor and film - maker Anand co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 and produced 35 films . 2003 ( 51st ) Mrinal Sen Bengali Regarded as one of `` India 's most important film - makers '' , Sen debuted as a director with Raat Bhore ( 1955 ) and made 27 films in 50 years . ( 52nd ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan Malayalam Credited with pioneering the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema , director Gopalakrishnan won the National Film Award for Best Direction for his debut film , Swayamvaram ( 1972 ) . He has been acclaimed for his `` ability to portray complex problems in a simplistic way '' . 2005 ( 53rd ) Shyam Benegal Hindi Benegal started his career by making advertising films . He directed his first feature film , Ankur , in 1973 . His films have focused on women and their rights . 2006 ( 54th ) -- Tapan Sinha Bengali Hindi Film - maker Sinha debuted as a director in 1954 and made more than 40 feature films in the Bengali , Hindi and Oriya languages . Most of the films addressed problems faced by ordinary people . 2007 ( 55th ) Manna Dey Bengali Hindi In a career spanning over five decades , playback singer Dey sang over 3500 songs in various Indian languages . He is also credited with `` pioneering a new genre by infusing Indian classical music in a pop framework '' . 2008 ( 56th ) V.K. Murthy Hindi Best known for his collaboration with director Guru Dutt , cinematographer Murthy shot India 's first cinemascope film , Kaagaz Ke Phool ( 1959 ) . He is best remembered for his lighting techniques in Pyaasa ( 1957 ) and the `` beam shot '' in Kaagaz Ke Phool is considered a classic in celluloid history . 2009 ( 57th ) -- D. Ramanaidu Telugu In a career spanning over 50 years , D. Ramanaidu produced more than 130 films in various Indian languages but mostly Telugu . He features in The Guinness Book of World Records for having produced films in nine languages . ( 58th ) K. Balachander Tamil Telugu Film - maker K. Balachander debuted as a director with Neerkumizhi ( 1965 ) . In a career that spanned over forty years , he directed and produced ( through his production house , Kavithalayaa Productions , established in 1981 ) over 100 films in various Indian languages . 2011 ( 59th ) Soumitra Chatterjee Bengali Best known for his frequent collaboration with director Satyajit Ray , Chatterjee debuted as an actor in Apur Sansar ( 1959 ) and worked with other directors , such as Mrinal Sen and Tapan Sinha , in a career lasting over 50 years . 2012 ( 60th ) Pran Hindi Known for his `` compelling and highly stylized performances '' , actor Pran mainly played villainous characters in Hindi films during a career spanning over 50 years . 2013 ( 61st ) Gulzar Hindi Gulzar began his career as a lyricist for Bandini ( 1963 ) and debuted as a director with Mere Apne ( 1971 ) . Known for his successful collaboration with music directors like R.D. Burman and A.R. Rahman , Gulzar won several awards for his lyrics in a career spanning over 50 years . 2014 ( 62nd ) Shashi Kapoor Hindi Winner of two National Film Awards including Best Actor for New Delhi Times in 1985 , Kapoor debuted as a child actor at the age of four in the plays directed by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and later as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra . In 1978 , Kapoor set up his production house Film `` Valas '' and played major role in reviving the Prithvi Theatre group , set up by his father . 2015 ( 63rd ) Manoj Kumar Hindi Known for his image as the patriotic hero , Kumar debuted as an actor with 1957 Hindi film Fashion . The actor and director of patriotic theme based movies , Kumar is fondly called as `` Bharat Kumar '' . 2016 ( 64th ) -- Kasinathuni Viswanath Telugu Viswanath started his career as a sound recordist . In a film career spanning sixty years , Viswanath has directed fifty three feature films in a variety of genres , including films based on performing arts , visual arts , and aesthetics . Viswanath has garnered five National Film Awards , and has received international recognition for his works . 2017 ( 65th ) Vinod Khanna Hindi Debuted in Man Ka Meet ( 1968 ) , Khanna was primarily known for his work as an actor in Hindi films during the 1970s . He took a brief break from the films ( 1982 -- 1987 ) and joined politics in 1997 . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 1972 , Raj Kapoor received the posthumous award given to his father , Prithviraj Kapoor . However , on 1 May 1988 , when he was being conferred the award by the then President of India , R. Venkataraman , Kapoor had an asthmatic attack and was rushed in the President 's ambulance . Kapoor died a month later on 2 June 1988 . Jump up ^ Prithviraj Kapoor died on 29 May 1972 , at the age of 65 . He was posthumously awarded for the year 1971 . Jump up ^ Vinod Khanna died on 27 April 2017 , at the age of 70 . He was posthumously awarded for the year 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dadasaheb Phalke Awards '' . Directorate of Film Festivals . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Agrawal , S. P ; Aggarwal , Jagdish Chand ( 1997 ) . In the Wake of Freedom : India 's Tryst with Cooperatives . Concept Publishing Company . p. 269 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 656 - 7 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2014 . `` 57th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 17 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 3 March 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . `` 58th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 14 -- 15 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Film Lyricist and Director Gulzar to be conferred Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 12 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 38 -- 42 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Prithviraj Kapoor '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda , Ritu ( 2002 ) . Raj Kapoor : Speaks . Penguin Books India . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 04952 - 3 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 35th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 5 -- 7 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharya , Roshmila ( 3 June 2012 ) . `` The show goes on ... '' Hindustan Times . Mumbai . Archived from the original on 31 May 2014 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Khubchandani , Lata ( 2003 ) . Raj Kapoor : The Great Showman . Rupa Publications . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7167 - 816 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 34th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shashi Kapoor to get Dada Saheb Phalke award '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 23 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Yash Chopra gets Dadasaheb Phalke Award '' . Rediff.com . Press Trust of India . 13 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dadasaheb Phalke award for Manoj Kumar '' . The Indian Express . New Delhi . 5 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . `` Manoj Kumar to be honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke award '' . The Hindu . New Delhi . Press Trust of India . 4 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shiraz , 1928 : Silent Film Festival '' . San Francisco Silent Film Festival . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Devika Rani '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sen , Mamta ( 7 December 2013 ) . `` Bombay Talkies of Devika Rani fame set to be revived '' . The Sunday Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 632 . Jump up ^ `` Rishi Kapoor remembers grandfather Prithviraj Kapoor on his birth anniversary '' . The Times of India . 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 593 . Jump up ^ `` Tagore songs set to tune by Pankaj Mullick , now published '' . The Indian Express . Mumbai . Press Trust of India . 13 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2014 . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 36 , 41 , 231 . Jump up ^ `` 9th International Film Festival of India '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . pp. 132 -- 143 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Singh , Kuldip ( 22 July 1992 ) . `` Obituary : Kanan Devi '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 262 -- 264 . Jump up ^ `` India : Culture '' . Michigan State University Press . Archived from the original on 7 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 26th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 590 . Jump up ^ Khubchandani , Lata ( 24 July 2000 ) . `` Impeccable lineage , towering presence '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dhawan , M.L. ( 14 May 2006 ) . `` Tribute : Naushad Ali , the Greatest '' . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 9 February 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 501 , 502 . Jump up ^ Narasimham , M.L. ( 8 September 2006 ) . `` A leader and a visionary '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dadasaheb Phalke Award for 1982 '' . lvprasad.org . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chennai Expressed '' . India Today Group . 3 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Dharker , Anil . `` Durga Khote and Madhubala '' . India Today Group . Archived from the original on 8 January 2009 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Rajadhyaksha , Mukta ( 5 March 2006 ) . `` A Durga Khote Production '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 22 October 2012 . Retrieved 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 612 . Jump up ^ `` Sight and Sound Poll 1992 : Critics '' . California Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Kevin Lee ( 5 September 2002 ) . `` A Slanted Canon '' . Asian American Film Commentary . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . `` Greatest Film Directors and Their Best Films '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . `` The Greatest Directors Ever by Total Film Magazine '' . Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on 26 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Gangadhar , V. ( 30 November 2001 ) . `` Well ahead of his times '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 22 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaur , Devinder Bir ( 15 June 2003 ) . `` A larger - than - life filmmaker '' . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` Great Performances : Raj Kapoor , Awara '' . Time . Archived from the original on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran actor Ashok Kumar passes away '' . The Economic Times . 10 December 2001 . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Nightingale Lata Mangeshkar turns 82 today '' . Firstpost. 28 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 486 , 487 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Telugu actor Akkineni Nageswara Rao no more '' . Rediff.com. 22 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 39th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 9 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies '' . BBC News Asia . 5 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who : Majrooh Sultanpuri '' . Research , Reference and Training Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting . Archived from the original on 1 January 2012 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 269 , 470 , 548 . Jump up ^ `` Nata Saarvabhouma Dr Rajkumar no more '' . Deccan Herald . 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Sivaji Ganesan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Singh , Kuldip ( 15 December 1998 ) . `` Obituary : Kavi Pradeep '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Dubey , Bharati ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Films transformed Chopra 's destiny and vice-versa '' . The Times of India . Mumbai . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` B.R. Chopra made socially relevant films '' . The Hindu . Mumbai. 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 492 , 494 , 592 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. 532 . Jump up ^ `` Most studio recordings -- singles and albums combined '' . Guinness World Records Limited . Archived from the original on 15 April 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Shah Rangachari , Gayatri ( 23 October 2012 ) . `` The Man Who Sparked Bollywood 's Love of Foreign Locales '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 10 films that made Dev Anand Bollywood 's evergreen star '' . Mumbai : CNN - IBN. 27 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With Navketan Films , Anand brothers among Bollywood 's first families '' . The Economic Times . 5 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Mrinal Sen '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Feature films @ mrinalsen.org '' . mrinalsen.org . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Adoor selected for Phalke award '' . The Hindu . 6 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 5 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When I make a film , I have no silly delusion ' '' . Rediff.com. 28 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshi , Lalit Mohan ( 11 May 2009 ) . `` Tapan Sinha : Award - winning Indian film - maker influenced by Capra and Wilder '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The life of legendary singer Manna Dey , golden voice of Indian cinema '' . Hindustan Times . Bangalore. 24 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 495 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Khajane , Muralidhara ( 20 January 2010 ) . `` Murthy first cinematographer to win Phalke award '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Film Producer Dr. D. Ramanaidu to be Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award for the Year 2009 '' . Press Information Bureau . 9 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Burman , Jivraj ( 4 January 2008 ) . `` D Rama Naidu enters Guinness book '' . Hindustan Times . Mumbai . Indo - Asian News Service . Archived from the original on 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 58th National Film Awards '' . International Film Festival of India . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitra , Ipshita ( 9 May 2014 ) . `` Soumitra Chatterjee on his master Satyajit Ray '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 59th National Film Awards : The Official Catalogue '' . International Film Festival of India . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , pp. 505 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Gulzar , Nihalani & Chatterjee 2003 , p. xvi . Jump up ^ `` Dadasaheb Phalke award has come at a right time , says Gulzar '' . India Today Group . 12 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kasinathuni Viswanath to be conferred Dadasaheb Phalke Award for the year 2016 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau , India . 24 April 2017 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 64th National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . p. 183 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 65th National Film Awards : Late veteran actor Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award posthumously '' . The Times of India . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vinod Khanna honoured with Dadasaheb Phalke Award '' . The Indian Express . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Somaaya , Bhawana ( 5 October 2016 ) . `` Vinod Khanna : The Actor Who Became a Monk and Sold His Mercedes '' . The Quint . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Bibliography ( edit ) Gulzar ; Nihalani , Govind ; Chatterjee , Saibal , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Ramēś , Be . Gō ( 2009 ) . Recipients of Dadasaheb Phalke Award . Pavai Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7735 - 745 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients . Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals , India National Film Awards Archives Dadasaheb Phalke Award 1969 -- 1980 Devika Rani Chaudhuri Roerich ( 1969 ) B.N. Sircar ( 1970 ) Prithviraj Kapoor ( 1971 ) Pankaj Mullick ( 1972 ) Ruby Myers ( 1973 ) Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy ( 1974 ) Dhirendranath Ganguly ( 1975 ) Kanan Devi ( 1976 ) Nitin Bose ( 1977 ) Rai Chand Boral ( 1978 ) Sohrab Modi ( 1979 ) Paidi Jairaj ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Naushad ( 1981 ) L.V. Prasad ( 1982 ) Durga Khote ( 1983 ) Satyajit Ray ( 1984 ) V. Shantaram ( 1985 ) B. Nagi Reddy ( 1986 ) Raj Kapoor ( 1987 ) Ashok Kumar ( 1988 ) Lata Mangeshkar ( 1989 ) Akkineni Nageswara Rao ( 1990 ) Bhalji Pendharkar ( 1991 ) Bhupen Hazarika ( 1992 ) Majrooh Sultanpuri ( 1993 ) Dilip Kumar ( 1994 ) Rajkumar ( 1995 ) Sivaji Ganesan ( 1996 ) Pradeep ( 1997 ) B.R. Chopra ( 1998 ) Hrishikesh Mukherjee ( 1999 ) Asha Bhosle ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Yash Chopra ( 2001 ) Dev Anand ( 2002 ) Mrinal Sen ( 2003 ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan ( 2004 ) Shyam Benegal ( 2005 ) Tapan Sinha ( 2006 ) Manna Dey ( 2007 ) V.K. Murthy ( 2008 ) D. Ramanaidu ( 2009 ) K. Balachander ( 2010 ) Soumitra Chatterjee ( 2011 ) Pran ( 2012 ) Gulzar ( 2013 ) Shashi Kapoor ( 2014 ) Manoj Kumar ( 2015 ) Kasinathuni Viswanath ( 2016 ) Vinod Khanna ( 2017 ) National Film Awards Directorate of Film Festivals Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Cinema of India Lifetime Achievement Dadasaheb Phalke Award Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Feature Film Best Director Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Best Children 's Film Best Debut Film of a Director Best Animated Film Silver Lotus Awards Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Child Artist Best Music Direction Best Male Playback Singer Best Female Playback Singer Best Lyrics Best Production Design Best Audiography Best Choreography Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Make - up Best Screenplay Best Special Effects Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation Best Film on Family Welfare Best Film on National Integration Best Film on Other Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Silver Lotus Awards ( Regional ) Languages specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India : Assamese Bodo Bengali English Dogri Gujarati Hindi Kannada Kashmiri Konkani Maithili Malayalam Meitei Marathi Odia Punjabi Sanskrit Tamil Telugu Urdu Languages other than those specified in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution : Bhojpuri Haryanvi Jasari Khasi Kodava Kokborok Ladakhi Mishing Mizo Monpa Rabha Sherdukpen Tulu Wancho Discontinued Awards Second Best Feature Film Third Best Feature Film Best Story Best Film Based on High Literary Work Non-Feature Films Golden Lotus Awards Best Non-Feature Film Best Director Silver Lotus Awards Best First Film of a Director Best Audiography Best Cinematography Best Editing Best Music Direction Best Narration / Voice Over Best Agriculture Film Best Animation Film Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film Best Arts / Cultural Film Best Biographical Film Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film Best Exploration / Adventure Film Best Film on Family Welfare Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film Best Investigative Film Best Promotional Film Best Scientific Film Best Short Fiction Film Best Film on Social Issues Special Jury Award Special Mention Discontinued Awards Best Experimental Film Best Filmstrip Best Industrial Film Best News Review Best Newsreel Cameraman Writing on Cinema Golden Lotus Awards Best Book on Cinema Best Film Critic Special Awards Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Book on Cinema ) Special Jury Award / Special Mention ( Film Critic ) Awards by year 1953 -- 1960 1953 ( 1st ) 1954 ( 2nd ) 1955 ( 3rd ) 1956 ( 4th ) 1957 ( 5th ) 1958 ( 6th ) 1959 ( 7th ) 1960 ( 8th ) 1961 -- 1980 1961 ( 9th ) 1962 ( 10th ) 1963 ( 11th ) 1964 ( 12th ) 1965 ( 13th ) 1966 ( 14th ) 1967 ( 15th ) 1968 ( 16th ) 1969 ( 17th ) 1970 ( 18th ) 1971 ( 19th ) 1972 ( 20th ) 1973 ( 21st ) 1974 ( 22nd ) 1975 ( 23rd ) 1976 ( 24th ) 1977 ( 25th ) 1978 ( 26th ) 1979 ( 27th ) 1980 ( 28th ) 1981 -- 2000 1981 ( 29th ) 1982 ( 30th ) 1983 ( 31st ) 1984 ( 32nd ) 1985 ( 33rd ) 1986 ( 34th ) 1987 ( 35th ) 1988 ( 36th ) 1989 ( 37th ) 1990 ( 38th ) 1991 ( 39th ) 1992 ( 40th ) 1993 ( 41st ) 1994 ( 42nd ) 1995 ( 43rd ) 1996 ( 44th ) 1997 ( 45th ) 1998 ( 46th ) 1999 ( 47th ) 2000 ( 48th ) 2001 -- present 2001 ( 49th ) 2002 ( 50th ) 2003 ( 51st ) 2004 ( 52nd ) 2005 ( 53rd ) 2006 ( 54th ) 2007 ( 55th ) 2008 ( 56th ) 2009 ( 57th ) 2010 ( 58th ) 2011 ( 59th ) 2012 ( 60th ) 2013 ( 61st ) 2014 ( 62nd ) 2015 ( 63rd ) 2016 ( 64th ) 2017 ( 65th ) Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Aryabhata Award Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadasaheb_Phalke_Award&oldid=854722650 '' Categories : National Film Awards ( India ) Lifetime achievement awards Lists of Indian award winners Hidden categories : Featured lists Use dmy dates from June 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Русский Simple English தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 10 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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About Wikipedia	who won the 2016 dada saheb phalke award	[ "\nList of award recipients by year[1]\n\n\nYear(Ceremony)\n\nImage\n\nRecipient\n\nFilm industry\n\nNotes\n\n\n1969(17th)\n\n\n\nDevika Rani\n\nHindi\n\nWidely acknowledged as \"the first lady of Indian cinema\",[15] the actress debuted in Karma (1933), which was the first Indian English-language film and the first Indian film to feature an on-screen kiss.[16] She also founded the first Indian public limited film company, Bombay Talkies, in 1934.[17]\n\n\n1970(18th)\n\n\n\nBirendranath Sircar\n\nBengali\n\nThe founder of two production companies, International Filmcraft and New Theatres, Sircar is considered to be one of the pioneers of Indian cinema. He also built two cinema theatres in Calcutta, one for screening Bengali films and one for Hindi films.[18]\n\n\n1971(19th)\n\n\n\nPrithviraj Kapoor[b]\n\nHindi\n\nKapoor began his acting career in theatres and starred in India's first sound film, Alam Ara (1931). He founded Prithvi Theatre, a travelling theatre company in 1944 \"to promote Hindi stage productions\".[5]\n\n\n1972(20th)\n\n\n\nPankaj Mullick\n\n • Bengali • Hindi\n\nA composer, singer and actor, Mullick began his career providing background music by conducting live orchestras during the screening of silent films.[20] He is best known for Mahishasuramardini, a radio musical composed in 1931.[21]\n\n\n1973(21st)\n\n\n\nRuby Myers (Sulochana)\n\nHindi\n\nOne of the highest-paid actresses of her time, Sulochana made her debut with Veer Bala (1925) and is considered to be \"the first sex symbol of Indian cinema\".[22]\n\n\n1974(22nd)\n\n – \n\nBommireddy Narasimha Reddy\n\nTelugu\n\nThe director of fifteen feature films in Telugu, Reddy was the first Indian film personality to be honoured with a Doctor of Letters and also the first to receive the Padma Bhushan, the third-highest civilian award in India.[23]\n\n\n1975(23rd)\n\n\n\nDhirendra Nath Ganguly\n\nBengali\n\nConsidered one of the founders of Bengali film industry, Ganguly debuted as an actor in Bilat Ferat (1921). He established three production companies - Indo British Film Company (1918), Lotus Film Company (1922) and British Dominion Films Studio (1929) - to direct several Bengali films.[24]\n\n\n1976(24th)\n\n\n\nKanan Devi\n\nBengali\n\nAcknowledged as \"the first lady of Bengali cinema\", Kanan Devi made her acting debut in silent films in the 1920s. She also sang songs written by Rabindranath Tagore and was a producer with her film company, Shrimati Pictures.[25]\n\n\n1977(25th)\n\n – \n\nNitin Bose\n\n • Bengali • Hindi\n\nA cinematographer, director and screenwriter, Bose is noted for introducing playback singing to Indian cinema in 1935 through his Bengali film Bhagya Chakra and its Hindi remake Dhoop Chhaon.[26][27]\n\n\n1978(26th)\n\n – \n\nRaichand Boral\n\n • Bengali • Hindi\n\nConsidered one of the pioneers of Indian film music, Boral was a music director who, in collaboration with director Nitin Bose, introduced the system of playback singing in Indian cinema.[28]\n\n\n1979(27th)\n\n\n\nSohrab Modi\n\nHindi\n\nAn actor and film-maker, Modi is credited with bringing Shakespearean classics to Indian cinema and was noted for his delivery of Urdu dialogue.[29]\n\n\n1980(28th)\n\n\n\nPaidi Jairaj\n\n • Hindi • Telugu\n\nInitially having worked as a body double, actor-director Jairaj is known for his portrayal of Indian historical characters and was involved in instituting the Filmfare Awards.[30]\n\n\n1981(29th)\n\n\n\nNaushad\n\nHindi\n\nMusic director Naushad debuted with Prem Nagar (1940),[31] and is credited with introducing the technique of sound mixing to Indian cinema.[32]\n\n\n1982(30th)\n\n – \n\nL. V. Prasad\n\n • Telugu • Tamil • Hindi\n\nActor-director-producer L. V. Prasad has the distinction of acting in the first talkie films produced in three languages: the Hindi Alam Ara, Tamil Kalidas and Telugu Bhakta Prahlada, all released in 1931.[33] He founded Prasad Studios in 1965 and the Colour Film Laboratory in 1976.[34] Prasad Studios has produced over 150 film in various Indian languages.[35]\n\n\n1983(31st)\n\n\n\nDurga Khote\n\n • Hindi • Marathi\n\nHaving acted in the first Marathi-language talkie Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), Khote is considered a pioneer among women in Indian cinema.[36] She set up two production companies, Fact Films and Durga Khote Productions, which produced short films and documentaries.[37]\n\n\n1984(32nd)\n\n\n\nSatyajit Ray\n\nBengali\n\nHaving debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[38] the film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[39]\n\n\n1985(33rd)\n\n\n\nV. Shantaram\n\n • Hindi • Marathi\n\nActor and film-maker V. Shantaram produced and directed India's first colour film, Sairandhri (1931).[40] He also produced and direct the first Marathi-language talkie, Ayodhyecha Raja (1932), and was associated with nearly 100 films over 50 years.[41]\n\n\n1986(34th)\n\n – \n\nB. Nagi Reddy\n\nTelugu\n\nReddy produced more than 50 films, beginning in the 1950s. He established Vijaya Vauhini Studios which was at that time the biggest film studio in Asia.[10]\n\n\n1987(35th)\n\n\n\nRaj Kapoor\n\nHindi\n\nOften revered as \"The Show Man\",[42] actor and film-maker Kapoor's performance in the Hindi film Awara (1951) was ranked as one of the top ten greatest performances of all time by Time magazine in 2010.[43]\n\n\n1988(36th)\n\n\n\nAshok Kumar\n\nHindi\n\nPopularly known as \"Dadamoni\" (the grand old man), Kumar is noted for his roles in Achhut Kannya (1936), Bandhan (1940) and Kismet (1943), the first blockbuster in Indian cinema.[44]\n\n\n1989(37th)\n\n\n\nLata Mangeshkar\n\n • Hindi • Marathi\n\nWidely credited as the \"nightingale of India\",[45] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[46]\n\n\n1990(38th)\n\n\n\nAkkineni Nageswara Rao\n\nTelugu\n\nHaving debuted in Dharma Pathini (1941), Akkineni Nageswara Rao acted in more than 250 films, mostly in the Telugu language.[47]\n\n\n1991(39th)\n\n – \n\nBhalji Pendharkar\n\nMarathi\n\nFilm-maker Pendharkar started his career in the 1920s and produced more than 60 Marathi films and eight Hindi films. He has been widely recognised for the historical and social narratives depicted in these films.[48]\n\n\n1992(40th)\n\n\n\nBhupen Hazarika\n\nAssamese\n\nPopularly referred to as \"the Bard of Brahmaputra\", musician Hazarika is best known for his folk songs and ballads sung in the Assamese language.[49]\n\n\n1993(41st)\n\n\n\nMajrooh Sultanpuri\n\nHindi\n\nLyricist Sultanpuri penned his first Hindi song for Shahjehan (1946) and wrote around 8000 songs for over 350 Hindi films.[50]\n\n\n1994(42nd)\n\n\n\nDilip Kumar\n\nHindi\n\nDebuting in Jwar Bhata (1944), the \"Tragedy King\" Dilip Kumar acted in more than 60 Hindi films in a career that spanned over six decades.[51]\n\n\n1995(43rd)\n\n\n\nRajkumar\n\nKannada\n\nIn a career spanning over 45 years, Rajkumar acted in more than 200 Kannada-language films and also won a National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer in 1992.[52]\n\n\n1996(44th)\n\n\n\nSivaji Ganesan\n\nTamil\n\nGanesan debuted as an actor in Parasakthi (1952) and went on to appear in more than 300 films. He is known for his \"expressive and resonant voice\".[53]\n\n\n1997(45th)\n\n\n\nKavi Pradeep\n\nHindi\n\nBest known for the patriotic song \"Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo\", lyricist Pradeep wrote around 1700 songs, hymns and fiery nationalistic poems, including the lyrics for more than 80 Hindi films.[54]\n\n\n1998(46th)\n\n\n\nB. R. Chopra\n\nHindi\n\nFilm-maker B. R. Chopra established his own production house, B. R. Films, in 1956,[55] and is best known for the films such as Naya Daur (1957) and Hamraaz (1967), as well as the TV series Mahabharat based on the similarly-titled epic of Hindu literature.[56]\n\n\n1999(47th)\n\n\n\nHrishikesh Mukherjee\n\nHindi\n\nHaving directed 45 Hindi films, film-maker Mukherjee is credited with popularising \"middle-of-the-road cinema\" through films like Anuradha (1960), Anand (1971) and Gol Maal (1979).[57]\n\n\n2000(48th)\n\n\n\nAsha Bhosle\n\n • Hindi • Marathi\n\nA playback singer of \"extraordinary range and versatility\",[58] Bhosle began her singing career in 1948 and is acknowledged by The Guinness Book of World Records as the \"most recorded artist in music history\".[59]\n\n\n2001(49th)\n\n\n\nYash Chopra\n\nHindi\n\nThe founder of Yash Raj Films, Chopra debuted as a director with Dhool Ka Phool (1959). He directed 22 Hindi films.[60]\n\n\n2002(50th)\n\n\n\nDev Anand\n\nHindi\n\nWidely revered as \"evergreen star of Hindi cinema\",[61] actor and film-maker Anand co-founded Navketan Films in 1949 and produced 35 films.[62]\n\n\n2003(51st)\n\n\n\nMrinal Sen\n\nBengali\n\nRegarded as one of \"India's most important film-makers\",[63] Sen debuted as a director with Raat Bhore (1955) and made 27 films in 50 years.[64]\n\n\n2004(52nd)\n\n\n\nAdoor Gopalakrishnan\n\nMalayalam\n\nCredited with pioneering the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema, director Gopalakrishnan won the National Film Award for Best Direction for his debut film, Swayamvaram (1972). He has been acclaimed for his \"ability to portray complex problems in a simplistic way\".[65]\n\n\n2005(53rd)\n\n\n\nShyam Benegal\n\nHindi\n\nBenegal started his career by making advertising films. He directed his first feature film, Ankur, in 1973. His films have focused on women and their rights.[66]\n\n\n2006(54th)\n\n – \n\nTapan Sinha\n\n • Bengali • Hindi\n\nFilm-maker Sinha debuted as a director in 1954 and made more than 40 feature films in the Bengali, Hindi and Oriya languages. Most of the films addressed problems faced by ordinary people.[67]\n\n\n2007(55th)\n\n\n\nManna Dey\n\n • Bengali • Hindi\n\nIn a career spanning over five decades, playback singer Dey sang over 3500 songs in various Indian languages. He is also credited with \"pioneering a new genre by infusing Indian classical music in a pop framework\".[68]\n\n\n2008(56th)\n\n\n\nV. K. Murthy\n\nHindi\n\nBest known for his collaboration with director Guru Dutt, cinematographer Murthy shot India's first cinemascope film, Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959).[69] He is best remembered for his lighting techniques in Pyaasa (1957) and the \"beam shot\" in Kaagaz Ke Phool is considered a classic in celluloid history.[70]\n\n\n2009(57th)\n\n – \n\nD. Ramanaidu\n\nTelugu\n\nIn a career spanning over 50 years, D. Ramanaidu produced more than 130 films in various Indian languages but mostly Telugu.[71] He features in The Guinness Book of World Records for having produced films in nine languages.[72]\n\n\n2010(58th)\n\n\n\nK. Balachander\n\n • Tamil • Telugu\n\nFilm-maker K. Balachander debuted as a director with Neerkumizhi (1965). In a career that spanned over forty years, he directed and produced (through his production house, Kavithalayaa Productions, established in 1981) over 100 films in various Indian languages.[73]\n\n\n2011(59th)\n\n\n\nSoumitra Chatterjee\n\nBengali\n\nBest known for his frequent collaboration with director Satyajit Ray,[74] Chatterjee debuted as an actor in Apur Sansar (1959) and worked with other directors, such as Mrinal Sen and Tapan Sinha, in a career lasting over 50 years.[75]\n\n\n2012(60th)\n\n\n\nPran\n\nHindi\n\nKnown for his \"compelling and highly stylized performances\", actor Pran mainly played villainous characters in Hindi films during a career spanning over 50 years.[76]\n\n\n2013(61st)\n\n\n\nGulzar\n\nHindi\n\nGulzar began his career as a lyricist for Bandini (1963) and debuted as a director with Mere Apne (1971). Known for his successful collaboration with music directors like R. D. Burman and A. R. Rahman, Gulzar won several awards for his lyrics in a career spanning over 50 years.[77][78]\n\n\n2014(62nd)\n\n\n\nShashi Kapoor\n\nHindi\n\nWinner of two National Film Awards including Best Actor for New Delhi Times in 1985, Kapoor debuted as a child actor at the age of four in the plays directed by his father Prithviraj Kapoor and later as a leading man in the 1961 film Dharmputra. In 1978, Kapoor set up his production house Film \"Valas\" and played major role in reviving the Prithvi Theatre group, set up by his father.[11]\n\n\n2015(63rd)\n\n\n\nManoj Kumar\n\nHindi\n\nKnown for his image as the patriotic hero, Kumar debuted as an actor with 1957 Hindi film Fashion. The actor and director of patriotic theme based movies, Kumar is fondly called as \"Bharat Kumar\".[14]\n\n\n2016(64th)\n\n – \n\nKasinathuni Viswanath\n\nTelugu\n\nViswanath started his career as a sound recordist. In a film career spanning sixty years, Viswanath has directed fifty three feature films in a variety of genres, including films based on performing arts, visual arts, and aesthetics. Viswanath has garnered five National Film Awards, and has received international recognition for his works.[79][80]\n\n\n2017(65th)\n\n\n\nVinod Khanna[c]\n\nHindi\n\nDebuted in Man Ka Meet (1968), Khanna was primarily known for his work as an actor in Hindi films during the 1970s.[82] He took a brief break from the films (1982–1987) and joined politics in 1997.[83]\n" ]	[ "Kasinathuni Viswanath" ]
7474912641475738061	Now That's What I Call Music! discography	Now That 's What I Call Music ! Discography - wikipedia Now That 's What I Call Music ! Discography Jump to : navigation , search This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of known albums and DVDs belonging to the various Now That 's What I Call Music ! series . They are categorised by series ( country ) , then ordered by date . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Kingdom and Ireland 1.1 10th Anniversary series 1.2 Christmas series 1.3 Dance series 1.4 DVD series 1.5 Millennium series 1.6 Special Editions 2 United States 2.1 Special Editions 2.2 Christmas series 2.3 Country series 2.4 DVD series 2.5 Latino series 3 Asian region ( Philippines , Indonesia , Malaysia , Taiwan , Hong Kong , Thailand etc . ) 3.1 Chinese Best series 3.2 Love series 3.3 Torzarian Series 3.4 Special editions 4 Australia 4.1 First series 4.2 Second series 4.3 Third series 4.4 100 % series 4.5 Vision series 4.6 Special editions 5 Benelux 6 Canada 6.1 Original series 6.2 Current series 6.3 Then series 6.4 Country series 6.5 Special editions 6.6 Dance editions 7 Denmark 7.1 Big Hits series 7.2 Special editions 8 Finland 8.1 Special editions 9 France 10 Greece 11 Hungary 11.1 Original series 11.2 Current series 12 Israel 12.1 Dance series 12.2 Hip hop series 12.3 Special editions 13 Italy 13.1 Original series 13.2 Current series 13.3 All the Hits Italia series 13.4 Story series 14 Japan 14.1 Original series 14.2 Second series 14.3 Best series 14.4 Jazz series 14.5 Classics series 14.6 Reggae series 14.7 Japan series 14.8 Christmas series 14.9 Special editions 15 Korea 16 Mexico 17 Netherlands 17.1 Original series 17.2 Second series 17.3 Special editions 18 New Zealand 18.1 Original series 18.2 Current series 18.3 Special editions 19 Norway 19.1 Original series 19.2 Special editions 20 Poland 20.1 Original series 20.2 Season series 20.3 Current series 21 Portugal 21.1 Original series 21.2 Dance series 21.3 Mix series 21.4 Special editions 22 South Africa 22.1 Best Of series 22.2 Now and Then series 22.3 Special editions 22.4 DVD series 23 Spain 23.1 Original series 23.2 Second series 24 Turkey 24.1 Original series 24.2 Second series 25 Saudi Arabia 25.1 The DVD series 25.2 Dance series 25.3 Love series 25.3. 1 Love DVD series 25.4 Special editions 26 References United Kingdom and Ireland The titles given here are the literal names as printed on the front cover . Thus , volumes 2 and 13 use Roman numerals and the exclamation mark first appears with volume 18 ( changing to its present position from volume 20 onwards ) . The first full - track edition to be released on compact disc was Volume 10 . Vinyls ended with Now 35 and audio cassettes ended with Now 64 . Part of the series was also released on the Mini Disc format , beginning with Now 43 and ending with Now 48 . Some of the albums have also been released on video . Volumes 1 through 18 and 20 were released on VHS . The first two albums were also issued on Laser - disc . Every video tape had a typical running time of roughly 1 hour . From 2001 to 2007 , the videos were published on DVD with a frequency of one per year . The DVDs are numbered by year and not linked to album numbers . Now 2006 was released on UMD as well as DVD . The series release dates below represent the date of release in the United Kingdom . Through the release of Now 90 on 30 March 2015 , the release date in Ireland was three days before the UK release . Beginning with the release of Now 91 on 24 July 2015 , the release dates in the UK and Ireland have been the same following the announcement of the Global Release Day campaign by IFPI , which became effective on 10 July 2015 . Now That 's What I Call Music ( 28 November 1983 ) Now That 's What I Call Music II ( 26 March 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 3 ( 23 July 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 4 ( 26 November 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 5 ( 5 August 1985 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 6 ( 25 November 1985 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 7 ( 11 August 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 8 ( 24 November 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 9 ( 23 March 1987 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 10 ( 23 November 1987 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 11 ( 21 March 1988 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 12 ( 11 July 1988 ) Now That 's What I Call Music XIII ( 21 November 1988 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 14 ( 20 March 1989 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 15 ( 14 August 1989 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 16 ( 20 November 1989 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 17 ( 23 April 1990 ) Now ! That 's What I Call Music 18 ( 19 November 1990 ) Now ! That 's What I Call Music 19 ( 25 March 1991 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 20 ( 18 November 1991 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 ( 13 April 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 22 ( 27 July 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 23 ( 16 November 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 24 ( 26 April 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 25 ( 2 August 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 26 ( 15 November 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 27 ( 28 March 1994 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 28 ( 1 August 1994 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 29 ( 14 November 1994 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 30 ( 10 April 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 31 ( 31 July 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 32 ( 13 November 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 33 ( 18 March 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 34 ( 12 August 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 35 ( 18 November 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 36 ( 24 March 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 37 ( 14 July 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 38 ( 17 November 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 39 ( 6 April 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 40 ( 3 August 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 41 ( 23 November 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 42 ( 29 March 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 43 ( 19 July 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 44 ( 22 November 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 45 ( 17 April 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 46 ( 24 July 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 47 ( 20 November 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 48 ( 9 April 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 49 ( 30 July 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 50 ( 19 November 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 51 ( 25 March 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 52 ( 22 July 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 53 ( 18 November 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 54 ( 14 April 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 55 ( 21 July 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 56 ( 17 November 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 57 ( 5 April 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 58 ( 26 July 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 59 ( 15 November 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 60 ( 21 March 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 61 ( 25 July 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 62 ( 21 November 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 63 ( 10 April 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 64 ( 24 July 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 65 ( 20 November 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 66 ( 2 April 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 67 ( 23 July 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 68 ( 19 November 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 69 ( 17 March 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 70 ( 21 July 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 71 ( 17 November 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 72 ( 6 April 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 73 ( 20 July 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 74 ( 23 November 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 75 ( 29 March 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 76 ( 19 July 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 77 ( 22 November 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 78 ( 11 April 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 79 ( 25 July 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 80 ( 21 November 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 81 ( 2 April 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 82 ( 23 July 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 83 ( 19 November 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 84 ( 25 March 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 85 ( 22 July 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 86 ( 18 November 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 87 ( 7 April 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 88 ( 21 July 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 89 ( 24 November 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 90 ( 30 March 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 91 ( 24 July 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 92 ( 20 November 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 93 ( 18 March 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 94 ( 22 July 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 95 ( 18 November 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 96 ( 7 April 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 97 ( 21 July 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 98 ( 17 November 2017 ) 10th Anniversary series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1983 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 20 June 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1984 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 27 June 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1985 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 4 July 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1986 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 11 July 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1987 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 18 July 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1988 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 25 July 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1989 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 1 August 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1990 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 8 August 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1991 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 15 August 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1992 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 22 August 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1993 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 29 August 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1994 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 13 September 1994 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1995 -- 10th Anniversary Series ( 4 September 1995 ) Christmas series Now -- The Christmas Album ( 1985 ) Now -- The Christmas Album ( 27 November 2000 ) Now Xmas -- Massive Christmas Hits ( 14 November 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Xmas ( 16 November 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Xmas ( 7 November 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Christmas ( 5 November 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Christmas ( 4 November 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Christmas ( 6 November 2015 ) Dance series Now Dance -- Extended Dance Versions of 20 Smash Hits ( The 12 '' Mixes ) Now Dance 86 -- 20 Smash Dance Hits of the Year ( The 12 '' Mixes ) Now Dance 89 -- 20 Smash Dance Hits ( The 12 '' Mixes ) Now Dance 901 -- 20 Smash Dance Hits ( The 12 '' Mixes ) Now Dance 902 ( The 12 '' Mixes ) Now Dance 903 ( The 12 '' Mixes ) Now Dance 91 -- 20 Blissful Grooves Now Dance 92 ( 1 January 1992 ) Now Dance 93 -- 20 Buzzin ' Beats ( 1 January 1993 ) Now Dance -- The Best of 93 ( 1 November 1993 ) Now Dance 94 ( 1 January 1994 ) Now Dance 94 -- Volume 2 ( 7 March 1994 ) Now Dance Summer 94 ( 16 June 1994 ) Now Dance 95 -- 40 Ultimate Dance Hits ( 27 October 1994 ) Now Dance -- The Best of 94 ( 3 November 1994 ) Now Dance Summer 95 ( 27 July 1995 ) Now Dance 97 ( 20 October 1997 ) Now Dance 98 ( 2 November 1998 ) Now Dance 2000 ( 18 October 1999 ) Now Dance 2001 ( 23 October 2000 ) Now Dance 2001 -- Part Two ( 19 March 2001 ) Now Dance 2002 ( 22 October 2001 ) Now Dance 2002 -- Part Two ( 4 March 2002 ) Now Dance 2003 ( 14 October 2002 ) Now Dance 2003 -- Part Two ( 31 March 2003 ) Now Dance 2004 ( 27 October 2003 ) Now Dance -- 41 Brand New Dance Hits ( 22 March 2004 ) Now Dance -- 42 Brand New Dance Hits ( 18 October 2004 ) The Very Best of Now Dance ( 26 September 2005 ) Now Dance 2007 ( 16 October 2006 ) Now Dance 2008 ( 15 October 2007 ) Now Dance Anthems ( 21 September 2009 ) The Very Best of Now Dance 2010 ( 18 October 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call 90s Dance ( 29 October 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call 80s Dance ( 14 October 2013 ) The Very Best of Now Dance ( 8 December 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance Hits ( 19 August 2016 ) DVD series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2001 The DVD ( 10 December 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2003 The DVD ( 2 December 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2004 The DVD ( 1 December 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2005 The DVD ( 22 November 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2006 The DVD ( 3 April 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2008 The DVD ( 3 December 2007 ) Now Quiz -- Now That 's What I Call A Music Quiz ( Interactive DVD ) ( 5 Dec 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call A Music Quiz 2 -- Interactive DVD Game ( Interactive DVD ) ( 4 Dec 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call A Music Quiz -- The 80s ( Interactive DVD ) ( 3 Dec 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call a Family Quiz ( DVD ) ( 1 Dec 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Karaoke ( 21 Nov 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Comedy ( 2 March 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Fitness ( 26 December 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Sing ( 23 October 2015 ) Millennium series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1980 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1981 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1982 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1983 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1984 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1985 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1986 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1987 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1988 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1989 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1990 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1991 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1992 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1993 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1994 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1995 -- The Millennium Series ( 21 June 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1996 -- The Millennium Series ( 4 October 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1997 -- The Millennium Series ( 4 October 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1998 -- The Millennium Series ( 4 October 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1999 -- The Millennium Series ( 4 October 1999 ) Special Editions Now That 's What I Call Music -- The Summer Album ( 6 July 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ' 86 ( 27 October 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music , Smash Hits ( August 1987 ) Now That 's What I Call Love ( 5 February 1994 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Decades -- The Deluxe Edition ( 29 September 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Years ( 27 September 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call No. 1 's ( 30 October 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call the 80s ( 29 October 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 25 Years ( 27 October 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Love 2 ( 28 February 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call the 90s ( 26 October 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call the 00s ( 15 February 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call a Wedding ( 18 April 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call R&B ( 26 September 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Disney ( 21 November 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Classical ( 28 November 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Love ( 30 January 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Running ( 5 March 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Britain ( 21 May 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Reggae ( 25 June 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call a No. 1 ( 9 July 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Chill ( 20 August 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Disney ( 2012 w / Bonus CD ) ( November 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Musicals ( 26 November 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call 30 Years ( 27 May 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Disco ( 26 August 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 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( 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 ( 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 3 ( 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 4 ( 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 5 ( 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 6 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 7 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 8 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 9 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 10 ( 2008 ) Chinese Best series Now Chinese Best ( 1999 ) Now Chinese Best 2 ( 2000 ) Love series Now That 's What I Call Love ( 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Love 2 ( 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Love 3 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Love 4 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Love ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Love Vol. 2 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Love ( 2014 ) Torzarian Series Now + ( 2004 ) Now + 2 ( 2005 ) NOW 54 ( 2017 ) Special editions Now That 's What I Call Jazz ( 2002 ) Now The Essential Collection ( 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Jazz ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2011 ( 2011 ) Australia First series Now 01 ( 2002 ) Now 02 ( 2002 ) Now 03 ( 2003 ) Now 04 ( 2003 ) Now 05 ( 2004 ) Now 06 ( 2004 ) Now 07 ( 2004 ) Now 08 ( 2005 ) Second series Now Winter 2005 ( 2005 ) Now Spring 2005 ( 2005 ) Now Summer 2006 ( 2005 ) Now Autumn 2006 ( 2006 ) Now Winter 2006 ( 2006 ) Now Spring 2006 ( 2006 ) Now Summer 2007 ( 2006 ) ( double CD ) Now Autumn 2007 ( 2007 ) Now Winter 2007 ( 2007 ) Now Spring 2007 ( 2007 ) Now Summer 2008 ( 2007 ) ( double CD ) Now Autumn 2008 ( 2008 ) Now : The Hits of Winter 2008 ( 2008 ) Now : The Hits of Spring 2008 ( 2008 ) Now : The Hits of Summer 2009 ( 2008 ) Now : The Hits of Autumn 2009 ( 2009 ) Now : The Hits of Winter 2009 ( 2009 ) Now : The Hits of Spring 2009 ( 2009 ) Now : The Hits of Summer 2010 ( 2009 ) Now : The Hits of Autumn 2010 ( 2010 ) Now : The Hits of Winter 2010 ( 2010 ) Now : The Hits of Spring 2010 ( 2010 ) Now : The Hits of Summer 2011 ( 2010 ) Now : The Hits of Autumn 2011 ( 2011 ) Now : The Hits of Winter 2011 ( 2011 ) Now : The Hits of Spring 2011 ( 2011 ) Now : The Hits of Summer 2012 ( 2011 ) Now : The Hits of Autumn 2012 ( 2012 ) Now : The Hits of Winter 2012 ( 2012 ) Now : The Hits of Spring 2012 ( 2012 ) Now : The Hits of Summer 2013 ( 2012 ) Now : The Hits of Autumn 2013 ( 2013 ) Now : The Hits of Spring 2013 ( 2013 ) Now : The Hits of Summer 2014 ( 2013 ) Third series NOW : Volume 1 , 2014 ( 2014 ) NOW : Volume 2 , 2014 ( 2014 ) NOW : Volume 3 , 2014 ( 2014 ) NOW : Volume 1 , 2015 ( 2015 ) NOW : Volume 2 , 2015 ( 2015 ) NOW : Volume 1 , 2016 ( 2016 ) NOW : Volume 2 , 2016 ( 2016 ) NOW : Volume 1 , 2017 ( 2017 ) 100 % series Now ... 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Love Best ( 30 June 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 00 's Best ( 25 May 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 80 's Best ( 26 May 2011 ) Jazz series Now Jazz X'mas Now Jazz X'mas millennium Now Jazz Now Jazz 2 Now Jazz 3 Now Jazz 4 Now Jazz Best millennium Now Jazz Vocal Now Jazz Ballad Now That 's What I Call Music ! Jazz Hits Classics series Now Classics Now Classics 2 Now Classics 3 Now Classics : Cinema & TV Now That 's What I Call Music ! Classic Hits ( 24 June 2009 ) Reggae series Now Reggae Now Reggae 1997 Now That 's What I Call Music ! Reggae Classics ( 2011 ) Japan series Now Japan Now Japan Best Now Japan Best 1 Christmas series Now That 's What I Call Christmas ( 2011 ) Special editions Now EX Now The Party ! Now Dance Now Pianissimo Now J - Pop 2001 Now That 's What I Call Music Yo - Gaku Hits ( 18 November 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Summer 80 's & 90 's Memories ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 80 's Deluxe ( 2 October 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 90 's Deluxe ( 2 October 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 70 's Deluxe ( 4 February 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 00 's Deluxe ( 4 February 2014 ) Korea Now That 's What I Call K - Pop , Best of 2008 -- 2016 ( 2017 ) Mexico Now That 's What I Call Music ! ( 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 ( 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 3 ( 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 4 ( 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 5 ( 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 6 ( 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 7 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 8 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 9 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 10 ( 2004 ) Netherlands Original series Now This Is Music ( 1984 ) Now This Is Music 2 ( 1985 ) Now This Is Music 3 ( 1985 ) Now This Is Music 4 ( 1986 ) Now This Is Music 5 ( 1986 ) Now This Is Music 6 ( 1987 ) Now This Is Music 7 ( 1987 ) Now This Is Music 8 ( 1988 ) Now This Is Music 9 ( 1988 ) Now This Is Music 10 ( 1989 ) Now This Is Music 11 ( 1989 ) Second series Now This Is Music 1 ( 1997 ) Now This Is Music 2 ( 1997 ) Special editions Now This Is Music : The Sound of the 80 's , Vol. 1 ( 1992 ) Now Dance Hits 95 -- Jaaroverzicht Now Dance Hits 96 -- Jaaroverzicht Now Dance Hits 97 -- Jaaroverzicht Now This Is X-Mas ( 1997 ) New Zealand Original series Now That 's What I Call Music Volume 1 ( 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music Volume 2 ( 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music Volume 3 ( 1993 ) Current series Now That 's What I Call Music ( 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 2 ( 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 3 ( 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 4 ( 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 5 ( 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 6 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 7 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 8 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 9 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 10 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 11 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 12 ( 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 13 ( 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 14 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 15 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 16 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 17 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 18 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 19 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 20 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 21 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 22 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 23 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 24 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 25 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 26 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 27 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 28 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 29 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 30 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 31 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 32 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 33 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 34 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 35 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 36 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 37 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 38 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 39 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 40 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 41 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 42 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 43 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 44 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 45 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 46 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 47 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 48 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 49 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 50 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 51 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 52 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 53 ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 54 ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 55 ( 2017 ) Special editions Now That 's What I Call Christmas ( 2014 ) Norway Original series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 3 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 4 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 5 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 6 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 7 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 8 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 9 Dance Edition ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 10 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 11 Dance Edition ( 2013 ) Special editions Now That 's What I Call Music ! Hits 2009 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Dance 1 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Dance 2 ( 2010 ) NOW -- That 's What I Call Music ! White Christmas ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Hits 2010 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Hits 2011 ( 2011 ) God Jul -- Now That 's What I Call Music ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Woman ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Hits 2012 ( 2012 ) Poland Original series Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 01 Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 02 Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 03 Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 04 Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 05 ( 1998 ) Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 06 ( 1999 ) Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 07 Now To Jest Twoja Muzyka ! 08 ( 2000 ) Season series Now Spring & Summer 2008 ! ( 2008 ) Current series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 01 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 02 ( 2011 ) Portugal Original series Now 99 ( 6 December 1999 ) Now 2 ( 17 July 2000 ) Now 3 ( 4 December 2000 ) Now 4 ( 6 June 2001 ) Now 5 ( 28 November 2001 ) Now 6 ( 6 June 2002 ) Now 7 ( 28 November 2002 ) Now 8 ( 6 June 2003 ) Now 9 ( 24 November 2003 ) Now 10 ( 6 June 2004 ) Now 11 ( 26 November 2004 ) Now 12 ( 6 June 2005 ) Now 13 ( 21 November 2005 ) Now 14 ( 6 June 2006 ) Now 15 ( 20 November 2006 ) Now 16 ( 2 July 2007 ) Now 17 ( 2 December 2007 ) Now 18 ( 23 June 2008 ) Now 19 ( 24 November 2008 ) Now 20 ( 29 June 2009 ) Now 21 ( 16 November 2009 ) Now 22 ( 21 June 2010 ) Now 23 ( 22 November 2010 ) Now 24 ( 20 June 2011 ) Now 25 ( 14 November 2011 ) Now 26 ( 10 June 2012 ) Now 27 ( 19 November 2012 ) Now 28 ( 5 December 2013 ) Now 29 ( 2014 ) Now 30 ( 2015 ) Now 31 ( 2016 ) Now 32 ( 2017 ) Dance series Now Dance ( 18 September 2001 ) Now Dance 2 ( 7 October 2002 ) Now Dance 2004 ( 3 May 2004 ) Now Dance 2005 ( 2 May 2005 ) Now Dance 2007 ( 19 February 2007 ) Now Dance 2008 ( 5 May 2008 ) Mix series Now Mix 2010 ( 26 April 2010 ) Now Mix 2 ( 3 October 2010 ) Now Mix 3 -- Mixed by Wise Guys ( 18 April 2011 ) Special editions Now DVD ( 24 February 2003 ) Now 10 Anos -- Os Maiores Êxitos Da Última Década ( 30 November 2009 ) South Africa Now That 's What I Call Music ! ( 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! II ( 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 3 ( 1985 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 4 ( 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 5 ( 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 6 ( 1987 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 7 ( 1987 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 8 ( 1988 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 9 ( 1988 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 10 ( 1989 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 11 ( 1989 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 12 ( 1990 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 13 ( 1990 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 14 ( 1991 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 15 ( 1991 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 16 ( 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 17 ( 1992 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 18 ( 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 19 ( 1993 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 20 ( 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 21 ( 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 22 ( 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 23 The Superhit Collection ( 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 24 ( 1998 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 25 ( 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 26 ( 1999 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 27 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 28 ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 29 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 30 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 31 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 32 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 33 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 34 ( 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 35 ( 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 36 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 37 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 38 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 39 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 40 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 41 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 42 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 43 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 44 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 45 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 46 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 47 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 48 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 49 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 50 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 51 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 52 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 53 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 54 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 55 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 56 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 57 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 58 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 59 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 60 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 61 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 62 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 63 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 64 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 65 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 66 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 67 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 68 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 69 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 70 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 71 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 72 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 73 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 74 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 75 ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 76 ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 77 ( 2017 ) Best Of series Now That 's What I Call Music ! The Best of ' 95 ( 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The Best of ' 96 ( 1996 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1997 ( 1997 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The Best of 10 Years ( 1995 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! Years : The Best of 1995 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Noughties : The Best of Now 2000 -- 2007 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call A No 1 ( the greatest no . 1 hits from 1984 -- 2014 ) ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call 21st Century ( 2015 ) Now and Then series Now That 's What I Call Music ! And Then ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! And Then Volume 2 ( 2004 ) Special editions Now That 's What I Call Classical ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Country ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Xmas ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 2 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call R&B ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 3 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call A Power Ballad ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Movies ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Country 2 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 4 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call The 80 's ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 5 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 6 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call The 90 's ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 7 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Legends ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call A Song ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 8 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call A Summer Party ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 9 ( 2016 ) Now That 's What I Call A Rock Ballad ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 10 ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call A RoadTrip ( 2017 ) Now That 's What I Call Dance 11 ( 2017 ) DVD series Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 2 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 3 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 4 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 5 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 6 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 7 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 8 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 9 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 10 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 11 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 12 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 13 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 14 ( 2009 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 15 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 16 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 17 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 18 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 19 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 20 ( 2011 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 21 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 22 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 23 ( 2012 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 24 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 25 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 26 ( 2013 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 27 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 28 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 29 ( 2014 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD Vol. 30 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD 2015 ( 2015 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! The DVD 2016 ( 2016 ) Spain Original series Now Esto si es música I Now Esto si es música 2 Now Esto si es música 3 Now Esto si es música 4 Now Esto si es música 5 Now Esto si es música 6 Now Esto si es musica 7 Now Esto si es musica 8 Now Esto si es musica 9 Now Esto si es musica 10 Second series Now Esto es música 1 Now Esto es música 2003 Now Esto es musica 2004 Now Esto es musica 2005 Now Esto es musica 2006 Now Los Éxitos Del Año 2014 Turkey Original series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 1 Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2 Now That 's What I Call Music ! 3 Now That 's What I Call Music ! 4 Now That 's What I Call Music ! 5 Second series Now That 's What I Call Music ! 2000 Saudi Arabia Now That 's What I Call Arabia ( 2000 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 3 ( 2001 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 4 ( 2002 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 5 ( 2003 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 6 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 7 ( 2004 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 8 ( 2005 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 9 ( 2006 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 10 ( 2007 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 11 ( 2008 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 12 ( 2010 ) Now That 's What I Call Arabia 13 ( 2011 ) The DVD series Now That 's What I Call Arabia The DVD Now That 's What I Call Arabia The DVD 2 Now That 's What I Call Arabia The DVD 3 Now That 's What I Call Arabia The DVD 4 Now That 's What I Call Arabia The DVD 5 Dance series Now Dance Arabia Now Dance Arabia 2004 Now Dance Arabia 2005 Now Dance Arabia 2006 Now Dance Arabia 2007 Now Dance Arabia 2008 Now Dance Arabia 2009 Now Dance Arabia 2010 Now Dance Arabia 2011 Now Dance Arabia 2012 Love series Now Love Arabia Now Love Arabia 2 Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia 2006 Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia 2007 Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia 2008 Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia 2009 Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia 2010 Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia 2011 The Best Of Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia Love DVD series Now That 's What I Call Love Arabia The DVD ( 2008 ) Special editions Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2000 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2001 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2002 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2003 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2004 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2005 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2005 Vol. 2 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2006 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2007 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2008 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2009 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2010 Now That 's What I Call Arabia 2011 Now That 's What I Call Arabia Decades 1990 -- 2000 Now That 's What I Call Arabia Decades 2000 -- 2010 Now That 's What I Call Arabia Decades 2000 -- 2010 Volume Two References Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Was Now That 's What I Call Music ! the first album you ever bought ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wade , Ian ( 27 November 2013 ) . `` Hit By Hit : 30 Years Of Now That 's What I Call Music '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' New Music Fridays '' are coming -- Global release day launches 10th July `` . Jump up ^ @ NOWMusic ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Tell all your friends ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 3 October 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` New NOW ! compilation features the biggest 21st Century hits '' . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ @ NOWThatsMusic ( 3 October 2017 ) . `` Here 's your first look at the # NOW64 cover art ❄ ❄ Retweet and share it with your friends ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 3 October 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - Now 00s '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . ( hide ) Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music II 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 XIII 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 Canada Now ! 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music!_discography&oldid=815513304 '' Categories : Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums Pop music discographies Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia references cleanup from January 2017 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	now thats what i call music latest one	[ "\nNow That's What I Call Music! (October 27, 1998)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 2 (July 27, 1999)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 3 (December 7, 1999)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 4 (July 18, 2000)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 5 (November 14, 2000)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 6 (April 3, 2001)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 7 (July 31, 2001)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 8 (November 20, 2001)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 9 (March 19, 2002)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 10 (July 23, 2002)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 11 (November 19, 2002)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 12 (March 25, 2003)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 13 (July 22, 2003)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 14 (November 4, 2003)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 15 (March 23, 2004)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 16 (July 27, 2004)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 17 (November 2, 2004)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 18 (March 15, 2005)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 19 (July 19, 2005)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 20 (November 1, 2005)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 21 (April 4, 2006)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 22 (July 11, 2006)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 23 (November 7, 2006)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 24 (March 27, 2007)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 25 (July 17, 2007)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 26 (November 13, 2007)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 27 (March 11, 2008)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 28 (June 3, 2008)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 29 (November 11, 2008)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 30 (March 24, 2009)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 31 (June 30, 2009)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 32 (November 3, 2009)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 33 (March 23, 2010)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 34 (June 15, 2010)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 35 (August 31, 2010)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 36 (November 9, 2010)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 37 (February 8, 2011)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 38 (May 3, 2011)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 39 (August 9, 2011)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 40 (November 8, 2011)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 41 (February 7, 2012)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 42 (May 1, 2012)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 43 (August 7, 2012)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 44 (November 6, 2012)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 45 (February 5, 2013)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 46 (May 7, 2013)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 47 (August 6, 2013)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 48 (November 11, 2013)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 49 (February 4, 2014)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 50 (May 6, 2014)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 51 (August 5, 2014)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 52 (October 27, 2014)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 53 (February 3, 2015)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 54 (May 4, 2015)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 55 (August 7, 2015)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 56 (October 30, 2015)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 57 (February 5, 2016)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 58 (April 29, 2016)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 59 (August 5, 2016)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 60 (November 4, 2016)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 61 (January 27, 2017)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 62 (May 5, 2017)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 63 (August 4, 2017)\nNow That's What I Call Music! 64 (November 3, 2017)[6]\n" ]	[ "Now That's What I Call Music! 64" ]
505210398363613494	Wind power in Iowa	Wind power in Iowa - wikipedia Wind power in Iowa Jump to : navigation , search Hancock County Wind Energy Center in Hancock County , Iowa , with 148 Vestas V47 - 660kW wind turbines for a total nameplate capacity of 97.68 MW . Half of the wind turbines are southwest of Klemme and the other half are south - southeast of Duncan . NextEra Energy Resources owns the wind farm , which began operating in 2002 . Making up more than 35 % of the state 's generated electricity , Iowa is a leading U.S. state in wind power generation . The development of wind power in Iowa began with a state law , enacted in 1983 , requiring investor owned utilities purchase 105 MW of power from wind generation . In 2016 , over 20 billion kWh of electrical energy was generated by wind power . As of February 2016 , Iowa had over 6,300 megawatts ( MW ) of capacity . By 2020 the percentage of wind generated electricity in Iowa could reach 40 percent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Windpower industry 3 List of wind farms in Iowa 4 Wind generation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Overview ( edit ) Wind Power in Rural Iowa In addition to federal programs , the state of Iowa encourages development of renewable electricity sources through a 1 cent per kilowatt hour tax credit . Also , generation equipment and facilities receive property tax breaks , and generation equipment is exempt from sales tax . The development of wind power in Iowa began with the enactment in 1983 of a state law that required investor - owned utilities in the state to buy a total of 105 MW of power from wind generated electricity , one of the first renewable electricity portfolio standards . This provided assurance to those building wind power installations that there would be a market for the electricity they produced . Iowa has the highest density of wind power generation capacity . In 2010 and in 2009 , Iowa led the U.S. in the percentage of electrical power generated by wind , at 15.4 percent and 14.2 percent . This was up from 7.7 percent in 2008 , as there was a large increase in the installed capacity in 2008 . Some of the wind power generated electricity is sold to utility companies in nearby states , such as Wisconsin , and Illinois . Wind farms are most prevalent in the north and west portion of Iowa . Wind maps show the winds in these areas to be stronger on average , making them better suited for the development of wind energy . Average wind speeds are not consistent from month to month . Wind maps show wind speeds are on average strongest from November through April , peaking in March . August is the month with the weakest average wind speeds . On a daily cycle , there is a slight rise in average wind speeds in the afternoon , from 1 to 6 p.m. Estimates by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) indicate Iowa has potentially 570,700 Megawatts of wind power using large turbines mounted on 80 meter towers . Iowa ranks seventh in the country in terms of wind energy generation potential due to the strong average wind speeds in the midsection of the U.S. The Iowa Environmental Mesonet distributes current weather and wind conditions from approximately 450 monitoring stations across Iowa , providing data for modelling and predicting wind power . The average capacity factor of Iowa wind farms has been estimated as 33.3 % by a wind industry consultant . For newer installations , higher capacity factors , approaching 40 % , have been stated . Production numbers for 2013 , when wind capacity remained almost constant , showed a capacity factor over 34 percent . Due to these better wind conditions , Iowa generated more electricity from wind power in 2013 than California , even though it had less wind power capacity installed . And again in 2014 Iowa was number two in wind power generation behind only Texas . With the completion of some projects in 2016 , only Texas has a higher amount of installed wind power capacity . Several of the newer projects are the large 500 MW Highland Wind Energy Center and the O'Brien Wind Farm in O'Brien county , and the Ida Wind farm in Ida county . These were constructed in 2015 and 2016 . According to the Iowa Office of Energy Independence , lack of transmission line capacity is beginning to restrict further growth of wind farms in the state . A report from the NREL acknowledges that this is a major hurdle to increased wind power development in the U.S. A high voltage DC line that would transmit power from near Sioux City to the Chicago area has been proposed . MidAmerican Energy , in 2015 , completed five projects in Iowa totaling over 1,000 MW of capacity . The projects are in O'Brien , Marshall , Webster , Grundy , and Madison counties . 448 wind turbines manufactured by Siemens are to be constructed . At a cost of some 1.9 billion dollars , this will be Iowa 's largest economic development project to date . The largest project , the Highland Wind Energy Center in O'Brien county , has 500 MW of generation capacity , making it the state 's largest . From October 23 to 24 , 2017 , wind power provided all the power consumed by MidAmerica Energy 's Iowa customers . This was the first time wind generation reached this threshold , aided by sustained winds of 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) with gusts to 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . A new transmission line is being built to transmit some of the power from the Highland project to the Spencer and Iowa Great Lakes area . Additionally , power will be transmitted by an existing 345 kilovolt line running from south of Sioux City to Lakefield , Minnesota . Windpower industry ( edit ) A number of companies involved in the windpower industry have office or manufacturing facilities in Iowa . Blades for wind turbines are manufactured in Newton by TPI Composites and in Fort Madison by Siemens . Towers are also manufactured in Newton by Trinity Structural Towers . Companies manufacturing other parts for wind turbines are located in Iowa as well . In addition to manufacturing , various companies support the development of wind power projects . The wind power industry employs 6,000 to 7,000 people in Iowa . Nearly $10 billion has been invested in Iowa 's wind power projects and manufacturing facilities . In late September 2007 , Siemens Power Generation opened its new wind turbine blade factory in Fort Madison , on the banks of the Mississippi River . The factory can produce more than 2000 blades annually . A plant expansion in 2008 brought the facility up to nearly 600,000 square feet , up from 310,000 . The facility manufactures 148 - foot ( 45 m ) - long , 12 - ton blades for the company 's 2.3 - MW wind turbines installed in the United States . The Iowa Office of Energy Independence ( OEI ) is tasked with determining policy and setting goals towards renewable energy production . The office seeks to coordinate efforts between industry , community leaders , state and local government , and educational institutions to achieve energy policy goals . List of wind farms in Iowa ( edit ) Rolling Hills Adams Macksburg Crystal Lake Ida Carroll Victory Prairie Bvr C . Obrien Highland Rippey Wellsburg Story County Pioneer Prairie Endeavor Pomeroy Century Whispering Willow Buena Vista Top of Iowa Adair Barton Intrepid Des Moines Cedar Rapids Sioux City Wind power projects in Iowa Operating Under construction Iowa Electricity Generation Sources The following lists some of the wind projects in Iowa . Name Location Intrepid between Schaller and Storm Lake , north of U.S. 20 Top Of Iowa near Joice , west of I - 35 Story County I north of Colo Story County II south of Humboldt , Story and Hardin counties Pomeroy between Pomeroy and Fonda , along Iowa 7 Endeavor near Lake - Park , Harris along Iowa 9 Century north of Blairsburg , along U.S. 69 , west of I - 35 Buena Vista Alta , Peterson , Truesdale area Victory near Arcadia and Westside , U.S. 30 Carroll northwest of Carroll , near Mt . Carmel & Breda Hancock County Klemme Hardin Hilltop north of Jefferson , 7 towers Charles City west of Charles City Walnut near Walnut ( n.e. of Council Bluffs ) , mostly south of I - 80 Whispering Willow Wind Farm Franklin County , between Hampton and Iowa Falls Adair South of Adair , near I - 80 Barton near Kensett , east of I - 35 Crystal Lake between Buffalo Center and Crystal Lake , Hancock and Winnebago Counties Pioneer Prairie Howard & Mitchell Counties Crosswind Energy southeast of Ruthven , U.S. 18 Lost Lakes West of Milford - Dickinson County Iowa Lakes Superior near Superior , U.S. 71 Iowa Lakes Lakota near Lakota , Iowa 9 Laurel west of Laurel Rippey between Rippey & Grand Jct Vienna south of Gladbrook The Spirit , Endeavor , Buena Vista , Lost Lakes , and Crosswind Energy wind farms are all located upon the Coteau des Prairies , a slightly elevated area that results in the windiest locations in Minnesota and Iowa . Coteau des Prairies is sometimes referred to as Buffalo Ridge , which is actually a specific ridge within the area , mostly in Minnesota . Power from the Iowa Lakes Superior and Iowa Lakes Lakota projects is used by ethanol fuel plants in their respective communities . Wind generation ( edit ) Iowa Wind Generation ( GWh , Million kWh ) Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total % of Production 2013 1,663 1,380 1,414 1,465 1,421 1,089 864 674 1,190 1,352 1,757 1,303 15,568 27.5 % 2014 1,849 1,324 1,729 1,757 1,261 1,027 915 543 976 1,478 1,985 1,435 16,307 28.7 % 2015 1,811 1,578 1,653 1,609 1,607 911 799 1,004 1,330 1,699 2,039 1,833 17,878 31.3 % 2016 1,737 1,894 1,859 2,343 1,334 1,309 983 789 1,556 1,796 2,050 2,422 20,072 36.9 % 2017 1,629 1,970 2,228 2,075 1,805 1,599 1,059 894 1,314 14,573 ( YTD ) 34.4 % ( YTD ) Colored background indicates wind was the largest source of generation that month . Iowa Wind Generation in 2016 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in Iowa . List of wind farms in the United States Rock Island Clean Line References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US wind energy generation reached 5.5 % of the grid in 2016 '' . REVE - Wind Energy and Electric Vehicle Review . 6 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electricity Data Browser '' . U.S. Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EIA Electric Power Monthly , February , 2017 '' . PDF ( report ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration , Department of Energy . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Installed Wind Capacity '' . Midamerican Energy . Midamerican Energy Company . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` AWEA U.S. Wind Industry Fourth Quarter 2015 Market Report - Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Report . AWEA . January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Branstad , Terry . `` Iowa has the blueprint for energy independence '' . Governor 's Wind Energy Coalition . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Iowa renewable tax credits Jump up ^ National wind - Iowa wind data Jump up ^ Database of State Incentives for Renwables and Efficiency ^ Jump up to : Wiser , Mike . `` Wind energy helping power Iowa economy '' . wcfcourrier.com . Retrieved 7 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Energy Information Administration - Electric Power Monthly March 2011 Jump up ^ Energy efficiency . Rethinking the energy system here in the U.S. Jump up ^ Crane Creek Wind Farm Jump up ^ Iberdrola in deal to sell power from Iowa wind farm Jump up ^ Iowa wind maps Jump up ^ Iowa monthly wind maps Jump up ^ Geography and Wind - Iowa Energy Center Jump up ^ Iowa policy project Jump up ^ Meteorology - IAWIND Jump up ^ Iowa Utilities Board Jump up ^ North American Windpower Jump up ^ ( EIA electric power monthly , February 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` EIA Electric Power Monthly , December 2013 '' . PDF . U.S. Energy Information Administration , Department of Energy . February 21 , 2010 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Report : Wind power could be 35 % of supply by 2050 '' . USAToday . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MidAmerican Energy completes two major wind projects totaling more than 1.2 GW '' . WTWH Media , LLC . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Chernova , Yuliya ( October 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Answer Is Blowing in ... Iowa '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ NREL Eastern Area Wind Energy Study Jump up ^ Transmission Line Proposed for Iowa Jump up ^ Iowa 's Biggest Economic Project Ever , nbcnews.com Jump up ^ Midamerican Energy announces construction of wind projects in Iowa - Iowa Energy Center Jump up ^ Buffet 's $1 billion order shows wind power rivals coal energy , Business week Jump up ^ High winds bring milestone for Iowa , AP , Oct. 28 , 2017 . Carried in the Des Moines Register , Washington Times Jump up ^ Mid-American's busy 2014 construction year , Cherokee Chronicle Times ^ Jump up to : Iowa Office of Energy Independence ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Wind Energy Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . PDF ( report ) . Iowa Environmental Council . March 201h . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 26 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Iowa Wind Energy Association Jump up ^ Siemens produces 5,000 th blade at Fort Madison facility Jump up ^ Siemens ' Fort Madison facility facts Jump up ^ `` EIA - Electricity Data '' . www.eia.gov . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Google buys power from Iowa wind farm Jump up ^ Victory I -- Iowa Jump up ^ dead link Jump up ^ Iberdrola Renewables Supplies 50 Megawatts to We Energies from Barton Wind Power Project Jump up ^ Iowa wind farms supported by USDA Renewable Energy Program ^ Jump up to : Iowa Lakes Electric Cooperative Lakota and Superior projects ^ Jump up to : Superior wind farm ^ Jump up to : `` RPMAccess Projects '' . RPMAccess . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Electric Power Monthly '' . U.S. Department of Energy , Energy Information Administration . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Iowa Alliance for Wind Innovation and Novel Development Wind energy data for Iowa at The Wind Power Iowa Office of Energy Independence : Wind Wind power in the United States American Wind Energy Association NASA wind turbines United States Wind Energy Policy Wind farms in the US Offshore wind farms in the US Wind Powering America Wind power by state Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Large wind farms Alta Wind Energy Center Altamont Pass Biglow Canyon Buffalo Gap Capricorn Ridge Cedar Creek Fowler Ridge Highland Horse Hollow Klondike Lone Star Meadow Lake Panther Creek Peetz Peñascal Roscoe San Gorgonio Pass Shepherds Flat Tehachapi Pass Windy Point / Windy Flats Wind power companies Aermotor Windmill Company Deepwater Wind GE Wind Energy Iberdrola Renovables Infigen Energy Invenergy National Wind Native Wind NextEra Energy Resources Siemens Wind Power UGE International Vestas Wind Capital Group Energy in the United States Politics and law Energy Lobby Energy policy Energy Policy Act ( 1992 ) ( 2005 ) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act Energy subsidies Federal Power Act Offshore drilling debate Renewable portfolio standard Secretary of Energy Energy law of the United States North American energy independence Energy by state Arkansas California Hawaii Idaho Ohio Oregon Vermont Sources Material Biofuel Coal Geothermal Hydroelectric Nuclear Petroleum Renewable Solar by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wind by state Alaska Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Montana Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Oklahoma Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Dakota Texas Vermont Washington Wyoming Environmental issues Greenhouse gas emissions State CO emissions Emission standards CAFE standards Governmental Agencies PMAs ( BPA WAPA SEPA SWPA ) CARB DOE ( EIA EERE NREL OE ) EPA FERC NRC TVA USGS Organizations ACORE APPA AA API ASES AWEA BTEC EEI EBI EESI EPRI NRECA NEI PFI PIA RMI Energy portal Sustainable development portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_power_in_Iowa&oldid=815230291 '' Categories : Wind power in Iowa Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does iowa rank in wind energy production	[ "Wind farms are most prevalent in the north and west portion of Iowa. Wind maps show the winds in these areas to be stronger on average, making them better suited for the development of wind energy. Average wind speeds are not consistent from month to month. Wind maps show wind speeds are on average strongest from November through April, peaking in March. August is the month with the weakest average wind speeds.[15][16] On a daily cycle, there is a slight rise in average wind speeds in the afternoon, from 1 to 6 p.m.[17] Estimates by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) indicate Iowa has potentially 570,700 Megawatts of wind power using large turbines mounted on 80 meter towers.[18] Iowa ranks seventh in the country in terms of wind energy generation potential due to the strong average wind speeds in the midsection of the U.S.[10] The Iowa Environmental Mesonet distributes current weather and wind conditions from approximately 450 monitoring stations across Iowa, providing data for modelling and predicting wind power.[19]" ]	[ "seventh in the country" ]
-8560336535296244705	Home video game console	Home video game console - wikipedia Home video game console Jump to : navigation , search This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on : Video games Platforms ( show ) Arcade game Console game Game console Home console Electronic game Audio game Electronic handheld Handheld game Handheld console Mobile game Online game Social network game PC game Linux Mac Genres ( show ) Action Beat ' em up Fighting Platform Shooter Survival Action - adventure Stealth Survival horror Adventure Interactive fiction Interactive movie Visual novel Role - playing Action role - playing Tactical role - playing Simulation Construction and management Life simulation Sports Vehicle Strategy Multiplayer online battle arena Real - time strategy Real - time tactics Turn - based strategy Turn - based tactics Massively multiplayer online Related ( show ) List of arcade video games List of best - selling video games List of best - selling video game franchises List of highest - grossing arcade games List of video games considered the best List of video game soundtracks considered the best List of Game of the Year awards List of video games notable for negative reception Development ( show ) Game AI Game design Interaction design Game programming Level design Video game art Video game design Video game graphics Video game music A home video game console , or simply home console , is a video game device that is primarily used for home gamers , as opposed to in arcades or some other commercial establishment . Home consoles are one type of video game consoles , in contrast to the handheld game consoles which are smaller and portable , allowing people to carry them and play them at any time or place , along with microconsoles and dedicated consoles . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Timeline overview 1.2 First generation 1.3 Second generation 1.4 Third generation 1.5 Fourth generation 1.6 Fifth generation 1.7 Sixth generation 1.8 Seventh generation 1.9 Eighth generation 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links History ( edit ) Timeline overview ( edit ) Further information : List of best - selling game consoles Below is a timeline of each generation with the top three home video consoles of each generation based on worldwide sales . For a complete list of home video consoles released in each generation please see the respective article of each generation . Legend -- Unit with the highest sales of its generation . -- Unit with the second highest sales of its generation . -- Unit with the third highest sales of its generation . -- Manufacturer released a home video console during this generation but did not sell the most units . -- -- Manufacturer did n't release a home video game console during this generation . † -- Indicates the current generation consoles on the market . Developer Generation First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Atari Home Pong ( 150,000 ) Atari 2600 ( 30 million ) Atari 7800 ( 1 million ) -- Atari Jaguar ( 250,000 ) -- -- -- Coleco Telstar ( 1 million ) ColecoVision ( 2 + million ) -- -- -- -- -- -- Nintendo Color TV - Game series ( 3 million ) -- NES ( 61.91 million ) Super NES ( 49.1 million ) Nintendo 64 ( 32.93 million ) GameCube ( 21.74 million ) Wii ( 101.63 million ) Nintendo Switch † ( 14.86 million ) Magnavox / Philips Odyssey ( 330,000 ) Odyssey2 ( 2 million ) Videopac + G7400 ( N / A ) CD - i ( 570,000 ) -- -- -- -- Mattel -- Intellivision ( 3 million ) -- -- -- -- HyperScan ( N / A ) -- Sega -- -- Master System ( 10 -- 13 million ) Sega Genesis ( 33.75 million ) Sega Saturn ( 9.26 million ) Dreamcast ( 9.13 million ) -- -- NEC -- -- -- TurboGrafx - 16 ( 10 million ) PC - FX ( 400,000 ) -- -- -- Sony -- -- -- -- PlayStation ( 102.49 million ) PlayStation 2 ( > 155 million ) PlayStation 3 ( 83.8 million ) PlayStation 4 † ( 70.6 million ) Microsoft -- -- -- -- -- Xbox ( 24 million ) Xbox 360 ( 84 million ) Xbox One † est. 25 -- 30 million First generation ( edit ) See also : First generation of video game consoles and First video game The Magnavox Odyssey was the first video game console , released in 1972 . Although the first video games appeared in the 1950s , they were played on massive computers connected to vector displays , not analog televisions . Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951 . In the late 1960s while working for Sanders Associates he created a series of video game console designs . One of these designs , which gained the nickname of the `` Brown Box '' , featured changeable game modes and was demonstrated to several TV manufactures ultimately leading to an agreement between Sanders Associates and Magnavox . In 1972 Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey , the first home video game console which could be connected to a TV set . Ralph Baer 's initial design had called for a huge row of switches that would allow gamers to turn on and off certain components of the console ( the Odyssey lacked a CPU ) to create slightly different games like tennis , volleyball , hockey , and chase . Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game . Although Baer had sketched up ideas for cartridges that could include new components for new games , the carts released by Magnavox all served the same function as the switches and allowed gamers to choose from the Odyssey 's built - in games . The Odyssey only initially sold about 100,000 units , making it moderately successful , and it was not until Atari 's arcade game Pong popularized video games , that the public began to take more notice of the emerging industry . By autumn 1975 , Magnavox , bowing to the popularity of Pong , cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled - down version that played only Pong and hockey , the Odyssey 100 . A second , `` higher end '' console , the Odyssey 200 , was released with the 100 and added on - screen scoring , up to four players , and a third game -- Smash . Almost simultaneously released with Atari 's own home Pong console through Sears , these consoles jump - started the consumer market . All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey with no board game pieces or extra cartridges . In the years that followed , the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market . After General Instrument released their inexpensive microchips , each containing a complete console on a single chip , many small developers began releasing consoles that looked different externally , but internally were playing exactly the same games . Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles only playing the games that came with the console . These video game consoles were often just called video games , because there was little reason to distinguish the two yet . While a few companies like Atari , Magnavox , and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope , the market became flooded with simple , similar video games . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Second generation ( edit ) See also : Second generation of video game consoles The Atari 2600 became the most popular game console of the second generation . Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System ( VES ) in 1976 . While there had been previous game consoles that used cartridges , either the cartridges had no information and served the same function as flipping switches ( the Odyssey ) or the console itself was empty ( Coleco Telstar ) and the cartridge contained all of the game components . The VES , however , contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions . RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge - based consoles , the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600 ( originally branded as the Atari Video Computer System ) , respectively . Both Bally ( with their Home Library Computer in 1977 ) and Magnavox ( with the Odyssey2 in 1978 ) also brought their own programmable cartridge - based consoles to the market . However , it was not until Atari released a conversion of the golden age arcade hit Space Invaders in 1980 for the Atari 2600 that the home console industry took off . Many consumers bought an Atari console so they could play Space Invaders at home . Space Invaders ' unprecedented success started the trend of console manufacturers trying to get exclusive rights to arcade titles , and the trend of advertisements for game consoles claiming to bring the arcade experience home . Throughout the early 1980s , other companies released video game consoles of their own . Many of the video game systems were technically superior to the Atari 2600 , and marketed as improvements over the Atari 2600 , but Atari dominated the console market in the early 1980s . However , a severe crash occurred in 1983 in the video game business . This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Third generation ( edit ) See also : Third generation of video game consoles The NES made video games popular again after the 1983 crash . In 1983 , Nintendo released the Family Computer ( or Famicom ) in Japan . The Famicom supported high - resolution sprites , larger color palettes , and tiled backgrounds . This allowed Famicom games to be longer and have more detailed graphics . Nintendo began attempts to bring their Famicom to the U.S. after the video game market had crashed . In the U.S. , video games were seen as a fad that had already passed . To distinguish its product from older game consoles , Nintendo released their Famicom as the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) which used a front - loading cartridge port similar to a VCR , included a plastic `` robot '' ( R.O.B. , and was initially advertised as a toy ) . The NES was the highest selling console in the history of North America and revitalized the video game market . Mario of Super Mario Bros. became a global icon starting with his NES games . Nintendo took an unusual stance with third - party developers for its console . Nintendo contractually restricted third - party developers to three NES titles per year and forbade them from developing for other video game consoles . The practice ensured Nintendo 's market dominance and prevented the flood of trash titles that had helped kill the Atari , but was ruled illegal late in the console 's life cycle . Sega 's Master System was intended to compete with the NES , but never gained any significant market share in the US or Japan and was barely profitable . It fared notably better in PAL territories . In Europe and South America , the Master System competed with the NES and saw new game releases even after Sega 's next - generation Mega Drive was released . In Brazil where strict importation laws and rampant piracy kept out competitors , the Master System outsold the NES by a massive margin and remained popular into the ' 90s . Jack Tramiel , after buying Atari , downsizing its staff , and settling its legal disputes , attempted to bring Atari back into the home console market . Atari released a smaller , sleeker , cheaper version of their popular Atari 2600 . They also released the Atari 7800 , a console technologically comparable with the NES and backwards compatible with the 2600 . Finally Atari repackaged its 8 - bit XE home computer as the XEGS game console . The new consoles helped Atari claw its way out of debt , but failed to gain much market share from Nintendo . Atari 's lack of funds meant that its consoles saw fewer releases , lower production values ( both the manuals and the game labels were frequently black and white ) , and limited distribution . Japan North America Europe Family Computer / Nintendo Entertainment System 1985 1986 Sega Mark III / Master System 1985 1986 Atari 7800 none Atari XEGS This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fourth generation ( edit ) See also : Fourth generation of video game consoles The Super Famicom , the Japanese version of the Super NES . NEC brought the first fourth - generation console to market with their PC Engine ( later sold as the TurboGrafx - 16 in North America ) when Hudson Soft approached them with an advanced graphics chip . Hudson had previously approached Nintendo , only to be rebuffed by a company still raking in the profits of the NES . The TurboGrafx used the unusual HuCard format to store games . The small size of these proprietary cards allowed NEC to re-release the console as a handheld game console . The PC Engine enjoyed brisk sales in Japan , but its North American counterpart , the TurboGrafx , lagged behind the competition . The console never saw an official release in Europe , but clones and North American imports were available in some markets starting in 1990 . NEC advertised their console as `` 16 - bit '' to highlight its advances over the NES . This started the trend of all subsequent fourth generations consoles being advertised as 16 bit . Many people still refer to this generation as the 16 - bit generation , and often refer to the third generation as `` 8 - bit '' . Sega scaled down and adapted their Sega System 16 ( used to power arcade hits like Altered Beast and Shinobi ) into the Mega Drive ( or Genesis ) and released it with a near arcade - perfect port of Altered Beast . Sega 's console met lukewarm sales in Japan , but skyrocketed to first place in PAL markets , and made major inroads in North America . Propelled by its effective `` Genesis does what Nintendo n't '' marketing campaign , Sega capitalized on the Genesis 's technological superiority over the NES , faithful ports of popular arcade games , and competitive pricing . Arcade gaming company , SNK developed the high end Neo Geo MVS arcade system which used interchangeable cartridges similar to home consoles . Building on the success of the MVS , SNK repackaged the NeoGeo as the Neo Geo AES home console . Though technologically superior to the other fourth - generation consoles , the AES and its games were prohibitively expensive , which kept sales low and prevented it from expanding outside its niche market and into serious competition with Nintendo and Sega . The AES did , however , amass a dedicated cult following , allowing it to see new releases into the 2000s . The fourth generation graphics chips allowed these consoles to reproduce the art styles that were becoming popular in arcades and on home computers . These games often featured lavish background scenery , huge characters , broader color palettes , and increased emphasis on dithering and texture . Games written specifically for the NES , like Megaman , Shatterhand , and Super Mario Bros. 3 were able to work cleverly within its limitations . Ports of the increasingly detailed arcade and home computer games came up with various solutions . For example , when Capcom released Strider in the arcade they created an entirely separate Strider game for the NES that only incorporated themes and characters from the arcade . In 1990 Nintendo finally brought their Super Famicom to market and brought it to the US as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) a year later . Its release marginalized the TurboGrafx and the Neo Geo , but came late enough for Sega to sell several million consoles in North America and gain a strong foothold . The same year the SNES was released Sega released Sonic the Hedgehog , which spiked Genesis sales , similar to Space Invaders on the Atari . Also , by 1992 the first fully licensed NFL Football game was released : NFL Sports Talk Football ' 93 , which was available only on the Genesis . This impact on Genesis sales , and the overall interest of realistic sports games , would start the trend of licensed sports games being viewed as necessary for the success of a console in the US . While Nintendo enjoyed dominance in Japan , and Sega in Europe , the competition between the two was particularly fierce and close in North America . Ultimately , the SNES outsold the Genesis , but only after Sega discontinued the Genesis to focus on the next generation of consoles . One trait that remains peculiar to the fourth generation is the huge number of exclusive games . Both Sega and Nintendo were very successful and their consoles developed massive libraries of games . Both consoles had to be programmed in assembly to get the most out of them . A game optimized for the Genesis could take advantage of its faster CPU and sound chip . A game optimized for the SNES could take advantage of its graphics and its flexible , clean sound chip . Some game series , like Castlevania , saw separate system exclusive releases rather than an attempt to port one game to disparate platforms . When compact disc ( CD ) technology became available midway through the fourth generation , each company attempted to integrate it into their existing consoles in different ways . NEC and Sega released CD add - ons to their consoles in the form of the TurboGrafx - CD and Sega CD , but both were only moderately successful . NEC also released the TurboDuo which combined the TurboGrafx - 16 and the TurboGrafx - CD add - on ( along with the RAM and BIOS upgrade from the Super System Card ) into one unit . SNK released a third version of the Neo-Geo , the Neo Geo CD , allowing the company to release its games on a cheaper medium than the AES 's expensive cartridges , but it reached the market after Nintendo and Sega had already sold tens of millions of consoles each . Nintendo partnered with Sony to work on a CD addon for the SNES , but the deal fell apart when they realized how much control Sony wanted . Sony would use their work with Nintendo as the basis for their Playstation game console . While CDs became an increasingly visible part of the market , CD - reading technology was still expensive in the 90s , limiting NEC 's and Sega 's add - ons ' sales . Japan North America Europe PC Engine / TurboGrafx - 16 1990 Mega Drive / Genesis Neo Geo 1990 1991 Super Famicom / Super NES 1990 1991 LaserActive 1993 none This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fifth generation ( edit ) See also : Fifth generation of video game consoles The original PlayStation became the most popular system of the fifth generation consoles , eventually selling over 100 million systems . The first fifth - generation consoles were the 3DO and the Atari Jaguar . Although both consoles were more powerful than the fourth generation systems , neither would become serious threats to Sega or Nintendo . The 3DO initially generated a great deal of hype in part because of a licensing scheme where 3DO licensed the manufacturing of its console out to third parties , similar to VCR or DVD players . Unfortunately , that very structure meant that unlike its competitors who could sell the console at a loss , all 3DO manufacturers had to sell for profit . The cheapest 3DO was more expensive than the Super NES and Genesis combined . Atari cancelled their line of home computers , their Atari Portfolio , the Stacy laptop , and their handheld Atari Lynx when they released the Jaguar . It was an all or nothing gamble that ran the company into the ground . The Jaguar had three processors and no C libraries to help developers cope with it . Atari was ineffective at courting third parties and many of their first party games were poorly received . While games like Tempest 2000 , Rayman , and Alien vs Predator showed what the console was capable of , the vast majority of releases underwhelmed . Many of the Jaguar 's games used mainly the slowest ( but most familiar ) of the console 's processors , resulting in titles that could easily have been released on the SNES or Genesis . To compete with emerging next gen consoles , Nintendo released Donkey Kong Country which could display a wide range of tones ( something common in fifth - generation games ) by limiting the number of hues onscreen , and Star Fox which used an extra chip inside of the cartridge to display polygon graphics . Sega followed suit , releasing Vectorman and Virtua Racing ( the latter of which used the Sega Virtua Processor ) . Sega also released the 32X , an add - on for the Genesis , while their Sega Saturn was still in development , and announced that they would replace the Genesis with the Neptune , a combination 32X and Genesis , and sell it as a budget console alongside their upcoming Saturn . Despite public statements from Sega claiming that they would continue to support the Genesis / 32X throughout the next generation , Sega Enterprises quietly killed the Neptune project and forced Sega of America to abandon the 32X . The 32X 's brief and confusing existence damaged public perception of the coming Saturn and Sega as a whole . While the fourth generation had seen a handful of acclaimed titles on NEC 's PC Engine CD - ROM2 and Sega 's Mega CD add - ons , it was n't until the fifth generation that a CD - based consoles and games began to seriously compete with cartridges . CDs were significantly cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were , and gave developers room to add cinematic cut - scenes , pre-recorded soundtracks , and voice acting that made more serious storytelling possible . NEC had been developing a successor to the PC Engine as early as 1990 , and presented a prototype , dubbed the `` Iron Man , '' to developers in 1992 , but shelved the project as the PC Engine managed to extend the console 's market viability in Japan into the mid-90s . When sales started to dry up , NEC rushed its old project to the market . The PC - FX , a CD - based , 32 - bit console , had highly advanced , detailed 2D graphics capabilities , and better full - motion video than any other system on the market . It was , however , incapable of handling 3D graphics , forfeiting its chances at seriously competing with Sony and Sega . The console was limited to a niche market of dating sims and visual novels in Japan , and never saw release in Western markets . After the abortive 32X , Sega entered the fifth generation with the Saturn . Sega released several highly regarded titles for the Saturn , but a series of bad decisions alienated many developers and retailers . While the Saturn was technologically advanced , it was also complex , difficult , and unintuitive to write games for . In particular , programming 3D graphics that could compete with those on Nintendo and Sony 's consoles proved exceptionally difficult for third - party developers . Because the Saturn used quadrilaterals , rather than standard triangles , as its basic polygon , cross platform games had to be completely rewritten to see a Saturn port . The Saturn was also a victim of internal politics at Sega . While the Saturn sold comparably well in Japan , Sega 's branches in North America and Europe refused to license localization of many popular Japanese titles , holding they were ill - suited to Western markets . First - party hits like Sakura Taisen never saw Western releases , while several third - party titles released on both PlayStation and Saturn in Japan , like Grandia and Castlevania : Symphony of the Night , were released in North America and Europe as PlayStation exclusives . Born from a failed attempt to create a console with Nintendo , Sony 's Playstation would not only dominate its generation , but become the first console to sell over 100 million units by expanding the video game market . Sony actively courted third parties and provided them with convenient c libraries to write their games . Sony had built the console from the start as a 3D , disc - based system , and emphasized its 3d graphics that would come to be viewed as the future of gaming . The PlayStation 's CD technology won over several developers who had been releasing titles for Nintendo and Sega 's fourth generation consoles , such as Konami , Namco , Capcom , and Square . CDs were far cheaper to manufacture and distribute than cartridges were , meaning developers could release larger batches of games at higher profit margins ; Nintendo 's console , on the other hand , used cartridges , unwittingly keeping third - party developers away . The PlayStation 's internal architecture was simpler and more intuitive to program for , giving the console an edge over Sega 's Saturn . Nintendo was the last to release a fifth generation console with their Nintendo 64 , and when they finally released their console it came with only two launch titles . Partly to curb piracy and partly as a result of Nintendo 's failed disc projects with Sony and Phillips , Nintendo used cartridges for their console . The higher cost of cartridges drove many third party developers to the PlayStation . The Nintendo 64 could handle 3D polygons better than any console released before it , but its games often lacked the cut - scenes , soundtracks , and voice - overs that became standard on PlayStation discs . Nintendo released several highly acclaimed titles , such as Super Mario 64 and The Legend of Zelda : Ocarina of Time , and the Nintendo 64 was able to sell tens of millions of units on the strength of first - party titles alone , but its constant struggles against Sony would make the Nintendo 64 the last home console to use cartridges as a medium for game distribution . Japan North America Europe FM Towns Marty 1993 none Atari Jaguar 1994 1993 1994 3DO Interactive Multiplayer PC - FX none 32X 1994 Sega Saturn 1995 PlayStation Nintendo 64 Sixth generation ( edit ) See also : Sixth generation of video game consoles With more than 155 million units sold , the PlayStation 2 is the best selling videogame console in history . The sixth generation saw a move towards PC - like architectures in gaming consoles , as well as a shift towards using DVDs for game media . This brought games that were both longer and more visually appealing . Furthermore , this generation also saw experimentation with online console gaming and implementing both flash and hard drive storage for game data . Sega 's Dreamcast was released in Japan on November 27 , 1998 , in North America on September 9 , 1999 , in Europe on October 14 , 1999 and in Australia on November 30 , 1999 . It was the company 's last video game console , and was the first of the generation 's consoles to be discontinued . Sega implemented a special type of optical media called the GD - ROM . These discs were created in order to prevent software piracy , which had been more easily done with consoles of the previous generation ; however , this format was soon cracked as well . It also sported a 33.6 Kb or 56k modem which could be used to access the internet or play some of the games , like Phantasy Star Online , online , making it the first console with built - in internet connectivity . The Dreamcast was discontinued in March 2001 , and Sega transitioned to software developing / publishing only . Sony 's PlayStation 2 was released in Japan on March 4 , 2000 , in North America on October 26 , 2000 , in Europe on November 24 , 2000 and in Australia on November 30 , 2000 . It was the follow - up to its highly successful PlayStation , and was also the first home game console to be able to play DVDs . As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000 , Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version . As of November 21 , 2011 over 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold . This makes it the best selling home console of all time to date , and now the best - selling video game console to date . Nintendo 's GameCube was released in Japan on September 15 , 2001 , in North America on November 18 , 2001 , in Europe on May 3 , 2002 and in Australia on May 17 , 2002 . It was Nintendo 's fourth home video game console and the first console by the company to use optical media instead of cartridges . The Nintendo GameCube did not play standard 12 cm DVDs , instead it employed smaller 8 cm optical discs . With the release of the Game Boy Player , all Game Boy , Game Boy Color , and Game Boy Advance cartridges could be played on the platform . The Nintendo GameCube was discontinued in 2007 with the release of Wii . Microsoft released its first games console , the Xbox in North America on November 15 , 2001 , in Japan on February 22 , 2002 , and in Europe and Australia on March 14 , 2002 . It was the first console to employ a hard drive right out of the box to save games , the first to include an Ethernet port for broadband internet , and the beginning of Microsoft 's online Xbox LIVE service . Microsoft was able to attract many PC developers by using the NT kernel and DirectX from their Windows operating system . Though criticized for its bulky size and the awkwardness of its original controller , the Xbox eventually gained popularity , especially in the US , where it outsold the GameCube to secure second place , due in part to the success of the Halo franchise . Japan North America Europe Dreamcast 1998 1999 PlayStation 2 2000 Nintendo GameCube 2001 2002 Xbox 2002 2001 Seventh generation ( edit ) See also : Seventh generation of video game consoles Wii has sold more than 100 million units , becoming the most popular console of the seventh generation . The features introduced in this generation include the support of new disc formats : Blu - ray Disc , utilized by the PlayStation 3 , and HD DVD supported by the Xbox 360 via an optional $200 external accessory addition , that was later discontinued as the format war closed . Another new technology is the use of motion as input , and IR tracking ( as implemented on the Wii ) . Also , all seventh generation consoles support wireless controllers . Microsoft kicked off the seventh generation with the release of the Xbox 360 on November 22 , 2005 in the United States , December 2 , 2005 in Europe , December 10 , 2005 in Japan and March 23 , 2006 in Australia . It featured market - leading processing power until the Sony PlayStation 3 was released one year later . While the original Xbox 360 `` Core '' did not include an internal HDD , most Xbox 360 models since have included at least the option to have one . The Xbox 360 optical drive is a DVD9 reader , allowing DVD movies to be played . No Blu - ray drive was included , making big games like Battlefield and Grand Theft Auto V require two or more DVDs to play . Up to four controllers can be connected to the console wirelessly on the standard 2.4 GHz spectrum . There are 4 discontinued versions of the Xbox 360 : the `` Arcade , '' the `` Pro , '' and the `` Elite , '' and the newer `` S '' or ' slim ' model . The currently shipping `` E '' version of the Xbox 360 includes 3 configurations : a 4 GB internal SSD version which acts like a USB hard drive , a 250 GB HDD version , and a branded 320 GB HDD version . The Xbox 360 is backward compatible with about half the games of the original Xbox library . In 2010 , Microsoft released Kinect , allowing for motion - controlled games . Sony 's PlayStation 3 was released in Japan on November 11 , 2006 , in North America on November 17 , 2006 and in Europe and Australia on March 23 , 2007 . All PlayStation 3s come with a hard drive and are able to play Blu - ray Disc games and Blu - ray Disc movies out of the box . The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI output out of the box , using full 1080p resolution . Up to seven controllers can connect to the console using Bluetooth . There are 6 discontinued versions of the PS3 : a 20 GB HDD version ( discontinued in North America and Japan , and was never released in PAL territories ) , a 40 GB HDD version ( discontinued ) , a 60 GB HDD version ( discontinued in North America , Japan and PAL territories ) , 80 GB HDD version ( only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories ) , a `` slim '' 120 GB HDD version ( discontinued ) , and a `` slim '' 250 GB version ( discontinued ) . The two current shipping versions of the PlayStation 3 are : a `` slim '' 160 GB HDD version and a `` slim '' 320 GB HDD version . The hard drive can be replaced with any standard 2.5 '' Serial ATA drive and the system has support for removable media storage , such as Memory Stick , Memory Stick Pro , Memory Stick Duo , Memory Stick PRO Duo , USB , SD , MiniSD , and CompactFlash ( CF ) digital media , but only the PlayStation versions up to 80 GB support this . The slim PlayStation 3 consoles ( 120 GB and up ) had removable storage discontinued . All models are backward compatible with the original PlayStation 's software library , and the launch models , since discontinued , are also backward compatible with PlayStation 2 games . As a cost - cutting measure , later models removed the Emotion Engine , making them incompatible with PS2 discs . In 2010 , Sony released PlayStation Move , allowing for motion - controlled games . With recent software updates , the PlayStation 3 can play 3D Blu - ray movies and 3D games . Nintendo 's Wii was released in North America on November 19 , 2006 , in Japan on December 2 , 2006 , in Australia on December 7 , 2006 and in Europe on December 8 , 2006 . It is bundled with Wii Sports in all regions except for Japan . Unlike the other systems of the seventh generation , the Wii does not support an internal hard drive , but instead uses 512 MB of internal Flash memory and includes support for removable SD card storage . It also has a maximum resolution output of 480p , making it the only seventh generation console not able to output high - definition graphics . Along with its lower price , the Wii is notable for its unique controller , the Wii Remote , which resembles a TV remote . The system uses a `` sensor bar '' that emits infrared light that is detected by an infrared camera in the Wii Remote to determine orientation relative to the source of the light . All models , other than the Wii Family Edition and the Wii Mini , are backwards compatible with Nintendo GameCube games and support up to four Nintendo GameCube controllers and two memory cards . It also includes the Virtual Console , which allows the purchase and downloading of games from older systems , including those of former competitors . In 2009 , Nintendo introduced the ' Wii MotionPlus ' expansion , which uses the same technology as the console previously used , but with enhanced motion tracking and sensing to improve gameplay quality . The Wii has four colors : white , blue , black , and red . Current models include Wii Sports , Wii Sports Resort , and Wii Motion Plus . Japan North America Europe Xbox 360 2005 PlayStation 3 2006 2007 Wii 2006 Eighth generation ( edit ) See also : Eighth generation of video game consoles The PlayStation 4 console with its controller The Xbox One , the controller and the Kinect sensor Aside from the usual hardware enhancements , consoles of the eighth generation focus on further integration with other media and increased connectivity . The Wii U introduced a controller / tablet hybrid whose features include the possibility of augmented reality in gaming . The PlayStation 4 is Sony 's eighth generation console , featuring a `` share '' button to stream video game content between devices , released on November 15 , 2013 . Microsoft released their next generation console , the Xbox One , on November 22 , 2013 . Game systems in the eighth generation also faced increasing competition from mobile device platforms such as Apple 's iOS and Google 's Android operating systems . Smartphone ownership was estimated to reach roughly a quarter of the world 's population by the end of 2014 . The proliferation of low - cost games for these devices , such as Angry Birds with over 2 billion downloads worldwide , presents a new challenge to classic video game systems . Microconsoles , cheaper stand - alone devices designed to play games from previously established platforms , also increased options for consumers . Many of these projects were spurred on by the use of new crowdfunding techniques through sites such as Kickstarter . Notable competitors include the GamePop , OUYA , and GameStick Android - based systems , the PlayStation Vita TV , and the forthcoming Steam Machine . Despite the increased competition , the sales for major console manufacturers featured strong starts . The PlayStation 4 sold 1 million consoles within 24 hours in 2 countries , whilst the Xbox One sold 1 million consoles within 24 hours in 13 countries . As of April 2014 , 7 million Playstation 4 consoles have been sold worldwide , and 5 million Xbox One units have shipped , both outpacing sales of their seventh generation systems . In May , Nintendo announced that it had sold only 2.8 million Wii U consoles , falling far short of their forecasts . In 2016 , both Microsoft and Sony announced hardware refreshes of their respective consoles , which all aim to futureproof their platforms and provide improved support for 4K ultra high - definition content and virtual reality . Nintendo discontinued production of the Wii U in January 2017 , and released a new `` hybrid '' console , the Nintendo Switch , in March 2017 . The Switch can be used as either a handheld tablet or docked for use on televisions . Japan North America Europe Wii U 2012 PlayStation 4 2014 2013 Xbox One Nintendo Switch 2017 See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Video games portal Home theater PC List of home video game consoles History of video games Console game Video game console Handheld game console Microconsole Dedicated console Cassette Vision Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Atari 2600 sold 30 million units during its life - cycle . Atari also released a second home console during the second generation known as the Atari 5200 which sold 1 million units . Jump up ^ The Atari 7800 sold 1 million units . Atari also released the Atari XEGS during the third generation which sold 100,000 units . Jump up ^ Coleco launched Telstar in 1976 and sold a million . Production and delivery issues , and dedicated consoles being replaced by electronic handheld games dramatically reduced sales in 1977 . Over a million Telstars were scrapped in 1978 , and it cost Coleco $22.3 million that year -- almost bankrupting the company . Jump up ^ The ColecoVision reached 2 million units sold by the spring of 1984 . Console quarterly sales dramatically decreased at this time , but it continued to sell modestly with most inventory gone by October 1985 . Jump up ^ As of December 31 , 2017 the Nintendo Switch has sold 14.86 million units . Nintendo also released the Wii U during the eighth generation which sold 13.56 million units during its lifecycle . Jump up ^ 10 -- 13 million , not including recent Brazil sales figures . Screen Digest wrote in a 1995 publication that the Master System 's active installed user base in Western Europe peaked at 6.25 million in 1993 . Those countries that peaked are France at 1.6 million , Germany at 700 thousand , the Netherlands at 200 thousand , Spain at 550 thousand , the United Kingdom at 1.35 million , and other Western European countries at 1.4 million . However , Belgium peaked in 1991 with 600 thousand , and Italy in 1992 with 400 thousand . Thus it is estimated approximately 6.8 million units were purchased in this part of Europe . 1 million were sold in Japan as of 1986 . 2 million were sold in the United States . 8 million were sold by Tectoy in Brazil as of 2016 . Jump up ^ 30.75 million sold by Sega worldwide as of March 1996 , not including third - party sales . In addition , Tec Toy sold 3 million in Brazil , and Majesco Entertainment projected it would sell 1.5 million in the United States . Jump up ^ Sources for Dreamcast worldwide sales . Jump up ^ Designed by Hudson and manufactured and marketed by NEC . ^ Jump up to : Sony stopped divulging individual platform sales starting with 2012 fiscal reports , and continues to sporadically . PlayStation 2 : 138.8 million units sold as of Sony 's first fiscal quarter ending June 2009 ( Q1 FY2009 ) . Sony sold 16.2 million units from Q2 FY2009 until March 31 , 2012 . It was discontinued worldwide on January 4 , 2013 . PlayStation 3 : A Sony press release reported 80 million sold as of November 2 , 2013 . 3.4 million were shipped in 2014 and 0.4 million in the first quarter of 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Starting with Microsoft 's fiscal quarter ending June 2014 ( Q4 ) , the company stopped divulging individual platform sales in their fiscal reports . Microsoft stated it will shift focus to the amount of active users on Xbox Live starting in late 2015 . Xbox 360 : Sold 84 million as of June 2014 . Xbox One : Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella unveiled at a December 3 , 2014 shareholder presentation that 10 million units were sold . Third - party estimates suggest sales reached approximately 25 - 30 million worldwide by late 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , David ( 2004 ) . `` Dedicated Consoles '' . Official Price Guide to Classic Video Games . Random House . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 72038 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kent , Steven ( 2001 ) . `` Strange Bedfellows '' . Ultimate History of Video Games . Three Rivers Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 7615 - 3643 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` AtGames to Launch Atari Flashback 4 to Celebrate Atari 's 40th Anniversary ! '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schrage , Michael ( May 22 , 1984 ) . `` Atari Introduces Game In Attempt for Survival '' . The Washington Post : C3 . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . The company has stopped producing its 5200 SuperSystem games player , more than 1 million of which were sold . Jump up ^ Axlon To Develop New Video Games For Atari ( Press Release ) , Atari ( June 1 , 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Ever - Changing Atari Marketplace '' . Atarimagazines.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . Jump up ^ Orlando , Greg ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Console Portraits : A 40 - Year Pictorial History of Gaming '' . Wired News . Condé Nast Publications . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kleinfield , N.R. ( July 21 , 1985 ) . `` Coleco Moves Out Of The Cabbage Patch '' . The New York Times . p . F4 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Coleco is now debating whether to withdraw from electronics altogether . Colecovision still sells , but it is a shadow of its former self . Jump up ^ Mehegan , David ( May 8 , 1988 ) . `` Putting Coleco Industries Back Together '' . The Boston Globe . p . A1 . ISSN 0743 - 1791 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . When the game ( Telstar ) crashed hard , earnings fell 50 percent in 1977 and the company lost $22 million in 1978 , barely skirting bankruptcy after Handel -- then chief financial officer -- found new credit and mollified angry creditors after months of tough negotiation . Jump up ^ `` Coleco Industries sales report '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 17 , 1984 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . ' First quarter sales of ColecoVision were substantial , although much less that ( sic ) those for the year ago quarter , ' Greenberg said in a prepared statement . He said the company has sold 2 million ColecoVision games since its introduction in 1982 . Jump up ^ `` Coleco 's Net In Sharp Rise '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . October 19 , 1985 . p. 45 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Thursday , Coleco said the entire inventory of its troubled Adam personal computer has been sold , along with much of its Colecovision inventory . The company 's chairman , Arnold Greenberg , said Coleco expects no more charges against earnings from the two discontinued products . Jump up ^ Sheff , David ; Eddy , Andy ( 1999 ) , Game Over : How Nintendo Conquered the World , GamePress , p. 27 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9669617 - 0 - 6 , Nintendo entered the home market in Japan with the dramatic unveiling of Color TV Game 6 , which played six versions of light tennis . It was followed by a more powerful sequel , Color TV Game 15 . A million units of each were sold . The engineering team also came up with systems that played a more complex game , called `` Blockbuster , '' as well as a racing game . Half a million units of these were sold . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Data : Consolidated Sales Transition by Region '' ( xlsx ) . Nintendo. April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dedicated Video Game Sales Units '' . Nintendo . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Magnavox Odyssey , the first video game system '' . Pong - Story . June 27 , 1972 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Video Game Consoles of All Time ( Magnavox Odyssey 2 ) '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Snow , Blake ( July 30 , 2007 ) . `` The 10 Worst - Selling Consoles of All Time '' . GamePro . p. 2 . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2007 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Intellivision : Intelligent Television '' . GameSpy . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Levi ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Genesis vs. SNES : By the Numbers '' . IGN . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Nintendo moved 49.1 million Super NES consoles over the course of the generation and beyond , far surpassing the Genesis , which sold a still impressive 29 million units . ( ... ) The Master System sold an anemic 13 million to the NES count of 62 million . Jump up ^ Forster , Winnie ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Game. Machines : Consoles , Handhelds , and Home Computers 1972 -- 2005 . Magdalena Gniatczynska . p. 139 . ISBN 3 - 00 - 015359 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Sega Consoles : Active installed base estimates '' . Screen Digest . March 1995 : 60 . ( cf . here ( 1 ) , here ( 2 ) , and here ( 3 ) ) Jump up ^ Nihon Kōgyō Shinbunsha ( 1986 ) . `` Amusement '' . Business Japan . Nihon Kogyo Shimbun. 31 ( 7 - 12 ) : 89 . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sheff & Eddy 1999 , p. 349 : `` Atari sold a handful of its 5200s and 7800s , and Sega sold a total of 2 million Master Systems . '' Jump up ^ Azevedo , Théo ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Console em produção há mais tempo , Master System já vendeu 8 mi no Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . Universo Online . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Comercializado no Brasil desde setembro de 1989 , o saudoso Master System já vendeu mais de 8 milhões de unidades no país , segundo a Tectoy . Jump up ^ `` Yearly market report '' . Famitsu Weekly ( in Japanese ) ( 392 ) : 8 . June 21 , 1996 . ^ Jump up to : Ernkvist , Mirko ( August 21 , 2012 ) . Zackariasson , Peter ; Wilson , Timothy , eds . The Video Game Industry : Formation , Present State , and Future . Routledge . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 25824 - 4 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Azevedo , Théo ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` Vinte anos depois , Master System e Mega Drive vendem 150 mil unidades por ano no Brasil '' ( in Portuguese ) . UOL . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Base instalada : 5 milhões de Master System ; 3 milhões de Mega Drive Jump up ^ Sponsel , Sebastian ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Interview : Stefano Arnhold ( Tectoy ) '' . Sega - 16 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sega farms out Genesis '' . Consumer Electronics . March 2 , 1998 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sega Corporation Annual Report 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Sega Corporation . August 1 , 2001 . p. 14 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . A total of 3.39 million hardware units and 23.87 million software units were sold worldwide during fiscal 2001 , for respective totals of 8.20 million units and 51.63 million units since Dreamcast was first brought to market . Jump up ^ `` Revisions to Annual Results Forecasts '' ( PDF ) . Sega Corporation . October 23 , 2001 . p. 4 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Regarding sales of Dreamcast hardware from inventory resulting from the withdrawal from Dreamcast production ( ... ) the Company exceeded initial targets with domestic sales of 130,000 units and U.S. sales of 530,000 units for the first half . Consequently , at the end of the half , Dreamcast inventories totaled 40,000 units domestically and 230,000 units for the United States , and we anticipate being able to sell all remaining units by the holiday season as initially planned . Jump up ^ `` Sega Corporation Annual Report 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Sega Corporation . July 1 , 2002 . p. 6 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . The year ended March 31 , 2002 was a turning point for Sega . We exited the hardware business , ceasing production of Dreamcast and selling through the remaining inventory . Jump up ^ Nutt , Christian . `` Stalled engine : The TurboGrafx - 16 turns 25 '' . Gamasutra . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Game Data Library , Total Hardware Results ( 4 ) . July 2016 Jump up ^ `` PlayStation Cumulative Production Shipments of Hardware '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Business Development : Hardware '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Business Development : Unit Sales of Hardware ( FY2013 - ) '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` PS4 helps Sony 's game division rise , but PS3 sales see `` significant decrease '' `` . GameSpot . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slimmer , Lighter PlayStation 3 , new PlayStation Network services , plenty of content and a great value price '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Sony Computer Entertainment . August 18 , 2009 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 2 Worldwide Hardware Unit Sales '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Sales Reach 80 Million Units Worldwide '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 FY2014 Consolidated Financial Results Forecast ( Three months ended March 31 , 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Sony . April 30 , 2015 . p. 25 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Computer Entertainment System : 2.8 . PS4 ( included ) : 2.4 Jump up ^ http://www.sie.com/en/corporate/release/2017/171207.html Jump up ^ `` Gamers Catch Their Breath as Xbox 360 and Xbox Live Reinvent Next - Generation Gaming '' . Xbox.com . May 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q3 '' . Microsoft . April 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Microsoft sold in 2.0 million Xbox console units , including 1.2 million Xbox One consoles . Jump up ^ `` Earnings Release FY14 Q4 '' . Microsoft . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . We sold in 1.1 million consoles in the fourth quarter , as we drew down channel inventory , compared to 1.0 million consoles during the prior year . Jump up ^ Futter , Mike ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` ( Update ) Microsoft Will Focus Primarily On Xbox Live Usership , Not Console Shipments '' . Game Informer . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : $399 Xbox One Out Now , Xbox 360 Sales Rise to 84 million '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Annual Meeting of Shareholders '' . Microsoft . December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Finally , our gaming business is thriving with the Xbox One hitting 10 million units sold . I am thrilled to welcome Mojang and Minecraft community to Microsoft . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Sony has sold 50 million PlayStation 4s '' . Engadget . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The First Video Game '' . Brookhaven National Laboratory , U.S. Dept. of Energy . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Baer , Ralph H. ( 2005 ) . Videogames : In The Beginning . Rolenta Press . pp. 52 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 9643848 - 1 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` How Video Games Invaded the Home TV Set '' . Ralph H. Baer Consultants . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Master System Console in Brazil '' . April 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hirai targets 150 million PS3 sales '' . GamesIndustry.biz. 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Hirai wants PS3 to beat PS2 '' . Eurogamer. 2008 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What are the types of removable storage media is supported by the PlayStation 3 computer entertainment system ? '' . Sony . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Next Gen Consoles : Too much connectivity -- Blog by flavi0 -- IGN '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` Why you should wait on a Wii U ( review ) -- GamesBeat -- Games -- by Rus McLaughlin '' . VentureBeat . Jump up ^ `` Next Gen Xbox Reveal Confirmed for May 21 '' . Den of Geek ! . 2013 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014 '' . emarketer.com . Jump up ^ `` New Two due '' . GamesRadar+ . Jump up ^ `` Valve says no Steam Machines until 2015 , fingers crossed '' . theregister.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Sony sells 1 million PlayStation 4 units in first 24 hours '' . Reuters . November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PS4 Sales Surpass 7 Million Globally '' . PlayStation. Blog . Jump up ^ Thier , Dave ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Microsoft Breaks Silence On Xbox One Sales ... Sort Of '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` World '' . NST Online . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's new PlayStation 4 Pro ca n't play 4K Blu - rays '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony announces PlayStation 4 Pro with 4K HDR gaming for $399 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The PlayStation 4 Pro vs. the original PS4 : What 's changed ? '' . Engadget . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Souppouris , Aaron ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` It 's never been harder to buy an Xbox One '' . Engadget . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Ben ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 4K wo n't be mandatory for Xbox Scorpio games '' . Market for Computer and Video Games . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashcraft , Brian ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wii U Production Has Officially Ended For Japan ( Update ) '' . Kotaku . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Want to Buy the Nintendo Switch In India ? You Need to Read This First '' . Gadgets 360 . January 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Forster , Winnie ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of Game Machines -- Consoles , handheld & home computers 1972 -- 2005 . Gameplan . ISBN 3 - 00 - 015359 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Console platforms at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Home video game consoles Atari Atari 2600 Atari 5200 Atari 7800 Atari XEGS Atari Jaguar Atari VCS Bandai Super Vision 8000 Arcadia RX - 78 Playdia Apple Bandai Pippin Casio PV - 1000 Casio Loopy Commodore Commodore 64 Games System Commodore CDTV Amiga CD32 Mattel Intellivision HyperScan Microsoft Xbox Xbox 360 Xbox One NEC TurboGrafx - 16 PC - FX Nintendo NES SNES N64 GameCube Wii Wii U Switch Philips Magnavox Odyssey Odyssey2 Videopac + G7400 Philips CD - i Sega SG - 1000 Master System Sega Genesis Sega Saturn Dreamcast SNK Neo Geo Neo Geo CD Sony PlayStation PlayStation 2 PSX PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 VTech VTech CreatiVision Socrates V. Smile V. Flash Others 1970s APF - MP1000 Bally Astrocade Fairchild Channel F RCA Studio II Interton VC 4000 / 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System 1980s Action Max Arcadia 2001 ColecoVision Epoch Cassette Vision Super Cassette Vision RDI Halcyon Vectrex View - Master Interactive Vision 1990s 3DO Interactive Multiplayer Amstrad GX4000 CPS Changer FM Towns Marty LaserActive Super A'Can 2000s DISCover EVO Smart Console Game Wave Nuon XaviXPORT Zeebo List Video game consoles Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- 17 ) Eighth ( 2012 -- present ) Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Computer sizes Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer SFF Nettop Plug Portable Tabletop Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole Interactive kiosk Smart TV Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Mobile Internet device Tabletop Phablet Information appliance Handheld PC Palm - size PC Pocket PC Pocket computer Palmtop PC PDA Electronic organizer EDA Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP DAP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Pizza box form factor Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_video_game_console&oldid=832762028 '' Categories : Home video game consoles American inventions Video game terminology Audiovisual introductions in 1972 Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles that may contain original research from September 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia ქართული Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本語吴语中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 21 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first home video game console released	[ "In 1972 Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home video game console which could be connected to a TV set. Ralph Baer's initial design had called for a huge row of switches that would allow gamers to turn on and off certain components of the console (the Odyssey lacked a CPU) to create slightly different games like tennis, volleyball, hockey, and chase. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game. Although Baer had sketched up ideas for cartridges that could include new components for new games, the carts released by Magnavox all served the same function as the switches and allowed gamers to choose from the Odyssey's built-in games." ]	[ "1972" ]
7902444930216926223	Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics	Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics - wikipedia Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics Governing body FIS Events 12 ( men : 6 ; women : 6 ) Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Medalists men women Cross-country skiing has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix , France . The women 's events were first contested at the 1952 Winter Olympics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Men 's 1.2 Women 's 2 Medal table 3 Number of cross-country skiers by nation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Men 's ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years 10 km 18 km / 15 km 20 30 km 13 50 km 23 4 x 10 km 20 Combined / Double pursuit / Skiathlon 8 Individual sprint 5 Team sprint Total Events 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 Women 's ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years 5 km 10 10 km 15 15 km 20 km / 30 km 10 3 / 4 x 5 km 17 Combined / Double pursuit / Skiathlon 8 Individual sprint 5 Team sprint Total Events 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 Medal table ( edit ) Main article : List of Olympic medalists in cross-country skiing Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics . Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 47 42 32 121 Sweden ( SWE ) 31 25 24 80 Soviet Union ( URS ) 25 22 21 68 Finland ( FIN ) 21 25 34 80 5 Russia ( RUS ) 14 10 9 33 6 Italy ( ITA ) 9 13 13 35 7 Estonia ( EST ) 7 8 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 8 9 Unified Team ( EUN ) 9 10 Germany ( GER ) 9 15 11 Poland ( POL ) 5 12 East Germany ( GDR ) 13 Canada ( CAN ) 0 14 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 5 9 15 Austria ( AUT ) 5 16 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 17 United States ( USA ) 0 18 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 0 5 8 19 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 5 20 France ( FRA ) 0 21 Slovenia ( SLO ) 0 0 22 Bulgaria ( BUL ) 0 0 Total 170 168 170 508 Notes 2 gold medals and no silver were awarded at 2002 men 's 2 × 10 kilometre pursuit . 2 bronze medals were awarded at 2018 women 's 10 kilometre freestyle . Number of cross-country skiers by nation ( edit ) Nation 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Algeria ( ALG ) Andorra ( AND ) Argentina ( ARG ) 5 5 9 Armenia ( ARM ) 5 Australia ( AUS ) 12 Austria ( AUT ) 5 8 10 9 5 7 8 6 7 7 7 8 19 Belarus ( BLR ) 9 10 14 7 7 6 6 Bermuda ( BER ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( BIH ) Brazil ( BRA ) Bulgaria ( BUL ) 6 6 5 5 6 19 Canada ( CAN ) 7 12 13 13 Chile ( CHI ) China ( CHN ) 20 Costa Rica ( CRC ) Croatia ( CRO ) 6 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 6 6 6 9 5 9 5 11 Denmark ( DEN ) Dominica ( DMA ) Estonia ( EST ) 6 10 10 9 12 14 7 8 Ethiopia ( ETH ) Finland ( FIN ) 5 7 5 7 13 17 15 12 11 13 France ( FRA ) 6 8 5 7 8 6 5 11 Germany ( GER ) 5 10 9 11 14 13 11 Great Britain ( GBR ) 8 6 Greece ( GRE ) Hungary ( HUN ) 7 Iceland ( ISL ) 6 India ( IND ) Iran ( IRI ) Ireland ( IRL ) Italy ( ITA ) 6 7 9 11 14 9 9 17 Japan ( JPN ) 5 6 5 9 Kazakhstan ( KAZ ) 17 Kenya ( KEN ) Latvia ( LAT ) 5 5 8 Lebanon ( LIB ) Liechtenstein ( LIE ) 5 Lithuania ( LTU ) 7 Macedonia ( MKD ) Moldova ( MDA ) Mongolia ( MGL ) 8 11 Nepal ( NEP ) North Korea ( PRK ) Norway ( NOR ) 5 7 6 7 12 15 12 7 8 16 Poland ( POL ) 5 9 9 9 Portugal ( POR ) Romania ( ROU ) 9 6 South Africa ( RSA ) South Korea ( KOR ) Soviet Union ( URS ) 11 11 13 Spain ( ESP ) 5 Sweden ( SWE ) 6 6 6 9 11 15 11 12 11 Switzerland ( SUI ) 7 6 10 9 11 5 7 Turkey ( TUR ) United States ( USA ) 7 6 5 7 5 10 7 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) 6 6 6 9 Nations 11 15 11 22 15 19 20 19 24 25 19 24 24 32 35 40 35 37 44 53 55 54 Cross-country skiers 59 71 58 108 106 138 150 112 151 147 152 165 131 179 197 223 197 228 260 307 292 310 Year 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 See also ( edit ) Cross-country skiing at the Winter Paralympics List of Olympic venues in cross-country skiing References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) Media related to Cross-country skiing at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross-country_skiing_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=831264950 '' Categories : Cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics Sports at the Winter Olympics Skiing at the Winter Olympics Nordic skiing at the Winter Olympics Cross-country skiing at multi-sport events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 17 : 51 . About Wikipedia	when did cross country skiing become an olympic sport	[ "Cross-country skiing has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924 in Chamonix, France. The women's events were first contested at the 1952 Winter Olympics." ]	[ "1924" ]
-6585977554310596778	NBA salary cap	NBA salary cap - wikipedia NBA salary cap Jump to : navigation , search The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players . Like many professional sports leagues , the NBA has a salary cap to control costs , defined by the league 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a `` soft '' cap . The actual amount of the salary cap varies from year to year , and is calculated as a percentage of the league 's revenue from the previous season . Under the CBA ratified in December 2011 , the cap will continue to vary in future seasons based on league revenues . For the 2015 -- 16 season , the salary cap was $70 million and the luxury tax limit was $84.74 million . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the salary cap was set at $94.14 million and the luxury tax limit was $113.29 million . For the 2017 -- 18 season , the latest projection is $99 million for the salary cap and $113 million for the luxury tax limit . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Soft versus hard caps 3 Maximum individual contracts under the CBA 3.1 Designated Player 3.1. 1 `` Derrick Rose '' Rule 3.1. 1.1 5 / 30 % Contracts 3.1. 1.2 5 / 25 % Contracts 3.1. 2 `` Kevin Durant '' Rule 3.1. 2.1 Players eligible for DVPE 3.1. 2.2 DVPE Contracts 4 Exceptions 4.1 Mid-level exception 4.2 Bi-annual exception 4.3 Rookie exception 4.4 Two - way contracts 4.5 Larry Bird exception 4.6 Early Bird exception 4.7 Non-Bird exception 4.8 Minimum Salary Exception 4.9 Traded Player Exception 4.10 Disabled Player Exception 4.11 Reinstatement 5 Free agency 5.1 Unrestricted free agent 5.2 Restricted free agent 5.3 July moratorium 5.4 Cap holds 6 Rookie scale salary 7 Options 8 Sign and trade agreements 9 Over-38 rule 10 Trading and the salary cap 10.1 Base year compensation 11 Waivers 12 Released players 12.1 Stretch provision 13 Amnesty clause 14 Luxury tax 14.1 Tax levels from 2013 -- 14 15 Notes 16 References 17 External links History ( edit ) The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s , but it was abolished after only one season . The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984 -- 85 season , when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA 's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future . Before the cap was reinstated , teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players , but in the first season under the new cap , they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll . Under the 2005 CBA , salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball - related income ( BRI ) and lasted for six years until June 30 , 2011 . The next CBA , which took effect in 2011 , set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011 -- 12 , with a 49 - to - 51 band in subsequent years . To ensure the players get their share of the BRI , teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year , the salary floor for the 2016 -- 17 season will be 84.73 million . In December 2016 , the league and the players ' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA , with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month . The new agreement will run through the 2023 -- 24 season , with either side able to opt out after the 2022 -- 23 season . NBA Salary Cap in USD NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD ( Inflation rate through May 2016 ) Soft versus hard caps ( edit ) Unlike the NFL and NHL , the NBA features a so - called soft cap , meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players . This is done to allow teams to keep their own players , which , in theory , fosters fan support in each individual city . By contrast , the NFL and NHL caps are considered hard , meaning that they offer relatively few ( if any ) circumstances under which teams can exceed the salary cap . The NBA version of the `` soft '' cap does , however , offer less leeway to teams than that of the MLB . MLB does allow teams to spend as much as they want on salary , but it penalizes them a percentage of the amount by which they exceed the soft cap . The percentage increases as the number of consecutive years a team exceeds the cap grows , resetting only when a team falls under the cap . Maximum individual contracts under the CBA ( edit ) The maximum amount of money a player can sign for is based on the number of years that player has played and the total of the salary cap . The maximum salary of a player with 6 or fewer years of experience is either $25,500,000 or 25 % of the total salary cap ( projected for 2017 -- 18 ) , whichever is greater . For a player with 7 -- 9 years of experience , the maximum is $30,600,000 or 30 % of the cap , and for a player with 10 + years of experience , the maximum is $35,700,000 or 35 % of the cap . There is an exception to this rule : a player is able to sign a contract for 105 % of his previous contract , even if the new contract is higher than the league limit . The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries . Under the 2011 CBA , the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74 % of the league 's basketball - related income ( BRI ) , while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14 % of BRI . This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA , with the same 44.74 % of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations . Designated player ( edit ) Since the 2011 CBA , each NBA team has been able to nominate a player on his rookie contract to receive a `` Designated Player '' contract extension . A Designated Player is eligible for a 5 - year contract extension , instead of being held to the standard 4 - year restriction . From 2011 through the 2016 -- 17 season , a team could only allocate a single Designated Player contract at any one time ( if a team had already extended a rookie contract by using the Designated Player extension , they could not create a second Designated Player contract until the current contract expired , or until the player moved to a different team ) ; however the 2011 CBA allowed teams to sign a second Designated Player from another team in addition to the one they already had . All teams were limited to having a maximum of two Designated Players contracted on their roster at any time ( one which they had created from one of their own rookie contracts , and one acquired from another team ) . Under the 2017 CBA , the `` Designated Player '' limit remains at two , but in a new feature , teams are now able to create Designated Player contracts from their own veteran contracts . In addition , teams may now use their Designated Player slots on any combination of their own rookie contracts , their own veteran contracts , or players acquired in trades . `` Derrick Rose '' rule ( edit ) In a rule named after Derrick Rose , accomplished players coming off their contract could earn more money in the 2011 CBA . A Designated Player coming off his contract may be eligible to earn 30 % of the salary cap ( rather than the standard 25 % ) if he passes certain criteria . Through the 2017 -- 18 season , in order to be eligible , the player must be voted to start in two All - Star Games , or be named to an All - NBA Team twice ( at any level ) , or be named MVP . Officially titled the `` 5th Year 30 % Max Criteria '' , it has been dubbed ( and is more commonly known as ) the `` Derrick Rose Rule '' after the 2011 MVP , due to the fact that when the criteria were introduced , Rose was the only player in the NBA eligible to sign the maximum extension ( due to his MVP award ) . The reasoning for the rule is to suitably reward players being extended off of their rookie contract who are considered to be of a higher `` caliber '' than their peers , without restricting them to the lower ( 25 % ) salary level . A player may sign a `` 5th Year , 30 % Max '' contract before the final year of his rookie contract and before fulfilling the criteria needed to receive the 30 % salary grade . Should the player fail to fulfil the criteria before the start of his Designated Player contract , he will receive the standard five - year , 25 % Designated Player contract . James Harden of the Houston Rockets and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans had such a clause in their contract extensions , but both failed to meet the criteria . The only player in the NBA who was attempting to qualify for a full 30 % contract in 2013 -- 14 was Paul George , who signed a provisional 30 % / 5 year contract in September 2013 . George , who had made the All - NBA third team in 2012 -- 13 , qualified by again making the All - NBA third team . The 2017 CBA changed the qualification criteria for `` 5th Year , 30 % Max '' contracts . Players who come off rookie contracts at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season , or later , must meet any of the following criteria to qualify : Selection to an All - NBA team ( at any level ) in the player 's fourth season , or in two of the three seasons between his second and fourth seasons . Selection as Defensive Player of the Year in the player 's fourth season , or in two of the three seasons between his second and fourth seasons . Selection as MVP in any season from the player 's second onward . These criteria are identical to those for the veteran player extensions introduced in the 2017 CBA . Had these criteria been part of the 2011 CBA , Rose would still have qualified for a 30 % contract , as he was in his third NBA season when he was named MVP . 5 / 30 % contracts ( edit ) The following players have signed 5 year / 30 % contracts : Derrick Rose ( signed with the Chicago Bulls ; since traded to the New York Knicks ) until 2017 ( qualified by winning the 2011 MVP award ) Blake Griffin ( LA Clippers ) until 2018 Paul George ( Indiana Pacers ; since traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder ) until 2019 ( qualified by making the All - NBA third team in 2012 -- 13 and 2013 -- 14 ) 5 / 25 % contracts ( edit ) In addition the following players are known to have signed 5 year / 25 % contracts : Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) until 2023 Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) until 2017 Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) until 2021 John Wall ( Washington Wizards ) until 2019 James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) until 2018 Kyrie Irving ( Cleveland Cavaliers ) until 2020 ( was not voted to start the 2015 All - Star Game ) Kawhi Leonard ( San Antonio Spurs ) until 2020 Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) until 2021 Kevin Love was eligible for a designated player contract , but the Minnesota Timberwolves opted for a 4 - year contract ( with a player option year included , potentially allowing him to become an unrestricted free agent ) instead . During Kevin Durant 's final five seasons with the Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2011 -- 2016 ) , he received a Designated Player level salary . His contract was initially drawn up before the lockout -- during which the Derrick Rose Rule was implemented -- but was officially approved under the provisions of the 2005 CBA by the NBA after the lockout . This led some people to question whether the Thunder had ( with NBA approval ) effectively signed two players as their Designated Player , as both were contracted for 5 years . `` Kevin Durant '' rule ( edit ) The provision in the 2017 CBA that allows teams to create Designated Player contracts for their own veteran players , officially known as the `` Designated Veteran Player Extension '' ( DVPE ) , came to be called the `` Kevin Durant Rule '' because it was seen as a reaction to a wave of veteran superstars leaving their teams in free agency , capped off by Durant 's departure from the Thunder to the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 offseason . The 2011 CBA allowed all of the teams that were trying to lure Durant to offer him the same initial salary of $26.5 million . For a veteran player to qualify for such an extension , he must be entering his eighth or ninth season in the NBA , and have either : made the All - NBA team ( at any level ) in either the season immediately before signing the extension , or two of the three previous seasons ; been named NBA Defensive Player of the Year in either the season immediately before signing the extension , or two of the three previous seasons ; or been named NBA MVP at least once in the previous three seasons . Additionally , the team offering the extension must have originally drafted the player , or obtained him in a trade while he was on his rookie contract . Players who qualify can be offered contracts with a starting salary between 30 and 35 % of the salary cap . The extension can not last more than five years after the expiration of the player 's current contract ( or five years for a player who is a free agent when signed ) , but can be negotiated and signed one year before the current contract expires . The extension can be offered to a team 's own free agent as well as a player with time left on his contract . Additionally , once a player signs a DVPE , he can not be traded for one year . Ironically , while the rule was intended to encourage star players to stay with their current teams , the first major move by an NBA team involving a player eligible for the DVPE was the Sacramento Kings ' trade of DeMarcus Cousins to the New Orleans Pelicans during the 2017 All - Star break . Cousins ' contract with the Kings was not set to expire until 2018 , but he was eligible to sign a DVPE after the 2016 -- 17 season for up to $209 million over five years , a financial commitment that the Kings were apparently unwilling to make . Players eligible for DVPE ( edit ) Following the announcement of the 2016 -- 17 All - NBA team , four players were eligible to sign DVPE contracts during the 2017 offseason . All four were named to one of the three All - NBA teams for that season ; two were already eligible under the new criteria . Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( met DVPE criteria before the 2016 -- 17 season ) James Harden , Houston Rockets John Wall , Washington Wizards Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder ( met DVPE criteria before the 2016 -- 17 season ) Harden and Westbrook would not have qualified under the standard DVPE criteria because both signed extensions to their contracts in the 2016 offseason , Harden for two years and Westbrook for one . The players ' union and owners negotiated a special dispensation allowing them to sign DVPE contracts should they otherwise qualify . DVPE contracts ( edit ) The first player to sign a DVPE contract , also known as a `` supermax '' contract , was Stephen Curry , who agreed to a new five - year DVPE deal with the Warriors , worth $201 million , that runs through the 2021 -- 22 season . Curry signed the contract once the NBA 's free agency moratorium ended on July 6 , 2017 . Shortly thereafter , James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets . At the time of signing , his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million ; the extension will add another $170 million over four seasons , ending in 2022 -- 23 . The next supermax signing was that of John Wall , who agreed later in July to a four - year , $170 million extension that will start in 2019 -- 20 . In late September , Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason , signing a five - year , $205 million extension that will start in 2018 -- 19 . Exceptions ( edit ) Because the NBA 's salary cap is a soft one , the CBA allows for several important scenarios in which a team can sign players even if their payroll exceeds the cap . The exceptions are as follows : Mid-level exception ( edit ) Once a year , teams can use a mid-level exception ( MLE ) to sign a player to a contract for a specified maximum amount . The amount of the MLE and its duration depend on the team 's cap status . In the 2017 CBA , the MLE was initially set at $8.406 million in the 2017 -- 18 season for teams that are over the cap either before or after the signing , but under the luxury tax apron , set at $6 million above the tax line . Teams can use this exception to offer contracts of up to four years . Teams above the apron have an MLE initially set at $5.192 million , allowing contracts of up to three years . Teams with cap room , which were ineligible for the MLE before the 2011 CBA , have an MLE initially set at $4.328 million that allows two - year contracts . In subsequent seasons , all MLE amounts will be determined by applying the percentage change of the salary cap to the previous exception amount . Before the 2011 CBA , the MLE was equal to the average NBA salary for all teams over the cap ; teams with cap room were then ineligible for the MLE . The Mid-Level Exception for the 2008 -- 09 NBA season was $5.585 million . The MLE was $5.854 million for the 2009 -- 10 NBA regular season . Under the 2017 CBA , the apron will initially be set at $6 million above the tax line for the 2017 -- 18 season . In a new feature , the apron will change from season to season , with the percentage change ( up or down ) set at half of the rate of change of the cap for that season . Bi-annual exception ( edit ) The bi-annual exception can currently be used by teams below the apron to sign a free agent to a contract starting at $3.29 million . Like the mid-level exception , the bi-annual exception can also be split among more than one player , and can be used to sign players for up to two years ; raises were originally limited to 8 % per year , but in the 2017 CBA are limited to 5 % . This exception was referred to as the `` $1 million exception '' in the 1999 CBA , although it was valued at $1 million for only the first year of the agreement . An example of the bi-annual exception was the Los Angeles Lakers ' signing of Karl Malone to a contract before the 2003 -- 04 season . The exception was eliminated for teams above the tax apron following the 2011 NBA lockout as many high spending teams were using this as a tool to gain top paid players . A team can not use this exception in consecutive years ; a team that used it in 2016 -- 17 ( under the 2011 CBA ) can not use it in 2017 -- 18 ( under the 2017 CBA ) . It also can not be used by a team that has already used an MLE in the same season . Additionally , once a team uses the bi-annual exception , the tax apron becomes a hard salary cap for the remainder of that season . Rookie exception ( edit ) The NBA allows teams to sign their first - round draft choices to rookie `` scale '' contracts even if their payroll exceeds the cap . Two - way contracts ( edit ) The 2017 CBA introduced two - way contracts between NBA teams and players in the NBA G League ( formerly the D - League ) . Before the 2017 CBA , all D - League players were contracted directly with the league , and all D - League players could be called up by any NBA team , regardless of whether they were affiliated with the player 's D - League team . Now , each NBA team can sign two players to contracts that allow them to assign the players to the G League without risk of being `` poached '' by another NBA team . The players signed to such deals benefit by receiving a considerably higher salary than other G League players while in that league , as well as earning a prorated share of the NBA minimum rookie salary for each day they are with their contracted NBA team . Salaries of two - way players are not included in salary cap calculations . Additionally , a team can convert a two - way contract to a standard NBA contract at any time , with the player 's salary becoming the NBA minimum for the player 's years of service , prorated from the time of the conversion ; a converted contract also does not count in cap calculations . Larry Bird exception ( edit ) Perhaps the most well - known of the NBA 's salary cap exceptions is the Larry Bird exception , so named because the Boston Celtics were the first team permitted to exceed the salary cap to re-sign one of their own players ( in that case , Larry Bird ) . Free agents who qualify for this exception are called `` qualifying veteran free agents '' or `` Bird Free Agents '' in the CBA , and this exception falls under the terms of the Veteran Free Agent exception . In essence , the Larry Bird exception allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents , at an amount up to the maximum salary . To qualify as a Bird free agent , a player must have played three seasons without being waived or changing teams as a free agent . Players claimed after being amnestied have their Bird rights transferred to their new team . Other players claimed off waivers are not eligible for the full Bird exception , but may qualify for the early Bird exception . Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012 , all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights . This means a player can obtain `` Bird rights '' by playing under three one - year contracts , a single contract of at least three years , or any combination thereof . It also means that when a player is traded , his Bird rights are traded with him , and his new team can use the Bird exception to re-sign him . Since the 2011 CBA , Bird - exception contracts can be up to five years in length , down from six under the 2005 CBA . Early Bird exception ( edit ) The lesser form of the Larry Bird exception is the `` early Bird '' exception . Free agents who qualify for this exception are called `` early qualifying veteran free agents '' , and qualify after playing two seasons with the same team . Players that are traded or claimed off waivers have their Bird rights transferred to their new team . Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012 , all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights . Using this exception , a team can re-sign its own free agent for either 175 % of his salary the previous season , or the NBA 's average salary , whichever is greater . Early Bird contracts must be for at least two seasons , but can last no longer than four seasons . If a team agrees to a trade that would make a player lose his Early Bird Rights , he has the power to veto the trade . A much - publicized example for this was Devean George , who vetoed his inclusion into a larger trade during the 2007 -- 08 season that would have sent him from the Dallas Mavericks to the New Jersey Nets . Non-Bird exception ( edit ) `` Non-qualifying free agents '' ( those who do not qualify under either the Larry Bird exception or the early Bird exception ) are subject to the non-Bird exception . Under this exception , teams can re-sign a player to a contract beginning at either 120 % of his salary for the previous season , or 120 % of the league 's minimum salary , whichever amount is higher . Contracts signed under the Non-Bird exception can last up to four years ( down from six under the 2005 CBA ) . Minimum salary exception ( edit ) Teams can sign players for the NBA 's minimum salary even if they are over the cap , for up to two years in length . In the case of two - year contracts , the second - season salary is the minimum salary for that season . The contract may not contain a signing bonus . This exception also allows minimum - salary players to be acquired via trade . There is no limit to the number of players that can be signed or acquired using this exception . Traded player exception ( edit ) If a team trades away a player with a higher salary than the player they acquire in return ( the deal hereafter referred to as `` Trade # 1 '' ) , they receive a Traded Player Exception , also known as a `` Trade Exception . '' Teams with a trade exception have up to a year in which they can acquire more salary in other trades ( Trade # 2 , # 3 , etc . ) than they send away , as long as the gulf in salaries for Trade # 2 , # 3 , etc. are less than or equal to the difference in salary for Trade # 1 . This exception is particularly useful when teams trade draft picks directly for a player ; since draft picks have no salary value , often the only way to get salaries to match is to use a trade exception , which allows trades to be made despite unbalanced salaries . It is also useful to compensate teams for losing free agents , as they can do a sign and trade of that free agent to acquire a trade exception that can be used later . Note this exception is for single player trades only , though additional cash and draft picks can be part of the trade . Disabled player exception ( edit ) Allows a team that is over the cap to acquire a replacement for a disabled player who will be out for either the remainder of that season ( for in - season injuries / deaths ) or the next season ( if the disability occurs during the offseason ) . The maximum salary of the replacement player is either 50 % of the injured player 's salary , or the mid-level exception for a non-taxpaying team , whichever is less . This exception requires an NBA - designated doctor to verify the extent of the injury . Under the 2005 CBA , a team could sign a player under this exception for five years ; since the 2011 CBA , it has been allowed only for one year . Note that while teams can often use one exception to sign multiple players , they can not use a combination of exceptions to sign a single player . Reinstatement ( edit ) A player banned from the league for a drug - related offense who is reinstated may be re-signed by his prior team for up to his previous salary . Free agency ( edit ) Gilbert Arenas in 2003 was able to receive a bigger contract as a restricted free agent by leaving the Golden State Warriors for the Washington Wizards , prompting the `` Gilbert Arenas Rule '' . There are two types of free agency under the NBA 's Collective Bargaining Agreement : Unrestricted and Restricted . Unrestricted free agent ( edit ) An unrestricted free agent is free to sign with any team that they choose to . Restricted free agent ( edit ) A restricted free agent is subject to his current team 's Right of First Refusal , meaning that the player can be signed to an offer sheet by another team , but his current club reserves the right to match the offer and keep the player . An offer sheet is a contract offer of at least two years made by another team to a restricted free agent . The player 's current club has three days to match the offer or they lose the player to the new team ; the CBA prior to 2011 allowed seven days . For first - round draft picks , restricted free agency is only allowed after a team exercises its option for a fourth year , and the team makes a Qualifying Offer at the Rookie - scale amount after the fourth year is completed . For any other player to be a restricted free agent , he must be at most a three - year NBA veteran , and his team must have made a Qualifying Offer for either 125 % of his previous season 's salary or the minimum salary plus $200,000 , whichever offer is higher . Teams are limited in what they can offer an unrestricted free agent with two years or less experience . The maximum first - year salary in an offer sheet is the mid-level exception . The second - year salary can be raised a maximum of 4.5 % . The third year salary is limited to the maximum a team has available in their salary cap . The salary in the fourth season may increase ( or decrease ) by up to 4.1 % of the salary in the third season . The offer sheet can only increase in the third season if it provides the highest salary allowed in the first two seasons , the contract is fully guaranteed , and it contains no bonuses . A player 's original team can use the Early Bird exception or their Mid-Level exception to re-sign the player . If the raise in the third season is greater than 4.5 % of the first year , the offering team must be able to fit the average of the entire contract under their cap . Through the 2016 -- 17 season , the accounting was different for the player 's original team , where the player 's salary for a given year -- not the contract 's average -- was counted against the cap . In some cases , the offering team could exploit a loophole to create what is referred to as a poison pill for the player 's original team , potentially forcing the original team to pay the luxury tax by the third season , as the Houston Rockets did in order to sign Jeremy Lin and Ömer Aşık away from the New York Knicks and Chicago Bulls , respectively . This could discourage them from matching the offer sheet . The 2017 CBA changed the accounting rules for the player 's original team in this scenario . If the original team matches , and has enough cap space to absorb the average annual salary of the offer , it can choose to take cap hits of either the actual contract payouts or the average of the contract in each season . Before the 2005 CBA , the original team could only use an exception to re-sign a player who had been drafted in the first round . The 2005 CBA allowed teams to use exceptions on non-first - round picks , with the extension named the `` Gilbert Arenas Rule '' . In 2003 , Gilbert Arenas , who had been a second - round pick in 2001 , signed a six - year , $60 million contract with the Washington Wizards after his original team , the Golden State Warriors , were unable to match the offer since they were over the salary cap . July moratorium ( edit ) Players on a team 's season - ending roster remain under contract with their respective team until the start of free agency on July 1 . During a period in the beginning of July , teams may begin negotiating with free agents , but trades can not be made and most free agents can not be signed . The salary cap for the upcoming year is not set until the league 's audit is completed by the end of the period . Contracts that are allowed during this period are limited to : Rookie scale contracts to first round draft picks . A second round draft pick can accept a required tender , which is a one - year contract that teams are required to offer in order to retain their rights to the player . A restricted free agent can accept a qualifying offer from his previous team . A restricted free agent finishing the fourth season of his rookie scale contract can accept a maximum qualifying offer . The actual amount is not determined until the end of the moratorium . Teams may sign players to contracts of one or two years for the minimum salary . During the moratorium , teams are restricted from commenting on deals . Contracts can be signed once the moratorium ends . Cap holds ( edit ) The end of a free agent 's contract does not remove him from a team 's cap calculations . During the free agency period ( from July 1 until the player signs with a team , or the free agent 's former team renounces its rights ) , each free agent carries a specified salary cap charge for his last team , most often called a `` cap hold '' . Normally , the cap hold can be no more than a player 's maximum salary , or less than his minimum salary , based on years of service . The only exception is for free agents who made the minimum salary in the previous season ; if the league reimbursed the team for a portion of his salary in the last season of his contract , the reimbursement is not counted in the cap hold . Apart from these restrictions , the cap hold varies based on the status of the free agent and his salary in the previous season : Bird free agent : If not coming off a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 150 % of previous salary . If not coming off a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 190 % of previous salary . If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 200 % of previous salary . If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 250 % of previous salary . If coming off the third season of a rookie scale contract , the maximum amount that the team can pay under the Bird exception . Early Bird : If coming off the second season of a rookie scale contract , the maximum amount that the team can pay under the Bird exception . Otherwise , 130 % of previous salary . Non-Bird : 120 % of previous salary . The 2017 CBA will increase some cap holds from those found in the 2011 CBA as follows : Unsigned first - round draft picks : 120 % of rookie scale ( up from 100 % ) Bird free agent ( as of the 2018 -- 19 season ) : If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 250 % of previous salary ( up from 200 % ) . If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 300 % of previous salary ( up from 250 % ) . Rookie scale salary ( edit ) First - round draft choices are assigned salaries according to their draft position . The first overall pick receives more than the second pick , the second more than the third , and so on . Each contract is for two years , with a team option for the third and fourth seasons ( CBAs before 2011 provided for three - year contracts with an option for the fourth season ) , with built - in raises every year to compensate for increases in the average salary . A team may elect to exceed rookie scale for a drafted player that was unsigned for which they retained his draft rights three seasons after the draft . The contract would be for at least three seasons , with a maximum value up to the team 's available cap room . In 2017 , the scale for lottery picks was as follows : Second - round picks are not subject to a scale , and technically can be paid anywhere from the minimum to the maximum contract amount . In practice , they rarely receive more than the minimum . Prior to the 2017 CBA , the rookie scales for each season were negotiated into the agreement . For the current agreement , only the rookie scales for the 2017 -- 18 season were determined in advance . In subsequent seasons , the percentage change in the salary cap will be applied to all dollar amounts in the previous season 's scale . Amounts that are expressed as a percentage of salary , such as the allowable salary change from the third to the fourth season of the rookie contract , remain the same from season to season . Options ( edit ) Many NBA contracts are structured with options for either the player or the team . An option simply gives the party that controls the option the right to extend the contract for one more season at a salary no less than the prior year 's amount . Sign and trade agreements ( edit ) Main article : Sign and trade When a team is willing to sign an upcoming free agent , but the player 's current team wants something in return , it might be in the best interest of both clubs to execute a sign - and - trade deal . This occurs when one team signs one of its free agents and immediately trades that player to another team . A sign - and - trade is beneficial to both the player and the teams ; the player receives a bigger contract than he might ordinarily get from a team that he would like to play for , while the trading club gets something in return for a free agent , and the recipient of the trade gets the player they desire . Sign - and - trades are a reality in the NBA because of the CBA 's rules : unlike baseball , where teams losing free agents are compensated with draft picks or cash , NBA teams that lose free agents receive no compensation . When a team initiates a sign - and - trade agreement , it must trade the signed player immediately ; teams can not renege on the arrangement and keep the player for themselves , using the other team 's financial situation to leverage the signee into a more favorable deal for themselves . Also , the contract signed before the trade must be for at least 3 years , with the first year guaranteed . Because of the contract length requirement , the signing team can not use an exception that can not be used to offer a contract of 3 or more years . Since the 2011 CBA , the signed player must have been on the roster of his previous team at the end of the last regular season . Previous agreements allowed teams to sign - and - trade any player to whom they held Bird rights , which do not automatically disappear with a player 's retirement -- for example , in July 2012 , the Los Angeles Lakers still held Bird rights to John Salley , who had not played since 2000 . In the 2007 -- 08 season , two teams used sign - and - trades on players who had been out of the league . The Dallas Mavericks signed Keith Van Horn out of retirement as part of a package to acquire Jason Kidd , and the Lakers did the same with Aaron McKie to facilitate their deal for Pau Gasol . The 2011 CBA put further restrictions on sign - and - trades , with these restrictions maintained in the 2017 CBA . Since the 2013 -- 14 season , the payroll of the receiving team can not exceed the so - called `` apron '' ( as of 2017 -- 18 set at $6 million above the tax line ) as a result of the trade , and a team that has used the taxpayers ' MLE can not receive a player in a sign - and - trade in that season . Additionally , the apron becomes a hard salary cap for the first season after the signing . Teams above the apron before the trade can not receive a player unless the trade leaves the team below the apron . Over-38 rule ( edit ) The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long - term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire . Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work : For example , suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million . With 5 % raises , a three - year contract would total $28.35 million . But if they added a fourth year to the contract , the salary would total $38.7 million . If the player retires after three seasons and continues drawing his salary for the additional season , then he effectively will be paid $38.7 million for three years ' work . In essence , they are giving the player a three - year contract with additional deferred compensation . To address this issue , CBAs since at least the 1990s have included what is now called the `` over-38 rule '' , under which certain contracts that extend past the player 's 38th birthday are presumed to cover seasons following the player 's expected retirement . The age threshold that triggered this rule was originally set at 35 , changed to 36 in the 1999 CBA , and changed again to 38 in the 2017 CBA . The salary for any years that come after the player 's 38th birthday is presumed to be deferred compensation , and is shifted for cap purposes to the under - 38 seasons of the deal , with the over-38 year ( s ) being referred to as `` zero years '' in the CBA . If the player continues to play under the deal ( proving the presumption of retirement wrong ) , the salary that had originally been treated as deferred is distributed evenly over the remaining years of the contract , starting with the second season before the zero years . This rule had been a larger issue before the 2011 CBA , which limited the maximum contract length to 5 years . While the threshold age was changed in the 2017 CBA , the mechanics of the rule remained the same . Notably , several members of the union 's executive committee at the time the 2017 CBA was negotiated were older players who were seen as potential major beneficiaries of a change to an over-38 rule . For example , the change to an over-38 rule gave union president Chris Paul , scheduled to become a free agent after the 2016 -- 17 season , a potential gain of nearly $50 million over the life of his next contract . Similarly , executive committee members LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony , who could opt out of their current contracts after the same season , had the potential for similar gains with this change . Trading and the salary cap ( edit ) Teams below the salary cap may trade without regard to salary , as long as they do n't end up more than $100,000 above the cap following a trade . Teams above the cap ( or teams below the cap but would end up more than $100,000 over the cap following a trade ) can not acquire more than 125 % plus $100,000 of the salary they trade away . Under the 2011 CBA , teams that remain below the luxury tax threshold even after the trade can acquire the lesser of 150 % plus $100,000 , or 100 % plus $5 million , of the salary they trade away . There is no lower limit -- teams may divest themselves of as much salary as they wish ( or can convince another team to take on ) in a trade . No free agent signed in the offseason can be traded until December 15 of that year or until three months have passed ( whichever comes later ) , a rule that prevents teams from signing free agents with the intent of using them strictly as trade fodder . For draft picks this moratorium lasts 30 days . If teams acquire a player in a trade , they are allowed to trade that player straight - up for another individual player immediately . However , if teams wish to package that player with another and make a trade , they must wait 60 days before doing so . The tight salary - matching rules of the 2005 CBA often required what NBA cap analyst Larry Coon called `` trade ballast '' -- extra players added to a deal solely for salary matching , who would typically be waived by their new teams . Under that CBA , such players were restricted from rejoining their original teams for 30 days during the season or 20 days in the offseason . This led to what Coon called `` wink - wink deals where players are traded with the full expectation of returning later . '' A notable example of such a deal occurred in the 2009 -- 10 season , in which the Cleveland Cavaliers included Zydrunas Ilgauskas in their trade with the Washington Wizards for Antawn Jamison . Ilgauskas was waived a week later without ever appearing in a game for the Wizards , and re-signed with Cleveland after the 30 - day waiting period passed . Under the 2011 CBA , a player acquired in a trade and waived by his new team can not re-sign with his original team until one year after the trade or July 1 after the expiration of his contract , whichever is sooner . Base year compensation ( edit ) Certain players in the first few months of a new contract are subject to base year compensation ( BYC ) . The intent of BYC is to prevent teams from re-signing players to salaries specifically targeted to match other salaries in a trade ( in other words , salary should be based on basketball value , not trade value ) . A BYC player 's trade value as outgoing salary is 50 % of his new salary , or his previous salary , whichever is greater . BYC applies only to players who re-sign with their previous team and receive a raise greater than 20 % . It also applies only when ( and as long as ) the team is over the salary cap . Under the 2011 CBA , players subject to BYC can not be traded before January 15 except in a sign - and - trade , and BYC is only applied to outgoing salary in sign - and - trade deals . Waivers ( edit ) NBA teams can release a player to the waiver wire , where he can stay for 48 hours ( during the regular season ) . While he is on waivers , other teams may claim him , for his existing salary . If he is not claimed , he is said to have `` cleared waivers '' , and is treated like any free agent , able to sign with any team ( with the special restriction noted above for players who were traded and then waived ) . Players waived after March 1 are not eligible to be on a team 's playoff roster . The deadline was March 23 during the lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season . Released players ( edit ) Released / waived players with guaranteed contracts continue to be included in their former team 's payroll . Players whose contracts are guaranteed are included in team salary in the amount they made while they were with the team . Players on non-guaranteed `` summer contracts '' are not included in team salary unless they make the regular season roster . If another team signs a released player who had a guaranteed contract ( as long as the player has cleared waivers ) , the player 's original team is allowed to reduce the amount of money they still owe the player ( and lower their team payroll ) by the right of set - off . This is true if the player signs with any professional team -- it does not even have to be an NBA team . The amount the original team gets to set off is limited to one - half the difference between the player 's new salary and a pro-rated share of the minimum salary for a one - year veteran ( if the player is a rookie , then the rookie minimum is used instead ) . Stretch provision ( edit ) Both the 2005 and 2011 CBAs contained a so - called `` stretch '' provision regarding payment of guaranteed money to waived players and its effect on the salary cap ; the 2011 provisions were kept in the 2017 CBA . Under the 2005 CBA , players and teams could alter the schedule of payments to waived players by mutual agreement . The remaining guaranteed salary was equally spread across the remaining years of the player 's contract . The 2011 CBA dramatically changed this regime . While contracts signed under the 2005 CBA remained under the original scheme , different rules apply to contracts signed since the 2011 CBA went into effect . Today , when a team waives a player , it can spread the remaining guaranteed salary ( and its accompanying cap hit ) over twice the remaining length of the contract , plus one year . According to Coon , `` if a team has an underperforming player with one season remaining at $12 million , the team can waive him and stretch his salary across three seasons at $4 million per season . '' Amnesty clause ( edit ) The NBA Amnesty Clause provided franchises a means of escaping a contractual obligation to a player whose performance falls far short of the extremely large salary they initially agreed to pay him . Under the 2010 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) , each franchise is allowed to waive just one player prior to the start of any season between the 2011 -- 12 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . The remaining salary still contractually owed will not be included in the salary cap or luxury tax totals of the team terminating his employment . Only players signed prior to the 2011 -- 12 season can be `` amnestied '' . The clause can be exercised during the seven days following the NBA 's July moratorium period on player transactions . The clause 's provisions allow a rival team to claim an amnestied player at a significantly ( often , dramatically ) reduced salary ; the waiving team only has to pay the player the remaining balance . The team with the highest bid acquires the player . If unclaimed , the player becomes a free agent . Teams over the salary cap can only acquire an amnestied player if he becomes a free agent and the offer would be limited to the veteran 's minimum contract . Under the 2005 CBA , one player could be waived prior to the start of the 2005 -- 06 season and not count toward the luxury tax . Unlike the 2011 CBA , the player still counted under the salary cap . The 2005 amnesty provision was derisively named the `` Allan Houston Rule '' , but his team , the New York Knicks , actually did n't use the measure on Houston -- they instead applied it to Jerome Williams due to Allan Houston later retiring under medical circumstances the same season . Ironically enough , Jerome Williams would retire as well from the NBA just two days after being under the amnesty clause for the Knicks that season . Season Season the amnesty clause was exercised . Team Team that exercised the clause . Player Player that was amnestied by the team . Next team The team the player joined after being amnestied . Bid amount The bid amount used by the next team if the player was claimed off waivers . All unclaimed players become free agents . * Denotes the team claimed the player off waivers ( i.e. he was not a free agent ) . N / A Denotes the player was n't selected to join a new team ( i.e. retirement ) and / or was n't bid on . Players amnestied under the 2011 CBA Season Team Player Next team Bid amount Ref 2011 -- 12 Orlando Magic Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas Memphis Grizzlies N / A Golden State Warriors Bell , Charlie Charlie Bell Juvecaserta Basket N / A New York Knicks Billups , Chauncey Chauncey Billups Los Angeles Clippers * $2,000,032 Cleveland Cavaliers Davis , Baron Baron Davis New York Knicks N / A New Jersey Nets Outlaw , Travis Travis Outlaw Sacramento Kings * $12,000,000 Indiana Pacers Posey , James James Posey N / A ( Retired ) N / A Portland Trail Blazers Roy , Brandon Brandon Roy Minnesota Timberwolves N / A 2012 -- 13 Philadelphia 76ers Brand , Elton Elton Brand Dallas Mavericks * $2,100,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Miličić , Darko Darko Miličić Boston Celtics N / A Dallas Mavericks Haywood , Brendan Brendan Haywood Charlotte Bobcats * $2,000,500 Houston Rockets Scola , Luis Luis Scola Phoenix Suns * $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Childress , Josh Josh Childress Brooklyn Nets N / A Washington Wizards Blatche , Andray Andray Blatche Brooklyn Nets N / A Denver Nuggets Andersen , Chris Chris Andersen Miami Heat N / A Los Angeles Clippers Gomes , Ryan Ryan Gomes Artland Dragons N / A 2013 -- 14 Los Angeles Lakers World Peace , Metta Metta World Peace New York Knicks N / A Charlotte Bobcats Thomas , Tyrus Tyrus Thomas Iowa Energy N / A Milwaukee Bucks Gooden , Drew Drew Gooden Washington Wizards N / A Toronto Raptors Kleiza , Linas Linas Kleiza Fenerbahçe Ülker N / A Miami Heat Miller , Mike Mike Miller Memphis Grizzlies N / A 2014 -- 15 Chicago Bulls Boozer , Carlos Carlos Boozer Los Angeles Lakers * $3,200,000 Note Jump up ^ Posey would be retired from the NBA before he could find another team that he could play for , with him taking on an assistant coaching role for the Canton Charge in the D - League in the 2013 -- 14 season . Jump up ^ Roy initially retired from basketball due to persistent knee injuries and was then amnestied by Portland . However , after a year of inactivity , he returned to the NBA . Luxury tax ( edit ) While the soft cap allows teams to exceed the salary cap indefinitely by re-signing their own players using the `` Larry Bird '' family of exceptions , there are consequences for exceeding the cap by large amounts . A luxury tax payment is required of teams whose payroll exceeds a certain `` tax level '' , determined by a complicated formula , and teams exceeding it are punished by being forced to pay bracket - based amounts for each dollar by which their payroll exceeds the tax level . While most NBA teams hold contracts valued in excess of the salary cap , few teams have payrolls at luxury tax levels . The tax threshold in 2005 -- 06 was $61.7 million . In 2005 -- 06 , the New York Knicks ' payroll was $124 million , putting them $74.5 million above the salary cap , and $62.3 million above the tax line , which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league . Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax - paying teams , so there is often a several - million - dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax . The luxury tax level for the 2008 -- 09 season was $71.15 million . For the 2009 -- 10 season , the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million . The luxury tax level for the 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000 . The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime . The previous CBA had a dollar - for - dollar tax provision system , which remained in effect through the 2012 -- 13 season . Teams exceeding the tax level were punished by being forced to pay one dollar to the league for each dollar by which their payroll exceeded the tax level . Starting in 2013 -- 14 , the tax changed to an incremental system . Under the current system , tax is assessed at different levels based on the amount that a team is over the luxury tax threshold . The scheme is not cumulative -- each level of tax applies only to amounts over that level 's threshold . For example , a team that is $8 million over the tax threshold will pay $1.50 for each of its first $5 million over the tax threshold , and $1.75 per dollar for the remaining $3 million . Starting in 2014 -- 15 , `` repeat offenders '' , subject to additional penalties , are defined as teams that paid tax in previous seasons . In the first season , repeat offenders from in all previous three seasons will pay a stiffer tax rate ; from 2015 -- 16 thereafter , teams paying taxes in three out of four years will be subject to the higher repeater rate . As in the previous CBA , the tax revenue is divided among teams with lower payrolls . However , under the new scheme , no more than 50 % of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap . Initial reports did not specify the use of the remaining 50 % under the 2011 CBA , but it was later confirmed that this amount would be used to fund revenue sharing for the season during which tax was paid . For the 2013 -- 14 season , the luxury tax threshold was set at $71.748 million . The Brooklyn Nets , whose payroll for that season was projected to be over $100 million , would face a luxury tax bill above $80 million , resulting in a total payroll cost of $186 million . Tax levels from 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) Amount over tax threshold Standard tax per excess dollar Repeat offender tax per excess dollar $4,999,999 or less $1.50 $2.50 $5 million to $9,999,999 $1.75 $2.75 $10 million to $14,999,999 $2.50 $3.50 $15 million to $19,999,999 $3.25 $4.25 Over $20 million $3.75 + $0.50 per $5 million $4.75 + $0.50 per $5 million Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Average player salaries for a season are not determined until the NBA completes its annual audit in July . Because the free agency period starts before the actual average salary for the just - finished season is available , the league uses an `` estimated average salary '' , fixed in the CBA at 104.5 % of the most recent audited average salary ( from one season before the just - finished one ) , to determine cap holds , Early Bird exception amounts , and salaries for reinstated players until the audited numbers become available . Jump up ^ For the purposes of the over-38 rule only , seasons start on October 1 . A player 's age for a contract year is considered to be his age as of September 30 . Jump up ^ For the 2011 -- 12 season , that period was December 9 -- 16 , 2011 , due to the delayed start of the season after the lockout . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Salary cap for 2015 - 16 season jumps to $70 million '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA salary cap for 2016 - 17 set at $94.143 million '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Lowers 2017 - 18 Cap Projection to $102 Million '' . Basketball Insiders . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sources : Meeting before deadline off '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` Billy Hunter sends players memo on BRI '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking down changes in new CBA '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA , players ratify new collective bargaining agreement '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Answering your questions about the new collective bargaining agreement '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA , Players ' Association Reach Agreement on New CBA '' . Heat Hoops . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://basketball.realgm.com/nba/info/salary_cap Jump up ^ http://www.basketball-reference.com/contracts/salary-cap-history.html Jump up ^ http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/ ^ Jump up to : `` Hoops Rumours '' . hoopsrumors.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ '' - Salary Restrictions . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ '' - Contract Extensions . Accessed 27th July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ 58 : Rookie scale contract extensions . '' Accessed 27th July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose eager for season to start '' . ESPNChicago.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . November 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Entire list of players eligible for Higher Max Contract -- Accessed 25th July , 2013 Jump up ^ ESPN -- `` Derrick Rose Eager for Season to Start '' -- Accessed 27th July 2013 Jump up ^ Twitter discussion with Larry Coon ( author of the CBA FAQ ) who clarified the distinction between 25 % / 5 DPs and 30 % / 5 DPs who had failed to meet the criteria . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Dan NBCSports.com `` Report : Paul George , Pacers finalizing five - year max contract '' Accessed 23rd September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , LeBron headline 2013 - 14 All - NBA First Team '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 7 ( a ) ( i ) ( B ) : Maximum Annual Salary '' ( PDF ) . 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . p. 36 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Jon ESPN.com ( 1 ) accessed 1st July 2015 Jump up ^ CBS - Wizards agree to 5 year deal for Wall -- Accessed 1 August 2013 Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian . `` Kevin Love unsure about Timberwolves ' future '' Yahoo.com . Accessed 30th September 2013 Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ; Broussard , Chris ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Love , Wolves agree to deal '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ CBA FAQ : Rookie Scale Contract Extensions accessed July 25th , 2013 Jump up ^ SBNation : `` NBA 's bizarre decisions around Kevin Durant 's contract '' - accessed 25th July , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` DeMarcus Cousins trade FAQ : Key questions on huge deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` James Harden , John Wall eligible for max extensions under new CBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ; Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Supermax extension to pay James Harden record $228 M through 2022 - 23 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` John Wall agrees to four - year , $170 M extension with Wizards , source says '' . ESPN.com . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook signs 5 - year , $205 M extension with Thunder '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry . `` 25 . What are salary cap exceptions ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salary Cap for 2008 -- 9 Season '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA salary cap set for 2009 -- 10 season '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 82 . What is a Two - Way player ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 83 . Can a Two - Way player be converted to a regular NBA player ? Can a regular NBA player be converted to a Two - Way player ? What is Exhibit 10 ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Deal Gives Knicks Lift in Effort to Re-Sign Lin '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Lin Granted Early - Bird Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Knicks Can Keep Their Breakout Star '' . The New York Times . p . SP3 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Danny ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` NBA 's poison - pill provision a reminder of Seahawks ' Hutchinson debacle '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manfred , Tony ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` A Quick Explanation Of The ' Poison Pill ' Contract That Could Stop The Knicks From Signing Jeremy Lin '' . businessinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hu , Janny ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Final looks in store for Warrick , Granger '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . D - 3 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks letter names Paul , Howard '' . ESPN.com . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` With Eye on Williams , Nets to Acquire Johnson '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` 38 . How much do free agents count toward team salary ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` 32 . How is `` average salary '' defined ? `` . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Splitter : The Difference '' . ESPN.com. April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` 48 . What about second round draft picks ? What rules do they operate under ? '' . cbafaq.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` 47 . First round draft picks operate under a different set of rules ? '' . cbafaq.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 92 . Can a free agent be signed and immediately traded ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` 101 . How are teams able to trade players who are out of the league , like Dallas did with Keith Van Horn ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry . `` 56 . What is the `` Over-38 '' rule ? `` . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Winderman : Still time to add good player ( or Eddy Curry ) to playoff roster '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Board of Governors ratify 10 - year CBA '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers upset with Chris Paul 's trade to Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` No amnesty from preseason speculation engulfing league '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Mavericks claim Elton Brand '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Remme , Mark ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wolves Waive Darko Milicic '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff . `` Mavs officially use amnesty on Brendan Haywood '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Suns claim Luis Scola off waiver wire , amnesty Josh Childress '' . SI.com . Associated Press . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Suns claim Luis Scola off waiver wire , amnesty Josh Childress '' . CBSsports.com . Jump up ^ Peay , Carla . `` Wizards release Andray Blatche using amnesty clause '' . washingtontimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Nuggets waive F / C Chris Andersen under amnesty provision '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers waive Gomes as amnesty player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers waive Metta World Peace under amnesty clause '' . ESPN . July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reports : Bobcats to use amnesty clause on Tyrus Thomas '' . Sports Illustrated . July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency rumors '' . SB Nation . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors to amnesty Linas Kleiza '' . Yahoo !. July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heat designate Mike Miller amnesty '' . Yahoo !. July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Bulls use amnesty provision on Boozer '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBA salary cap for 2012 - 13 season set at $58.044 million '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . July 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What is the ' luxury tax ? ' Why does it exist ? How is it determined ? Who pays it ? '' Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` New NBA deal may curtail Lakers ' free - spending ways '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers to pay hefty luxury tax '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Andrei Kirilenko joins the Brooklyn Nets , who will pay $186 million for their roster next season '' . Ball Do n't Lie . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the salary cap start in the nba	[ "The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s, but it was abolished after only one season. The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984–85 season, when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future. Before the cap was reinstated, teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players, but in the first season under the new cap, they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll." ]	[ "1984–85 season" ]
900956812271996590	Highest temperature recorded on Earth	Highest temperature recorded on Earth - wikipedia Highest temperature recorded on Earth Furnace Creek Ranch , the location of the highest recording According to the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) , the highest confirmed air temperature on Earth was 56.7 ° C ( 134.1 ° F ) in Furnace Creek Ranch , California , located in the Death Valley desert in the United States , on July 10 , 1913 . This temperature has been disputed though by weather historians such as Christopher C. Burt from Weather Underground . He stated that he believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is `` a myth '' , and is at least 4 to 5 ° F ( 2.2 to 2.8 ° C ) too high . This same conclusion has also been reached by historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid . Randy Cerveny , a member of the WMO and professor of geography at Arizona State University said in 2012 that : `` We accept that Death Valley temperature extreme record . Obviously if any new materials on it surface , we will be prepared to open an investigation , but at this time all available evidence points to its legitimacy . '' If the 1913 record were to be decertified , the current highest recorded temperature on Earth would be 54.0 ° C ( 129.2 ° F ) , recorded both in Death Valley on June 20 , 2013 , and in Mitribah , Kuwait on July 21 , 2016 . Contents 1 Measurements 1.1 Air and ground temperature 1.2 Satellite measurements 2 Unverified claims 3 See also 4 References Measurements ( edit ) Air and ground temperature ( edit ) The standard measuring conditions for temperature are in the air , 1.5 meters above the ground , and shielded from direct sunlight . From 1922 until 2012 , the WMO record for the highest official temperature on Earth was 57.8 ° C ( 136.0 ° F ) , registered on September 13 , 1922 in ' Aziziya , Libya . In January 2012 , the WMO decertified the 1922 record , citing persuasive evidence that it was a faulty reading recorded in error by an inexperienced observer . Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by 30 to 50 ° C. The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between 90 and 100 ° C ( between 194 and 212 ° F ) for dry , darkish soils of low thermal conductivity . While there is no highest confirmed ground temperature , a reading of 93.9 ° C ( 201 ° F ) was allegedly recorded in Furnace Creek Ranch on July 15 , 1972 . Satellite measurements ( edit ) Temperature measurements via satellite also tend to capture occurrence of higher records but , due to complications involving satellite 's altitude loss ( a side effect of atmospheric friction ) , these measurements are often considered less reliable than ground - positioned thermometers . The highest recorded temperature taken by a satellite is 66.8 ° C ( 152.2 ° F ) , which was measured in the Flaming Mountains of China in 2008 . Other satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009 , taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite , found a maximum temperature of 70.7 ° C ( 159.3 ° F ) , which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert , Iran . The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in 5 of the 7 years measured ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2009 ) . These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature . Unverified claims ( edit ) The following are unverified claims of extreme heat over the current world record of 56.7 ° C ( 134.1 ° F ) . Date Temperature ° C / ° F Type Cause Location Description July 11 , 1909 57.8 ° C ( 136.0 ° F ) Air Heat burst Cherokee , Oklahoma ( United States ) This incident was recorded at 3 : 00AM ( CT ) , and reportedly caused crops to desiccate in the area . July 6 , 1949 70 ° C ( 158.0 ° F ) Air Heat burst Figueira da Foz , Coimbra ( Portugal ) Within two minutes , a heat burst reportedly drove the air temperature from 38 to 70 ° C ( 100.4 to 158.0 ° F ) . 1960 60 ° C ( 140.0 ° F ) Air Heat burst Kopperl , Texas ( United States ) A heat burst is claimed to have sent the air temperature to near 140 ° F ( 60 ° C ) , supposedly causing cotton crops to become desiccated and drying out vegetation . June 1967 86.7 ° C ( 188.1 ° F ) Unknown Heat burst Abadan ( Iran ) An alleged temperature of 86.7 ° C ( 188.1 ° F ) was recorded during a heat burst in Abadan , Iran . ' July 15 , 1972 93.9 ° C ( 201.0 ° F ) Ground N / A Furnace Creek Ranch ( United States ) See `` Measurements '' section above . 2005 70.7 ° C ( 159.3 ° F ) Satellite N / A Lut Desert ( Iran ) See `` Measurements '' section above . 2008 66.8 ° C ( 152.2 ° F ) Satellite N / A Flaming Mountains ( China ) See `` Measurements '' section above . 2011 84 ° C ( 183 ° F ) Ground N / A Port Sudan ( Sudan ) A ground temperature of 84 ° C ( 183 ° F ) was reportedly taken in Port Sudan , Sudan . See also ( edit ) Desert climate Highest temperatures ever recorded Lowest temperature recorded on Earth Lowest temperatures ever recorded Orders of magnitude ( temperature ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : World : Highest Temperature Archived 2017 - 07 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . World Meteorological Organization Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCDC Global measured extremes '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2002 . Retrieved 6 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Highest recorded temperature '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doubts Cloud Death Valley 's 100 - year Heat Record '' . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Death Valley 's 134F Record Temperature Study Part One '' . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Samenow , Jason ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` New analysis shreds claim that Death Valley recorded Earth 's highest temperature in 1913 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mildrexler , David J. ; Zhao , Maosheng ; Running , Steven W. `` Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 2011 : 855 -- 860 . Bibcode : 2011BAMS ... 92 ... 855M . doi : 10.1175 / 2011BAMS3067. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mildrexler , David J. ; Zhao , Maosheng ; Running , Steven W. `` Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 2011 : 855 -- 860 ( 855 -- 857 ) . doi : 10.1175 / 2011BAMS3067. 1 . Jump up ^ Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures , J.R. Garratt , Journal of Applied Meteorology , 31 , # 9 ( September 1992 ) , pp. 1096 -- 1105 , doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0450 ( 1992 ) 031 < 1096 : EMLST > 2.0.CO ; 2 Jump up ^ A possible world record maximum natural ground surface temperature , Paul Kubecka , Weather , 56 , # 7 ( July 2001 ) , Weather , pp. 218 - 221 , doi : 10.1002 / j. 1477 - 8696.2001. tb06577. x . Jump up ^ `` How accurate are satellite measured temperatures of the troposphere ? '' . AccuWeather . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 92 : 855 -- 860 . July 2011 . doi : 10.1175 / 2011BAMS3067. 1 . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Isaac M. Cline , Climatological Data for July , 1909 : District No. 7 . Lower Mississippi Valley , p 337 - 338 ; http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-toc&issn=1520-0493&volume=37&issue=7 Monthly Weather Review July 1909 Jump up ^ `` 08 Jul 1949 - PORTUGAL IN'GRIP OF HEAT WAVE - Trove '' . Nla.gov.au. 1949 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Burt , Christopher C. ( 2004 ) . Extreme Weather : A Guide & Record Book . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0393330151 . Jump up ^ Petricic , Dusan ( 2000 ) . `` It 's Raining Eels : A Compendium of Weird Weather '' . Scientific American Presents : 54 -- 55 . ISSN 1048 - 0943 . Jump up ^ Table 9.2 , p. 158 , Dryland Climatology , Sharon E. Nicholson , Cambridge University Press , 2011 , ISBN 1139500244 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest_temperature_recorded_on_Earth&oldid=856994088 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Weather extremes of Earth Climatology Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Português Română Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 21 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is the hottest recorded place on earth	[ "According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest confirmed air temperature on Earth was 56.7 °C (134.1 °F) in Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in the United States, on July 10, 1913.[1][2][3] This temperature has been disputed though by weather historians such as Christopher C. Burt from Weather Underground. He stated that he believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is \"a myth\", and is at least 4 to 5 °F (2.2 to 2.8 °C) too high.[4] This same conclusion has also been reached by historians Dr. Arnold Court and William Taylor Reid.[5] Randy Cerveny, a member of the WMO and professor of geography at Arizona State University said in 2012 that: \"We accept that Death Valley temperature extreme record. Obviously if any new materials on it surface, we will be prepared to open an investigation, but at this time all available evidence points to its legitimacy.\"[3] If the 1913 record were to be decertified, the current highest recorded temperature on Earth would be 54.0 °C (129.2 °F), recorded both in Death Valley on June 20, 2013, and in Mitribah, Kuwait on July 21, 2016.[6]\n" ]	[ "Furnace Creek Ranch, California, located in the Death Valley desert in the United States" ]
4747563057897745160	Scary Movie 2	Scary Movie 2 - wikipedia Scary Movie 2 Jump to : navigation , search Scary Movie 2 Theatrical release poster Directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans Produced by Eric L. Gold Written by Thomas Craig Greg Grabianski Dave Polsky Michael Anthony Snowden Craig Wayans Marlon Wayans Shawn Wayans Starring Shawn Wayans Marlon Wayans Anna Faris Regina Hall Chris Masterson Kathleen Robertson James Woods Tim Curry Tori Spelling Chris Elliott Cinematography Steven Bernstein Edited by Tom Nordberg Richard Pearson Peter Teschner Production companies Dimension Films Brillstein - Grey Entertainment Gold / Miller Productions Wayans Bros. Entertainment Brad Grey Pictures Distributed by Miramax Films Release date July 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 07 - 04 ) Running time 82 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $45 million Box office $141.2 million Scary Movie 2 is a 2001 American horror comedy film and the second film of the Scary Movie franchise . The film stars Anna Faris , Regina Hall , Shawn Wayans , and Marlon Wayans ( all reprising their roles from the first film , despite their characters having been killed off ) , as well as Tim Curry , Tori Spelling , Chris Elliott , Chris Masterson , Kathleen Robertson , David Cross , and James Woods . Where the original film was mainly based on the slasher films of the ' 90s , Scary Movie 2 parodies an array of supernatural and haunted house films from various decades , including The Haunting ( 1999 ) , The Exorcist ( 1973 ) , The Amityville Horror ( 1979 ) , Poltergeist ( 1982 ) , The Legend of Hell House ( 1973 ) , House on Haunted Hill ( both the 1959 and 1999 versions ) , and The Changeling ( 1980 ) . It also spoofs some contemporary films , such as Hannibal ( 2001 ) , and Hollow Man ( 2000 ) . The film is the last in the series to feature the involvement of stars Marlon and Shawn Wayans , and director Keenen Ivory Wayans . However , the Wayans would eventually go on to produce a similar horror - themed parody , A Haunted House , and its sequel , both starring Marlon Wayans . Despite generally negative reviews from critics , Scary Movie 2 was a box office success , grossing $141.2 million worldwide from a $45 million budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees ( Natasha Lyonne ) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane ( Richard Moll ) , the house 's previous owner . During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas , insults her mother and the guests , then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor . In response , Megan 's mother ( Veronica Cartwright ) seeks help from two priests , Father McFeely ( James Woods ) and Father Harris ( Andy Richter ) . After paying a trip to the bathroom , the men attempt to drive Hugh 's ghost out , but the exorcism does not go as planned . After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia , Megan insults Father McFeely 's mother . He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan . Meanwhile , Cindy Campbell ( Anna Faris ) , Brenda Meeks ( Regina Hall ) , Ray Wilkins ( Shawn Wayans ) , and Shorty Meeks ( Marlon Wayans ) are at college , trying to live new lives since the events of the first film . Cindy and Brenda get tagged by a socially maladjusted girl , Alex ( Tori Spelling ) . Shorty is still the same stoner he was before . Ray , still confused about his sexuality , has two new male friends , Tommy ( James DeBello ) and Buddy ( Christopher Masterson ) . Buddy becomes romantically interested in Cindy , but she rebuffs him . Tim Curry ( Tim Curry ) and his charming paraplegic assistant , Dwight Hartman ( David Cross ) , plan to study the paranormal activity at a local haunted mansion called Hell House . They use Cindy and her friends as test subjects . At the mansion , Cindy encounters a foul - mouthed parrot and Hanson ( Chris Elliott ) , the caretaker with a badly malformed hand . Later , the group is joined by sexy newcomer Theo ( Kathleen Robertson ) . They sit down for dinner , but soon lose their appetite due to Hanson 's repulsive antics . Later that night , Cindy hears voices directing her to a secret room , where she and Buddy discover the diary of Hugh Kane 's wife . Seeing her portrait , they note Cindy 's resemblance to her . Meanwhile , other teens also experience bizarre encounters . Hugh Kane 's ghost has sex with Alex in her bedroom , but retreats when Alex expresses her interest in becoming the new Mrs. Kane . Cindy gets involved in a fistfight with the house cat , Mr. Kittles . A toy clown ( Suli McCullough ) attempts to kill Ray , but in a strange turn of events , the clown doll gets raped by Ray instead . A weed - monster rolls Shorty into a joint . It tries to smoke him , but gets distracted by munchies and lets him escape . Tim Curry is seduced and killed by the ghost of Hugh 's mistress . Shorty later encounters the same ghost , but seduces and has sex with her . After Dwight equips the teens with weapons that can injure their spectral enemy , they are pursued throughout the mansion . Buddy and Cindy get locked in the walk - in freezer . Cindy gives Buddy a handjob and `` revives '' him , resuting him to release semen blasting Cindy to the door . Cindy then uses a collection of random objects in the room to produce a Caterpillar tractor and escapes the freezer . Hanson gets possessed by Kane and kidnaps Shorty , who is high on drugs . In the dining room , Hanson sets up a cooker and cuts off the top of Shorty 's head . Instead of a brain , there is a small man rapping ( Beetlejuice ) inside . Cindy , Brenda , and Theo team up to fight Hanson , but wind up defeated . Dwight regroups with the teens . Cindy acts as bait to lure Kane into a device that will destroy him . The plan succeeds , freeing the group from the house 's curse . Two months later , Cindy and Buddy are in a relationship . They are out on a walk when Buddy disappears and Hanson shows up . As he closes in menacingly , he gets hit by a car . The car 's driver is Shorty , who is receiving a blowjob from the ghost that he seduced earlier . Cast ( edit ) Anna Faris as Cindy Campbell Regina Hall as Brenda Meeks Shawn Wayans as Ray Wilkins Marlon Wayans as Shorty Meeks Chris Masterson as Buddy Sanderson Kathleen Robertson as Theo David Cross as Dwight Hartman James Woods as Father McFeely Tim Curry as Professor Oldman Tori Spelling as Alex Monday Chris Elliott as Hanson Andy Richter as Father Harris Richard Moll as Hugh Kane ( Hell House Ghost ) Veronica Cartwright as Mrs. Voorhees Natasha Lyonne as Megan Voorhees James DeBello as Tommy Beetlejuice as Shorty 's brain Matt Friedman ( voice ) as Polly the parrot Vitamin C ( voice ) as herself Suli McCullough ( voice ) as Clown Background ( edit ) The film is a sequel to Scary Movie . According to director Keenen Ivory Wayans , the makers of the film watched over 130 horror films for background research . Marlon Brando was originally cast as Father McFeely and completed one day of filming before he had to leave the production due to illness . He was replaced by James Woods who was paid $1 million for four days work . Charlton Heston has also turned down the James Woods part . Because Miramax had not greenlit this sequel until the massive box office success of the original , the film faced a punishing production schedule that involved coming up with a script and tearing through production and post-production in a total of less than 9 months , roughly half the average time for all those steps to be completed on a standard Hollywood production in 2000 - 01 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) In North America , the film grossed $ 71,308,997 . Worldwide , it grossed $141,220,678 . Although it was a hit , out of the first four Scary Movie films , this was the least successful to date -- until the fifth film was released twelve years later . Critical response ( edit ) Scary Movie 2 received generally negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 15 % based on 109 reviews with an average rating of 3.4 / 10 The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Instead of being funny , this gross - out sequel plays like a sloppy , rushed - out product . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 29 out of 100 based on 25 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) The film premiered on DVD on December 18 , 2001 . It was later released on Blu - ray a decade later on September 20 , 2011 , after Lionsgate purchased Miramax and Dimension Films 's catalogues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) '' . Jump up ^ Brook , Tom ( 6 July 2001 ) . `` Scary sequel ' out - grosses ' first '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( 15 June 2001 ) . `` Brando 's ' Scary ' Scene '' . people.com . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Grant up for Harry Potter role '' . theguardian.com. 29 June 2001 . Retrieved 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 12 - 14 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Wallis , J. Doyle ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Scary Movie 2 '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Movie 2 Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Scary Movie 2 Official website Scary Movie 2 on IMDb Scary Movie 2 at Box Office Mojo Scary Movie 2 at Rotten Tomatoes Scary Movie 2 at Metacritic Scary Movie Scary Movie ( 2000 ) Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) Scary Movie 3 ( 2003 ) Scary Movie 4 ( 2006 ) Scary Movie 5 ( 2013 ) Films by Keenen Ivory Wayans Directed I 'm Gonna Git You Sucka ( 1988 ) A Low Down Dirty Shame ( 1994 ) Scary Movie ( 2000 ) Scary Movie 2 ( 2001 ) White Chicks ( 2004 ) Little Man ( 2006 ) Produced Eddie Murphy Raw ( 1987 ) Do n't Be a Menace to South Central While Drinking Your Juice in the Hood ( 1996 ) White Chicks ( 2004 ) Little Man ( 2006 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) TV series created In Living Color Film in the United States portal Horror portal Comedy portal 2000s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scary_Movie_2&oldid=801185872 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films 2001 horror films 2000s ghost films 2000s parody films 2000s sequel films American films American comedy horror films American haunted house films American parody films American sequel films Films about exorcism Films directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans Films shot in Vancouver Mad scientist films Dimension Films films Scary Movie ( film series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 05 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the exorcist in scary movie 2	[ "A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees (Natasha Lyonne) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane (Richard Moll), the house's previous owner. During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas, insults her mother and the guests, then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor. In response, Megan's mother (Veronica Cartwright) seeks help from two priests, Father McFeely (James Woods) and Father Harris (Andy Richter). After paying a trip to the bathroom, the men attempt to drive Hugh's ghost out, but the exorcism does not go as planned. After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia, Megan insults Father McFeely's mother. He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan.", "A teenage girl named Megan Voorhees (Natasha Lyonne) becomes possessed by the spirit of Hugh Kane (Richard Moll), the house's previous owner. During a formal dinner party she emerges in her pajamas, insults her mother and the guests, then proceeds to urinate profusely on the floor. In response, Megan's mother (Veronica Cartwright) seeks help from two priests, Father McFeely (James Woods) and Father Harris (Andy Richter). After paying a trip to the bathroom, the men attempt to drive Hugh's ghost out, but the exorcism does not go as planned. After a chain of projectile vomits and various instances of pedophilia, Megan insults Father McFeely's mother. He responds by pulling out a gun and shooting Megan." ]	[ "James Woods", "Andy Richter" ]
-5657035572777178533	Nazca (anime)	Nazca ( anime ) - Wikipedia Nazca ( anime ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the Miyazaki epic Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind . Nazca 時空転抄ナスカ ( Jikū Tenshō Nasuka ) Anime television series Directed by Hiroko Tokita Produced by Motoki Ueda Yasuyuki Ueda Written by Tsunehisa Ito Music by Tsuneyoshi Saito Studio Genco , Radix Licensed by Geneon Original network TV Tokyo Original run April 6 , 1998 -- June 29 , 1998 Episodes 12 Anime and Manga portal Nazca ( 時空転抄ナスカ , Jikū Tenshō Nasuka ) is an anime series created by Yoshihiko Inamoto . It is about a group of people who are reincarnations of ancient Inca warriors who have returned to re-enact a civil war that resulted in the fall of the Inca Empire . Miura Kyoji , a dedicated kendo student , discovers that his instructor , Tate Masanari , is a reincarnated Inca warrior named Yawaru who wishes to destroy the world to purify it . Kyoji himself is the warrior Bilka , who foiled Yawaru 's plans in their previous lives . As Yawaru gathers other awakened spirits to give him ever more power , Kyoji faces conflicting loyalties ; he must decide if he is merely a vessel for the reincarnated soul , destined to fulfill a role given to him and destroy a person he liked and respected in order to save the world , or if he is a free individual who can bring Masanari to his senses and break the cycle of rebirth and human possession . Popular culture ( edit ) Two clips from Nazca are used in the opening titles of the American sitcom Malcolm in the Middle . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.malcolminthemiddle.co.uk/forum/faq.php?faq=mitm#faq_openingclips External links ( edit ) Nazca ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Nazca from THEM Anime Reviews Review from EX This anime television series -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nazca_(anime)&oldid=792440400 '' Categories : 1998 anime television series Anime with original screenplays Genco Geneon USA NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan TV Tokyo shows Anime series stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia requested photographs of anime and manga All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 July 2017 , at 14 : 49 . About Wikipedia	anime in opening of malcolm in the middle	[ "\nTwo clips from Nazca are used in the opening titles of the American sitcom Malcolm in the Middle.[1]\n" ]	[ "Two clips from Nazca" ]
3027174949998232005	Hot in Cleveland (season 6)	Hot in Cleveland ( season 6 ) - wikipedia Hot in Cleveland ( season 6 ) Hot in Cleveland ( season 6 ) Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network TV Land Original release November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) -- June 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 03 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of Hot in Cleveland episodes The sixth and final season of the TV Land original sitcom Hot in Cleveland premiered on November 5 , 2014 , and consisted of 24 episodes . The series stars Valerie Bertinelli , Wendie Malick , Jane Leeves , and Betty White . On November 17 , 2014 , TV Land announced that this season would be the final season of Hot in Cleveland . The series concluded June 3 , 2015 after six seasons and 128 episodes . The two - part series finale ( Vegas Baby ; I Hate Goodbyes ) aired as an hour - long episode . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special guest stars 1.4 Guest stars 2 Production 3 Release 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Valerie Bertinelli as Melanie Moretti Jane Leeves as Rejoyla `` Joy '' Scroggs Wendie Malick as Victoria Chase Betty White as Elka Ostrovsky Recurring ( edit ) Georgia Engel as Mamie Sue Johnson Dave Foley as Bob Craig Ferguson as Simon Rhys Darby as Jack Michael McMillian as Owen William Baldwin as Dane Special guest stars ( edit ) Mario Lopez as himself Robert Wagner as Jim Ben Vereen as Mayor Deacon Ernie Hudson as himself Stacy Keach as Alex Chase Missi Pyle as Canadian Joy Mackenzie Phillips as Kaylin Gladys Knight as Miss Shonda Garry Marshall as Ari George Takei as Reverend Matsuda Marla Gibbs as Marcia Carol Burnett as Penny Chris Colfer as Tony Chase Juliet Mills as Philipa Huey Lewis as Johnny Revere Thomas Gibson as Tom Bob Newhart as Bob , Sr . Guest stars ( edit ) Tom Parker as Peter Timm Sharp as Zed Andrew J. West as Cooper Will Sasso as Frankie Bryce Johnson as Dylan Millicent Martin as Agnes Bayne Gibby as Mona Lesley Nicol as Margaret Kelly Schumann as Sally Samantha Martin as Jenna Adam Korson as Barney Sophie Winkleman as Jill Adam Croasdell as Earl of Cleveland Sunkrish Bala as Anderson Adam Korson as Barney Artemis Pebdani as Miss O'Roarke Brian Baumgartner as Claude Nick Searcy as Chief Barker Amber Valletta as Ashley Timothy Omundson as Mark Andy Milder as Dr. Laird Ray Abruzzo as Phil Matt Walsh as Arnie Kurt Fuller as Gerald Kelen Coleman as Andie Yvette Nicole Brown as Lily Jenny O'Hara as Helen Dennis Haskins as Reverend Bower Jim O'Heir as Ross Marla Sokoloff as Chloe Tate Ellington as Kameron Todd Grinnell as Nicky Tyler Ritter as Bart Darlene Hunt as Phyllis Production ( edit ) On May 1 , 2014 , TV Land renewed Hot in Cleveland for a sixth season . Taping for season six began on September 19 , 2014 , and concluded on April 2 , 2015 . On November 17 , 2014 , TV Land announced that season six would be the final season . Guest stars for this season include : Ernie Hudson as one of Victoria 's ex-husbands who helps her come to terms with their once embarrassing legacy , Andrew J. West as a young man that hits on Melanie , Timm Sharp as the producer of Victoria 's new TV show , and Robert Wagner as Jim , a new man in Elka 's life . Mario Lopez also made an appearance as himself . Sophie Winkleman guest stars as Joy 's sister , Jill . Returning guest stars for the sixth season include Georgia Engel , Craig Ferguson , Dave Foley , Michael McMillian , Will Sasso , Brian Baumgartner , Chris Colfer and Carol Burnett . Rhys Darby also recurred this season as Jack , a new neighbor and Melanie 's brief love interest . Billy Baldwin appears in a story arc as Dane Stevens , a reporter who becomes attracted to Melanie . Stacy Keach plays Victoria 's father Alex in two episodes . Missi Pyle also appears in two episodes as `` Canadian Joy '' , Bob 's lover from his home country whom he almost marries . Ben Vereen appears as the Mayor of Cleveland . Kelen Coleman portrays Andi , Owen 's bride - to - be , while George Takei makes an appearance as the priest for their ceremony . Bob Newhart and Thomas Gibson guest - starred in the series finale , while Huey Lewis reprised his role as Johnny Revere in this same episode . Release ( edit ) Season six was released in Region 1 on April 26 , 2016 . The DVD includes all 24 episodes on 3 discs . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Hot in Cleveland episodes No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code U.S. viewers ( million ) 105 `` Comfort and Joy '' John Whitesell Rachel Sweet November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 601 0.66 Joy announces to the girls that she wants to marry Simon , but not before she first informs Mitch and Detective Bob . Mitch finds out immediately , as he had bugged the house , while Melanie takes the task of telling Bob , only to end up sleeping with him after . Joy tells Simon `` yes '' and he is thrilled , but the moment is spoiled when Simon introduces his current 23 - year - old wife to Joy . Simon explains he had to marry the woman to get her out of a dangerous situation in her home country , but vows to divorce her as soon as it is safe . When circumstances call for Simon to leave the country again , Joy realizes they should n't be together . Bob tries to swoop in and propose to Joy , but she says she is not looking to marry anyone at the moment . Nonetheless , Bob says he will keep trying , announcing that he 's bought back the detective agency from Mitch . Elsewhere , Victoria enlists Susan Lucci 's help in getting back an HBO series role that Helen Mirren had stolen , only to be double - crossed by Lucci . 106 `` Fear and Loathing in Los Angeles '' John Whitesell Michael A. Ross November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 602 0.77 Victoria has to travel to L.A. to meet Zed ( Timm Sharp ) , the quirky director of her new HBO series , and the girls all tag along . After meeting Victoria , Zed reconsiders and cuts her from the role , thinking she is not sexy enough for the Malibu setting . Meanwhile , Joy tries to convince a well - known L.A. - area Private Eye that she can still be `` honey bait '' but she fails , while Melanie is hit on by a much younger man , only to discover he needs a photo with a HOG ( Hot Older Gal ) for a scavenger hunt . Elka fails to convince Mario Lopez to relocate his TV show to Cleveland as part of her `` Film Cleveland '' incentive , but she does convince Zed to shoot the HBO series there . While re-visualizing the series with a Cleveland backdrop , Zed decides that Victoria is now perfect for the lead . 107 `` Bossy Cups '' Andy Cadiff Lisa Slopey November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 603 0.72 Melanie gets to know her `` He Said / She Said '' co-host , Franky , a little better while he helps her install shelves in a bedroom closet . Victoria looks to parlay her recent fame into a successful internet project and enlists Joy to be a part of it , but the producer has other ideas and brings in a British actress to play Joy 's part . Elka hits on a handsome senior named Jim ( Robert Wagner ) , but finds that his beneath - the - surface qualities are n't very exciting . 108 `` Naked and Afraid '' John Whitesell Sebastian Jones November 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 26 ) 604 0.79 Melanie worries that Jack ( Rhys Darby ) , a new neighbor , saw her dancing naked through a bedroom window . Jack instead sees Joy having sex with an acquaintance , and signals get crossed later when he tells Melanie that he was n't thrilled with what he saw . Meanwhile , Elka is trying to sway a city councilman to vote for her as council president , so she sets up a party at the home and forces the girls to host . 109 5 `` Tazed and Confused '' Andy Cadiff Jessica Wood December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 605 0.71 Joy and Bob are staking out a site to catch a cheating husband , and Joy announces this will be her last case for the agency , given the awkwardness following Bob 's marriage proposal . Victoria rides along , trying to learn more about the detective business for her HBO series and possibly pick up a signature character quirk . In the end , Joy and Bob stumble upon a much bigger crime - in - progress , and Joy realizes the two make a great team . Elsewhere , Mamie Sue has to back out of a `` Secret Word '' competition at the bar ( similar to Password ) , leaving Elka no choice but to recruit Melanie as her partner . 110 6 `` Out of Our Minds '' Peter Filsinger Laura Solon December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 606 0.92 The girls all see visions of each other while facing up to their predictable traits . Joy decides to finally change her looks and colors her hair platinum - blonde , which ruins a date that Owen has with an albino woman . Melanie worries about having sex with Jack after the girls joke that the sex will probably be `` basic vanilla '' . Elka worries about dating the mayor ( Ben Vereen ) , knowing that as council president she is supposed to be his adversary . 111 7 `` Cold in Cleveland : The Christmas Episode '' Andy Cadiff Laura Solon December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 607 0.74 Victoria tries to buy the rights to Disco Christmas , an embarrassing movie from her past , after learning that many people ( including Elka ) hold annual viewing parties to laugh at it . The only problem is the rights belong to one of her ex-husbands ( Ernie Hudson ) , who co-starred in the movie and who has no issues with it being aired every year . Meanwhile , Melanie duels the next - door neighbor in a Christmas lighting contest . Actress Lesley Nicol ( Mrs. Patmore of Downton Abbey fame ) guest stars . 112 8 `` The Young and the Restless '' Andy Cadiff Cheryl Holliday January 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 07 ) 608 0.77 Melanie 's daughter Jenna comes to town with news that she has decided against going to Harvard medical school , which had always been her dream . When Jenna wo n't take mom 's advice to reconsider , Melanie asks Joy to step in , but that backfires . Victoria is worried about how she looks in a nude love scene in her HBO show , so she visits the show 's film editor only to find out the young man is infatuated with her . Meanwhile , Elka is entertaining a 12 - year - old `` councilman for a day '' contest winner , and decides to take advantage and use the boy to fire a city employee . 113 9 `` Bad Boys '' Andy Cadiff Cheryl Holliday January 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 14 ) 609 0.84 Victoria 's father Alex ( Stacy Keach ) , also an actor , comes to town with news that he has three months to live . He tells his daughter that his dying wish is to play one more role on the screen , so Victoria manages to get him a part on her HBO series . Joy then overhears a phone conversation and finds out that Victoria 's dad is clearly NOT dying , and he just lied to get work . Meanwhile , Melanie decides that Jack is far too clingy and wants to break up . She gets some advice from her co-worker Franky on how to handle the breakup , but it backfires . 114 10 `` We Could Be Royals '' Andy Cadiff Sam Johnson & Chris Marcil January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 610 0.95 Elka and Mamie Sue prepare for the arrival of the British Earl of Cleveland , who is coming to town . Joy 's younger sister Jill ( Sophie Winkleman ) , who recently left a convent , also arrives for a visit . The two vie for the attention of the Earl , but a series of accidents puts Joy at a disadvantage . Meanwhile , Victoria asks Melanie to help her meet a deadline on a children 's book , not telling her that she received an advance on the book two years ago . Stumped for ideas , the two base the story on the competition between Joy and Jill . 115 11 `` About a Joy '' Peter Filsinger Suzanne Martin January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 611 0.92 Wilbur is being bullied at school in view of Joy and Bob , and the two disagree on how to handle it . When Bob shows up the next day and resolves the issue peacefully , Joy sees him in a new light and thinks he may really be the one for her . Unfortunately , `` Canadian Joy '' ( Missi Pyle ) has just come back into Bob 's life . Meanwhile , Victoria tries to keep up with her much younger editor / boyfriend , while Melanie decides to confront her former school bully ( McKenzie Phillips ) online . 116 12 `` One Wedding and One Funeral '' Andy Cadiff Rachel Sweet February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 612 0.71 Canadian Joy announces she 's pregnant , and has an ultrasound image to prove it , so she and Bob plan a quickie wedding . Victoria recognizes the ultrasound as the one that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie posted of their baby , so Joy does all she can to stop Bob from marrying Canadian Joy . Elka has one final sexual fling with the mayor before breaking up with him , only to have the mayor die in bed with her . As the sitting City Council President , Elka becomes mayor . Elsewhere , Victoria is convinced a paparazzi drone is following her , so she hires Bob 's brother Claude ( Brian Baumgartner ) as her bodyguard to give the impression of not wanting the attention . 117 13 `` Scandalous '' Phill Lewis Lisa Slopey March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 613 0.86 When a police detective is assigned to clear up some of the questions surrounding the former mayor 's death , new mayor Elka hires her own detectives ( Bob and Joy ) to act as `` cleaners '' and help her avoid a scandal . But there 's one other loose end : a nosy reporter named Dane ( Billy Baldwin ) whom Melanie is assigned to distract . Meanwhile , Victoria sweats over a focus group broadcast in Cleveland for her new HBO series , which will determine if the series airs or not - and the woman badmouthing her is one of the mayor 's mistresses . Newly - dating couple Joy and Bob ca n't seem to find the right moment for their first kiss . 118 14 `` Family Affair '' Dennis Capps Alex Herschlag March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 614 0.74 Melanie gets DNA from the girls ' toothbrushes to surprise them with their genealogies and family histories . The results show that : Joy and Elka have a common ancestor from Poland as well as a distant relative who is a waitress in the area , Victoria is 1 / 32nd Native American , and Melanie has a distant cousin working as a therapist in Cleveland . Victoria tries to gain publicity by joining an Ohio Native American group , only to find that they want to use her to protest Chief Wahoo , the Cleveland Indians mascot . Melanie makes an appointment with her therapist cousin ( Timothy Omundson ) and finds that he is adorable , making her want to find out just how close of a cousin he is . 119 15 `` All Dolled Up '' Andy Cadiff Jessica Wood April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 615 0.82 While Bob is away in Canada , he sends Joy a creepy doll that looks like him to keep her company . The girls then think the doll has voodoo powers when strange things start happening to Bob . Victoria learns that her part has been cut from the HBO series , and she reluctantly auditions for a local theater production . Meanwhile , Melanie gets closer to Dane . 120 16 `` Bad Girlfriends '' Andy Cadiff Michael A. Ross April 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 08 ) 616 0.77 The male lead in Victoria 's play falls ill , and Dane mentions he has some acting experience . Dane fills in wonderfully , but Melanie is not pleased when she watches the dress rehearsal and sees how much chemistry Dane has with Victoria in the love scenes . Meanwhile , Joy brags that Bob is the first man with whom she can watch the movie Love Actually after Bob says he likes it . But when Bob butt - dials Joy from a therapy session , she hears him say that he really hates the film . Frustrated with their men , Melanie and Joy scheme to get back at them , but their plans backfire . Elsewhere , Elka loses a bet with the mayor of Cincinnati on the Cincinnati Bengals - Cleveland Browns football game , and has to wear a Bengals mascot outfit for a week . 121 17 `` Duct Soup '' Andy Cadiff Rachel Sweet April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 617 0.74 Owen wants Joy and all the ladies to help out with his coming wedding ceremony as he is about to marry Andi ( Kelen Coleman ) , but almost everything goes wrong . Simon makes a surprise return , only to be locked in a closet by Bob . Melanie orders what turns out to be a `` phallic '' cake , and the replacement cake is not much better . Elka spray paints `` murder '' on the bride 's gown , mistaking it for a white fur coat that Andi 's mom was wearing . Victoria 's new pet parrot eats the wedding ring , and she also tries to avoid the bride 's father ( Kurt Fuller ) because they went to high school together and he knows her real age . At the rehearsal dinner , Bob formally proposes to Joy after she announced that she wants to marry him . George Takei guest stars as Reverend Matsuda . 122 18 `` Cleveland Calendar Girls '' Andy Cadiff Cheryl Holliday April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 618 0.70 While drunk , Elka and Mamie Sue decide to make a nude calendar with several other elderly women as a way to earn money for Elka 's beloved animal shelter . But as the photo shoot approaches , Mamie Sue gets cold feet . The other ladies all have reasons for getting their pictures taken : Melanie wants a head shot to promote her radio show , Joy and Bob want their photos snapped for an engagement announcement , while Victoria tries to get the DMV to use her retouched publicity shot for her drivers license . At their photo shoot , Joy and Bob decide they want to adopt a child . 123 19 `` Kitchen Nightmare '' Andy Cadiff Sebastian Jones April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 619 0.66 Having been fired from her radio job , Melanie decides she wants to buy the restaurant that the girls frequently visit . Joy and Victoria invest as well , and Victoria hires an L.A. - area restaurateur that she knows is attracted to her in hopes of making the restaurant more upscale . Just about everything goes wrong on opening night , until the girls decide they should n't have tried to change something that was working just fine . Meanwhile , Elka is disappointed that the girls did n't get each other dates for their birthdays this year , as she was hoping to be set up with Pope Francis . Melanie chuckles that she sent Elka 's request to the Vatican but is n't holding her breath when , to everyone 's surprise , The Pope actually shows up . 124 20 `` All About Elka '' Andy Cadiff Laura Solon May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 620 0.70 Victoria announces she has been named director of a community theater in Cleveland , and is casting for the play All About Eve . Her son Tony tries out for the male lead , but his acting is horrible . However , when Victoria hears him sing she decides to remake the play as a musical . Meanwhile , Victoria 's mother Penny ( Carol Burnett ) is cast as the grandmother character , but understudy Elka does all she can to make sure Penny misses opening night . Meanwhile , Joy and Melanie do not like how their rear ends look in the restaurant security cameras , so they use some Hollywood tricks to soften the focus . This proves to be a bad idea after the bar is robbed and the police can not make out the perpetrator 's face . 125 21 `` Say Yes to the Mess '' Andy Cadiff Steve Vitolo & Jessica Poter May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 621 0.66 Joy 's mother Philippa ( Juliet Mills ) comes to town for the wedding . As Philippa is still raw from her breakup with Daniel , Joy asks Bob to be especially nice and charming . He perhaps does this too well , as Philippa later confides in Victoria that she 's fallen in love with Bob . Meanwhile , Victoria 's father Alex has been sleeping with Elka , who then tries in vain to get rid of him now that he 's served his purpose . Melanie and Victoria both struggle with the fact that Joy will be moving out of the house after the wedding . 126 22 `` Hot in Cleveland : Hot Damn ! '' N / A N / A May 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 27 ) 622 0.76 The actresses recap six seasons worth of episodes through highlights , bloopers and behind - the - scenes stories . Series producers Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner provide additional commentary . 127 128 23 24 `` Vegas Baby '' `` I Hate Goodbyes '' Andy Cadiff Alex Herschlag , Sam Johnson , Chris Marcil & Suzanne Martin June 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 03 ) 623 624 1.02 One - hour series finale . Melanie is seated on a Paris - bound plane next to a handsome stranger , Tom ( Thomas Gibson ) , and tells him the story of how she got to this point . The girls are all set to leave for Joy and Bob 's wedding in Paris , when Joy gets a call that a baby girl is available to adopt , but she and Bob have to go to Las Vegas right away to complete the process and pick up the baby . Before they depart , Bob 's father , Bob Sr. ( Bob Newhart ) shows up , saying he and Bob 's mother are now divorced and he is now ready to try dating again . Meanwhile , Victoria announces that she 's meeting an agent in Vegas , and will likely be moving back to California to reboot her acting career . In Vegas , Melanie , Mamie Sue , Elka and Bob Sr. all end up in jail , while Victoria has a chance encounter with old flame Johnny Revere ( Huey Lewis ) . The two ponder why they are still chasing career dreams at their age . Joy and Bob find out that the adoption agency is highly religious , and they must be married before adopting the baby . They go to a quickie wedding chapel , only to find that Elka and Bob Sr. are already there to get married to each other ( having developed an attraction to one another ) , with everyone else as guests . As Elka / Bob Sr. and Joy / Bob get married in a double ceremony , Victoria and Johnny decide to get married in the near - future and have a more Hollywood - style wedding . The gang , now with baby Elizabeth , finally board a plane to Paris for the wedding reception . Melanie finishes her story just as the plane is shaken by a storm , and she grabs Tom 's hand . In a flash - forward to Elizabeth 's fifth birthday , Melanie and Tom are married , Bob Sr. and Elka ( now 98 ) are still married , and Victoria and Johnny are now hitched . It is then revealed that the girls still get together every Wednesday night . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Land Renews ' Hot in Cleveland ' for Season 6 '' . TheHollywoodReporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's ' The Exes ' Gets 12 - Episode Order : Video '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot in Cleveland - Episode Guide for Season 6 '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hot In Cleveland ' To End Run After Six Seasons On TV Land '' . Deadline.com . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hot In Cleveland ' Renewed for Season Six by TV Land - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com. 2014 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Hot in Cleveland : 10 mins til show time ! '' . Twitter . September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Tony Stengal : On Set `` Hot In Cleveland '' Series finale ! `` . Twitter . April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.5. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Nationals : ' The Voice ' , ' Law and Order SVU ' / ' Chicago PD ' Crossover Propels NBC to Victory - TV Media Insights - TV Ratings & News - Network TV Show Reviews and Daily Ratings '' . TV Media Insights . November 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.19. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.26. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.3. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night , ' South Park ' , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Melissa & Joey ' & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.17. 2014 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.7. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' American Horror Story ' Wins Night + ' The Game ' , ' Duck Dynasty ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.21. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals : 1.28. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.4. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Cable Ratings : ' Catfish ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' Dual Survivor ' , ' Little Women LA ' , ' Mob Wives ' , ' Broad City ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . March 19 , 2015 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 3.25. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . March 26 , 2015 . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 4.1. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 4.8. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily. April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 Original Cable Telecasts '' . Showbuzz Daily . April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 4.22. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily. April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 4.29. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily. April 30 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.6. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.20. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . May 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 5.27. 2015 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . General references `` Hot in Cleveland Season 6 episodes '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . `` Shows A-Z -- hot in cleveland on tv land '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . `` Hot in Cleveland : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) List of Hot in Cleveland episodes at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_in_Cleveland_(season_6)&oldid=848815352 '' Categories : 2014 American television seasons 2015 American television seasons Hot in Cleveland seasons Hidden categories : Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 14 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does joy marry on hot in cleveland	[ "\n\n\nNo. inseries\n\nNo. inseason\n\nTitle\n\nDirected by\n\nWritten by\n\nOriginal air date\n\nProductioncode\n\nU.S. viewers(million)\n1051\"Comfort and Joy\"John WhitesellRachel SweetNovember 5, 2014 (2014-11-05)6010.66[8]\nJoy announces to the girls that she wants to marry Simon, but not before she first informs Mitch and Detective Bob. Mitch finds out immediately, as he had bugged the house, while Melanie takes the task of telling Bob, only to end up sleeping with him after. Joy tells Simon \"yes\" and he is thrilled, but the moment is spoiled when Simon introduces his current 23-year-old wife to Joy. Simon explains he had to marry the woman to get her out of a dangerous situation in her home country, but vows to divorce her as soon as it is safe. When circumstances call for Simon to leave the country again, Joy realizes they shouldn't be together. Bob tries to swoop in and propose to Joy, but she says she is not looking to marry anyone at the moment. Nonetheless, Bob says he will keep trying, announcing that he's bought back the detective agency from Mitch. Elsewhere, Victoria enlists Susan Lucci's help in getting back an HBO series role that Helen Mirren had stolen, only to be double-crossed by Lucci.\n1062\"Fear and Loathing in Los Angeles\"John WhitesellMichael A. RossNovember 12, 2014 (2014-11-12)6020.77[9]\nVictoria has to travel to L.A. to meet Zed (Timm Sharp), the quirky director of her new HBO series, and the girls all tag along. After meeting Victoria, Zed reconsiders and cuts her from the role, thinking she is not sexy enough for the Malibu setting. Meanwhile, Joy tries to convince a well-known L.A.-area Private Eye that she can still be \"honey bait\" but she fails, while Melanie is hit on by a much younger man, only to discover he needs a photo with a HOG (Hot Older Gal) for a scavenger hunt. Elka fails to convince Mario Lopez to relocate his TV show to Cleveland as part of her \"Film Cleveland\" incentive, but she does convince Zed to shoot the HBO series there. While re-visualizing the series with a Cleveland backdrop, Zed decides that Victoria is now perfect for the lead.\n1073\"Bossy Cups\"Andy CadiffLisa SlopeyNovember 19, 2014 (2014-11-19)6030.72[10]\nMelanie gets to know her \"He Said/She Said\" co-host, Franky, a little better while he helps her install shelves in a bedroom closet. Victoria looks to parlay her recent fame into a successful internet project and enlists Joy to be a part of it, but the producer has other ideas and brings in a British actress to play Joy's part. Elka hits on a handsome senior named Jim (Robert Wagner), but finds that his beneath-the-surface qualities aren't very exciting.\n1084\"Naked and Afraid\"John WhitesellSebastian JonesNovember 26, 2014 (2014-11-26)6040.79[11]\nMelanie worries that Jack (Rhys Darby), a new neighbor, saw her dancing naked through a bedroom window. Jack instead sees Joy having sex with an acquaintance, and signals get crossed later when he tells Melanie that he wasn't thrilled with what he saw. Meanwhile, Elka is trying to sway a city councilman to vote for her as council president, so she sets up a party at the home and forces the girls to host.\n1095\"Tazed and Confused\"Andy CadiffJessica WoodDecember 3, 2014 (2014-12-03)6050.71[12]\nJoy and Bob are staking out a site to catch a cheating husband, and Joy announces this will be her last case for the agency, given the awkwardness following Bob's marriage proposal. Victoria rides along, trying to learn more about the detective business for her HBO series and possibly pick up a signature character quirk. In the end, Joy and Bob stumble upon a much bigger crime-in-progress, and Joy realizes the two make a great team. Elsewhere, Mamie Sue has to back out of a \"Secret Word\" competition at the bar (similar to Password), leaving Elka no choice but to recruit Melanie as her partner.\n1106\"Out of Our Minds\"Peter FilsingerLaura SolonDecember 10, 2014 (2014-12-10)6060.92[13]\nThe girls all see visions of each other while facing up to their predictable traits. Joy decides to finally change her looks and colors her hair platinum-blonde, which ruins a date that Owen has with an albino woman. Melanie worries about having sex with Jack after the girls joke that the sex will probably be \"basic vanilla\". Elka worries about dating the mayor (Ben Vereen), knowing that as council president she is supposed to be his adversary.\n1117\"Cold in Cleveland: The Christmas Episode\"Andy CadiffLaura SolonDecember 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)6070.74[14]\nVictoria tries to buy the rights to Disco Christmas, an embarrassing movie from her past, after learning that many people (including Elka) hold annual viewing parties to laugh at it. The only problem is the rights belong to one of her ex-husbands (Ernie Hudson), who co-starred in the movie and who has no issues with it being aired every year. Meanwhile, Melanie duels the next-door neighbor in a Christmas lighting contest. Actress Lesley Nicol (Mrs. Patmore of Downton Abbey fame) guest stars.\n1128\"The Young and the Restless\"Andy CadiffCheryl HollidayJanuary 7, 2015 (2015-01-07)6080.77[15]\nMelanie's daughter Jenna comes to town with news that she has decided against going to Harvard medical school, which had always been her dream. When Jenna won't take mom's advice to reconsider, Melanie asks Joy to step in, but that backfires. Victoria is worried about how she looks in a nude love scene in her HBO show, so she visits the show's film editor only to find out the young man is infatuated with her. Meanwhile, Elka is entertaining a 12-year-old \"councilman for a day\" contest winner, and decides to take advantage and use the boy to fire a city employee.\n1139\"Bad Boys\"Andy CadiffCheryl HollidayJanuary 14, 2015 (2015-01-14)6090.84[16]\nVictoria's father Alex (Stacy Keach), also an actor, comes to town with news that he has three months to live. He tells his daughter that his dying wish is to play one more role on the screen, so Victoria manages to get him a part on her HBO series. Joy then overhears a phone conversation and finds out that Victoria's dad is clearly NOT dying, and he just lied to get work. Meanwhile, Melanie decides that Jack is far too clingy and wants to break up. She gets some advice from her co-worker Franky on how to handle the breakup, but it backfires.\n11410\"We Could Be Royals\"Andy CadiffSam Johnson & Chris MarcilJanuary 21, 2015 (2015-01-21)6100.95[17]\nElka and Mamie Sue prepare for the arrival of the British Earl of Cleveland, who is coming to town. Joy's younger sister Jill (Sophie Winkleman), who recently left a convent, also arrives for a visit. The two vie for the attention of the Earl, but a series of accidents puts Joy at a disadvantage. Meanwhile, Victoria asks Melanie to help her meet a deadline on a children's book, not telling her that she received an advance on the book two years ago. Stumped for ideas, the two base the story on the competition between Joy and Jill.\n11511\"About a Joy\"Peter FilsingerSuzanne MartinJanuary 28, 2015 (2015-01-28)6110.92[18]\nWilbur is being bullied at school in view of Joy and Bob, and the two disagree on how to handle it. When Bob shows up the next day and resolves the issue peacefully, Joy sees him in a new light and thinks he may really be the one for her. Unfortunately, \"Canadian Joy\" (Missi Pyle) has just come back into Bob's life. Meanwhile, Victoria tries to keep up with her much younger editor/boyfriend, while Melanie decides to confront her former school bully (McKenzie Phillips) online.\n11612\"One Wedding and One Funeral\"Andy CadiffRachel SweetFebruary 4, 2015 (2015-02-04)6120.71[19]\nCanadian Joy announces she's pregnant, and has an ultrasound image to prove it, so she and Bob plan a quickie wedding. Victoria recognizes the ultrasound as the one that Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie posted of their baby, so Joy does all she can to stop Bob from marrying Canadian Joy. Elka has one final sexual fling with the mayor before breaking up with him, only to have the mayor die in bed with her. As the sitting City Council President, Elka becomes mayor. Elsewhere, Victoria is convinced a paparazzi drone is following her, so she hires Bob's brother Claude (Brian Baumgartner) as her bodyguard to give the impression of not wanting the attention.\n11713\"Scandalous\"Phill LewisLisa SlopeyMarch 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)6130.86[20]\nWhen a police detective is assigned to clear up some of the questions surrounding the former mayor's death, new mayor Elka hires her own detectives (Bob and Joy) to act as \"cleaners\" and help her avoid a scandal. But there's one other loose end: a nosy reporter named Dane (Billy Baldwin) whom Melanie is assigned to distract. Meanwhile, Victoria sweats over a focus group broadcast in Cleveland for her new HBO series, which will determine if the series airs or not - and the woman badmouthing her is one of the mayor's mistresses. Newly-dating couple Joy and Bob can't seem to find the right moment for their first kiss.\n11814\"Family Affair\"Dennis CappsAlex HerschlagMarch 25, 2015 (2015-03-25)6140.74[21]\nMelanie gets DNA from the girls' toothbrushes to surprise them with their genealogies and family histories. The results show that: Joy and Elka have a common ancestor from Poland as well as a distant relative who is a waitress in the area, Victoria is 1/32nd Native American, and Melanie has a distant cousin working as a therapist in Cleveland. Victoria tries to gain publicity by joining an Ohio Native American group, only to find that they want to use her to protest Chief Wahoo, the Cleveland Indians mascot. Melanie makes an appointment with her therapist cousin (Timothy Omundson) and finds that he is adorable, making her want to find out just how close of a cousin he is.\n11915\"All Dolled Up\"Andy CadiffJessica WoodApril 1, 2015 (2015-04-01)6150.82[22]\nWhile Bob is away in Canada, he sends Joy a creepy doll that looks like him to keep her company. The girls then think the doll has voodoo powers when strange things start happening to Bob. Victoria learns that her part has been cut from the HBO series, and she reluctantly auditions for a local theater production. Meanwhile, Melanie gets closer to Dane.\n12016\"Bad Girlfriends\"Andy CadiffMichael A. RossApril 8, 2015 (2015-04-08)6160.77[23]\nThe male lead in Victoria's play falls ill, and Dane mentions he has some acting experience. Dane fills in wonderfully, but Melanie is not pleased when she watches the dress rehearsal and sees how much chemistry Dane has with Victoria in the love scenes. Meanwhile, Joy brags that Bob is the first man with whom she can watch the movie Love Actually after Bob says he likes it. But when Bob butt-dials Joy from a therapy session, she hears him say that he really hates the film. Frustrated with their men, Melanie and Joy scheme to get back at them, but their plans backfire. Elsewhere, Elka loses a bet with the mayor of Cincinnati on the Cincinnati Bengals-Cleveland Browns football game, and has to wear a Bengals mascot outfit for a week.\n12117\"Duct Soup\"Andy CadiffRachel SweetApril 15, 2015 (2015-04-15)6170.74[24]\nOwen wants Joy and all the ladies to help out with his coming wedding ceremony as he is about to marry Andi (Kelen Coleman), but almost everything goes wrong. Simon makes a surprise return, only to be locked in a closet by Bob. Melanie orders what turns out to be a \"phallic\" cake, and the replacement cake is not much better. Elka spray paints \"murder\" on the bride's gown, mistaking it for a white fur coat that Andi's mom was wearing. Victoria's new pet parrot eats the wedding ring, and she also tries to avoid the bride's father (Kurt Fuller) because they went to high school together and he knows her real age. At the rehearsal dinner, Bob formally proposes to Joy after she announced that she wants to marry him. George Takei guest stars as Reverend Matsuda.\n12218\"Cleveland Calendar Girls\"Andy CadiffCheryl HollidayApril 22, 2015 (2015-04-22)6180.70[25]\nWhile drunk, Elka and Mamie Sue decide to make a nude calendar with several other elderly women as a way to earn money for Elka's beloved animal shelter. But as the photo shoot approaches, Mamie Sue gets cold feet. The other ladies all have reasons for getting their pictures taken: Melanie wants a head shot to promote her radio show, Joy and Bob want their photos snapped for an engagement announcement, while Victoria tries to get the DMV to use her retouched publicity shot for her drivers license. At their photo shoot, Joy and Bob decide they want to adopt a child.\n12319\"Kitchen Nightmare\"Andy CadiffSebastian JonesApril 29, 2015 (2015-04-29)6190.66[26]\nHaving been fired from her radio job, Melanie decides she wants to buy the restaurant that the girls frequently visit. Joy and Victoria invest as well, and Victoria hires an L.A.-area restaurateur that she knows is attracted to her in hopes of making the restaurant more upscale. Just about everything goes wrong on opening night, until the girls decide they shouldn't have tried to change something that was working just fine. Meanwhile, Elka is disappointed that the girls didn't get each other dates for their birthdays this year, as she was hoping to be set up with Pope Francis. Melanie chuckles that she sent Elka's request to the Vatican but isn't holding her breath when, to everyone's surprise, The Pope actually shows up.\n12420\"All About Elka\"Andy CadiffLaura SolonMay 6, 2015 (2015-05-06)6200.70[27]\nVictoria announces she has been named director of a community theater in Cleveland, and is casting for the play All About Eve. Her son Tony tries out for the male lead, but his acting is horrible. However, when Victoria hears him sing she decides to remake the play as a musical. Meanwhile, Victoria's mother Penny (Carol Burnett) is cast as the grandmother character, but understudy Elka does all she can to make sure Penny misses opening night. Meanwhile, Joy and Melanie do not like how their rear ends look in the restaurant security cameras, so they use some Hollywood tricks to soften the focus. This proves to be a bad idea after the bar is robbed and the police cannot make out the perpetrator's face.\n12521\"Say Yes to the Mess\"Andy CadiffSteve Vitolo & Jessica PoterMay 20, 2015 (2015-05-20)6210.66[28]\nJoy's mother Philippa (Juliet Mills) comes to town for the wedding. As Philippa is still raw from her breakup with Daniel, Joy asks Bob to be especially nice and charming. He perhaps does this too well, as Philippa later confides in Victoria that she's fallen in love with Bob. Meanwhile, Victoria's father Alex has been sleeping with Elka, who then tries in vain to get rid of him now that he's served his purpose. Melanie and Victoria both struggle with the fact that Joy will be moving out of the house after the wedding.\n12622\"Hot in Cleveland: Hot Damn!\"N/AN/AMay 27, 2015 (2015-05-27)6220.76[29]\nThe actresses recap six seasons worth of episodes through highlights, bloopers and behind-the-scenes stories. Series producers Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner provide additional commentary.\n1271282324\"Vegas Baby\"\"I Hate Goodbyes\"Andy CadiffAlex Herschlag, Sam Johnson, Chris Marcil & Suzanne MartinJune 3, 2015 (2015-06-03)6236241.02[30]\nOne-hour series finale. Melanie is seated on a Paris-bound plane next to a handsome stranger, Tom (Thomas Gibson), and tells him the story of how she got to this point. The girls are all set to leave for Joy and Bob’s wedding in Paris, when Joy gets a call that a baby girl is available to adopt, but she and Bob have to go to Las Vegas right away to complete the process and pick up the baby. Before they depart, Bob’s father, Bob Sr. (Bob Newhart) shows up, saying he and Bob’s mother are now divorced and he is now ready to try dating again. Meanwhile, Victoria announces that she’s meeting an agent in Vegas, and will likely be moving back to California to reboot her acting career. In Vegas, Melanie, Mamie Sue, Elka and Bob Sr. all end up in jail, while Victoria has a chance encounter with old flame Johnny Revere (Huey Lewis). The two ponder why they are still chasing career dreams at their age. Joy and Bob find out that the adoption agency is highly religious, and they must be married before adopting the baby. They go to a quickie wedding chapel, only to find that Elka and Bob Sr. are already there to get married to each other (having developed an attraction to one another), with everyone else as guests. As Elka/Bob Sr. and Joy/Bob get married in a double ceremony, Victoria and Johnny decide to get married in the near-future and have a more Hollywood-style wedding. The gang, now with baby Elizabeth, finally board a plane to Paris for the wedding reception. Melanie finishes her story just as the plane is shaken by a storm, and she grabs Tom’s hand. In a flash-forward to Elizabeth’s fifth birthday, Melanie and Tom are married, Bob Sr. and Elka (now 98) are still married, and Victoria and Johnny are now hitched. It is then revealed that the girls still get together every Wednesday night.\n" ]	[ "Bob" ]
-7383677767723460892	Forces of Nature	Forces of Nature - wikipedia Forces of Nature For other uses , see Force of Nature ( disambiguation ) . Forces of Nature Theatrical release poster Directed by Bronwen Hughes Produced by Susan Arnold Ian Bryce Donna Roth Written by Marc Lawrence Starring Sandra Bullock Ben Affleck Maura Tierney Steve Zahn Blythe Danner Ronny Cox Music by John Powell Cinematography Elliot Davis David Stockton Edited by Craig Wood Production company Roth -- Arnold Productions Distributed by DreamWorks Pictures Release date March 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $93.9 million Forces of Nature is a 1999 American romantic comedy film directed by Bronwen Hughes and starring Ben Affleck and Sandra Bullock . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Ben Holmes ( Affleck ) is a `` blurb '' writer responsible for writing the short introductions on the sleeves of hardcover books . On his way from his home in New York City to Savannah , Georgia for his wedding to Bridget ( Maura Tierney ) , he 's already anxious about flying . His nerves are worsened when he 's seated next to Sarah ( Bullock ) , a free - spirited drifter who begins to talk to Ben immediately . On takeoff , a bird flies into one of the engines , causing a flameout . Now completely afraid to fly , Ben reluctantly agrees to travel with Sarah , who also needs to get to Savannah within a few days . During the course of their trip , luck seems to want to prevent them from getting to their destination -- from being on the wrong car of a train to getting caught in various thunderstorms . However , Ben is impressed by Sarah 's fun - loving personality , and starts to form a close bond with her . As they get nearer to their destination , Ben starts to wonder if he 's making the right choice in getting married to Bridget , or if he should just let fate pair him with Sarah , who reveals that she is separated from her son who lives in Savannah . Upon arrival , Ben and Bridget still agree to get married since they realize even after everything that has happened , they truly love each other . Sarah witnesses the reconciliation and sneaks away to go find her son and move on with her life . Cast ( edit ) Ben Affleck as Ben Holmes Sandra Bullock as Sarah Lewis Maura Tierney as Bridget Cahill Steve Zahn as Alan Blythe Danner as Virginia Cahill Ronny Cox as Hadley Cahill Michael Fairman as Richard Holmes Richard Schiff as Joe Afemo Omilami as Cab Driver David Strickland as Steve Montgomery Jack Kehler as Vic DeFranco Janet Carroll as Barbara Holmes Meredith Scott Lynn as Debbie George D. Wallace as Max Steve Hytner as Jack Bailey John Doe as Carl Lewis Anne Haney as Emma Bert Remsen as Ned Bill Erwin as Murray Production ( edit ) Shooting took place over three days at South of the Border , a tourist attraction near Dillon , South Carolina . The Joseph Johnson House , a private home on Craven Street in Beaufort , South Carolina known as `` The Castle '' , was used as the Cahill house . Reception ( edit ) Forces of Nature received mixed reviews from critics , as the movie currently holds a 45 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 65 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Forces of Nature at Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movies Filmed in South Carolina : Forces of Nature '' . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Johnson House - Beaufort , South Carolina '' . South Carolina Picture Project . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Forces of Nature on IMDb Forces of Nature at AllMovie Forces of Nature at Rotten Tomatoes Forces of Nature at Box Office Mojo Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forces_of_Nature&oldid=844842826 '' Categories : 1999 films English - language films 1990s romantic comedy films DreamWorks Pictures films Films shot in Virginia Films shot in Jacksonville , Florida Films shot in South Carolina Films shot in North Carolina Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in Tennessee Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films set in New York City Films scored by John Powell Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2018 , at 14 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the movie forces of nature filmed	[ "Shooting took place over three days at South of the Border, a tourist attraction near Dillon, South Carolina.[2]\n" ]	[ "South of the Border, a tourist attraction near Dillon, South Carolina" ]
1481524174297222365	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Universal Declaration of Human Rights - wikipedia Universal Declaration of Human Rights Jump to : navigation , search Universal Declaration of Human Rights Eleanor Roosevelt with the Spanish language version of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Created 1948 Ratified 10 December 1948 Location Palais de Chaillot , Paris Author ( s ) Draft Committee Purpose Human rights Poster The human rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly of its 183rd meeting , held in Paris on 10 December 1948 Rights Theoretical distinctions Claim rights and liberty rights Individual and group rights Natural and legal rights Negative and positive rights Human rights Civil and political Economic , social and cultural Three generations Rights by beneficiary Animals Authors Children Consumers Creditors Elders Fathers Fetuses Gun owners Humans Natives Intersex Kings LGBT Men Minorities Mothers Patients Plants Prisoners Students Victims Women Workers Youth Disabled persons Other groups of rights Civil liberties Digital Linguistic Property Reproductive Self - determination of people Water and sanitation The Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR ) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris , France . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained , and two did not vote . The Declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual 's rights which , although not legally binding in themselves , have been elaborated in subsequent international treaties , economic transfers , regional human rights instruments , national constitutions , and other laws . The Declaration was the first step in the process of formulating the International Bill of Human Rights , which was completed in 1966 , and came into force in 1976 , after a sufficient number of countries had ratified them . Some legal scholars have argued that because countries have constantly invoked the Declaration for more than 50 years , it has become binding as a part of customary international law . However , in the United States , the Supreme Court in Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain ( 2004 ) , concluded that the Declaration `` does not of its own force impose obligations as a matter of international law . '' Courts of other countries have also concluded that the Declaration is not in and of itself part of domestic law . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and content 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Creation and drafting 2.3 Adoption 3 International Human Rights Day 4 Significance and legal effect 4.1 Significance 4.2 Legal effect 5 Reaction 5.1 Praise 5.2 Criticism 5.2. 1 Islamic countries 5.2. 2 `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' 5.2. 3 American Anthropological Association 5.2. 4 Bangkok Declaration 6 Organizations promoting the UDHR 6.1 International Federation for Human Rights 6.2 Amnesty International 6.3 Unitarian Universalist Service Committee 6.4 Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee 6.5 American Library Association 6.6 Youth for Human Rights International 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links 10.1 Audiovisual materials Structure and content The underlying structure of the Universal Declaration was introduced in its second draft , which was prepared by René Cassin . Cassin worked from a first draft , which was prepared by John Peters Humphrey . The structure was influenced by the Code Napoléon , including a preamble and introductory general principles . Cassin compared the Declaration to the portico of a Greek temple , with a foundation , steps , four columns , and a pediment . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Universal Declaration of Human Rights The Declaration consists of a preamble and thirty articles : The preamble sets out the historical and social causes that led to the necessity of drafting the Declaration . Articles 1 -- 2 established the basic concepts of dignity , liberty , equality , and brotherhood . Articles 3 -- 11 established other individual rights , such as the right to life and the prohibition of slavery . Articles 6 -- 11 refer to the fundamental legality of human rights with specific remedies cited for their defence when violated . Articles 12 -- 17 established the rights of the individual towards the community ( including such things as freedom of movement ) . Articles 18 -- 21 sanctioned the so - called `` constitutional liberties '' , and with spiritual , public , and political freedoms , such as freedom of thought , opinion , religion and conscience , word , and peaceful association of the individual . Articles 22 -- 27 sanctioned an individual 's economic , social and cultural rights , including healthcare . Article 25 states : `` Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well - being of himself and of his family , including food , clothing , housing and medical care and necessary social services . '' It also makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability , and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or childhood . Articles 28 -- 30 established the general ways of using these rights , the areas in which these rights of the individual can not be applied , and that they can not be overcome against the individual . These articles are concerned with the duty of the individual to society and the prohibition of use of rights in contravention of the purposes of the United Nations Organisation . History Background State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( 6 January 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's 6 January 1941 State of the Union address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : History of human rights During World War II , the Allies adopted the Four Freedoms -- freedom of speech , freedom of religion , freedom from fear , and freedom from want -- as their basic war aims . The United Nations Charter `` reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights , and dignity and worth of the human person '' and committed all member states to promote `` universal respect for , and observance of , human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race , sex , language , or religion '' . When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became fully apparent after World War II , the consensus within the world community was that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred . A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary to give effect to the Charter 's provisions on human rights . Creation and drafting Main article : Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights In June 1946 , the UN Economic and Social Council established the Commission on Human Rights , comprising 18 members from various nationalities and political backgrounds . The Commission , a standing body of the United Nations , was constituted to undertake the work of preparing what was initially conceived as an International Bill of Rights . The Commission established a special Universal Declaration of Human Rights Drafting Committee , chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt , to write the articles of the Declaration . The Committee met in two sessions over the course of two years . Canadian John Peters Humphrey , Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat , was called upon by the United Nations Secretary - General to work on the project and became the Declaration 's principal drafter . At the time , Humphrey was newly appointed as Director of the Division of Human Rights within the United Nations Secretariat . Other well - known members of the drafting committee included René Cassin of France , Charles Malik of Lebanon , and P.C. Chang of the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Humphrey provided the initial draft which became the working text of the Commission . According to Allan Carlson , the Declaration 's pro-family phrases were the result of the Christian Democratic movement 's influence on Cassin and Malik . Once the Committee finished its work in May 1948 , the draft was further discussed by the Commission on Human Rights , the Economic and Social Council , the Third Committee of the General Assembly before being put to vote in December 1948 . During these discussions many amendments and propositions were made by UN Member States . British representatives were extremely frustrated that the proposal had moral but no legal obligation . ( It was not until 1976 that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force , giving a legal status to most of the Declaration . ) Adoption The Universal Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly as Resolution 217 on 10 December 1948 . Of the then 58 members of the United Nations , 48 voted in favor , none against , eight abstained and Honduras and Yemen failed to vote or abstain . In miniature book . The meeting record provides firsthand insight into the debate . South Africa 's position can be seen as an attempt to protect its system of apartheid , which clearly violated several articles in the Declaration . The Saudi Arabian delegation 's abstention was prompted primarily by two of the Declaration 's articles : Article 18 , which states that everyone has the right `` to change his religion or belief '' ; and Article 16 , on equal marriage rights . The six communist countries abstentions centred around the view that the Declaration did not go far enough in condemning fascism and Nazism . Eleanor Roosevelt attributed the abstention of Soviet bloc countries to Article 13 , which provided the right of citizens to leave their countries . The 48 countries which voted in favour of the Declaration are : Voters and abstainers in the Plenary session . In green countries that voted in favour , in orange those who abstained . In black , countries which failed to abstain or vote . In grey , countries which were not part of the UN at the time of voting Afghanistan Argentina Australia Belgium Bolivia Brazil Burma Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia France Greece Guatemala Haiti Iceland India Iran Iraq Lebanon Liberia Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Thailand Sweden Syria Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela a . ^ Despite the central role played by the Canadian John Peters Humphrey , the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration 's draft , but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly . 8 countries abstained : Byelorussian SSR ( Byelorussia ) Czechoslovakia Poland Saudi Arabia Soviet Union Ukrainian SSR ( Ukraine ) Union of South Africa Yugoslavia Other countries only gained sovereignty and joined the United Nations later , which explains the relatively small number of states entitled to the historical vote , and in no way reflects opposition to the universal principles . International Human Rights Day Main article : Human Rights Day The Declaration of Human Rights Day is commemorated every year on December 10 , the anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration , and is known as Human Rights Day or International Human Rights Day . The commemoration is observed by individuals , community and religious groups , human rights organizations , parliaments , governments , and the United Nations . Decadal commemorations are often accompanied by campaigns to promote awareness of the Declaration and human rights . 2008 marked the 60th anniversary of the Declaration , and was accompanied by year - long activities around the theme `` Dignity and justice for all of us '' . Significance and legal effect Significance In 1948 , the UN Resolution A / RES / 217 ( III ) ( A ) adopted the Declaration on a bilingual document in English and French , and official translations in Chinese , Russian and Spanish . In 2009 , the Guinness Book of Records described the Declaration as the world 's `` Most Translated Document '' ( 370 different languages and dialects ) . The Unicode Consortium stores 431 of the 503 official translations available at the OHCHR ( as of June 2017 ) . In its preamble , governments commit themselves and their people to progressive measures which secure the universal and effective recognition and observance of the human rights set out in the Declaration . Eleanor Roosevelt supported the adoption of the Declaration as a declaration rather than as a treaty because she believed that it would have the same kind of influence on global society as the United States Declaration of Independence had within the United States . In this , she proved to be correct . Even though it is not legally binding , the Declaration has been adopted in or has influenced most national constitutions since 1948 . It has also served as the foundation for a growing number of national laws , international laws , and treaties , as well as for a growing number of regional , sub national , and national institutions protecting and promoting human rights . For the first time in international law , the term `` the rule of law '' was used in the preamble of the Declaration . The third paragraph of the preamble of the Declaration reads as follows : `` Whereas it is essential , if man is not to be compelled to have recourse , as a last resort , to rebellion against tyranny and oppression , that human rights should be protected by the rule of law . '' Legal effect While not a treaty itself , the Declaration was explicitly adopted for the purpose of defining the meaning of the words `` fundamental freedoms '' and `` human rights '' appearing in the United Nations Charter , which is binding on all member states . For this reason , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a fundamental constitutive document of the United Nations . In addition , many international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles . The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights advised that the Declaration `` constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community '' to all persons . The Declaration has served as the foundation for two binding UN human rights covenants : the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . The principles of the Declaration are elaborated in international treaties such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination , the International Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women , the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , the United Nations Convention Against Torture , and many more . The Declaration continues to be widely cited by governments , academics , advocates , and constitutional courts , and by individuals who appeal to its principles for the protection of their recognised human rights . Reaction Praise The Universal Declaration has received praise from a number of notable people . The Lebanese philosopher and diplomat Charles Malik called it `` an international document of the first order of importance '' , while Eleanor Roosevelt -- first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights ( CHR ) that drafted the Declaration -- stated that it `` may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere . '' In a speech on 5 October 1995 , Pope John Paul II called the Declaration `` one of the highest expressions of the human conscience of our time '' but the Vatican never adopted the Declaration . In a statement on 10 December 2003 on behalf of the European Union , Marcello Spatafora said that the Declaration `` placed human rights at the centre of the framework of principles and obligations shaping relations within the international community . '' Criticism Islamic countries Turkey -- which was a secular state with an overwhelmingly Muslim population -- signed the Declaration in 1948 . However , the same year , Saudi Arabia abstained from the ratification vote on the Declaration , claiming that it violated Sharia law . Pakistan -- which had signed the declaration -- disagreed and critiqued the Saudi position . Pakistani minister Muhammad Zafarullah Khan strongly argued in favor of including freedom of religion . In 1982 , the Iranian representative to the United Nations , Said Rajaie - Khorassani , said that the Declaration was `` a secular understanding of the Judeo - Christian tradition '' which could not be implemented by Muslims without conflict with Sharia . On 30 June 2000 , members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ) officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam , an alternative document that says people have `` freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari'ah '' , without any discrimination on grounds of `` race , colour , language , sex , religious belief , political affiliation , social status or other considerations '' . Some Muslim diplomats would go on later to help draft other UN human rights treaties . For example , Iraqi diplomat Bedia Afnan 's insistence on wording that recognized gender equality resulted in Article 3 within the ICCPR and ICESCR . Pakistani diplomat Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah also spoke in favor of recognizing women 's rights . A number of scholars in different fields have expressed concerns with the Declaration 's alleged Western bias . These include Irene Oh , Abdulaziz Sachedina , Riffat Hassan , and Faisal Kutty . Hassan has argued : What needs to be pointed out to those who uphold the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to be the highest , or sole , model , of a charter of equality and liberty for all human beings , is that given the Western origin and orientation of this Declaration , the `` universality '' of the assumptions on which it is based is -- at the very least -- problematic and subject to questioning . Furthermore , the alleged incompatibility between the concept of human rights and religion in general , or particular religions such as Islam , needs to be examined in an unbiased way . Irene Oh argues that one solution is to approach the issue from the perspective of comparative ( descriptive ) ethics . Kutty writes : `` A strong argument can be made that the current formulation of international human rights constitutes a cultural structure in which western society finds itself easily at home ... It is important to acknowledge and appreciate that other societies may have equally valid alternative conceptions of human rights . '' Ironically , a number of Islamic countries that as of 2014 are among the most resistant to UN intervention in domestic affairs , played an invaluable role in the creation of the Declaration , with countries such as Syria and Egypt having been strong proponents of the universality of human rights and the right of countries to self - determination . `` The right to Refuse to Kill '' Groups such as Amnesty International and War Resisters International have advocated for `` The Right to Refuse to Kill '' to be added to the Universal Declaration . War Resisters International has stated that the right to conscientious objection to military service is primarily derived from -- but not yet explicit in -- Article 18 of the UDHR : the right to freedom of thought , conscience , and religion . Steps have been taken within the United Nations to make this right more explicit , but -- to date ( 2017 ) -- those steps have been limited to less significant United Nations documents . Sean MacBride -- Assistant Secretary - General of the United Nations and Nobel Peace Prize laureate -- has said : `` To the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights one more might , with relevance , be added . It is ' The Right to Refuse to Kill ' . '' American Anthropological Association The American Anthropological Association criticized the UDHR while it was in its drafting process . The AAA warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western paradigm which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope . They further argued that the West 's history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative for the rest of the world . They proposed three notes for consideration with underlying themes of cultural relativism : `` 1 . The individual realizes his personality through his culture , hence respect for individual differences entails a respect for cultural differences '' , `` 2 . Respect for differences between cultures is validated by the scientific fact that no technique of qualitatively evaluating cultures has been discovered '' , and `` 3 . Standards and values are relative to the culture from which they derive so that any attempt to formulate postulates that grow out of the beliefs or moral codes of one culture must to that extent detract from the applicability of any Declaration of Human Rights to mankind as a whole . '' Bangkok Declaration During the lead up to the World Conference on Human Rights held in 1993 , ministers from Asian states adopted the Bangkok Declaration , reaffirming their governments ' commitment to the principles of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They stated their view of the interdependence and indivisibility of human rights and stressed the need for universality , objectivity , and non-selectivity of human rights . However , at the same time , they emphasized the principles of sovereignty and non-interference , calling for greater emphasis on economic , social , and cultural rights -- in particular , the right to economic development over civil and political rights . The Bangkok Declaration is considered to be a landmark expression of the Asian values perspective , which offers an extended critique of human rights universalism . Organizations promoting the UDHR This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) International Federation for Human Rights The International Federation for Human Rights ( FIDH ) is nonpartisan , nonsectarian , and independent of any government , and its core mandate is to promote respect for all the rights set out in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and the International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights . Amnesty International In 1988 , director Stephen R. Johnson and 41 international animators , musicians , and producers created a 20 - minute video for Amnesty International to celebrate the 40th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration . The video was to bring to life the Declaration 's 30 articles . Amnesty International celebrated Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration all over the world by organizing the `` Fire Up ! '' event . Unitarian Universalist Service Committee The Unitarian Universalist Service Committee ( UUSC ) is a non-profit , nonsectarian organization whose work around the world is guided by the values of Unitarian Universalism and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . It works to provide disaster relief and promote human rights and social justice around the world . Quaker United Nations Office and American Friends Service Committee The Quaker United Nations Office and the American Friends Service Committee work on many human rights issues , including improving education on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . They have developed a Curriculum to help introduce High School students to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . American Library Association In 1997 , the council of the American Library Association ( ALA ) endorsed Article 19 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Along with Article 19 , Article 18 and 20 are also fundamentally tied to the ALA Universal Right to Free Expression and the Library Bill of Rights . Censorship , the invasion of privacy , and interference of opinions are human rights violations according to the ALA . In response to violations of human rights , the ALA asserts the following principles : `` The American Library Association opposes any use of governmental prerogative that leads to intimidation of individuals that prevents them from exercising their rights to hold opinions without interference , and to seek , receive , and impart information and ideas . We urge libraries and librarians everywhere to resist such abuse of governmental power , and to support those against whom such governmental power has been employed . The American Library Association condemns any governmental effort to involve libraries and librarians in restrictions on the right of any individual to hold opinions without interference , and to seek , receive , and impart information and ideas . Such restrictions , whether enforced by statutes or regulations , contractual stipulations , or voluntary agreements , pervert the function of the library and violate the professional responsibilities of librarians . The American Library Association rejects censorship in any form . Any action that denies the inalienable human rights of individuals only damages the will to resist oppression , strengthens the hand of the oppressor , and undermines the cause of justice . The American Library Association will not abrogate these principles . We believe that censorship corrupts the cause of justice , and contributes to the demise of freedom . '' Youth for Human Rights International Youth for Human Rights International ( YHRI ) is a non-profit organization founded in 2001 by Mary Shuttleworth , an educator born and raised in apartheid South Africa , where she witnessed firsthand the devastating effects of discrimination and the lack of basic human rights . The purpose of YHRI is to teach youth about human rights , specifically the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights , and inspire them to become advocates for tolerance and peace . YHRI has now grown into a global movement , including hundreds of groups , clubs and chapters around the world . See also Human rights portal United Nations portal Freedom of speech portal Human rights History of human rights Timeline of young people 's rights in the United Kingdom in the United States in France Non-binding agreements Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam ( 1990 ) Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action ( 1993 ) United Nations Millennium Declaration ( 2000 ) International human rights law Fourth Geneva Convention ( 1949 ) European Convention on Human Rights ( 1952 ) Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ( 1954 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ( 1969 ) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ( 1976 ) International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights ( 1976 ) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( 1981 ) Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1990 ) Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ( 2000 ) Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( 2007 ) Thinkers influencing the Declaration Charles Malik Jacques Maritain John Peters Humphrey Tommy Douglas John Sankey , 1st Viscount Sankey Wu Teh Yao Peng Chun Chang Other Slavery in the United States in Russia Slavery in international law Slave Trade Acts Human rights in China ( PRC ) Command responsibility Moral universalism Declaration on Great Apes , an as - yet unsuccessful effort to extend some human rights to other great apes . `` Consent of the governed '' Racial equality proposal ( 1919 ) The Farewell Sermon ( 632 CE ) Youth for Human Rights International List of literary works by number of translations References Jump up ^ Included John Peters Humphrey ( Canada ) , René Cassin ( France ) , P.C. Chang ( Republic of China ) , Charles Malik ( Lebanon ) , Hansa Mehta ( India ) and Eleanor Roosevelt ( United States ) ; see Creation and drafting section above . Citations Jump up ^ Henry J Steiner and Philip Alston , International Human Rights in Context : Law , Politics , Morals , ( 2nd ed ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford , 2000 . Jump up ^ Hurst Hannum , The UDHR in National and International Law , p. 145 Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain , 542 U.S. 692 , 734 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 62 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights , United Nations , 1948 Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , Chapter 10 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Charter , preamble and article 55 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Cataclysm and World Response in Drafting and Adoption : The Universal Declaration of Human Rights , udhr.org . Jump up ^ `` UDHR50 : Did n't Nazi tyranny end all hope for protecting human rights in the modern world ? '' . Udhr.org. 1998 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` UDHR -- History of human rights '' . Universalrights.net . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Morsink 1999 , p. 133 Jump up ^ The Declaration was drafted during the Chinese Civil War . P.C. Chang was appointed as a representative by the Republic of China , then the recognised government of China , but which was driven from mainland China and now administers only Taiwan and nearby islands ( history.com ) . Jump up ^ Carlson , Allan : Globalizing Family Values , 12 January 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Research Guides . United Nations . Dag Hammarskjöld Library . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Final authorized text . The British Library . September 1952 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Growth in United Nations membership , 1945 - present '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : CCNMTL . `` default '' . Center for New Media Teaching and Learning ( CCNMTL ) . Columbia University . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ UNAC . `` Questions and answers about the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Association in Canada ( UNAC ) . p . `` Who are the signatories of the Declaration ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Jost Müller - Neuhof ( 2008 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Menschenrechte : Die mächtigste Idee der Welt '' . Der Tagesspiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ United Nations . `` default '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Peter Danchin . `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Drafting History - 10 . Plenary Session of the Third General Assembly Session '' . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Glendon 2002 , pp. 169 -- 70 ^ Jump up to : `` Yearbook of the United Nations 1948 -- 1949 p 535 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Schabas , William ( 1998 ) . `` Canada and the Adoption of Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . McGill Law Journal . 43 : 403 . Jump up ^ `` OHCHR - Human Rights in the World '' . www.ohchr.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : 1948 -- 2008 '' . United Nations . Retrieved 15 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A / RES / 217 ( III ) '' . UNBISNET . Retrieved 13 Jun 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most translated document '' . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . Jump up ^ `` UDHR in Unicode - Translations '' , Unicode , retrieved 8 - 6 - 2017 Jump up ^ `` Search by Translation '' , UDHR Translation Project , United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights , retrieved 13 - 8 - 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . www.un.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ John Peters , Humphrey ( 23 May 1979 ) . `` The universal declaration of human rights , Its history , impact andjuridical character '' . In Bertrand G. , Ramcharan . Human Rights : Thirty Years After the Universal Declaration : Commemorative Volume on the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . The Hage : Nijhoff . p. 37 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 2145 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Louis B. ( 1977 ) . `` The human rights law of the charter '' . Texas International Law Journal . 12 : 133 . ISSN 0163 - 7479 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Myres S. , McDougal ; Lasswell , Harold D. ; Chen , Lung - chu ( 1969 ) . `` Human Rights and World Public Order : A Framework for Policy - Oriented Inquiry '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . Yale Law School . pp. 273 -- 274 , 325 -- 327 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Anthony A. D'Amato ( 1987 ) . International law : process and prospect . Transnational Publishers . pp. 123 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941320 - 35 - 1 . Jump up ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . `` Digital record of the UDHR '' . United Nations . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Charles Malik as Representative of Lebanon to the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly on the Universal Declaration '' . 6 November 1948 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller ( 1948 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Eleanor Roosevelt : Address to the United Nations General Assembly '' . Americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` John Paul II , Address to the U.N. , October 2 , 1979 and October 5 , 1995 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` International human rights defenders honoured as general assembly marks fifty - fifth anniversary of universal declaration '' , United Nations : meetings coverage and press releases , 10 December 2003 Jump up ^ `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Nisrine Abiad ( 2008 ) . Sharia , Muslim states and international human rights treaty obligations : a comparative study . BIICL . pp. 60 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905221 - 41 - 7 . Jump up ^ Price 1999 , p. 163 ^ Jump up to : Hashemi , Nader and Emran Qureshi . `` Human Rights . '' In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . Jump up ^ Littman , D ( February -- March 1999 ) . `` Universal Human Rights and Human Rights in Islam '' . Midstream . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution No 60 / 27 - P '' . Organisation of the Islamic Conference . 2000 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Are Human Rights Compatible with Islam ? '' . religiousconsultation.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of God '' . Georgetown University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Western Societies Have Influenced Human Rights '' . in Jacqueline Langwith ( ed . ) , Opposing Viewpoints : Human Rights , Gale / Greenhaven Press : Chicago , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor Susan Waltz : Universal Rights Group , Syria calls for greater UN intervention in domestic human rights situations ... Jump up ^ Out of the margins : the right to conscientious objection to military service in Europe : An announcement of Amnesty International 's forthcoming campaign and briefing for the UN Commission on Human Rights , 31 March 1997 . Amnesty International . ^ Jump up to : A Conscientious Objector 's Guide to the UN Human Rights System , Parts 1 , 2 & 3 , Background Information on International Law for COs , Standards which recognise the right to conscientious objection , War Resisters ' International . Jump up ^ Sean MacBride , The Imperatives of Survival , Nobel Lecture , 12 December 1974 , The Nobel Foundation -- Official website of the Nobel Foundation . ( English index page ; hyperlink to Swedish site . ) From Nobel Lectures in Peace 1971 -- 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on Human Rights '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Final Declaration Of The Regional Meeting For Asia Of The World Conference On Human Rights '' . Law.hku.hk . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Contribution to the EU Multi-stakeholder Forum on CSR ( Corporate Social Responsibility ) , 10 February 2009 ; accessed on 9 November 2009 Jump up ^ Information Partners , web site of the UNHCR , last updated 25 February 2010 , 16 : 08 GMT ( web retrieval 25 February 2010 , 18 : 11 GMT ) Jump up ^ `` UDHR film '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Fire Up ! '' . Amnesty International . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR Partners '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFSC Universal Declaration of Human Rights web page '' . American Friends Service Committee . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution on IFLA , Human Rights and Freedom of Expression '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Right to Free Expression : '' . ala.org . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Right to Free Expression '' . American Library Association . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Youth for Human Rights '' . Youth for Human Rights . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Sources Brown , Gordon ( 2016 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the 21st Century : A Living Document in a Changing World . Open Book Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 783 - 74218 - 9 . Glendon , Mary Ann ( 2002 ) . A world made new : Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 76046 - 4 . Hashmi , Sohail H. ( 2002 ) . Islamic political ethics : civil society , pluralism , and conflict . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11310 - 4 . Morsink , Johannes ( 1999 ) . The Universal Declaration of Human Rights : origins , drafting , and intent . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 1747 - 6 . Price , Daniel E. ( 1999 ) . Islamic political culture , democracy , and human rights : a comparative study . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96187 - 9 . Williams , Paul ( 1981 ) . The International bill of human rights . United Nations General Assembly . Entwhistle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934558 - 07 - 5 . Further reading Feldman , Jean - Philippe . `` Hayek 's Critique Of The Universal Declaration Of Human Rights '' . Journal des Economistes et des Etudes Humaines , Volume 9 , Issue 4 ( December 1999 ) : 1145 - 6396 . Nurser , John . `` For All Peoples and All Nations . Christian Churches and Human Rights . '' . ( Geneva : WCC Publications , 2005 ) . Universal Declaration of Human Rights pages at Columbia University ( Centre for the Study of Human Rights ) , including article by article commentary , video interviews , discussion of meaning , drafting and history . Introductory note by Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade and procedural history on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law External links This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Universal Declaration of Human Rights Wikimedia Commons has media related to Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Wikiversity has learning resources about Assessing Human Rights UN Member States Text of the UDHR Official translations of the UDHR Resource Guide on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights at the UN Library , Geneva . 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-3483339436825661735	List of members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)	List of members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) - wikipedia List of members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) Jump to : navigation , search In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( also known as the Quorum of the Twelve , the Council of the Twelve Apostles , or simply the Twelve ) is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy . The quorum was first organized in 1835 and designated as a body of `` traveling councilors '' . The following are the current and previous members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the LDS Church . Contents ( hide ) 1 List notes 2 Current Quorum of the Twelve Apostles 3 Members of the original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles 4 19th century 5 20th century 6 21st century 7 Apostles who were never members of the Quorum of the Twelve 7.1 J. Reuben Clark 8 See also 9 References List notes ( edit ) This list only includes individuals who have served in the Quorum . This list is organized by current Quorum members , original Quorum members , then by date of appointment to the Quorum , and then by last name . Members of the First Presidency , which include the President of the Church and his counselors , are usually not part of the Quorum , and a calling to the First Presidency usually entails leaving the Quorum . Exceptions to this rule are noted . It is also possible to be ordained to the priesthood office of Apostle without automatic membership in the Quorum of the Twelve , or to serve in the First Presidency without having been ordained an Apostle . Such individuals who never became members of the Quorum do not appear in the last section of this page . The begin and end dates represent when an individual first joined ( typically corresponding to an ordination date ) and last belonged to the Quorum . Strictly speaking , members of the First Presidency rejoin the Quorum temporarily when a Church President dies , and before a successor is named . For simplicity , this list does not consider these periods in determining the end date . On occasion , a quorum member has left the Quorum for a time and later rejoined it ; this is noted where applicable . Additional positions held appears with each member , including , Counselor in the First Presidency ( `` First Counselor , '' etc . ) , President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( `` Quorum President '' ) , Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( `` Acting Quorum President '' ) , President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( `` Church President '' ) , and Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve . A Quorum President is not a member of the Quorum if he is serving in the First Presidency . In those circumstances , an Acting President is typically called , as noted . Current Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( edit ) Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Russell M. Nelson ( 1924 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1924 ( age 93 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 12 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 12 ) 27th and current President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Dallin H. Oaks ( 1932 - 08 - 12 ) August 12 , 1932 ( age 85 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , May 3 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 03 ) A former professor of law at the University of Chicago Law School , a former president of Brigham Young University , and a former justice of the Utah Supreme Court . Member , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System ; Chairman , CES Executive Committee of the Board . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : M. Russell Ballard ( 1928 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1928 ( age 89 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 10 ) Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , February 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 21 ) -- October 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 06 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 3 , 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 03 ) -- October 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 06 ) Grandson of both Hyrum Mack Smith and Melvin J. Ballard ; direct descendent of Joseph F. Smith and Hyrum Smith . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Jeffrey R. Holland ( 1940 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1940 ( age 76 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Howard W. Hunter , June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Howard W. Hunter , June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 1 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 01 ) -- June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) A former president of Brigham Young University . Member , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System ; Member , CES Executive Committee of the Board . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : David A. Bednar ( 1952 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) A former president of Brigham Young University - Idaho . Name : Born : Positions : Quentin L. Cook ( 1940 - 09 - 08 ) September 8 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 01 ) -- October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) -- October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) Second Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 06 ) -- April 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) Name : Born : Positions : D. Todd Christofferson ( 1945 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 10 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 15 ) -- April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 03 ) -- April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) Name : Born : Positions : Neil L. Andersen ( 1951 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 15 ) -- April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 03 ) -- April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) Name : Born : Positions : Ronald A. Rasband ( 1951 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 15 ) -- October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) -- October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) Name : Born : Positions : Gary E. Stevenson ( 1955 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Presiding Bishop , called by Thomas S. Monson , March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) -- October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) -- March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) Name : Born : Positions : Dale G. Renlund ( 1952 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1952 ( age 64 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) -- October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) There is currently a vacancy in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , due to the death of Robert D. Hales on October 1 , 2017 . Members of the original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( edit ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Thomas B. Marsh ( 1800 - 11 - 01 ) November 1 , 1800 January 1866 ( aged 65 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , April 25 , 1835 ( 1835 - 04 - 25 ) -- March 17 , 1839 ( 1839 - 03 - 17 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , April 25 , 1835 ( 1835 - 04 - 25 ) -- March 17 , 1839 ( 1839 - 03 - 17 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , April 25 , 1835 ( 1835 - 04 - 25 ) -- March 17 , 1839 ( 1839 - 03 - 17 ) Was excommunicated for apostasy March 17 , 1839 , and was rebaptized on July 16 , 1857 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : David W. Patten ( 1799 - 11 - 14 ) November 14 , 1799 October 25 , 1838 ( 1838 - 10 - 25 ) ( aged 38 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- October 25 , 1838 ( 1838 - 10 - 25 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- October 25 , 1838 ( 1838 - 10 - 25 ) Killed in the Battle of Crooked River . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Brigham Young ( 1801 - 06 - 01 ) June 1 , 1801 August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) ( aged 76 ) 2nd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , April 14 , 1840 ( 1840 - 04 - 14 ) -- December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 14 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 14 ) -- December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 14 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 14 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) Succeeded Smith as leader of the LDS Church . Was also Governor of Utah Territory from February 3 , 1851 to April 12 , 1858 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Heber C. Kimball ( 1801 - 06 - 14 ) June 14 , 1801 June 22 , 1868 ( 1868 - 06 - 22 ) ( aged 67 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) -- June 22 , 1868 ( 1868 - 06 - 22 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 14 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 14 ) -- December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 14 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 14 ) -- June 22 , 1868 ( 1868 - 06 - 22 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Orson Hyde ( 1805 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1805 November 28 , 1878 ( 1878 - 11 - 28 ) ( aged 73 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) -- April 10 , 1875 ( 1875 - 04 - 10 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , June 27 , 1839 ( 1839 - 06 - 27 ) -- November 28 , 1878 ( 1878 - 11 - 28 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- May 4 , 1839 ( 1839 - 05 - 04 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- November 28 , 1878 ( 1878 - 11 - 28 ) Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4 , 1839 , but readmitted June 27 , 1839 . As a result , was given reduced seniority on April 10 , 1875 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : William E. McLellin ( 1806 - 01 - 18 ) January 18 , 1806 April 24 , 1883 ( 1883 - 04 - 24 ) ( aged 77 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- May 11 , 1838 ( 1838 - 05 - 11 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- May 11 , 1838 ( 1838 - 05 - 11 ) Excommunicated for apostasy in 1838 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Parley P. Pratt ( 1807 - 04 - 12 ) April 12 , 1807 May 13 , 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 13 ) ( aged 50 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 21 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 21 ) -- May 13 , 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 13 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 21 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 21 ) -- May 13 , 1857 ( 1857 - 05 - 13 ) In 1857 , on a farm northeast of Van Buren , Arkansas , Pratt was murdered by Hector McLean , the legal husband of one of Pratt 's plural wives . Pratt is buried near Alma , Arkansas . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Luke Johnson ( 1807 - 11 - 03 ) November 3 , 1807 December 9 , 1861 ( 1861 - 12 - 09 ) ( aged 54 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- September 3 , 1837 ( 1837 - 09 - 03 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- December 31 , 1837 ( 1837 - 12 - 31 ) Was excommunicated for apostasy April 13 , 1838 , and later rebaptized in 1846 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : William Smith ( 1811 - 03 - 13 ) March 13 , 1811 November 13 , 1893 ( 1893 - 11 - 13 ) ( aged 82 ) Petitioner for Patriarchate ( RLDS Church ) , called by Joseph Smith III , April 6 , 1872 ( 1872 - 04 - 06 ) -- November 13 , 1893 ( 1893 - 11 - 13 ) 3rd Presiding Patriarch ( LDS Church ) , May 24 , 1845 ( 1845 - 05 - 24 ) -- October 6 , 1845 ( 1845 - 10 - 06 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , May 25 , 1839 ( 1839 - 05 - 25 ) -- October 6 , 1845 ( 1845 - 10 - 06 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- May 4 , 1839 ( 1839 - 05 - 04 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- October 6 , 1845 ( 1845 - 10 - 06 ) Brother of Joseph Smith . Was removed from the Quorum due to apostasy May 4 , 1839 , but readmitted May 25 , 1839 . Was then excommunicated for apostasy on October 6 , 1845 . Followed James J. Strang for a time , then started his own LDS Church in Covington , Kentucky . In later years he joined the RLDS Church ( now Community of Christ ) and was a petitioner for RLDS Patriarchate from April 1872 to 13 November 1893 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Orson Pratt ( 1811 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1811 October 3 , 1881 ( 1881 - 10 - 03 ) ( aged 70 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , January 20 , 1843 ( 1843 - 01 - 20 ) -- October 3 , 1881 ( 1881 - 10 - 03 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , April 26 , 1835 ( 1835 - 04 - 26 ) -- August 20 , 1842 ( 1842 - 08 - 20 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , April 26 , 1835 ( 1835 - 04 - 26 ) Younger brother of Parley P. Pratt . Was excommunicated for apostasy Aug 20 , 1842 , but readmitted Jan 20 , 1843 . As a result , was given reduced seniority in Jun 1875 . Last surviving member of the original Quorum . Under the direction of Brigham Young , he published The Seer . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John F. Boynton ( 1811 - 09 - 20 ) September 20 , 1811 October 20 , 1890 ( 1890 - 10 - 20 ) ( aged 79 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- September 3 , 1837 ( 1837 - 09 - 03 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 15 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 15 ) -- December 3 , 1837 ( 1837 - 12 - 03 ) Was excommunicated for apostasy in 1837 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Lyman E. Johnson ( 1811 - 10 - 24 ) October 24 , 1811 December 20 , 1859 ( 1859 - 12 - 20 ) ( aged 48 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Three Witnesses , February 14 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 14 ) -- September 3 , 1837 ( 1837 - 09 - 03 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Three Witnesses , February 14 , 1835 ( 1835 - 02 - 14 ) -- April 13 , 1838 ( 1838 - 04 - 13 ) Excommunicated in 1838 for apostasy . 19th century ( edit ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John E. Page ( 1799 - 02 - 25 ) February 25 , 1799 October 14 , 1867 ( 1867 - 10 - 14 ) ( aged 68 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , December 19 , 1838 ( 1838 - 12 - 19 ) -- February 9 , 1846 ( 1846 - 02 - 09 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , December 19 , 1838 ( 1838 - 12 - 19 ) -- June 27 , 1846 ( 1846 - 06 - 27 ) Excommunicated for apostasy on June 27 , 1846 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John Taylor ( 1808 - 11 - 01 ) November 1 , 1808 July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) ( aged 78 ) 3rd President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) -- July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , April 10 , 1875 ( 1875 - 04 - 10 ) -- October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , December 19 , 1838 ( 1838 - 12 - 19 ) -- October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , December 19 , 1838 ( 1838 - 12 - 19 ) -- July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) Was promoted to Quorum President when Orson Hyde was given reduced seniority . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Wilford Woodruff ( 1807 - 03 - 01 ) March 1 , 1807 September 2 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 02 ) ( aged 91 ) 4th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) -- September 2 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 02 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) -- April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , April 26 , 1839 ( 1839 - 04 - 26 ) -- April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , April 26 , 1839 ( 1839 - 04 - 26 ) -- September 2 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 02 ) Became Quorum President because Orson Pratt was given reduced seniority . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : George A. Smith ( 1817 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1817 September 1 , 1875 ( 1875 - 09 - 01 ) ( aged 58 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , October 7 , 1868 ( 1868 - 10 - 07 ) -- September 1 , 1875 ( 1875 - 09 - 01 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , April 26 , 1839 ( 1839 - 04 - 26 ) -- October 7 , 1868 ( 1868 - 10 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , April 26 , 1839 ( 1839 - 04 - 26 ) -- September 1 , 1875 ( 1875 - 09 - 01 ) Cousin of Joseph Smith . During The Utah War , Smith visited southern Utah communities , after learning of the imminent arrival of U.S. troops into Utah Territory . Scholars have asserted that Smith 's tour , speeches , and personal actions may have contributed to the fear and tension in these communities , which led to the Mountain Meadows massacre . George A. Smith 's grandson , George Albert Smith , later became president of the church in 1945 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Willard Richards ( 1804 - 06 - 24 ) June 24 , 1804 March 11 , 1854 ( 1854 - 03 - 11 ) ( aged 49 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) -- March 11 , 1854 ( 1854 - 03 - 11 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , April 14 , 1840 ( 1840 - 04 - 14 ) -- December 27 , 1847 ( 1847 - 12 - 27 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , April 14 , 1840 ( 1840 - 04 - 14 ) -- March 11 , 1854 ( 1854 - 03 - 11 ) Richards was incarcerated in Carthage Jail with Joseph Smith , Hyrum Smith and John Taylor on June 27 , 1844 , when the jail was attacked by a mob and the Smith brothers were murdered . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Lyman Wight ( 1796 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1796 March 31 , 1858 ( 1858 - 03 - 31 ) ( aged 61 ) President of the Church of Christ , 1844 -- 1858 Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , April 8 , 1841 ( 1841 - 04 - 08 ) -- December 3 , 1848 ( 1848 - 12 - 03 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , April 8 , 1841 ( 1841 - 04 - 08 ) -- December 3 , 1848 ( 1848 - 12 - 03 ) After the death of Joseph Smith , Wight felt compelled to follow the orders Joseph Smith had given him to found a safe haven for the Latter - day Saints in the Republic of Texas . Brigham Young tried to get Wight and his group to join the main body of Mormonism , in Utah , several times , but Wight refused each time . Wight was eventually excommunicated in December 1848 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Amasa Lyman ( 1813 - 03 - 30 ) March 30 , 1813 February 4 , 1877 ( 1877 - 02 - 04 ) ( aged 63 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 6 , 1845 ( 1845 - 10 - 06 ) -- October 6 , 1867 ( 1867 - 10 - 06 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph Smith , February 4 , 1843 ( 1843 - 02 - 04 ) -- June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Smith , August 20 , 1842 ( 1842 - 08 - 20 ) -- January 20 , 1843 ( 1843 - 01 - 20 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , August 20 , 1842 ( 1842 - 08 - 20 ) -- October 6 , 1867 ( 1867 - 10 - 06 ) Was temporarily removed from the Quorum of the Twelve due to the re-entry of Orson Pratt on January 20 , 1843 ; Lyman was later readmitted on August 12 , 1844 . Lyman was excommunicated for apostasy on May 6 , 1867 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Ezra T. Benson ( 1811 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1811 September 3 , 1869 ( 1869 - 09 - 03 ) ( aged 58 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , July 16 , 1846 ( 1846 - 07 - 16 ) -- September 3 , 1869 ( 1869 - 09 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , July 16 , 1846 ( 1846 - 07 - 16 ) -- September 3 , 1869 ( 1869 - 09 - 03 ) Great - grandfather of the thirteenth president of LDS church , Ezra Taft Benson Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Charles C. Rich ( 1809 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1809 November 17 , 1883 ( 1883 - 11 - 17 ) ( aged 74 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- November 17 , 1883 ( 1883 - 11 - 17 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- November 17 , 1883 ( 1883 - 11 - 17 ) Was also a member of the Council of Fifty . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Lorenzo Snow ( 1814 - 04 - 03 ) April 3 , 1814 October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) ( aged 87 ) 5th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , September 13 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 13 ) -- October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) -- September 13 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 13 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) -- September 13 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 13 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) -- May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) Brother - in - law of both Joseph Smith and Brigham Young through Eliza R. Snow . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Erastus Snow ( 1818 - 11 - 09 ) November 9 , 1818 May 27 , 1888 ( 1888 - 05 - 27 ) ( aged 69 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- May 27 , 1888 ( 1888 - 05 - 27 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- May 27 , 1888 ( 1888 - 05 - 27 ) Was also a member of the Council of Fifty Name : Born : Died : Positions : Franklin D. Richards ( 1821 - 04 - 02 ) April 2 , 1821 December 9 , 1899 ( 1899 - 12 - 09 ) ( aged 78 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , September 13 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 13 ) -- December 9 , 1899 ( 1899 - 12 - 09 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- December 9 , 1899 ( 1899 - 12 - 09 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , February 12 , 1849 ( 1849 - 02 - 12 ) -- December 9 , 1899 ( 1899 - 12 - 09 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : George Q. Cannon ( 1827 - 01 - 11 ) January 11 , 1827 April 12 , 1901 ( 1901 - 04 - 12 ) ( aged 74 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Lorenzo Snow , September 13 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 13 ) -- April 12 , 1901 ( 1901 - 04 - 12 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Wilford Woodruff , April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) -- September 2 , 1898 ( 1898 - 09 - 02 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) -- April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by John Taylor , October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) -- July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) -- October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) -- May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , August 26 , 1860 ( 1860 - 08 - 26 ) -- June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , August 26 , 1860 ( 1860 - 08 - 26 ) -- April 12 , 1901 ( 1901 - 04 - 12 ) Convicted of unlawful cohabitation in 1886 and imprisoned for six months . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Joseph F. Smith ( 1838 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1838 November 19 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 19 ) ( aged 80 ) 6th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , October 17 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 17 ) -- November 19 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 19 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) -- October 17 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 17 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Lorenzo Snow , October 6 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 06 ) -- October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Wilford Woodruff , April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) -- October 6 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 06 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) -- April 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 04 - 07 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by John Taylor , October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) -- July 25 , 1887 ( 1887 - 07 - 25 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) -- October 10 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 10 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , July 1 , 1866 ( 1866 - 07 - 01 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , July 1 , 1866 ( 1866 - 07 - 01 ) -- November 19 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 19T1838 ) Son of Hyrum Smith , and nephew of Joseph Smith Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Brigham Young Jr . ( 1836 - 12 - 18 ) December 18 , 1836 April 11 , 1903 ( 1903 - 04 - 11 ) ( aged 66 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 17 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 17 ) -- April 11 , 1903 ( 1903 - 04 - 11 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) -- April 11 , 1903 ( 1903 - 04 - 11 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) -- May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , October 9 , 1868 ( 1868 - 10 - 09 ) -- June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , February 4 , 1864 ( 1864 - 02 - 04 ) -- April 11 , 1903 ( 1903 - 04 - 11 ) Son of Brigham Young . Was ordained an apostle in 1864 , but did not become member of the Quorum until 1868 . Also served several terms in the Utah Territorial Legislature . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Albert Carrington ( 1813 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1813 September 19 , 1889 ( 1889 - 09 - 19 ) ( aged 76 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) -- November 7 , 1885 ( 1885 - 11 - 07 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) -- May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Brigham Young , July 3 , 1870 ( 1870 - 07 - 03 ) -- June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , July 3 , 1870 ( 1870 - 07 - 03 ) -- November 7 , 1885 ( 1885 - 11 - 07 ) Also served as an official Church Historian ( 1871 -- 1874 ) , as a member of the Council of Fifty and in the Utah Territorial Legislature ( 1869 ) . Was excommunicated for adultery November 7 , 1885 , and later rebaptized on November 1 , 1887 ; however , he was not reinstated as an apostle or as a general authority . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Moses Thatcher ( 1842 - 02 - 02 ) February 2 , 1842 August 21 , 1909 ( 1909 - 08 - 21 ) ( aged 67 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , April 9 , 1879 ( 1879 - 04 - 09 ) -- April 6 , 1896 ( 1896 - 04 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by John Taylor , April 9 , 1879 ( 1879 - 04 - 09 ) -- August 21 , 1909 ( 1909 - 08 - 21 ) Also a member of the Council of Fifty . At the April 1896 General Conference of the church , Thatcher was dropped from the Quorum of the Twelve ; however , Thatcher was not excommunicated from the church and held the priesthood office of Apostle until his death . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Francis M. Lyman ( 1840 - 01 - 12 ) January 12 , 1840 November 18 , 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 18 ) ( aged 76 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 6 , 1903 ( 1903 - 10 - 06 ) -- November 18 , 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 18 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , October 27 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 27 ) -- November 18 , 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 18 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by John Taylor , October 27 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 27 ) -- November 18 , 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 18 ) Member of the Council of Fifty . Son of Amasa M. Lyman . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John Henry Smith ( 1848 - 09 - 18 ) September 18 , 1848 October 13 , 1911 ( 1911 - 10 - 13 ) ( aged 63 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 7 , 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 07 ) -- October 13 , 1911 ( 1911 - 10 - 13 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , October 27 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 27 ) -- April 7 , 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by John Taylor , October 27 , 1880 ( 1880 - 10 - 27 ) -- October 13 , 1911 ( 1911 - 10 - 13 ) Son of George A. Smith . After being elected a member of the Utah Territorial Legislature in 1882 , he played an important role in the process whereby Utah made the transition from a territory to a state of the United States . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : George Teasdale ( 1831 - 12 - 08 ) 8 December 1831 9 June 1907 ( 1907 - 06 - 09 ) ( aged 75 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , 16 October 1882 ( 1882 - 10 - 16 ) -- 9 June 1907 ( 1907 - 06 - 09 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by John Taylor , 16 October 1882 ( 1882 - 10 - 16 ) -- 9 June 1907 ( 1907 - 06 - 09 ) Was also a member of the Council of Fifty . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Heber J. Grant ( 1856 - 11 - 22 ) November 22 , 1856 May 14 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 14 ) ( aged 88 ) 7th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , November 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) -- May 14 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 14 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , November 18 , 1916 ( 1916 - 11 - 18 ) -- November 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , October 16 , 1882 ( 1882 - 10 - 16 ) -- November 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by John Taylor , October 16 , 1882 ( 1882 - 10 - 16 ) -- May 14 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 14 ) Grant succeeded Joseph F. Smith as president of the LDS Church in November 1918 . However , he was not sustained in the position by the general church membership until June 1919 , as the influenza pandemic of 1918 forced a delay of the church 's traditional springtime general conference . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John W. Taylor ( 1858 - 05 - 15 ) May 15 , 1858 October 10 , 1916 ( 1916 - 10 - 10 ) ( aged 58 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , May 15 , 1884 ( 1884 - 05 - 15 ) -- April 1905 LDS Church Apostle , called by John Taylor , May 15 , 1884 ( 1884 - 05 - 15 ) -- March 28 , 1911 ( 1911 - 03 - 28 ) Son of John Taylor . Resigned from the Quorum in October 1905 and was excommunicated in 1911 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Marriner W. Merrill ( 1832 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1832 6 February 1906 ( 1906 - 02 - 06 ) ( aged 73 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Wilford Woodruff , 7 October 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) -- 6 February 1906 ( 1906 - 02 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Wilford Woodruff , 7 October 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) -- 6 February 1906 ( 1906 - 02 - 06 ) Merrill was also the Postmaster of Richmond in 1866 , a County Selectman from 1872 to 1879 and a member of the territorial legislature for two terms . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Anthon H. Lund ( 1844 - 05 - 15 ) May 15 , 1844 March 2 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 02 ) ( aged 76 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( with Rudger Clawson as Acting President ) , November 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) -- March 2 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 02 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , November 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) -- March 2 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 02 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 7 , 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 07 ) -- November 19 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 19 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 17 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 17 ) -- April 7 , 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 07 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) -- October 17 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 17 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) -- March 2 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 02 ) Also served as an official church historian and in the Utah Territorial Legislature . He is credited with starting Utah State University because he introduced the legislation to start it . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Abraham H. Cannon ( 1859 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1859 July 19 , 1896 ( 1896 - 07 - 19 ) ( aged 37 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) -- July 19 , 1896 ( 1896 - 07 - 19 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) -- July 19 , 1896 ( 1896 - 07 - 19 ) First Seven Presidents of the Seventy , called by John Taylor , October 8 , 1882 ( 1882 - 10 - 08 ) -- October 7 , 1889 ( 1889 - 10 - 07 ) Was a member of the Council of Fifty . Son of apostle George Q. Cannon . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Matthias F. Cowley ( 1858 - 08 - 25 ) August 25 , 1858 June 16 , 1940 ( 1940 - 06 - 16 ) ( aged 81 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1897 ( 1897 - 10 - 07 ) -- October 28 , 1905 ( 1905 - 10 - 28 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1897 ( 1897 - 10 - 07 ) -- May 11 , 1911 ( 1911 - 05 - 11 ) The town of Cowley , Wyoming is named after him . Cowley resigned from the Quorum October 28 , 1905 . He remained an ordained apostle of the church until his priesthood was suspended in on May 11 , 1911 , and later restored on April 3 , 1936 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Abraham O. Woodruff ( 1872 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1872 June 20 , 1904 ( 1904 - 06 - 20 ) ( aged 31 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1897 ( 1897 - 10 - 07 ) -- June 20 , 1904 ( 1904 - 06 - 20 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Wilford Woodruff , October 7 , 1897 ( 1897 - 10 - 07 ) -- June 20 , 1904 ( 1904 - 06 - 20 ) Son of Wilford Woodruff . He was ordained an apostle at the young age of 23 , but served less than 8 years due to his death of smallpox . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Rudger Clawson ( 1857 - 03 - 12 ) March 12 , 1857 June 21 , 1943 ( 1943 - 06 - 21 ) ( aged 86 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , March 17 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 17 ) -- June 21 , 1943 ( 1943 - 06 - 21 ) Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , November 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) -- March 17 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 17 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) -- June 21 , 1943 ( 1943 - 06 - 21 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Lorenzo Snow , October 6 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 06 ) -- October 10 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 10 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Lorenzo Snow , October 10 , 1898 ( 1898 - 10 - 10 ) -- October 6 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Lorenzo Snow , October 10 , 1898 ( 1898 - 10 - 10 ) -- June 21 , 1943 ( 1943 - 06 - 21 ) Clawson served in the Quorum of the Twelve for 45 years . The town of Clawson , Utah is named after him . 20th century ( edit ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Reed Smoot ( 1862 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1862 February 9 , 1941 ( 1941 - 02 - 09 ) ( aged 79 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Lorenzo Snow , April 8 , 1900 ( 1900 - 04 - 08 ) -- February 9 , 1941 ( 1941 - 02 - 09 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Lorenzo Snow , April 8 , 1900 ( 1900 - 04 - 08 ) -- February 9 , 1941 ( 1941 - 02 - 09 ) U.S. Senator from Utah , 1902 -- 32 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Hyrum M. Smith ( 1872 - 03 - 21 ) March 21 , 1872 January 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 01 - 23 ) ( aged 45 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 24 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 24 ) -- January 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 01 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 24 , 1901 ( 1901 - 10 - 24 ) -- January 23 , 1918 ( 1918 - 01 - 23 ) Brother of Joseph Fielding Smith , son of Joseph F. Smith , and grandson of Hyrum Smith . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : George Albert Smith ( 1870 - 04 - 04 ) April 4 , 1870 April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) ( aged 81 ) 8th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) -- April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , June 21 , 1943 ( 1943 - 06 - 21 ) -- May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 8 , 1903 ( 1903 - 10 - 08 ) -- May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 8 , 1903 ( 1903 - 10 - 08 ) -- April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) Son of John Henry Smith and grandson of George A. Smith . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Charles W. Penrose ( 1832 - 02 - 04 ) 4 February 1832 16 May 1925 ( 1925 - 05 - 16 ) ( aged 93 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , 10 March 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 10 ) -- 16 May 1925 ( 1925 - 05 - 16 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , 23 November 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 23 ) -- 10 March 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 10 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph F. Smith , 7 December 1911 ( 1911 - 12 - 07 ) -- 19 November 1918 ( 1918 - 11 - 19 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , 7 July 1904 ( 1904 - 07 - 07 ) -- 7 December 1911 ( 1911 - 12 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , 7 July 1904 ( 1904 - 07 - 07 ) -- 16 May 1925 ( 1925 - 05 - 16 ) Penrose was also a professor of theology at Brigham Young Academy from 1897 to 1899 and again in 1901 and 1902 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : George F. Richards ( 1861 - 02 - 23 ) February 23 , 1861 August 8 , 1950 ( 1950 - 08 - 08 ) ( aged 89 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) -- August 8 , 1950 ( 1950 - 08 - 08 ) Acting Presiding Patriarch , called by Heber J. Grant , October 8 , 1937 ( 1937 - 10 - 08 ) -- October 3 , 1942 ( 1942 - 10 - 03 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 9 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 09 ) -- August 8 , 1950 ( 1950 - 08 - 08 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 9 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 09 ) -- August 8 , 1950 ( 1950 - 08 - 08 ) Son of Franklin D. Richards Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Orson F. Whitney ( 1855 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1855 May 16 , 1931 ( 1931 - 05 - 16 ) ( aged 75 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 9 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 09 ) -- May 16 , 1931 ( 1931 - 05 - 16 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 9 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 09 ) -- May 16 , 1931 ( 1931 - 05 - 16 ) Grandson of both Newel K. Whitney and Heber C. Kimball . Name : Born : Died : Positions : David O. McKay ( 1873 - 09 - 08 ) September 8 , 1873 January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) ( aged 96 ) 9th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) -- January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18T18 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( with Joseph Fielding Smith as Acting President ) , August 8 , 1950 ( 1950 - 08 - 08 ) -- April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by George Albert Smith , May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) -- April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- May 14 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 14 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 9 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 09 ) -- October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 9 , 1906 ( 1906 - 04 - 09 ) -- January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18T18 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Anthony W. Ivins ( 1852 - 09 - 16 ) September 16 , 1852 September 23 , 1934 ( 1934 - 09 - 23 ) ( aged 82 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , May 25 , 1925 ( 1925 - 05 - 25 ) -- September 23 , 1934 ( 1934 - 09 - 23 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , March 10 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 10 ) -- May 25 , 1925 ( 1925 - 05 - 25 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 6 , 1907 ( 1907 - 10 - 06 ) -- March 10 , 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 10 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , October 6 , 1907 ( 1907 - 10 - 06 ) -- September 23 , 1934 ( 1934 - 09 - 23 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Joseph Fielding Smith ( 1876 - 07 - 19 ) July 19 , 1876 July 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 02 ) ( aged 95 ) 10th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) -- July 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 02 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , October 29 , 1965 ( 1965 - 10 - 29 ) -- January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) -- January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , August 8 , 1950 ( 1950 - 08 - 08 ) -- April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 7 , 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 07 ) -- January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 7 , 1910 ( 1910 - 04 - 07 ) -- July 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 02T1876 ) Brother of Hyrum M. Smith , son of Joseph F. Smith , and grandson of Hyrum Smith . Remained a member of the quorum while a counselor to David O. McKay . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : James E. Talmage ( 1862 - 09 - 21 ) 21 September 1862 27 July 1933 ( 1933 - 07 - 27 ) ( aged 70 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , 8 December 1911 ( 1911 - 12 - 08 ) -- 27 July 1933 ( 1933 - 07 - 27 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , 8 December 1911 ( 1911 - 12 - 08 ) -- 27 July 1933 ( 1933 - 07 - 27 ) President of the University of Utah ( 1894 -- 97 ) . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Stephen L Richards ( 1879 - 06 - 18 ) June 18 , 1879 May 19 , 1959 ( 1959 - 05 - 19 ) ( aged 79 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) -- May 19 , 1959 ( 1959 - 05 - 19 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , January 18 , 1917 ( 1917 - 01 - 18 ) -- April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , January 18 , 1917 ( 1917 - 01 - 18 ) -- May 19 , 1959 ( 1959 - 05 - 19 ) Grandson of Willard Richards . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Richard R. Lyman ( 1870 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1870 December 31 , 1963 ( 1963 - 12 - 31 ) ( aged 93 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 7 , 1918 ( 1918 - 04 - 07 ) -- November 12 , 1943 ( 1943 - 11 - 12 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph F. Smith , April 7 , 1918 ( 1918 - 04 - 07 ) -- November 12 , 1943 ( 1943 - 11 - 12 ) Son of Francis M. Lyman and grandson of Amasa M. Lyman . In 1925 , Lyman had begun what he called a polygamous relationship without the knowledge of his first wife . Lyman was excommunicated on November 12 , 1943 . The Quorum of the Twelve provided the newspapers with a one - sentence announcement , stating that the ground for excommunication was violation of the law of chastity . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Melvin J. Ballard ( 1873 - 02 - 09 ) February 9 , 1873 July 30 , 1939 ( 1939 - 07 - 30 ) ( aged 66 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , January 7 , 1919 ( 1919 - 01 - 07 ) -- July 30 , 1939 ( 1939 - 07 - 30 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , January 7 , 1919 ( 1919 - 01 - 07 ) -- July 30 , 1939 ( 1939 - 07 - 30 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John A. Widtsoe ( 1872 - 01 - 31 ) 31 January 1872 29 November 1952 ( 1952 - 11 - 29 ) ( aged 80 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , 17 March 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 17 ) -- 29 November 1952 ( 1952 - 11 - 29 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , 17 March 1921 ( 1921 - 03 - 17 ) -- 29 November 1952 ( 1952 - 11 - 29 ) President of Utah State University ( 1907 -- 16 ) and president of the University of Utah ( 1916 -- 21 ) . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Joseph F. Merrill ( 1868 - 08 - 24 ) August 24 , 1868 February 3 , 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 03 ) ( aged 83 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , October 8 , 1931 ( 1931 - 10 - 08 ) -- February 3 , 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 8 , 1931 ( 1931 - 10 - 08 ) -- February 3 , 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 03 ) Son of Marriner W. Merrill . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Charles A. Callis ( 1865 - 05 - 04 ) May 4 , 1865 January 21 , 1947 ( 1947 - 01 - 21 ) ( aged 81 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , October 12 , 1933 ( 1933 - 10 - 12 ) -- January 21 , 1947 ( 1947 - 01 - 21 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 12 , 1933 ( 1933 - 10 - 12 ) -- January 21 , 1947 ( 1947 - 01 - 21 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : J. Reuben Clark ( 1871 - 09 - 01 ) September 1 , 1871 October 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 06 ) ( aged 90 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , June 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 12 ) -- October 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 06 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) -- June 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 12 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by George Albert Smith , May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) -- April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , October 6 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 14 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 14 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- October 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 06 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , April 6 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 06 ) -- October 6 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 06 ) United States Under Secretary of State ( 1928 -- 29 ) and the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico ( 1930 -- 33 ) . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Alonzo A. Hinckley ( 1870 - 04 - 23 ) April 23 , 1870 December 22 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 22 ) ( aged 66 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- December 22 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 22 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- December 22 , 1936 ( 1936 - 12 - 22 ) Uncle of LDS Church President Gordon B. Hinckley . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Albert E. Bowen ( 1875 - 10 - 31 ) October 31 , 1875 July 15 , 1953 ( 1953 - 07 - 15 ) ( aged 77 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , April 8 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 08 ) -- July 15 , 1953 ( 1953 - 07 - 15 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , April 8 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 08 ) -- July 15 , 1953 ( 1953 - 07 - 15 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Sylvester Q. Cannon ( 1877 - 06 - 10 ) June 10 , 1877 May 29 , 1943 ( 1943 - 05 - 29 ) ( aged 65 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , October 6 , 1939 ( 1939 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 29 , 1943 ( 1943 - 05 - 29 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , April 6 , 1938 ( 1938 - 04 - 06 ) -- May 29 , 1943 ( 1943 - 05 - 29 ) Associate to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , April 14 , 1938 ( 1938 - 04 - 14 ) -- October 6 , 1939 ( 1939 - 10 - 06 ) Presiding Bishop , called by Heber J. Grant , June 4 , 1925 ( 1925 - 06 - 04 ) -- April 6 , 1938 ( 1938 - 04 - 06 ) Son of George Q. Cannon . Was ordained apostle and Associate to the Quorum on Apr 14 , 1938 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Harold B. Lee ( 1899 - 03 - 28 ) March 28 , 1899 December 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 26 ) ( aged 74 ) 11th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , July 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) -- December 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 26T1899 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( with Spencer W. Kimball as Acting President ) , January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) -- July 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) -- July 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 02 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , April 10 , 1941 ( 1941 - 04 - 10 ) -- January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , April 10 , 1941 ( 1941 - 04 - 10 ) -- December 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 26T1899 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Spencer W. Kimball ( 1895 - 03 - 28 ) March 28 , 1895 November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) ( aged 90 ) 12th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , December 30 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 30 ) -- November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , July 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) -- December 30 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 30 ) Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) -- July 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 02 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , October 7 , 1943 ( 1943 - 10 - 07 ) -- December 30 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 30 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 7 , 1943 ( 1943 - 10 - 07 ) -- November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) Grandson of Heber C. Kimball . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Ezra Taft Benson ( 1899 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1899 May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 ) ( aged 94 ) 13th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) -- May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , December 30 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 30 ) -- November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , October 7 , 1943 ( 1943 - 10 - 07 ) -- November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 7 , 1943 ( 1943 - 10 - 07 ) -- May 30 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 30 ) Great - grandson of Ezra T. Benson . U.S. Secretary of Agriculture , 1953 -- 61 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Mark E. Petersen ( 1900 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1900 January 11 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 11 ) ( aged 83 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , April 20 , 1944 ( 1944 - 04 - 20 ) -- January 11 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 11 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , April 20 , 1944 ( 1944 - 04 - 20 ) -- January 11 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 11 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Matthew Cowley ( 1897 - 08 - 02 ) August 2 , 1897 December 13 , 1953 ( 1953 - 12 - 13 ) ( aged 56 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by George Albert Smith , October 11 , 1945 ( 1945 - 10 - 11 ) -- December 13 , 1953 ( 1953 - 12 - 13 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by George Albert Smith , October 11 , 1945 ( 1945 - 10 - 11 ) -- December 13 , 1953 ( 1953 - 12 - 13 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Henry D. Moyle ( 1889 - 04 - 22 ) April 22 , 1889 September 18 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 18 ) ( aged 74 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , October 12 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 12 ) -- September 18 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 18 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , June 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 12 ) -- October 12 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 12 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by George Albert Smith , April 10 , 1947 ( 1947 - 04 - 10 ) -- June 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 12 ) LDS Church Apostle , April 10 , 1947 ( 1947 - 04 - 10 ) -- September 18 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 18 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Delbert L. Stapley ( 1896 - 12 - 11 ) December 11 , 1896 August 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 08 - 19 ) ( aged 81 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by George Albert Smith , October 5 , 1950 ( 1950 - 10 - 05 ) -- August 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 08 - 19 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by George Albert Smith , October 5 , 1950 ( 1950 - 10 - 05 ) -- August 19 , 1978 ( 1978 - 08 - 19 ) As a youth , he rejected a chance at playing Major League Baseball so he could serve a mission in the southern United States . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Marion G. Romney ( 1897 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1897 May 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 20 ) ( aged 90 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( with Howard W. Hunter as Acting President ) , November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) -- May 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 20 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) -- May 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 20 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Spencer W. Kimball , December 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 02 ) -- November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Harold B. Lee , July 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) -- December 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 02 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 04 ) -- July 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 11 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 11 ) -- May 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 20 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Heber J. Grant , April 6 , 1941 ( 1941 - 04 - 06 ) -- October 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 04 ) Parents were American . One of the first five individuals selected as Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1941 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : LeGrand Richards ( 1886 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1886 January 11 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 11 ) ( aged 96 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , April 6 , 1952 ( 1952 - 04 - 06 ) -- January 11 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 11 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , April 10 , 1952 ( 1952 - 04 - 10 ) -- January 11 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 11 ) Presiding Bishop , called by Heber J. Grant , April 6 , 1938 ( 1938 - 04 - 06 ) -- April 6 , 1952 ( 1952 - 04 - 06 ) Son of George F. Richards , grandson of Franklin D. Richards , and nephew of Willard Richards . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Adam S. Bennion ( 1886 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1886 February 11 , 1958 ( 1958 - 02 - 11 ) ( aged 71 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , April 9 , 1953 ( 1953 - 04 - 09 ) -- February 11 , 1958 ( 1958 - 02 - 11 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , April 9 , 1953 ( 1953 - 04 - 09 ) -- February 11 , 1958 ( 1958 - 02 - 11 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Richard L. Evans ( 1906 - 03 - 23 ) March 23 , 1906 November 1 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 01 ) ( aged 65 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 8 , 1953 ( 1953 - 10 - 08 ) -- November 1 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 01 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 8 , 1953 ( 1953 - 10 - 08 ) -- November 1 , 1971 ( 1971 - 11 - 01 ) First Council of the Seventy , called by Heber J. Grant , October 7 , 1938 ( 1938 - 10 - 07 ) -- October 8 , 1953 ( 1953 - 10 - 08 ) Was the Announcer for Music and the Spoken Word from June 1930 to October 1971 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : George Q. Morris ( 1874 - 02 - 20 ) February 20 , 1874 April 23 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 23 ) ( aged 88 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , April 8 , 1954 ( 1954 - 04 - 08 ) -- April 23 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , April 8 , 1954 ( 1954 - 04 - 08 ) -- April 23 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 23 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 6 , 1951 ( 1951 - 10 - 06 ) -- April 8 , 1954 ( 1954 - 04 - 08 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Hugh B. Brown ( 1883 - 10 - 24 ) October 24 , 1883 December 2 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 02 ) ( aged 92 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) -- December 2 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 02 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , October 4 , 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 04 ) -- January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , October 12 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 12 ) -- October 4 , 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 04 ) Third Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , June 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 22 ) -- October 12 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 12 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , April 10 , 1958 ( 1958 - 04 - 10 ) -- June 22 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 22 ) Apostle , called by David O. McKay , April 10 , 1958 ( 1958 - 04 - 10 ) -- December 2 , 1975 ( 1975 - 12 - 02 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 4 , 1953 ( 1953 - 10 - 04 ) -- April 10 , 1958 ( 1958 - 04 - 10 ) Also worked as a professor of religion at Brigham Young University from 1946 to 1949 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Howard W. Hunter ( 1907 - 11 - 14 ) November 14 , 1907 March 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) ( aged 87 ) 14th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) -- March 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , May 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 20 ) -- June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) -- May 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 20 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 10 , 1959 ( 1959 - 10 - 10 ) -- June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 15 , 1959 ( 1959 - 10 - 15 ) -- March 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Gordon B. Hinckley ( 1910 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1910 January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) ( aged 97 ) 15th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , March 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 12 ) -- January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( with Boyd K. Packer as Acting President ) , June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) -- March 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 12 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Howard W. Hunter , June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) -- March 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Ezra Taft Benson , November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) -- June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Spencer W. Kimball , December 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 02 ) -- November 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 05 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Spencer W. Kimball , July 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 23 ) -- December 2 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 02 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 5 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 05 ) -- July 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 5 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 05 ) -- January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , April 6 , 1958 ( 1958 - 04 - 06 ) -- October 5 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 05 ) Nephew of Alonzo A. Hinckley . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : N. Eldon Tanner ( 1898 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1898 November 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 27 ) ( aged 84 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Spencer W. Kimball , December 30 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 30 ) -- November 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 27 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Harold B. Lee , July 7 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 07 ) -- December 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 12 - 26 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , January 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 23 ) -- July 2 , 1972 ( 1972 - 07 - 02 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , October 4 , 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 04 ) -- January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 11 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 11 ) -- October 4 , 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 04 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 11 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 11 ) -- November 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 27 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 8 , 1960 ( 1960 - 10 - 08 ) -- October 11 , 1962 ( 1962 - 10 - 11 ) Member ( 1935 -- 52 ) of and Speaker ( 1936 -- 37 ) of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Thomas S. Monson ( 1927 - 08 - 21 ) August 21 , 1927 ( age 90 ) 16th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( with Boyd K. Packer as Acting President ) , March 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 12 ) -- February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , March 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 12 ) -- January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Ezra Taft Benson , November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) -- March 3 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 4 , 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 04 ) -- November 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 10 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 10 , 1963 ( 1963 - 10 - 10 ) Chairman , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System Name : Born : Died : Positions : Boyd K. Packer ( 1924 - 09 - 10 ) September 10 , 1924 July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) ( aged 90 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) -- July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , June 5 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 05 ) -- January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , April 6 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 06 ) -- July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , April 9 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 09 ) -- July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , September 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 30 ) -- April 6 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 06 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Marvin J. Ashton ( 1915 - 05 - 06 ) May 6 , 1915 February 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 25 ) ( aged 78 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , December 2 , 1971 ( 1971 - 12 - 02 ) -- February 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 25 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , December 2 , 1971 ( 1971 - 12 - 02 ) -- February 25 , 1994 ( 1994 - 02 - 25 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 3 , 1969 ( 1969 - 10 - 03 ) -- December 2 , 1971 ( 1971 - 12 - 02 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Bruce R. McConkie ( 1915 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 1915 April 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 19 ) ( aged 69 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Harold B. Lee , October 12 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 12 ) -- April 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 19 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Harold B. Lee , October 12 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 12 ) -- April 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 19 ) First Council of the Seventy , called by George Albert Smith , October 6 , 1946 ( 1946 - 10 - 06 ) -- October 12 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 12 ) Son - in - law of Joseph Fielding Smith . Name : Born : Died : Positions : L. Tom Perry ( 1922 - 08 - 05 ) August 5 , 1922 May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) ( aged 92 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 04 - 06 ) -- May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 11 , 1974 ( 1974 - 04 - 11 ) -- May 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 30 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Harold B. Lee , October 6 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 06 ) -- April 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 04 - 06 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : David B. Haight ( 1906 - 09 - 02 ) September 2 , 1906 July 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 31 ) ( aged 97 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , January 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 08 ) -- July 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 31 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , January 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 08 ) -- July 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 31 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , April 6 , 1970 ( 1970 - 04 - 06 ) -- January 8 , 1976 ( 1976 - 01 - 08 ) Longest - lived quorum member , aged 97 . Name : Born : Died : Positions : James E. Faust ( 1920 - 07 - 31 ) July 31 , 1920 August 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ) ( aged 87 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , March 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 12 ) -- August 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , September 30 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 30 ) -- March 12 , 1995 ( 1995 - 03 - 12 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1978 ( 1978 - 10 - 01 ) -- August 10 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 10 ) Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- September 30 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 30 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- September 30 , 1978 ( 1978 - 09 - 30 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Harold B. Lee , October 6 , 1972 ( 1972 - 10 - 06 ) -- October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Neal A. Maxwell ( 1926 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1926 July 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 21 ) ( aged 78 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , July 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 23 ) -- July 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 21 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , July 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 23 ) -- July 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 21 ) Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- July 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 23 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- July 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 07 - 23 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 6 , 1974 ( 1974 - 04 - 06 ) -- October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Russell M. Nelson ( 1924 - 09 - 09 ) September 9 , 1924 ( age 93 ) President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , July 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 03 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 12 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 12 ) 27th and current President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Dallin H. Oaks ( 1932 - 08 - 12 ) August 12 , 1932 ( age 85 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , May 3 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 03 ) A former professor of law at the University of Chicago Law School , a former president of Brigham Young University , and a former justice of the Utah Supreme Court . Member , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System ; Chairman , CES Executive Committee of the Board . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : M. Russell Ballard ( 1928 - 10 - 08 ) October 8 , 1928 ( age 89 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 10 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 10 ) Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , February 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 21 ) -- October 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 06 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 3 , 1976 ( 1976 - 04 - 03 ) -- October 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 06 ) Grandson of both Hyrum Mack Smith and Melvin J. Ballard ; direct descendent of Joseph F. Smith and Hyrum Smith . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Joseph B. Wirthlin ( 1917 - 06 - 11 ) June 11 , 1917 December 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) ( aged 91 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Ezra Taft Benson , October 4 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 04 ) -- December 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Ezra Taft Benson , October 9 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 09 ) -- December 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , August 28 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 28 ) -- October 4 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 04 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- October 4 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 04 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 4 , 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 04 ) -- October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Richard G. Scott ( 1928 - 11 - 07 ) November 7 , 1928 September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) ( aged 86 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Ezra Taft Benson , October 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 01 ) -- September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Ezra Taft Benson , October 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 06 ) -- September 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) Presidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 01 ) -- October 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 01 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 2 , 1977 ( 1977 - 04 - 02 ) -- October 1 , 1988 ( 1988 - 10 - 01 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Robert D. Hales ( 1932 - 08 - 24 ) August 24 , 1932 October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) ( aged 85 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 02 ) -- October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 7 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 07 ) -- October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) Presiding Bishop , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 06 ) -- April 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 02 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- April 6 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 06 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Spencer W. Kimball , April 4 , 1975 ( 1975 - 04 - 04 ) -- October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Jeffrey R. Holland ( 1940 - 12 - 03 ) December 3 , 1940 ( age 76 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Howard W. Hunter , June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Howard W. Hunter , June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 1 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 01 ) -- June 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 06 - 23 ) A former president of Brigham Young University . Member , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System ; Member , CES Executive Committee of the Board . Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Henry B. Eyring ( 1933 - 05 - 31 ) May 31 , 1933 ( age 84 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Thomas S. Monson , February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) -- January 27 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 27 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) -- October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 6 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 06 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , October 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 03 ) -- April 1 , 1995 ( 1995 - 04 - 01 ) First Counselor in the Presiding Bishopric , called by Robert D. Hales , April 1 , 1985 ( 1985 - 04 - 01 ) -- October 3 , 1992 ( 1992 - 10 - 03 ) Was President of Ricks College from 1971 to 1977 . First Vice Chairman , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System . 21st century ( edit ) Name : Born : Positions : Notes : Dieter F. Uchtdorf ( 1940 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1940 ( age 76 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Thomas S. Monson , February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) -- February 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , 15 August 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 15 ) -- 2 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 07 ) -- October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) Second Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 2 , 1994 ( 1994 - 04 - 02 ) -- April 7 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 07 ) Only the eleventh apostle to be born outside the United States . Second Vice Chairman , Boards of Trustees / Education of the Church Educational System Name : Born : Positions : Notes : David A. Bednar ( 1952 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1952 ( age 65 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 02 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 07 ) A former president of Brigham Young University - Idaho . Name : Born : Positions : Quentin L. Cook ( 1940 - 09 - 08 ) September 8 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , October 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 11 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 1 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 01 ) -- October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) -- October 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 10 - 06 ) Second Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 6 , 1996 ( 1996 - 04 - 06 ) -- April 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 05 ) Name : Born : Positions : D. Todd Christofferson ( 1945 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1945 ( age 72 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 10 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 15 , 1998 ( 1998 - 08 - 15 ) -- April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 03 ) -- April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) Name : Born : Positions : Neil L. Andersen ( 1951 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 15 ) -- April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Ezra Taft Benson , April 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 04 - 03 ) -- April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) Name : Born : Positions : Ronald A. Rasband ( 1951 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Presidency of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , August 15 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 15 ) -- October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Gordon B. Hinckley , April 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 01 ) -- October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) Name : Born : Positions : Gary E. Stevenson ( 1955 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) Presiding Bishop , called by Thomas S. Monson , March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) -- October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 05 ) -- March 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 31 ) Name : Born : Positions : Dale G. Renlund ( 1952 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1952 ( age 64 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Thomas S. Monson , October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Thomas S. Monson , April 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 04 ) -- October 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 03 ) Apostles who were never members of the Quorum of the Twelve ( edit ) The following men were ordained to the priesthood office of Apostle but were never members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles . Some , but not all , served in the First Presidency of the LDS Church . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Joseph Smith ( 1805 - 12 - 23 ) December 23 , 1805 June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) ( aged 38 ) 1st President of the Church of Christ ( later the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ) , April 6 , 1830 ( 1830 - 04 - 06 ) -- June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) Founder of the Latter Day Saint movement . Also Mayor of Nauvoo , Illinois ( 1842 -- 1844 ) . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Oliver Cowdery ( 1806 - 10 - 03 ) October 3 , 1806 March 3 , 1850 ( 1850 - 03 - 03 ) ( aged 43 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , September 3 , 1837 ( 1837 - 09 - 03 ) -- April 11 , 1838 ( 1838 - 04 - 11 ) Assistant President of the Church , called by Joseph Smith , December 5 , 1834 ( 1834 - 12 - 05 ) -- April 11 , 1838 ( 1838 - 04 - 11 ) Second Elder of the Church , called by Joseph Smith , April 6 , 1830 ( 1830 - 04 - 06 ) -- December 5 , 1834 ( 1834 - 12 - 05 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , 1829 ( aged 22 ) -- April 12 , 1838 ( 1838 - 04 - 12 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : David Whitmer ( 1805 - 01 - 07 ) January 7 , 1805 January 25 , 1888 ( 1888 - 01 - 25 ) ( aged 83 ) President of the Church ( Church of Christ -- Whitmerites ) , January 28 , 1876 -- January 25 , 1888 President of the Church ( Church of Christ -- Whitmerites ) , September 7 , 1847 -- ca . 1848 President High Council , July 3 , 1834 -- January , 1838 President of Zion , July 7 , 1834 -- February 5 , 1838 Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , June 1829 -- June , 1838 Name : Born : Died : Positions : Martin Harris ( 1783 - 05 - 18 ) May 18 , 1783 July 10 , 1875 ( 1875 - 07 - 10 ) ( aged 92 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , date unknown -- ca . 1837 Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Hyrum Smith ( 1800 - 02 - 09 ) February 9 , 1800 June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) ( aged 44 ) Assistant President of the Church , called by Joseph Smith , January 24 , 1841 ( 1841 - 01 - 24 ) -- June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) Latter Day Saint Apostle , called by Joseph Smith , January 24 , 1841 ( 1841 - 01 - 24 ) -- June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) 2nd Presiding Patriarch , called by Joseph Smith , September 14 , 1840 ( 1840 - 09 - 14 ) -- June 27 , 1844 ( 1844 - 06 - 27 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph Smith , November 7 , 1837 ( 1837 - 11 - 07 ) -- January 24 , 1841 ( 1841 - 01 - 24 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Joseph Smith , September 3 , 1837 ( 1837 - 09 - 03 ) -- November 7 , 1837 ( 1837 - 11 - 07 ) Brother of Joseph Smith Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Jedediah M. Grant ( 1816 - 02 - 21 ) February 21 , 1816 December 1 , 1856 ( 1856 - 12 - 01 ) ( aged 40 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , April 7 , 1854 ( 1854 - 04 - 07 ) -- December 1 , 1856 ( 1856 - 12 - 01 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , April 7 , 1854 ( 1854 - 04 - 07 ) -- December 1 , 1856 ( 1856 - 12 - 01 ) First Seven Presidents of the Seventy , called by Brigham Young , December 2 , 1845 ( 1845 - 12 - 02 ) -- April 7 , 1854 ( 1854 - 04 - 07 ) He was known for his fiery speeches during the Reformation of 1856 , earning the nickname , `` Brigham 's Sledgehammer '' . He was a member of the Council of Fifty and Mayor of Salt Lake City ( 1851 -- 56 ) . He is the father of Heber J. Grant , who later served as President of the Church . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : Daniel H. Wells ( 1814 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1814 March 24 , 1891 ( 1891 - 03 - 24 ) ( aged 76 ) Counselor to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , October 6 , 1877 ( 1877 - 10 - 06 ) -- March 24 , 1891 ( 1891 - 03 - 24 ) Second Counselor in First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , January 4 , 1857 ( 1857 - 01 - 04 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , January 4 , 1857 ( 1857 - 01 - 04 ) -- March 24 , 1891 ( 1891 - 03 - 24 ) Wells was a member of the Council of Fifty , Mayor of Salt Lake City ( 1866 -- 76 ) , president of the Manti Utah Temple ( 1888 -- 91 ) , and presided over the continuing construction of the Salt Lake Temple as the superintendent of public works for the LDS Church ( 1848 -- 63 ) . On April 6 , 1877 , Wells dedicated the St. George Utah Temple . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : John Willard Young ( 1844 - 10 - 01 ) October 1 , 1844 February 12 , 1924 ( 1924 - 02 - 12 ) ( aged 79 ) Counselor to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by John Taylor , October 6 , 1877 ( 1877 - 10 - 06 ) -- October 3 , 1891 ( 1891 - 10 - 03 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , October 8 , 1876 ( 1876 - 10 - 08 ) -- August 29 , 1877 ( 1877 - 08 - 29 ) Assistant Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) -- October 8 , 1876 ( 1876 - 10 - 08 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Brigham Young , June 8 , 1873 ( 1873 - 06 - 08 ) -- May 9 , 1874 ( 1874 - 05 - 09 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , November 22 , 1855 ( 1855 - 11 - 22 ) -- February 12 , 1924 ( 1924 - 02 - 12 ) Served as member of the Council of Fifty . In 1888 , Joseph F. Smith accused Young of unethically using church funds to maintain a lavish lifestyle . By April 1889 , the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles were discussing Young 's release . In response , Young resigned from his position on October 3 , 1891 . For another 33 years , Young remained a church apostle , but never again served as a general authority . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Joseph Angell Young ( 1834 - 10 - 14 ) October 14 , 1834 August 5 , 1875 ( 1875 - 08 - 05 ) ( aged 40 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Brigham Young , February 4 , 1864 ( 1864 - 02 - 04 ) -- August 5 , 1875 ( 1875 - 08 - 05 ) Name : Born : Died : Positions : Alvin R. Dyer ( 1903 - 01 - 01 ) January 1 , 1903 March 6 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 06 ) ( aged 74 ) First Quorum of the Seventy , called by Spencer W. Kimball , October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) -- March 6 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 06 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by Joseph Fielding Smith , January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) -- October 1 , 1976 ( 1976 - 10 - 01 ) Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , April 6 , 1968 ( 1968 - 04 - 06 ) -- January 18 , 1970 ( 1970 - 01 - 18 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by David O. McKay , October 5 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 05 ) -- March 6 , 1977 ( 1977 - 03 - 06 ) Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , called by David O. McKay , October 11 , 1958 ( 1958 - 10 - 11 ) -- October 5 , 1967 ( 1967 - 10 - 05 ) J. Reuben Clark ( edit ) In addition , J. Reuben Clark was only a member of the Quorum of the Twelve for one week in 1945 and six days in 1951 , which were periods of time when the First Presidency was dissolved due to the death of the President of the Church . Name : Born : Died : Positions : Notes : J. Reuben Clark ( 1871 - 09 - 01 ) September 1 , 1871 October 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 06 ) ( aged 90 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , June 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 12 ) -- October 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 06 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by David O. McKay , April 9 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 09 ) -- June 12 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 12 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by George Albert Smith , May 21 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 21 ) -- April 4 , 1951 ( 1951 - 04 - 04 ) First Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , October 6 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 14 , 1945 ( 1945 - 05 - 14 ) Quorum of the Twelve Apostles , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) LDS Church Apostle , called by Heber J. Grant , October 11 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 11 ) -- October 6 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 06 ) Second Counselor in the First Presidency , called by Heber J. Grant , April 6 , 1933 ( 1933 - 04 - 06 ) -- October 6 , 1934 ( 1934 - 10 - 06 ) United States Under Secretary of State ( 1928 -- 29 ) and the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico ( 1930 -- 33 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) Latter - day Saints portal Chronology of the First Presidency ( LDS Church ) Chronology of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles ( LDS Church ) List of presidents of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints References ( edit ) Jump up ^ With the death of Boyd K. Packer on July 3 , 2015 , Nelson became the second most senior apostle among the ranks of the church , resulting in him being the de facto President of the Quorum . He was officially set apart in that capacity July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Russell M. Nelson : New President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles '' . MormonNewsroom.org . Jump up ^ `` Elder Robert D. Hales Dies at Age 85 : Elder Hales was called to the holy apostleship in 1994 '' , Newsroom , LDS Church , 2017 - 10 - 01 Jump up ^ `` Marsh , Thomas B . '' , Joseph Smith Papers , josephsmithpapers.org . Jump up ^ Smith , George D ( Spring 1994 ) , `` Nauvoo Roots of Mormon Polygamy , 1841 - 46 : A Preliminary Demographic Report '' , Dialogue : A Journal of Mormon Thought , 27 ( 1 ) : 16 , retrieved May 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ Johnson was disfellowshipped and removed from the Quorum of the Twelve on September 3 , 1837 . However , Johnson remained an apostle until his excommunication . Jump up ^ The Historical magazine , and notes and queries concerning the antiquities , history , and biography of America , 3 , London : C. Benjamin Richardson : Trübner & co. , 1959 , p. 12 , retrieved July 26 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jenson , Andrew ( 1901 -- 1936 ) , Latter - day Saints Biographical Encyclopedia , 1 , Salt Lake City , Utah : Deseret Book and A. Jenson Historical Co , p. 121 Jump up ^ Thatcher was removed from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles by a vote of the church in 1896 ; however , he retained the priesthood office of apostle until his death . Jump up ^ Taylor resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in April 1905 ; however , he remained an ordained apostle of the church until his excommunication in 1911 . Jump up ^ Merrill , Melvin Clarence ( 1937 ) , Utah Pioneer and Apostle : Marriner Wood Merrill and His Family , pp. 62 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : `` Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in the Dispensation of the Fulness of Times '' . Church History in the Fulness of Times Student Manual . LDS Church . 2003 . p. 656 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cowley resigned from the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 28 , 1905 ; however , he remained an ordained apostle of the church until his priesthood was suspended in 1911 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Ernest L. , ed. , Brigham Young University : The First 100 Years . ( Provo : BYU Press , 1975 ) p. 586 ^ Jump up to : Clark was only a member of the Quorum of the Twelve for one week in 1945 and six days in 1951 , periods of time when the First Presidency was dissolved due to the death of the church 's president . Jump up ^ `` General Authorities of the Church '' . One Hundred Eighth Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. April 6 , 1938 . p. 95 . Sylvester Q. Cannon to be ordained an apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ , and to be set apart as an associate of the Council of the Twelve Apostles . Jump up ^ `` General Authorities of the Church '' . One Hundred Ninth Semi-Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . October 7 , 1938 . p. 16 . Sylvester Q. Cannon , associate to the Council of the Twelve . Jump up ^ `` General Authorities of the Church '' . One Hundred Ninth Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints. April 6 , 1939 . p. 10 . Sylvester Q. Cannon , associate to the Council of the Twelve . Jump up ^ `` Preface '' . One Hundred Tenth Semi-Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints . October 6 , 1939 . p. 1 . Melven J. Ballard passed away July 30 , 1939 . ( ... ) Sylvester Q. Cannon was sustained at this Conference as a member of the Council of the Twelve Apostles . Jump up ^ With the death of Boyd K. Packer on July 3 , 2015 , Nelson became the second most senior apostle among the ranks of the church , resulting in him being the de facto President of the Quorum . He was officially set apart in that capacity July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Russell M. Nelson : New President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles '' . MormonNewsroom.org . Jump up ^ This list does not include Joseph F. Smith , Brigham Young , Jr. , and Sylvester Q. Cannon , who were each ordained as apostles but not made members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles until a later date . Jump up ^ Church of Christ was the official name on April 6 , 1830 : Shields , Steven ( 1990 ) , Divergent Paths of the Restoration ( Fourth ed . ) , Independence , Missouri : Restoration Research , ISBN 0942284003 . In 1834 , the official name was changed to Church of the Latter Day Saints and then in 1838 to Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints : `` Minutes of a Conference '' , Evening and Morning Star , vol. 2 , no . 20 , p. 160 . The spelling `` The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints '' was adopted by the LDS Church in Utah in 1851 , after Joseph Smith 's death in 1844 , and is today specified in Doctrine and Covenants 115 : 4 ( LDS Church edition ) . Jump up ^ On this day David was `` re-ordained '' ( according to his previous ordination by Joseph Smith in July 8 , 1834 ) by William McLellin , Hiram Page , Jacob Whitmer , & John Whitmer . This entailed `` holy priesthood , '' `` high priests , '' and a `` presidency '' framework . See William E. McLellin , ed. , Ensign of Liberty , vol. 1 , August 1849 . Jump up ^ McLellin was based in Kirtland . Whitmer however never traveled to Kirtland or assisted McLellin to grow his branch . McClellin did have a publication called Ensign of Liberty which the Whitmer branch refused after June 1848 . Jump up ^ For the date Whitmer said he left the Mormons : An Address to All Believers in Christ , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Compton , `` John Willard Young '' , p. 124 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_Quorum_of_the_Twelve_Apostles_(LDS_Church)&oldid=804438868 '' Categories : Apostles ( LDS Church ) Latter Day Saint movement lists Lists of Christian religious leaders Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 00 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the oldest apostle in the lds church	[ "\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \nNotes:\n\n\nRussell M. Nelson\n(1924-09-09) September 9, 1924 (age 93)\nPresident of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, July 3, 2015 (2015-07-03)[1][2]\n\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07)\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 12, 1984 (1984-04-12)\n27th and current President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \nNotes:\n\n\nDallin H. Oaks\n(1932-08-12) August 12, 1932 (age 85)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 7, 1984 (1984-04-07)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, May 3, 1984 (1984-05-03)\nA former professor of law at the University of Chicago Law School, a former president of Brigham Young University, and a former justice of the Utah Supreme Court. Member, Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System; Chairman, CES Executive Committee of the Board.\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n \nNotes:\n\n\nM. Russell Ballard\n(1928-10-08) October 8, 1928 (age 89)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Spencer W. Kimball, October 6, 1985 (1985-10-06)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Spencer W. Kimball, October 10, 1985 (1985-10-10)\nPresidency of the First Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, February 21, 1980 (1980-02-21) – October 6, 1985 (1985-10-06)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Spencer W. Kimball, April 3, 1976 (1976-04-03) – October 6, 1985 (1985-10-06)\n\nGrandson of both Hyrum Mack Smith and Melvin J. Ballard; direct descendent of Joseph F. Smith and Hyrum Smith.\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \nNotes:\n\n\nJeffrey R. Holland\n(1940-12-03) December 3, 1940 (age 76)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Howard W. Hunter, June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Howard W. Hunter, June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 1, 1989 (1989-04-01) – June 23, 1994 (1994-06-23)\nA former president of Brigham Young University. Member, Boards of Trustees/Education of the Church Educational System; Member, CES Executive Committee of the Board.\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \nNotes:\n\n\nDavid A. Bednar\n(1952-06-15) June 15, 1952 (age 65)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 2, 2004 (2004-10-02)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 7, 2004 (2004-10-07)\nA former president of Brigham Young University-Idaho.\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n \n \n\n\nQuentin L. Cook\n(1940-09-08) September 8, 1940 (age 77)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, October 11, 2007 (2007-10-11)\nPresidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 1, 2007 (2007-08-01) – October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, April 5, 1998 (1998-04-05) – October 6, 2007 (2007-10-06)\n\nSecond Quorum of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, April 6, 1996 (1996-04-06) – April 5, 1998 (1998-04-05)\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n \n\n\nD. Todd Christofferson\n(1945-01-24) January 24, 1945 (age 72)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 10, 2008 (2008-04-10)\nPresidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 15, 1998 (1998-08-15) – April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 3, 1993 (1993-04-03) – April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05)\n\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n \n\n\nNeil L. Andersen\n(1951-08-09) August 9, 1951 (age 66)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 9, 2009 (2009-04-09)\nPresidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 15, 2005 (2005-08-15) – April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Ezra Taft Benson, April 3, 1993 (1993-04-03) – April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04)\n\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n \n\n\nRonald A. Rasband\n(1951-02-06) February 6, 1951 (age 66)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)\nPresidency of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, August 15, 2005 (2005-08-15) – October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Gordon B. Hinckley, April 1, 2000 (2000-04-01) – October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)\n\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n \n\n\nGary E. Stevenson\n(1955-08-06) August 6, 1955 (age 62)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)\nPresiding Bishop, called by Thomas S. Monson, March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31) – October 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 5, 2008 (2008-04-05) – March 31, 2012 (2012-03-31)\n\n\nedit\n\n\n\n\n\n\nName:\nBorn:\nPositions:\n \n \n\n\nDale G. Renlund\n(1952-11-13) November 13, 1952 (age 64)\nQuorum of the Twelve Apostles, called by Thomas S. Monson, October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)\n\nLDS Church Apostle, called by Thomas S. Monson, October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)\nFirst Quorum of the Seventy, called by Thomas S. Monson, April 4, 2009 (2009-04-04) – October 3, 2015 (2015-10-03)\n\nedit\n\n" ]	[ "Russell M. Nelson" ]
-5318280104040691075	National Football League team captains	National Football League team captains - wikipedia National Football League team captains Jump to : navigation , search Oakland Raiders 2nd - year captain patch Indianapolis Colts 3rd - year captain patch Chicago Bears 5 + - year captain patch In the National Football League , the team captain designation is a team - appointed position that designates certain players as leaders on and off the field . The captains program was implemented by the NFL Player Advisory Council established by NFL commissioner Roger Goodell in conjunction with the NFL Players Association . Starting in 2007 , the league began permitting teams to name up to six players as captains . Players who have been named a team captain typically have a `` C '' patch on their jerseys . There is a standard design used by all teams participating in the captaincy program . The patches are in team colors and are worn on the front left or right breast ( depending on other patches , etc. worn by the specific team ) . The number of stars filled in on the patch represents the number of consecutive years that player has been named captain by that team . If they 've been named captain for longer than four years , the `` C '' on the patch is gold . Some teams ( e.g. Pittsburgh and New England ) do not have this patch on their jerseys but still designate captains . In the case of the Green Bay Packers , they would use weekly captains during the regular season , but would switch to assigning captains whenever they qualify for the playoffs . The New York Jets suspended designated team captains after an incident involving Santonio Holmes in a 2011 game . In the 4th quarter of the final game of the 2011 season against the Miami Dolphins , Holmes appeared to get into an argument with Jets offensive tackle Wayne Hunter while the team was huddling . As a result of the argument , Holmes was benched for the remainder of the game , and the Jets ended up losing the game , which resulted in the Jets missing the postseason for the first time in three years . His leadership qualities and credibility as a captain have since been questioned . In 2015 , under new head coach Todd Bowles , the Jets resumed appointing captains weekly . During special recognitions , the patch may be a different color ; e.g. , pink for breast cancer awareness ; or camouflage for military service recognition . Because of the nature of the game , most teams include their starting quarterbacks as an offensive captain . The starting quarterback has no other responsibility or authority on field . However , he may , depending on the league or individual team , have various informal duties , such as participation in pre-game ceremonies , the coin toss , the trophy presentation , or other events outside the game . Often compared to captains of other team sports , the starting quarterback is usually the de facto team leader and a well - respected player on and off the field , even before the NFL implemented the team captain 's patch in 2007 . Rules ( edit ) NFL rule 18 details the guidelines for team captains . Within Rule 18 , there are four articles that pertain to : Number of Team Captains Coin Toss Procedures Choice on Penalty Option Change of ( Team ) Captains Coin Toss Procedures -- Each team can send as many as 6 team captains to the center of the field . On each team , one captain is designated the `` speaking captain '' of the delegation . The visiting team or the team designated `` visitor '' by the referee ( if no team is declared ' visitor ' ) shall choose `` heads or tails '' or in the case of a special ceremony coin , the options on the face and rear of that coin . The winner of the coin toss have 3 options , 1 . Defer the choice to the second half , 2 . Receive / kick the ball , 3 . Choose an end zone to defend . There is strategy in employing your election . It could depend on such conditions as weather , or making an aggressive statement at the beginning of the game , or something simple as coming out of the locker room in the second half receiving the ball . After the winning captain makes their choice , the opposing team captain chooses from the remaining 2 options . Choice on Penalty Option ( s ) -- The offended team captain has a choice of accepting a penalty enforcement or declining , except where said penalty is automatically `` enforced by rule . '' In some circumstances , a team captain may elect to `` decline '' the penalty . This typically happens in a situation in which declining the penalty may mean that the next down should occur ( 3rd or 4th ) . A good example would be on an `` offensive holding '' enforcement , the defensive team might elect a `` 4th down and 5 yards to gain '' v. a `` 3rd down and 15 yards to gain . '' List ( edit ) Players listed in bold currently wear the 5 + star all gold captain patches . Team Offensive captain ( s ) Defensive captain ( s ) Special teams captain ( s ) Arizona Cardinals Carson Palmer , Larry Fitzgerald Frostee Rucker , Patrick Peterson Phil Dawson Atlanta Falcons Appointed weekly Baltimore Ravens Appointed weekly Buffalo Bills Eric Wood , Tyrod Taylor Kyle Williams , Lorenzo Alexander Steven Hauschka Carolina Panthers Cam Newton , Ryan Kalil , Greg Olsen Luke Kuechly , Thomas Davis , Julius Peppers None Chicago Bears Mike Glennon , Josh Sitton Jerrell Freeman , Quintin Demps , Akiem Hicks Sherrick McManis Cincinnati Bengals Appointed weekly Cleveland Browns Joe Thomas Christian Kirksey , Jamie Collins , Jamar Taylor Britton Colquitt Dallas Cowboys Dak Prescott , Jason Witten Sean Lee , Tyrone Crawford , Orlando Scandrick Dan Bailey Denver Broncos Demaryius Thomas , Trevor Siemian Von Miller , Aqib Talib Brandon McManus Detroit Lions Appointed weekly Green Bay Packers Appointed weekly Houston Texans Appointed weekly Indianapolis Colts Andrew Luck None Adam Vinatieri Jacksonville Jaguars Brandon Linder , Marcedes Lewis Paul Posluszny , Telvin Smith Arrelious Benn Kansas City Chiefs Alex Smith , Travis Kelce Justin Houston , Eric Berry , Dustin Colquitt , Tyreek Hill Los Angeles Chargers Philip Rivers , Antonio Gates , Matt Slauson Brandon Mebane , Melvin Ingram None Los Angeles Rams Todd Gurley , Andrew Whitworth Alec Ogletree , Connor Barwin , Trumaine Johnson Johnny Hekker Miami Dolphins Kenny Stills , Mike Pouncey Cameron Wake , Ndamukong Suh Michael Thomas Minnesota Vikings Kyle Rudolph , Sam Bradford , Riley Reiff Everson Griffen , Brian Robison , Terence Newman None New England Patriots Tom Brady , Rob Gronkowski , David Andrews Dont'a Hightower , Devin McCourty , Duron Harmon Matthew Slater New Orleans Saints Drew Brees , Zach Strief , Max Unger Cameron Jordan , A.J. Klein Craig Robertson New York Giants Eli Manning Jonathan Casillas Zak DeOssie New York Jets Appointed weekly Oakland Raiders Rodney Hudson , Derek Carr Khalil Mack , Reggie Nelson None Philadelphia Eagles Carson Wentz , Jason Peters Malcolm Jenkins , Brandon Graham Chris Maragos Pittsburgh Steelers Ben Roethlisberger Cameron Heyward Appointed weekly San Francisco 49ers Appointed weekly Seattle Seahawks Russell Wilson Kam Chancellor , Bobby Wagner Jon Ryan Tampa Bay Buccaneers Jameis Winston , Mike Evans Gerald McCoy , Lavonte David , Kwon Alexander Josh Robinson Tennessee Titans Delanie Walker , Marcus Mariota Jurrell Casey , Brian Orakpo Wesley Woodyard Washington Redskins Trent Williams , Kirk Cousins D.J. Swearinger Niles Paul References ( edit ) Jump up ^ * Darlington , Jeff ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` NFL captains : ' C ' patch comes with varied roles , responsibilities '' . National Football League . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://espn.go.com/new-york/nfl/story/_/id/7411183/source-captain-santonio-holmes-quit-new-york-jets-loss Jump up ^ `` NFL supports Breast Cancer Awareness Month '' . National Football League . September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scott Allen , `` Arizona Cardinals : Team captains announced '' , raisingzona.com , September 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Camille Powell , `` NFL 's Newest Promotion '' , TheWashingtonPost.com , October 3 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Quick Hits : Taylor cleared , will start Sunday ; Team captains announced '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Chicago Bears announce 2017 team captains '' , bearswire.usatoday.com , September 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cincyjungle.com/2017/9/7/16265000/bengals-not-expected-to-name-captains-heading-into-week-1 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Doster , Aaron . `` Dallas Cowboys Select 2017 Team Captains . '' FOX Sports , 6 September 2017 Jump up ^ Aric DiLalla , `` Broncos name team captains '' , denverbroncos.com , September 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Justin Rogers , `` Ndamukong Suh one of six Detroit Lions players named captain '' , mlive.com , September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Dale Robertson , `` Texans wo n't have permanent captains to start season '' , Ultimate Texans blog , September 5 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Colts Vote Captains '' , Colts.Com , December 5 , 2012 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ `` Chiefs ' Alex Smith , Dwayne Bowe among team captains for opener '' , KansasCity.com , September 6 , 2013 Jump up ^ http://www.chargers.com/news/2017/09/07/chargers-trying-something-different-captains-2017 Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ http://www.sun-sentinel.com/sports/miami-dolphins/fl-sp-dolphins-team-captains-20170914-story.html Jump up ^ http://vikingswire.usatoday.com/2017/09/10/vikings-announce-captains-for-2017-season/ Jump up ^ `` Your 2017 # Patriots captains : Andrews , Brady , Gronkowski , Harmon , Hightower , McCourty , Slater '' . New England Patriots Twitter . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Metro : Todd Bowles has new plan for Jets ' team captains ... well , not really . Retrieved on 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://m.raiders.com/news/article-1/Oakland-Raiders-Vote-Name-Four-Captains-For-2017-Season/3c6f652b-a5d7-4674-ae57-2d8cfed53343 Jump up ^ https://www.bleedinggreennation.com/2017/9/8/16277826/philadelphia-eagles-five-captains-2017-nfl-season-carson-wentz-jason-peters-malcolm-jenkins-graham Jump up ^ http://pit.247sports.com/Bolt/Pittsburgh-Steelers-announce-2017-team-captains-106947305 Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ http://www.seahawks.com/news/2017/09/06/seahawks-name-team-captains-2017 Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ http://m.titansonline.com/news/article-4/Titans-Name-Six-Captains-for-2017-Including-Tim-Shaw/57b9eb26-c2cb-46d6-942e-e45178e731c2 Jump up ^ http://m.redskins.com/news/article-1/Four-Announced-As-2017-Redskins-Team-Captains/b4b051d3-bda4-46ae-b26c-caa538965fb2 Jump up ^ http://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/2015-nfl-rulebook/#rule18 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Football_League_team_captains&oldid=816175962 '' Categories : National Football League players Leadership positions in sports Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2013 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 19 : 36 . About Wikipedia	what is the c for on football jerseys	[ "Players who have been named a team captain typically have a \"C\" patch on their jerseys. There is a standard design used by all teams participating in the captaincy program. The patches are in team colors and are worn on the front left or right breast (depending on other patches, etc. worn by the specific team). The number of stars filled in on the patch represents the number of consecutive years that player has been named captain by that team. If they've been named captain for longer than four years, the \"C\" on the patch is gold. Some teams (e.g. Pittsburgh and New England) do not have this patch on their jerseys but still designate captains. In the case of the Green Bay Packers, they would use weekly captains during the regular season, but would switch to assigning captains whenever they qualify for the playoffs." ]	[ "team captain" ]
-3497831622804188701	List of Ed, Edd n Eddy characters	List of Ed , Edd n Eddy characters - wikipedia List of Ed , Edd n Eddy characters Jump to : navigation , search From top - left : Ed , Edd ( Double Dee ) , Eddy , Sarah , Jimmy , Jonny 2x4 ( holding Plank ) , Rolf , the Kanker Sisters ( Marie , Lee , and May Kanker ) , Kevin , and Nazz The Ed , Edd n Eddy animated television series , consists of 135 stories , features an extensive cast of characters created by Danny Antonucci . The series takes place in the fictional town of Peach Creek . The number of characters in Ed , Edd n Eddy is fixed at twelve ( thirteen if Plank , a board of wood who acts as one character 's imaginary friend , is included ) . The show revolves around three best friends ( Ed , Edd , and Eddy ) , usually referred to as `` the Eds '' . There is a secondary group of characters ( Kevin , Rolf , Nazz , Jimmy , Sarah and Jonny ) , and three teenage girls known as `` the Kanker Sisters '' . Most of the children live in the cul - de-sac , while the Kanker Sisters live in the nearby `` Park ' n ' Flush '' trailer park . Eddy 's brother is a character mentioned throughout the series , mostly by Eddy , but is never seen until the movie Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show ; He is the only fully seen adult in the series . The series ' characters have received awards and nominations at the 2002 Fancy Anvil Awards , a fictional award show broadcast on Cartoon Network . Antonucci stated the personalities of the Eds are based on personal traits of himself , and the activities of his two sons , and that the other characters are based on children he grew up with . Contents ( hide ) 1 Creation 2 Protagonists 2.1 Eddy 2.2 Edd ( Double D ) 2.3 Ed 3 Supporting characters 3.1 Jonny 3.2 Jimmy 3.3 Sarah 3.4 Kevin 3.5 Rolf 3.6 Nazz 4 Other characters 4.1 Kanker Sisters 4.2 Eddy 's Brother 5 Reception , appearances in other media and merchandising 6 See also 7 References Creation According to cartoonist and Ed , Edd n Eddy creator Danny Antonucci , he based the characters on real people in his life ; the personalities of Ed , Edd , and Eddy are based on his own traits , and the activities of his two sons while the cul - de-sac children and the Kanker sisters were all based on children he grew up with . Rolf is based on himself and his cousins , since he was part of an immigrant family , and grew up in a first generation foreign household with different customs and ways of living , compared to those born in Canada . Jimmy is based on one of his cousins , who spent most of his time playing with girls than boys and was rather feminine . Jonny and Plank are inspired by one of Antonucci 's childhood friends , a loner who spent most of his time outside with his blanket . He stated that he believed it was important to add Plank , a board of wood , to the show , and that he `` thought it would be really cool to do the show with Plank taking on a character of his own '' and to cause Jonny to do things he would usually never do . Some wanted Plank to be able to talk , smile and blink as if he was alive , but Antonucci insisted that it should be treated as a piece of wood , brought to life by Jonny 's imagination . All the children have multicolored tongues ; Antonucci said that the idea came after he saw his son and his friends with different - colored tongues because of eating different candy while he was working on a storyboard . The characters went through a number of `` walking cycles '' , a process used to determine how each character should walk or run , turn around , blink , etc. before the crew came up with the final product . Protagonists Eddy Eddy ( Tony Sampson ) is the self - appointed leader of the Eds . He is selfish , loud - mouthed , immature , greedy , and hot - tempered . He loves money , jawbreakers ( which he likes to spend his ill - earned money on ) , dirty magazines ( as hinted in `` Luck of the Ed '' ) , his room , and Chunky Puffs . Eddy ordinarily comes up with the plans for scamming people , but they usually fail , much to his frustration . Eddy will often , especially in the early seasons , slack off by suntanning or drinking a soda while his fellow Eds do all the work . His prized possessions include his magazines , king - sized bed , and disco ball . He also has a Barry White album and is a fan of Tom Jones . Eddy is the shortest of the Eds and takes this very seriously , hating the thought of people calling him short , suggesting he may have a Napoleon complex . Eddy sometimes boasts about his older brother and uses this to his advantage to gain respect . Like Kevin , Eddy can be cruel and acerbic , with a tendency to tease his peers , but deep down , Eddy only wants to be liked by everyone . Edd ( Double D ) Edd ( Samuel Vincent ) is the smartest of the Eds and the most polite , mature , and considerate of the three . As a result , he is more socially accepted by the rest of the kids than Ed and Eddy , usually acting as a peacemaker or offering the rest of the kids advice . To differentiate his homophonic name from Ed and Eddy , he is referred to as Double - D. Edd has a high IQ and is top of the class in most subjects at school , though he is the physically weakest of the Eds and despises P.E. and other sporting activities . As the most creative of the trio , he is able to construct things like planes , rocket cars , and roller coasters with junk he comes across and enjoys doing so . He also is able to play pedal steel guitar , but does not like to do so often . He often speaks using complex words and struggles to speak normally in high anxiety situations . His clothing usually consists of an red / orange shirt , purple shorts , red socks , cyan shoes , and a black ski hat with two white lines on it . He sleeps in a footed onesie , and in the later seasons and the movie , he wears a tie when going to school . Double D never willingly removes his hat ( except while bathing ) , so it is unknown what lies under it ; Ed and Eddy see him twice without it . Whatever his hat hides , Edd is self conscious about it . He is also self - conscious about a gap in his front teeth thanks to Eddy poking fun at it . He is the only one of the trio to be an only child , and his parents leave sticky notes around his house as a means of communicating with him . Like the other two Eds , Edd 's personality is largely based upon series creator Danny Antonucci , who has said `` there 's my Edd side , neurotic , analytical , must be organized . Also if Eddy and Ed ( single D ) were not around , Edd would be happy with his own company , something that works for me too . '' Antonucci has also explained that the habit of Double Dee 's parents to communicate with him through sticky notes was based on a habit of his own parents . Ed Ed ( Matt Hill ) is the strong , airheaded , and usually quite random dogsbody of the group who has very short hair . He wears a red - and - white striped shirt , a green jacket with two white stripes on each sleeve and purple - blue jeans . His skin is yellow , unlike the other characters , and he is known to laugh a lot and is happy most of the time . Ed has amazing physical strength , which is humorously worked into many of the show 's plots . He has no chin and a unibrow , which is noted often by Eddy . His mind is a subculture grab - bag full of comics and monster movies , which he often confuses with reality , and which leads him to speak in non sequiturs almost all the time . Ed ( to the misfortune of many people ) is utterly at the mercy of his tyrannical younger sister Sarah and is an easy target of her manipulations , with Sarah threatening to tell their mother if she does not get her way . Ed is kindhearted , good - natured , and has a positive attitude towards almost everything and everyone , even to those who are not accommodating to him . He cares about the welfare of the other two Eds . He often sacrifices himself for his two best friends , the other cul - de-sac children , and even Sarah , for whom he cares deeply , though she treats him badly . He is absentminded and naive , making him the perfect candidate to help Eddy with his scams , as Ed hardly ever questions them . Even so , Ed never feels abused by Eddy . Ed enjoys buttered toast , gravy , cereal ( namely Chunky Puffs ) , pudding skin , chickens , comics and monster movies . Much to the dismay of mysophobic Edd , he has poor personal hygiene , even to the point of being terrified of soap and liking the smell of sweaty boots . Though the Eds were outcasts throughout the series , in the series ' TV movie finale Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , the three become friends with all the cul - de-sac children ; even Sarah starts treating Ed nicely . Creator Danny Antonucci explained Ed 's inspiration saying , `` Ed is ... me , following his own path and slightly dysfunctional , a daydreamer who while people are doing one thing , will be busy thinking of another . '' He also described Ed as `` slow , living in his own world and he really does n't fit in with the rest of the crowd , '' and explained that it was hard to decide who would voice him . Ed ended up being voiced by Matt Hill . Supporting characters Jonny Jonny , also known as Jonny 2x4 ( David Paul Grove ) , is a loner and considered by his peers to be a nuisance . Jonny is often made fun of for his big head ( Eddy usually refers to him as `` Melonhead '' ) and has a tendency of getting his head caught in branches when climbing trees . He talks a lot , and frequently gets on the other kids ' nerves . He is rarely seen without his imaginary friend , a 2x4 wooden board with drawn - on eyes and a mouth , aptly named Plank . Jonny seems innocent and gullible , and often forgives people no matter what they do . He does not seem to mind the antics of the Eds , and is often the most friendly out of all the cul - de-sac kids towards them . He is very protective of Plank , and will burst into acts of bravery or extreme aggression if Plank is stolen or harmed in some way . He does not seem to acknowledge that Plank is just an inanimate , silent , 2x4 piece of wood , and when asked for help with an imaginary friend , he claimed to have no clue what the Eds are talking about . He and Plank both have superhero alter egos ( Captain Melonhead and Splinter the Wonderwood , respectively ) , which they assumed twice throughout the series ; first in `` Robbin ' Ed '' to thwart Eddy 's `` Thingamajig '' scam and to fight Eddy 's own one - time only alter ego , Professor Scam , and then in `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show '' to hunt down and get revenge on the Eds . After `` Big Picture Show , '' he and Plank become The Gourd and Timber the Dark Shard in order to take revenge on the entire cul - de-sac . Jimmy Jimmy ( Keenan Christenson ) is an insecure child , with a propensity to cry , and Sarah 's best friend whom he is most often seen spending his time with . Jimmy is highly accident - prone , often seen sporting bandages , casts , and braces ( particularly headgear ) , and is considered the weakest kid in the cul - de-sac . Though Jimmy has a cowardly , delicate , and effeminate personality , he truly wishes to be strong and muscular and many episodes demonstrate his desire for stardom . He can be crafty when motivated , and had twice made scams that were very successful . Jimmy has shown how deeply attached he is to Sarah when someone tries to take her away from him . For most of the series he wore a retainer to correct his teeth , due to a bowling pin accident during one of Eddy 's scams . Sarah Sarah ( Janyse Jaud ) is Ed 's grouchy , spoiled , short - tempered younger sister who acts cute and kind to the Eds only when it suits her . She is commonly depicted with a disgruntled facial expression and treats her intimidated , trembling brother , frightened by his sister 's constant threats of tattling on him , with complete disdain . Imposing , Sarah frequently orders people ( sometimes even those of higher rightful authority than her ) around , and her desires often have to be met or else she will fling herself into a violent temper tantrum or threaten the person in question . Throughout the course of the series , Sarah has been shown to possess an infatuation with Edd , but still occasionally subjects him to abuse due to guilt by association with the other Eds . Kevin Kevin ( Kathleen Barr ) is a stereotypical jock . He is cynical , sarcastic and can be cruel at times . Kevin has a garage full of jawbreakers , due to the fact that his father works at a jawbreaker factory . He loves customizing his bike , skateboards , and snowboards . When not riding his trusty bike , he usually hangs out with Rolf and Nazz in the Lane . He hates the Eds to the point of paranoia , but his animosity towards them is mostly geared towards Eddy . The two are mortal enemies and often go entirely out of their way to humiliate or physically harm each other at the first opportunity ( with Eddy referring to Kevin as `` Shovel Chin '' ) . He tends to call the Eds `` dorks '' and has a habit of coming up with words merged with `` dork '' to suit the situation . Like Edd , Kevin normally wears a hat and rarely takes it off ; in the episode Boys Will be Eds , Kevin takes off his hat for the first time and is shown to be bald , though a flashback episode reveals that he used to have long hair . In some episodes , he is shown to have a great fear of Eddy 's brother ; Eddy knows this and frequently uses his brother as leverage against Kevin . Rolf Rolf ( Peter Kelamis ) is a quirky , odd , and usually happy immigrant of an undetermined origin and culture with odd customs ( which he displays frequently , and it often involves a wide variety of meat ) and has a thick accent to match . He works on his parents ' small farm within the cul - de-sac , and leads a scouting group called the `` Urban Rangers , '' which includes Jimmy , Plank , and Jonny . Rolf usually refers to himself in third person , as well as being the son of a shepherd , in which he takes pride . His faithful farm animals are three pigs ( one named Wilfred ) , a goat named Victor , at least six chickens ( two named Bridget and Gertrude ) , a cow named Beatrice , and five sheep . He appears to be friendly with the Eds ( whom he calls the `` Ed boys '' ) unless they make a fool out of him or offend him in some way , after which he is not afraid to use brute force . He seems to be very muscular , but this is usually only shown when he is angry . Rolf confuses the rest of the kids to no end with his unusual customs and food - making . Nazz Nazz Van Bartonschmeer ( Tabitha St. Germain ; Jenn Forgie ; Erin Fitzgerald ) is a good - natured , sweet , mature yet somewhat ditzy , fashionable local girl who normally treats her peers ( including the Eds ) respectfully ; however , when antagonized she will react violently to the cause of her agitation or partake in harming the Eds as discipline for an alleged misdeed that they have committed . A majority of the male characters featured in the series are smitten with her , and an entire episode once chronicled their many failed attempts at wooing her . She also possesses a number of humorous eccentricities , such as the ability to yodel , substandard skills at playing a rather large tuba and is often depicted with poor table etiquette . Edd seems to be the Ed that Nazz is closest to , as he was the first character she 'd kissed in the series in `` The Day the Ed Stood Still '' , took him trick - or - treating in the Halloween special , and got him to dance with her at the school dance in `` May I Have this Ed ? '' . She appears to have a crush on Kevin , though he is mostly oblivious to this ; he favors his bike more . Although the most mature of the neighborhood kids , she occasionally displays traits of the stereotypical `` dumb blonde '' . Other characters Kanker sisters Lee ( Janyse Jaud ) , Marie ( Kathleen Barr ) , and May ( Erin Fitzgerald ; Jenn Forgie ) are three half - sisters who serve as the main antagonists towards the cul - de-sac and its inhabitants . Lee is the leader with curly red hair that covers her eyes , Marie has blue hair , and May is the buck - toothed blonde . They live in the nearby trailer park called Park ' n ' Flush . The mere presence of the Kankers is enough to terrify the cul - de-sac residents , and they have been shown to have volatile and destructive tempers . While all the Kankers supposedly like the Eds , it has been shown that May prefers Ed , Marie prefers Edd , and Lee prefers Eddy . Throughout the series , each of the Kankers repeatedly get the Eds and privately force themselves onto them with romantic intention , much to their horror . Eddy 's brother Eddy 's Brother ( Terry Klassen ) is mentioned frequently throughout the series , mostly by Eddy , though his name is never revealed . Eddy mentions how his brother taught him much about how to scam , and to be a con artist , and throughout the series many of the children are shown to have a great fear and respect for him . He was previously an unseen character , but he finally makes an appearance in the movie Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show . Eddy 's brother at first seems to be everything the other kids imagined , but it turns out that all of the folklore surrounding him was made up by Eddy to impress the other kids , and in reality he is a sadistic individual who refers to Eddy as a `` pipsqueak '' and bullies him mercilessly , which ultimately caused Eddy to become who he is . He works at the `` Mondo a-Go Go '' amusement park , but his specific job is unknown . Reception , appearances in other media and merchandising In 2004 , the Eds also appeared in a short series of basketball commercials with NBA All - Star Steve Francis . All three Eds have been the main roles in four Ed , Edd n Eddy - based video games , including Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers ! ( 2002 ) , Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers ( 2004 ) , Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures ( 2005 ) , and Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century ( 2007 ) , as well as appearing as playable characters in a number of Cartoon Network - based video games , including 2003 's Cartoon Network : Block Party and Cartoon Network Speedway . All three Eds appear as Non-playable characters in the MMOG Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall . They also appear as Nanos ( items that help the user or his / her party ) . The Eds and Sarah have also been free toys in children 's meals for Subway . The three have also appeared on a number of Ed , Edd n Eddy T - shirts available for purchase on the Cartoon Network Shop . A series of Ed , Edd n Eddy DVDs have been released . The three have made a cameo appearance in a Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends episode , along with Dexter of Dexter 's Laboratory , and in a crossover of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Codename : Kids Next Door entitled `` The Grim Adventures of the Kids Next Door . '' Ed appeared in the `` Cartoon Network Elections 2004 '' with Grim from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy as a team , and they ended up winning , due to the highest number of votes by viewers . See also List of Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes References ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 2 : 15 -- 4 : 39 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Day Edder '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. April 27 -- 28 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( April 24 , 2007 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete Second Season -- Behind the Eds ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Home Video . ^ Jump up to : Topp , Kit RR ( October 2002 ) . `` Animation By Mistake : Chatting with Danny Antonucci '' . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed , Edd n Eddy Characters '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show . Cartoon Network . November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Day Edder '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. April 27 -- 28 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 0 : 22 -- 2 : 34 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( February 13 , 2004 ) . `` Cartoon Network Matches Up Basketball Stars & Toons '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers ! for Game Boy Advance '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers for Mobile phone '' . GameSpot . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century for DS '' . GameSpot . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network : Block Party Announced '' . IGN . March 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Speedway '' . IGN . March 3 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blancato , Joe ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` GDC 2008 : FusionFall , Cartoon Network 's MMOG '' . The Escapist . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Kids ' Pack '' . SubwayKids.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2004 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy '' . Cartoon Network Shop . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy -- Season 1 , Vol. 1 ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy , Vol. 2 -- Fools Par - Ed - Ise ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' N Eddy : The Complete First Season ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy : The Complete Second Season ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Monster '' . Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends . Season 3 . July 22 , 2005 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of the Kids Next Door '' . The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy / Codename : Kids Next Door . November 11 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Elections 2004 '' . ( Cartoon Network shorts ) . 2004 . Cartoon Network . ( hide ) Ed , Edd n Eddy Characters Seasons `` The Ed - touchables '' / `` Nagged to Ed '' 5 6 Film Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show Video games Jawbreakers ! ( 2003 ) The Mis - Edventures ( 2005 ) Scam of the Century ( 2007 ) Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Ed,_Edd_n_Eddy_characters&oldid=799638805 '' Categories : Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of characters in Canadian television animation Ed , Edd n Eddy Cartoon Network - related lists Lists of children 's television characters Fictional characters introduced in 1999 Hidden categories : Pages using citations with format and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 23 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who had plank in ed edd and eddy	[ "According to cartoonist and Ed, Edd n Eddy creator Danny Antonucci, he based the characters on real people in his life; the personalities of Ed, Edd, and Eddy are based on his own traits, and the activities of his two sons while the cul-de-sac children and the Kanker sisters were all based on children he grew up with.[1] Rolf is based on himself and his cousins, since he was part of an immigrant family, and grew up in a first generation foreign household with different customs and ways of living, compared to those born in Canada.[2] Jimmy is based on one of his cousins, who spent most of his time playing with girls than boys and was rather feminine.[3] Jonny and Plank are inspired by one of Antonucci's childhood friends, a loner who spent most of his time outside with his blanket.[3] He stated that he believed it was important to add Plank, a board of wood, to the show, and that he \"thought it would be really cool to do the show with Plank taking on a character of his own\" and to cause Jonny to do things he would usually never do.[1] Some wanted Plank to be able to talk, smile and blink as if he was alive, but Antonucci insisted that it should be treated as a piece of wood, brought to life by Jonny's imagination.[3]" ]	[ "Jonny" ]
6030999734817283277	1967 Detroit riot	1967 Detroit riot - wikipedia 1967 Detroit riot Jump to : navigation , search The Detroit Riot of 1967 Part of the Long hot summer of 1967 The intersection of West Grand Boulevard at 12th Street in 2008 , forty one years after the riot . Date July 23 , 1967 ( 1967 - 07 - 23 ) -- July 27 , 1967 ( 1967 - 07 - 27 ) Location Detroit , Michigan , U.S. 42 ° 22 ′ 35 '' N 83 ° 05 ′ 58 '' W / 42.37639 ° N 83.09944 ° W / 42.37639 ; - 83.09944 Coordinates : 42 ° 22 ′ 35 '' N 83 ° 05 ′ 58 '' W / 42.37639 ° N 83.09944 ° W / 42.37639 ; - 83.09944 Methods Rioting , race riots , protests , looting , arson , murder , assault Parties to the civil conflict 82nd Airborne Division 101st Airborne Division Michigan Army National Guard Michigan State Police Detroit Police Department Community members , protesters Casualties 82nd Airborne Division : 5 wounded 101st Airborne Division : 3 wounded Michigan Army National Guard : 1 killed 55 wounded Michigan State Police : 67 wounded Detroit Police Department : 1 killed 214 wounded Detroit Fire Department : 2 killed 134 wounded 16 killed 493 wounded Civilian casualties 23 killed 696 wounded The 1967 Detroit riot , also known as the 12th Street riot or the 1967 Detroit rebellion , was one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the `` Long hot summer of 1967 '' . This riot was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance in Detroit , Michigan . It began in the early morning hours of Sunday July 23 , 1967 . The precipitating event was a police raid of an unlicensed , after - hours bar then known as a blind pig , just north of the corner of 12th Street ( today Rosa Parks Boulevard ) and Virginia Park Avenue , on the city 's Near West Side . Police confrontations with patrons and observers on the street evolved into one of the deadliest and most destructive riots in the history of the United States , lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property destruction of Detroit 's 1943 race riot just 24 years earlier . To help end the disturbance , Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan Army National Guard into Detroit , and President Lyndon B. Johnson sent in both the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions . The result was 43 dead , 1,189 injured , over 7,200 arrests , and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed . The scale of the riot was surpassed in the United States only by the 1863 New York City draft riots during the American Civil War , and the 1992 Los Angeles riots . The riot was prominently featured in the news media , with live television coverage , extensive newspaper reporting , and extensive stories in Time and Life magazines . The staff of the Detroit Free Press won the 1968 Pulitzer Prize for general local reporting for its coverage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 1.1 Sunday , July 23 1.2 Monday , July 24 1.3 Tuesday , July 25 1.4 July 26 -- 27 2 Damage 2.1 Deaths 2.1. 1 Death of Tanya Blanding 2.2 Injuries 2.3 Arrests 2.4 Economic damage 2.4. 1 Joe 's Record Shop 3 Social conditions 3.1 Policing 3.2 Employment 3.3 Housing and neighborhoods 3.4 Education 3.5 Retail stores and services 4 Aftermath 4.1 Minority hiring 4.2 Housing laws 4.3 Public opinion 4.4 Stop the Robberies , Enjoy Safe Streets ( STRESS ) 4.5 Was it a `` Rebellion '' 5 List of deaths 6 In popular culture 7 Art Influenced by the Riots 7.1 Fine Art 7.2 Literary Art 7.3 Performing Arts 8 See also 8.1 Other July 1967 riots 8.2 Other riots in Detroit 8.3 Other similar - scale race riots 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Chronology ( edit ) The crimes reported to police included looting , arson , and sniping , and took place in many different areas of Detroit : on the west side of Woodward Avenue , extending from the 12th Street neighborhood to Grand River Avenue and as far south as Michigan Avenue and Trumbull , near Tiger Stadium . East of Woodward , the area around East Grand Boulevard , which goes east / west then north / south to Belle Isle , was involved . However , the entire city was affected between Sunday , July 23 , and Thursday , July 27 . Cavanagh stated that the situation was `` critical '' but not yet `` out of control . '' On Sunday July 23 , 1967 at 7 : 45pm , he enacted a citywide 9 : 00pm -- 5 : 30am curfew , prohibited sales of alcohol and firearms , and business activity was informally curtailed in recognition of the serious civil unrest engulfing sections of the city . A number of adjoining communities also enacted curfews . There was significant white participation in the rioting and looting , raising questions as to whether the event fits into the classical race riot category . Sunday , July 23 ( edit ) In the early hours of Sunday ( 3 : 45 a.m. ) , July 23 , 1967 , Detroit police officers raided the unlicensed weekend drinking club in the office of the United Community League for Civic Action , above the Economy Printing Company , at 9125 12th Street . They expected a few revelers inside , but instead found a party of 82 African Americans celebrating the return of two local GIs from the Vietnam War . The police decided to arrest everyone present . While they were arranging for transportation , a sizable crowd of onlookers gathered on the street . Later , in a memoir , William Walter Scott III , a doorman whose father was running the raided blind pig , took responsibility for starting the riot by inciting the crowd and throwing a bottle at a police officer . After the police left , the crowd began looting an adjacent clothing store . Shortly thereafter , full - scale looting began throughout the neighborhood . State police , Wayne County sheriffs , and the Michigan National Guard were alerted , but because it was Sunday , it took hours for the Police Commissioner Ray Girardin to assemble sufficient manpower . Meanwhile , witnesses described seeing a `` carnival atmosphere '' on 12th Street . Police -- inadequate in number and wrongly believing that the rioting would soon expire -- just stood there and watched . Police did not make their first arrest until 7 a.m. To the east , on Chene Street , reports said the crowd was of mixed composition . The pastor of Grace Episcopal Church along 12th Street reported that he saw a `` gleefulness in throwing stuff and getting stuff out of buildings '' The police conducted several sweeps along 12th Street , which proved ineffective because of the unexpectedly large numbers of people outside . The first major fire broke mid-afternoon in a grocery store at the corner of 12th Street and Atkinson . The crowd prevented firefighters from extinguishing it and soon more smoke filled the skyline . The local news media initially avoided reporting on the disturbance so as not to inspire copy - cat violence , but the rioting started to expand to other parts of the city , including looting of retail and grocery stores elsewhere . By Sunday afternoon , news had spread , and people attending events such as a Fox Theater Motown revue and Detroit Tigers baseball game were warned to avoid certain areas of the city . Motown 's Martha Reeves was on stage at the Fox , singing `` Jimmy Mack , '' and was asked to ask people to leave quietly , as there was trouble outside . After the game , Tigers left fielder Willie Horton , a Detroit resident who had grown up not far from 12th Street , drove to the riot area and stood on a car in the middle of the crowd while still in his baseball uniform . Despite Horton 's impassioned pleas , he could not calm the crowd . Monday , July 24 ( edit ) Michigan State Police and the Wayne County Sheriff 's Department were called in to Detroit to assist an overwhelmed Detroit police force . As the violence spread , the police began to make numerous arrests to clear rioters off the streets , housing the detainees in makeshift jails . Beginning Monday , people were detained without being brought to Recorder 's Court for arraignment . Some gave false names , making the process of identifying those arrested difficult because of the need to take and check fingerprints . Windsor Police were asked to help check fingerprints . Police began to take pictures of looters arrested , the arresting officer , and the stolen goods , to speed up the process and postpone the paperwork . More than eighty percent of those arrested were black . About twelve percent were women . Michigan National Guardsmen were not authorized to arrest people , so state troopers and police officers made all arrests without discriminating between civilians and suspects / criminals . Michigan Governor George Romney and President Lyndon B. Johnson initially disagreed about the legality of sending in federal troops . Johnson said he could not send federal troops in without Romney 's declaring a `` state of insurrection '' , to meet compliance with the Insurrection Act . As the historian Sidney Fine details in Violence in the Model City , partisan political issues complicated decisions , as is common in crisis . George Romney was expected to run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 , and President Johnson , a Democrat , did not want to commit troops solely on Romney 's direction . Added to this was Mayor Jerome Cavanagh 's own political and personal clash with Romney . Cavanagh , a young Irish Catholic Democrat who had cultivated harmonious relations with black leaders , both inside and outside the city , was initially reluctant to ask Romney , a Republican , for assistance . On July 24 , forty National Guardsmen were pinned down by snipers at Henry Ford Hospital . The hospital stayed open throughout and treated many riot injuries . The violence escalated throughout Monday , resulting in some 483 fires , 231 incidents reported per hour , and 1,800 arrests . Looting and arson were widespread . Black - owned businesses were not spared . One of the first stores looted in Detroit was Hardy 's drug store , owned by blacks and known for filling prescriptions on credit . Detroit 's leading black - owned women 's clothing store was burned , as was one of the city 's best - loved black restaurants . In the wake of the riots , a black merchant said , `` you were going to get looted no matter what color you were . '' Firefighters of the Detroit Fire Department who were attempting to fight the fires were shot at by rioters . During the riots , 2,498 rifles and 38 handguns were stolen from local stores . It was obvious that the Detroit , County , and Michigan forces were unable to restore order . On Monday , U.S. Representative John Conyers ( D - Michigan ) , who was against federal troop deployment , attempted to ease tensions by driving along 12th Street with a loudspeaker asking people to return to their homes . Reportedly , Conyers stood on the hood of the car and shouted through a bullhorn , `` We 're with you ! But , please ! This is not the way to do things ! Please go back to your homes ! '' But the crowd refused to listen . Conyers ' car was pelted with rocks and bottles . Tuesday , July 25 ( edit ) July 24 , 1967 . President Lyndon B. Johnson ( seated , foreground ) confers with ( background L-R ) : Marvin Watson , FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover , Sec . Robert McNamara , Gen. Harold Keith Johnson , Joe Califano , Sec. of the Army Stanley Rogers Resor , on responding to the riots Shortly before midnight on Monday , July 24 , President Johnson authorized the use of federal troops in compliance with the Insurrection Act of 1807 , which authorizes the President to call in armed forces to fight an insurrection in any state against the government . This gave Detroit the distinction of being the only domestic American city to have been occupied by federal troops three times . The U.S. Army 's 82nd Airborne Division and 101st Airborne Division had earlier been positioned at nearby Selfridge Air Force Base in suburban Macomb County . Starting at 1 : 30 on Tuesday , July 25 , some 8,000 Michigan Army National Guardsmen were deployed to quell the disorder . Later , their number would be augmented with 4,700 paratroopers from both the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions , and 360 Michigan State Police officers . Chaos continued ; the police were overworked and tired . Detroit Police were found to have committed many acts of abuse against both blacks and whites who were in their custody . Although only 26 of the over 7,000 arrests involved snipers , and not one person accused of sniping was successfully prosecuted , the fear of snipers precipitated many police searches . The `` searching for weapons '' caused many homes and vehicles to be scrutinized . Curfew violations were also common sparks to police brutality . The Detroit Police 's 10th Precinct routinely abused prisoners ; as mug shots later proved , many injuries came after booking . Women were stripped and fondled while officers took pictures . White landlords from New York visiting their building were arrested after a sniper call and beaten so horribly that `` their testicles were still black and blue two weeks after the incident . '' July 26 -- 27 ( edit ) Some analysts believed that violence escalated with the deployment of troops , although they brought rioting under control within 48 hours . Nearly all of the Michigan National Guard were exclusively white , inexperienced militarily , and did not have urban backgrounds , while the Army troops were racially integrated and had seen service in Vietnam . As a result , the Army troops were at ease and able to communicate easily in the city while the National Guardsmen were not as effective . The National Guardsmen engaged in what they said were firefights with locals , resulting in the death of one Guardsman . Of the 12 people that troops shot and killed , only one was shot by a federal soldier . Army troops were ordered not to load their weapons except under the direct order of an officer . The Cyrus Vance report made afterward criticized the actions of the National Guardsmen , who shot and killed eleven civilians . Tanks and machine guns were used in the effort to keep the peace . Film footage and photos that were viewed internationally showed a city on fire , with tanks and combat troops in firefights in the streets . The Michigan Civil Rights Commission intervened in the riot to try to protect the rights of arrestees . The arrival of the CRC was `` not well received '' by the police saying the observers were interfering with police work . The Detroit Police Officers Association protested to Romney , `` We resent the Civil Rights Commission looking over our shoulders , just waiting for some officer to stub his toe . '' At one precinct , a white officers `` bitterly abused '' a black CRC observer , saying that `` all people of his kind should be killed . '' By Thursday , July 27 , sufficient order had returned to the city that officers withdrew ammunition from the National Guardsmen stationed in the riot area and ordered them to sheath their bayonets . Troop withdrawal began on Friday , July 28 , the day of the last major fire in the riot . The Army troops were completely withdrawn by Saturday , July 29 . The Detroit riot was a catalyst to violence elsewhere as the riot spread from the city into adjoining suburbs and to other areas of Michigan . Minimal rioting was reported in Highland Park and River Rouge , a heavier police presence was required after a bomb threat was phoned in to an E.J. Korvette store in Southgate and very minimal violence was reported in Hamtramck . The state deployed National Guardsmen or state police to other Michigan cities as simultaneous riots erupted in Pontiac , Flint , Saginaw , and Grand Rapids , as well as in Toledo and Lima , Ohio ; New York City and Rochester , New York ; Cambridge , Maryland ; Englewood , New Jersey ; Houston , Texas ; and Tucson , Arizona . Disturbances were reported in more than two dozen cities . In Detroit , an estimated 10,000 people participated in the riots , with an estimated 100,000 gathering to watch . Thirty - six hours later , 43 were dead , 33 of whom were black and 10 white . More than 7,200 people were arrested , most of them black . Mayor Jerome Cavanagh lamented upon surveying the damage , `` Today we stand amidst the ashes of our hopes . We hoped against hope that what we had been doing was enough to prevent a riot . It was not enough . '' Damage ( edit ) Over the period of five days , the damage and human loss are calculated as follows : Deaths ( edit ) 43 people died : 33 were African American and 10 were white . 24 of the African American victims were shot by police officers and National Guardsmen ; 6 were shot by store owners or security guards ; 1 was killed after stepping on a downed power line ; and 2 were killed by asphyxiation from a building fire . The National Guardmen and Detroit Police had engaged in `` uncontrolled and unnecessary firing '' that endangered civilians and increased police chaos . Many times , the police were convinced of a snipers presence when police and Guardmen were the ones actually shooting . One young African American man , Albert Robinson was killed by a National Guardsmen responding with Detroit Police to an apartment building on the city 's west side . The Guardsmen brought Robinson , who was unarmed , out of the building then bayoneted and shot him . While Robinson yelled for help , a Guardsman reportly said , `` That feel good ? You dead yet ? '' Julius Lust , a unarmed white man , was shot by Detroit Police inside an auto parts yard . Lust claimed that he was securing the yard for his employer . Ernest Roquemore , an unarmed African American teenager and final death of the civil unrest , was killed by police on July 29 when caught in their crossfire directed towards someone else . The police shot three other individuals during the same firefight , with one victim needing his leg amputated . Among the whites that died were 1 Detroit police officer , 2 Detroit firefighters , and 1 Michigan Army National Guardsman . The police officer was shot by another officer while struggling with a group of looters ; one firefighter died after stepping on a downed power line while attempting to extinguish a fire started by looters ; the second firefighter was shot while organizing fire units at Mack and St. Jean streets ; and the guardsman was shot in crossfire between the National Guard and looters . Of the white civilians killed , one was shot as she and her husband fled a group of black men beating a white man ; 1 was shot by National Guardsmen ; 1 was shot while in her hotel room by a civilian sniper ; and 1 was beaten to death by a black man after confronting looters in his store . Death of Tanya Blanding ( edit ) Whether because of her age or the tragedy of the circumstances surrounding her death , the Tanya Blanding incident symbolizes the pathos a riot inflicts on those who are its hapless victims . Four year old Tanya Blanding was huddled in the living room of a second floor apartment , a few steps from the intersection of 12th and Euclid , in the heart of the original riot area ( precinct 10 ) . Sporadic sniper fire had been reported in the immediate area earlier in the evening and on the previous night . Guardsmen reported one of their units under fire at the intersection and believed they had pinpointed it as coming from the apartment in which Tanya and her family lived . Precisely what occurred next is unclear ; apparently as a guard tank was being moved into position directly in front of the building , one of the occupants of the Blanding apartment lit a cigarette . Guardsmen opened fire with rifles and the tank 's . 50 caliber machine gun . At 1 : 20 a.m. Tanya Blanding was dead . Sgt . Mortimer J. LeBlanc , 41 , admitted firing the burst into the windows of the apartmeant where Tanya was found after another Guardsman told him that sniper fire had come from one of the apartment 's windows . Tanya 's mother , June , applied to the courts , for $100,000 in damages on grounds that Sgt . LeBlanc , who was exonerated , fired negligently into the apartments . Injuries ( edit ) 1,189 people were injured : 407 civilians , 289 suspects , 214 Detroit police officers , 134 Detroit firefighters , 55 Michigan National Guardsmen , 67 Michigan State Police officers , 15 Wayne County Sheriff deputies , and 8 federal soldiers . Arrests ( edit ) 7,231 people were arrested : 6,528 adults and 703 juveniles ; the youngest was 4 and the oldest was 82 . Half of those arrested had no criminal record : 251 whites and 678 black . Of those arrested , 64 % were accused of looting and 14 % were charged with curfew violations . Economic damage ( edit ) 2,509 stores were looted or burned , 388 families rendered homeless or displaced and 412 buildings burned or damaged enough to be demolished . Dollar losses from property damage ranged from $40 million to $45 million . Joe 's record shop ( edit ) Joe 's Record Shop on 8434 12th Street , owned by Joe Von Battle , was one of the businesses that was destroyed in the 1967 Detroit Rebellion . The business was founded in 1945 , on 3530 Hastings Street , where Battle sold records and recorded music with artists like John Lee Hooker , The Reverend C.L. Franklin and Aretha Franklin . He operated from the Hastings store until 1960 when the street was razed in order to build the Chrysler Freeway . Battle Along with other business owners on Hastings St. , moved to 12th Street , where his shop operated until the events of July 23 , 1967 . During the ' 67 riots , Battle stood guard in front of his shop with his gun and his `` Soul Brother '' sign . After the first day of rioting , police authorities no longer permitted business owners to guard their shops . Days later , Battle returned to his record shop with his daughter Marsha Battle Philpot and they were met with `` wet , fetid debris of what had been one of the most seminal record shops in Detroit . '' Joe 's Record Shop and much of the stock within -- including tapes and recordings of artists - were ruined . Ultimately , Battle 's store was unable to reopen due to the damaged caused by the 1967 riot . Social conditions ( edit ) Suburban homeowners in Detroit installed this sign in 1942 . The legacy of housing segregation continued long afterwards , and most whites resisted fair housing measures in the years before the riot . Many Americans regarded Detroit as a leader in race relations during the early 1960s . The election of Mayor Jerome Cavanagh in 1961 brought reform to the police department , led by new Detroit Police Commissioner George Edwards . Organized labor , led by UAW President Walter Reuther , planned major redevelopment for inner - city slums . The New York Times editorialized that Detroit had `` more going for it than any other major city in the North . '' In the early 20th century , when blacks moved to Detroit in the Great Migration , the city had a rapidly increasing population and not enough housing . Blacks encountered strong discrimination in housing and jobs -- they competed for lower scale work with rural white southern migrants as well as immigrants from southern and eastern Europe . Some of the patterns of racial and ethnic segregation ( based in part on the differing religions of the Americans and Europeans ) , persisted after other social discrimination had eased by the mid-20th century . White mobs enforced the segregation of housing up through the 1960s : upon learning that a new homebuyer was black , whites would congregate outside the home picketing , often breaking windows , committing arson , and attacking their new neighbors . In 1956 , mayor Orville Hubbard of Dearborn , part of Metro Detroit , boasted to the Montgomery Advertiser that `` Negroes ca n't get in here ... These people are so anti-colored , much more than you in Alabama . '' By the 1960s , many blacks had advanced into better union and professional jobs . The city had a large and prosperous black middle class ; higher - than - normal wages for unskilled black workers due to the success of the auto industry ; two black congressmen ( half of the black Congressmen at the time ) ; three black judges ; two black members on the Detroit Board of Education ; a housing commission that was forty percent black ; and twelve blacks representing Detroit in the Michigan legislature . Nicholas Hood , the sole black member of the nine - member Detroit Common Council , praised the Cavanagh administration for its willingness to listen to concerns of the inner city . Weeks prior to the riot , Mayor Cavanagh had said that residents did not `` need to throw a brick to communicate with City Hall . '' Detroit had acquired millions in federal funds through President Johnson 's Great Society programs and invested them almost exclusively in the inner city , where poverty and social problems were concentrated . The Washington Post claimed Detroit 's inner - city schools were undergoing `` the country 's leading and most forceful reforms in education . '' Housing conditions were not viewed as worse than those of other Northern cities . In 1965 , the American Institute of Architects gave Detroit an award for urban redevelopment . The city had mature black neighborhoods such as Conant Gardens . In the early 20th century , waves of new immigrants and migrants had generally settled in areas founded on an ethnic base . As Paul Wrobel writes in Our Way : Family , Parish , and Neighborhood in a Polish - American Community , ethnic communities in Detroit like Poletown , Chaldeantown , Corktown , Mexicantown , and Greektown are ubiquitous . In May 1967 , the federal administration ranked housing for blacks in Detroit above that of Philadelphia , New York City , Chicago , and Cleveland . There were still signs of black disaffection however ; In 1964 , Rosa Parks , who 'd moved to Detroit in the late fifties , told an interviewer that , `` I do n't feel a great deal of difference here ( from Alabama ) ... Housing segregation is just as bad , and it seems more noticeable in the larger cities . '' The Department of Justice 's Office of Law Enforcement Assistance designated Detroit as the `` model for police - community relations '' . Fortune , Newsweek , Christian Science Monitor , Look , Harper 's , U.S. News and World Report , and The Wall Street Journal all published positive articles on the city ; Mayor Cavanagh was so highly regarded nationally that he was elected to head the Conference of Mayors and the National League of Cities . He had been re-elected in 1965 with 69 % of the votes . Although Cavanagh alienated many when he ran a failed attempt to earn the Democratic nomination to the U.S. Senate in 1966 , the city was proud of defusing a possible riot situation on Kercheval Street in 1966 . Officials believed that police were capable of handling potential riot situations . According to Violence in the Model City by University of Michigan 's Sidney Fine , many African - American residents were dissatisfied with social conditions in Detroit before July 23 , 1967 , and believed that progress was too slow . After the riot , the Kerner Commission reported that their survey of blacks in Detroit found that none were `` happy '' about conditions in the city prior to the event . The areas of discrimination identified by Fine were : policing , housing , employment , spatial segregation within the city , mistreatment by merchants , shortage of recreational facilities , poor quality of public education , access to medical services , and `` the way the war on poverty operated in Detroit . '' Policing ( edit ) The Detroit Police Department was administered directly by the Mayor . Prior to the riot , Mayor Cavanagh 's appointees , George Edwards and Ray Girardin , worked for reform . Edwards tried to recruit and promote blacks , but he refused to establish a civilian police review board , as African Americans had requested . In trying to discipline police officers accused of brutality , he turned the police department 's rank - and - file against him . Many whites perceived his policies as `` too soft on crime . '' The Community Relations Division of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission undertook a study in 1965 of the police , published in 1968 . It claimed the `` police system '' was at fault for racism . The police system was blamed for recruiting `` bigots '' and reinforcing bigotry through the department 's `` value system . '' A survey conducted by President Johnson 's Kerner Commission found that prior to the riot , 45 percent of police working in black neighborhoods were `` extremely anti-Negro '' and an additional 34 percent were `` prejudiced . '' In 1967 , 93 % of the force was still white , although 30 % of the city residents were African American . Incidents of police brutality made African Americans feel at risk . They resented many police officers who they felt talked down to them , addressing men as `` boys '' and women as `` honey '' and `` baby . '' Police made street searches of groups of young men , and single women complained of being called prostitutes for simply walking on the street . The police frequently arrested people who did not have proper identification . The local press reported several questionable shootings and beatings of blacks by officers in the years before 1967 . After the riot , a Detroit Free Press survey showed that residents reported police brutality as the number one problem they faced in the period leading up to the riot . African Americans complained that the police did not respond to their calls as quickly as to those of white citizens . They believed that the police profited from vice and other crime in black neighborhoods , and press accusations of corruption and connections to organized crime weakened their trust in the police . According to Sidney Fine , `` the biggest complaint about vice in the ghetto was prostitution . '' The black community leadership thought the police did not do enough to curb white johns from exploiting local women . In the weeks leading up to the riot , police had started to work to curb prostitution along Twelfth Street . On July 1 , a prostitute was killed , and rumors spread that the police had shot her . The police said that she was murdered by local pimps . Detroit police used Big 4 or Tac Squads , each made up of four police officers , to patrol Detroit neighborhoods , and such squads were used to combat soliciting . African - American residents felt police raids of after - hours drinking clubs were racially biased actions . Since the 1920s , such clubs had become important parts of Detroit 's social life for African Americans ; although they started with Prohibition , they continued because of discrimination against African Americans in service at many Detroit bars , restaurants , and entertainment venues . Employment ( edit ) In the postwar period , the city had lost nearly 150,000 jobs to the suburbs . Factors were a combination of changes in technology , increased automation , consolidation of the auto industry , taxation policies , the need for different kinds of manufacturing space , and the construction of the highway system that eased transportation . Major companies like Packard , Hudson , and Studebaker , as well as hundreds of smaller companies , went out of business . In the 1950s , the unemployment rate hovered near 10 percent . Between 1946 and 1956 , GM spent $3.4 billion on new plants , Ford $2.5 billion , and Chrysler $700 million , opening a total of 25 auto plants , all in Detroit 's suburbs . As a result , workers , who could do so , left Detroit for jobs in the suburbs . Other middle - class residents left the city for newer housing , in a pattern repeated nationwide . In the 1960s , the city lost about 10,000 residents per year to the suburbs . Detroit 's population fell by 179,000 between 1950 and 1960 , and by another 156,000 residents by 1970 , which affected all its retail businesses and city services . By the time of the riot , unemployment among black men was more than double that among white men in Detroit . In the 1950s , 15.9 percent of blacks were unemployed , but only 6 percent of whites were unemployed . This was partially due to the union seniority system of the factories . Except for Ford , which hired a significant number of blacks for their factories , the other automakers did not hire blacks until World War II resulted in a labor shortage . With lower seniority , blacks were the first to be laid off in job cutbacks after the war . Moreover , African Americans were `` ghettoized '' into the `` most arduous , dangerous and unhealthy jobs . '' When the auto industry boomed again in the early 1960s , only Chrysler and the Cadillac Division of General Motors assembled vehicles in the city of Detroit . The blacks they hired got `` the worst and most dangerous jobs : the foundry and the body shop . '' A prosperous , black - educated class had developed in traditional professions such as social work , ministry , medicine , and nursing . Many other blacks working outside manufacturing were relegated to service industries as waiters , porters , or janitors . Many African - American women were limited to work in domestic service . Certain business sectors were known to discriminate against hiring blacks , even at entry - level positions . It took picketing by Arthur Johnson and the Detroit chapter of the NAACP before First Federal Bank hired their first black tellers and clerks . Housing and neighborhoods ( edit ) Black Bottom , a center of the black community , was replaced by Lafayette Park . Its loss resulted in racial tensions , due to the dislocation of community networks as well as loss of housing . Detroit had high home - ownership rates , but affordable housing was an issue . Several urban renewal projects after World War II , intended to improve housing , dramatically changed neighborhood boundaries and ethnic composition . Detroit undertook a series of urban renewal projects that especially affected blacks , who occupied some of the oldest housing . Black Bottom and Paradise Valley were on Detroit 's near lower east side , south of Gratiot . By discrimination , including then lawful deed restrictions , or by choice , from 1910 through the 1950s , these were the first places where many blacks new to Detroit settled , as they did not have the money for newer housing . The city began planning for the massive Gratiot Redevelopment Project as early as 1946 . It was planned eventually to cover a 129 - acre ( 52 ha ) site on the lower east side that included Hastings Street -- the epicenter of Paradise Valley . Detroit was considered a world leader in urban renewal . The city 's goals were to : `` arrest the exodus of business from the central city , to convert slum property to better housing , and to enlarge the city 's tax base . '' Bolstered by successive federal legislation , including the 1941 , 1949 , 1950 , 1954 versions of the Housing Act and its amendments through the 1960s , the city acquired funds to develop the Detroit Medical Center complex , Lafayette Park , Central Business District Project One , and the Chrysler Freeway , by appropriating land and `` clearing slums . '' Money was included for replacement housing in the legislation , but the goal of urban renewal was to physically reshape the city ; its social effects on neighborhoods was not well understood . As older neighborhoods were demolished , blacks and people of every color from Detroit 's skid row , moved to areas north of Black Bottom along Grand Boulevard , but especially to the west side of Woodward , along Grand Boulevard and ultimately the 12th Street neighborhood . As Ze'ev Chafets wrote in Devil 's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit ( 1990s ) , in the 1950s the area around 12th Street rapidly changed from a community of ethnic Jews to a predominantly black community , an example of white flight . Jewish residents had moved to the suburbs for newer housing but they often retained business or property interests in their old community . Thus , many of the blacks who moved to the 12th Street area rented from absentee landlords and shopped in businesses run by suburbanites . Crime rates rose in the 12th Street area . By 1967 , the neighborhood around 12th Street had a population density that was twice the city average . After the riot , respondents to a Detroit Free Press poll listed poor housing as the second most important issue leading up to the riot , behind police brutality . Education ( edit ) Northern High School on Woodward Avenue was 98 % black in 1966 and the setting of a black - student walkout . Detroit Public Schools suffered from underfunding and racial discrimination before the riots . Underfunding was a function of a decreasing tax base as the population shrank while the numbers of students rose . From 1962 to 1966 , enrollment grew from 283,811 to 294,653 , but the loss of tax base made less funding available . At the same time , middle - class families were leaving the district , and the number of low - scoring and economically disadvantaged students , mostly black , were increasing . In 1966 - 67 , the funding per pupil in Detroit was $193 compared to $225 per pupil in the suburbs . Exacerbating this inequity were the challenges in educating disadvantaged students . The Detroit Board of Education estimated it cost twice as much to educate a `` ghetto child properly as to educate a suburban child . '' According to Michigan law in 1967 , class sizes could not exceed thirty - five students , but in inner city schools they did , sometimes swelling to forty students per teacher . To have the same teacher / student ratio as the rest of the state , Detroit would have to hire 1,650 more teachers for the 1966 - 67 school year . In 1959 , the Detroit School Board passed a bylaw banning discrimination in all school operations and activities . From 1962 to 1966 , black organizations continued to work to improve the quality of education of black students . Issues included class size , school boundaries , and how white teachers treated black students . The Citizens Advisory Committee on Equal Educational Opportunities reported a pattern of discrimination in the assignment of teachers and principals in Detroit schools . It also found `` grave discrimination '' in employment , and in training opportunities in apprenticeship programs . It was dissatisfied with the rate of desegregation in attendance boundaries . The school board accepted the recommendations made by the committee , but faced increasing community pressure . The NAACP demanded affirmative action hiring of school personnel and increased desegregation through an `` open schools '' policy . Foreshadowing the break between black civil rights groups and black nationalists after the riot , a community group led by Rev. Albert Cleage , Group of Advanced Leadership ( GOAL ) , emphasized changes in textbooks and classroom curriculum as opposed to integration . Cleage wanted black teachers to teach black students in black studies , as opposed to integrated classrooms where all students were held to the same academic standards . In April and May 1966 , a student protest at Detroit Northern High School made headlines throughout the city . Northern was 98 % Black and had substandard academic testing scores . A student newspaper article , censored by the administration , claimed teachers and the principal `` taught down '' to blacks and used social promotion to graduate kids without educating them . Students walked out and set up a temporary `` Freedom School '' in a neighborhood church , which was staffed by many volunteer Wayne State University faculty . By May sympathy strikes were planned at Eastern , and Rev. Albert Cleage had taken up the cause . When the school board voted to remove the principal and vice principal , as well as the single police officer assigned to Northern , whites regarded the board 's actions as capitulation to `` threats '' and were outraged the `` students were running the school '' . City residents voted against a school - tax increase . Under the Cavanagh administration , the school board created a Community Relations Division at the deputy superintendent level . Arthur L. Johns , the former head of the Detroit chapter of the NAACP , was hired in 1966 to advance community involvement in schools , and improve `` intergroup relations and affirmative action . '' Black dominated schools in the city continued to be overcrowded as well as underfunded . Retail stores and services ( edit ) Customer surveys published by the Detroit Free Press indicated that blacks were disproportionately unhappy with the way store owners treated them compared to whites . In stores serving black neighborhoods , owners engaged in `` sharp and unethical credit practices '' and were `` discourteous if not abusive to their customers . '' The NAACP , Trade Union Leadership Council ( TULC ) , and Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) all took up this issue with the Cavanagh administration before the riot . In 1968 , the Archdiocese of Detroit published one of the largest shopper surveys in American history . It found that the inner - city shopper paid 20 % more for food and groceries than the suburbanite . Some of the differences were due to economies of scale in larger suburban stores , as well as ease in transportation and delivery of goods . Shortly after the Detroit riot , Mayor Jerome Cavanagh lashed out at the `` profiteering '' of merchants and asked the city council to pass an anti-gouging ordinance . Aftermath ( edit ) Grand River Avenue was the western perimeter of looting and arson in 1967 , forty years later it is home to one of Detroit 's three casino hotels , the Motor City Casino . Blacks and whites in Detroit viewed the events of July 1967 in very different ways . Part of the process of comprehending the damage was to survey the attitudes and beliefs of people in Detroit . Sidney Fine 's chapter , `` The Polarized Community , '' cites many of the academic and Detroit Free Press financed public opinion surveys conducted in the wake of the riot . Although Black Nationalism was thought to have been given a boost by the civil strife , as membership in Albert Cleage 's church grew substantially and the New Detroit committee sought to include black leadership like Norvell Harrington and Frank Ditto , it was whites who were much more likely to support separation . One percent of Detroit blacks favored `` total separation '' between the races in 1968 , whereas 17 percent of Detroit whites did . African - Americans supported `` integration '' by 88 percent , while only 24 percent of whites supported integration . Residents of the 12th Street area differed significantly from African - Americans in the rest of the city however . For example , 22 percent of 12th Street blacks thought they should `` get along without whites entirely '' . Nevertheless , the Detroit Free Press survey of black Detroiters in 1968 showed that the highest approval rating for people was given to conventional politicians like Charles Diggs ( 27 percent ) and John Conyers ( 22 percent ) compared to Albert Cleage ( 4 percent ) . One of the criticisms of the New Detroit committee , an organization founded by Henry Ford II , J.L. Hudson , and Max Fisher while the embers were still cooling , was that it gave credibility to radical black organizations in a misguided attempt to listen to the concerns of the `` inner - city Negro '' and `` the rioters . '' Moderate black leaders , such as Arthur L. Johnson were weakened and intimidated by the new credibility the riot gave to black radicals , some of whom favored `` a black republic carved out of five southern states '' and supported `` breaking into gun shops to seize weapons . '' The Kerner Commission deputy director of field operations in Detroit reported that the most militant organizers in the 12th Street area did not consider it immoral to kill whites . Adding to the criticism of the New Detroit committee in both the moderate black and white communities was the belief that the wealthy , white industrial leadership were giving voice and money to radical black groups as a sort of `` riot insurance . '' The fear that `` the next riot '' would not be localized to inner city African - American neighborhoods but would include the white suburbs was common in the black middle class and white communities . White groups like `` Breakthrough '' started by city employee Donald Lobsinger , a Parks and Recreation Department employee , wanted to arm whites and keep them in the city because if Detroit `` became black '' there would be `` guerrilla warfare in the suburbs '' . Detroit Councilman Mel Ravitz said the riot divided not only the races - since it `` deepened the fears of many whites and raised the militancy of many blacks '' - but it opened up wide cleavages in the black and white communities as well . Moderate liberals of each race were faced with new political groups that voiced extremist solutions and fueled fears about future violence . Compared to the rosy newspaper stories before July 1967 , the London Free Press reported in 1968 that Detroit was a `` sick city where fear , rumor , race prejudice and gun - buying have stretched black and white nerves to the verge of snapping . '' Yet ultimately , if the riot is interpreted as a rebellion , or a way for black grievances to be heard and addressed , it was partly successful . The black community in Detroit received much more attention from federal and state governments after 1967 , and although the New Detroit committee ultimately shed its black membership and transformed into the mainstream Detroit Renaissance group , money did flow into black - owned enterprises after the riot . However , the most significant black politician to take power in the shift from a white majority city to a black majority city , Coleman Young , Detroit 's first black mayor , wrote in 1994 : The heaviest casualty , however , was the city . Detroit 's losses went a hell of a lot deeper than the immediate toll of lives and buildings . The riot put Detroit on the fast track to economic desolation , mugging the city and making off with incalculable value in jobs , earnings taxes , corporate taxes , retail dollars , sales taxes , mortgages , interest , property taxes , development dollars , investment dollars , tourism dollars , and plain damn money . The money was carried out in the pockets of the businesses and the white people who fled as fast as they could . The white exodus from Detroit had been prodigiously steady prior to the riot , totaling twenty - two thousand in 1966 , but afterwards it was frantic . In 1967 , with less than half the year remaining after the summer explosion -- the outward population migration reached sixty - seven thousand . In 1968 the figure hit eighty - thousand , followed by forty - six thousand in 1969 . According to economist Thomas Sowell Before the ghetto riot of 1967 , Detroit 's black population had the highest rate of home - ownership of any black urban population in the country , and their unemployment rate was just 3.4 percent . It was not despair that fueled the riot . It was the riot which marked the beginning of the decline of Detroit to its current state of despair . Detroit 's population today is only half of what it once was , and its most productive people have been the ones who fled . Nationally , the riot confirmed for the military and the Johnson administration that military occupation of American cities would be necessary . In particular , the riot confirmed the role of the Army Operations Center as the agent to anticipate and combat domestic guerrilla warfare . Minority hiring ( edit ) State and local governments responded to the riot with a dramatic increase in minority hiring . On August 18 , 1967 , the State Police department swore in the first black trooper in the fifty - year history of the organization . In May 1968 , Detroit Mayor Cavanaugh appointed a Special Task Force on Police Recruitment and Hiring . Thirty five percent of the police hired by Detroit in 1968 were black , and by July 1972 , blacks made up 14 percent of the Detroit police , more than double their percentage in 1967 . The Michigan government used its reviews of contracts issued by the state to secure an increase in nonwhite employment . Minority group employment by the contracted companies increased by 21.1 percent . In the aftermath of the turmoil , the Greater Detroit Board of Commerce launched a campaign to find jobs for ten thousand `` previously unemployable '' persons , a preponderant number of whom were black . By Oct 12 , 1967 , Detroit firms had reportedly hired about five thousand African - Americans since the beginning of the jobs campaign . According to Professor Sidney Fine , `` that figure may be an underestimate . '' In a Detroit Free Press survey of residents of the riot areas in the late summer of 1968 , 39 percent of the respondents thought that employers had become `` more fair '' since the riot as compared to 14 percent who thought they had become `` less fair . '' After the riot , in one of the biggest changes , automakers and retailers lowered the entry - level job requirements . A Michigan Bell employment supervisor commented in 1968 that `` for years businesses tried to screen people out . Now we are trying to find reasons to screen them in . '' Housing laws ( edit ) Prior to the disorder , Detroit enacted no ordinances to end housing segregation , and few had been enacted in the state of Michigan at all . Some liberal politicians had worked for fair housing over the years , but white conservative resistance to it was organized and powerful . The reactionary movement began to wither after the insurrection . Sidney Fine noted that : The Detroit riot of 1967 and the racial disturbances it triggered elsewhere in the state , including Flint and Pontiac , swelled the number of Michigan Cities with fair housing ordinances to fifteen by November 1967 , the largest number in any state at that time , and to thirty - five by October 1968 , including some of the Detroit suburbs that had previously been almost entirely white . Governor Romney immediately responded to the turmoil with a special session of the Michigan legislature , where he forwarded sweeping housing proposals that included not only fair housing , but `` important relocation , tenants ' rights and code enforcement legislation . '' Romney had supported such proposals before in 1964 and 1965 , but abandoned them in the face of organized opposition . In the aftermath of the insurrection , the proposals again faced resistance from organized white homeowners and the governor 's own Republican party , which once again voted down the legislation in the House . This time , however , Romney did not relent and once again proposed the housing laws at the regular 1968 session of the legislature . The governor publicly warned that if the housing measures were not passed , `` it will accelerate the recruitment of revolutionary insurrectionists . '' He urged `` meaningful fair housing legislation '' as `` the single most important step the legislature can take to avert disorder in our cities . '' This time the laws passed both houses of the legislature . The Michigan Historical Review wrote that : The Michigan Fair Housing Act , which took effect on Nov 15 , 1968 , was stronger than the federal fair housing law ... and than just about all the existing state fair housing acts . It is probably more than a coincidence that the state that had experienced the most severe racial disorder of the 1960s also adopted one of the strongest state fair housing acts . Public opinion ( edit ) A poll conducted by EPIC - MRA , a survey research firm , in July 2016 focused on the evolution of black -- white relations since the riots . The poll surveyed 600 residents of Macomb , Oakland , and Wayne counties . The poll took place from July 14 -- 19th , a time period the Detroit Free Press noted was `` during the ongoing national furor over police shooting of African - American civilians , and retaliatory attacks on officers in Dallas and Baton Rouge . '' § The respondents of the Detroit poll were more optimistic about race relations compared to the national averages . A national Washington Post / ABC News poll found that only 32 % of the people they polled believed race relations were good , as opposed to the 56 % and 47 % of the white and black Detroiters surveyed , respectively . This was unsurprising to Reynold Farley , a retired University of Michigan sociology professor and expert on Detroit racial demographics , `` I think it 's easier for people in the Detroit area to have some familiarity with race relations than people in a state like Maine , where there 's virtually no black population at all and the information comes from seeing violent incidents on television , '' he explained . In the following question , Farley 's claim was validated as the stark contrast in national vs. Detroiter perception of what the future would be like was apparent . As just 10 % of those polled by the Washington Post / ABC News believed that race relations are getting better , whereas 33 % of white and 22 % of black Detroiters thought they had improved over the past 10 years and 50 % of white and 41 % of blacks believed they would improve over the next five . Although these responses were encouraging signs of a diminishing racial gap in Detroit , and a heightened attunement to race relations in the city compared to the rest of the nation , other questions concerning Detroiters ' perception of the riots and how the improvement of race relations are actualized in their everyday life show there is still much mending to be done . When asked which word they would use to describe the 1967 riots : riot , rebellion or uprising , the white response was 61 % , 12 % , 12 % and blacks , 34 % , 27 % , 24 % , respectively . The majority of respondents did agree , however , that since the riots they believed there had been significant progress made vs little / no progress at all . Unfortunately , many black Detroiters still feel as if they are facing the type of discrimination that led to the riots in the first place . The polled black Detroiters reporting that in the past 12 months 28 % felt they had been unfairly treated in hiring , pay , or promotion , double the rate of their white counterparts . 73 % also believed that they were treated less fairly than whites when attempting to find a `` good job . '' Stop the Robberies , Enjoy Safe Streets ( STRESS ) ( edit ) Two years after the end of the 1967 riots , Wayne Count Sheriff Roman A. Gribbs won on a law - and - order campaign platform , a code word among many white Detroiters for controlling black unrest in the city . Gribbs , a white moderate who supported integration , was seems by many white Detroiters as their last `` white hope '' in a city with a growing black population . After beating Detroit 's first black mayoral candidate , Richard Austin , in 1969 , Gribbs created the Stop the Robberies , Enjoy Safe Streets ( STRESS ) , a secret and elite police unit . STRESS used a tactic called `` decoy operation , '' where a police officer tried to entrap potential criminals in an undercover sting . From its inception , STRESS all but ignored white criminals , instead focusing their operations on black communities . STRESS increased confrontations between the black community and police . For example , during its first year of operation the Detroit Police Department had the `` highest number of civilian killings per capita of any American police department . '' The unit was accused of conducting 500 raids without the use of search warrants and killing 20 people within 30 months . Community groups did not take long to start to responding to STRESS 's activities . On September 23 , 1971 , the State of Emergency Committee was formed to protest the killings , and thousands of people marched to demand the abolition of STRESS . Was it a `` rebellion '' ( edit ) Forty years later , the event remained a source of reflection for the community . The Detroit newspapers covered the 40th anniversary of the uprising in 2007 . Coverage often labeled the event in terms of a `` riot '' ; however , the focus of the coverage opened the door to a transition of framing . Several articles referred to the event as a `` rebellion , '' and others specifically questioned the implications of thinking about the event in terms other than a riot . List of deaths ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) List of deceased Name Race Age Date Description of Death Jason Jones Black 15 July 23 , 1967 Was sitting under a tree when a gang of white males were running from the police and exchanging fire ; he was hit in the chest . Willie Hunter Black 26 July 23 , 1967 Found in the basement of Brown 's Drug Store ; believed to have died when the store burned down . Prince Williams Black 32 July 23 , 1967 Also found asphyxiated in the basement of Brown 's Drug Store . Sheren George White 23 July 24 , 1967 Shot while in the car driven by her husband ( Ross ) as they tried to flee from a group of black men beating a white man . Clifton Pryor White 23 July 24 , 1967 Mistaken for a sniper while trying to keep sparks from a neighboring fire off the roof of his apartment building ; shot by a National Guardsman . Herman Ector Black 30 July 24 , 1967 Shot by a security guard while attempting to intervene between the guard and a group of rioters . Fred Williams Black 49 July 24 , 1967 Electrocuted when he stepped on a downed power line . Daniel Jennings Black 36 July 24 , 1967 Broke into Stanley 's Patent Medicine and Package Store ; shot by the owner Stanley Meszezenski . Robert Beal Black 49 July 24 , 1967 Shot by a Detroit police officer at a burned - out auto parts store . Joseph Chandler Black 34 July 24 , 1967 Shot in the back by Detroit police while engaged in looting at the Food Time Market . Herman Canty Black 46 July 24 , 1967 Observed loading merchandise from the rear door of the Bi-Lo Supermarket . Police fired several rounds at the truck until it stopped , and they found Canty dead inside . Alfred Peachlum Black 35 July 24 , 1967 As A&P supermarket was being looted , Peachlum was inside with a shiny object in his hand . Police opened fire . The object turned out to be a piece of meat wrapped in shiny paper . Alphonso Smith Black 35 July 24 , 1967 The police version was that Smith and four other men were cornered while looting the Standard Food Market . Other sources state that an officer fired through a window . Nathaniel Edmonds Black 23 July 24 , 1967 Richard Shugar , a 24 - year - old white male , accused Edmonds of breaking into a store , and shot him in the chest with a shotgun . Shugar was convicted of second - degree murder . Charles Kemp Black 35 July 24 , 1967 Took five packs of cigars and was observed removing a cash register from Borgi 's Market . He ran , police officers gave chase , and fired at him . Richard Sims Black 35 July 24 , 1967 Shot after he attempted to break into the Hobby Bar . John Leroy Black 30 July 24 , 1967 A passenger in a vehicle upon which National Guard and police opened fire . Police stated that the vehicle was trying to break through a roadblock . Julius Dorsey Black 55 July 25 , 1967 Worked as a security guard ; shot by a National Guardsman who was pursuing suspected looters . Carl Smith White 30 July 25 , 1967 A firefighter ; shot by a black male while attempting to organize firefighter units to fight several fires at Mack and St. Jean . Emanuel Cosby Black 26 July 25 , 1967 Broke into N&T Market ; police arrived just as he was making his escape . Cosby ran and was shot while running away with his loot . Henry Denson Black 27 July 25 , 1967 Passenger in a car with two other black males ; they encountered a roadblock erected by National Guardsmen ; guardsmen shot at vehicle for trying to break the roadblock . Jerome Olshove White 27 July 25 , 1967 The only policeman killed in the riot . Olshove was shot in a scuffle with looters outside an A&P supermarket . William Jones Black 28 July 25 , 1967 Broke into a liquor store , was caught and attempted escape . Police ordered him to halt , but he continued to run and they shot him . Ronald Evans Black 24 July 25 , 1967 Shot with William Jones in liquor store looting . Frank Tanner Black 19 July 25 , 1967 Broke into a store with his friends and was shot while trying to escape a National Guardsman . Arthur Johnson Black 36 July 25 , 1967 Shot inside looted pawn shop . Perry Williams Black 36 July 25 , 1967 Shot with Johnson inside pawn shop . Jack Sydnor Black 38 July 25 , 1967 Fired shots out of the window of his third - floor apartment . Shot police officer Roger Poike when the police arrived to investigate . Was killed by police . Tanya Blanding Black July 26 , 1967 Died as a result of gunfire from a National Guard tank stationed in front of her house . Guardsmen stated that they were responding to sniper fire from the second floor . William N Dalton Black 19 July 26 , 1967 Police report stated that he was an arsonist and was attempting to flee from the police . Helen Hall White 51 July 26 , 1967 Hall , a native of Illinois , was visiting Detroit on business . She was shot by a sniper while staying at the Harlan House Motel . Larry Post White 26 July 26 , 1967 Post was a Corporal in the National Guard . After an exchange of gunfire between National Guardsmen and a car containing three men , Post was found with a gunshot wound to the stomach . Aubrey Pollard Black 19 July 26 , 1967 Killed by Detroit Police Officer Ronald August after a group of policemen and National Guardsmen stormed the Algiers Motel in search of snipers . Carl Cooper Black 17 July 26 , 1967 Killed by unknown person at the Algiers Motel . Fred Temple Black 18 July 26 , 1967 Killed by Detroit Police Officer Robert Paille in the Algiers Motel . George Tolbert Black 20 July 26 , 1967 Killed as he ran past a National Guard checkpoint at Dunedin and LaSalle Streets , when a bullet fired by a Guardsman hit him . Albert Robinson Black 38 July 26 , 1967 The police report stated the guardsmen came under fire from snipers and returned fire . At the end of the exchange , Robinson was dead . Krikor `` George '' Messerlian White 68 July 27 , 1967 A 68 - year - old Armenian immigrant business owner ; beaten to death by Darryl McCurtis , a 20 - year - old black male , after Messerlian confronted black looters . Roy Banks Black 46 July 27 , 1967 Banks was a deaf - mute walking to a bus stop to go to work ; he was shot by Guardsmen who mistook him for an escaping looter . Ernest Roquemore Black 19 July 28 , 1967 Shot by an Army paratrooper and declared dead on arrival at Detroit General Hospital . The soldier had been aiming at another youth who was unharmed . John Ashby White 26 August 4 , 1967 A Detroit firefighter ; electrocuted by a high - tension wire that had fallen while he was trying to put out a fire started by rioters . In popular Culture ( edit ) Several songs directly refer to the riot . The most prominent was `` Black Day in July '' , written and sung by Canadian singer - songwriter Gordon Lightfoot for his 1968 album Did She Mention My Name ? . Others include the 1967 song `` The Motor City Is Burning '' by John Lee Hooker , which was also recorded by the MC5 on their 1969 album Kick Out the Jams ; `` Panic in Detroit '' , from David Bowie 's 1973 album Aladdin Sane ; The Temptations ' 1970 single `` Ball of Confusion ( That 's What The World Is Today ) '' ; Marvin Gaye 's `` What 's Happening Brother '' from his 1971 album What 's Going On ; and the title track from Detroit producer and DJ Moodymann 's 2008 EP Det. riot ' 67 , which sampled audio recordings from news reels talking about the riot . Middlesex , a novel by Jeffrey Eugenides has a detailed retelling of , and makes some social commentary on the riot . Joyce Carol Oates 's 1969 , National Book Award - winning novel , them , concludes with the Detroit riot . John Hersey 's book The Algiers Motel Incident is a true crime account of an incident which occurred during the riots , and the film Detroit was a dramatization based on that incident . The riot was also depicted in the films Across the Universe and Dreamgirls . The December 7 , 2010 , episode of Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 on ABC aired archive footage and photos of Detroit during the 1967 riots . The episode 's primary storyline depicted a 2010 discovery of a black male body and a white female body in a fallout shelter constructed under a building burned down during the riots . In reality , there were two people , listed above , who lost their lives in a basement of a building that was burned down . A film adaption from Annapurna Pictures and First Light Production , with Kathryn Bigelow directing and co-producing the feature , from a script by Mark Boal , was released on August 4 , 2017 . Survivors of the Algiers Motel participated in the production . An episode of Star Trek : The Original Series , `` Let That Be Your Last Battlefield '' , used footage of burning buildings from the 1967 Detroit riot to dramatize a planetary war between two humanoid - looking factions . One was colored black on the left side and white on the right , and the other the opposite . These alien races were represented by guest stars Frank Gorshin and Lou Antonio . Judy Blume 's 1970 novel Iggie 's House , which dealt with issues of racial hatred arising from an African - American family 's moving into a predominantly white neighborhood , also referenced the riot . The book 's protagonist , Winnie , unintentionally gets off to a bad start with her new neighbors , the Garbers ( who have just moved from Detroit ) , by asking the family 's three children if they participated in any of the looting . Art influenced by the riots ( edit ) Fine Art ( edit ) Many artworks were created in response to the 1967 events . Many of have included in the `` Art of Rebellion : Black Art of The Civil Rights Movement '' exhibition ( 2017 ) curated by Valerie J. Mercer . Black Attack ( 1967 ) was painted by Detroit abstract artist Allie McGhee immediately following the event . The work includes `` broad strokes of color that appear spontaneous , give form to the artists memories of strength and resolve of black people facing intense opposition to change . '' In 2017 , Detroit based artist Rita Dickerson created 1967 : Death in the Algiers Motel and Beyond . In the work Dickerson `` depicts the Algiers Motel and portraits of three young Black men killed there by police . Below the portraits are the names of men and women who have died in recent years in encounters with police , underscoring the fact that police brutality continues to cost black people their lives . '' Literary Art ( edit ) Poet and playwright , Bill Harris , wrote about the condition of the Detroit Black Community - referred to him as DBC - after July 1967 in Detroit a young guide to the city . The book was edited by Sheldon Annis and published by Speedball Publications in 1970 . Performing Arts ( edit ) Two plays based on firsthand accounts were performed in 2017 . `` Detroit ' 67 '' presented recollections from five metro Detroiters at the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History by the Secret Society of Twisted Storytellers . `` AFTER / LIFE , '' performed at the Joseph Walker Williams Recreation Center , presented the events from the perspectives of women and girls . See also ( edit ) Metro Detroit portal 1960s portal Long hot summer of 1967 Detroit crime Decline of Detroit Kerner Commission List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States Other July 1967 riots ( edit ) 1967 Newark riots in New Jersey ( 12 - 17 July ) 1967 Plainfield riots in New Jersey ( 14 - 16 July ) Cambridge riot of 1967 in Maryland ( 24 July ) 1967 Milwaukee riot in Wisconsin Other riots in Detroit ( edit ) Detroit race riot of 1863 Detroit race riot of 1943 1968 Detroit riot following the assassination of Martin Luther King , Jr . Livernois -- Fenkell riot Other similar - scale race riots ( edit ) 1921 Tulsa race riot 1923 Rosewood massacre 1965 Watts Riot 1968 Washington , D.C. , riots 1968 Chicago riots 1968 Baltimore riots 1980 Miami riots 1992 Los Angeles riots 2011 England Riots References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Uprising of 1967 - Detroit Historical Society '' . detroithistorical.org . Jump up ^ Foner , E. ( 1988 ) . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 , The New American Nation series , p. 32 , New York : Harper & Row Jump up ^ Detroit 1967 : origins , impacts , legacies . Stone , Joel ( Joel Lagrou ) , , Sugrue , Thomas J. , 1962 - . Detroit , Michigan . ISBN 9780814343043 . OCLC 957745596 . Jump up ^ Meredith , Robyn ( 23 July 1997 ) . `` 5 Days in 1967 Still Shake Detroit '' . nytimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vance , Cyrus . `` Final Report of Cyrus R. Vance Concerning the Detroit Riots '' . lbjlib.utexas.edu . LBJ Library . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Chikota , Richard A. and Michael C. Moran . Riot in the Cities : An Analytical Symposium on the Causes and Effects . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1970 . 176 . Retrieved from Google News on February 22 , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 7443 - 7 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 7443 - 7 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Ted . Nothin ' but Blue Skies : The Heyday , Hard Times , and Hopes of America 's Industrial Heartland . New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2013 , P. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Economy - Printing - The Raid '' . Jump up ^ Herman , Max Arthur ( 2005 ) . Fighting in the Streets : Ethnic Succession and Urban Unrest in Twentieth - Century America , p. 76 . Peter Lang Publishing , Inc . Jump up ^ Scott , William Walter . Hurt , Baby , Hurt . Ann Arbor , Mich : New Ghetto Press , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` He started the Detroit riot . His son wrestles with the carnage '' . 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ McClelland , Ted . Nothin ' but Blue Skies : The Heyday , Hard Times , and Hopes of America 's Industrial Heartland . New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2013 , P. 36 . Jump up ^ Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 165 Jump up ^ Herb Colling . Turning Points : The Detroit Riot of 1967 , A Canadian Perspective . Natural Heritage Books , 2003 , P. 42 . Jump up ^ Danver , Steven Laurence . Revolts , Protests , Demonstrations , and Rebellions in American History : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif : ABC - CLIO , 2011 , P. 989 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers great Willie Horton : 1967 riots ' was like a war ' '' . Detroit News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , pp. 230 -- 233 ^ Jump up to : Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . pp. 230 -- 233 Jump up ^ Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City . University of Michigan Press , 1989 p. 321 Jump up ^ https://www.michigan.gov/documents/dnr/mhc_mag_phooie-on-louie_308397_7.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwilmu_hmKLVAhUL_mMKHfNGA9kQFghFMAQ&usg=AFQjCNEoPoOM2fWgv3eacB7fpSyA8vihww Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model Cityp. 171 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1981 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 229 Jump up ^ Thernstrom , Abigail and Stephan . America in Black and White : One Nation , Indivisible : Race in Modern America : pp. 162 -- 4 Jump up ^ Windsor , The ( 2007 - 07 - 22 ) . `` 1967 riot chronology '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , July 26 , 1967 . p. 18 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , pp. 241 -- 44 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 245 Jump up ^ `` ( Text of ) Final Report of Cyrus R. Vance Concerning the Detroit Riots '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` This Day In History > > 1967 THE 12TH STREET RIOT '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Gonna Clean Up This Mess ? '' . 2005 - 07 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` History : 1961 - 1980 '' . Downriver Things . Jump up ^ Boyle , Kevin . After the Rainbow Sign : Jerome Cavanagh and 1960s Detroit . Wayne State University Press . Jump up ^ Kresnak , Jack ( 16 November 2015 ) . Hope for the City . Cass Community Publishing House . p. 15 . ISBN 1942011156 ... 1943 race riot in Detroit in which 34 people -- 25 of them black and 17 of those shot by white police officers -- were killed . Jump up ^ Bergesen , Albert . `` Race Riots of 1967 : An analysis of police violence in Detroit and Newark . '' Journal of Black Studies 12 , no . 3 ( 1982 ) : 261 -- 274 . ^ Jump up to : Locke , Hubert G. ( 1969 ) . The Detroit Riot of 1967 . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Locke , Hubert G. ( 1969 ) . The Detroit Riot of 1967 . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` Damages Sought in Riot Death '' . Detroit Free Press . August 11 , 1968 . p. 15 - A . Jump up ^ Sidney , Fine ( 1987 ) . `` Rioters and Judges : The Response of the Criminal Justice System to the Detroit Riot of 1967 '' . Wayne Law Review . 33 ( 5 ) : 1723 -- 1764 . Retrieved 29 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan State Insurance Commission estimate of December , 1967 , quoted in the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders AKA Kerner Report '' . 1968 - 02 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Detroit 1967 : origins , impacts , legacies . Stone , Joel ( Joel Lagrou ) , , Sugrue , Thomas J. , 1962 - . Detroit , Michigan . ISBN 9780814343036 . OCLC 957745596 . ^ Jump up to : Jeanne Theoharis , `` ' The northern promised land that was n't ' : Rosa Parks and the Black Freedom Struggle in Detroit '' OAH Magazine of History , Vol. 26 , No. 1 , pp. 23 -- 27 Jump up ^ Lichtenstein , Nelson . The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit . Basic Books , 1995 Jump up ^ Flint , Jerry ( July 25 , 1967 ) . `` Detroit Leaders Were Optimistic '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 29 Jump up ^ `` American Experience '' . Jump up ^ William T ' Tom ' Johnson ( 26 March 1956 ) . `` Publish It Not In The Streets Of Askelon '' . The Montgomery Advertiser . p. 2A . Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 32 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 31 Jump up ^ Wrobel , Paul . Our Way : Family , Parish , and Neighborhood in a Polish - American Community . Notre Dame , Ind. : University of Notre Dame Press , 1979 . p. 30 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 125 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 40 Jump up ^ Stolberg , Mary . Bridging the River of Hatred Wayne State University Press , 2002 . p. 149 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , pp. 95 -- 6 Jump up ^ Cindy Rodriguez ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` Riot or rebellion ? Detroiters do n't agree '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , op cit. , p. 321 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Riots of 1967 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Detroit Riots of 1967 : Events '' . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 101 Jump up ^ Singer , Benjamin D. and Geschwender , James . Black Rioters . Heath and Co. , 1970 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Smith , Suzanne E. Dancing in the Streets , Harvard University Press , 1999 . p. 193 Jump up ^ US Census figures Jump up ^ Georgakas , Dan and Marvin Surkin . Detroit : I Do Mind Dying . Detroit : South End Press , 1998 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Georgakas ( 1998 ) , Detroit : I Do Mind Dying. , p. 28 Jump up ^ Babiasz , Joe . `` The rise and fall of a modern marvel '' . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Milton and Bruce Laurie . Class , Sex , and the Woman Worker . Madison : Greenwood Press , 1977 . 24 Jump up ^ Johnson , Arthur L. Race and Remembrance . Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 2008 . 47 ^ Jump up to : Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 61 Jump up ^ National Advisory Commission , pg. 86 Jump up ^ Chafets , Za'ev . Devil 's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit . New York : Vintage Books , 1990 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , New York : Bantam Books , 1968 , p. 68 ( stating `` Along 12th Street itself , crowded apartment houses created a density of more than 21,000 persons per square mile , almost double the city average . '' ) Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 42 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , pp. 48 -- 9 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , pp. 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 50 Jump up ^ National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders , ( 1968 ) , p. 90 . `` 51 % of the elementary school classes were overcrowded . '' Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City , p. 41 Jump up ^ Fine ( 1989 ) , Violence in the Model City p. 43 Jump up ^ Bean , Jonathan J. ( Fall 2000 ) . `` '' Burn , Baby , Burn `` : Small Business in the Urban Riots of the 1960s '' . The Independent Review . 5 ( 2 ) : 176 . ^ Jump up to : Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 370 Jump up ^ Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 375 ^ Jump up to : Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 371 ^ Jump up to : Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 383 Jump up ^ Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . 425 Jump up ^ Young , Coleman . Hard Stuff : The Autobiography of Mayor Coleman Young : p. 179 . Jump up ^ Sowell , Thomas ( 29 March 2010 ) , `` Voting with Their Feet '' , Townhall , retrieved 12 April 2017 Jump up ^ Risen , Clay ( 2009 ) . `` April 5 : Midnight Interlude '' . A nation on fire : America in the wake of the King assassination . Hoboken , N.J. : John Wiley & Sons . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 17710 - 5 . In the aftermath , the AOC 's job changed dramatically . The need for federal troops to occupy portions of American cities was no longer a frightening possibility , but a sad fact . Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 - 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) p. 322 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 - 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) p. 325 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 - 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) , p. 327 Jump up ^ Sidney Fine , Expanding the Frontier of Civil Rights : Michigan , 1948 - 1968 ( Wayne State University Press , 2000 ) , p. 326 Jump up ^ Fine , Sidney . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot of 1967 . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1989 . p. 444 ^ Jump up to : Sidney Fine , `` Michigan and Housing Discrimination 1949 - 1969 '' Michigan Historical Review , Fall 1997 Archived 2013 - 05 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : McGraw , Bill ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Poll : Most metro Detroiters say race relations improving '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` A dire national outlook on race relations '' . Washington Post . 2016 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ . ISBN 9781611860665 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Ulbrich , Casandra E. ( 2011 ) . ( Dissertation ) Riot or Rebellion : Media Framing and the 1967 Detroit Uprising . Detroit : Wayne State University . pp. 91 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 43 Casualties of 1967 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` DMVA - The Tumultuous 1960s '' . Jump up ^ The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders , 1945 -- 1992 , Paul J. Scheips , CMH Pub. 30 - 20 - 1 . Army Historical Series , Defense Dept. , Army , Center of Military History , 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ `` July ' 67 altered the sound , sensibilities of Detroit musicians -- and those yet to be born '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Moody * - Det. riot ' 67 ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . 2009 - 01 - 10 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Episode guide '' . Retrieved 8 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` How Kathryn Bigelow 's ' Detroit ' Helped Police Attack Victim Julie Hysell Heal '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : J. , Mercer , Valerie . Art of rebellion : Black art of the civil rights movement . Detroit Institute of Arts . ( Detroit , Michigan ) . ISBN 9780895581754 . OCLC 999608376 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Harris 2011 Kresge Eminent Artist '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bill Harris 2011 Kresge Eminent Artist . Detroit , MI : The Kresge Foundation . 2011 . pp. 49 , 50 , 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9839654 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit artists have a lot to say about ' 67 riot '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 . Further reading ( edit ) Colling , Herb ( 2003 ) . Turning Point : the Detroit Riots of 1967 : a Canadian perspective . Toronto , ON : Natural Heritage Books . ISBN 1 - 896219 - 81 - 0 . Fine , Sidney ( 2007 ) . Violence in the Model City : The Cavanagh Administration , Race Relations , and the Detroit Riot Of 1967 ( reprint of 1989 ed . ) . Michigan State University Press . ISBN 9780870138157 . Stahl , Kenneth . The Great Rebellion : A Socioeconomic Analysis of the 1967 Detroit Riot . ISBN 9780979915703 . Stone , Joel , ed . Detroit 1967 : Origins , Impacts , Legacies ( Wayne State UP ) , 328 pages External links ( edit ) Additional resources , including photos , essays and archival material depicting the events of July 1967 are available from several websites listed below : `` 12th Street , Detroit '' web exhibit featuring archival documents from the Walter P. Reuther Library . Detroit Race Riot 1967 images with captions from the Virtual Motor City Collection . Photographs are housed at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University . The Civil Unrest of 1967 Essay including links to several collections of archival material related to the unrest , both from community organizations and individuals active in Detroit politics . Resources held at the Walter P. Reuther Library . Also includes oral history and 134 images with captions . Detroit riot 1967 Detroit before , during and after the riots . July 1967 Detroit Riot web page from PBS ' Eyes on the Prize documentary . Report of Federal Activities During the Detroit Riots by Cyrus R. Vance on President Lyndon Johnson 's website . Rutgers University website provides video clips from Detroiters who experienced the riots . 1967 Uprising , The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks Detroit Public Library - Burton Historical Collection - Detroit Riot Photographs 1967 Detroit Riot - Google Arts & Culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_Detroit_riot&oldid=815602222 '' Categories : 1967 in Michigan 1967 crimes in the United States 1967 riots African - American history in Detroit African - American riots in the United States African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1954 -- 68 ) Riots and civil disorder in Detroit July 1967 events 1960s in Detroit Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the worst riot of the 1960s occur	[ "The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street riot or the 1967 Detroit rebellion, was one of 159 race riots that swept cities in the United States during the \"Long hot summer of 1967\". This riot was a violent public disorder that turned into a civil disturbance in Detroit, Michigan. It began in the early morning hours of Sunday July 23, 1967. The precipitating event was a police raid of an unlicensed, after-hours bar then known as a blind pig, just north of the corner of 12th Street (today Rosa Parks Boulevard) and Virginia Park Avenue, on the city's Near West Side. Police confrontations with patrons and observers on the street evolved into one of the deadliest and most destructive riots in the history of the United States, lasting five days and surpassing the violence and property destruction of Detroit's 1943 race riot just 24 years earlier." ]	[ "The 1967 Detroit riot, also known as the 12th Street riot or the 1967 Detroit rebellion" ]
-6072634057806610834	Apple Store	Apple Store - wikipedia Apple Store Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Apple 's retail chain . For the store in London founded by The Beatles , see Apple Boutique . For other uses , see Apple Store ( disambiguation ) . Apple Store Industry Computer hardware Computer software Consumer electronics Distribution Founded May 19 , 2001 ; 16 years ago ( 2001 - 05 - 19 ) Tysons Corner Center Fairfax County , Virginia , U.S. Founder Ron Johnson Number of locations World : 500 stores in 22 countries ( 272 US / 228 elsewhere ) Key people Tim Cook ( CEO ) Angela Ahrendts ( SVP : Retail and Online Stores ) Phil Schiller ( SVP : Worldwide Marketing ) Products Mac iPad iPhone iPod Apple TV Apple Watch Apple & third - party software and accessories Parent Apple Inc . Website www.apple.com/retail Apple Store is a chain of retail stores owned and operated by Apple Inc . The stores sell Mac personal computers , iPhone smartphones , iPad tablet computers , iPod portable media players , Apple Watch smartwatches , Apple TV digital media players , software , and select third - party accessories . The first Apple Stores were originally opened as two locations in May 2001 by then - CEO Steve Jobs , after years of attempting but failing store - within - a-store concepts . Seeing a need for improved retail presentation of the company 's products , he began an effort in 1997 to revamp the retail program to get an improved relationship to consumers , and hired Ron Johnson in 2000 . Jobs relaunched Apple 's online store in 1997 , and opened the first two physical stores in 2001 . Despite initial media speculation that Apple would fail , its stores were highly successful , bypassing the sales numbers of competing nearby stores and within three years reached US $ 1 billion in annual sales , becoming the fastest retailer in history to do so . Over the years , Apple has expanded the number of retail locations and its geographical coverage , with 498 stores across 22 countries worldwide as of July 2017 . Strong product sales have placed Apple among the top - tier retail stores , with sales over $16 billion globally in 2011 . In May 2016 , Angela Ahrendts , Apple 's current Senior Vice President of Retail , unveiled a significantly redesigned Apple Store in Union Square , San Francisco , featuring large glass doors for the entry , open spaces , and rebranded rooms . In addition to purchasing products , consumers can get advice and help from `` Creative Pros '' - individuals with specialized knowledge of creative arts ; get product support in a tree - lined Genius Grove ; and attend sessions , conferences and community events , with Ahrendts commenting that the goal is to make Apple Stores into `` town squares '' , a place where people naturally meet up and spend time . The new design will be applied to all Apple Stores worldwide , a process that has seen stores temporarily relocate or close . Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls , but Apple has built several stand - alone `` flagship '' stores in high - profile locations . It has been granted design patents and received architectural awards for its stores ' designs and construction , specifically for its use of glass staircases and cubes . The success of Apple Stores have had significant influence over other consumer electronics retailers , who have lost traffic , control and profits due to a perceived higher quality of service and products at Apple Stores . Apple 's notable brand loyalty among consumers causes long lines of hundreds of people at new Apple Store openings or product releases . Due to the popularity of the brand , Apple receives a large number of job applications , many of which come from young workers . Although Apple Store employees receive above - average pay , are offered money toward education and health care , and receive product discounts , there are limited or no paths of career advancement . A May 2016 report with an anonymous retail employee highlighted a hostile work environment with harassment from customers , intense internal criticism , and a lack of significant bonuses for securing major business contracts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Work environment 2 Countries with Apple Stores 3 History 3.1 Third - party retail 3.1. 1 Online store 3.2 Origins 3.3 Expansion 3.4 Changes 3.5 Influence 3.6 Redesign 4 Genius Bar 5 Store openings 6 Burglaries 7 Apple Company Store 8 Imitations 9 See also 10 References Description ( edit ) Apple 's flagship Fifth Avenue store in New York City . Many Apple Stores are located inside shopping malls , but Apple has built several stand - alone `` flagship '' stores in high - profile locations . Several multi-level stores feature glass staircases , and some also glass bridges . The New York Times wrote in 2011 that these features were part of then - CEO Steve Jobs ' extensive attention to detail , and Apple received a design patent in 2002 for its glass staircase design . Development of the staircases included structural engineering firm Eckersley O'Callaghan Structural Design , and architectural firm Bohlin Cywinski Jackson . Apple has received numerous architectural awards for its store designs , and its `` iconic '' glass cube , designed in part by Peter Bohlin , at Apple 's Fifth Avenue store in New York City , received a separate design patent in 2014 . Ron Johnson held the position of Senior Vice President of Retail Operations from 2001 until November 1 , 2011 . During his tenure , it was reported that while Johnson was responsible for site selection , in - store service , and store layout , inventory was controlled by then - COO and now - CEO Tim Cook , who has a background in supply chain management . In January 2012 , Apple transferred retail leadership to John Browett . However , after attempts to cut costs , including reducing new hires and limiting staff hours , he was fired after six months , later telling a conference that he `` just did n't fit with the way they ran the business '' . In October 2013 , Apple hired Angela Ahrendts from Burberry . The Apple Store at the Zorlu Center in Istanbul has a ' glass lantern ' which won the 2014 IStructE Structural Awards Supreme Award for structural engineering . A spiral staircase inside the Apple Store in Boston . Apple Store in Aix - en - Provence , France . Work environment ( edit ) Due to the popularity of the brand , applicants for jobs at Apple Stores are numerous , with many young workers applying . The pace of work is high due to the popularity of the iPhone and iPad . Employees typically work for only a few years as career prospects are limited with no path of advancement other than limited retail management slots . Apple Store employees make above - average pay for retail employees and are offered money toward college tuitions , gym memberships , health care , 401 ( k ) plans , product discounts , and reduced price on purchase of stock . The retention rate for the technicians who man the Genius Bar is over 90 % . A May 2016 Business Insider article featured a lengthy interview with an anonymous Apple Store retail worker in the United Kingdom , where the employee highlighted significant dissatisfactions and issues for retail workers , including harassment and death threats from customers , an intense internal criticism policy that feels `` like a cult '' , a lack of any significant bonus if a worker manages to secure a business contract worth `` hundreds of thousands '' , a lack of promotion opportunities , and , despite a `` generous '' discount on any Apple product or Apple stock , are paid so little that many workers are unable to buy products themselves . Countries with Apple Stores ( edit ) > 50 stores 21 - 50 stores 11 - 20 stores 6 - 10 stores 2 - 5 stores 1 store Under construction / planning # Country Date of first store First store location Number of stores Notes United States May 19 , 2001 Tysons Corner , McLean , Virginia 272 ( 1 ) Japan November 30 , 2003 Ginza , Tokyo 8 ( 2 ) United Kingdom November 20 , 2004 Regent Street , London 38 ( 3 ) Canada May 21 , 2005 Yorkdale Shopping Centre , Toronto , Ontario 29 ( 4 ) 5 Italy March 31 , 2007 Centro Commerciale Roma Est , Rome 16 ( 5 ) 6 Australia June 19 , 2008 George Street , Sydney 22 ( 6 ) 7 China July 19 , 2008 Sanlitun , Beijing 40 ( 7 ) 8 Switzerland September 25 , 2008 Rue de Rive , Geneva ( 8 ) 9 Germany December 6 , 2008 1 Rosenstrasse , Munich , Bavaria 15 ( 9 ) 10 France November 7 , 2009 Carrousel du Louvre , Paris 20 ( 10 ) 11 Spain September 4 , 2010 La Maquinista , Barcelona 11 ( 11 ) 12 Hong Kong September 24 , 2011 IFC Mall 6 ( 12 ) 13 Netherlands March 3 , 2012 Hirschbuilding , Leidseplein , Amsterdam ( 13 ) 14 Sweden September 15 , 2012 Täby Centrum , Stockholm ( 14 ) 15 Brazil February 15 , 2014 VillageMall , Barra da Tijuca , Rio de Janeiro ( 15 ) 16 Turkey April 5 , 2014 Zorlu Center , Istanbul ( 16 ) 17 Belgium September 19 , 2015 Avenue de la Toison d'Or , Brussels ( 17 ) 18 United Arab Emirates October 29 , 2015 Mall of the Emirates , Dubai ; Yas Mall , Abu Dhabi ( 18 ) 19 Macau June 25 , 2016 Galaxy Macau ( 19 ) 20 Mexico September 24 , 2016 Vía Santa Fe , Mexico City ( 20 ) 21 Singapore May 27 , 2017 Orchard Road ( 21 ) 22 Taiwan July 1 , 2017 Taipei 101 , Taipei ( 22 ) - Austria TBC Vienna TBC ( 23 ) - India TBC TBC TBC ( 24 ) - South Korea TBC Gangnam , Seoul TBC ( 25 ) - Thailand TBC Bangkok TBC ( 26 ) History ( edit ) Third - party retail ( edit ) Steve Jobs , the co-founder of Apple , returned as interim CEO in 1997 . According to Jobs ' biographer Walter Isaacson , Jobs began a concerted campaign to help sales by improving the retail presentation of Macintosh computers . Even with new products launched under Jobs ' watch , like the iMac and the PowerBook G3 and an online store , Apple still relied heavily on big box computer and electronics stores for most of their sales . There , customers continued to deal with poorly trained and ill - maintained Mac sections that did not foster customer loyalty to Apple and did not help differentiate the Mac user - experience from Windows . In fact , the retailer trend was towards selling their own generic in - house brand PCs which used even cheaper components than those by major PC makers , increasing retailer overall margins by keeping the manufacturing profits . This `` provided a powerful profit motive to convert customers interested in buying a Mac into the owners of a new , cheaply assembled , house brand PC '' . Tim Cook , who joined Apple in 1998 as Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations , announced the company would `` cut some channel partners that may not be providing the buying experience ( Apple expects ) . We 're not happy with everybody . '' Jobs severed Apple 's ties of every big box retailer , including Sears , Best Buy , Circuit City , Computer City and Office Max to focus its retail efforts with CompUSA . Between 1997 and 2000 , the number of Mac authorized resellers dropped from 20,000 to just 11,000 . The majority of these were cuts made by Apple itself . Jobs proclaimed that Apple would be targeting Dell , with Cook 's mandate to match or exceed Dell 's lean inventories and streamlined supply chain , `` with our new products and our new store and our new build - to - order , we 're coming after you , buddy . '' While Dell had operated as a direct mail order and online order company , having pulled out of retailers to realize greater profit margins and efficiency , Apple had direct orders with sales handled by its channel partners , other mail order resellers , independent dealerships , and the new relationship with CompUSA to build `` stores within a store '' . Jobs did a study for stand alone `` store within a store '' for 34 sites in Japan . These sites were designed by Eight Inc. who was designing the Apple MacWorld and product launch events with Apple . CompUSA was one of the few retailers that kept its Apple contract by agreeing to adopt Apple 's `` store within a store '' concept designed by Eight Inc . This required that approximately 15 % of each CompUSA store would be set aside for Mac hardware and software ( including non-Apple products ) and would play host to a part - time Apple salesperson . However the `` store within a store '' approach did not meet expectations , in part because the Apple section was in the lowest - traffic area of CompUSA stores . CompUSA president Jim Halpin , who proclaimed that he would make Apple products his top priority , was forced to resign a year later . Also CompUSA had trouble finding well - trained staff , as most store clerks usually steered customers away from Macs and towards Windows PCs . Despite these setbacks , CompUSA sales of Macs had increased . Apple then added Best Buy as a second authorized reseller . Challenges still remained , as resellers ' profit margins on selling Macs was only around 9 % , and selling Macs was only worthwhile if ongoing service and support contracts were provided , of which retailer experiences were inconsistent . Online Store ( edit ) In 1997 , the year Steve Jobs returned to Apple , Dell founder and CEO Michael Dell was asked how he would fix Apple . Dell responded : `` I 'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders '' . This angered Jobs , due to Dell 's success with its online store originally built by NeXT , Jobs ' former business that Apple acquired to bring Jobs back . A team of Apple and NeXT employees spent several months building an online store that would be better than Dell 's . On November 10 , 1997 , Steve Jobs announced the online store at an Apple press event , and during his keynote speech , he said : `` I guess what we want to tell you , Michael , is that with our new products and our new store and our new build - to - order manufacturing , we 're coming after you , buddy . '' In August 2015 , Apple revamped the online storefront , removing the dedicated `` Store '' tab and making the entire website a retail experience . Origins ( edit ) Inside Apple Store at Grand Central Terminal , New York City . Jobs believed the Apple retail program needed to fundamentally change the relationship to the customer , and provide more control over the presentation of Apple products and the Apple brand message . Jobs recognized the limitations of third - party retailing and began investigating options to change the model . In 1999 , Jobs personally recruited Millard Drexler , former CEO of Gap Inc. , to serve on Apple 's board of directors . In 2000 , Jobs hired Ron Johnson from Target . The retail and development teams headed by Allen Moyer from The Walt Disney Company then began a series of mock - ups for the Apple Store inside a warehouse near the company 's Cupertino headquarters . On May 15 , 2001 , Jobs hosted a press event at Apple 's first store , located at the Tysons Corner Center mall in Tysons , Virginia near Washington , D.C. The store officially opened on May 19 , along with another store in Glendale Galleria in Glendale , California . More than 7,700 people visited Apple 's first two stores in the opening weekend , spending a total of US $599,000 . Expansion ( edit ) Several publications and analysts predicted the failure of Apple Stores . It was thought that because of the stores ' diminutive size and non-aggressive sales team , Apple would succeed in presenting the Mac but fail in making a significant number of sales . However , the Apple retail program established its merits , bypassing the sales - per - square - foot measurement of competing nearby stores , and in 2004 reached $1 billion in annual sales , the fastest of any retailer in history . Sales continued to grow , reaching $1 billion a quarter by 2006 . Then - CEO Steve Jobs said that `` People have n't been willing to invest this much time and money or engineering in a store before '' , adding that `` It 's not important if the customer knows that . They just feel it . They feel something 's a little different . '' In 2011 , Apple Stores in the United States had an average revenue of $473,000 for each employee . According to the research firm RetailSails , the Apple Store chain ranked first among U.S. retailers in terms of sales per unit area in 2011 , with sales of $3,085 per square feet , almost doubling Tiffany & Co. , the second retailer on the list . On a global level , all Apple Stores had a combined revenue of US $16 billion . Under the leadership of Ron Johnson , the former senior Vice President of Retail Operations , the Apple Stores have , according to an article in The New York Times , been responsible for `` ( turning ) the boring computer sales floor into a sleek playroom filled with gadgets '' . The Apple Stores have also been credited with raising the company 's brand equity , with Scott Galloway stating that the Stores are the `` temple to the brand which is this unbelievable experience called an Apple Store , and then you have this very mediocre experience called an AT&T or Verizon connect your phone experience for Samsung and the other Android players '' . Apple has since re-established ties with major big box retailers like Best Buy and Staples . Authorized Apple resellers have a dedicated store - within - a-store section , offering a distinctive Apple - style experience to showcase products . The relationship with Best Buy calls for the company to send Apple Solutions Consultants ( ASCs ) to train Best Buy employees to be familiar with Apple 's product lineup . Changes ( edit ) In May 2011 , Apple replaced their paper cards and information displays that were placed next to products with interactive iPad 2 displays , called `` Smart Signs '' . The new displays added more information about the product , and let customers press a button to signal needed assistance . This transition from paper to touch displays was dubbed `` Apple Store 2.0 '' by several online blogs . In November 2011 , Apple updated its `` Apple Store '' iOS app to let U.S. customers use an `` EasyPay '' feature to buy products through their iPhone . The feature , which lets users choose the specific product model they want and gives users an option for picking up the product at a nearby Apple Store with the product in stock , aims to simplify and speed up shopping . If not immediately in stock , the feature gives users an estimated pick - up time . While inside an Apple Store , customers can also scan product barcodes to find technical specifications , ratings and reviews . In November 2013 , 9to5Mac reported that Apple would begin using an `` iBeacon '' location - based notification technology . The iBeacon functionality , inside the `` Apple Store '' iOS app , lets consumers inside Apple Stores receive useful notifications about products , pricing and features , in an attempt to improve the shopping experience . Officially confirmed by the Associated Press the following month , the feature rolled out across all of Apple 's retail stores in the United States . In May 2014 , Apple Store employees started using iPhone 5S for their handheld payments portal , rather than the previous iPod Touch devices . The upgrade lets customers buy products with RFID tags , supports credit card chips and PIN entry , and offers improved support for scanning the Wallet iOS app . In August 2015 , Apple Stores replaced the dedicated Smart Signs displays next to products , by having the products themselves installed with apps that run demos and product information . In early April 2016 , as part of an initiative to become more environmental - friendly , Apple sent an email to employees of Apple Stores that they would begin a transition process with their shopping bags , moving away from the plastic bags that customers get when they buy products in the stores , and switching to paper bags with 80 % recyclable materials , with the company expecting the transition to happen on April 15 . In the email , Apple also wrote that employees should first ask the customer if they want a bag , rather than giving them one without asking . In August 2016 , Apple announced that it would drop the `` Store '' branding when referring to individual store locations , such as changing `` Apple Store , The Grove '' into `` Apple The Grove '' and `` Apple Store , Mayfair '' into `` Apple Mayfair '' . The primary areas of the change happened on Apple 's website and store pages . In July 2017 , Apple added `` smart home experiences '' to 46 of its retail stores , letting visitors use an Apple device to control smart home appliances in the stores such as light bulbs and ceiling fans , while screens offer a look inside a virtual house that the user can control , such as lowering window shades . Influence ( edit ) Apple Stores have considerably changed the landscape for consumer electronics retailers and influenced other technological companies to follow suit . According to The Globe and Mail , `` Apple 's retail stores have taken traffic , control and profits away from Verizon as well as electronics retailers , such as Best Buy , that once looked at wireless phones as a lucrative profit source '' . CNET has reported that the `` Apple retail experience hurts Best Buy '' and noted `` Buy a MacBook at the Apple Store and it 's hard to go back to the Best Buy Windows laptop buying experience '' . The publication also wrote that `` Apple salespeople are generally more knowledgeable , the products themselves are generally higher quality , and the stores are more appealing , aesthetically and practically . '' In October 2009 , reports surfaced that Steve Jobs and his retail team would help `` drastically overhaul '' Disney Stores . Jobs ' involvement was described by The New York Times as `` particularly notable '' , given Jobs ' work on the `` highly successful '' Apple Stores and his election to Disney 's board of directors in 2006 . In August 2009 , London Evening Standard reported that Apple 's first store in the United Kingdom , at Regent Street , was the most profitable shop of its size in London , with the highest sales per square foot , taking in £ 60 million a year , or £ 2,000 per square foot . Redesign ( edit ) Apple Store in Union Square , San Francisco after renovation in May 2016 . Picture shows the Genius Grove . Apple 's Fifth Avenue store relocated for renovations . In May 2016 , Apple significantly redesigned its Union Square Apple Store in downtown San Francisco , adding large glass doors for the entry , open spaces with touch - sensitive tables and shelves for product displays , and rebranded rooms for the store . `` The Avenue '' is the central location for hardware , as well as for receiving advice from salespersons and `` Creative Pros '' - individuals with specialized knowledge of music , creativity , apps and photography . The `` Genius Bar '' becomes the `` Genius Grove '' , a tree - lined area for help and support . `` The Forum '' features a large video screen and offers game nights , sessions with experts in creative arts , and community events . `` The Boardroom '' lets aspiring developers and entrepreneurs learn how to use their products to their full potential . `` The Plaza '' , while limited to select locations , offers a `` park - like '' space outside the store featuring free 24 / 7 Wi - Fi access and will host live concerts on some weekends . Designed by Jony Ive and Angela Ahrendts , the idea was to make Apple Stores into `` town squares '' , in which people come naturally to the store as a gathering place , and to `` help foster human experiences that draw people out of their digital bubbles '' . The new design will be adopted to every store Apple has , and while renovation is undergoing , stores are either relocated or temporarily closed . For some locations , including its flagship Fifth Avenue store in New York City , the redesign means substantial expansion of space , requiring dismantling , and possibly reworking , of its physical properties . In April 2017 , Apple announced that its `` Today at Apple '' educational sessions , which launched with its Union Square redesign in 2016 and offer more than 60 free hands - on sessions for creative skills , will also be expanded to all of its stores . Genius Bar ( edit ) Main article : Genius Bar The Genius Bar at Apple Store Regent Street , London . All Apple Stores feature a Genius Bar , where customers can receive technical advice or set up service and repair for their products . The Genius Bar provides software support for macOS and hardware service on products that are not classified vintage or obsolete . However , in most cases the Geniuses will at least attempt to assist customers with older hardware . Originally , visitors to the Genius Bar were offered free Evian water . Apple dropped this amenity in February 2002 . Many new stores feature a station called The Studio , a Genius Bar - like setting where customers can meet with a `` Creative '' and receive help with projects ranging from organizing a photo album to music composition to film editing . Some of the older stores are being considered to carry a Studio in a future remodel , in some cases replacing the older theaters . The largest Genius Bar in the world is located in Amsterdam . Store openings ( edit ) Apple Store openings and new product releases can draw crowds of hundreds , with some waiting in line as much as a day before the opening . The opening of New York City 's Fifth Avenue `` Cube '' store in 2006 became the setting of a marriage proposal , and had visitors from Europe who flew in for the event . In June 2017 , a newlywed couple took their wedding photos inside the then - recently opened Orchard Road Apple Store in Singapore . Tysons Corner Center , Virginia on May 19 , 2001 ; a line at the opening of the first Apple Store Magnificent Mile in Chicago , the first of Apple 's ' flagship ' stores Ginza , Tokyo , the first store outside of the U.S. The sidewalk of Boylston Street , Boston , MA on May 15 , 2008 ; a massive crowd gather at the opening of the new store At the Boylston Street Apple Store opening day , a man holds - up his commemorative T - shirt given out Regent Street , London , England ; at its opening at 10am November 20 , 2004 it was the largest worldwide Downtown Montreal , Quebec , Canada George Street , Sydney , New South Wales , Australia Westfield Doncaster , Victoria , Australia Bath , England , UK Churchill Square , Brighton and Hove , England , UK IFC Mall , Hong Kong ; the 100th Store outside the US Covent Garden , London , England , UK ; as with Regents Street branch , one of the largest Stores worldwide Amsterdam , Netherlands ; the largest Store in the world when it comes to the number of products on display Relocated Store , Yorkdale Shopping Centre , Toronto , Ontario , Canada ; the original was the first in Canada Fairview Mall , Toronto Berlin , Germany Hangzhou , China Mall of the Emirates , Dubai , United Arab Emirates Paris , September 2013 Burglaries ( edit ) Apple Stores have experienced numerous burglaries . Notable incidents include two burglaries in February -- March 2016 where thieves stole a combined number of 67 iPhones for a combined sum of more than $49,300 , a June 2016 event where a thief dressed as an Apple Store employee gained access to the electronics repair room and grabbed 19 iPhones worth $16,130 , a November 2016 incident where an Apple Store was robbed of $40,000 worth of items and then attacked again in April 2017 for $24,000 worth of goods , a speedy December 2016 robbery that took 12 seconds to complete , and another December 2016 attack where multiple individuals drove a car into a store through the front glass door and proceeded to steal an unspecified number of displayed items . The devices on display in stores are equipped with special demo versions of their respective operating systems . iOS devices prevent passcodes from being enabled and Mac computers revert to original state after a reboot . Additionally , in case of theft , a security measure renders devices useless , by activating a `` kill switch '' disabling them once out - of - reach of the store 's Wi - Fi network . Apple company Store ( edit ) Exterior of the Apple Campus store on Infinite Loop . Interior view of the Apple Campus store showing Apple - branded shirts . In 1993 , Apple opened a store at its Apple Campus in Cupertino , California . The store is the only place in the world where Apple merchandise can be purchased , including T - shirts , mugs , and pens . In June 2015 , the store was closed for renovations , and in September it was reopened , offering a new design and , for the first time , selling iPhones , a notable product omission from years past . Imitations ( edit ) An unauthorized Apple Store in Tehran , Iran In July 2011 , an American expatriate blogger who lives in the southwestern Chinese city of Kunming reported on her discovery of what she called `` the best ripoff store we had ever seen '' -- a fake Apple Store , complete with the glass exterior , wood display tables , winding staircase and large promotional posters found in legitimate Apple Stores , and with employees wearing lanyards and the same T - shirts as actual Apple Store employees . The Wall Street Journal reported that the store had `` gotten widespread international attention for the remarkable lengths to which its proprietors seem to have gone to mimic the look and feel of a real Apple Store . '' The fake Apple Store was mentioned by U.S. presidential contender Mitt Romney in the second 2012 election debate . Chinese law prohibits retailers from copying the look and feel of competitors ' stores , but enforcement is lax . According to The Wall Street Journal , unauthorized Apple resellers are found throughout China ; the blogger 's original post noted that two such stores were located within walking distance of the first knockoff , one of them with a misspelled sign reading `` Apple Stoer '' . An employee of the first knockoff confirmed that the store was not one of the 13 authorized Apple resellers in Kunming . In a follow - up report , Reuters indicated that local authorities in Kunming had closed two fake Apple Stores in that city due to lack of official business permits , but allowed three other such stores to stay open , including the one that had attracted international attention . The operators of that store had applied for a reseller license from Apple . At the time of the report , only four legitimate Apple Stores had opened in China , with two in Beijing and two in Shanghai . 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Jump up ^ Hall , Zac ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Apple Store expanding new ' Today at Apple ' initiative next month , Angela Ahrendts says ( Video ) '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Apple Support '' . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old School Genius '' . Tech Today . 2005 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Wasserman , Todd . `` Former Apple Stores Chief : ' No One Came to Genius Bars ' in Early Years '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam Apple Store Now Open to Press , Features World 's Longest Genius Bar '' . MacTrast. 2012 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Webb , Alex ; Gurman , Mark ; Satariano , Adam ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Apple Store Line Is Dying '' . Bloomberg Technology . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kalb , Ira ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` The Truth Behind The Giant Apple Store Lines '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` iPhone 6s Lines Forming at Apple Stores Ahead of Launch Day '' . MacRumors . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , Joe ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's Beautiful New Store in Brussels Opens to Long Lines and Fanfare '' . MacRumors . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Jonny ( May 22 , 2006 ) . `` Apple NY opening makes global headlines '' . Macworld . International Data Group . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Yi Shu ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Till death do us dongle : Newlyweds take their Apple obsession to the next level '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Cady ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` This Tech - Obsessed Couple Took Their Wedding Photos in an Apple Store '' . Time . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Garger , Kenneth ; Fasick , Kevin ; O'Neill , Natalie ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thieves steal dozens of iPhones from UWS Apple Store -- twice '' . New York Post . News Corp . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Man walks out of Apple Store with 19 iPhones by dressing like an employee '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Mikey ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Imposters again target NYC Apple Store , pilfer $16,000 in iPhones '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wehner , Mike ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` This Apple Store just got robbed for the second time in six months '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shead , Sam ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thieves reportedly stole $24,000 worth of Apple products from an Apple Store that was robbed just months ago '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's a Video of an Apple Store Being Robbed In Seconds '' . Time . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matyszczyk , Chris ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Watch an Apple store being robbed in 12 seconds '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Broussard , Mitchel ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bay Area Apple Stores Experience String of Robberies '' . MacRumors . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Roger ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Burglars ram SUV into Palo Alto Apple store in smash - and - grab raid '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Ben ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` The special features that enable Apple to remove security tethers from demo devices '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Karissa ( September 19 , 2015 ) . `` Inside Apple 's redesigned campus store in Cupertino '' . Mashable . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Jordan ( June 2 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's iconic company store is closing its doors next week for a major redesign '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nieva , Richard ; Tibken , Shara ( September 18 , 2015 ) . `` Apple relaunches campus store -- and you can buy an iPhone there now '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyer , Edward ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Apple 's redesigned campus store ( pictures ) '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chao , Loretta ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Ultimate Knock - Off : A Fake Apple Store '' . China Real Time Report . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chao , Loretta ; Feng , Sue ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Fake Apple Store Clerk Speaks out '' . China Real Time Report . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mozur , Paul ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Mitt Romney Called Out on Fake Apple Store '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . `` There 's even an Apple store in China that 's a counterfeit Apple store , selling counterfeit goods , '' Mr. Romney said in response to a question about the outsourcing of American jobs , according to the transcript debate . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Melanie ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Chinese city orders two fake Apple Stores to close '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Store in Shenzhen ( Grand Opening ) '' . YouTube . November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . 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About Wikipedia	how many apple stores are there in the usa	[ "\nApple Store\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIndustry\n\n\n\nComputer hardware\nComputer software\nConsumer electronics\nDistribution\n\n\n\n\n\nFounded\nMay 19, 2001; 16 years ago (2001-05-19)\nTysons Corner Center\nFairfax County, Virginia, U.S.\n\n\nFounder\nRon Johnson\n\n\n\nNumber of locations\n\nWorld: 500 stores in 22 countries[1]\n(272 US/228 elsewhere)\n\n\n\nKey people\n\n\n\n\nTim Cook (CEO)\nAngela Ahrendts (SVP: Retail and Online Stores)\nPhil Schiller (SVP: Worldwide Marketing)\n\n\n\n\n\nProducts\n\n\n\nMac\niPad\niPhone\niPod\nApple TV\nApple Watch\nApple & third-party software and accessories\n\n\n\n\n\nParent\nApple Inc.\n\n\nWebsite\nwww.apple.com/retail\n\n" ]	[ "272" ]
-3694135969355428605	And did those feet in ancient time	And did those feet in ancient time - wikipedia And did those feet in ancient time Jump to : navigation , search And did those feet in ancient time The preface to Milton , as it appeared in Blake 's own illuminated version Unofficial National anthem of England Also known as Jerusalem Lyrics William Blake , 1804 Music Hubert Parry , 1916 `` And did those feet in ancient time '' is a poem by William Blake from the preface to his epic Milton : A Poem in Two Books , one of a collection of writings known as the Prophetic Books . The date of 1804 on the title page is probably when the plates were begun , but the poem was printed c. 1808 . Today it is best known as the anthem `` Jerusalem '' , with music written by Sir Hubert Parry in 1916 . It is not to be confused with another poem , much longer and larger in scope , but also by Blake , called Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion . The poem was inspired by the apocryphal story that a young Jesus , accompanied by Joseph of Arimathea , a tin merchant , travelled to what is now England and visited Glastonbury during his unknown years . The poem 's theme is linked to the Book of Revelation ( 3 : 12 and 21 : 2 ) describing a Second Coming , wherein Jesus establishes a New Jerusalem . The Christian church in general , and the English Church in particular , has long used Jerusalem as a metaphor for Heaven , a place of universal love and peace . In the most common interpretation of the poem , Blake implies that a visit by Jesus would briefly create heaven in England , in contrast to the `` dark Satanic Mills '' of the Industrial Revolution . Blake 's poem asks four questions rather than asserting the historical truth of Christ 's visit . Thus the poem merely implies that there may , or may not , have been a divine visit , when there was briefly heaven in England . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 1.1 `` Dark Satanic Mills '' 1.2 `` Chariot of fire '' 1.3 `` Green and pleasant Land '' 1.4 Revolution 2 Popularisation 2.1 Parry 's setting of `` Jerusalem '' 2.2 Use as a hymn 2.3 Use as an anthem 2.4 Emerson , Lake and Palmer version 2.5 Performances 2.6 Use in film , television and theatre 3 Other composers 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Text ( edit ) The original text is found in the preface Blake wrote for inclusion with Milton , a Poem , following the lines beginning `` The Stolen and Perverted Writings of Homer & Ovid : of Plato & Cicero , which all Men ought to contemn : ... '' Blake 's poem And did those feet in ancient time , Walk upon England 's mountains green : And was the holy Lamb of God , On Englands pleasant pastures seen ! And did the Countenance Divine , Shine forth upon our clouded hills ? And was Jerusalem builded here , Among these dark Satanic Mills ? Bring me my Bow of burning gold ; Bring me my Arrows of desire : Bring me my Spear : O clouds unfold ! Bring me my Chariot of fire ! I will not cease from Mental Fight , Nor shall my Sword sleep in my hand : Till we have built Jerusalem , In Englands green & pleasant Land . Beneath the poem Blake inscribed a quotation from the Bible : `` Would to God that all the Lords people were Prophets '' Numbers XI.ch 29. v `` Dark satanic mills '' ( edit ) Albion Flour Mills The phrase `` dark Satanic Mills '' , which entered the English language from this poem , is often interpreted as referring to the early Industrial Revolution and its destruction of nature and human relationships . This view has been linked to the fate of the Albion Flour Mills , which was the first major factory in London . Designed by John Rennie and Samuel Wyatt , the factory was built on land purchased by Wyatt in Southwark . This rotary steam - powered flour mill by Matthew Boulton and James Watt used grinding gears by Rennie to produce 6000 bushels of flour per week . The factory could have driven independent traditional millers out of business , but it was destroyed in 1791 by fire , perhaps deliberately . London 's independent millers celebrated with placards reading , `` Success to the mills of Albion but no Albion Mills . '' Opponents referred to the factory as satanic , and accused its owners of adulterating flour and using cheap imports at the expense of British producers . A contemporary illustration of the fire shows a devil squatting on the building . The mills were a short distance from Blake 's home . Blake 's phrase resonates with a wider theme in his works , what he envisioned as a physically and spiritually repressive ideology based on a quantified reality . Blake saw the cotton mills and collieries of the period as a mechanism for the enslavement of millions , but the concepts underpinning the works had a wider application : And all the Arts of Life they changed into the Arts of Death in Albion. / ... -- Jerusalem Chapter 3 . William Blake The first reference to Satan 's `` mills '' , next to images of megaliths ( Milton : A Poem in Two Books , copy C , object 4 ) Another interpretation , amongst Nonconformists , is that the phrase refers to the established Church of England . This church preached a doctrine of conformity to the established social order and class system , in contrast to Blake . In 2007 the new Bishop of Durham , N.T. Wright , explicitly recognised this element of English subculture when he acknowledged this alternative view that the `` dark satanic mills '' refer to the `` great churches '' . In similar vein , the critic F.W. Bateson noted how `` the adoption by the Churches and women 's organizations of this anti-clerical paean of free love is amusing evidence of the carelessness with which poetry is read '' . Stonehenge and other megaliths are featured in Milton , suggesting they may relate to the oppressive power of priestcraft in general ; as Peter Porter observed , many scholars argue that the `` ( mills ) are churches and not the factories of the Industrial Revolution everyone else takes them for '' . An alternative theory is that Blake is referring to a mystical concept within his own mythology related to the ancient history of England . Satan 's `` mills '' are referred to repeatedly in the main poem , and are first described in words which suggest neither industrialism nor ancient megaliths , but rather something more abstract : `` the starry Mills of Satan / Are built beneath the earth and waters of the Mundane Shell ... To Mortals thy Mills seem everything , and the Harrow of Shaddai / A scheme of human conduct invisible and incomprehensible '' . `` Chariot of fire '' ( edit ) The line from the poem `` Bring me my Chariot of fire ! '' draws on the story of 2 Kings 2 : 11 , where the Old Testament prophet Elijah is taken directly to heaven : `` And it came to pass , as they still went on , and talked , that , behold , there appeared a chariot of fire , and horses of fire , and parted them both asunder ; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven . '' The phrase has become a byword for divine energy , and inspired the title of the 1981 film Chariots of Fire . The plural phrase `` chariots of fire '' refers to 2 Kings 6 : 16 -- 18 . `` Green and pleasant land '' ( edit ) Blake lived in London for most of his life , but wrote much of Milton while living in the village of Felpham in Sussex . Amanda Gilroy argues that the poem is informed by Blake 's `` evident pleasure '' in the Felpham countryside . The phrase `` green and pleasant land '' has become a collocation for identifiably English landscape or society . It appears as a headline , title or sub-title in numerous articles and books . Sometimes it refers , whether with appreciation , nostalgia or critical analysis , to idyllic or enigmatic aspects of the English countryside . In other contexts it can suggest the perceived habits and aspirations of rural middle - class life . Sometimes it is used ironically , e.g. in the Dire Straits song `` Iron Hand '' . Revolution ( edit ) Several of Blake 's poems and paintings express a notion of universal humanity : `` As all men are alike ( tho ' infinitely various ) '' . He retained an active interest in social and political events for all his life , but was often forced to resort to cloaking social idealism and political statements in Protestant mystical allegory . Even though the poem was written during the Napoleonic Wars , Blake was an outspoken supporter of the French Revolution , and Napoleon claimed to be continuing this revolution . The poem expressed his desire for radical change without overt sedition . ( In 1803 Blake was charged at Chichester with high treason for having `` uttered seditious and treasonable expressions '' , but was acquitted . ) The poem is followed in the preface by a quotation from Numbers ch. 11 , v. 29 : `` Would to God that all the Lords people were prophets . '' Christopher Rowland has argued that this includes everyone in the task of speaking out about what they saw . Prophecy for Blake , however , was not a prediction of the end of the world , but telling the truth as best a person can about what he or she sees , fortified by insight and an `` honest persuasion '' that with personal struggle , things could be improved . A human being observes , is indignant and speaks out : it 's a basic political maxim which is necessary for any age . Blake wanted to stir people from their intellectual slumbers , and the daily grind of their toil , to see that they were captivated in the grip of a culture which kept them thinking in ways which served the interests of the powerful . The words of the poem `` stress the importance of people taking responsibility for change and building a better society ' in Englands green and pleasant land . ' '' Popularisation ( edit ) See also : William Blake in popular culture The poem , which was little known during the century which followed its writing , was included in the patriotic anthology of verse The Spirit of Man , edited by the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom , Robert Bridges , and published in 1916 , at a time when morale had begun to decline because of the high number of casualties in World War I and the perception that there was no end in sight . Under these circumstances , Bridges , finding the poem an appropriate hymn text to `` brace the spirit of the nation ( to ) accept with cheerfulness all the sacrifices necessary , '' asked Sir Hubert Parry to put it to music for a Fight for Right campaign meeting in London 's Queen 's Hall . Bridges asked Parry to supply `` suitable , simple music to Blake 's stanzas -- music that an audience could take up and join in '' , and added that , if Parry could not do it himself , he might delegate the task to George Butterworth . The poem 's idealistic theme or subtext accounts for its popularity across much of the political spectrum . It was used as a campaign slogan by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election ; Clement Attlee said they would build `` a new Jerusalem '' . It has been sung at conferences of the Conservative Party , at the Glee Club of the British Liberal Assembly , the Labour Party and by the Liberal Democrats . Parry 's setting of `` Jerusalem '' ( edit ) In adapting Blake 's poem as a unison song , Parry deployed a two - stanza format , each taking up eight lines of Blake 's original poem . He added a four - bar musical introduction to each verse and a coda , echoing melodic motifs of the song . The word `` those '' was substituted for `` these '' before `` dark satanic mills '' . The piece was to be conducted by Parry 's former student Walford Davies , but Parry was initially reluctant to set the words , as he had doubts about the ultra-patriotism of Fight for Right , but not wanting to disappoint either Robert Bridges or Davies he agreed , writing it on 10 March 1916 , and handing the manuscript to Davies with the comment , `` Here 's a tune for you , old chap . Do what you like with it . '' Davies later recalled , We looked at ( the manuscript ) together in his room at the Royal College of Music , and I recall vividly his unwonted happiness over it ... He ceased to speak , and put his finger on the note D in the second stanza where the words ' O clouds unfold ' break his rhythm . I do not think any word passed about it , yet he made it perfectly clear that this was the one note and one moment of the song which he treasured ... Davies arranged for the vocal score to be published by Curwen in time for the concert at the Queen 's Hall on 28 March and began rehearsing it . It was a success and was taken up generally . But Parry began to have misgivings again about Fight for Right and eventually wrote to Sir Francis Younghusband withdrawing his support entirely in May 1917 . There was even concern that the composer might withdraw the song , but the situation was saved by Millicent Fawcett of the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) . The song had been taken up by the Suffragettes in 1917 and Fawcett asked Parry if it might be used at a Suffrage Demonstration Concert on 13 March 1918 . Parry was delighted and orchestrated the piece for the concert ( it had originally been for voices and organ ) . After the concert , Fawcett asked the composer if it might become the Women Voters ' Hymn . Parry wrote back , I wish indeed it might become the Women Voters ' Hymn , as you suggest . People seem to enjoy singing it . And having the vote ought to diffuse a good deal of joy . So they should combine happily . '' Accordingly , he assigned the copyright to the NUWSS . When that organisation was wound up in 1928 , Parry 's executors reassigned the copyright to the Women 's Institutes , where it remained until it entered the public domain in 1968 . The song was first called `` And Did Those Feet in Ancient Time '' and the early published scores have this title . The change to `` Jerusalem '' seems to have been made about the time of the 1918 Suffrage Demonstration Concert , perhaps when the orchestral score was published ( Parry 's manuscript of the orchestral score has the old title crossed out and `` Jerusalem '' inserted in a different hand ) . However , Parry always referred to it by its first title . He had originally intended the first verse to be sung by a solo female voice ( this is marked in the score ) , but this is rare in contemporary performances . Sir Edward Elgar re-scored the work for very large orchestra in 1922 for use at the Leeds Festival . Elgar 's orchestration has overshadowed Parry 's own , primarily because it is the version usually used now for the Last Night of the Proms ( though Sir Malcolm Sargent , who introduced it to that event in the 1950s , always used Parry 's version ) . During his folk - singing period , in 1965 Don Partridge recorded a solo version of the hymn with acoustic guitar accompaniment . Use as a hymn ( edit ) Although Parry composed the music as a unison song , many churches have adopted `` Jerusalem '' ; English cathedrals , churches and chapels frequently use it as an office or recessional hymn on St George 's Day . However , some clergy in the Church of England , according to the BBC TV programme Jerusalem : An Anthem for England , have said that the song is not technically a hymn as it is not a prayer to God ( which they claim hymns always are , though many counter-examples appear in any hymnal ) . Consequently , it is not sung in some churches in England . Despite this , it was sung as a hymn during the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in Westminster Abbey . Many schools use the song , especially public schools in Great Britain ( it was used as the title music for the BBC 's 1979 series ' Public School ' at Radley College ) , and several private schools in Australia , New Zealand , New England and Canada . `` Jerusalem '' was chosen as the opening hymn for the London Olympics 2012 , although `` God Save the Queen '' was the anthem sung during the raising of the flag in salute to the Queen . Some attempts have also been made to increase its use elsewhere with other words , examples include the State Funeral of President Ronald Reagan in Washington National Cathedral on 11 June 2004 and the State Memorial Service for Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam AC QC on 5 November 2014 . Use as an anthem ( edit ) See also : National anthem of England Upon hearing the orchestral version for the first time , King George V said that he preferred `` Jerusalem '' over the British national anthem `` God Save the King '' . `` Jerusalem '' is considered to be England 's most popular patriotic song ; The New York Times said it was `` fast becoming an alternative national anthem , '' and there have even been calls to give it official status . England has no official anthem and uses the British national anthem `` God Save the Queen '' , also unofficial , for some national occasions , such as before English international football matches . However , some sports , including rugby league , use `` Jerusalem '' as the English anthem . `` Jerusalem '' is the official hymn of the England and Wales Cricket Board , although `` God Save the Queen '' was the anthem sung before England 's games in 2010 ICC World Twenty20 and 2010 -- 11 Ashes series . Questions in Parliament have not clarified the situation , as answers from the relevant minister say that since there is no official national anthem , each sport must make its own decision . As Parliament has not clarified the situation , Team England , the English Commonwealth team , held a public poll in 2010 to decide which anthem should be played at medal ceremonies to celebrate an English win at the Commonwealth Games . `` Jerusalem '' was selected by 52 % of voters over `` Land of Hope and Glory '' ( used since 1930 ) and `` God Save the Queen '' . The lyrics ' explicit focus on England , without mention of other parts of the United Kingdom , renders the song unfitting as a national anthem for the entire UK . In 2005 BBC Four produced Jerusalem : An Anthem For England highlighting the usages of the song / poem and a case was made for its adoption as the national anthem of England . Varied contributions come from Howard Goodall , Billy Bragg , Gary Bushell , Lord Hattersley , Ann Widdecombe and David Mellor , war proponents , war opponents , suffragettes , trade unionists , public schoolboys , the Conservatives , the Labour Party , football supporters , the British National Party , the Women 's Institute , a gay choir , a gospel choir , Fat Les and naturists . Emerson , Lake and Palmer version ( edit ) `` Jerusalem '' Single by Emerson , Lake & Palmer from the album Brain Salad Surgery B - side `` When the Apple Blossoms Bloom in the Windmills of Your Mind I 'll Be Your Valentine '' Released 1973 Format 45 rpm Genre Progressive rock Length 2 : 45 Label Manticore Songwriter ( s ) William Blake , Hubert Parry Producer ( s ) Greg Lake Emerson , Lake & Palmer singles chronology `` Living Sin '' / `` Hoedown '' ( 1972 ) `` Jerusalem '' ( 1973 ) `` Still ... You 'll Turn Me On '' / `` Brain Salad Surgery '' ( 1974 ) `` Living Sin '' / `` Hoedown '' ( 1972 ) `` Jerusalem '' ( 1973 ) `` Still ... You 'll Turn Me On '' / `` Brain Salad Surgery '' ( 1974 ) Brain Salad Surgery track listing `` Jerusalem '' ( 1 ) `` Toccata '' ( 2 ) In 1973 , for their Brain Salad Surgery album , British progressive rock band Emerson , Lake & Palmer recorded a version of the song titled `` Jerusalem '' . The track features the debut of the prototype Moog Apollo , the first - ever polyphonic music synthesizer . The subject matter of this song indicates a nod to ELP 's unabashed Englishness and simultaneously lent an air of timeless tradition and ceremony to the music . Though a single was released of the song , it failed to chart , and it was banned from radio play in England . The BBC would not accept it as a serious piece of music , the band claims . Drummer Carl Palmer later expressed disappointment over this decision . We wanted to put it out as a single ... We figured it was worthy of a single . In England , they have this format where four or five people have to ( approve it ) before it gets played on the airwaves ; it 's a very old - fashioned way of doing it , but that 's the way it was being done at the time . I think there was some apprehension ( as ) to whether or not we should be playing a hymn and bastardizing it , as they said , or whatever was being called at the time ... We thought we 'd done it spot - on , and I thought that was very sad because I 've got a jukebox at home , and that 's a piece of music that I 've got on the jukebox , so I actually thought the recording and just the general performances from all of us were absolutely wonderful . I could n't believe the small - mindedness of the English ... committee to vote these things onto the radio or off the radio . They ... obviously did n't even listen to this . It got banned and there was sort of quite a big thing about it , these people just would not play it . They said no , it was a hymn , and we had taken it the wrong way . A live rendition was recorded during their subsequent Someone Get Me a Ladder tour , and was included on Welcome Back , My Friends , to the Show That Never Ends ~ Ladies and Gentlemen ... Emerson , Lake & Palmer ! Performances ( edit ) The popularity of Parry 's setting has resulted in many hundreds of recordings being made , too numerous to list , of both traditional choral performances and new interpretations by popular music artists . Consequently , only its most notable performances are listed below . It is sung every year by an audience of thousands at the end of the Last Night of the Proms in the Royal Albert Hall and simultaneously in the Proms in the Park venues throughout the country . Along with `` The Red Flag '' , it is sung each year at the closing of the annual Labour Party conference . The song was used by the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( indeed it was their property until 1928 , when they were wound up after women won the right to vote -- see above in relation to Millicent Garret Fawcett ) . During the 1920s , many Women 's Institutes ( WI ) started closing meetings by singing it , and this caught on nationally . Although it has never actually been adopted as the WI 's official anthem , in practice it holds that position , and is an enduring element of the public image of the WI . The extended version of dance group the KLF 's hit single `` It 's Grim Up North '' incorporates Parry 's setting of the poem . It is traditionally sung before rugby league 's Challenge Cup Final , along with `` Abide with Me '' , and before the Super League Grand Final , where it is introduced as `` the rugby league anthem '' . Before 2008 , it was the anthem used by the national side , as `` God Save the Queen '' was used by the Great Britain team : since the Lions were superseded by England , `` God Save the Queen '' has replaced `` Jerusalem '' . The Waterboys have incorporated verses into live performances of `` Savage Earth Heart '' . Since 2004 , it has been the anthem of the England cricket team , being played before each day of their home test matches . A recording by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band was played in medal ceremonies when an English competitor at the 2010 Commonwealth Games was awarded gold . It was one of three `` hymns '' sung at the wedding of Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , and Catherine Middleton . At a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 4 July 2009 , Jeff Beck performed a version featuring his touring band at the time ( Vinnie Colaiuta , Tal Wilkenfeld and Jason Rebello ) and a guest appearance by David Gilmour . While performing at Glastonbury in June 2011 , U2 's Bono incorporated one of the verses into their songs `` Where The Streets Have No Name '' and `` Bad '' . Whilst being interviewed after the gig , he said it was a tribute to Glastonbury 's historical significance . It was used in the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London and inspired several of the opening show segments directed by Danny Boyle . It was included in the ceremony 's soundtrack album , Isles of Wonder . An a cappella version by Jacob Collier was selected for Beats by Dre `` The Game Starts Here '' for the England Rugby World Cup campaign . Use in film , television and theatre ( edit ) `` Bring me my Chariot of fire '' inspired the title of the film Chariots of Fire . A church congregation sings `` Jerusalem '' at the close of the film and a performance appears on the Chariots of Fire soundtrack performed by the Ambrosian Singers overlaid partly by a composition by Vangelis . One unexpected touch is that `` Jerusalem '' is sung in four - part harmony , as if it were truly a hymn . This is not authentic : Parry 's composition was a unison song ( that is , all voices sing the tune -- perhaps one of the things that make it so `` singable '' by massed crowds ) and he never provided any harmonisation other than the accompaniment for organ ( or orchestra ) . Neither does it appear in any standard hymn book in a guise other than Parry 's own , so it may have been harmonised specially for the film . The film 's working title was `` Running '' until Colin Welland saw a television programme , Songs of Praise , featuring the hymn and decided to change the title . The hymn has featured in many other films and television programmes including Four Weddings and a Funeral , How to Get Ahead in Advertising , The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner , Calendar Girls , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Goodnight Mr. Tom , Women in Love , The Man Who Fell to Earth , Shameless , Building Jerusalem and Monty Python 's Flying Circus . An extract was heard in the 2013 Doctor Who episode `` The Crimson Horror '' although that story was set in 1893 , i.e. , before Parry 's arrangement . A punk version is heard in Derek Jarman 's 1977 film Jubilee . In an episode of Peep Show , Jez ( Robert Webb ) records a track titled `` This Is Outrageous '' which uses the first and a version of the second line in a verse . In the theatre it appears in Jerusalem , Calendar Girls and in Time and the Conways . Eddie Izzard discusses the hymn in his 2000 Circle stand - up tour . Punk band Bad Religion have borrowed the opening line of Blake 's poem in their `` God Song '' , from the 1990 album Against the Grain . Other composers ( edit ) Blake 's lyrics have also been set to music by other composers without reference to Parry 's melody . Tim Blake ( synthesiser player of Gong ) produced a solo album in 1978 called Blake 's New Jerusalem , including a 20 - minute track with lyrics from Blake 's poem . Mark E. Smith of The Fall interpolated the verses with a deadpan rant against his native land in the track `` Dog is life / Jerusalem '' from the 1988 ballet score `` I Am Kurious Oranj '' . The words , with some variations , are used in the track `` Jerusalem '' on Bruce Dickinson 's album The Chemical Wedding , which also includes lines from book two of Milton . Finn Coren also created a different musical setting for the poem on his album The Blake Project : Spring . The Verve also referenced the song in their 2008 song Love Is Noise from the album Forth . Lead singer and writer Richard Ashcroft said that Blake had influenced the lyric ' Will those feet in modern times ' from the song . This is not the first Verve song influenced by Blake , as their previous single History also featured the lyrics `` I wandered lonely streets / Behind where the old Thames does flow / And in every face I meet '' , referencing Blake 's `` London '' . See also ( edit ) Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion by William Blake Civil religion Merry England Romantic Movement and the industrial revolution Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The hymn ' Jerusalem the Golden with milk and honey blessed ... I know not oh I know not what joys await me there ... ' uses Jerusalem for the same metaphor . Jump up ^ In this poem Blake wrote Englands here , and twice later , where we would use the standardised genitive England 's Jump up ^ Incipit of citation given in Hall , 1996 : `` And all the Arts of Life they changed into the Arts of Death in Albion . The hour - glass contemned because its simple workmanship Was like the workmanship of the Plowman and the water - wheel That raises water into cisterns , broken and burned with fire Because its workmanship was like the workmanship of the shepherd ; And in their stead intricate wheels invented , wheel without wheel To perplex youth in their outgoings and to bind to labours in Albion . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cox , Michael , editor , The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature , `` 1808 '' , p 289 , Oxford University Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860634 - 6 Jump up ^ Icons -- a portrait of England . Icon : Jerusalem ( hymn ) Feature : And did those feet ? Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 7 August 2008 Jump up ^ Peter Stanford , `` Did Jesus REALLY stay in England ? A new film claims he built a church in Somerset and learnt maths from the Druids '' , Daily Mail , 27 November 2009 . Retrieved 2016.10. 21 . Jump up ^ `` The One Show '' . BBC . 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ John Walsh The Independent 18 May 1996 ^ Jump up to : Blake , William . `` Milton a Poem , copy B object 2 '' . The William Blake Archive . Ed . Morris Eaves , Robert N. Essick , and Joseph Viscomi . Retrieved 1 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers 11 : 29 '' . King James Version . biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Lienhard , John H. 1999 Poets in the Industrial Revolution . The Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1413 : ( Revised transcription ) Jump up ^ Walk This Way from southbanklondon.com . Retrieved 7 January 2011 Jump up ^ ICONS -- a portrait of England . Icon : Jerusalem ( hymn ) Feature : And did those feet ? Archived 12 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 7 August 2008 Jump up ^ Brian Maidment , Reading Popular Prints , 1790 -- 1870 , Manchester University Press , 2001 , p. 40 Jump up ^ Alfred Kazin : Introduction to a volume of Blake . 1946 Jump up ^ Hall , Ernest ( 8 February 1996 ) . `` In Defense of Genius '' . Annual Lecture to the Arts Council of England . 21st Century Learning Initiative . Archived from the original on 25 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 September 2009 . Jump up ^ N.T. Wright , Bishop of Durham ( 23 June 2007 ) `` Where Shall Wisdom be Found ? '' Homily at the 175th anniversary of the founding of the University of Durham . ntwrightpage.com Jump up ^ Quoted in Yvor Winters , Forms of Discovery ( 1967 ) p. 166 Jump up ^ Peter Porter , The English Poets : from Chaucer to Edward Thomas , Secker and Warburg , 1974 , p. 198. , quoted in Shivashankar Mishra , The Rise of William Blake , Mittal Publications , 1995 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Blake , William , Milton : A Poem , plate 4 . Jump up ^ Gilroy , Amanda ( 2004 ) . Green and Pleasant Land : English Culture and the Romantic Countryside . Peeters Publishers . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Ravilious : Green and Pleasant Land , '' by Tom Lubbock , The Independent , 13 July 2010 ... Retrieved 7 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` This green and pleasant land , '' by Tim Adams , The Observer , 10 April 2005 ... Retrieved 7 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Green and pleasant land ? '' by Jeremy Paxman , The Guardian , 6 March 2007 ... Retrieved 7 January 2011 Jump up ^ William Blake Spartacus Educational ( schoolnet.co ) -- Accessed 7 August 2008 Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` William Blake '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 26 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rowland , C. 2007 William Blake : a visionary for our time openDemocracy.net Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 2011 ) . Jerusalem , Jerusalem : How the Ancient City Ignited Our Modern World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 19561 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bridges , Robert , ed . ( January 1916 ) . `` Index '' . The Spirit of Man : An Anthology in English & French from the Philosophers & Poets ( First ed . ) . Longmans , Green & Co. p. 335 . Retrieved 10 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Carroll , James ( 2011 ) . Jerusalem , Jerusalem : How the Ancient City Ignited Our Modern World . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 19561 - 2 . Jump up ^ C.L. Graves , Hubert Parry , Macmillan 1926 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Link to PBS script quoting Attlee in 1945 -- Accessed 7 August 2008 '' . Pbs.org. 24 October 1929 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What does it really mean to be English ? Nothing at all -- and that 's how it should be '' . The Daily Telegraph . 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Benoliel , Bernard , Parry Before Jerusalem , Ashgate , Aldershot , 1997 ^ Jump up to : Dibble , Jeremy , C. Hubert H. Parry : His life and music , Oxford University Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Christopher Wiltshire ( Former archivist , British Federation of Festivals for Music , Speech and Dance ) , Guardian newspaper 8 December 2000 Letters : Tune into Jerusalem 's fighting history The Guardian 8 December 2000 . Jump up ^ The manuscripts of the song with organ and with orchestra , and of Elgar 's orchestration , are in the library of the Royal College of Music , London Jump up ^ ICONS -- a portrait of England . Icon : Jerusalem ( hymn ) Sir Hubert Parry Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Jerusalem '' and Elgar 's orchestration . Jump up ^ Don Partridge `` Singing Soho Style '' EP , Capital Film Records ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Jerusalem : An Anthem for England . BBC Four . 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Borland , Sophie ( 10 April 2008 ) . `` Cathedral bans popular hymn Jerusalem '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Retrieved 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Wedding : Prince William and Kate Middleton choose popular hymns '' , The Telegraph , 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben ( 20 July 2009 ) . `` Time , and the Green and Pleasant Land '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Parliamentary Early Day Motion 2791 , UK Parliament , 18 October 2006 Jump up ^ `` Correspondence '' . UK : Anthem 4 England . 8 May 2007 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Sir Andrew Foster ( 30 May 2010 ) . `` England announce victory anthem for Delhi chosen by the public ! -- Commonwealth Games England '' . Weare England . Archived from the original on 11 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jerusalem : An Anthem for England ( TV 2005 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sam Wollaston ( 9 September 2005 ) . `` Get me to the clink on time '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liner Notes from the DVD - A of Brain Salad Surgery '' . Ladies of the Lake -- A Greg Lake Tribute Site . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Link to SongFacts -- Accessed 7 August 2008 '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ The `` Jam and Jerusalem '' caricature of the WI is still current enough that they have a FAQ about it on their site at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Waterboys using verses from Jerusalem on YouTube Jump up ^ Nation has chosen anthem for England 's medallists : And did those feet in Ancient times walk upon England 's mountains green ... , Commonwealth Games England , May -- June 2010 , archived from the original on 9 October 2010 , retrieved 13 October 2010 , Now we can reveal that the anthem has been recorded for us by The Grimethorpe Colliery Band ... The new official anthem of the England Team will be played for English athletes on the podium in Delhi when a Gold medal is won . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Simon ( 2 October 2010 ) , `` The Paralympian taking on able - bodied athletes '' , The Independent , London , archived from the original on 5 October 2010 , retrieved 13 October 2010 Jump up ^ `` Music for the Wedding Service '' . Official Royal Wedding 2011 ( Blog ) . 28 April 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Navigating the ' Isles of Wonder ' : A guide to the Olympic opening ceremony '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` England rugby captain stars in Beats By Dre campaign '' . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jerusalem -- Jacob Collier ( Soundtrack for Beats by Dre : `` The Game Starts Here '' ) `` . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : IMDb trivia -- Origin of title -- Accessed 11 August 2008 Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rXLSWrFVqg The Verve -- Love is Noise ( Interview ) -- `` Look at it in the first few lines , as a kind of remake of Jerusalem by William Blake , rather than those feet in ancient times , its those feet in modern times . '' External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Milton ( Blake ) / Preface Comparisons of the Hand Painted copies of the Preface on the William Blake Archive Free sheet music of Jerusalem from Cantorion.org And did those feet in ancient time at Hymnary.org ( hide ) William Blake ( hide ) Literary works Early writings Poetical Sketches An Island in the Moon All Religions are One There is No Natural Religion Songs of Innocence and of Experience Songs of Innocence The Shepherd The Ecchoing Green The Lamb The Little Black Boy The Blossom The Chimney Sweeper The Little Boy Lost The Little Boy Found Laughing Song A Cradle Song The Divine Image Holy Thursday Night Spring Nurse 's Song Infant Joy A Dream On Another 's Sorrow Songs of Experience Introduction Earth 's Answer The Clod and the Pebble Holy Thursday The Little Girl Lost The Little Girl Found The Chimney Sweeper Nurse 's Song The Sick Rose The Fly The Angel The Tyger My Pretty Rose Tree Ah ! Sun - flower The Lilly The Garden of Love The Little Vagabond London The Human Abstract Infant Sorrow A Poison Tree A Little Boy Lost A Little Girl Lost To Tirzah The School Boy The Voice of the Ancient Bard A Divine Image ( found only in Copy BB ) Prophetic books The continental prophecies America a Prophecy Europe a Prophecy The Song of Los Other Tiriel The Book of Thel The Marriage of Heaven and Hell The French Revolution Visions of the Daughters of Albion The Book of Urizen The Book of Ahania The Book of Los The Four Zoas Milton Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion The Pickering Manuscript `` Auguries of Innocence '' `` The Mental Traveller '' The Rossetti Manuscript `` Never seek to tell thy love '' Mythology Ahania Albion Beulah Bromion Enion Enitharmon Fuzon Golgonooza Grodna Har Leutha Los Luvah Orc Palamabron Spectre Tharmas Thiriel Tiriel Urizen Urthona Utha Vala Art Paintings and prints Relief etching Engravings for Original Stories from Real Life The Ancient of Days The Night of Enitharmon 's Joy Newton Nebuchadnezzar Illustrations for Night - Thoughts Illustrations of The Grave The Four and Twenty Elders Casting their Crowns before the Divine Throne Illustrations of Paradise Lost A Vision of the Last Judgement Descriptive Catalogue The Great Red Dragon Paintings Pity The Ghost of a Flea Agony in the Garden Illustrations of On the Morning of Christ 's Nativity The Wood of the Self - Murderers : The Harpies and the Suicides Illustrations of the Book of Job Sketches Visionary Heads The Ancients Edward Calvert John Linnell Samuel Palmer George Richmond Arthur Tatham Frederick Tatham Related Catherine Blake ( wife ) Criticism and scholarship Scholars and critics Peter Ackroyd Donald Ault Harold Bloom Nancy Bogen Jacob Bronowski S. Foster Damon David V. Erdman Northrop Frye Alexander Gilchrist Geoffrey Keynes Alicia Ostriker Kathleen Raine E.P. Thompson W.B. Yeats Scholarly works Life of William Blake Fearful Symmetry Blake : Prophet Against Empire Witness Against the Beast Archives and Collections William Blake Archive Musical Serenade for Tenor , Horn and Strings ( 1943 ) Ten Blake Songs ( 1958 ) Songs and Proverbs of William Blake ( 1965 ) The Lamb ( 1982 ) Related Blake ( 1983 ) In Lambeth ( 1989 ) Emerson , Lake & Palmer Keith Emerson Greg Lake Carl Palmer Studio albums Emerson , Lake & Palmer Tarkus Trilogy Brain Salad Surgery Works Volume 1 Works Volume 2 Love Beach Black Moon In the Hot Seat Live albums Pictures at an Exhibition Welcome Back , My Friends , to the Show That Never Ends ~ Ladies and Gentlemen In Concert / Works Live Live at the Royal Albert Hall King Biscuit Flower Hour : Greatest Hits Live Live in Poland Live at the Isle of Wight Festival 1970 Then and Now The Original Bootleg Series from the Manticore Vaults A Time and a Place High Voltage Live at Nassau Coliseum ' 78 Live at the Mar y Sol Festival ' 72 Compilation albums The Best of Emerson , Lake & Palmer The Very Best of Emerson , Lake & Palmer The Ultimate Collection The Essential Emerson , Lake & Palmer Box sets The Return of the Manticore From the Beginning A Time and a Place Songs `` Take a Pebble '' `` Lucky Man '' `` Fanfare for the Common Man '' `` From the Beginning '' `` I Believe in Father Christmas '' `` Karn Evil 9 '' `` Tarkus '' `` The Barbarian '' `` Knife - Edge '' Related articles Discography Manticore Records Emerson , Lake & Powell Emerson , Lake & Powell ( album ) To the Power of Three The Nice King Crimson Atomic Rooster Asia Peter Sinfield Cozy Powell Robert Berry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_did_those_feet_in_ancient_time&oldid=816020501 '' Categories : 1804 poems 1916 songs English Christian hymns English patriotic songs National symbols of England Poetry by William Blake Adaptations of works by William Blake British Israelism Culture of Jerusalem Musical settings of poems by William Blake Emerson , Lake & Palmer songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from October 2017 Use dmy dates from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2014 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the music for the hymn jerusalem	[ "\"And did those feet in ancient time\" is a poem by William Blake from the preface to his epic Milton: A Poem in Two Books, one of a collection of writings known as the Prophetic Books. The date of 1804 on the title page is probably when the plates were begun, but the poem was printed c. 1808.[1] Today it is best known as the anthem \"Jerusalem\", with music written by Sir Hubert Parry in 1916. It is not to be confused with another poem, much longer and larger in scope, but also by Blake, called Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion." ]	[ "Sir Hubert Parry" ]
-4454293534395971022	Truth or Dare (2018 film)	Truth or Dare ( 2018 film ) - wikipedia Truth or Dare ( 2018 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Truth or Dare Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeff Wadlow Produced by Jason Blum Screenplay by Michael Reisz Jillian Jacobs Chris Roach Jeff Wadlow Story by Michael Reisz Starring Lucy Hale Tyler Posey Violett Beane Hayden Szeto Sophia Taylor Ali Landon Liboiron Music by Matthew Margeson Cinematography Jacques Jouffret Edited by Sean Albertson Production company Blumhouse Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3.5 million Box office $82.4 million Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare , or simply Truth or Dare , is a 2018 American supernatural horror film directed by Jeff Wadlow and written by Michael Reisz , Jillian Jacobs , Chris Roach and Wadlow . It stars Lucy Hale , Tyler Posey , Violett Beane , Hayden Szeto , and Landon Liboiron , and follows a group of college students who play a game of truth or dare ? while on vacation in Mexico , only to realize it has deadly consequences if they do n't follow through on their tasks . Jason Blum produced through his Blumhouse Productions banner , and Universal Pictures distributed the film . Released in theaters on April 13 , 2018 , the film received negative reviews from critics , who said it was `` neither inventive nor scary enough to set itself apart from the decades of dreary slashers that came before it '' . Despite this , the film was a massive box office success and grossed $82 million worldwide , over twenty - times its $3.5 million production budget . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Olivia Barron , her best friend Markie Cameron , Markie 's boyfriend Lucas Moreno , along with Penelope Amari and her boyfriend Tyson Curran , and Brad Chang go on a trip to Rosarito , Mexico . In Mexico , Olivia runs into fellow student Ronnie who proceeds to harass her until a man intervenes on her behalf . The man introduces himself as Carter and eventually convinces her and her friends to join him for drinks at the ruins of a mansion . There , Carter initiates a game of `` Truth or Dare ? '' with Olivia and her friends , plus Ronnie , who followed the group . Eventually , the game ends when Carter reveals that he deceived Olivia as a means of tricking her and her friends to the mission to offer them in his place in the supernatural game of Truth or Dare . As Carter leaves , he explains to Olivia that the game will follow them and they must not refuse it . Upon returning Olivia begins to see `` Truth or Dare ? '' written in several places , initially believing it to be a prank . However , at the library she sees everyone asking her `` Truth or Dare ? '' until she picks truth and is forced to say that Markie cheated on Lucas . Olivia realized that only she saw / heard the truth or dare challenge . Later at a local college bar Ronnie dies when he fails to complete a dare . Olivia , having become convinced that Carter was telling the truth , gathers and attempts to convince her friends that the game is real . The game , playing in accordance to the order the group played in Mexico , turns to Markie , having already appeared to Olivia and Lucas , and she is forced to break Olivia 's hand . At the hospital , Brad is then forced by the game into revealing to his father , Officer Han Chang , his homosexuality . The next day , the skeptical Tyson lies when forced to tell a truth and , as a result , dies . A drunken Penelope is next forced by the game to drink and finish a full bottle of vodka whilst walking along the edge of the roof of a house . She eventually falls from the roof after finishing the bottle , but is saved by Brad , Markie , and Olivia . The group manage to come into contact with a woman named Giselle , who is also a participant in a separate incarnation of the game , and the group go to meet her . Giselle reveals that she and her friends played the game and her friend Sam , the only other survivor of her incarnation of the game , was responsible for the game becoming reality in the first place , having wrecked the ruins of the mission . Giselle reveals that a truth can only be chosen twice before the next player is forced to choose dare . Giselle draws a handgun on Olivia and shoots , confessing that she was dared to kill her . However , Penelope jumps in front of Olivia and is shot and killed . Failing to kill Olivia , Giselle shoots herself in the head . Olivia and Lucas drive to Tijuana and meet with a mute woman and former nun who operated out of the church in which they originally played the game . The woman informs them that they are dealing with a demon she first summoned , who possessed the game of Truth or Dare and can only be stopped if the last person who evoked it sacrifices their tongue into an urn and seals it with wax after an incantation is made in the church . Later , following Olivia , Lucas , and Markie 's turns in the game , Brad is dared to withdraw his father 's gun and make him beg for his life . However , in the act , Brad is shot and killed by an approaching officer . At the precinct , Olivia learns that Carter is Sam . Olivia , Markie , and Lucas find Sam and force him at gunpoint back to the ruins of the church in Mexico . There , Sam begins the ritual and is about to sever his tongue when it becomes Lucas ' turn to play the game . Lucas is dared to kill either Olivia or Markie , which he refuses . Possessed by the demon controlling the game , Lucas is forced to kill Sam , before the latter can complete the ritual to end the game . He then proceeds to slit his throat and die . Olivia forces the demon to reveal to her whether or not there was a definitive way to end the game with Markie and herself alive . The demon reveals that now that Sam is dead , there is not - but they can draw more people into the game and prolong their turn in it . Olivia hastily records and uploads a video to YouTube , warning of the game and its rules , before challenging the viewers around the world to Truth or Dare , initiating them . Cast ( edit ) Lucy Hale as Olivia Barron Tyler Posey as Lucas Moreno Violett Beane as Markie Cameron Hayden Szeto as Brad Chang Landon Liboiron as Carter / Sam Nolan Gerard Funk as Tyson Curran Sophia Ali as Penelope Amari Sam Lerner as Ronnie Aurora Perrineau as Giselle Hammond Tom Choi as Officer Han Chang Gary Anthony Williams as the voice of Calax , the demonic entity controlling the game . Production ( edit ) Initially , director Jeff Wadlow explained that he was hired to direct the film after spitballing an opening scene based on the title of the movie in his initial meetings with Blumhouse . Subsequently , he joined with his friend Chris Roach , and his wife , Jill Jacobs , and started thinking of ideas to approach the final concept . Principal photography on the film began on June 7 , 2017 , and wrapped on July 12 , 2017 in Los Angeles . Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for release on April 27 , 2018 , but in January 2018 , the date was moved up two weeks , to April 13 , 2018 , Friday the 13th . The official trailer for the film was released on January 3 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of May 27 , 2018 , Truth or Dare has grossed $40.5 million in the United States and Canada , and $41.9 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $82.4 million , against a production budget of $3.5 million . In the United States and Canada , Truth or Dare was released alongside the openings of Rampage and Sgt . Stubby : An American Hero , as well as the wide expansion of Isle of Dogs , and was projected to gross $12 -- 15 million from 3,029 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $8.2 million on its first day ( including $750,000 from Thursday night previews ) , $6.8 million on Saturday and a total of $19.1 million over the weekend , finishing third behind Rampage ( $34.5 million ) and fellow horror film A Quiet Place ( $32.6 million ) . It fell 58 % in its second weekend ( slightly above - average for Blumhouse horror films ) , grossing $7.8 million and finishing fifth . The film continued to hold well in its third weekend , dropping 58 % again to $3.2 million , finishing seventh . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 14 % based on 127 reviews , and an average rating of 3.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Truth or Dare 's slick presentation is n't enough to make this mediocre horror outing much more frightening than an average round of the real - life game . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com gave the film 2 / 4 stars and wrote that `` director Jeff Wadlow and his three credited co-writers do n't go far enough towards either of their film 's primary impulses -- humanizing their immature subjects and / or making them die amusingly sadistic deaths . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson called the film a `` by - the - numbers horror that delivers clichés rather than surprises , '' though added `` as dumb as this movie was , I kind of enjoyed it . '' Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called it a `` scare - free horror film '' and wrote , `` The movie is n't scary , it is n't gripping , it is n't fun , and it is n't fueled by any sort of clever compulsion . It 's just a strangely arduous exercise that feels increasingly frantic and arbitrary as it goes along . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Stomps Into Theaters in Need of Big Overseas Launch '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Blumhouse Claims Ownership Over Lucy Hale 's ' Truth Or Dare ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pretty Little Liars ' Star Lucy Hale Joins Blumhouse 's ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage Is Exactly What You Think It Is '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` The Bizarre Way Truth Or Dare 's Director Pitched The Movie '' . CinemaBlend . GatewayBlend Entertainment . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Wadlow Interview : Truth or Dare '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` Full Cast Prepares For a Game of ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wadlow , Jeff ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` First day of photography ! Lucky shirt : check 🍀 @ lucyhale @ tylerposey58 @ nolanfunk @ haydenszeto @ sophiatali '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hale , Lucy ( @ lucyhale ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` THAT IS A MF WRAP ON TRUTH OR DARE 🎥 thanks for the memories guys ! Ca n't wait for y'all to see this '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Truth or Dare stars Tyler Posey , Lucy Hale share their spring break stories '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Blumhouse 's Truth Or Dare ' Moves Up Two Weeks To Friday The 13th -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ KimmiKillZombie ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ( Trailer ) Death Plays Games in TRUTH OR DARE '' . Nightmare on Film Street . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Rampage ' is poised for top box - office spot as Dwayne Johnson fights video game movie curse '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Still Noisy With $21.7 M As ' Rampage ' Beats Chest , ' Super Trooper 2 ' Surprises -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Conquering ' Force Awakens ' With Record $248 M - $250 M Opening ; Posts Record $82 M Saturday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blumhouse 's Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truth or Dare Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Simon ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Truth or Dare '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Truth or Dare ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Truth or Dare on IMDb ( hide ) Films directed by Jeff Wadlow Cry Wolf ( 2005 ) Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Truth or Dare ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truth_or_Dare_(2018_film)&oldid=843611549 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 horror films 2010s teen horror films 2010s horror thriller films American films American horror films American thriller films American horror thriller films American slasher films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films Demons in film American teen horror films Supernatural horror films Spirit possession in fiction Films about games Films directed by Jeff Wadlow Films produced by Jason Blum Films set in Mexico Blumhouse Productions films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the movie truthor dare come out	[ "\n\nTruth or Dare\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nJeff Wadlow\n\n\nProduced by\nJason Blum\n\n\nScreenplay by\n\n\n\nMichael Reisz\nJillian Jacobs\nChris Roach\nJeff Wadlow\n\n\n\n\n\nStory by\nMichael Reisz\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nLucy Hale\nTyler Posey\nViolett Beane\nHayden Szeto\nSophia Taylor Ali\nLandon Liboiron\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic by\nMatthew Margeson\n\n\nCinematography\nJacques Jouffret\n\n\nEdited by\nSean Albertson\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nBlumhouse Productions\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUniversal Pictures\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nApril 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n100 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3.5 million[1]\n\n\nBox office\n$82.4 million[2]\n\n" ]	[ "April 13, 2018" ]
-2249269316241549062	Ok Jaanu	Ok Jaanu - Wikipedia Ok Jaanu Jump to : navigation , search Ok Jaanu Theatrical release poster Directed by Shaad Ali Produced by Mani Ratnam Karan Johar Apoorva Mehta Hiroo Yash Johar Written by Gulzar ( Dialogues ) Screenplay by Mani Ratnam Story by Mani Ratnam Based on O Kadhal Kanmani by Mani Ratnam Starring Aditya Roy Kapur Shraddha Kapoor Naseeruddin Shah Leela Samson Music by Songs and Original Score : A.R. Rahman Revamp Composers : Badshah Tanishk Bagchi Additional Score Credits : Qutub - E-Kripa Cinematography Ravi K. Chandran Edited by A. Sreekar Prasad Production company Madras Talkies Dharma Productions Distributed by Fox Star Studios Release date 13 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Running time 137 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 270 million Box office est . ₹ 410.4 million OK Jaanu ( English : OK Darling ) is a 2017 Indian romantic drama film directed by Shaad Ali , story and screenplay by Mani Ratnam . Produced by Mani Ratnam and Karan Johar under their banners Madras Talkies and Dharma Productions respectively . The film stars Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor in the lead roles , portraying a young couple in a live - in relationship in Mumbai with Naseeruddin Shah and Leela Samson play supporting roles as an older couple in the film , portraying the younger couple 's landlords . Eesh Kakkkar plays Tara 's ex-boyfriend . A.R. Rahman composed the film 's score and soundtrack . Gulzar is the dialogue writer of this film . Gulzar has also written the lyrics for the songs in the film . It is an official remake of Mani Ratnam 's Tamil film O Kadhal Kanmani starring Dulquer Salmaan and Nithya Menon . The first look was released on 29 February 2016 . Principal photography commenced in March 2016 . The filming has been officially wrapped up on 29 May 2016 , with actress Shraddha Kapoor sharing a photo from the film 's set . The film had a worldwide release on 13 January 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Box office 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Adi ( Aditya Roy Kapur ) is a video game developer who accidentally meets Tara ( Shraddha Kapoor ) at his friend 's wedding . Tara is planning to pursue her studies in Paris , while Adi wants to achieve big in the United States as a video game developer and become a big shot like Mark Zuckerberg . They soon spend time together , and fall in love . They agree that marriage is not for them and decide to have a live - in relationship instead , and Tara moves into Adi 's place , rented from Gopi Srivastava ( Naseeruddin Shah ) . They wish to spend their time with each other before they go their separate ways for their respective careers . Tara and Adi live happily , being playful with each other . One early morning , Tara has a conversation with Gopi . She tells him that she might get her visa approved for going to Paris , and that it 's hard for her to leave Adi and go far away . The next day Tara goes to Jaipur for her business , and Adi starts to miss her terribly . Upon seeing the love and patience his house owner Gopi has for his wife , Charu ( Leela Samson ) , an Alzheimer 's patient , who eventually forgets the way to her own house , they begin to understand the importance of each other 's presence in their life . Soon , Adi is selected to develop his skills in video games and to go to the United States . He tells his colleague that it 's hard for him to leave Tara . The next day , both of them make an agreement to enjoy themselves to the maximum for the 10 days left before they separate . Nearing the last day , they begin to have little fights and arguments , which do n't last long . One day , Charu goes missing again , as she did when she forgot her house address . While looking for her , they continue arguing about their relationship and after finding her and bringing her back home to her husband , Adi finally proposes to Tara and they decide to get married . Post marriage , both of them continue to accomplish their own dreams , one in Paris , another in the United States , keeping in touch and waiting for the day they can be together again . Cast ( edit ) Aditya Roy Kapur as Adi Gunjal Shraddha Kapoor as Tara Agnihotri / Sarah Naseeruddin Shah as Gopi Srivastava Leela Samson as Charu Jasmeet Singh Bhatia as Bantu Prahlad Kakkar as Adi 's boss Kitu Gidwani as Tara 's Mother Sanjay Gurbaxani as Deputy Commissioner of Police Sarika Singh as Adi 's Sister in Law Sharma Vibhoutee as Jennifer Vijayant Kohli as Adi 's Brother Soundtrack ( edit ) Ok Jaanu Soundtrack album by A.R. Rahman Released 4 January 2017 Genre Feature film Soundtrack Length 34 : 15 Language Hindi Label Sony Music Producer A.R. Rahman A.R. Rahman chronology Mohenjo Daro ( 2016 ) String Module Error : Match not found2016 OK Jaanu ( 2017 ) Viceroy 's House ( 2017 ) Viceroy 's House 2017 The film score and soundtrack are composed by A.R. Rahman while the lyrics for songs are written by Gulzar . Rahman re-used most of his compositions from the Tamil soundtrack of O Kadhal Kanmani , with the exception of three songs . He composed two new songs for the film which are the Hindi counterparts of `` Aye Sinamika '' and `` Malargal Kaetten '' that were part of Tamil version . The Hindi counterpart of `` Parandhu Sella Vaa '' is a cover version of Rahman 's yesteryear classic `` Humma Humma '' from the 1995 movie Mani Ratnam 's Bombay . Dubbed as `` The Humma Song '' , the cover was done by Badshah and Tanishk Bagchi . The full soundtrack was released by Sony Music India on 4 January 2017 . OK Jaanu Track listing No . Title Lyrics Singer ( s ) Length 1 . `` OK Jaanu '' Gulzar A.R. Rahman , Shrinidhi Venkatesh 03 : 26 2 . `` The Humma Song '' Mehboob ( original lyrics ) Badshah ( rap ) A.R. Rahman , Jubin Nautiyal , Shashaa Tirupati , Badshah , Tanishk Bagchi 02 : 59 3 . `` Enna Sona '' Gulzar Arijit Singh 03 : 33 4 . `` Jee Lein '' Gulzar Arjun Chandy , Neeti Mohan , Savithri R Prithvi 04 : 46 5 . `` Kaara Fankaara '' Navneet Virk , Kaly , Hard Kaur & ADK Kaly , Hard Kaur , ADK , Shashaa Tirupati , Ashima Mahajan , Paroma Das Gupta 05 : 47 6 . `` Saajan Aayo Re '' Gulzar Jonita Gandhi , Nakash Aziz . 06 : 09 7 . `` Maula Wa Sallim '' Traditional A.R. Ameen , A.R. Rahman 03 : 12 8 . `` Sunn Bhavara '' Gulzar Shashaa Tirupati 04 : 23 Total length : 34 : 15 Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed an estimated ₹ 41.04 crore ( US $6.4 million ) worldwide , with approximately ₹ 32.83 crore ( US $5.1 million ) earned domestically , and ₹ 8.21 crore ( US $1.3 million ) from international releases . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ok Jaanu - Box office India '' . Box Office India . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day Wise breakup of Ok Jaanu '' . 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shraddha Kapoor , Aditya Roy Kapur cosy up in ' OK Jaanu ' first look '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ok Jaanu Movie Reivew '' . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Shraddha and Aditya Shine , but OK Jaanu Is Strictly ' OK '' . Jump up ^ `` Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor started shooting the remake of O Kadhal Kanmani ! '' Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/shraddha-wraps-up-ok-jaanu/article8669196.ece ^ Jump up to : `` ARRahman composes three new songs for Ok Jaanu remake of O Kadhal kanamani '' . indiaglitz.com. 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Ok Jaanu '' . BollywoodHungama. 24 December 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Ok Jaanu at Bollywood Hungama India portal 2010s portal Film portal Bollywood portal Karan Johar Films directed Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Bombay Talkies ( 2013 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Films produced Duplicate ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) Dostana ( 2008 ) Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Kurbaan ( 2009 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) Agneepath ( 2012 ) Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Gippi ( 2013 ) Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Hasee Toh Phasee ( 2014 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Ungli ( 2014 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Drive ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) See also List of Dharma Productions films Dharma Productions Key individuals Yash Johar Hiroo Yash Johar Karan Johar Karan Johar Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) Student of the Year ( 2012 ) Ae Dil Hai Mushkil ( 2016 ) Shakun Batra Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu ( 2012 ) Kapoor & Sons ( 2016 ) Mahesh Bhatt Gumrah ( 1993 ) Duplicate ( 1998 ) Rensil D'Silva Kurbaan ( 2009 ) Ungli ( 2013 ) Shashank Khaitan Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) Badrinath Ki Dulhania ( 2017 ) Karan Malhotra Agneepath ( 2012 ) Brothers ( 2015 ) Punit Malhotra I Hate Luv Storys ( 2010 ) Gori Tere Pyaar Mein ( 2013 ) Tarun Mansukhani Dostana ( 2008 ) Drive ( 2018 ) Ayan Mukerji Wake Up Sid ( 2009 ) Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) Other Dostana ( 1980 ) Duniya ( 1984 ) Muqaddar Ka Faisla ( 1987 ) Agneepath ( 1990 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) Kaal ( 2005 ) We Are Family ( 2010 ) 2 States ( 2014 ) Shaandaar ( 2015 ) Baar Baar Dekho ( 2016 ) Dear Zindagi ( 2016 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) Ittefaq ( 2017 ) Raazi ( 2018 ) List of Dharma Productions films Mani Ratnam Directorial works Pallavi Anu Pallavi ( 1983 ) Unaru ( 1985 ) Pagal Nilavu ( 1985 ) Idaya Kovil ( 1985 ) Mouna Ragam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Agni Natchathiram ( 1988 ) Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Anjali ( 1990 ) Thalapathi ( 1991 ) Roja ( 1992 ) Thiruda Thiruda ( 1993 ) Bombay ( 1995 ) Iruvar ( 1997 ) Dil Se ... ( 1998 ) Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) Kannathil Muthamittal ( 2002 ) Aaytha Ezhuthu ( 2004 ) Yuva ( 2004 ) Guru ( 2007 ) Raavan ( 2010 ) Raavanan ( 2010 ) Kadal ( 2013 ) O Kadhal Kanmani ( 2015 ) Kaatru Veliyidai ( 2017 ) Written only Chatriyan ( 1990 ) Gaayam ( 1993 ) Taj Mahal ( 1999 ) Saathiya ( 2002 ) Ok Jaanu ( 2017 ) See also Accolades Filmography Madras Talkies A.R. Rahman Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Vande Mataram Bombay Dreams Jana Gana Mana Lord of the Rings Connections Raunaq Original scores and soundtracks Roja Padayappa Alaipayuthey Sivaji Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa Raavanan Enthiran Kadal Maryan Kochadaiiyaan Kaaviya Thalaivan Lingaa O Kadhal Kanmani 24 Kaatru Veliyidai Delhi - 6 Blue Raavan Jhootha Hi Sahi Rockstar Ekk Deewana Tha Jab Tak Hai Jaan Raanjhanaa Highway Lekar Hum Deewana Dil Tamasha Puli 127 Hours People like Us Million Dollar Arm The Hundred - Foot Journey Muhammad : The Messenger of God Mersal Live albums Classic Incantations Concert tours A.R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert : The Journey Home World Tour Related articles SuperHeavy `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ok_Jaanu&oldid=806373041 '' Categories : 2017 films Hindi - language films Indian films Indian drama films Indian film remakes 2010s Hindi - language films Films set in Mumbai Hindi film scores by A.R. Rahman Indian romantic drama films Indian romance films Hidden categories : Use Indian English from March 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Music infoboxes with Module : String errors Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी मैथिली नेपाली Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 16 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang humma humma in the movie ok jaanu	[ "\n\nOK Jaanu Track listing\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nLyrics\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"OK Jaanu\"\nGulzar\nA. R. Rahman, Shrinidhi Venkatesh\n03:26\n\n\n2.\n\"The Humma Song\"\nMehboob (original lyrics)\nBadshah (rap)\nA. R. Rahman, Jubin Nautiyal, Shashaa Tirupati, Badshah, Tanishk Bagchi\n02:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Enna Sona\"\nGulzar\nArijit Singh\n03:33\n\n\n4.\n\"Jee Lein\"\nGulzar\nArjun Chandy, Neeti Mohan, Savithri R Prithvi\n04:46\n\n\n5.\n\"Kaara Fankaara\"\nNavneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK\nKaly, Hard Kaur, ADK, Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta\n05:47\n\n\n6.\n\"Saajan Aayo Re\"\nGulzar\nJonita Gandhi, Nakash Aziz.\n06:09\n\n\n7.\n\"Maula Wa Sallim\"\nTraditional\nA. R. Ameen, A. R. Rahman\n03:12\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunn Bhavara\"\nGulzar\nShashaa Tirupati\n04:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n34:15\n\n", "\n\nOK Jaanu Track listing\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nLyrics\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"OK Jaanu\"\nGulzar\nA. R. Rahman, Shrinidhi Venkatesh\n03:26\n\n\n2.\n\"The Humma Song\"\nMehboob (original lyrics)\nBadshah (rap)\nA. R. Rahman, Jubin Nautiyal, Shashaa Tirupati, Badshah, Tanishk Bagchi\n02:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Enna Sona\"\nGulzar\nArijit Singh\n03:33\n\n\n4.\n\"Jee Lein\"\nGulzar\nArjun Chandy, Neeti Mohan, Savithri R Prithvi\n04:46\n\n\n5.\n\"Kaara Fankaara\"\nNavneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK\nKaly, Hard Kaur, ADK, Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta\n05:47\n\n\n6.\n\"Saajan Aayo Re\"\nGulzar\nJonita Gandhi, Nakash Aziz.\n06:09\n\n\n7.\n\"Maula Wa Sallim\"\nTraditional\nA. R. Ameen, A. R. Rahman\n03:12\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunn Bhavara\"\nGulzar\nShashaa Tirupati\n04:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n34:15\n\n", "\n\nOK Jaanu Track listing\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nLyrics\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"OK Jaanu\"\nGulzar\nA. R. Rahman, Shrinidhi Venkatesh\n03:26\n\n\n2.\n\"The Humma Song\"\nMehboob (original lyrics)\nBadshah (rap)\nA. R. Rahman, Jubin Nautiyal, Shashaa Tirupati, Badshah, Tanishk Bagchi\n02:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Enna Sona\"\nGulzar\nArijit Singh\n03:33\n\n\n4.\n\"Jee Lein\"\nGulzar\nArjun Chandy, Neeti Mohan, Savithri R Prithvi\n04:46\n\n\n5.\n\"Kaara Fankaara\"\nNavneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK\nKaly, Hard Kaur, ADK, Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta\n05:47\n\n\n6.\n\"Saajan Aayo Re\"\nGulzar\nJonita Gandhi, Nakash Aziz.\n06:09\n\n\n7.\n\"Maula Wa Sallim\"\nTraditional\nA. R. Ameen, A. R. Rahman\n03:12\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunn Bhavara\"\nGulzar\nShashaa Tirupati\n04:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n34:15\n\n", "\n\nOK Jaanu Track listing\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nLyrics\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"OK Jaanu\"\nGulzar\nA. R. Rahman, Shrinidhi Venkatesh\n03:26\n\n\n2.\n\"The Humma Song\"\nMehboob (original lyrics)\nBadshah (rap)\nA. R. Rahman, Jubin Nautiyal, Shashaa Tirupati, Badshah, Tanishk Bagchi\n02:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Enna Sona\"\nGulzar\nArijit Singh\n03:33\n\n\n4.\n\"Jee Lein\"\nGulzar\nArjun Chandy, Neeti Mohan, Savithri R Prithvi\n04:46\n\n\n5.\n\"Kaara Fankaara\"\nNavneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK\nKaly, Hard Kaur, ADK, Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta\n05:47\n\n\n6.\n\"Saajan Aayo Re\"\nGulzar\nJonita Gandhi, Nakash Aziz.\n06:09\n\n\n7.\n\"Maula Wa Sallim\"\nTraditional\nA. R. Ameen, A. R. Rahman\n03:12\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunn Bhavara\"\nGulzar\nShashaa Tirupati\n04:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n34:15\n\n", "\n\nOK Jaanu Track listing\n\n\nNo.\nTitle\nLyrics\nSinger(s)\nLength\n\n\n1.\n\"OK Jaanu\"\nGulzar\nA. R. Rahman, Shrinidhi Venkatesh\n03:26\n\n\n2.\n\"The Humma Song\"\nMehboob (original lyrics)\nBadshah (rap)\nA. R. Rahman, Jubin Nautiyal, Shashaa Tirupati, Badshah, Tanishk Bagchi\n02:59\n\n\n3.\n\"Enna Sona\"\nGulzar\nArijit Singh\n03:33\n\n\n4.\n\"Jee Lein\"\nGulzar\nArjun Chandy, Neeti Mohan, Savithri R Prithvi\n04:46\n\n\n5.\n\"Kaara Fankaara\"\nNavneet Virk, Kaly, Hard Kaur & ADK\nKaly, Hard Kaur, ADK, Shashaa Tirupati, Ashima Mahajan, Paroma Das Gupta\n05:47\n\n\n6.\n\"Saajan Aayo Re\"\nGulzar\nJonita Gandhi, Nakash Aziz.\n06:09\n\n\n7.\n\"Maula Wa Sallim\"\nTraditional\nA. R. Ameen, A. R. Rahman\n03:12\n\n\n8.\n\"Sunn Bhavara\"\nGulzar\nShashaa Tirupati\n04:23\n\n\nTotal length:\n34:15\n\n" ]	[ "A. R. Rahman", "Jubin Nautiyal", "Shashaa Tirupati", "Badshah", "Tanishk Bagchi" ]
4363317387283915427	Water Tower Place	Water Tower Place - wikipedia Water Tower Place This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Water Tower Place Location Chicago , Illinois , USA Opening date 1976 Owner General Growth Properties No. of stores and services 100 + No. of anchor tenants Total retail floor area 729,000 square feet ( 67,726.3 m ) No. of floors 8 View of Water Tower Place ( its mall on the left and skyscraper on the right ) with Chicago Avenue Pumping Station in the foreground and John Hancock Center in the background View of the Water Tower Place skyscraper View showing the Water Tower Place shopping mall at the base of the skyscraper , with Chicago Avenue Pumping Station in foreground Water Tower Place is a large urban , mixed - use development comprising a 758,000 sq ft ( 70,400 m ) shopping mall and 74 story skyscraper in Chicago , Illinois , United States . The mall is located at 835 North Michigan Avenue , along the Magnificent Mile . It is named after the nearby Chicago Water Tower , and is owned by General Growth Properties . Contents 1 History 2 The Ritz - Carlton , Chicago 3 Shopping center 4 Education 5 Position in Chicago 's skyline 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Originally planned in the late 1960s by the Mafco Company ( the former shopping center development division of Marshall Field & Co . ) , the skyscraper was eventually built in 1975 by Urban Retail Properties , a company led by Philip Morris Klutznick and his son Thomas J. Klutznick . The project received a J.C. Nichols Prize from the Urban Land Institute in 1986 . Modernist architect Edward D. Dart , of Loebl Schlossman Bennett and Dart , was the chief architect . The tower section is a 78 - story , 859 - foot ( 262 m ) reinforced concrete slab , faced with gray marble , and is the eighth tallest building in Chicago and the twenty - sixth tallest in the United States . When built , it was the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world . It contains an award - winning Ritz - Carlton hotel , luxury condominiums and office space , and sits atop a block - long base containing an atrium - style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile . Water Tower Place 's opening changed the economic dynamics of the Magnificent Mile by bringing middle - class shops to what had been a street dominated by luxury retailers , tony hotels , and expensive apartments . It shifted downtown Chicago 's retail center of gravity north from State Street to North Michigan Avenue . Decades after its construction , its residences and hotel remain sought after addresses , and the mall is typically fully leased , drawing large enough crowds that some retailers operate outlets both inside the mall and outside it along Michigan Avenue . The 360 condo units in the tower were designed in 1974 . Richard A. Meyers Realty , Inc. , was the contracted sales and marketing consultant . In a recessionary market , the company was given the challenge of demonstrating the product and obtaining hard contracts before construction began . This was a challenging assignment in the recessionary climate of 1974 -- 1976 . A detailed product research study was conducted by Gary S. Meyers ( 1 ) , which included examining on a room - by - room basis over luxury 100 high - rise condominiums in the Chicago metropolitan area and a like number around the nation . The product analysis was then compared with sales velocities of other projects to determine buyer needs and wants and their respective acceptable price points . The net result was a mathematically designed housing product that allowed for specific space allocation for each room in each unit . The results were efficient units , where each room had a competitive advantage . Because of this unique design methodology , the condominium units are still considered well designed , even decades after their construction . After the product was designed , Richard A. Meyers Realty , Inc. and Urban Investment and Development took an entire floor in the Blair Building , 645 N. Michigan Avenue , and built several full - scale condominium units , several blocks away from the site . This combined marketing approach produced sales of over 100 units before the building was ready for occupancy , a pace that surpassed units ready for occupancy in competing buildings during the same period . In 2001 , a program of refurbishments was begun , including enclosing the exterior arcade along Michigan and adding a loading dock in the middle of the block for additional retail space . Also included were updates to the escalators and fountains leading into the mall from North Michigan Avenue lobby , as well as enhancements to the sidewalk areas , the mall 's exterior facades , and department store entrances . Some of the changes included the addition of exterior glass walls and display areas for the department stores , some small specialty retail space in the renovated lobby area , and large exterior rounded , corner glass bay windows and lighted `` fins '' on the North Michigan Avenue and side street exterior walls of the mall . These last additions broke up the boxy nature of the original architecture and added some dimension and scale to the monolithic marble walls . The interior fountain between the escalators leading from the North Michigan Avenue lobby were also updated with a tiered `` pop jet '' fountain with cascading waterfalls and balls of water , controlled by computer - based choreography . The Rouse Company acquired the center in 2002 during the breakup of the then Dutch - owned Urban Shopping Centers , Inc . It was subsequently acquired by General Growth Properties . The building 's most famous full - time resident is Oprah Winfrey . Having bought a $6,000,000 condo on November 28 , 2006 , Oprah says she is planning to eventually sell her residence in Water Tower Place , according to the Chicago Sun Times . The Ritz - Carlton , Chicago ( edit ) The Ritz - Carlton , Chicago is a 435 - room AAA Five Diamond , Mobil Five Star hotel , located on floors 15 to 30 in Water Tower Place . The builders of Water Tower Place acquired the rights to use the Ritz - Carlton name and logo when they opened a hotel in the tower in 1975 . This was before the modern Ritz - Carlton chain was established in the mid-1980s , using the same name and logo , which have been around since the early 20th Century , in use at various hotels . Also under terms of the agreement , no other hotel was permitted to use the Ritz - Carlton name in the Chicago area while the agreement was still in effect , meaning that the modern Ritz - Carlton chain was never able to operate a hotel in Chicago , only a nearby condominium , which they built in 2012 . So that their hotel would be part of a chain , the owners of Water Tower Place contracted Four Seasons Hotels to manage the hotel in 1977 . As a result , the hotel operated for decades as The Ritz - Carlton Chicago ( A Four Seasons Hotel ) . It was not part of the global Ritz - Carlton chain , despite its name and use of their iconic lion logo . In 1985 the number of guest rooms was reduced to 435 . The Ritz - Carlton Chicago was voted as a `` Top Large Hotel '' by Zagat Survey in 2007 , and ranked 61st on the Top 100 Hotels in the World by Institutional Investor . On August 1 , 2015 , The Ritz Carlton Chicago ceased being a Four Seasons property and converted management and operation to Sage Hospitality of Denver , operated as a full member of The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company LLC , and participating in and marketed with the rest of The Ritz - Carlton properties . The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company , L.L.C. , of Chevy Chase , Maryland , operates 89 hotels in the Americas , Europe , Asia , the Middle East , Africa , and the Caribbean . Shopping center ( edit ) The mall in the Water Tower Place has eight levels of shops . Water Tower Place continues to be a shopping destination due to its size and its wide variety of shops , despite only having one anchor . The stores include three of Abercrombie & Fitch 's stores ( Hollister Co. , abercrombie Kids , and Abercrombie & Fitch ) . American Eagle Outfitters opened in fall 2007 . Chocolatier Godiva has a location in the mall . Other retailers include Lego , Banana Republic , Lacoste , Victoria 's Secret , Sephora , CUSP , Chico 's , Ann Taylor , White House Black Market , J. Jill , Oakley , Finish Line , Inc. , LIDS , Aldo , Coach , Forever 21 and the official Chicago Cubs Clubhouse Shop . Instead of a classic style food court , Water Tower Place offers multiple restaurant and cafeteria style eateries on the mezzanine level of the center , just like a classic style food court ( Mity Nice Grill and Foodlife , both owned by Lettuce Entertain You Restaurants ) as well as Wow Bao in the entrance area and Auntie Anne 's Pretzels and Red Mango on the 7th Floor . The eight - level mall has over 100 shops , including Macy 's ( formerly a branch of the renowned Marshall Field 's ) , the flagship American Girl store , a live theatre , and several restaurants , arranged around a chrome - and - glass atrium with glass elevators . It was one of the first vertical malls in the world , although along North Michigan Avenue it has been joined by The Shops at North Bridge and the Avenue Atrium ( better known as 900 North Michigan ) , both of which contain higher end retail mixes . The building 's design successfully addresses the challenge of providing separate entries and vertical circulation for , what amounts to a regional mall - scaled retail center , one department store , the theater , offices , hotel , and residences . Education ( edit ) Residents of Water Tower Place are zoned to schools in the Chicago Public Schools . Ogden School ( K - 8 ) Wells Community Academy High School Position in Chicago 's skyline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) List of skyscrapers List of tallest buildings in Chicago List of tallest buildings in the United States World 's tallest structures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Retail Space for Lease in Chicago , IL - Water Tower Place - GGP '' . www.ggp.com . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Anonymous ( December 1999 ) . `` Edward D. Dart ( 1922 - 1975 ) Collection , 1841 - 1993 ( bulk 1940 - 1993 ) '' . Ryerson and Burnham Archives , Ryerson and Burnham Libraries The Art Institute of Chicago . Accession Number : 1996.2 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Five Diamond and Five Star hotel , mobiltravelguide.howstuffworks.com Jump up ^ businesstravellogue.com 2007 World 's Top Hotels and Resorts Jump up ^ Ritz - Carlton Chicago Finally a Full Participant In The Ritz - Carlton Hotel System August 3 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Near North / West / Central Elementary Schools Archived 2013 - 05 - 17 at the Wayback Machine ... '' Chicago Public Schools . Retrieved on September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West / Central / South High Schools Archived 2010 - 02 - 14 at WebCite . '' Chicago Public Schools . Retrieved on September 17 , 2009 . This remainder of this section includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this remainder of this section by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dart , Susan ( 1993 ). Edward Dart Architect. ISBN 1 - 879260 - 09 - 3 . Emporis listing External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Water Tower Place . Water Tower Place The Ritz - Carlton , Chicago Coordinates : 41 ° 53 ′ 52.5 '' N 87 ° 37 ′ 20.5 '' W / 41.897917 ° N 87.622361 ° W / 41.897917 ; - 87.622361 Chicago skyscrapers Tallest buildings 875 North Michigan Avenue Aon Center Franklin Center Trump International Hotel and Tower Two Prudential Plaza Willis Tower Selected buildings with 20 or more floors 35 East Wacker 55 East Erie Street 77 West Wacker Drive 111 South Wacker Drive 155 North Wacker 181 West Madison Street 311 South Wacker Drive 330 North Wabash 333 North Michigan 333 Wacker Drive 340 on the Park 401 East Ontario 500 West Madison 860 -- 880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments 900 North Michigan 1700 East 56th Street ABN AMRO Plaza Allerton Hotel Aqua Bilandic Building The Blackstone Hotel Blue Cross Blue Shield Tower Boeing International Headquarters Carbide & Carbon Building The Chandler Chase Tower Chicago Board of Trade Building Chicago Place Chicago Temple Building City Hall Square Building Civic Opera House Coast at Lakeshore East CNA Center Crain Communications Building Dirksen Federal Building Field Building Fisher Building FOUR40 Four Seasons Hotel Chicago Grant Thornton Tower Harbor Point Hilton Chicago Home Insurance Building Hyatt Center James R. Thompson Center Joffrey Tower Kluczynski Federal Building Lake Point Tower The Lancaster LaSalle - Wacker Building Legacy Tower Leo Burnett Building London Guarantee Building Marina City Masonic Temple Mather Tower Metropolitan Tower Montauk Building NBC Tower Olympia Centre One Magnificent Mile One Museum Park One North LaSalle One North Wacker One Prudential Plaza Optima Signature Outer Drive East Palmer House Hotel Palmolive Building Park Tower The Parkshore Peoples Gas Building Pittsfield Building Plaza 440 Powhatan Apartments Presidential Towers The Regatta Regents Park Richard J. Daley Center River East Center Roanoke Building and Tower The Shoreham Skybridge The Buckingham The Fordham The Heritage at Millennium Park The Grant The Pinnacle Three First National Plaza The Tides Time - Life Building Tribune Tower Virgin Hotels Chicago Waldorf Astoria Chicago Water Tower Place Wrigley Building Chicago Landmark skyscrapers with 12 or more floors 300 West Adams Building The Arc at Old Colony Auditorium Building Brooks Building Bryn Mawr Apartment Hotel Carson , Pirie , Scott and Company Building Chicago Building Gage Group Buildings Heyworth Building Hilliard Towers Apartments Inland Steel Building Manhattan Building Marquette Building Marshall Field and Company Building Monadnock Building Mundelein College Skyscraper Building New York Life Insurance Building Reliance Building Rookery Building See also Architecture Art Deco Chicago City Hall Chicago School Tallest buildings Washington Block Chicago area shopping malls Enclosed 108 North State Street 900 North Michigan Belvidere Mall Century Centre Chicago Ridge Mall Deerbrook Mall Fashion Outlets of Chicago Ford City Mall Fox Valley Mall Golf Mill Shopping Center Gurnee Mills Harlem Irving Plaza Hawthorn Mall James R. Thompson Center Lincolnwood Town Center Louis Joliet Mall Navy Pier North Riverside Park Mall North Park Plaza Northbrook Court Northfield Square Oak Mill Mall Orland Square River Oaks Center Shops at the Mart The Shops at North Bridge Southlake Mall Spring Hill Mall Stratford Square Mall The Village Shopping Center Water Tower Place Woodfield Mall Yorktown Center Lifestyle / Outdoor Algonquin Commons Algonquin Galleria The Arboretum of South Barrington Burr Ridge Village Center Cermak Plaza Chicago Premium Outlets Deer Park Town Center Geneva Commons The Glen Town Center The Grove Lincolnshire Commons Main Street Promenade Naperville Crossings Northgate Shopping Center Oakbrook Center Orland Park Crossing Plaza del Lago Porter 's Vale The Promenade Bolingbrook The Quentin Collection Randhurst Village Renaissance Place Springbrook Prairie Pavilion Sutton Park Shopping Center The Streets of Woodfield Town & Country Center Town Square Wheaton Westfield Old Orchard Former / Defunct 1800 N. Clybourn Brementowne Mall Brickyard Mall Century Mall Charlestowne Mall Chicago Place Crystal Point Mall Dixie Square Mall Hillcrest Shopping Center Hillside Shopping Center Huntley Outlet Center Jefferson Square Mall Lakehurst Mall Lincoln Mall Meadows Town Mall Meadowvale Mall North Pier Old Chicago One Schaumburg Place Orland Park Place Park Forest Plaza Piano Factory Outlet Mall The Plaza St. Charles Mall South Commons Mall Washington Square Mall ( Homewood ) Woodmar Mall Shopping malls in Illinois Cook County Chicago 108 North State Street 900 North Michigan Century Centre Chinatown Square Ford City Mall Harper Court James R. Thompson Center Navy Pier Roosevelt Collection The Shops at North Bridge Shops at the Mart Six Corners Water Tower Place Elsewhere The Arboretum of South Barrington Arlington Town Square Burr Ridge Village Center Chicago Ridge Mall Fashion Outlets of Chicago Forest Park Plaza The Glen Town Center Golf Mill Shopping Center Harlem Irving Plaza Lincolnwood Town Center North Riverside Park Mall Northbrook Court Oak Mill Mall Orland Park Crossing Orland Park Place Orland Square Mall Plaza del Lago Randhurst Village River Oaks Center The Streets of Woodfield Town & Country Center Westfield Old Orchard Woodfield Mall DuPage County Fox Valley Mall The Grove North Park Plaza Oakbrook Center Stratford Square Mall Town Square Wheaton Yorktown Center Kane County Algonquin Commons Chicago Premium Outlets Galleria Center Geneva Commons The Quad St. Charles Spring Hill Mall Lake County Belvidere Discount Mall Deer Park Town Center Deerbrook Mall Deerfield Square Gurnee Mills Hawthorn Mall Lincolnshire Commons Market Square The Quentin Collection Renaissance Place Will County Louis Joliet Mall The Promenade Bolingbrook Rockford Area Cherryvale Mall Colonial Village Mall Machesney Park Mall Peoria Area East Court Village Northwoods Mall The Shoppes at Grand Prairie Champaign - Urbana Area Market Place Shopping Center Urbana - Lincoln Hotel - Lincoln Square Mall Bloomington - Normal Area Eastland Mall The Shoppes at College Hills East St. Louis Area Alton Square Mall St. Clair Square Elsewhere Cross County Mall Crystal Point Mall Hickory Point Mall Illinois Star Centre Lincoln Mall ( Freeport ) Northfield Square Northland Mall Peru Mall Quincy Mall Sandburg Mall SouthPark Mall Times Square Shopping Center University Mall Village Mall White Oaks Mall Defunct 1800 N. Clybourn Brementown Mall Brickyard Mall Chicago Place Chicagoland Outlets Dixie Square Mall Hillcrest Shopping Center Huntley Outlet Center Jefferson Square Mall Lakehurst Mall Lincoln Mall ( Matteson ) Meadows Town Mall North Pier Old Chicago Park Forest Plaza Piano Factory Outlet Mall The Plaza South Commons Mall St. Charles Mall Washington Square Mall West Point Center GGP Inc . All properties are in the United States Key people Martin Bucksbaum , Matthew Bucksbaum , John Bucksbaum , Andrew M. Rosenfield GGP malls Properties of the Midwest Illinois Lincolnshire Commons Market Place Mall Northbrook Court Oakbrook Center Water Tower Place Indiana Glenbrook Square Iowa Coral Ridge Mall Jordan Creek Town Center Michigan The Crossroads Lakeside Mall RiverTown Crossings Minnesota Apache Mall Crossroads Center Eden Prairie Center Ridgedale Center River Hills Mall Missouri Columbia Mall Plaza Frontenac Saint Louis Galleria Nebraska Oak View Mall Westroads Mall Ohio Beachwood Place Kenwood Towne Centre The Shops at Fallen Timbers Wisconsin Fox River Mall Mayfair Mall Oakwood Mall Properties of the Northeast Connecticut Brass Mill Center The Shoppes at Buckland Hills SoNo Collection Maine The Maine Mall Massachusetts Natick Mall New Jersey Bridgewater Commons Paramus Park Willowbrook Mall Woodbridge Center New York Staten Island Mall Pennsylvania Neshaminy Mall Park City Center Rhode Island Providence Place Properties of the South Alabama Riverchase Galleria Arkansas Pinnacle Hills Promenade Delaware Christiana Mall Florida Altamonte Mall Bayside Marketplace Coastland Center Governor 's Square Mizner Park The Oaks Mall Pembroke Lakes Mall Village of Merrick Park Georgia Augusta Mall Cumberland Mall North Point Mall Oglethorpe Mall Peachtree Mall Perimeter Mall The Shoppes at River Crossing Southlake Mall Kentucky Florence Greenwood Mall Mall St. Matthews Oxmoor Center Louisiana Mall of Louisiana Oakwood Center Pecanland Mall Maryland Harborplace The Mall in Columbia Mondawmin Mall Towson Town Center White Marsh Mall North Carolina Carolina Place Mall Four Seasons Town Centre The Streets at Southpoint Oklahoma Quail Springs Mall Sooner Mall South Carolina Columbiana Centre Texas Baybrook Mall Deerbrook Mall First Colony Mall Hulen Mall North Star Mall The Parks at Arlington The Shops at La Cantera Stonebriar Centre Town East Mall Willowbrook Mall The Woodlands Mall Virginia Lynnhaven Mall Tysons Galleria Properties of the West Arizona Park Place Tucson Mall California Galleria at Tyler Glendale Galleria Northridge Fashion Center Otay Ranch Town Center Stonestown Galleria Valley Plaza Mall Visalia Mall Colorado Park Meadows Southwest Plaza Hawaii Ala Moana Center Prince Kuhio Plaza Idaho Grand Teton Mall Nevada Fashion Show Mall Grand Canal Shoppes Meadows Mall The Shoppes at the Palazzo New Mexico Coronado Center Oregon Clackamas Town Center Pioneer Place Rogue Valley Mall Utah Fashion Place Newgate Mall Red Cliffs Mall Washington Alderwood Mall Bellis Fair NorthTown Mall Spokane Valley Mall Westlake Center Wyoming Eastridge Mall Rouse Properties malls Properties of the east Alabama Bel Air Mall Florida Lakeland Square Mall Illinois Spring Hill Mall Maryland The Centre at Salisbury Michigan Birchwood Mall Grand Traverse Mall Lansing Mall Southland Center Westwood Mall New Jersey Monmouth Mall North Carolina Greenville Mall Valley Hills Mall Virginia Chesterfield Towne Center Properties of the west Arkansas The Mall at Turtle Creek Arizona The Mall at Sierra Vista California Bayshore Mall Chula Vista Center NewPark Mall Southland Mall The Shoppes at Carlsbad West Valley Mall Idaho Silver Lake Mall Louisiana Mall St. Vincent Pierre Bossier Mall Minnesota Shoppes at Knollwood New Mexico Animas Valley Mall North Plains Mall Oklahoma Washington Park Mall Oregon The Shoppes at Gateway Texas Collin Creek Mall Sikes Senter Vista Ridge Mall Utah Cache Valley Mall Washington Three Rivers Mall Wyoming White Mountain Mall Related articles Homart Development Company Howard Hughes Corporation The Rouse Company Rouse Properties South Street Seaport Summerlin Hotels in Chicago The Alise Chicago The Blackstone Hotel Chicago Beach Hotel Congress Plaza Hotel DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago Magnificent Mile Drake Hotel Four Seasons Hotel Hard Rock Hotel Chicago Hilton Chicago Hyatt Regency Chicago Inn of Chicago InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile Kinzie Hotel Loews Chicago Hotel LondonHouse Chicago Hotel The Palmer House Hilton Park Hyatt Chicago The Peninsula Chicago Radisson Blu Aqua Hotel The Ritz - Carlton Chicago Silversmith Hotel Sisson Hotel Sofitel Chicago Magnificent Mile Swissôtel Chicago Trump International Hotel and Tower Virgin Hotels Chicago Waldorf Astoria Chicago Warwick Allerton - Chicago Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Tower_Place&oldid=851138209 '' Categories : Residential buildings completed in 1976 Skyscraper office buildings in Chicago Residential condominiums in Chicago Residential skyscrapers in Chicago Condo hotels in the United States Shopping centers in Chicago GGP Inc . Tourist attractions in Chicago Edward D. Dart structures The Ritz - Carlton Hotel Company Skyscraper hotels in Chicago Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2009 Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Articles needing additional references from January 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français Lietuvių Nederlands Polski Português Simple English Slovenčina 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 10 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many floors in the water tower place	[ "Water Tower PlaceLocation\nChicago, Illinois, USAOpening date\n1976Owner\nGeneral Growth PropertiesNo. of stores and services\n100+No. of anchor tenants\n1Total retail floor area\n729,000 square feet (67,726.3 m2)[1]No. of floors\n8" ]	[ "8" ]
3955675526114230739	Cheyenne	Cheyenne - wikipedia Cheyenne This article is about the Native American people . For the capital city in Wyoming , see Cheyenne , Wyoming . For other uses , see Cheyenne ( disambiguation ) . Cheyenne Total population 22,970 ( Northern : 10,840 Southern : 12,130 ) Regions with significant populations United States ( Montana , Oklahoma ) Languages Cheyenne , English , Plains Sign Talk Religion traditional tribal religion , Native American Church , and Christianity Related ethnic groups Arapaho , Blackfoot , Suhtai , and other Algonquian peoples The Cheyenne ( / ʃaɪˈæn / shy - AN ) are one of the indigenous peoples of the Great Plains and their language is of the Algonquian language family . The Cheyenne comprise two Native American tribes , the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o ( more commonly spelled as Suhtai or Sutaio ) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese ( also spelled Tsitsistas ) . These tribes merged in the early 19th century . Today , the Cheyenne people are split into two federally recognized Nations : the Southern Cheyenne , who are enrolled in the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes in Oklahoma , and the Northern Cheyenne , who are enrolled in the Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana . At the time of their first contact with the Europeans , the Cheyenne were living in the area of what is now Minnesota . At times they have been allied with the Lakota and Arapaho , and at other points enemies of the Lakota . In the early 18th century they migrated west across the Mississippi River and into North and South Dakota , where they adopted the horse culture . Having settled the Black Hills of South Dakota and the Powder River Country of present - day Montana , they introduced the horse culture to Lakota bands about 1730 . Allied with the Arapaho , the Cheyenne pushed the Kiowa to the Southern Plains . In turn , they were pushed west by the more numerous Lakota . The Cheyenne Nation or Tsêhéstáno was at one time composed of ten bands that spread across the Great Plains from southern Colorado to the Black Hills in South Dakota . They fought their traditional enemies , the Crow and later ( 1856 -- 79 ) the United States Army forces . In the mid-19th century , the bands began to split , with some bands choosing to remain near the Black Hills , while others chose to remain near the Platte Rivers of central Colorado . The Northern Cheyenne , known in Cheyenne either as Notameohmésêhese , meaning `` Northern Eaters '' or simply as Ohmésêhese meaning `` Eaters '' , live in southeastern Montana on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation . Tribal enrollment figures , as of late 2014 , indicate that there are approximately 10,840 members , of which about 4,939 reside on the reservation . Approximately 91 % of the population are Native Americans ( full or part race ) , with 72.8 % identifying themselves as Cheyenne . Slightly more than one quarter of the population five years or older spoke a language other than English . The Southern Cheyenne , known in Cheyenne as Heévâhetaneo'o meaning `` Roped People '' , together with the Southern Arapaho , form the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes , in western Oklahoma . Their combined population is 12,130 , as of 2008 . In 2003 , approximately 8,000 of these identified themselves as Cheyenne , although with continuing intermarriage it has become increasingly difficult to separate the tribes . Cheyenne hide dress , ca . 1920 , Gilcrease Museum Cheyenne beaded hide shirt , Woolaroc Cheyenne model tipi , buffalo hide , 1860 Contents 1 Name 2 Language 3 History 3.1 Early history 3.2 Historical Cheyenne bands 3.3 Expansion on the Plains 3.4 Enemies and warrior culture 3.5 Relationship with the Arapaho 3.6 Treaty of 1825 3.7 Effects of the Emigrant Trail 3.7. 1 Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 3.7. 2 Punitive US expedition of 1857 3.7. 3 Pike 's Peak Gold Rush 3.7. 4 Battle of Washita River 3.7. 5 Battle of the Little Bighorn 3.7. 6 Northern Cheyenne Exodus 3.8 Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation 4 Culture 4.1 Traditional Cheyenne plains culture 4.2 Role models 4.3 Ethnobotany 5 Notable Cheyenne 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Name ( edit ) The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two tribes , the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o ( more commonly as Suhtai or Sutaio ; singular : Só'taétane ) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese ( more commonly as the Tsitsistas ; singular : Tsétsêhéstaestse ) , which translates to `` those who are like this '' . These two tribes had always traveled together , becoming fully merged sometime after 1831 , when they were still noted as having separate camps . The Suhtai were said to have originally had slightly different speech and customs from their traveling companions . The name `` Cheyenne '' may be derived from Dakota Sioux exonym for them , Šahíyena ( meaning `` little Šahíya '' ) . Though the identity of the Šahíya is not known , many Great Plains tribes assume it means Cree or some other people who spoke an Algonquian language related to Cree and Cheyenne . The Cheyenne word for Ojibwe is Sáhea'eo'o , a word that sounds similar to the Dakota word Šahíya . Another of the common etymologies for Cheyenne is `` a bit like the ( people of an ) alien speech '' ( literally , `` red - talker '' ) . According to George Bird Grinnell , the Dakota had referred to themselves and fellow Siouan - language bands as `` white talkers '' , and those of other language families , such as the Algonquian Cheyenne , as `` red talkers '' ( Šahíyena ) . The etymology of the name Tsitsistas ( technically Tsétsėhéstȧhese ) , which the Cheyenne call themselves , is uncertain . According to the Cheyenne dictionary , offered online by Chief Dull Knife College , there is no definitive consensus and various studies of the origins and the translation of the word has been suggested . Grinnell 's record is typical ; he states `` They call themselves Tsistsistas ( sic , Tsitsistas is the correct pronunciation ) , which the books commonly give as meaning `` people '' . It most likely means related to one another , similarly bred , like us , our people , or us . The term for the Cheyenne homeland is Tsiihistano . '' Language ( edit ) Main article : Cheyenne language The Cheyenne of Montana and Oklahoma speak the Cheyenne language , known as Tsêhésenêstsestôtse ( common spelling : Tsisinstsistots ) . Approximately 800 people speak Cheyenne in Oklahoma . There are only a handful of vocabulary differences between the two locations . The Cheyenne alphabet contains 14 letters . The Cheyenne language is one of the larger Algonquian - language group . Formerly , the Só'taeo'o ( Só'taétaneo'o ) or Suhtai ( Sutaio ) bands of Southern and Northern Cheyenne spoke Só'taéka'ęškóne or Só'taenęstsestôtse , a language so close to Tsêhésenêstsestôtse ( Cheyenne language ) , that it is sometimes termed a Cheyenne dialect . History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Cheyenne woman photograph by Edward S. Curtis , 1930 The earliest known written historical record of the Cheyenne comes from the mid-17th century , when a group of Cheyenne visited the French Fort Crevecoeur , near present - day Peoria , Illinois . The Cheyenne at this time lived between the Mississippi River and Mille Lacs Lake in present - day Minnesota . The Cheyenne economy was based on the collection of wild rice and hunting , especially of bison , which lived in the prairies 70 -- 80 miles west of the Cheyenne villages . According to tribal history , during the 17th century , the Cheyenne had been driven by the Assiniboine ( Hóheeheo'o - `` wrapped ones or swaddled '' , adaptive from the Lakota / Dakota word Hóhe , meaning `` rebels '' ) from the Great Lakes region to present - day Minnesota and North Dakota , where they established villages . The most prominent of the ancient Cheyenne villages is Biesterfeldt Village , in eastern North Dakota along the Sheyenne River . The tribal history also relates that they first reached the Missouri River in 1676 . A more recent analysis of early records posits that at least some of the Cheyenne remained in the Mille Lac region of Minnesota until about 1765 , when the Ojibwe defeated the Dakota with firearms -- pushing the Cheyenne , in turn , to the Minnesota River , where they were reported in 1766 . On the Missouri River , the Cheyenne came into contact with the neighboring Mandan , Hidatsa ( Tsé - heše'émâheónese , `` people who have soil houses '' ) , and Arikara people ( Ónoneo'o ) , and they adopted many of their cultural characteristics . They were first of the later Plains tribes into the Black Hills and Powder River Country . About 1730 , they introduced the horse to Lakota bands ( Ho'óhomo'eo'o - `` the invited ones ( to Cheyenne lands i.e. the Black Hills ) '' ) . Conflict with migrating Lakota and Ojibwe people forced the Cheyenne further west , and they , in turn , pushed the Kiowa to the south . By 1776 , the Lakota had overwhelmed the Cheyenne and taken over much of their territory near the Black Hills . In 1804 , Lewis and Clark visited a surviving Cheyenne village in North Dakota . Such European explorers learned many different names for the Cheyenne , and did not realize how the different sections were forming a unified tribe . The Cheyenne Nation is descended from two related tribes , the Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas ( Cheyenne proper ) and Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o ( better known as Suhtai or Sutaio ) , the latter may have joined the Tsétsêhéstâhese in the early 18th century . Their oral history relays that both tribal peoples are characterized , and represented by two cultural heroes or prophets who received divine articles from their god Ma'heo'o ( '' Sacred Being , God '' , commonly in English Maheo , Mahiu , this is a post-missionary term , formerly the plural Ma'heono was used ) , which the Só'taeo'o called He'emo ( '' Goddess , Female Sacred Being , God '' , equivalent to Ma'heo'o in the Tsétsêhéstâhese dialect ) . The Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas prophet Motsé'eóeve ( Sweet Medicine Standing , Sweet Root Standing , commonly called Sweet Medicine ) had received the Maahótse ( in English known as Mahuts , a bundle of ( Sacred ) Arrows or the ( Sacred ) Arrows Bundle ) at Nóávóse ( '' medicine ( sacred ) - hill '' , name for Bear Butte , northwest of Rapid City , South Dakota ) , which they carried when they waged tribal - level war and were kept in the maahéome ( Arrow Lodge or Arrow Tepee ) . He organized the structure of Cheyenne society , their military or war societies led by prominent warriors , their system of legal justice , and the Council of Forty - four peace chiefs , the latter was formed from four véhoo'o ( chiefs or leaders ) of the ten principal manaho ( bands ) and an additional four '' Old Man '' meeting to deliberate at regular tribal gatherings , centered around the Sun Dance . Sweet Medicine is the Cheyenne prophet who predicted the coming of the horse , cow , whiteman , etc. to the Cheyenne . He was named for motsé'eonȯtse ( sweetgrass ) , one of the sacred plant medicines used by many Plains peoples in ceremonies . The Só'taeo'o prophet Tomȯsévėséhe ( `` Erect Horns '' ) had received the Ésevone ( aka Is'siwun - `` Sacred ( Buffalo ) Hat Bundle '' ) at Toh'nihvoos ( '' Stone Hammer Mountain '' ) near the Great Lakes in the present state of Minnesota . The Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e ( Sacred Buffalo Hat ) is kept in the vonȧhéome ( old term ) or hóhkėha'éome ( new term ) ( `` Sacred Hat Lodge , Sacred Hat Tepee '' ) . Erect Horns gave them the accompanying ceremonies and the Sun Dance . His vision convinced the tribe to abandon their earlier sedentary agricultural traditions to adopt nomadic Plains horse culture . They replaced their earth lodges with portable tipis and switched their diet from fish and agricultural produce , to mainly bison and wild fruits and vegetables . Their lands ranged from the upper Missouri River into what is now Wyoming , Montana , Colorado , and South Dakota . The Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e ( `` Sacred Buffalo Hat '' ) is kept among the Northern Cheyenne and Northern Só'taeo'o . The Tséá'enōvȧhtse ( '' Sacred ( Buffalo ) Hat Keeper '' or '' Keeper of the Sacred ( Buffalo ) Hat '' ) must belong to the Só'taeo'o ( Northern or Southern alike ) . In the 1870s tribal leaders became disenchanted with the keeper of the bundle demanded the keeper Broken Dish give up the bundle ; he agreed but his wife did not and desecrated the Sacred Hat and its contents ; a ceremonial pipe and a buffalo horn were lost . In 1908 a Cheyenne named Three Fingers gave the horn back to the Hat ; the pipe came into possession of a Cheyenne named Burnt All Over who gave it to Hattie Goit of Poteau , Oklahoma who in 1911 gave the pipe to the Oklahoma Historical Society . In 1997 the Oklahoma Historal Society negotiated with the Northern Cheyenne to return the pipe to the tribal keeper of the Sacred Medicine Hat Bundle James Black Wolf . The Maahótse ( Sacred Arrows ) are symbols of male power and the power of the Ésevone / Hóhkėha'e ( Sacred Buffalo Hat ) is female . The Sacred Buffalo Hat and the Sacred Arrows together form the two great covenants of the Cheyenne Nation . Through these two bundles , Ma'heo'o assures continual life and blessings for the people . Historical Cheyenne bands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Northern Cheyenne ( known in Cheyenne either as Notameohmésêhese or Notameohmésėhétaneo'o meaning `` Northern Eaters '' or simply as Ohmésêhese / Ôhmésêheseo'o meaning `` Eaters '' ) Notameohmésêhese / Notameohmésėhétaneo'o proper ( `` Northern Eaters '' , also simply known as Ȯhmésėhese / Ôhmésêheseo'o or Omísis -- `` Eaters '' , went by this names because they were known as great hunters and therefore had a good supply of meat to feed their people , most populous Cheyenne group , inhabited land from the northern and western Black Hills ( Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva -- '' black - rock - Location '' ) toward the Powder River Country ( Páeo'hé'e -- '' gunpowder river '' or '' coal river '' ) , often they were accompanied by their Totoemanaho and Northern Só'taeo'o kin , had through intermarriages close ties to Lakota , today they -- along with the Northern Só'taeo'o -- are the most influential among the Northern Cheyenne ) Northern Oévemanaho / Oivimána ( Northern Oévemana -- `` Northern Scabby '' , `` Northern Scalpers '' , now living in and around Birney , Montana ( Oévemanâhéno -- '' scabby - band - place '' ) near the confluence of the Tongue River and Hanging Woman Creek in the southeastern corner of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation ) Northern Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o ( Suhtai or Sutaio , married only other Só'taeo'o ( Northern or Southern alike ) and camped always separate from the other Cheyenne camps , maintained closest ties to the Notameohmésêhese band , lived in the northern and western Black Hills ( Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva -- '' black - rock - Location '' ) and roamed together with their Notameohmésêhese and Totoemanaho kin also in the Powder River Country ( Páeo'hé'e ) , remained north of the Platte River , where they gained higher band numbers than their southern kin because of better Northern hunting and grass , now living in and around Birney , Montana ( Oévemanâhéno -- '' scabby - band - place '' ) , today they -- along with the Notameohmésêhese -- are the most influential among the Northern Cheyenne ) first band second band Lesser northern bands ( not represented in the Council of Forty - Four ) : Anskówînîs / Anskowinis ( `` Narrow Nose '' , `` narrow - nose - bridge '' , named after their first chief , properly named Broken Dish , but nicknamed Anskówǐnǐs , they separated from the Ôhmésêheseo'o on account of a quarrel ) Moktavhetaneo / Mo'ȯhtávėhetaneo'o ( Mo'ôhtávêhetane -- `` Black skinned Men '' , `` Ute - like Men '' , because they had darker skin than other Cheyenne , they looked more like the Utes to their Cheyenne kin , also meaning '' Mountain Men '' , maybe descended from Ute ( Mo'ȯhtávėhetaneo'o ) captives , living today in the Lame Deer , Montana ( Mo'ȯhtávȯheomenéno -- '' black - lodge - place '' ) district on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation ; because Lame Deer as tribal and government agency headquarters was also the place where rations were given out it is also known as Meaveʼhoʼeno -- '' the giving place '' or '' giving - whiteman - place '' ) Ononeo'o / Ononeo ( `` Arikara People '' or '' Ree Band '' , because they were through intermarriage of mixed Cheyenne - Arikara and Mandan heritage , formerly strong associated with the mixed Cheyenne - Lakota Masikota band , sometimes sought of as a Masikota subband , today they live in the nonofficial Rosebud / Ree district ( Ónoneo'o ) , politically part of the Muddy Creek district , between Busby and Muddy Creek , some are also present in the Lame Deer district ) Totoemanaho / Totoimana ( Totoemana , Tútoimanáh -- `` Backward Clan '' , `` Shy Clan '' or `` Bashful Clan '' , also translated as '' Reticent Band '' , and '' Unwilling Band '' , so named because they prefer to camp by themselves , lived in the northern and western Black Hills ( Mo'ȯhtávo'honáéva -- '' black - rock - Location '' ) and along the Tongue River ( Vétanovéo'hé'e -- '' Tongue River '' ) , roamed together with their Notameohmésêhese and Northern Só'taeo'o kin also in the Powder River Country ( Páeo'hé'e ) , had through intermarriages close ties to Lakota , now centered in and around Ashland , Montana ( Vóhkoohémâhoéve'ho'éno , formerly called Totoemanáheno ) immediately east of the boundary of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation ) Vóhpoométaneo'o / Woxpometaneo ( Voxpometaneo -- `` White River People '' , '' White River Cheyenne '' , named for the White River ( Vóhpoome ) near Pine Ridge in South Dakota , also named after a large extended family as Wóopotsît or Wóhkpotsit -- `` White Wolf '' , '' White Crafty People '' , the majority joined their Cheyenne kin and settled 1891 south of Kirby , Montana near the headwaters of the Rosebud Creek and are now centered in and around Busby , Montana ( Vóhpoométanéno ) on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation , some stayed on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation with their Oglala Lakota kin and are known as Tsėhésė - ho'óhomo'eo'o -- '' Cheyenne - Sioux '' ) Southern Cheyenne ( known in Cheyenne as Heévâhetaneo'o meaning `` Roped People '' -- after the most populous band , also commonly known as Sówoniá -- `` the Southern People '' ) Heévâhetaneo'o / Hevhaitaneo proper ( Hévhaitanio -- `` Haire Rope Men '' , `` Hairy People '' , also '' Fur Men '' , were close affiliated to Arapaho , known as great warriors and noted among the Cheyenne as the best horse tamers and horse raiders from surrounding tribes - especially from the horse - rich Kiowa ( Vétapâhaetó'eo'o -- '' greasy - wood - ones '' ) and Comanche ( Šé'šenovotsétaneo'o -- '' snake people '' ) to the south , they initiated in 1826 under their Chief Yellow Wolf ( Ho'néoxheóvaestse ) -- together with some Arapaho -- the migration of some Cheyenne bands south of the Platte River ( Meneo'hé'e -- '' Moon Shell River '' , North Platte River was known by the same name ) toward the Arkansas River ( Mótsėsóoneo'hé'e -- '' Flint River '' ) and the establishment of Bents Fort , their tribal lands were between that of the Southern Oévemanaho in the west , the Wotápio in the east and the Dog Soldiers and Hesé'omeétaneo'o in the north , heavy cholera losses in 1849 , perhaps half of the survivors were lost at Sand Creek , including the chiefs Yellow Wolf and Big Man ; they are today predominant among the Southern Cheyenne ) Hesé'omeétaneo'o / Hisiometaneo ( Hisíometanio or Issiometaniu -- `` Ridge People / Men '' or '' Hill Band '' , also given as '' Pipestem ( River ) People '' , originally part of the Heévâhetaneo'o , also had close ties with the Oglala and Sičháŋǧu ( Brulé ) Lakota , first living just south of the Masikota along the Niobrara River north of the North Platte River in Nebraska , later they moved south into the hill country along the Upper Smoky Hill River and north of the Upper Arkansas River in Colorado -- in lands mostly west of the closely associated Southern Só'taeo'o and Dog Soldiers band and north of the Southern Oévemanaho and Heévâhetaneo'o , ranged sometimes with Comanche south onto the Staked Plains , under chief White Antelope at Sand Creek they experienced heavy losses ) Heviksnipahis / Iviststsinihpah ( `` Aorta People '' or `` Burnt Aorta People '' ; as caretakers for the Sacred Arrows , they were also considered as the Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas proper or known to the other bands as '' Arrow People '' , originally living along the forks of the Cheyenne River and in the eastern Black Hills in western Wyoming , they moved between 1815 and 1825 south to the forks of the North and South Platte River ( Vétaneo'hé'e -- '' Fat River '' or '' Tallow River '' ) , which made sense geographically since their lands was a central location for all bands and convenient for the performance of the annual ceremonies ; later , they moved further south and ranged between the Dog Soldiers band in the north , the Oo'kóhta'oná in the southeast , the Hónowa and Wotápio in the south ) Hónowa / Háovȯhnóvȧhese / Nėstamenóoheo'o ( Háovôhnóva , Hownowa , Hotnowa -- `` Poor People '' , also known as '' Red Lodges People '' , lived south of the Oo'kóhta'oná and east of the Wotápio ) Southern Oévemanaho / Oivimána ( Southern Oévemana - `` Southern Scabby '' , `` Southern Scalpers '' , originally part of the Heévâhetaneo'o , were also close affiliated to Arapaho , moved together with the Heévâhetaneo'o under Chief Yellow Wolf in 1826 south of the Platte River to the Arkansas River , ranged south of the Hesé'omeétaneo'o and west of the Heévâhetaneo'o , led by War Bonnet they lost at Sand Creek about half their number , now living near Watonga ( Tséh - ma'ėho'a'ē'ta -- '' where there are red ( hills ) facing together '' , also called Oévemanâhéno -- '' scabby - band - place '' ) and Canton , Blaine County , on lands of the former Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation in Oklahoma ) Masikota ( `` Crickets '' , `` Grasshoppers '' , '' Grey Hair ( ed ) band '' , '' Flexed Leg band '' or '' Wrinkled Up band '' , perhaps a Lakotiyapi word mazikute -- `` iron ( rifle ) shooters '' , from mazi -- `` iron '' and kute -- `` to shoot '' , mixed Cheyenne - Lakota band , were known by the latter as ' Sheo ' , lived southeast of the Black Hills along the White River ( Vóhpoome ) , intermarried with Oglala Lakota and Sičháŋǧu Oyáte ( Brule Lakota ) , was the first group of the tribal unit on the Plains , hence their name First Named , almost wiped out by the cholera epidemic of 1849 , joined afterwards the military society Dog Soldiers ( Hotamétaneo'o ) , which took their place as a band in the Cheyenne tribal circle , not present at Sand Creek in 1864 , important at Battle of Summit Springs of 1869 ) Oo'kóhta'oná / Ohktounna ( Oktogona , Oktogana , Oqtóguna or Oktoguna -- `` Bare Legged '' , `` Protruding Jaw '' , referring to the art of dancing the Deer Dance before they were going to war , formerly strong associated with the mixed Cheyenne - Lakota Masikota band , sometimes sought of as a Masikota subband , living north of the Hónowa and south of the Heviksnipahis , almost wiped out by an cholera epidemic in 1849 , perhaps also joining the Dog Soldiers ) Wotápio / Wutapai ( from the Lakotiyapi word Wutapiu : -- `` Eat with Lakota - Sioux '' , `` Half - Cheyenne '' , `` Cheyenne - Sioux '' , originally a band of Lakota Sioux which joined the Southern Cheyenne , by 1820 they had moved south to the Arkansas River in Colorado , where they lived and camped together with their Kiowa allies , through intermarriage becoming a mixed Cheyenne - speaking and identifying hybrid Cheyenne - Kiowa band with Lakota origin , their hunting lands were between the Hónowa in the east , the Heévâhetaneo'o to the west , and the Heviksnipahis to the north , hardest hit by the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864 ) Southern Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o ( Suhtai or Sutaio , married only other Só'taeo'o ( Northern or Southern alike ) and always camped separately from the other Cheyenne camps , maintained closest ties to the Hesé'omeétaneo'o band , joined together with the emerging Dog Soldiers band lands along the Smoky Hill River ( Mano'éo'hé'e -- '' gather ( timber ) river '' ) , Saline ( Šéstotó'eo'hé'e -- `` Cedar River '' ) and Solomon Rivers ( Ma'xêhe'néo'hé'e -- `` turkey - creek '' ) , in north - central Kansas , their favourite hunting grounds were north of the Dog Soldiers along the upper subbasins of the Republican River ( Ma'êhóóhévâhtseo'hé'e -- '' Red Shield River '' , so named because there gathered the warriors of the Ma'ėhoohēvȧhtse ( Red Shield Warriors Society ) ) especially along the Beaver Creek , which was although a spiritual place , the Hesé'omeétaneo'o mostly ranged west and northwest of them ) first band second band lesser southern bands ( not represented in the Council of Forty - Four ) : Moiseo / Moiseyu ( Monsoni -- `` Flint - Men '' , called after the Flintmen Society ( Motsêsóonetaneo'o ) , were also called Otata - voha - `` Blue Horses '' , after Blue Horse , the first leader of the Coyote Warriors Society ( O'ôhoménotâxeo'o ) , both were branches of the Fox Warriors Society ( Vóhkêséhetaneo'o or Monêsóonetaneo'o ) , one of the four original Cheyenne military societies , also known as '' Flies '' , originally a Sioux band from Minnesota , the greater part departed from the Cheyenne about 1815 joining Sioux bands in Minnesota , the remaining were associated strong with / or joined the Wotápio ) Ná'kuimana / Nakoimana ( Nakoimanah -- `` Bear People '' ) The Heviksnipahis ( Iviststsinihpah , also known as the Tsétsêhéstâhese / Tsitsistas proper ) , Heévâhetaneo'o ( Hevhaitaneo ) , Masikota ( in Lakotiyapi : Sheo ) , Omísis ( Ôhmésêheseo'o , the Notameohmésêhese proper ) , Só'taeo'o / Só'taétaneo'o ( Suhtai or Sutaio , Northern and Southern ) , Wotápio ( Wutapai ) , Oévemanaho ( Oivimána or Oévemana , Northern and Southern ) , Hesé'omeétaneo'o ( Hisiometaneo or Issiometaniu ) , Oo'kóhta'oná ( Ohktounna or Oqtóguna ) and the Hónowa ( Háovȯhnóvȧhese or Nėstamenóoheo'o ) were the ten principal bands that had the right to send four chief delegates representing them in the Council of Forty - Four . After the Masikota and Oo'kóhta'oná bands had been almost wiped out through a cholera epidemic in 1849 , the remaining Masikota joined the Dog Soldiers warrior society ( Hotamétaneo'o ) . They effectively became a separate band and in 1850 took over the position in the camp circle formerly occupied by the Masikota . The members often opposed policies of peace chiefs such as Black Kettle . Over time , the Dog Soldiers took a prominent leadership role in the wars against the whites . In 1867 , most of the band were killed by United States Army forces in the Battle of Summit Springs . Due to an increasing division between the Dog Soldiers and the council chiefs with respect to policy towards the whites , the Dog Soldiers became separated from the other Cheyenne bands . They effectively became a third division of the Cheyenne people , between the Northern Cheyenne , who ranged north of the Platte River , and the Southern Cheyenne , who occupied the area north of the Arkansas River . Expansion on the Plains ( edit ) Portrait of Cheyenne chief Wolf - on - the - Hill by George Catlin , 1832 . A band of Cheyenne visited Fort Pierre in 1832 where some were painted by Catlin during a westward expedition . After being pushed south and westward by the Lakota , the unified Cheyenne people began to create and expand a new territory of their own . Sometime around 1811 the Cheyenne made a formal alliance with the Arapaho people ( Hetanevo'eo'o -- `` People of the Sky '' , `` Cloud People '' , because of their close interaction also known as Héstanėheo'o -- `` people , mankind , tribe of people '' ) , which would remain strong throughout their history and into modern times . The alliance helped the Cheyenne expand their territory which stretched from southern Montana , through most of Wyoming , the eastern half of Colorado , far western Nebraska , and far western Kansas . As early as 1820 , traders and explorers reported contact with Cheyenne at present - day Denver , Colorado and on the Arkansas River . They were probably hunting and trading in that area earlier . They may have migrated to the south for winter . The Hairy Rope band is reputed to have been the first band to move south , capturing wild horses as far south as the Cimarron River Valley . In response to the construction of Bent 's Fort by Charles Bent , a friend of the Cheyenne who established a popular trading area for the Cheyenne , a large portion of the tribe moved further south and stayed around the area . The other part of the tribe continued to live along the headwaters of the North Platte and Yellowstone rivers . The groups became the Southern Cheyenne , known as Sówoníă ( Southerners ) and the Northern Cheyenne , known as O'mǐ'sǐs ( Eaters ) . The separation of the tribe was only a geographic one and the two divisions had regular and close contact . In the southern portion of their territory the Cheyenne and Arapaho warred with the allied Comanche , Kiowa , and Plains Apache . Numerous battles were fought including a notable fight along the Washita River in 1836 with the Kiowa which resulted in the death of 48 Cheyenne warriors of the Bowstring society . In summer 1838 , many Cheyenne and Arapaho attacked a camp of Kiowa and Comanche along Wolf Creek in Oklahoma resulting in heavy losses from both sides . Conflict with the Comanche , Kiowa , and Plains Apache ended in 1840 when the tribes made an alliance with each other . The new alliance allowed the Cheyenne to enter the Llano Estacado in the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles and northeastern New Mexico to hunt bison and trade . Their expansion in the south and alliance with the Kiowa led to their first raid into Mexico in 1853 . The raid ended in disaster with heavy resistance from Mexican lancers , resulting in all but three of the war party being killed . To the north the Cheyenne made a strong alliance with the Lakota Sioux , which allowed them to expand their territory into part of their former lands around the Black Hills . They managed to escape the smallpox epidemics , which swept across the plains from white settlements in 1837 - 39 , by heading into the Rocky Mountains , but were greatly affected by the Cholera epidemic in 1849 . Contact with Euro - Americans was mostly light , with most contact involving mountain men , traders , explorers , treaty makers , and painters . Enemies and warrior culture ( edit ) See also : Cheyenne military societies Painting of chief Chief Killer , a Southern Cheyenne war chief , wearing society headdress . Painted by E.A Burbank , 1899 . Ledger drawing by Hubble Big Horse showing a battle between Cheyenne warriors and Mexican lancers . Ledger drawing showing a battle between a Cheyenne warrior ( right ) and an Osage or Pawnee warrior ( left ) . Ledger drawing of a mounted Cheyenne warrior counting coup with lance on a dismounted Crow warrior . Ledger drawing of a Cheyenne warrior with pronghorn horned headdress , symbol of the Crazy Dog Society . Like many other plains Indian nations , the Cheyenne were a horse and warrior people who developed as skilled and powerful mounted warriors . A warrior was viewed by the people not as a maker of war but as a protector , provider , and leader . Warriors gained rank in Cheyenne society by performing and accumulating various acts of bravery in battle known as coups . The title of war chief could be earned by any warrior who performs enough of the specific coups required to become a war chief . Specific warrior societies developed among the Cheyenne as with other plains nations . Each society had selected leaders who would invite those that they saw worthy enough to their society lodge for initiation into the society . Often , societies would have minor rivalries ; however , they might work together as a unit when warring with an enemy . Military societies played an important role in Cheyenne government . Society leaders were often in charge of organizing hunts and raids as well as ensuring proper discipline and the enforcement of laws within the nation . Each of the six distinct warrior societies of the Cheyenne would take turns assuming the leadership role within the nation . The four original military societies of the Cheyenne were the Swift Fox Society , Elk Horn Scrapper or Crooked Lance Society , Shield Society , and the Bowstring Men Society . The fifth society is split between the Crazy Dog Society and the famous Dog Soldiers . The sixth society is the Contrary Warrior Society , most notable for riding backwards into battle as a sign of bravery . All six societies and their various branches exist among the Southern and Northern Cheyenne Nations in present times . Warriors used a combination of traditional weapons such as various types of war clubs , tomahawks , bows and arrows , and lances as well as non-traditional weapons such as revolvers , rifles , and shotguns acquired through raid and trade . The enemies of the Cheyenne included the Crow ( Óoetaneo'o -- `` crow ( bird ) people '' ) , Shoshone ( Sósone'eo'o ) , Blackfeet ( Mo'ôhtávêhahtátaneo'o , same literal meaning ) , Flathead ( Kȧhkoestséataneo'o -- `` flat - headed - people '' ) , Nez Perce ( Otaesétaneo'o - `` pierced nose people '' ) , Arikara , Gros Ventre ( Hestóetaneo'o -- `` beggars for meat '' , `` spongers '' or Môhónooneo'o -- lit . `` scouting all over ones '' ) , Assiniboine , and Plains Cree ( Vóhkoohétaneo'o -- `` rabbit people '' ) to the north and west of Cheyenne territory . By the help of the Medicine Arrows ( the Mahuts ) , the Cheyenne tribe massacred a Crow camp in 1820 . To the east of Cheyenne Territory they fought with the Sioux , Pawnee ( Ho'néhetaneo'o -- `` wolf people '' , possibly an adaptive from the Skiri / Skidi Pawnee or Wolf Pawnee ) , Ponca ( Onéhao'o ) , Kaw ( Oo'kóhtâxétaneo'o -- `` cut hair people '' ) , Iowa , Ho - Chunk and Omaha ( Onéhao'o ) . The Cheyenne lost the Medicine Arrows during an attack on a hunting camp of Pawnees around 1830 . South of Cheyenne territory they fought with the Kiowa ( Vétapâhaetó'eo'o -- `` greasy wood ones '' ) , Comanche ( Šé'šenovotsétaneo'o -- `` snake people '' ) , Ute ( Mo'ȯhtávėhetaneo'o -- `` black ( skinned ) people '' ) , Plains Apache ( Mȯhtséheonetaneo'o -- `` occupied. comp - people '' ) , Osage ( Oo'kóhtâxétaneo'o -- `` cut hair people '' ) , Wichita people , various Apache tribes and Navajo ( Hotamó'keeho -- `` Indians from out west '' ; collective name for tribes of the Southswest and Great Basin ) . Many of the enemies the Cheyenne fought were only encountered occasionally , such as on a long distance raid or hunt . Some of their enemies , particularly the Indian peoples of the eastern great plains such as the Pawnee and Osage would act as Indian Scouts for the US Army , providing valuable tracking skills and information regarding Cheyenne habits and fighting strategies to US soldiers . Some of their enemies such as the Lakota would later in their history become their strong allies , helping the Cheyenne fight against the United States Army during Red Cloud 's War and the Great Sioux War of 1876 . The Comanche , Kiowa and Plains Apache became allies of the Cheyenne towards the end of the Indian wars on the southern plains , fighting together during conflicts such as the Red River War . Relationship with the Arapaho ( edit ) See also : Arapaho people The Cheyenne and Arapaho people formed an alliance around 1811 that helped them expand their territories and strengthen their presence on the plains . Like the Cheyenne , the Arapaho language is part of the Algonquian group , although the two languages are not mutually intelligible . The Arapaho remained strong allies with the Cheyenne and helped them fight alongside the Sioux during Red Cloud 's War and the Great Sioux War of 1876 , also known commonly as the Black Hills War . On the southern plains , the Arapaho and Cheyenne allied with the Comanche , Kiowa , and Plains Apache to fight invading settlers and US soldiers . The Arapaho were present with the Cheyenne at the Sand Creek Massacre when a peaceful encampment of mostly women , children , and the elderly were attacked and massacred by US soldiers . Both major divisions of the Cheyenne , the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne were allies to the Arapaho who like the Cheyenne are split into northern and southern divisions . The Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho were assigned to the same reservation in Oklahoma Indian Territory and remained together as the federally recognized Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes after the reservation was opened to American settlement and into modern times . The Northern Arapaho were to be assigned a reservation of their own or share one with the Cheyenne however the government failed to provide them with either and placed them on the already established Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming with their former enemies the Shoshone . Treaty of 1825 ( edit ) In the summer of 1825 , the tribe was visited on the upper Missouri by a US treaty commission consisting of General Henry Atkinson and Indian agent Benjamin O'Fallon , accompanied by a military escort of 476 men . General Atkinson and his fellow commissioner left Fort Atkinson on May 16 , 1825 . Ascending the Missouri , they negotiated treaties of friendship and trade with tribes of the upper Missouri , including the Arikara , the Cheyenne , the Crow , the Mandan , the Ponca , and several bands of the Sioux . At that time , the US had competition on the upper Missouri from British traders , who came south from Canada . The treaties acknowledged that the tribes lived within the United States , vowed perpetual friendship between the US and the tribes , and , recognizing the right of the United States to regulate trade , the tribes promised to deal only with licensed traders . The tribes agreed to forswear private retaliation for injuries , and to return or indemnify the owner of stolen horses or other goods . The commission 's efforts to contact the Blackfoot and the Assiniboine were unsuccessful . During their return to Fort Atkinson at the Council Bluff in Nebraska , the commission had successful negotiations with the Ota , the Pawnee and the Omaha . Effects of the Emigrant Trail ( edit ) Increased traffic of emigrants along the related Oregon , Mormon and California trails , beginning in the early 1840s , heightened competition with Native Americans for scarce resources of water and game in arid areas . With resource depletion along the trails , the Cheyenne became increasingly divided into the Northern Cheyenne and Southern Cheyenne , where they could have adequate territory for sustenance . During the California Gold Rush , emigrants brought in cholera . It spread in mining camps and waterways due to poor sanitation . The disease was generally a major cause of death for emigrants , about one - tenth of whom died during their journeys . Perhaps from traders , the cholera epidemic reached the Plains Indians in 1849 , resulting in severe loss of life during the summer of that year . Historians estimate about 2,000 Cheyenne died , one - half to two - thirds of their population . There were significant losses among other tribes as well , which weakened their social structures . Perhaps because of severe loss of trade during the 1849 season , Bent 's Fort was abandoned and burned . Fort Laramie treaty of 1851 ( edit ) Arapaho and Cheyenne 1851 treaty territory . ( Area 426 and 477 ) . Area 477 is the reserve established by treaty of Fort Wise , February 18 , 1861 . In 1846 , Thomas Fitzpatrick was appointed US Indian agent for the upper Arkansas and Platte River . His efforts to negotiate with the Northern Cheyenne , the Arapaho and other tribes led to a great council at Fort Laramie in 1851 . Treaties were negotiated by a commission consisting of Fitzpatrick and David Dawson Mitchell , US Superintendent of Indian Affairs , with the Indians of the northern plains . To reduce intertribal warfare on the Plains , the government officials `` assigned '' territories to each tribe and had them pledge mutual peace . In addition , the government secured permission to build and maintain roads for European - American travelers and traders through Indian country on the Plains , such as the Emigrant Trail and the Santa Fe Trail , and to maintain forts to guard them . The tribes were compensated with annuities of cash and supplies for such encroachment on their territories . The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 affirmed the Cheyenne and Arapaho territory on the Great Plains between the North Platte River and the Arkansas . This territory included what is now Colorado , east of the Front Range of the Rockies and north of the Arkansas River ; Wyoming and Nebraska , south of the North Platte River ; and extreme western Kansas . Punitive US expedition of 1857 ( edit ) In April 1856 , an incident at the Platte River Bridge ( near present - day Casper , Wyoming ) , resulted in the wounding of a Cheyenne warrior . He returned to the Cheyenne on the plains . During the summer of 1856 , Indians attacked travelers along the Emigrant Trail near Fort Kearny . In retaliation , the US Cavalry attacked a Cheyenne camp on Grand Island in Nebraska . They killed ten Cheyenne warriors and wounded eight or more . Cheyenne parties attacked at least three emigrant settler parties before returning to the Republican River . The Indian agent at Fort Laramie negotiated with the Cheyenne to reduce hostilities , but the Secretary of War ordered the 1st Cavalry Regiment ( 1855 ) to carry out a punitive expedition under the command of Colonel Edwin V. Sumner . He went against the Cheyenne in the spring of 1857 . Major John Sedgwick led part of the expedition up the Arkansas River , and via Fountain Creek to the South Platte River . Sumner 's command went west along the North Platte to Fort Laramie , then down along the Front Range to the South Platte . The combined force of 400 troops went east through the plains searching for Cheyenne . Under the influence of the medicine man White Bull ( also called Ice ) and Grey Beard ( also called Dark ) , the Cheyenne went into battle believing that strong spiritual medicine would prevent the soldiers ' guns from firing . They were told that if they dipped their hands in a nearby spring , they had only to raise their hands to repel army bullets . Hands raised , the Cheyenne surrounded the advancing troops as they advanced near the Solomon River . Sumner ordered a cavalry charge and the troops charged with drawn sabers ; the Cheyenne fled . With tired horses after long marches , the cavalry could not engage more than a few Cheyenne , as their horses were fresh . This was the first battle which the Cheyenne fought against the US Army . Casualties were few on each side ; J.E.B. Stuart , then a young lieutenant , was shot in the breast while attacking a Cheyenne warrior with a sabre . The troops continued on and two days later burned a hastily abandoned Cheyenne camp ; they destroyed lodges and the winter supply of buffalo meat . Sumner continued to Bent 's Fort . To punish the Cheyenne , he distributed their annuities to the Arapaho . He intended further punitive actions , but the Army ordered him to Utah because of an outbreak of trouble with the Mormons ( this would be known as the Utah War ) . The Cheyenne moved below the Arkansas into Kiowa and Comanche country . In the fall , the Northern Cheyenne returned to their country north of the Platte . Pike 's peak Gold Rush ( edit ) Dull Knife ( Cheyenne : Vóóhéhéve or Lakota : Tamílapéšni ) , Chief of Northern Cheyenne at Battle of Little Bighorn Chief Black Kettle of the Southern Cheyenne , an advocate of peace among his people . Starting in 1859 with the Colorado Gold Rush , European - American settlers moved into lands reserved for the Cheyenne and other Plains Indians . Travel greatly increased along the Emigrant Trail along the South Platte River and some emigrants stopped before going on to California . For several years there was peace between settlers and Indians . The only conflicts were related to the endemic warfare between the Cheyenne and Arapaho of the plains and the Utes of the mountains . US negotiations with Black Kettle and other Cheyenne favoring peace resulted in the Treaty of Fort Wise : it established a small reservation for the Cheyenne in southeastern Colorado in exchange for the territory agreed to in the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 . Many Cheyenne did not sign the treaty , and they continued to live and hunt on their traditional grounds in the Smokey Hill and Republican basins , between the Arkansas and the South Platte , where there were plentiful buffalo . Efforts to make a wider peace continued , but in the spring of 1864 , John Evans , governor of Colorado Territory , and John Chivington , commander of the Colorado Volunteers , a citizens militia , began a series of attacks on Indians camping or hunting on the plains . They killed any Indian on sight and initiated the Colorado War . General warfare broke out and Indians made many raids on the trail along the South Platte , which Denver depended on for supplies . The Army closed the road from August 15 until September 24 , 1864 . On November 29 , 1864 , the Colorado Militia attacked a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment under Chief Black Kettle , although it flew a flag of truce and indicated its allegiance to the US government . The Sand Creek massacre , as it came to be known , resulted in the death of between 150 and 200 Cheyenne , mostly unarmed women and children . The survivors fled northeast and joined the camps of the Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill and Republican rivers . There warriors smoked the war pipe , passing it from camp to camp among the Sioux , Cheyenne and Arapaho . In January 1865 , they planned and carried out an attack with about 1000 warriors on Camp Rankin , a stage station and fort at Julesburg . The Indians made numerous raids along the South Platte , both east and west of Julesburg , and raided the fort again in early February . They captured much loot and killed many European Americans . Most of the Indians moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River . ( See Battle of Julesburg , Battle of Mud Springs , Battle of Rush Creek , Powder River Expedition , Battle of Platte Bridge ) Black Kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the Powder River country . He left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the Arkansas River , where he intended to seek peace with the US . Battle of Washita River ( edit ) Four years later , on November 27 , 1868 , George Armstrong Custer and his troops attacked Black Kettle 's band at the Battle of Washita River . Although his band was camped on a defined reservation , complying with the government 's orders , some of its members had been linked to raiding into Kansas by bands operating out of the Indian Territory . Custer claimed 103 Cheyenne `` warriors '' and an unspecified number of women and children killed whereas different Cheyenne informants named between 11 and 18 men ( mostly 10 Cheyenne , 2 Arapaho , 1 Mexican trader ) and between 17 and 25 women and children killed in the village . There are conflicting claims as to whether the band was hostile or friendly . Historians believe that Chief Black Kettle , head of the band , was not part of the war party but the peace party within the Cheyenne nation . But , he did not command absolute authority over members of his band and the European Americans did not understand this . When younger members of the band took part in raiding parties , European Americans blamed the entire band for the incidents and casualties . Battle of the Little Bighorn ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( May 2014 ) The Northern Cheyenne fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn , which took place on June 25 , 1876 . The Cheyenne , together with the Lakota , other Sioux warriors and a small band of Arapaho , killed General George Armstrong Custer and much of his 7th Cavalry contingent of soldiers . Historians have estimated that the population of the Cheyenne , Lakota and Arapaho encampment along the Little Bighorn River was approximately 10,000 , making it one of the largest gatherings of Native Americans in North America in pre-reservation times . News of the event traveled across the United States and reached Washington , D.C. , just as the nation was celebrating its Centennial . Public reaction arose in outrage against the Cheyenne . Northern Cheyenne exodus ( edit ) Main articles : Northern Cheyenne Exodus and Fort Robinson tragedy Little Coyote ( Little Wolf ) and Morning Star ( Dull Knife ) , chiefs of the Northern Cheyenne Cheyenne prisoners in Kansas involved in escape northward . From left to right : Tangle Hair , Wild Hog , Strong Left Hand , George Reynolds ( interpreter ) , Old Crow , Noisy Walker , Porcupine , and Blacksmith . All prisoners were released free from charges . Following the Battle of the Little Bighorn , the US Army increased attempts to capture the Cheyenne . In 1879 , after the Dull Knife Fight , when Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson , a few Cheyenne chiefs and their people surrendered as well . They were Dull Knife , Standing Elk and Wild Hog with around 130 Cheyenne . Later that year Two Moons surrendered at Fort Keogh , with 300 Cheyenne . The Cheyenne wanted and expected to live on the reservation with the Sioux in accordance to an April 29 , 1868 treaty of Fort Laramie , which both Dull Knife and Little Wolf had signed . As part of a US increase in troops following the Battle of the Little Bighorn , the Army reassigned Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie and his Fourth Cavalry to the Department of the Platte . Stationed initially at Camp Robinson , they formed the core of the Powder River Expedition . It departed in October 1876 to locate the northern Cheyenne villages . On November 25 , 1876 , his column discovered and defeated a village of Northern Cheyenne in the Dull Knife Fight in Wyoming Territory . After the soldiers destroyed the lodges and supplies , and confiscated the horses , the Northern Cheyenne soon surrendered . They hoped to remain with the Sioux in the north but the US pressured them to locate with the Southern Cheyenne on their reservation in Indian Territory . After a difficult council , the Northern Cheyenne eventually agreed to go South . When the Northern Cheyenne arrived at Indian Territory , conditions were very difficult : rations were inadequate , there were no buffalo near the reservation and , according to several sources , there was malaria among the people . On 9 September 1878 , a portion of the Northern Cheyenne , led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife started their trek back to the north . On reaching the northern area , they split into two bands . That led by Dull Knife ( mostly women , children and elders ) surrendered and were taken to Fort Robinson , where subsequent events became known as the Fort Robinson tragedy . Dull Knife 's group was first offered food and firewood and then , after a week and a half , they were told to go back to Indian territory . When they said no , they were then locked in the wooden barracks with no food , water or firewood for heat for four days . Most escaped in an estimated forty degrees below zero on January 9 , 1879 , but all were recaptured or killed . Eventually the US forced the Northern Cheyenne onto a reservation , in southern Montana . Northern Cheyenne Indian reservation ( edit ) Main article : Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation flag White Buffalo , a Northern Cheyenne chief who received the rank of sergeant in the United States Army . The Cheyenne who traveled to Fort Keogh ( present day Miles City , Montana ) , including Little Wolf , settled near the fort . Many of the Cheyenne worked with the army as scouts . The Cheyenne scouts were pivotal in helping the Army find Chief Joseph and his band of Nez Percé in northern Montana . Fort Keogh became a staging and gathering point for the Northern Cheyenne . Many families began to migrate south to the Tongue River watershed area , where they established homesteads . Map of Indian Reservations in the state of Montana including the Northern Cheyenne Reservation . The US established the Tongue River Indian Reservation , now named the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation , of 371,200 acres ( 1,502 km ) by the executive order of President Chester A. Arthur November 16 , 1884 . It excluded Cheyenne who had homesteaded further east near the Tongue River . The western boundary is the Crow Indian Reservation . On March 19 , 1900 , President William McKinley extended the reservation to the west bank of the Tongue River , making a total of 444,157 acres ( 1,797 km ) . Those who had homesteaded east of the Tongue River were relocated to the west of the river . The Northern Cheyenne , who were sharing the Lakota land at Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were finally allowed to return to the Tongue River on their own reservation . Along with the Lakota and Apache , the Cheyenne were the last nations to be subdued and placed on reservations . ( The Seminole tribe of Florida never made a treaty with the US government . ) The Northern Cheyenne were given the right to remain in the north , near the Black Hills , land which they consider sacred . The Cheyenne also managed to retain their culture , religion and language . Today , the Northern Cheyenne Nation is one of the few American Indian nations to have control over the majority of its land base , currently 98 % . Culture ( edit ) Cheyenne courting scenes , by Big Back , before 1882 Over the past 400 years , the Cheyenne have changed their lifestyles . In the 16th century , they lived in the regions near the Great Lakes . They farmed corn , squash , and beans , and harvested wild rice like other indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands . They migrated west in the 18th century and hunted bison on the Great Plains . By the mid-19th century , the US forced them onto reservations . The traditional Cheyenne government system is a politically unified system . The central traditional government system of the Cheyenne is the Arrow Keeper , followed by the Council of Forty - Four . Early in Cheyenne history , three related tribes , known as the Heviqsnipahis , the Só'taeo'o and the Masikota , unified themselves to form the Tsé - tsêhéstâhese or the `` Like Hearted People '' who are known today as the `` Cheyenne '' . The unified tribe then divided themselves into ten principal bands : Heviksnipahis ( Iviststsinihpah ) Hévhaitanio ( Heévâhetaneo'o ) Masikota Omísis ( Ôhmésêheseo'o , the Notameohmésêhese proper ) Só'taeo'o ( Suhtai or Sutaio , Northern and Southern ) Wotápio Oivimána ( Oévemana , Northern and Southern ) Hisíometanio ( Hesé'omeétaneo'o or Issiometaniu ) Ohktounna ( Oqtóguna ) Hónowa ( Háovôhnóva ) Each of the ten bands had four seated chief delegates ; the remaining four chiefs were the principal advisers of the other delegates . Smaller bands or sub-bands had no right to send delegates to the council . This system also regulated the Cheyenne military societies that developed for planning warfare , enforcing rules , and conducting ceremonies . Anthropologists debate about Cheyenne society organization . On the plains , it appears that they had a bilateral band kinship system . However , some anthropologists reported that the Cheyenne had a matrilineal band system . Studies into whether , and if so , how much the Cheyenne developed a matrilineal clan system are continuing . A Cheyenne sun dance gathering , c. 1909 . Traditional Cheyenne Plains culture ( edit ) While they participated in nomadic Plains horse culture , men hunted and occasionally fought with and raided other tribes . The women tanned and dressed hides for clothing , shelter , and other uses . They also gathered roots , berries , and other useful plants . From the products of hunting and gathering , the women also made lodges , clothing , and other equipment . Their lives were active and physically demanding . The range of the Cheyenne was first the area in and near the Black Hills , but later all the Great Plains from Dakota to the Arkansas River . Role models ( edit ) A Cheyenne woman has a higher status if she is part of an extended family with distinguished ancestors . Also , if she is friendly and compatible with her female relatives and does not have members in her extended family who are alcoholics or otherwise in disrepute . It is expected of all Cheyenne women to be hardworking , chaste , modest , skilled in traditional crafts , knowledgeable about Cheyenne culture and history and speak Cheyenne fluently . Tribal powwow princesses are expected to have these characteristics . Ethnobotany ( edit ) An infusion of the pulverized leaves and blossoms of tansy is used for dizziness and weakness . They give dried leaves of Sagittaria cuneata to horses for urinary troubles and for a sore mouth . Notable Cheyenne ( edit ) W. Richard West Jr. , Founding Director of the Smithsonian 's National Museum of the American Indian . Black Kettle ( in Cheyenne : Moke - tav - a-to or Mo'ôhtavetoo'o , since 1854 member of the Council of Forty - four and chief of the Wotapio band of Southern Cheyenne , killed by George Armstrong Custer at Battle of Washita River ) Morning Star ( in Cheyenne : Vóóhéhéve , better known as Dull Knife , a translation of his Lakota name Tamílapéšni , Head chief of the Northern Cheyenne ) Little Wolf ( in Cheyenne : Ó'kôhómôxháahketa , more correctly translated Little Coyote , Northern Só'taeo'o chief and Sweet Medicine Chief , was one of the `` Old Man '' chiefs among the Council of Forty - four , belonged to the Elk Horn Scrapers ( Hémo'eoxeso ) , one of the four original Cheyenne military societies ) Owl Woman , daughter of White Thunder and wife of William Bent Roman Nose ( in Cheyenne : Woo - ka - nay , Northern Cheyenne , legendary war hero and chief of the Elk Horn Scrapers ( Hémo'eoxeso ) , one of the four original Cheyenne military societies ) Tall Bull , chief of the Cheyenne Dog Soldiers , killed at Battle of Summit Springs Two Moons ( famous Northern Cheyenne Chief , in Cheyenne : Éše'he Ȯhnéšesėstse , also known as Ónonevóo'xénéhe - '' Ree Roman Nose '' or Mȧsėhávoo'xénéhe - '' Crazy Roman Nose '' ) Wooden Leg , Northern Cheyenne , warrior fought at Little Bighorn Wolf Robe , chief , Southern Cheyenne , peacemaker George Bent , son of Owl Woman , interpreter and Cheyenne historian Jimmy Carl Black , drummer and vocalist for The Mothers of Invention Ben Nighthorse Campbell , Northern Cheyenne , former US Senator , State of Colorado , United States Congress Chris Eyre , Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho , directed the films : Smoke Signals and Skins Joseph Fire Crow , Northern Cheyenne , Cheyenne flutist and recording artist , Grammy Nominee and Nammy winner Sr. Gordon Yellowman , Southern Cheyenne , Chief of the Southern Cheyenne . Suzan Shown Harjo , Southern Cheyenne and Muscogee ( Creek ) , Founding Trustee , Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian ; President , Morning Star Institute ( a Native rights advocacy organization based in Washington DC ) . Eugene Little Coyote , Northern Cheyenne , former president of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation St. David Pendleton Oakerhater , Okuhhatuh or `` Making Medicine , '' Southern Cheyenne ( 1847 -- 1931 ) , veteran of the Red River War , Fort Marion prisoner of war , ledger artist , deacon of Whirlwind Mission , sun dancer , canonized saint in the Episcopal Church Harvey Pratt , Southern Cheyenne and Southern Arapaho , painter , sculptor and a leading forensic artist in the United States W. Richard West Jr. , Southern Cheyenne , Founding Director , Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian W. Richard West , Sr. , `` Dick West '' or Wahpahnahyah , Southern Cheyenne painter , educator , and Director of Art at Bacone College See also ( edit ) Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes Native American tribes in Nebraska Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation The Cheyenne Indians : Their History and Lifeways Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Northern Cheyenne Tribe website '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Oklahoma Indian Affairs . Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory . Archived 2009 - 02 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . 2008 : 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Cheyenne , Southern . '' Oklahoma History Center 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker , James R. & DeMallie , Raymond J. `` Lakota Society '' 1992 . Jump up ^ Northern Cheyenne Tribe website ^ Jump up to : Chief Dull Knife College `` Cheyenne Dictionary '' 2007 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Grinnell , The Fighting Cheyenne , p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of the word `` Cheyenne '' ? `` . Cheyenne Language Web Site. 2002 - 03 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 2004 ) . Native American Place Names of the United States . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , pg. 95 Jump up ^ Chief Dull Knife College , Cheyenne Dictionary `` Tsé - tsėhéstȧhese '' Jump up ^ Moore , John H. The Cheyenne . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing Co. , 1999 , pp. 15 - 16 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Fighting Cheyenne , p. 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Moore , John H. The Cheyenne . Malden , MA : Blackwell Publishing Co. , 1999 , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Liberty , Dr. Margot . `` Cheyenne Primacy : The Tribes ' Perspective As Opposed To That Of The United States Army ; A Possible Alternative To `` The Great Sioux War Of 1876 '' . Friends of the Little Bighorn . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Not to be confused with the Bear Butte , near Fort Meade , South Dakota , which was called Náhkȯhévose ( `` bear hill '' ) Jump up ^ Hyde , George E. : Life of George Bent . Written From His Letters . Norman , 1987 . Pp. 24 and 49 . Jump up ^ Grinnell , George Bird : `` The Great Mysteries of the Cheyenne . '' American Anthropologist . New Series , Vol. 12 , No. 4 ( Oct . - Dec. 1910 ) : 542 - 575 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Reading Eagle November 26 , 1997 Jump up ^ William Young Chalfant : Cheyennes at Dark Water Creek : The Last Fight of the Red River War , University of Oklahoma Press , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0806128757 , page 7 Jump up ^ Berthrong , pp. 13 -- 21 Jump up ^ Berthrong , pp. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ `` Battle of Wolf Creek '' . Oklahoma History . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Greene 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Hyde 1968 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ Hyde , George E. : Life of George Bent . Written From His Letters . Norman , 1987 . Pp. 25 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dorsey , George A. : `` How the Pawnee Captured the Cheyenne Medicine Arrows . '' American Anthropologist , New Series . Vol. 5 ( Oct . -- Dec. 1903 ) , No. 4 , pp. 644 - 658 . Jump up ^ `` Red River War '' . Texas Beyond History . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Arapaho , Southern '' . Oklahoma Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ Page 143 , Francis Paul Prucha , American Indian treaties : the history of a political anomaly , University of California Press ( March 15 , 1997 ) , trade paperback , 562 pages ISBN 0 - 520 - 20895 - 1 ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20895 - 7 Jump up ^ Berthrong , pp. 113 -- 114 Jump up ^ Berthrong , pp. 106 -- 123 Jump up ^ Berthrong , pp. 133 -- 140 ^ Jump up to : Grinnell , The Fighting Cheyenne , pp. 111 -- 121 ^ Jump up to : Hyde , pp. 99 -- 105 ^ Jump up to : Berthrong , pp. 133 to 140 Jump up ^ Page 97 - 98 , David Fridtjof Halaas and Andrew E. Masich , Halfbreed : The Remarkable True Story Of George Bent -- Caught Between The Worlds Of The Indian And The White Man , Da Capo Press ( March 15 , 2005 ) , hardcover , 458 pages , ISBN 0 - 306 - 81410 - 2 ISBN 978 - 0306814105 Jump up ^ Hyde , pp. 99 to 105 ^ Jump up to : Grinnell , The Fighting Cheyenne , pp. 124 to 158 ^ Jump up to : Hyde , pp. 168 to 195 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Fighting Cheyenne , p. 188 ^ Jump up to : Brown , pp. 332 -- 349 ^ Jump up to : Maddux Albert Glenn , In Dull Knife 's Wake : The True Story of the Northern Cheyenne Exodus of 1878 , Horse Creek Publications ( 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 9722217 - 1 - 9 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9722217 - 1 - 9 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Fighting Cheyenne , pp. 398 -- 427 ^ Jump up to : `` WE , THE NORTHERN CHEYENNE PEOPLE : Our Land , Our History , Our Culture '' , Chief Dull Knife College . Page 30 . Accessed September 20 , 2009 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 1 , pp. 258 -- 311 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 2 , pp. 1 -- 57 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 1 , pp. 247 -- 311 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 1 , 209 - 246 Jump up ^ Grinnell , The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 1 , pp. 63 -- 71 , 127 - 129 , 247 - 311 Jump up ^ Moore , pp. 154 -- 156 Jump up ^ Grinnell , George Bird 1972 The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol. 2 . Lincoln . University of Nebraska Press ( p. 190 ) Jump up ^ Hart , Jeffrey A. , 1981 , The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana , Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4 : 1 - 55 , page 6 Jump up ^ recorded as Tah - me - la - pash - me ; from ta ( his ) + míla ( big knife ) + péšni ( dull ) References ( edit ) Berthrong , Donald J. The Southern Cheyenne . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1963 . Brown , Dee . Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 1730 - 5 . Bourke , John G. Mackenzie 's Last Fight with the Cheyenne . New York : Argonaut Press , 1966 . Greene , Jerome A. ( 2004 ) . Washita , The Southern Cheyenne and the U.S. Army . Campaigns and Commanders Series , vol. 3 . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , P. 9 Grinnell , George Bird . The Fighting Cheyenne . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1956 . ( original copyright 1915 , NY : Charles Scribner 's Sons ) . ISBN 0 - 87928 - 075 - 1 . Grinnell , George Bird . The Cheyenne Indians : Their History and Ways of Life . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1923 . 2 volumes ; trade paperback , reprints : The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 1 : History and Society , Bison Books , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 5771 - 9 ; The Cheyenne Indians , Vol. 2 : War , Ceremonies , and Religion , Bison Books , 1972 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 5772 - 6 . Hyde , George E. Life of George Bent : Written From His Letters , ed . Savoie Lottinville , Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . Reprint , trade paperback , March 1983 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 1577 - 1 Moore , John H. ( 1996 ) . The Cheyenne . The peoples of America . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 484 - 0 . OCLC 34412067 . Pritzker , Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia : History , Culture , and Peoples . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513877 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Ambler , Marjane ; Little Bear , Richard E ; et al. ( 2008 ) We , The Northern Cheyenne People . Lame Deer , MT : Chief Dull Knife College Bringing the Story of the Cheyenne People to the Children of Today ( PDF ) . Northern Cheyenne Social Studies Units . Northern Cheyenne Curriculum Committee , Montana Office of Public Instruction. 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 . John Stands In Timber and Margot Liberty ( 2013 ) . A Cheyenne voice : the complete John Stands in Timber interviews . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 9780806143798 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 13 . Hill , Christina Gish ( 2016 ) . Webs of Kinship : Family in Northern Cheyenne Nationhood . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Kroeber , AL ( July -- September 1900 ) . `` Cheyenne Tales '' . Journal of American Folklore. 13 ( 50 ) : 161 -- 190 . JSTOR 533882 . External links ( edit ) Cheyenne edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheyenne . Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Cheyenne . Map of Lakota - Sioux and Cheyenne War on Central Plains in 1866 - 1876 `` Cheyenne Culture and History Links '' , Native Languages Montana Office of Public Instruction . `` Symbols of Our People '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 . Jomay Steen , `` Indian remains finally at rest '' , The Rapid City Journal , 31 March 2005 `` Cheyenne perform Victory Dance to honor Marine tank driver '' , Turtle Track `` Cheyennes '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . `` Cheyennes '' . The New Student 's Reference Work . 1914 . `` Cheyenne . A brave and warlike plains tribe of Algonquian stock '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Cheyennes '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Native Americans in Nebraska Historic and present tribes Arapaho Arikara Northern Cheyenne Comanche Fox Great Sioux Nation Iowa Tribe of Kansas and Nebraska Kiowa Missouria Omaha Otoe Pawnee Ponca Tribe of Nebraska Sac Ho - Chunk Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska Skidi Pawnee Present languages Hocak Omaha - Ponca language Fox language Sioux language Sac language Present reservations Ioway Omaha Ponca Sac and Fox Santee Sioux Winnebago Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Present tribal colleges and universities Little Priest Tribal College Nebraska Indian Community College Historic figures Antonine Barada Big Elk Chief Blackbird Joba Chamberlain Larry EchoHawk Logan Fontenelle Francis La Flesche Joseph La Flesche Old Lady Grieves The Enemy Petalesharo Susan La Flesche Picotte Red Cloud Standing Bear Susette LaFlesche Tibbles Jim Thorpe James Young Deer Moses J. `` Chief '' Yellow Horse Historic events Battle of Ash Hollow Massacre Canyon Battle of Mud Springs Battle of Rush Creek Battle of Warbonnet Creek Grattan massacre Cheyenne War Indian Congress Historic reservations Nemaha Half - Breed Reservation Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Oto Pawnee Niobrara Historic communities Ton'wontongathon Pike - Pawnee Village Site Skidi Pawnee Village Horse Creek Pawnee Village Cottonwood Creek Schrader Archeological Site Fullerton Archeological Site Oto Indian Village Site Leshara Site McClean Site Woodcliff Site Theodore Davis Site Kelso Site Wright Site Historic sacred places Pahur Ahkawitakol Lalawakohtito Pahuk Cunningham Archeological Site Other historic places Blackbird Hill Genoa Indian Industrial School Dr. Susan LaFlesche Picotte Memorial Hospital Indian agencies Susan LaFlesche Picotte House Nanza Moses Merrill Mission Pawnee Mission and Burnt Village Archeological Site Carlisle Indian Industrial School Ionia Volcano Prehistoric peoples Central Plains Woodland Dismal River Prehistoric communities Leary Site Ash Hollow Coufal Schultz Site Signal Butte Site 25SM20 Champe - Fremont 1 Archeological Site Frank Parker Archeological Site Sweetwater Archeological Site Burkett Archeological Site Ashland Archeological Site Yutan Site Schrader Archeological Site Humphrey Archeological Site Table Rock Archeological Site Other prehistoric places Indian Cave Indian Hill Walker Gilmore Site Site JF00 - 072 Hudson - Meng Bison Kill Woodcliff Burials Nehawka Flint Quarries Farwell Archeological District Blue Springs , aka Wonder Site Barneston Site Kurz Omaha Village Site Patterson Site Fontenelle Forest Historic District Wolfe and Grey ( Schuyler ) Sites Schulte Archeological Site Wiseman Archeological Site Durflinger Site Other topics Native American place names in Nebraska Native American tribes in Oklahoma Federally recognized tribes Absentee Shawnee Alabama - Quassarte Apache Caddo Cherokee Cheyenne and Arapaho Chickasaw Choctaw Citizen Potawatomi Comanche Delaware Nation Delaware Tribe Eastern Shawnee Fort Sill Apache Iowa Kaw Kialegee Kickapoo Kiowa Miami Modoc Muscogee ( Creek ) Osage Otoe - Missouria Ottawa Pawnee Peoria Ponca Quapaw Sac and Fox Seminole Seneca - Cayuga Shawnee Thlopthlocco Tonkawa United Keetoowah Wichita Wyandotte Tribal languages ( still spoken ) Alabama Arapaho Caddo Cayuga Cherokee Cheyenne Chickasaw Chiwere ( Iowa and Otoe ) Choctaw Comanche Delaware Koasati Hitchiti - Mikasuki Mescalero - Chiricahua Mesquakie ( Fox , Kickapoo , and Sauk ) Muscogee Osage Ottawa Pawnee Ponca Potawatomi Quapaw Seneca Shawnee Wichita Wyandot Yuchi Native Americans in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming Historic and present tribes Cheyenne Lakota Arapaho Arikara Crow Kiowa Historic figures Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Lone Horn Red Cloud Spotted Tail Black Elk Historic native spiritual places Inyan Kara Mountain Bear Butte Traditional narratives Devils Tower Great Race Historic events History of the Black Hills Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1851 ) Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) Black Hills War ( Great Sioux War of 1876 ) Historic reservations Great Sioux Reservation Modern events and places Black Hills Land Claim The Journey Museum and Gardens United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians Lakota Nation Invitational Modern people JoAnn Tall Charmaine White Face For more information , see History of Native Americans in the United States . Nearby modern reservations are Pine Ridge and Rosebud . Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming Attractions Bear Butte Black Elk Wilderness Black Hills Central Railroad Black Hills National Forest Black Elk Peak Black Hills Playhouse Chapel in the Hills Crazy Horse Memorial Custer State Park Devils Tower Dinosaur Park Flintstones Bedrock City Homestake Mine Jewel Cave National Monument Mammoth Site Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Mount Rushmore National Memorial Mystic Miner Ski Resort Needles Pactola Lake Reptile Gardens Rushmore Cave Sheridan Lake Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns Sturgis Motorcycle Rally Sylvan Lake Terry Peak ski area Wind Cave National Park with bison herd Scenic routes Roads Norbeck Scenic Byway Iron Mountain Road Needles Highway Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway Trails Mickelson Centennial Trail Populated places Cities Belle Fourche Buffalo Chip ( legal status undetermined ) Central City Custer Deadwood Edgemont Hot Springs Hill City Lead Newcastle Rapid City Spearfish Sturgis Whitewood Towns Buffalo Gap Fairburn Hermosa Keystone Pringle Sundance Unincorporated Dewey Four Mile Galena Hanna Johnson Siding Nemo Rochford Rockerville Silver City Three Forks History and people Native American Cheyenne people Lakota people Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) established the Great Sioux Reservation Black Hills War , or Great Sioux War ( 1876 ) Black Elk Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Lone Horn Red Cloud Spotted Tail Old West Dakota Territory ( 1861 -- 1889 ) Black Hills Expedition ( 1874 ) Black Hills Gold Rush ( 1874 ) Newton -- Jenney Party ( 1875 ) Cheyenne - Black Hills Stage Route ( 1876 - 1887 ) Sidney - Black Hills Stage Road ( 1876 - 1887 ) Rapid City , Black Hills and Western Railroad ( 1893 -- 1947 ) Seth Bullock and Martha Bullock General George Armstrong Custer Dora DuFran Wild Bill Hickok Calamity Jane Historian Doane Robinson Sol Star Al Swearengen Charlie Utter Ghost towns Addie Camp Bismuth Blacktail Burdock Cambria Carbonate Etta Flatiron Greenwood Maitland Myers City Nahant Novak Pactola Sheridan Spokane Terraville Tigerville Tinton Trojan Modern Fossil Cycad National Monument ( 1922 - 1957 ) Stratobowl ( 1934 - 1959 ) Black Hills flood ( 1972 ) Sculptors Gutzon Borglum and Lincoln Borglum Author Joseph Bottum Politician Francis H. Case Poet Charles Badger Clark Historian Watson Parker Road junctions Carlile Junction Cheyenne Crossing Four Corners Four Mile Keystone Wye Maverick Junction Mule Creek Junction Related Mount Rushmore in popular culture Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheyenne&oldid=866284684 '' Categories : Algonquian peoples Great Sioux War of 1876 Cheyenne tribe Comanche Campaign Plains tribes Cheyenne people Native American tribes in Colorado Native American tribes in Montana Native American tribes in Wyoming Native American tribes in Nebraska Native American tribes in Kansas Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles to be expanded from May 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 12 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does the name cheyenne mean in native american	[ "The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two tribes, the Só'taeo'o or Só'taétaneo'o (more commonly as Suhtai or Sutaio; singular: Só'taétane) and the Tsétsêhéstâhese (more commonly as the Tsitsistas; singular: Tsétsêhéstaestse), which translates to \"those who are like this\".[6] These two tribes had always traveled together, becoming fully merged sometime after 1831, when they were still noted as having separate camps. The Suhtai were said to have originally had slightly different speech and customs from their traveling companions.[7]\n" ]	[ "\"those who are like this\"" ]
-7516297132946968319	Gopuram	Gopuram - Wikipedia Gopuram Meenakshiamman Temple tower in Madurai A Gopuram or gopura ( Sanskrit : गोपुरम् , gopuram ) is a monumental gatehouse tower , usually ornate , at the entrance of a Hindu temple , in the Dravidian architecture of the Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , Kerala , Karnataka , and Telangana states of Southern India . Ancient and early medieval temples feature smaller gopuram , while in later temples they are a prominent feature of Hindu temples of the Dravidian style ; or in many cases the temple compound was expanded and new larger gopuram built along the new boundary . They are topped by the kalasam , a bulbous stone finial . They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex . The gopuram 's origins can be traced back to early structures of the Pallava kings , and relate to the central shikhara towers of North India . Between the twelfth and sixteenth century , during the Pandya , Nayaka and Vijayanagara era when Hindu temples increasingly became a hub of the urban life , these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple 's outer appearance , eventually overshadowing the inner sanctuary which became obscured from view by the gopuram 's colossal size and courtyards . It also dominated the inner sanctum in amount of ornamentation . Often a shrine has more than one gopuram . They also appear in architecture outside India , especially Khmer architecture , as at Angkor Wat . A large Dravidian - style temple , or koil , may have multiple gopurams as the openings into successively smaller walled enclosures around the main shrine , with the largest generally at the outer edges . The temple compound is typically square or rectangular with at least the outermost wall having gopuras , often from the four cardinal directions . The multiple storeys of a gopuram typically repeat the lower level features on a rhythmic diminishing scale . The inner sanctum and its towering roof ( the central deity 's shrine ) is also called the Vimanam ( shrine ) , although in the south it is typically smaller than the gopurams in large temples . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Architecture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Etymology ( edit ) A gopura is a monumental gate , usually ornate with odd number of kalasa on top . It may have one or many storeys . Left : Single storey gopura ; Right : Two storey gopura . The Tamil derivation is from the two words : கோ ( kō ) and புறம் ( puram ) meaning ' king ' and ' exterior ' respectively . It originates from the Sangam age when it was known as ஓங்கு நிலை வாயில் ( ōnggu nilai vāyil ) meaning ' imperishable gateway ' . An alternative derivation is from the Sanskrit word gopuram , which can be broken down to go ( Sanskrit : गो ) , which means either ' a city ' or ' a cow ' , and puram ( Sanskrit : पुरम् ) , ' a town ' , or ' a settlement ' . Architecture ( edit ) Detail of a gopuram at Chennai A gopuram is usually a tapering oblong in form with ground - level wooden doors , often richly decorated , providing access . Above is the tapering or `` battered '' gopuram , divided into many storeys which diminish in size as the gopuram tower narrows . Usually the tower is topped with a barrel vaulted roof with a finial . The form began rather modestly in the 10th century , as at Shore Temple , Mamallapuram , with the 11th century Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur marking a crucial step forward with two multi-storey gopurams from that period , much larger than any earlier ones , though much smaller than the main tower ( vimanam ) of the temple . The four gopurams of the Thillai Nataraja Temple , Chidambaram are important early examples , begun in the mid-13th century but completed over a longer period . Gopurams are exquisitely decorated with sculpture and carvings and painted with a variety of themes derived from the Hindu mythology , particularly those associated with the presiding deity of the temple where the gopuram is located . The two tallest gopuras are both modern , at least in part . The Ranganathaswamy Temple , Srirangam , Tamil Nadu , has 21 gopurams ( tower gateways ) , including the towering 239.5 - foot ( 73.0 m ) Rajagopuram ( shrine of the main gateway ) , which is claimed as the tallest temple tower in Asia . The 73 - metre ( 240 ft ) - tall 13 - tiered Rajagopuram was completed in 1987 ( having previously been incomplete ) and dominates the landscape for kilometers around , while the remaining 20 gopurams were built between the 14th and 17th centuries . Competing for the title of `` tallest '' is the twenty storey 249 - foot ( 76 m ) gopura at the modern Murdeshwar Temple , which , unusually , is provided with a lift . Thiruvannamalai Annamalaiyar Temple Gopurams Annamalaiyar Temple , Thiruvannamalai Murdeshwar Ranganathaswamy Temple , Srirangam Srivilliputhur Pariyur Tiruchendur Thillai Nataraja Temple , Chidambaram Kancheepuram Hampi Tirumala Kuala Lumpur Annavaram Simhachalam Athi Koneswaram Madurai Nanjangud Biccavolu Chebrolu Besakih , Bali Toronto On left is a gopuram , to the right above the sanctum is vimana See also ( edit ) List of tallest Gopurams Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` gopura '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ching , Francis D.K. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . A Global History of Architecture . New York : John Wiley and Sons . p. 762 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 26892 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ching , Francis D.K. ( 1995 ) . A Visual Dictionary of Architecture . New York : John Wiley and Sons . p. 253 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 28451 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Michell , George ( 1988 ) . The Hindu Temple . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 151 -- 153 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 53230 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sellby , Martha A. ; Indira Viswanathan Peterson ( 2008 ) . Tamil geographies : cultural constructions of space and place in South India . SUNY Press . Jump up ^ S. Sundararajan ( 1991 ) . Ancient Tamil country : its social and economic structure . Navrang . Jump up ^ Lienhard S. , von Hinèuber O. ( 2007 ) . Kleine Schriften : Supplement ( in French ) . Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 414 . ISBN 9783447056199 . Jump up ^ Harle , 320 - 325 Jump up ^ `` Towers '' on temple website ; Tamilwebworld Jump up ^ `` Murudeshwar Temple Now Tallest Gopuram in Asia '' , April 2008 References ( edit ) Dallapiccola , Anna L. ( 2002 ) . Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 51088 - 1 . Harle , J.C. , The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent , 2nd edn. 1994 , Yale University Press Pelican History of Art , ISBN 0300062176 External links ( edit ) Look up gopuram in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gopurams . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopuram&oldid=848074468 '' Categories : Hindu temple architecture Architectural elements Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from February 2017 Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles containing Sanskrit - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Shqip Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் Українська 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 16 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the mighty gateway found at the temples of south india are called	[ "A Gopuram or gopura (Sanskrit: गोपुरम्, gopuram) is a monumental gatehouse tower, usually ornate, at the entrance of a Hindu temple, in the Dravidian architecture of the Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, and Telangana states of Southern India.[1] Ancient and early medieval temples feature smaller gopuram, while in later temples they are a prominent feature of Hindu temples of the Dravidian style;[2] or in many cases the temple compound was expanded and new larger gopuram built along the new boundary. They are topped by the kalasam, a bulbous stone finial. They function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.[3]\n" ]	[ "Gopuram or gopura" ]
5078977085318798192	Drainage in New Orleans	Drainage in New Orleans - wikipedia Drainage in New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search Elevation map of New Orleans . Blue / purple indicates elevations below the average level of Lake Pontchartrain ( 1983 - 2001 ) and orange / brown indicates elevations above . Vertical cross-section of New Orleans , showing maximum levee height of 23 feet Drainage in New Orleans , Louisiana , has been a major concern since the founding of the city in the early 18th century , remaining an important factor in the history of New Orleans today . The central portion of metropolitan New Orleans ( New Orleans / Metairie / Kenner ) is fairly unusual in that it is almost completely surrounded by water : Lake Pontchartrain to the north , Lake Borgne to the east , wetlands to the east and west , and the Mississippi River to the south . Much of the land area between these bodies of water is at or below sea level , and no longer has a natural outlet for flowing surface water . As such , virtually all rainfall occurring within this area must be removed through either evapotranspiration or pumping . Thus , flood threats to metropolitan New Orleans include the Mississippi River , Lake Pontchartrain , and natural rainfall . Artificial levees have been built to keep out rising river and lake waters but have had the negative effect of keeping rainfall in . As of 2017 , the New Orleans pumping system - operated by the Sewerage and Water Board - can pump water out of the city at a rate of more than 45,000 cubic feet ( 1,300 m ) per second . The capacity is also frequently described as 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) in the first hour of rainfall followed by 0.5 inches ( 1.3 cm ) per hour afterward . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 History of Flood Control 2.1 Hurricane Katrina 2.1. 1 Katrina Aftermath 2.2 Post-Katrina Flood Concerns 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geography ( edit ) See also : New Orleans § Geography The city of New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain . The city was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground , along the river . In the 1960s , floodwalls and man - made levees were constructed around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp . Over time , pumping of nearby marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas . Today , a large portion of New Orleans is at or below local mean sea level and evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to subsidence . A 2007 study by Tulane and Xavier University suggested that `` 51 % ... of the contiguous urbanized portions of Orleans , Jefferson , and St. Bernard parishes lie at or above sea level , '' with the more densely populated areas generally on higher ground . A more recent study published by the ASCE Journal of Hydrologic Engineering in 2016 , however , stated : `` ... most of New Orleans proper - about 65 % - is at or below mean sea level , as defined by the average elevation of Lake Pontchartrain '' Because of the low terrain of the New Orleans area , a complex system of levees , canals , and pumps are required to reduce the risk of flooding . History of flood control ( edit ) The natural levees along the Mississippi River were a result of soil deposits left from the river 's annual floods . The site chosen for New Orleans had many advantages . Because it sits where distance between the river and Lake Pontchartrain is shortest , Louisiana Indians had long used the area as a depot and market for goods carried between the two waterways . The narrow strip of land also aided rapid troop movements , and the river 's crescent shape slowed ships approaching from downriver and exposed them to gunfire , however flooding was always a hazard . The first artificial levees and canals were built in early colonial times . They were erected to protect New Orleans against routine flooding from the Mississippi River . The `` back of town '' away from the river originally drained down into the swamps running toward Lake Pontchartrain . Flooding from the lake side was rare and less severe as most of the old town had been built on high ground along the riverfront . As the city grew , demand for more land encouraged expansion into lower areas more prone to periodic flooding . For most of the 19th century most residential buildings were raised up at least a foot above street level ( often several feet ) , since periodic flooding of the streets was a certainty at the time . In the 1830s state engineer George T. Dunbar proposed an ambitious system of underground drainage canals beneath the streets . The goal was to drain water by gravity into the low lying swamps , supplementing this with canals and mechanical pumps . The first of the city 's steam engine powered drainage pumps , adapted from a ship 's paddle wheel and used to push water along the Orleans Canal out to Bayou St. John , was constructed in this decade . However , only a few of Dunbar 's plans were actually implemented as the panic of 1837 largely ended major systematic improvements for a generation . In 1859 surveyor Louis H. Pilié improved the drainage canals , bricking in some portions . Four large steam `` draining machines '' were built to push water through the canals into the lake . In 1871 , some 36 miles ( 58 km ) of canals were built in the city for both improved drainage and small vessel shipping within town . However , despite earlier efforts , at the end of the 19th century it was still common for water to cover streets from curb to curb after rainstorms , sometimes for days . In 1893 , the city government formed the Drainage Advisory Board to come up with better solutions to the city 's drainage problems . Extensive topographical maps were made and some of the nation 's top engineers were consulted . In 1899 , a bond was floated , and a 2 mill per dollar property tax approved , which funded and founded the Sewerage & Water Board of New Orleans . The Sewerage & Water Board had the responsibility of draining the city along with constructing a modern sewage and tap water system for the city , which , at the time , still relied heavily on cisterns and outhouses . ( A different entity , the Orleans Levee Board , was in charge of supervision of the city 's levee and floodwall system . ) The Sewerage & Water Board found A. Baldwin Wood , a young engineer who not only supervised the plans for improved drainage and pumping , but also invented a number of improvements in pumps and plumbing in the process . These improvements were not only used in New Orleans , but adopted all over the world . The central power plant for the pumping stations of the New Orleans drainage system , 1904 As the 20th century progressed , much of the land that had previously been swampland or considered fit for no other use than cow pasture ( due to periodic flooding ) , was drained . The city then expanded back from the natural higher ground close to the river and the natural bayou formed ridges . On 15 April 1927 in what became known as the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the city was deluged by a downpour of some 15 inches ( 380 mm ) of rain within 19 hours . At the time , almost all of the city 's pumps relied completely on the municipal electricity system , which went out early in the storm , thus knocking the pumps off line , which led to extensive flooding in the city . After this , back up diesel generators with sufficient fuel to run the pumps for at least a day if electricity failed were added to the pumping stations . The `` Good Friday Flood '' , as it was known locally , happened when the Mississippi River levels were dangerously high along the levees at the city , but was not directly connected to the more wide - ranging flood . 1927 also saw the start of a project to build a more extensive system of levees on the shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain . After 1945 , all land up to the lake had been developed . The city 's system was effective when the 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane directly hit the city . Wood 's drainage pumps kept the city proper mostly dry , while the neighboring suburbs on the East Bank of Jefferson Parish ( which at the time did not have a comparable system operational ) , flooded under up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) of water . Metarie Pumping Station , also known as Pumping Station 6 , building , constructed in 1899 , near Metarie Road and the head of the 17th Street Canal . Now housing 15 Wood Screw Pumps , it can move over 6 billion US gallons ( 23,000,000 m ) of water a day . Most of the city weathered Hurricane Betsy in 1965 without severe flooding , with the major exception of the Lower Ninth Ward neighborhood . The Lower Ninth Ward is separated from the rest of the city by the Industrial Canal and Gulf Intracoastal Waterway . It was flooded not by rainfall , but by a breach in the Industrial Canal levee , resulting in catastrophic flooding and loss of life in the neighborhood . By the 1980s , the city boasted a system of 20 pumping stations with 89 pumps , with a combined capacity of 15,642,000 US gallons ( 59,210,000 L ) per minute , equal to the flow of the Ohio River . In May 1995 , torrential rains ( up to 20 inches ( 510 mm ) in 12 hours in some places ) overwhelmed pumping capacity , flooding substantial portions of the city . Slab houses in some low areas were flooded , and great numbers of automobiles on the city 's flooded streets were declared insurance write - offs . This prompted projects increasing drainage capacity in the worst hit areas . By early 2005 , the city had 148 drainage pumps . Hurricane Katrina ( edit ) Main article : Hurricane Katrina See also : 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans The greatest catastrophe in the city 's drainage history occurred at the end of August 2005 when it was hit by Hurricane Katrina , after which eighty percent of the city flooded . Katrina brought tropical storm conditions to the city starting the night of 28 August , with hurricane conditions beginning the following day and lasting through the afternoon . The hurricane itself did not flood the city . Rather , a series of failures in mis - designed levees and floodwalls allowed water from the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Pontchartrain to flow into the city . The Industrial Canal was overwhelmed when a storm surge , funneled in by the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet , overflowed and breached levees and floodwalls in several locations , flooding not only the Lower Ninth Ward , but also Eastern New Orleans and portions of the Upper Ninth Ward west of the Canal . Meanwhile , waters from storm - swollen Lake Pontchartrain poured into the city , first from a breach in the 17th Street Canal , and then from a pair of breaches in both sides of the London Avenue Canal . These canals were among those used to channel water pumped from city streets into the lake . The storm caused the flow to reverse , and as water levels rose the entire drainage system failed . Examinations afterwards showed that water levels in these locations never topped the floodwalls , but instead the levees failed with a water level supposedly within their safe tolerance . In much of town west of the Industrial Canal , residents who did not evacuate before the storm reported that after the storm they were relieved to see their streets dry and the precipitation from the storm successfully pumped out . However , disaster was already spreading from the series of levee breaches . In areas of town far from the breaches , flood water came not in through the streets , but up from the storm drains beneath the street , in some places changing streets from dry to under 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) of water within half an hour . Flood lines show levels of high water on this Mid City New Orleans house By the evening of August 30 , some 80 % of the city was under water . ( This figure includes areas of widely differing flood levels , ranging from areas where streets were covered with water which never rose into homes to areas where homes were entirely submerged over the rooftops . ) Most of the city 's pumping stations were submerged . The few above the water line had no power and the emergency diesel fuel had run out . These few were often tiny islands in the flood , inaccessible even if intact enough to hypothetically be turned back on . For most of the city to the west of the Industrial Canal , the flood levels were much the same as those reached in mid-19th century storms when , like Katrina , major hurricanes created a `` lake flood '' by pushing Lake Pontchartrain up into the South Shore . At the time of these earlier storms the lower lying areas of the city had little development , so effects on life and property were much less severe . West of the Industrial Canal , the parts of the city unflooded or minimally flooded largely corresponded with areas of the city developed on naturally higher ground before 1900 . On August 31 , flood levels started to subside . The water level in the city had reached that of Lake Pontchartrain , and as the lake started to drain back into the Gulf , some water in the city started to flow into the lake via the same levee breaches they had entered through . In 19th century lake floods , the water soon flowed back into the lake as there were no levees on that side . In 2005 , while the levees proved inadequate to keep the lake out of the city , even in breached form they were sufficient to keep much of the flooding from flowing back out . As breaches were gradually filled , some city pumps were reactivated , supplemented by additional pumps brought in by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Some of the city 's pumps which survived could not be reactivated because of the failures of the canals that they pumped flood waters into . The combined task of closing breaches and pumping the flood waters out took weeks and was compounded by a setback in late September due to further flooding from Hurricane Rita . Katrina aftermath ( edit ) See also : Civil engineering and infrastructure repair in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina By the start of October 2005 , only a few small areas of flood waters remained within the city , but the disastrous flooding in the aftermath of Katrina left the majority of the city 's houses and businesses so damaged as to be unusable until major renovations or repairs could be made . An article in the New Orleans Times - Picayune on 30 November 2005 reported that studies showed the 17th Street Canal levee was `` destined to fail '' as a result of fundamental design mistakes by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Additional investigations found more problems with the design and construction of the London Avenue Canal , Industrial Canal , MRGO , and other levees and flood walls . While the majority of the city 's drainage pumps were able to be reactivated after the storm , some of the usually reliable pumps failed in 2006 due to corrosion . This was caused by wiring being submerged in the brackish water from Katrina . As a stop - gap measure , the Corps of Engineers installed flood gates at the mouths of the drainage canals at Lake Pontchartrain , to be closed if the lake water level rises . While this prevents lake waters from flowing into the vulnerable canals , it also severely limits the ability of the city to pump out rain water while the gates are closed . In March 2006 , it was revealed that temporary pumps installed by the USACE were defective . Post-katrina flood concerns ( edit ) In 2008 , Hurricane Gustav impacted the southeast Louisiana coast , but caused minimal flood impacts . In 2012 , slow - moving Hurricane Isaac dropped up to 20 inches ( 51 cm ) of rainfall on isolated parts of the city which exceeded New Orleans ' pumping capacity , however minimal flood impacts were noted . On the afternoon of August 5 , 2017 , heavy rainfall over a roughly 3 - 4 hour period caused significant flooding across central sections of New Orleans . The rainfall - estimated as having only a 1 - in - 10 to 1 - in - 100 chance of occurring annually - was higher than the city 's pumping capacity . Numerous roadways were flooding with several feet of water , vehicles were flooded , and water entered some structures . It was later revealed that 16 of New Orleans ' 148 drainage pumps and 3 of 5 turbines which provide power to the pumping system were out of service , severely reducing pumping capacity during the rain event . See also ( edit ) Gulf Intracoastal Waterway West Closure Complex Seabrook Floodgate Floods in the United States : 1901 -- 2000 Floods in the United States : 2001 -- present Sauvé 's Crevasse ( 1849 ) Bonnet Carré Crevasse ( 1871 ) Bonnet Carré Spillway 1909 Grand Isle hurricane 1915 New Orleans hurricane Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane Hurricane Betsy ( 1965 ) May 8th 1995 Louisiana Flood Hurricane Katrina ( 2005 ) Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans Hurricane Rita ( 2005 ) Levee failures in Greater New Orleans , 2005 Reconstruction of New Orleans Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans Orleans Levee Board Southeast Louisiana Urban Flood Control Project References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans . `` Drainage Facts '' . ^ Jump up to : Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans . Rate Hearing Handout : Drainage Facts Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schlotzhauer , D. and Lincoln , W.S. Using New Orleans Pumping Data to Reconcile Gauge Observations of Isolated Extreme Rainfall due to Hurricane Isaac Journal of Hydrologic Engineering , May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Cabildo - Colonial Louisiana '' . Louisiana State Museum . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ? '' . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Russell , Gordan . New Orleans officials say pumps worked as designed ; warn of more rain on way to saturated city New Orleans Advocate , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ New Orleans area flooding : More rain on the way ; what to know about stranded vehicles , more New Orleans Advocate , August 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ S&WB did n't want New Orleanians to know how much is broken : Editorial Times Picayune / Nola.com , August 11 , 2017 This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bibliography `` Charting Louisiana '' Edited by Alfred E. Lemmon , John T. Magill , and Jason R. Wiese ; John R. Hebert , consulting editor . Historic New Orleans Collection , 2003 `` Geographies of New Orleans '' by Richard Campanella , Center for Louisiana Studies , 2006 `` History of New Orleans '' by John Kendall . Lewis Publishing Company , 1922 `` New Orleans The Making of an Urban Landscape '' by Peirce F. Lewis . Second Edition , Center for American Places , 2003 `` Time and Place in New Orleans '' by Richard Campanella . Pelican Publishing Company , 2002 `` Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs '' edited by Craig E. Colten . University of Pittsburgh Press , 2000 . `` An Unnatural Metropolis : Wresting New Orleans From Nature '' by Craig E. Colten , Louisiana State University Press , Baton Rouge , 2005 `` Topical and Drainage Map of New Orleans and Surroundings From Recent Surveys and Investigations , by T.S. Hardee , Civil Engineer . Thomas Sydenham Hardee , 1878 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drainage in New Orleans . New Orleans : The Story of Three Great Public Utilities , 1914 History of New Orleans Drainage , 1718 - 1893 PDF The Wood Screw Pump : A Study of the Drainage Development of New Orleans New Orleans : A Wonderful Drainage System . Colliers Weekly , 1901 New Orleans Hurricane Risk Public Health and Hurricanes : New Orleans Pilot Project `` Fix The Pumps '' blog detailing post-Katrina repairs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drainage_in_New_Orleans&oldid=817518488 '' Categories : History of New Orleans Preparations for Hurricane Katrina Flood control in the New Orleans metropolitan area Water in Louisiana Geography of New Orleans Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 22 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when were the levees in new orleans built	[ "The first artificial levees and canals were built in early colonial times. They were erected to protect New Orleans against routine flooding from the Mississippi River. The \"back of town\" away from the river originally drained down into the swamps running toward Lake Pontchartrain. Flooding from the lake side was rare and less severe as most of the old town had been built on high ground along the riverfront." ]	[ "early colonial times" ]
2921185113791469114	Sea salt	Sea salt - wikipedia Sea salt Salt produced from the evaporation of seawater Sea salt harvesting in Pak Thale , Phetchaburi , Thailand A salt evaporation pond in Tamil Nadu , India Sea salt is salt that is produced by the evaporation of seawater . It is used as a seasoning in foods , cooking , and cosmetics . It is also called bay salt , solar salt , or salt . Like mined rock salt , production of sea salt has been dated to prehistoric times . There is no scientific evidence that consuming sea salt instead of more refined sodium chloride salts has any health benefit . Contents 1 Composition 2 Historical production 3 Taste 4 Health 5 See also 6 References Composition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Commercially available sea salts on the market today vary widely in their chemical composition . Although the principal component is sodium chloride , the remaining portion can range from less than 0.2 to 10 % of other salts . These are mostly calcium , potassium , and magnesium salts of chloride and sulfate with substantially lesser amounts of many trace elements found in natural seawater . The moisture content can also vary from less than 1 to over 12 % . Historical production ( edit ) Sea salt is mentioned in the Vinaya Pitaka , a Buddhist scripture compiled in the mid-5th century BC . The principle of production is evaporation of the water from the sea brine . In warm and dry climates this may be accomplished entirely by using solar energy , but in other climates fuel sources have been used . Modern sea salt production is almost entirely found in Mediterranean and other warm , dry climates . `` Fleur de sel '' sea salt , Île de Ré Such places are today called salt works , instead of the older English word saltern . An ancient or medieval saltern was established where there was : Access to a market for the salt A gently shelving coast , protected from exposure to the open sea An inexpensive and easily worked fuel supply , or preferably the sun Another trade , such as pastoral farming or tanning -- which benefited from proximity to the saltern ( by producing leather , salted meat , etc . ) and provided the saltern with a local market In this way , salt marsh , pasture ( salting ) , and salt works ( saltern ) enhanced each other economically . This was the pattern during the Roman and medieval periods around The Wash , in eastern England . There , the tide brought the brine , the extensive saltings provided the pasture , the fens and moors provided the peat fuel , and the sun sometimes shone . Manual salt collection in Lake Retba , Senegal Salt deposits on the shores of Dead Sea , Jordan The dilute brine of the sea was largely evaporated by the sun . In Roman areas , this was done using ceramic containers known as briquetage . Workers scraped up the concentrated salt and mud slurry and washed it with clean sea water to settle impurities out of the now concentrated brine . They poured the brine into shallow pans ( lightly baked from local marine clay ) and set them on fist - sized clay pillars over a peat fire for final evaporation . Then they scraped out the dried salt and sold it . In rural areas of Sichuan , China , these traditional salt production methods lasted until industrialization in the 20th century . Today , salt labelled `` sea salt '' in the US might not have actually come from the sea , as long as it meets the FDA 's purity requirements . All mined salts were originally sea salts since they originated from a marine source at some point in the distant past , usually from an evaporating shallow sea . Taste ( edit ) Black lava salt Some gourmets believe sea salt tastes better and has a better texture than ordinary table salt . In applications that retain sea salt 's coarser texture , it can provide a different mouth feel , and may change flavor due to its different rate of dissolution . The mineral content also affects the taste . The colors and variety of flavors are due to local clays and algae found in the waters the salt is harvested from . For example , some boutique salts from Korea and France are pinkish gray , some from India are black . Black and red salts from Hawaii may even have powdered black lava and baked red clay added in . Some sea salt contains sulfates . It may be difficult to distinguish sea salt from other salts , such as pink Himalayan salt , Maras salt from the ancient Inca hot springs , or rock salt ( halite ) . Black lava salt is a marketing term for sea salt harvested from various places around the world that has been blended and colored with activated charcoal . The salt is used as a decorative condiment to be shown at the table . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health effects of salt See also : Salt -- Diet and health A salt mill for sea salt The health consequences of eating sea salt or regular table salt are the same , as the content of sea salt is still mainly sodium chloride . Table salt is more processed than sea salt to eliminate minerals and usually contains an additive such as silicon dioxide to prevent clumping . Iodine , an element essential for human health , is present only in small amounts in sea salt . Iodised salt is table salt mixed with a minute amount of various salts of the element iodine . Studies have found some microplastic contamination in sea salt from the US , Europe and China. . Sea salt has also been shown to be contaminated by fungi that can cause food spoilage as well as some that may be mycotoxigenic In traditional Korean cuisine , jugyeom ( 죽염 , 竹鹽 ) , which means `` bamboo salt '' , is prepared by roasting salt at temperatures between 800 and 2000 ° C in a bamboo container plugged with mud at both ends . This product absorbs minerals from the bamboo and the mud , and has been shown to increase the anticlastogenic and antimutagenic properties of the fermented soybean paste known in Korea as doenjang . See also ( edit ) Bath salts Brine mining History of salt Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How salt is made - material , used , processing , procedure , industry , machine , Raw Materials '' . www.madehow.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Brownrigg , William ( 1748 ) . The Art of Making Common Salt , as Now Practised in Most Parts of the World . pp. , 12 . Jump up ^ Forbes , R.J. ( 1955 ) . Studies in Ancient Technology . iii . Brill Archive . p. 169 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sea salt vs. Table salt : What 's the difference ? '' . Jump up ^ https://www.celticseasalt.com/resources/Makai-Spec-Sheet.pdf Jump up ^ Prakash , Om ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Cultural History of India . New Age International . p. 479 . ISBN 9788122415872 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Peter ( 2009 - 10 - 06 ) . The English Coast : A History and a Prospect . Continuum International Publishing Group . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 9781847251435 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flad , Rowan K. ( 2011 - 07 - 18 ) . Salt Production and Social Hierarchy in Ancient China : An Archaeological Investigation of Specialization in China 's Three Gorges . Cambridge University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9781107009417 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wolke , Robert L. ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . What Einstein Told His Cook : Kitchen Science Explained . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 52 . ISBN 9780393329421 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worth One 's Salt '' by Dan Crane , Salon , Apr 2005 Jump up ^ Wolke , Robert L. What Einstein Told His Cook . ( 2002 ) pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Jr , John J. McKetta ( 1995 - 03 - 13 ) . Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design : Volume 51 - Slurry Systems : Instrumentation to Solid - Liquid Separation . CRC Press . ISBN 9780824726027 . ^ Jump up to : Zeratsky , Katherine ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` Is sea salt better for your health than table salt ? '' . Mayoclinic.com . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . Retrieved 22 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation -- Health and Wellbeing ( 23 November 2010 ) -- Rae Fry and Professor Bruce Neal -- Retrieved 23 November 2010 Jump up ^ Fisher , Peter W.F. and Mary L'Abbe. 1980 . Iodine in Iodized Table Salt and in Sea Salt . Can . Inst . Food Sci. Technolo . J. Vol. 13 . No. 2 : 103 -- 104 . April Jump up ^ Dasgupta , Purnendu K. ; Liu , Yining ; Dyke , Jason V. ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` Iodine Nutrition : Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States '' . Environmental Science & Technology . 42 ( 4 ) : 1315 -- 1323 . doi : 10.1021 / es0719071 . Jump up ^ Glenza , Jessica ( September 2017 ) , `` Sea salt around the world is contaminated by plastic , studies show '' , The Guardian Jump up ^ Biango - Daniels , Megan N. ; Hodge , Hodge T. ( February 2008 ) . `` Sea salts as a potential source of food spoilage fungi '' . Food Microbiol. 69 : 89 -- 95 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fm. 2017.07. 020 . PMID 28941913 . Jump up ^ James V. Livingston ( 2005 ) . Agriculture and soil pollution : new research . Nova Publishers . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59454 - 310 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shahidi , Fereidoon ; John Shi ; Ho , Chi - Tang ( 2005 ) . Asian functional foods . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 575 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 5855 - 4 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sea salt . Salt History History of salt In the American Civil War International Salt Co. v. United States In Middlewich Old Salt Route In Chinese history Salt March Salt road Types Abraum Alaea Alberger Bittern Black lava Butter Celery Curing Cyclic Dairy Flake Fleur de sel Garlic Himalayan Iodised Kala namak Korean brining Kosher LoSalt Calcium chloride Pickling Potassium chloride Potassium nitrate Sodium nitrate Onion Rock Sea salt Seasoned Sel gris Smoked Truffle Food usage Brining Salting Brined cheese Salt - cured meat Salted fish Health effects Salt and cardiovascular disease Commerce and industry Salt Industry Commission Evaporation pond Production Salt mining Open - pan salt making List of countries by salt production By region In Cheshire In Ghana In Syracuse , New York Culture Salt in the Bible Salting the earth Miscellaneous Mineral lick Smelling salts Ximenes Redoubt Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_salt&oldid=864923286 '' Categories : Chemical oceanography Edible salt Hidden categories : Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from June 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский سنڌي Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو 粵語中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2018 , at 13 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	manufacture of salt from seawater is which change	[ "Sea salt is salt that is produced by the evaporation of seawater.[1] It is used as a seasoning in foods, cooking, and cosmetics. It is also called bay salt,[2] solar salt,[3] or salt. Like mined rock salt, production of sea salt has been dated to prehistoric times. There is no scientific evidence that consuming sea salt instead of more refined sodium chloride salts has any health benefit.[4]\n" ]	[ "evaporation" ]
-3615701299861426079	Taiga	Taiga - wikipedia Taiga Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Taiga ( disambiguation ) . Taiga Jack London Lake at Kolyma , Russia The taiga is found throughout the high northern latitudes , between the tundra , and the temperate forest , from about 50 ° N to 70 ° N , but with considerable regional variation . Ecology Biome Terrestrial subarctic , humid Geography Countries Russia , Mongolia , Japan , Norway , Sweden , Iceland , Finland , United States , Canada , Scotland Climate type Dfc , Dwc , Dsc Taiga ( / ˈtaɪɡə / ; Russian : тайга́ , IPA : ( tɐjˈɡa ) ; from Turkic ) , also known as boreal forest or snow forest , is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines , spruces and larches . The taiga is the world 's largest biome apart from the oceans . In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States ( northern Minnesota through the Upper Peninsula of Michigan to Upstate New York and northern New England ) , where it is known as the Northwoods or `` North woods '' . In Eurasia , it covers most of Sweden , Finland , much of Norway , some of the Scottish Highlands , some lowland / coastal areas of Iceland , much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean ( including much of Siberia ) , and areas of northern Kazakhstan , northern Mongolia , and northern Japan ( on the island of Hokkaidō ) . However , the main tree species , the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary . For example , the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces ; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce , pines and birch ; Russian taiga has spruces , pines and larches depending on the region , while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest . A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language , with `` boreal forest '' used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome , while `` taiga '' is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome . Hoffman ( 1958 ) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term . Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz , it is not exclusively an alpine biome ; and unlike subalpine forest , much of taiga is lowlands . White spruce taiga , Denali Highway , Alaska Range , Alaska Contents ( hide ) 1 Climate and geography 2 Soils 3 Flora 4 Fauna 5 Fire 6 Threats 6.1 Human activities 6.2 Climate change 6.3 Insects 6.4 Pollution 7 Protection 8 Natural disturbance 9 Taiga ecoregions 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Climate and geography Taiga is the world 's largest land biome , making up 29 % of the world 's forest cover . The largest areas are located in Russia and Canada . The taiga is the terrestrial biome with the lowest annual average temperatures after the tundra and permanent ice caps . Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra . The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia . The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons , but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature . This climate is classified as Dfc , Dwc , Dsc , Dfd and Dwd in the Köppen climate classification scheme , meaning that the short summer ( 24 h average 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or more ) lasts 1 -- 3 months and always less than 4 months . In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) and − 50 ° C ( − 58 ° F ) . There are also some much smaller areas grading towards the oceanic Cfc climate with milder winters , whilst the extreme south and ( in Eurasia ) west of the taiga reaches into humid continental climates ( Dfb , Dwb ) with longer summers . The mean annual temperature generally varies from - 5 ° C to 5 ° C ( 23 ° F to 41 ° F ) , but there are taiga areas in eastern Siberia and interior Alaska - Yukon where the mean annual reaches down to - 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) . According to some sources , the boreal forest grades into a temperate mixed forest when mean annual temperature reaches about 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) . Discontinuous permafrost is found in areas with mean annual temperature below 0 ° C , whilst in the Dfd and Dwd climate zones continuous permafrost occurs and restricts growth to very shallow - rooted trees like Siberian larch . The winters , with average temperatures below freezing , last five to seven months . Temperatures vary from − 54 ° C to 30 ° C ( - 65 ° F to 86 ° F ) throughout the whole year . The summers , while short , are generally warm and humid . In much of the taiga , - 20 ° C ( - 4 ° F ) would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) an average summer day . The taiga in the river valley near Verkhoyansk , Russia , at 67 ° N , experiences the coldest winter temperatures in the northern hemisphere , but the extreme continentality of the climate gives an average daily high of 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) in July . Boreal forest near Shovel Point in Tettegouche State Park , along the northern shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota . The growing season , when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive , is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower threshold to trigger growth . In Canada , Scandinavia and Finland , the growing season is often estimated by using the period of the year when the 24 - hour average temperature is + 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) or more . For the Taiga Plains in Canada , growing season varies from 80 to 150 days , and in the Taiga Shield from 100 to 140 days . Some sources claim 130 days growing season as typical for the taiga . Other sources mention that 50 -- 100 frost - free days are characteristic . Data for locations in southwest Yukon gives 80 -- 120 frost - free days . The closed canopy boreal forest in Kenozersky National Park near Plesetsk , Arkhangelsk Province , Russia , on average has 108 frost - free days . The longest growing season is found in the smaller areas with oceanic influences ; in coastal areas of Scandinavia and Finland , the growing season of the closed boreal forest can be 145 -- 180 days . The shortest growing season is found at the northern taiga -- tundra ecotone , where the northern taiga forest no longer can grow and the tundra dominates the landscape when the growing season is down to 50 -- 70 days , and the 24 - hr average of the warmest month of the year usually is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) or less . High latitudes mean that the sun does not rise far above the horizon , and less solar energy is received than further south . But the high latitude also ensures very long summer days , as the sun stays above the horizon nearly 20 hours each day , with only around 6 hours of daylight occurring in the dark winters , depending on latitude . The areas of the taiga inside the Arctic Circle have midnight sun in mid-summer and polar night in mid-winter . Lakes and other water bodies are common in the taiga . The Helvetinjärvi National Park , Finland , situated in the closed canopy taiga ( mid-boreal to south - boreal ) with mean annual temperature of 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) . The taiga experiences relatively low precipitation throughout the year ( generally 200 -- 750 mm annually , 1,000 mm in some areas ) , primarily as rain during the summer months , but also as fog and snow . This fog , especially predominant in low - lying areas during and after the thawing of frozen Arctic seas , means that sunshine is not abundant in the taiga even during the long summer days . As evaporation is consequently low for most of the year , precipitation exceeds evaporation , and is sufficient to sustain the dense vegetation growth . Snow may remain on the ground for as long as nine months in the northernmost extensions of the taiga ecozone . In general , taiga grows to the south of the 10 ° C July isotherm , but occasionally as far north as the 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) July isotherm . Rich in spruces , Scots pines in the western Siberian plain , the taiga is dominated by larch in Eastern Siberia , before returning to its original floristic richness on the Pacific shores . Two deciduous trees mingle throughout southern Siberia : birch and Populus tremula . Late September in the fjords near Narvik , Norway . This oceanic part of the forest can see more than 1,000 mm precipitation annually and has warmer winters than the vast inland taiga The southern limit is more variable , depending on rainfall ; taiga may be replaced by forest steppe south of the 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) July isotherm where rainfall is very low , but more typically extends south to the 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) July isotherm , and locally where rainfall is higher ( notably in eastern Siberia and adjacent Outer Manchuria ) south to the 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) July isotherm . In these warmer areas the taiga has higher species diversity , with more warmth - loving species such as Korean pine , Jezo spruce , and Manchurian fir , and merges gradually into mixed temperate forest or , more locally ( on the Pacific Ocean coasts of North America and Asia ) , into coniferous temperate rainforests where oak and hornbeam appear and join the conifers , birch and Populus tremula . The area currently classified as taiga in Europe and North America ( except Alaska ) was recently glaciated . As the glaciers receded they left depressions in the topography that have since filled with water , creating lakes and bogs ( especially muskeg soil ) found throughout the taiga . Yukon , Canada . Several of the world 's longest rivers go through the taiga , including Ob , Yenisei , Lena , and Mackenzie . In Sweden the taiga is associated with the Norrland terrain . Soils Taiga soil tends to be young and poor in nutrients . It lacks the deep , organically enriched profile present in temperate deciduous forests . The thinness of the soil is due largely to the cold , which hinders the development of soil and the ease with which plants can use its nutrients . Fallen leaves and moss can remain on the forest floor for a long time in the cool , moist climate , which limits their organic contribution to the soil ; acids from evergreen needles further leach the soil , creating spodosol , also known as podzol . Since the soil is acidic due to the falling pine needles , the forest floor has only lichens and some mosses growing on it . In clearings in the forest and in areas with more boreal deciduous trees , there are more herbs and berries growing . Diversity of soil organisms in the boreal forest is high , comparable to the tropical rainforest . Flora Boreal forest near Lake Baikal in Russia Since North America and Asia used to be connected by the Bering land bridge , a number of animal and plant species ( more animals than plants ) were able to colonize both continents and are distributed throughout the taiga biome ( see Circumboreal Region ) . Others differ regionally , typically with each genus having several distinct species , each occupying different regions of the taiga . Taigas also have some small - leaved deciduous trees like birch , alder , willow , and poplar ; mostly in areas escaping the most extreme winter cold . However , the Dahurian larch tolerates the coldest winters in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Siberia . The very southernmost parts of the taiga may have trees such as oak , maple , elm and lime scattered among the conifers , and there is usually a gradual transition into a temperate mixed forest , such as the eastern forest - boreal transition of eastern Canada . In the interior of the continents with the driest climate , the boreal forests might grade into temperate grassland . There are two major types of taiga . The southern part is the closed canopy forest , consisting of many closely spaced trees with mossy ground cover . In clearings in the forest , shrubs and wildflowers are common , such as the fireweed . The other type is the lichen woodland or sparse taiga , with trees that are farther - spaced and lichen ground cover ; the latter is common in the northernmost taiga . In the northernmost taiga the forest cover is not only more sparse , but often stunted in growth form ; moreover , ice pruned asymmetric black spruce ( in North America ) are often seen , with diminished foliage on the windward side . In Canada , Scandinavia and Finland , the boreal forest is usually divided into three subzones : The high boreal ( north boreal ) or taiga zone ; the middle boreal ( closed forest ) ; and the southern boreal , a closed canopy boreal forest with some scattered temperate deciduous trees among the conifers , such as maple , elm and oak . This southern boreal forest experiences the longest and warmest growing season of the biome , and in some regions ( including Scandinavia , Finland and western Russia ) this subzone is commonly used for agricultural purposes . The boreal forest is home to many types of berries ; some are confined to the southern and middle closed boreal forest ( such as wild strawberry and partridgeberry ) ; others grow in most areas of the taiga ( such as cranberry and cloudberry ) , and some can grow in both the taiga and the low arctic ( southern part of ) tundra ( such as bilberry , bunchberry and lingonberry ) . The forests of the taiga are largely coniferous , dominated by larch , spruce , fir and pine . The woodland mix varies according to geography and climate so for example the Eastern Canadian forests ecoregion of the higher elevations of the Laurentian Mountains and the northern Appalachian Mountains in Canada is dominated by balsam fir Abies balsamea , while further north the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga of northern Quebec and Labrador is notably black spruce Picea mariana and tamarack larch Larix laricina . Evergreen species in the taiga ( spruce , fir , and pine ) have a number of adaptations specifically for survival in harsh taiga winters , although larch , which is extremely cold - tolerant , is deciduous . Taiga trees tend to have shallow roots to take advantage of the thin soils , while many of them seasonally alter their biochemistry to make them more resistant to freezing , called `` hardening '' . The narrow conical shape of northern conifers , and their downward - drooping limbs , also help them shed snow . Because the sun is low in the horizon for most of the year , it is difficult for plants to generate energy from photosynthesis . Pine , spruce and fir do not lose their leaves seasonally and are able to photosynthesize with their older leaves in late winter and spring when light is good but temperatures are still too low for new growth to commence . The adaptation of evergreen needles limits the water lost due to transpiration and their dark green color increases their absorption of sunlight . Although precipitation is not a limiting factor , the ground freezes during the winter months and plant roots are unable to absorb water , so desiccation can be a severe problem in late winter for evergreens . Moss ( Ptilium crista - castrensis ) cover on the floor of taiga Although the taiga is dominated by coniferous forests , some broadleaf trees also occur , notably birch , aspen , willow , and rowan . Many smaller herbaceous plants , such as ferns and occasionally ramps grow closer to the ground . Periodic stand - replacing wildfires ( with return times of between 20 -- 200 years ) clear out the tree canopies , allowing sunlight to invigorate new growth on the forest floor . For some species , wildfires are a necessary part of the life cycle in the taiga ; some , e.g. jack pine have cones which only open to release their seed after a fire , dispersing their seeds onto the newly cleared ground ; certain species of fungi ( such as morels ) are also known to do this . Grasses grow wherever they can find a patch of sun , and mosses and lichens thrive on the damp ground and on the sides of tree trunks . In comparison with other biomes , however , the taiga has low biological diversity . Jack pine cones and morels after fire in a boreal forest . Coniferous trees are the dominant plants of the taiga biome . A very few species in four main genera are found : the evergreen spruce , fir and pine , and the deciduous larch . In North America , one or two species of fir and one or two species of spruce are dominant . Across Scandinavia and western Russia , the Scots pine is a common component of the taiga , while taiga of the Russian Far East and Mongolia is dominated by larch . Fauna Brown bear , Kamchatka peninsula . Brown bears are among the largest and most widespread taiga omnivores . The boreal forest , or taiga , supports a relatively small range of animals due to the harshness of the climate . Canada 's boreal forest includes 85 species of mammals , 130 species of fish , and an estimated 32,000 species of insects . Insects play a critical role as pollinators , decomposers , and as a part of the food web . Many nesting birds rely on them for food in the summer months . The cold winters and short summers make the taiga a challenging biome for reptiles and amphibians , which depend on environmental conditions to regulate their body temperatures , and there are only a few species in the boreal forest including red - sided garter snake , common European adder , blue - spotted salamander , northern two - lined salamander , Siberian salamander , wood frog , northern leopard frog , boreal chorus frog , American toad , and Canadian toad . Most hibernate underground in winter . Fish of the taiga must be able to withstand cold water conditions and be able to adapt to life under ice - covered water . Species in the taiga include Alaska blackfish , northern pike , walleye , longnose sucker , white sucker , various species of cisco , lake whitefish , round whitefish , pygmy whitefish , Arctic lamprey , various grayling species , brook trout ( including sea - run brook trout in the Hudson Bay area ) , chum salmon , Siberian taimen , lenok and lake chub . The taiga is home to a number of large herbivorous mammals , such as moose and reindeer / caribou . Some areas of the more southern closed boreal forest also have populations of other deer species such as the elk ( wapiti ) and roe deer . The largest animal in the taiga is the wood bison , found in northern Canada , Alaska and has been newly introduced into the Russian far - east . Small mammals of the Taiga biome include rodent species including beaver , squirrel , North American porcupine and vole , as well as a small number of lagomorph species such as snowshoe hare and mountain hare . These species have adapted to survive the harsh winters in their native ranges . Some larger mammals , such as bears , eat heartily during the summer in order to gain weight , and then go into hibernation during the winter . Other animals have adapted layers of fur or feathers to insulate them from the cold . Predatory mammals of the taiga must be adapted to travel long distances in search of scattered prey or be able to supplement their diet with vegetation or other forms of food ( such as raccoons ) . Mammalian predators of the taiga include Canada lynx , Eurasian lynx , stoat , Siberian weasel , least weasel , sable , American marten , North American river otter , European otter , American mink , wolverine , Asian badger , fisher , gray wolf , coyote , red fox , brown bear , American black bear , Asiatic black bear , polar bear ( only small areas at the taiga - tundra ecotone ) and Siberian tiger . More than 300 species of birds have their nesting grounds in the taiga . Siberian thrush , white - throated sparrow , and black - throated green warbler migrate to this habitat to take advantage of the long summer days and abundance of insects found around the numerous bogs and lakes . Of the 300 species of birds that summer in the taiga only 30 stay for the winter . These are either carrion - feeding or large raptors that can take live mammal prey , including golden eagle , rough - legged buzzard ( also known as the rough - legged hawk ) , and raven , or else seed - eating birds , including several species of grouse and crossbills . Fire Fire has been one of the most important factors shaping the composition and development of boreal forest stands ( Rowe 1955 ) ; it is the dominant stand - renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest ( Amiro et al. 2001 ) . The fire history that characterizes an ecosystem is its fire regime , which has 3 elements : ( 1 ) fire type and intensity ( e.g. , crown fires , severe surface fires , and light surface fires ) , ( 2 ) size of typical fires of significance , and ( 3 ) frequency or return intervals for specific land units ( Heinselman 1981 ) . The average time within a fire regime to burn an area equivalent to the total area of an ecosystem is its fire rotation ( Heinselman 1973 ) or fire cycle ( Van Wagner 1978 ) . However , as Heinselman ( 1981 ) noted , each physiographic site tends to have its own return interval , so that some areas are skipped for long periods , while others might burn two - times or more often during a nominal fire rotation . The dominant fire regime in the boreal forest is high - intensity crown fires or severe surface fires of very large size , often more than 10,000 ha , and sometimes more than 400,000 ha ( Heinselman 1981 ) . Such fires kill entire stands . Fire rotations in the drier regions of western Canada and Alaska average 50 -- 100 years , shorter than in the moister climates of eastern Canada , where they may average 200 years or more . Fire cycles also tend to be long near the tree line in the subarctic spruce - lichen woodlands . The longest cycles , possibly 300 years , probably occur in the western boreal in floodplain white spruce ( Heinselman 1981 ) . Amiro et al. ( 2001 ) calculated the mean fire cycle for the period 1980 to 1999 in the Canadian boreal forest ( including taiga ) at 126 years . Increased fire activity has been predicted for western Canada , but parts of eastern Canada may experience less fire in future because of greater precipitation in a warmer climate ( Flannigan et al. 1998 ) . The mature boreal forest pattern in the south shows balsam fir dominant on well - drained sites in eastern Canada changing centrally and westward to a prominence of white spruce , with black spruce and tamarack forming the forests on peats , and with jack pine usually present on dry sites except in the extreme east , where it is absent ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . The effects of fires are inextricably woven into the patterns of vegetation on the landscape , which in the east favour black spruce , paper birch , and jack pine over balsam fir , and in the west give the advantage to aspen , jack pine , black spruce , and birch over white spruce . Many investigators have reported the ubiquity of charcoal under the forest floor and in the upper soil profile , e.g. , La Roi ( 1967 ) . Charcoal in soils provided Bryson et al. ( 1965 ) with clues about the forest history of an area 280 km north of the then current tree line at Ennadai Lake , District Keewatin , Northwest Territories . Two lines of evidence support the thesis that fire has always been an integral factor in the boreal forest : ( 1 ) direct , eye - witness accounts and forest - fire statistics , and ( 2 ) indirect , circumstantial evidence based on the effects of fire , as well as on persisting indicators ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . The patchwork mosaic of forest stands in the boreal forest , typically with abrupt , irregular boundaries circumscribing homogenous stands , is indirect but compelling testimony to the role of fire in shaping the forest . The fact is that most boreal forest stands are less than 100 years old , and only in the rather few areas that have escaped burning are there stands of white spruce older than 250 years ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . The prevalence of fire - adaptive morphologic and reproductive characteristics of many boreal plant species is further evidence pointing to a long and intimate association with fire . Seven of the ten most common trees in the boreal forest -- jack pine , lodgepole pine , aspen , balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ) , paper birch , tamarack , black spruce -- can be classed as pioneers in their adaptations for rapid invasion of open areas . White spruce shows some pioneering abilities , too , but is less able than black spruce and the pines to disperse seed at all seasons . Only balsam fir and alpine fir seem to be poorly adapted to reproduce after fire , as their cones disintegrate at maturity , leaving no seed in the crowns . The oldest forests in the northwest boreal region , some older than 300 years , are of white spruce occurring as pure stands on moist floodplains ( Rowe 1970 ) . Here , the frequency of fire is much less than on adjacent uplands dominated by pine , black spruce and aspen . In contrast , in the Cordilleran region , fire is most frequent in the valley bottoms , decreasing upward , as shown by a mosaic of young pioneer pine and broadleaf stands below , and older spruce -- fir on the slopes above ( Rowe and Scotter 1973 ) . Without fire , the boreal forest would become more and more homogeneous , with the long - lived white spruce gradually replacing pine , aspen , balsam poplar , and birch , and perhaps even black spruce , except on the peatlands ( Raup and Denny 1950 ) . Threats Human activities Plesetsk Cosmodrome is situated in the taiga Large areas of Siberia 's taiga have been harvested for lumber since the collapse of the Soviet Union . Previously , the forest was protected by the restrictions of the Soviet Forest Ministry , but with the collapse of the Union , the restrictions regarding trade with Western nations have vanished . Trees are easy to harvest and sell well , so loggers have begun harvesting Russian taiga evergreen trees for sale to nations previously forbidden by Soviet law . In Canada , eight percent of the taiga is protected from development , the provincial government allows forest management to occur on Crown land under rigorous constraints . The main forestry practice in the boreal forest of Canada is clearcutting , which involves cutting down most of the trees in a given area , then replanting the forest as a monocrop ( one species of tree ) the following season . Some of the products from logged boreal forests include toilet paper , copy paper , newsprint , and lumber . More than 90 % of boreal forest products from Canada are exported for consumption and processing in the United States . Some of the larger cities situated in this biome are Murmansk , Arkhangelsk , Yakutsk , Anchorage , Yellowknife , Tromsø , Luleå , and Oulu . Most companies that harvest in Canadian forests are certified by an independent third party agency such as the Forest Stewardship Council ( FSC ) , Sustainable Forests Initiative ( SFI ) , or the Canadian Standards Association ( CSA ) . While the certification process differs between these groups , all of them include forest stewardship , respect for aboriginal peoples , compliance with local , provincial or national environmental laws , forest worker safety , education and training , and other environmental , business , and social requirements . The prompt renewal of all harvest sites by planting or natural renewal is also required . Climate change Seney National Wildlife Refuge During the last quarter of the twentieth century , the zone of latitude occupied by the boreal forest experienced some of the greatest temperature increases on Earth . Winter temperatures have increased more than summer temperatures . The number of days with extremely cold temperatures ( e.g. , − 20 to − 40 ° C ( - 4 to - 40 ° F ) has decreased irregularly but systematically in nearly all the boreal region , allowing better survival for tree - damaging insects . In summer , the daily low temperature has increased more than the daily high temperature . In Fairbanks , Alaska , the length of the frost - free season has increased from 60 -- 90 days in the early twentieth century to about 120 days a century later . Summer warming has been shown to increase water stress and reduce tree growth in dry areas of the southern boreal forest in central Alaska , western Canada and portions of far eastern Russia . Precipitation is relatively abundant in Scandinavia , Finland , northwest Russia and eastern Canada , where a longer growth season ( i.e. the period when sap flow is not impeded by frozen water ) accelerate tree growth . As a consequence of this warming trend , the warmer parts of the boreal forests are susceptible to replacement by grassland , parkland or temperate forest . In Siberia , the taiga is converting from predominantly needle - shedding larch trees to evergreen conifers in response to a warming climate . This is likely to further accelerate warming , as the evergreen trees will absorb more of the sun 's rays . Given the vast size of the area , such a change has the potential to affect areas well outside of the region . In much of the boreal forest in Alaska , the growth of white spruce trees are stunted by unusually warm summers , while trees on some of the coldest fringes of the forest are experiencing faster growth than previously . Lack of moisture in the warmer summers are also stressing the birch trees of central Alaska . Insects Recent years have seen outbreaks of insect pests in forest - destroying plagues : the spruce - bark beetle ( Dendroctonus rufipennis ) in Yukon and Alaska ; the mountain pine beetle in British Columbia ; the aspen - leaf miner ; the larch sawfly ; the spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana ) ; the spruce coneworm . Pollution The effect of sulphur dioxide on woody boreal forest species was investigated by Addison et al. ( 1984 ) , who exposed plants growing on native soils and tailings to 15.2 μmol / m ( 0.34 ppm ) of SO on CO assimilation rate ( NAR ) . The Canadian maximum acceptable limit for atmospheric SO is 0.34 ppm . Fumigation with SO significantly reduced NAR in all species and produced visible symptoms of injury in 2 -- 20 days . The decrease in NAR of deciduous species ( trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) , willow ( Salix ) , green alder ( Alnus viridis ) , and white birch ( Betula papyrifera ) ) was significantly more rapid than of conifers ( white spruce , black spruce ( Picea mariana ) , and jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) ) or an evergreen angiosperm ( Labrador tea ) growing on a fertilized Brunisol . These metabolic and visible injury responses seemed to be related to the differences in S uptake owing in part to higher gas exchange rates for deciduous species than for conifers . Conifers growing in oil sands tailings responded to SO with a significantly more rapid decrease in NAR compared with those growing in the Brunisol , perhaps because of predisposing toxic material in the tailings . However , sulphur uptake and visible symptom development did not differ between conifers growing on the 2 substrates . Acidification of precipitation by anthropogenic , acid - forming emissions has been associated with damage to vegetation and reduced forest productivity , but 2 - year - old white spruce that were subjected to simulated acid rain ( at pH 4.6 , 3.6 , and 2.6 ) applied weekly for 7 weeks incurred no statistically significant ( P 0.05 ) reduction in growth during the experiment compared with the background control ( pH 5.6 ) ( Abouguendia and Baschak 1987 ) . However , symptoms of injury were observed in all treatments , the number of plants and the number of needles affected increased with increasing rain acidity and with time . Scherbatskoy and Klein ( 1983 ) found no significant effect of chlorophyll concentration in white spruce at pH 4.3 and 2.8 , but Abouguendia and Baschak ( 1987 ) found a significant reduction in white spruce at pH 2.6 , while the foliar sulphur content significantly greater at pH 2.6 than any of the other treatments . Protection Peat bog in Dalarna , Sweden . Bogs and peatland are widespread in the taiga . They are home to a unique flora , and store vast amounts of carbon . In western Eurasia , the Scots pine is common in the boreal forest . Many nations are taking direct steps to protect the ecology of the taiga by prohibiting logging , mining , oil and gas production , and other forms of development . In February 2010 the Canadian government established protection for 13,000 square kilometres of boreal forest by creating a new 10,700 - square - kilometre park reserve in the Mealy Mountains area of eastern Canada and a 3,000 - square - kilometre waterway provincial park that follows alongside the Eagle River from headwaters to sea . Two Canadian provincial governments , Ontario and Quebec , introduced measures in 2008 that would protect at least half of their northern boreal forest . Although both provinces admitted it will take years to plan , work with Aboriginal and local communities and ultimately map out precise boundaries of the areas off - limits to development , the measures are expected to create some of the largest protected areas networks in the world once completed . Both announcements came the following year after a letter signed by 1,500 scientists called on political leaders to protect at least half of the boreal forest . The taiga stores enormous quantities of carbon , more than the world 's temperate and tropical forests combined , much of it in wetlands and peatland . In fact , current estimates place boreal forests as storing twice as much carbon per unit area as tropical forests . Natural disturbance One of the biggest areas of research and a topic still full of unsolved questions is the recurring disturbance of fire and the role it plays in propagating the lichen woodland . The phenomenon of wildfire by lightning strike is the primary determinant of understory vegetation and because of this , it is considered to be the predominant force behind community and ecosystem properties in the lichen woodland . The significance of fire is clearly evident when one considers that understory vegetation influences tree seedling germination in the short term and decomposition of biomass and nutrient availability in the long term . The recurrent cycle of large , damaging fire occurs approximately every 70 to 100 years . Understanding the dynamics of this ecosystem is entangled with discovering the successional paths that the vegetation exhibits after a fire . Trees , shrubs , and lichens all recover from fire - induced damage through vegetative reproduction as well as invasion by propagules . Seeds that have fallen and become buried provide little help in re-establishment of a species . The reappearance of lichens is reasoned to occur because of varying conditions and light / nutrient availability in each different microstate . Several different studies have been done that have led to the formation of the theory that post-fire development can be propagated by any of four pathways : self replacement , species - dominance relay , species replacement , or gap - phase self replacement . Self replacement is simply the re-establishment of the pre-fire dominant species . Species - dominance relay is a sequential attempt of tree species to establish dominance in the canopy . Species replacement is when fires occur in sufficient frequency to interrupt species dominance relay . Gap - Phase Self - Replacement is the least common and so far has only been documented in Western Canada . It is a self replacement of the surviving species into the canopy gaps after a fire kills another species . The particular pathway taken after a fire disturbance depends on how the landscape is able to support trees as well as fire frequency . Fire frequency has a large role in shaping the original inception of the lower forest line of the lichen woodland taiga . It has been hypothesized by Serge Payette that the spruce - moss forest ecosystem was changed into the lichen woodland biome due to the initiation of two compounded strong disturbances : large fire and the appearance and attack of the spruce budworm . The spruce budworm is a deadly insect to the spruce populations in the southern regions of the taiga . J.P. Jasinski confirmed this theory five years later stating `` Their ( lichen woodlands ) persistence , along with their previous moss forest histories and current occurrence adjacent to closed moss forests , indicate that they are an alternative stable state to the spruce -- moss forests '' . Taiga ecoregions Palearctic boreal forests / taiga East Siberian taiga Russia Iceland boreal birch forests and alpine tundra Iceland Kamchatka - Kurile meadows and sparse forests Russia Kamchatka - Kurile taiga Russia Northeast Siberian taiga Russia Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Russia Sakhalin Island taiga Russia Scandinavian and Russian taiga Finland , Norway , Russia , Sweden Trans - Baikal conifer forests Mongolia , Russia Urals montane tundra and taiga Russia West Siberian taiga Russia Romincka Forest Poland , Russia Nearctic Boreal forests / taiga Alaska Peninsula montane taiga United States Central Canadian Shield forests Canada Cook Inlet taiga United States Copper Plateau taiga United States Eastern Canadian forests Canada Eastern Canadian Shield taiga Canada Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Canada , United States Mid-Continental Canadian forests Canada Midwestern Canadian Shield forests Canada Muskwa - Slave Lake forests Canada Newfoundland Highland forests Canada Northern Canadian Shield taiga Canada Northern Cordillera forests Canada Northwest Territories taiga Canada South Avalon - Burin oceanic barrens Canada Northern Lake Superior Taiga United States , Canada Southern Hudson Bay taiga Canada Yukon Interior dry forests Canada See also Birds of North American boreal forests Boreal Forest Conservation Framework Boreal forest of Canada Drunken trees , effect of global warming on the taiga Intact forest landscape Scandinavian and Russian taiga Success of fire suppression in northern forests Taiga Rescue Network ( TRN ) Agafia Lykov References Jump up ^ `` taiga . '' Dictionary.com Unabridged ( v 1.1 ) . Random House , Inc. 12 Mar. 2008 . web link Jump up ^ `` List of Plants & Animals in the Canadian Wilderness '' . Trails.com. 2010 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Taiga biological station : FAQ '' . Wilds.mb.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` radford : Taiga climate '' . Radford.edu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia Universalis édition 1976 VOL. 2 ASIE -- Géographie physique , page 568 ( in French ) Jump up ^ `` Marietta the Taiga and Boreal forest '' . Marietta.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Yakutsk climate '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The eastern forest - boreal transition '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . 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Jump up ^ Finland vegetation zone and freshwater biome Jump up ^ `` TAMPERE / PIRKKALA , FINLAND Weather History and Climate Data '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ A.P. Sayre , Taiga , ( New York : Twenty - First Century Books , 1994 ) 16 . Jump up ^ Arno & Hammerly 1984 , Arno et al. 1995 Jump up ^ Sporrong , Ulf ( 2003 ) . `` The Scandinavian landscape and its resources '' . In Helle , Knut . The Cambridge History of Scandinavia . Cambridge University Press . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : Sayre , 19 . Jump up ^ Sayre , 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Study reveals for first time true diversity of life in soils across the globe , new species discovered '' . Physorg.com . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sayre , 12 - 3 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan , Black Spruce : Picea mariana , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . Nicklas Stromberg , November , 2008 Archived 2011 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ George H. La Roi . `` Boreal forest '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Forest '' . forest.jrc.ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Sayre , 23 . Jump up ^ `` hww : Nature in the boreal forest biome '' . Hww.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Wapiti facts and range '' . Hww.ca . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` western roe deer : facts and range '' . Borealforest.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Canada to Send Wood Bison to Russian Conservation Project '' . Jump up ^ `` Boreal songbird initiative '' . Borealbirds.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Sayre , 28 . Jump up ^ Rowe , J.S. 1955 . Factors influencing white spruce reproduction in Manitoba and Saskatchewan . Can . Dep . Northern Affairs and National Resources , For . Branch , For . Res . Div. , Ottawa ON , Project MS - 135 , Silv . Tech . Note 3 . 27 p . ^ Jump up to : Amiro , B.D. ; Stocks , B.J. ; Alexander , M.E. ; Flannigan , M.D. ; Wotton , B.M. 2001 . Fire , climate change , carbon and fuel management in the Canadian boreal forest . Internat . J. Wildland Fire 10 : 405 -- 413 . ^ Jump up to : Heinselman , M.L. 1981 . Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems . p. 7 -- 57 in Proceedings of the Conference : Fire Regimes in Ecosystem Properties , Dec. 1978 , Honolulu , Hawaii . USDA , For . Serv. , Washington DC , Gen. Tech . Rep. WO - 26 . Jump up ^ Heinselman , M.L. 1973 . Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area , Minnesota . Quart . Res. 3 : 329 -- 382 . Jump up ^ Van Wagner , C.E. 1978 . Age - class distribution and the forest cycle . Can . J. For . Res. 8 : 220 -- 227 . Jump up ^ Flannigan , M.D. ; Bergeron , Y. ; Engelmark , O. ; Wotton , B.M. 1998 . Future wildfire in circumboreal forests in relation to global warming . J. Veg . Sci. 9 : 469 -- 476 . ^ Jump up to : Rowe , J.S. and Scotter , G.W. 1973 . Fire in the boreal forest . Quaternary Res. 3 : 444 -- 464 . ( E3680 , Coates et al. 1994 ) Jump up ^ La Roi , G.H. 1967 . Ecological studies in the boreal spruce -- fir forests of the North American taiga . I. Analysis of the vascular flora . Ecol . Monogr. 37 : 229 -- 253 . Jump up ^ Bryson , R.A. ; Irving , W.H. ; Larson , J.A. 1965 . Radiocarbon and soil evidence of former forest in the southern Canadian tundra . Science 147 ( 3653 ) : 46 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Rowe , J.S. 1970 . Spruce and fire in northwest Canada and Alaska . p. 245 -- 254 in Komarek , E.V. ( Ed . ) . Proc. 10th Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference , Tallahassee FL . Jump up ^ Raup , H.M. ; Denny , C.S. 1950 . Photointerpretation of the terrain along the southern part of the Alaska highway . US Geol . Surv . Bull . 963 - D : 95 -- 135 . Jump up ^ `` Taiga Deforestation '' . American.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Murmansk climate '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Anchorage climate '' . Worldclimate.com. 2007 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Coincidence and Contradiction in the Warming Boreal Forest '' . ARCUS . Bibcode : 2005GeoRL ... 3215715W . doi : 10.1029 / 2005GL023331 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.libraryindex.com/pages/3196/Boreal-Forests-Climate-Change.html Jump up ^ `` Russian boreal forests undergoing vegetation change , study shows '' . Sciencedaily.com. 2011 - 03 - 25 . Bibcode : 2011GCBio ... 17.2370 S . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2486.2011. 02417. x . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Fairbanks Daily News - Miner - New study states boreal forests shifting as Alaska warms '' . Newsminer.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Morello , Lauren . `` Forest Changes in Alaska Reveal Changing Climate '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A New Method to Reconstruct Bark Beetle Outbreaks '' . Colorado.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Spruce budworm and sustainable management of the boreal forest '' . Cfs.nrcan.gc.ca. 2007 - 12 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/journals/pnw_2006_chapin001.pdf Jump up ^ Addison , P.A. ; Malhotra , S.S. ; Khan , A.A. 1984 . Effect of sulfur dioxide on woody boreal forest species grown on native soils and tailings . J. Environ . Qual. 13 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 336 . ^ Jump up to : Abouguendia , Z.M. ; Baschak , L.A. 1987 . Response of two western Canadian conifers to simulated acidic precipitation . Water , Air and Soil Pollution 33 : 15 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Scherbatskoy , T. ; Klein , R.M. 1983 . Response of spruce Picea glauca and birch Betula alleghaniensis foliage to leaching by acidic mists . J. Environ . Qual. 12 : 189 -- 195 . Jump up ^ Braun , David ( February 7 , 2010 ) . `` Boreal landscapes added to Canada 's parks Boreal landscapes added to Canada 's parks '' . NatGeo News Watch : News Editor David Braun 's Eye on the World . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Kerry ( 2008 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Ontario to protect vast tract '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Marsden , William ( 2008 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Charest promises to protect north '' . Montreal Gazette . Archived from the original on 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1,500 Scientists Worldwide Call for Protection of Canada 's Boreal Forest '' . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Boreal forest and global change '' . Philos . Trans . R. Soc . Lond . B Biol. Sci. 363 ( 1501 ) : 2245 -- 9 . July 2008 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2007.2196 . PMC 2387060 . PMID 18006417 . Jump up ^ `` Report : The Carbon the World Forgot '' . Boreal Songbird Initiative . ^ Jump up to : Kurkowski , 1911 . ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , 421 . Jump up ^ Johnson , 212 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , 200 Jump up ^ Kurkowski , 1912 . Jump up ^ Payette , 289 . Jump up ^ Jasinski , 561 . General references Arno , S.F. & Hammerly , R.P. 1984 . Timberline . Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers . The Mountaineers , Seattle . ISBN 0 - 89886 - 085 - 7 Arno , S.F. , Worral , J. , & Carlson , C.E. ( 1995 ) . Larix lyallii : Colonist of tree line and talus sites . Pp. 72 -- 78 in Schmidt , W.C. & McDonald , K.J. , eds. , Ecology and Management of Larix Forests : A Look Ahead . USDA Forest Service General Technical Report GTR - INT - 319 . Hoffmann , Robert S. ( 1958 ) . `` The Meaning of the Word `` Taiga '' '' Ecology 39 ( 3 ) ( Jul. , 1958 ) , pp. 540 - 541 Nilsson , M.C. `` Understory vegetation as a forest ecosystem driver , evidence from the northern Swedish boreal forest . '' Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 3.8 ( 2005 ) : 421 - 428 . Kurkowski , Thomas . `` Relative Importance of Different Secondary Successional Pathways in an Alaskan Boreal Forest . '' Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 38 . ( 2008 ) : 1911 - 1923 . Payette , Serge . `` Origin of the lichen woodland at its southern range limit in eastern Canada : the catastrophic impact of insect defoliators and fire on the spruce - moss forest . '' Canadian journal of forest research . 30.2 ( 2000 ) : 288 - 305 . Johnson , E.A. `` Vegetation Organization and Dynamics of Lichen Woodland Communities in the Northwest Territories . '' Ecology. 62.1 ( 1981 ) : 200 - 215 . Jasinski , J.P. `` The Creation of Alternative Stable States in Southern Boreal Forest : Quebec , Canada . '' Ecological Monographs. 75.4 ( 2005 ) : 561 - 583 . Further reading Sayre , April Pulley ( 1994 ) , Taiga , Twenty - First Century Books , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 2830 - 7 Gawthrop , Daniel ( 1999 ) , Vanishing Halo : Saving the Boreal Forest , Greystone Books / David Suzuki Foundation , ISBN 0 - 89886 - 681 - 2 Day , Trevor ; Richard Garratt ( 2006 ) , Taiga , Facts On File , ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5329 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taiga . The Conservation Value of the North American Boreal Forest from an Ethnobotanical perspective a report by the Boreal Songbird Initiative Boreal Canadian Initiative International Boreal Conservation campaign Tundra and Taiga Threats to Boreal Forests Greenpeace Campaign against lumber giant Weyerhaeuser 's logging practices in the Canadian boreal forest Rainforest Action Network Arctic and Taiga Canadian Geographic Terraformers Canadian Taiga Conservation Foundation Coniferous Forest , Earth Observatory NASA Taiga Rescue Network ( TRN ) A network of NGOs , indigenous peoples or individuals that works to protect the boreal forests . Index of Boreal Forests / Taiga ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu The Canadian Boreal Forest The Nature Conservancy and its partners Slater museum of natural history : Taiga Taiga Biological Station founded by Dr. William ( Bill ) Pruitt , Jr. , University of Manitoba . ( hide ) Biogeographic regionalisations Biomes Terrestrial biomes Polar / montane Tundra Taiga Montane grasslands and shrublands Temperate Coniferous forests Broadleaf and mixed forests Deciduous forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Tropical and subtropical Coniferous forests Moist broadleaf forests Dry broadleaf forests Grasslands , savannas , and shrublands Dry Mediterranean forests , woodlands , and scrub Deserts and xeric shrublands Wet Flooded grasslands and savannas Riparian Wetland Aquatic biomes Pond Littoral Intertidal Mangroves Kelp forests Coral reefs Neritic zone Pelagic zone Benthic zone Hydrothermal vents Cold seeps Demersal zone Other biomes Endolithic zone Biogeographic realms Terrestrial Afrotropical Antarctic Australasian Nearctic Palearctic Indomalayan Neotropical Oceanian Marine Arctic Temperate Northern Pacific Tropical Atlantic Western Indo - Pacific Central Indo - Pacific Tropical Eastern Pacific Subdivisions Biogeographic provinces Bioregions Ecoregions List of ecoregions Global 200 ecoregions See also Ecological land classification Floristic kingdoms Vegetation classifications Zoogeographic regions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiga&oldid=828312177 '' Categories : Taiga and boreal forests Terrestrial biomes Forests Köppen climate classifications Physiographic provinces Hidden categories : Articles with French - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Russian - language text Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 64 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the taiga biome located in the world	[ "\n\nTaiga\n\n\n\nJack London Lake at Kolyma, Russia\n\n\n\n\nThe taiga is found throughout the high northern latitudes, between the tundra, and the temperate forest, from about 50°N to 70°N, but with considerable regional variation.\n\n\n\nEcology\n\n\nBiome\nTerrestrial subarctic, humid\n\n\nGeography\n\n\nCountries\nRussia, Mongolia, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, United States, Canada, Scotland\n\n\nClimate type\nDfc, Dwc, Dsc\n\n" ]	[ "throughout the high northern latitudes, between the tundra, and the temperate forest, from about 50°N to 70°N, but with considerable regional variation" ]
2568956817471306470	2010 AFL Grand Final	2010 AFL Grand Final - Wikipedia 2010 AFL Grand Final 2010 AFL Grand Final The Melbourne Cricket Ground ( pictured ) , where the 2010 AFL Grand Final was played . Collingwood St Kilda 9.14 ( 68 ) 10.8 ( 68 ) COLL 4.2 ( 26 ) 7.8 ( 50 ) 7.13 ( 55 ) 9.14 ( 68 ) STK 3.2 ( 20 ) 4.2 ( 26 ) 7.5 ( 47 ) 10.8 ( 68 ) Date 25 September 2010 Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Attendance 100,016 Umpires Ray Chamberlain , Brett Rosebury , Shaun Ryan Ceremonies Pre-match entertainment INXS , Matt Hetherington ( for Collingwood ) and Paris Wells ( for St Kilda ) National anthem Cameron and Taylor Henderson Accolades Norm Smith Medallist Lenny Hayes ( St Kilda ) Jock McHale Medallist Not awarded Broadcast in Australia Network Seven Network Commentators Bruce McAvaney ( host ) Dennis Cometti ( commentator ) Leigh Matthews ( expert commentator ) Tom Harley ( expert commentator ) Matthew Richardson ( boundary rider ) Tim Watson ( boundary rider ) ← 2009 AFL Grand Final 2011 → The 2010 AFL Grand Final was a series of two Australian rules football matches between the Collingwood Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club . Together they are considered the 114th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League ( formerly the Victorian Football League ) , and were staged to determine the premiers for the 2010 AFL season . The premiership is usually decided by a single match ; however , as the first Grand Final ended in a draw , a Grand Final replay was played the following week and was won by Collingwood . Both Grand Finals were held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne . The first was held on 25 September 2010 . The game was attended by 100,016 spectators , the highest crowd for a VFL / AFL game since the 1986 VFL Grand Final . The match ended in a draw , with both teams scoring 68 points . This was the third draw in a VFL / AFL Grand Final , the previous two occurring in 1948 and 1977 . The premiership was decided by a full replay on 2 October 2010 . It was attended by 93,853 people . Collingwood defeated St Kilda by 56 points , marking Collingwood 's fifteenth VFL / AFL premiership victory and their first since 1990 . It was the last Grand Final to be replayed prior to the introduction of extra time . Contents 1 Background 2 Media coverage 3 Pre-match entertainment 4 Grand Final , 25 September 2010 4.1 First quarter 4.2 Second quarter 4.3 Third quarter 4.4 Fourth quarter 4.5 Grand Final sprint 4.6 Aftermath 4.7 Scorecard and overall statistics 5 Grand Final Replay , 2 October 2010 5.1 First quarter 5.2 Second quarter 5.3 Third quarter 5.4 Final quarter 5.5 Norm Smith Medal 5.6 Overall 5.7 Aftermath 5.8 Scorecard 6 Teams 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 External links Background ( edit ) Leigh Matthews Trophy - winner Dane Swan from Collingwood , the pre-match favourite to win the Norm Smith Medal . Main article : 2010 AFL season Further information : 2010 AFL finals series Collingwood entered the 2010 season after having lost its preliminary final in 2009 against eventual premiers Geelong . Collingwood was the best performed side of the home and away season , finishing with a record of 17 -- 4 -- 1 and winning its first Minor Premiership since 1977 and its first McClelland Trophy since 1970 . Collingwood progressed to the Grand Final after comfortable victories in the qualifying final against the Western Bulldogs by 62 points , and then against Geelong in the preliminary final by 41 points . St Kilda entered the season after having won the 2009 minor premiership with the club 's best ever home and away record of 20 -- 2 , but losing the Grand Final to Geelong by two goals . After winning the first four games of the season , the Saints hit a form slump coinciding with a serious hamstring injury to captain Nick Riewoldt . They would recover to win seven games in a row before Riewoldt 's return , and finished third on the ladder with a record of 15 -- 6 -- 1 . They overcame a heavily favoured Geelong team by four points in their qualifying final , and had a comfortable 24 - point win over the Western Bulldogs in the preliminary final to advance to the Grand Final . It is the first Grand Final between two Melbourne - based sides since the 2000 Grand Final . Collingwood was the strong favourite to win , with major bookmakers offering around A $ 1.40 to A $1.45 for a Collingwood victory at the start of the game . Collingwood and St Kilda met twice during the 2010 home - and - away season , each team winning once . St Kilda won in Round 3 at Etihad Stadium , 10.9 ( 69 ) to an inaccurate 4.17 ( 41 ) , although Reiwoldt was badly injured during the match . In Round 16 at the MCG , Collingwood was a comfortable winner over St Kilda by the score 15.10 ( 100 ) versus 6.16 ( 52 ) . The teams also met in the first round of the preseason competition which St Kilda won by 1 point . `` They were a good side at the beginning ( of the year ) but they 've just got stronger than ever ... They 're the best Collingwood team since the 1920s and 1930s . '' -- Ron Barassi , AFL Hall of Fame member and AFL Legend The first final marked the 41st time Collingwood has contested the VFL / AFL Grand Final , and the first time since the club lost back - to - back Grand Finals in 2002 and 2003 . The club was attempting to win its fifteenth VFL / AFL premiership , and its first since 1990 . It was St Kilda 's seventh Grand Final appearance , and its second in a row after the loss in 2009 . St Kilda was attempting to win its second premiership , the only previous premiership coming in 1966 . The matches were the second and third Grand Finals contested by the two clubs . The only previous encounter was the 1966 Grand Final in which St Kilda won its only premiership , winning by a single point 10.14 ( 74 ) to 10.13 ( 73 ) . They had met in a total of nine finals , of which St Kilda has won six , including the last five in a row , dating back to the 1966 Grand Final . Between them , Collingwood and St Kilda fielded only three players who had previously won a premiership : Darren Jolly ( Collingwood ) , Adam Schneider and Sean Dempster ( both St Kilda ) -- all three played in Sydney 's 2005 premiership team five years earlier . Media coverage ( edit ) The 2010 decider was telecast nationwide by the Seven Network , on their main channel as well as the new high definition ( HD ) digital channel 7mate . The match was also broadcast for the first time in 3D . The network had only broadcast the match following an agreement that would see them , along with rival Network Ten ( which had been contracted under the current deal to telecast the event between 2007 , 2009 and 2011 ) , share the rights to the match every year , with the losing network broadcasting the pre-season Grand Final and the Brownlow Medal presentation that year as well . Seven also televised the AFL Grand Final replay , on 2 October , albeit not in 3D nor in High Definition , as the equipment was being loaned in Sydney for the NRL Grand Final . The commentary team consisted of : Bruce McAvaney -- Head commentator Dennis Cometti -- Head commentator Leigh Matthews -- Special comments Tom Harley -- Special comments Matthew Richardson -- Boundary rider Tim Watson -- Boundary rider The Seven Network also made use of the Skycam for the first time in an AFL Grand Final . The camera had previously been trialled by the Nine Network during its coverage of Friday Night Football in 2004 , as well as the Rugby League State of Origin . According to The Sydney Morning Herald , 3.7 million people tuned into their TV to watch the drawn Grand Final , while a slightly smaller audience of 3.6 million tuned to watch the replay . However , 5.7 million witnessed the last 5 minutes of the replay , up from 5.6 million the previous week . Aside from television , the Grand Final was also broadcast by a number of radio stations . Due to Melbourne still being the heartland of Australian rules football , a higher number of radio stations broadcast locally into Melbourne , although almost all stations have their broadcast syndicated by regional stations nationwide . The 2010 radio broadcasters include Triple M , SEN 1116 , 3AW , 774 ABC Melbourne , 95.5 K - Rock , NIRS , FIVEaa , 6PR and Crocmedia . Pre-match entertainment ( edit ) A Qantas Airbus A380 flies over the MCG on Grand Final day . Prior to the match , entertainment was provided by INXS , who performed `` Suicide Blonde '' , `` New Sensation '' and `` Kick '' . This was followed by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra , who performed orchestral arrangements of the Collingwood and St Kilda theme songs . Lyrics for the two songs were performed by Matt Hetherington ( for Collingwood ) and Paris Wells ( for St Kilda ) . For the Grand Final replay , Lionel Richie was announced to perform the pre-match , as well as the post-match , entertainment . The American said , `` It is a great honour to be invited to perform at such an historic event in Australian football ... I am incredibly fortunate to have been available for this once - in - a-lifetime experience to share my music with my fans . '' Following Richie 's Performance , the team theme songs were performed as saxophone solos by Joe Camilleri ( for Collingwood ) and Wilbur Wilde ( for St Kilda ) . For the Replay , in place of the traditional around - the - ground parade of 2010 AFL retirees and medalists , famous members of the Collingwood and St. Kilda Football Clubs were presented : including participants from the memorable 1966 VFL Grand Final . Grand Final , 25 September 2010 ( edit ) Nick Riewoldt , captain of St Kilda The match was played under dry conditions . Rain was forecast towards the end of the match , but did not arrive until after the match had finished . First quarter ( edit ) Collingwood scored the first goal only twenty seconds into the game , winning the first clearance and eventually getting the ball to Darren Jolly to score from 5m out . Stephen Milne scored St Kilda 's opening goal in the 8th minute . Collingwood then scored three goals in six minutes , to Blair , Didak and Thomas , to open up a twenty - point lead . After the 17th minute , St Kilda was able to hold Collingwood scoreless , with goals to Riewoldt and Schneider bringing the margin back to six points at quarter time . Generally , Collingwood had the better of the play early in the first quarter , attacking primarily through rebounds and turnovers . St Kilda won the clearances 12 -- 6 throughout the quarter , and it was through that clearance work that St Kilda was able to build their late quarter recovery . Lenny Hayes was instrumental in St Kilda 's clearance work , acting as third - man - up in the ruck contests and collecting ten disposals . All of the key statistics ( contested possessions , inside - 50s , tackles ) except for clearances were fairly even through the quarter . Second quarter ( edit ) Collingwood dominated the second quarter . They won the clearances 16 -- 6 , and won the inside - 50s 21 -- 5 , giving St Kilda almost no opportunity to score . Overall , Collingwood managed ten shots at goal , but took many from long distance , which affected their overall accuracy : their total score for the quarter was 3.6 ( 24 ) with one out on the full . Goals were scored by Cloke in the 3rd minute , Macaffer in the 18th minute from a holding the ball free kick against Eddy and 50 - metre penalty against Ray , and O'Brien in the 26th minute ; of their remaining shots , three fell short and were touched or rushed for behinds , while Cloke missed two relatively easy shots -- one from a 25m set shot directly in front and one from a snap shot 30m out -- in the final two minutes of the quarter . So dominant was Collingwood in the second quarter that St Kilda managed only two shots on goal , both set shots from outside 50m : one goal to Koschitzke in the 12th minute , and one from Peake in the 21st minute which fell short and was rebounded . Collingwood entered half time with a 24 - point lead . Swan was instrumental at stoppages in the second quarter , and Thomas and Maxwell were both crucial at forcing rebounds . Third quarter ( edit ) Travis Cloke was the only multiple goal kicker for Collingwood St Kilda began to win clearances again , and after both teams mustered rushed behinds , Riewoldt scored the first goal of the quarter in the 5th minute from a coast to coast play . Midway through the quarter , Gardiner left the field injured , leaving St Kilda ( who had omitted back - up ruckman Ben McEvoy for the game ) without a recognised ruckman . Collingwood had long - range shots at goal by Cloke and Dawes fall short and rushed for behinds in the middle stages of the quarter , but could not score a goal . The Saints kicked two goals in five minutes through Goddard and Gilbert to close the gap to seven points in the 22nd minute . Thomas had a good chance to score a goal late in the quarter , but missed with a wild snap shot under little pressure . Collingwood took an eight - point lead into three - quarter time . After Collingwood 's complete dominance of the second quarter , the third quarter was much more closely contested . The teams were even in both clearances and contested disposals , and both managed six shots on goal . In St Kilda 's case , their six shots yielded 3.3 ( 21 ) , while in Collingwood 's case , they yielded only 0.5 ( 5 ) -- including one hit - the - post , two fell short and touched for behinds , and one fell short and marked for no score . Hayes and Goddard were again prominent at the clearances , with both playing at various times as the third - man - up in ruck contests . Part - time ruckman Jason Blake assumed much of the ruck responsibility following Michael Gardiner 's injury . Fourth quarter ( edit ) The final quarter was again a close contest . Both teams had several inside - 50s early in the quarter , but all were rebounded without score , with Maxwell and Goddard both prominent for their respective teams . The first score of the quarter was not until the 9th minute , when Davis crumbed a goal from a stoppage , extending the margin to 14 points . In the 12th minute , Robert Eddy hit the post from a long tight set shot won after catching O'Brien holding the ball ; the Saints then scored goals through Hayes in the 14th minute , and Milne in the 15th minute off the ensuing centre break to bring the margin back to one point . In the 19th minute , Riewoldt had a 45m snap shot at the goals from a stoppage which was bouncing towards the goals , but was touched on the line by a desperate dive from Maxwell , levelling the scores at 61 apiece . Then , in the 20th minute , Goddard scored a goal from 20m out , directly in front , after taking a big specky over O'Brien . This gave St Kilda its first lead of the game , after Collingwood had been leading since the opening goal , 20 seconds into the game . In the 22nd minute , Cloke 's attempt for goal was rushed behind after he was awarded a free kick . In the 26th minute , Maxwell created a turnover which resulted in a goal to Cloke from 5m , putting Collingwood back in front by a point . Collingwood unsuccessfully attacked twice in the following two minutes from turnovers : a 50m set shot from Dawes which fell short and was punched out of bounds , and a 50m snap shot from Sidebottom which fell short and was marked and rebounded . The rebound from that mark ended with Hayes taking a long shot towards Milne from 60m , but the kick eluded Milne and bounced through the a behind , tying the game at 68 apiece in the 30th minute . In the final minute of the game , St Kilda had the ball in its forward line , and after fifteen seconds of scrambling around 15 - 25m from goal , Collingwood cleared to the boundary line on the wing . Time elapsed , and the game finished drawn . Grand Final sprint ( edit ) The final of the Grand Final sprint was held at half - time of the first final . It was won by Luke Miles from the St Kilda Football Club , with Tim Golds from the Greater Western Sydney Giants and Lewis Jetta from the Sydney Swans finishing second and third respectively . Aftermath ( edit ) The draw immediately sparked debate about the practice of a staging full - length replay instead of playing extra time . After the game , the two captains , Nick Maxwell of Collingwood and Nick Riewoldt of St Kilda , both stated that they would have preferred an extra time period ; Maxwell was particularly scathing of the arrangement , labeling it an `` absolute joke '' in an interview immediately after the final siren , but the full replay was not without its supporters , with Collingwood coach Michael Malthouse pledging his support to the traditional arrangement in his post-match press conference . `` Oh mate , I do n't know if we 've ever seen 44 blokes go to war like that . It was amazing '' -- Nick Maxwell , Collingwood captain `` It 's war today . It 's not too often you come back to fight another war a week later '' -- Brendon Goddard , St Kilda midfielder Lenny Hayes of St Kilda became the club 's first Norm Smith Medallist . St Kilda 's Lenny Hayes won the Norm Smith Medal for the drawn grand final comfortably , with 13 of a possible 15 votes , named best on ground by four of the five voters . Hayes had 32 disposals , 12 tackles , five clearances , and five inside - 50s . Brendon Goddard placed second with seven votes , while Dale Thomas came third with six votes , receiving the most Norm Smith votes of any Collingwood player . Sam Fisher and Nick Maxwell were the only other vote - getters with two votes each . Within a few days of the Grand Final , the organisers of several events already scheduled for 2 October made the commercial decision to reschedule their events to avoid a clash with the replay . The inaugural A-League derby clash between cross-town teams the Melbourne Victory and new franchise Melbourne Heart was postponed for 8 October to maximise promotion and publicity opportunities . The Victorian Racing Club moved the Turnbull Stakes to 3 October . Cricket Victoria delayed the opening of the Victorian Premier Cricket season to the following weekend . The Chris Mainwaring Legends Match , which raises money for Perth 's Telethon was moved to 9 October . The scheduling of several AFL post-season events was also affected : Collingwood 's Copeland Trophy presentation was rescheduled to December , and the start of trade week and the father - son bidding meeting were moved from 4 to 5 October ( with trade week shortened by one day ) . Many players had to reschedule their post-season holiday plans to be available to play in the Replay . On Tuesday 28 September , the AFL announced a rule change such that any player who had played in the drawn Grand Final but missed the Replay , through omission or injury , would still receive a Premiership Medallion if his team was victorious . Under previous rules , players would not have received Premiership Medallions unless they were present in the team that won the premiership - deciding game . This would mean that Leon Davis , who would be replaced for the Replay , would eventually receive a medallion ( although he did not receive one during the match - day ceremony ) . Scorecard and overall statistics ( edit ) Most of the game statistics were fairly even across the game . Total disposals were won by St Kilda 338 -- 326 , contested possessions were won by Collingwood 153 -- 148 , and tackles were won by St Kilda 100 -- 89 . The two most lopsided statistics were : clearances , which St Kilda won 46 -- 38 , despite having ten fewer than Collingwood in the second quarter , and ; inside - 50s , which Collingwood dominated 62 -- 35 . Altogether , seven of Collingwood 's fourteen behinds were recorded as rushed , mostly from shots at goal which fell short and were touched or punched through . The official crowd of 100,016 was the highest since the 1986 VFL Grand Final , exceeding the crowd of the 2008 AFL Grand Final by only four people . Grand Final 25 September 2 : 30 pm Collingwood drew with St Kilda MCG ( crowd : 100,016 ) Report 4.2 ( 26 ) 7.8 ( 50 ) 7.13 ( 55 ) 9.14 ( 68 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Final 3.2 ( 20 ) 4.2 ( 26 ) 7.5 ( 47 ) 10.8 ( 68 ) Umpires : Chamberlain , Rosebury , Ryan Norm Smith Medal : Lenny Hayes Television broadcast : Seven Network National anthem : Cameron and Taylor Henderson Cloke 2 Jolly , Blair , Didak , Thomas , Macaffer , O'Brien , Davis 1 Goals Riewoldt , Milne , Goddard 2 Schneider , Koschitzke , Gilbert , Hayes Shaw , Thomas , Brown , Maxwell , Cloke , Jolly Best Hayes , Goddard , Fisher , Gilbert , Gwilt , Schneider , Riewoldt Prestigiacomo ( groin ) , replaced in the side by Brown Injuries Gardiner ( hamstring ) The Grand Final replay was played on a day without cloud , with the temperature around 20 ° C for most of the game . Collingwood was still the strong favourite with bookmakers for the Replay , although the odds had tightened since the drawn match : major bookmakers were offering odds of around $1.60 for a Collingwood win in the Replay , compared with $1.40 -- $1.45 for the Grand Final . Grand Final replay , 2 October 2010 ( edit ) 2010 AFL Grand Final Aerial view of the Melbourne Cricket Ground , during the replay 's pre-match entertainment Collingwood St Kilda 16.12 ( 108 ) 7.10 ( 52 ) COLL 3.2 ( 20 ) 6.5 ( 41 ) 11.8 ( 74 ) 16.12 ( 108 ) STK 0.2 ( 2 ) 1.8 ( 14 ) 4.9 ( 33 ) 7.10 ( 52 ) Date 2 October 2010 Stadium Melbourne Cricket Ground Attendance 93,853 Umpires Ray Chamberlain , Brett Rosebury , Shaun Ryan Coin toss won by Collingwood Kicked toward City End Ceremonies Pre-match entertainment Lionel Richie National anthem Julie Anthony Accolades Norm Smith Medallist Scott Pendlebury ( Collingwood ) Jock McHale Medallist Mick Malthouse ( Collingwood ) Broadcast in Australia Network Seven Network Commentators Bruce McAvaney ( host ) Dennis Cometti ( commentator ) Leigh Matthews ( expert commentator ) Tom Harley ( expert commentator ) Matthew Richardson ( boundary rider ) Tim Watson ( boundary rider ) ← 2009 AFL Grand Final 2011 → First quarter ( edit ) Prior to the first bounce , Nick Maxwell of Collingwood won the coin toss , and chose to kick to the ( western ) City End . Collingwood almost scored the opening goal in the first minute of the game , but an off - the - ball free kick against Dane Swan stripped Travis Cloke of a set shot from the goal square . The first score was registered in the 5th minute , a goal from a set shot by Tyson Goldsack . Up until the 11th minute , Collingwood won the inside - 50s 6 -- 1 . Johnson scored a goal for Collingwood in the 12th minute , and the Magpies led 14 -- 0 after twenty minutes . St Kilda 's first score came in the 21st minute in dramatic fashion , with a defensive effort from Heath Shaw turning a near - certain goal into a behind : Nick Riewoldt had marked 2m from goal in the goal square , and turned to play on , only to have Shaw dive across him from behind as he was dropping the ball , spoiling the ball before it reached Riewoldt 's foot , and rushing the ball through for a behind . Brent Macaffer scored a crumbing goal for Collingwood from the goal square a minute later to extend the margin to 19 points . Riewoldt would get one more chance to get a goal at the last minute , but his 45m kick missed to the left . Collingwood led by 18 points at quarter time , and St Kilda was held goalless in the first quarter . Second quarter ( edit ) St Kilda dominated in the first half of the second quarter , with a first score registered 33 seconds after the bounce . However , they could not put pressure on the scoreboard , kicking five behinds in the first fourteen minutes of the quarter -- three of which were scored by Sam Gilbert while on the run -- to take St Kilda 's total score to only 0.7 ( 7 ) , while Alan Didak scored a goal for Collingwood from the goal square in the 6th minute . Brendon Goddard finally scored St Kilda 's first goal in the 15th minute from a 20m set shot . After missing two difficult shots at goal in the 17th and 18th minutes , Collingwood goalled twice in a space of one minute , through Macaffer and Jolly . The end of the quarter was filled with physical one - on - one contests with Collingwood willing to play for time , and no more goals were scored in the quarter . Two more opportunities for Collingwood ended up behinds but kept the pressure on St Kilda . Finally , Schneider had a set shot from 30m as the siren sounded , but only managed a behind . In general play , the second quarter was fairly even , with St Kilda winning the inside - 50s 13 - 10 , but while none of their missed opportunities were easy shots , the Saints ' inability to convert the chances they had contributed to their increasing deficit . Collingwood won the quarter 3.3 ( 21 ) to St Kilda 's 1.6 ( 12 ) and took a 27 - point lead into half time . Third quarter ( edit ) Dale `` Daisy '' Thomas was instrumental in the two Grand Finals , featuring in both Norm Smith Medal counts ( 2010 ) Collingwood dominated in the third quarter . Following Schneider 's minor score in the first 14 seconds of play , the Magpies responded with relentless pressure and strung together five straight scores : including a crumbing goal from Dawes and consecutive goals by Wellingham and Swan . It took Koschitzke to end that streak , after marking the ball from a Riewoldt kick from the centre square . The two sides subsequently kicked goal for goal , with Didak , Hayes , Sidebottom , and Gilbert all registering goals . St Kilda had four shots at goal for three goals , while Collingwood had eight for five goals , and a rushed behind . Collingwood 's three - quarter - time lead was 41 points . Final quarter ( edit ) Within two minutes , Dawes kicked a goal from about 40m out near the boundary line to stretch the margin to 47 points . From there , Collingwood 's victory was never in doubt . The two teams alternated goals throughout the final term . Goals were scored by Thomas ( 5th minute ) , Dal Santo ( 7th minute ) , O'Brien ( 12th minute , with the assistance of a 50 - metre penalty ) , Milne ( 13th minute ) , Wellingham ( 17th minute ) , Milne again ( 25th minute ) , and finally Sidebottom ( 27th minute ) . After a final behind by St. Kilda , Collingwood played out the final minute of the game running out the clock , and the ball was in the hands of Didak as the final siren sounded for Collingwood 's 56 point victory . Norm Smith Medal ( edit ) Scott Pendlebury was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player in the Grand Final replay with ten votes ; accumulating 29 disposals , seven marks and laying eleven tackles . Steele Sidebottom ( 26 disposals , two goals ) was a close second with eight votes . Dale Thomas ( 27 disposals , eight marks ) was third with four votes , and Swan , Jolly , Ball and Nathan Brown also polled votes . The Medal was presented to Pendlebury by former North Melbourne Star Arnold Briedis , the Best on Ground in the 1977 Replay . Overall ( edit ) The statistics of the match , unlike the drawn Grand Final , were mostly dominated by Collingwood . Collingwood beat St Kilda for disposals ( 379 -- 326 ) , kicks ( 250 -- 178 ) , marks ( 121 -- 84 ) and tackles ( 87 -- 67 ) , while St Kilda had more handpasses than Collingwood ( 148 -- 129 ) . Collingwood was particularly dominant at ruck contests , winning 47 tap - outs to St Kilda 's 26 . The win was the fifteenth VFL / AFL premiership won by Collingwood in its 114 years in the league . It was Collingwood 's first premiership since 1990 , only its second since 1958 . It was the ninth time that Collingwood won both the premiership and the minor premiership in the same year , but the first time since 1930 . It was also Collingwood 's second consecutive premiership to be won in October and their first premiership since 1990 . It was the third premiership won by Michael Malthouse as a coach , having previously won with the West Coast Eagles in 1992 and 1994 , joining Leigh Matthews , David Parkin , Allan Jeans and Ron Barassi as coaches who have led more than one club to a premiership . With its loss , St Kilda became the first team since Collingwood in 2002 and 2003 to finish runners - up twice in a row , and the first team since Geelong in 1994 and 1995 to finish runners - up against different teams in the Grand Final . The Grand Final Replay was attended by 93,853 people , roughly 6,000 fewer than the drawn Grand Final . This was consistent with previous Grand Final Replays in 1948 and 1977 , both of which drew lower attendances than the drawn Grand Finals which preceded them . Aftermath ( edit ) On Monday 4 October , the Match Review Panel charged St Kilda 's Adam Schneider with striking Brent Macaffer in the third quarter of the replay . Schneider was offered a two - week suspension for the incident . On Monday 13 December , the AFL commission discussed the possibility of introducing extra time to decide future drawn Grand Finals , but ultimately decided to retain the full Grand Final Replay . Tyson Goldsack 's mother placed a successful bet on her son , who is usually a defender but started in the forward - line , to kick the first goal of the replay . The Footy Show host James Brayshaw drew attention to this in July 2011 , amidst investigations into that season 's controversial betting plunges on the defenders to kick the first goal , but the AFL cleared Goldsack and his mother of any wrongdoing . Scorecard ( edit ) Grand Final Replay 2 October 2 : 30 pm Collingwood def . St Kilda MCG ( crowd : 93,853 ) Report 3.2 ( 20 ) 6.5 ( 41 ) 11.8 ( 74 ) 16.12 ( 108 ) Q1 Q2 Q3 Final 0.2 ( 2 ) 1.8 ( 14 ) 4.9 ( 33 ) 7.10 ( 52 ) Umpires : Chamberlain , Rosebury , Ryan Norm Smith Medal : Scott Pendlebury Television broadcast : Seven Network National anthem : Julie Anthony Dawes , Didak , Macaffer , Sidebottom , Wellingham 2 Goldsack , Johnson , Jolly , O'Brien , Swan , D. Thomas 1 Goals Milne 2 Dal Santo , Gilbert , Goddard , Hayes , Koschitzke 1 Ball , N. Brown , Jolly , Pendlebury , Shaw , Sidebottom , D. Thomas , Wellingham Best Dawson , Gilbert , Goddard , Gwilt , Jones Reid ( leg ) Injuries Eddy ( arm ) , Fisher ( hamstring ) Nil Reports Schneider ( striking ) Teams ( edit ) Drawn Grand Final When named on Thursday night before the first final , St Kilda recalled Steven Baker who had not played since Round 13 , due to a 9 - game suspension , omitting Ben McEvoy . Collingwood made two changes to their preliminary final team , bring in Leon Davis and Simon Prestigiacomo and omitting Tyson Goldsack and Nathan Brown . However , prior to the start of the first final , Brown replaced Prestigiacomo who withdrew due to a groin strain . Collingwood Football Club B : 5 Nick Maxwell ( c ) 16 Nathan Brown 34 Alan Toovey HB : 8 Harry O'Brien 20 Ben Reid 39 Heath Shaw C : 21 Sharrod Wellingham 36 Dane Swan 26 Ben Johnson HF : 4 Alan Didak 32 Travis Cloke 12 Luke Ball F : 17 Dayne Beams 31 Chris Dawes 22 Steele Sidebottom Foll : 18 Darren Jolly 10 Scott Pendlebury 13 Dale Thomas Int : 47 Jarryd Blair 30 Brent Macaffer 1 Leon Davis 15 Leigh Brown Coach : Mick Malthouse St Kilda Football Club B : 1 Jason Gram 6 Zac Dawson 19 Sam Gilbert HB : 27 Jason Blake 25 Sam Fisher 40 Robert Eddy C : 18 Brendon Goddard 26 Nick Dal Santo 22 Farren Ray HF : 30 Brett Peake 23 Justin Koschitzke 11 Leigh Montagna F : 13 Adam Schneider 12 Nick Riewoldt ( c ) 44 Stephen Milne Foll : 15 Michael Gardiner 7 Lenny Hayes 4 Clinton Jones Int : 24 Sean Dempster 32 Andrew McQualter 33 James Gwilt 10 Steven Baker Coach : Ross Lyon Grand Final Replay The teams for the replayed Grand Final were announced on 30 September , with both sides making one change . Collingwood omitted out of form Leon Davis , who was replaced by defender Tyson Goldsack . St Kilda brought Ben McEvoy into the team , to replace injured ruckman Michael Gardiner . Collingwood Football Club B : 5 Nick Maxwell ( c ) 16 Nathan Brown 34 Alan Toovey HB : 8 Harry O'Brien 20 Ben Reid 39 Heath Shaw C : 21 Sharrod Wellingham 36 Dane Swan 26 Ben Johnson HF : 4 Alan Didak 32 Travis Cloke 12 Luke Ball F : 17 Dayne Beams 31 Chris Dawes 22 Steele Sidebottom Foll : 18 Darren Jolly 10 Scott Pendlebury 13 Dale Thomas Int : 47 Jarryd Blair 30 Brent Macaffer 6 Tyson Goldsack 15 Leigh Brown Coach : Mick Malthouse St Kilda Football Club B : 1 Jason Gram 6 Zac Dawson 19 Sam Gilbert HB : 27 Jason Blake 25 Sam Fisher 40 Robert Eddy C : 18 Brendon Goddard 26 Nick Dal Santo 22 Farren Ray HF : 30 Brett Peake 23 Justin Koschitzke 11 Leigh Montagna F : 13 Adam Schneider 12 Nick Riewoldt ( c ) 44 Stephen Milne Foll : 5 Ben McEvoy 7 Lenny Hayes 4 Clinton Jones Int : 24 Sean Dempster 32 Andrew McQualter 33 James Gwilt 10 Steven Baker Coach : Ross Lyon See also ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Collingwood and St. Kilda draw 2010 AFL Grand Final Collingwood win 2010 AFL Grand Final replay Australian rules football portal Melbourne portal Sports and games portal 2010 AFL finals series 2010 AFL season 1966 VFL Grand Final 1977 VFL Grand Final 1948 VFL Grand Final Footnotes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2010 AFL Grand Final . Notes 1. ^ In 1897 and 1924 there were no Grand Finals required as Essendon won a round - robin finals series . In 1948 and 1977 , the Grand Final was drawn and a replays was required . 2. ^ The Geelong Football Club , who played the previous three Grand Finals , is based in regional west Victoria , not in Melbourne . 3. ^ The games in the sequence were the 1966 Grand Final , 1972 First Semi-Final , 1992 Second Elimination Final , 2008 First Semi-Final and 2009 First Qualifying Final . References Jump up ^ Herald Sun `` AFL announces extra time for Grand Final replay '' . Retrieved 25 September 2010 Jump up ^ Twomey , Callum . `` No more Grand Final replays '' . Australian Football League . Retrieved 19 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Magpies secure top spot '' . AFl.com.au. 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The McClelland Trophy '' . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Odds from TAB , Centrebet , Sportsbet , All Retrieved 25 September 2010 , 2 : 10 pm AEST . Jump up ^ Buckle , Greg ( 23 September 2010 ) . `` Best Magpies side in 70 years : Barassi '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Summary of Collingwood 's results in Grand Finals , includes the 1977 Grand Final Replay , played after the 1977 Grand Final was drawn . Jump up ^ Summary of St Kilda 's results in Grand Finals Jump up ^ St Kilda faces hot Collingwood Magpies in 2010 AFL Grand Final Jump up ^ St Kilda 's Gram sore but he 'll play Jump up ^ `` Thrilling AFL Grand Final shown in Panasonic HD 3D '' . digitalproductionme.com. 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AFL Grand Final rematch not in 3D '' . cnet.com.au. 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fewer viewers tune in for AFL re-match '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 3 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Richie to hit high notes at grand final replay '' . The Age . Archived from the original on 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Pies win , lose , win and draw again Jump up ^ Schmook , N. , ' It 's an absolute joke ' : Maxwell slams replay . Retrieved 26 September 2010 Jump up ^ Matthews , B. , Malthouse has no time for extra time . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Crossley , L. Lenny Hayes wins Norm Smith Medal , 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . The voting panel consisted of Brad Scott ( chairman ) , Matthew Lloyd , Chris Grant , Michael Gleeson and Stephen Rielly . ^ Jump up to : Herald Sun Grand Final . Retrieved 25 September 2010 Archived 10 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Lynch , Michael ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` First Melbourne derby delayed '' . The Age . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A-League moves Melbourne derby '' . Herald Sun . 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 27 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Final replay delays Flemington 's spring racing launch '' . whereilive.com.au. 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Rielly , Stephen ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Grand final replay has forced other sports to make changes to program '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 19 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Mainy Legends Match moved to 9 Oct Jump up ^ Holmesby , L. , Drawn GF reduces trade week , 27 September 1010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Gill , K. Compo for clubs , players as Pies postpone B&F , 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ralph , J. Medals to cover both Grand Finals , 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live Stats '' . AFL . 2 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Centrebet 2010 AFL Grand Final Replay . Retrieved 3 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Collingwood v St. Kilda '' . AFL . Archived from the original on 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott Pendlebury overcomes illness to win Norm Smith Medal in AFL grand final replay Jump up ^ Paton , A. Schneider cops two - match ban . Retrieved 4 October 2010 Jump up ^ Paton , A. Herald Sun , `` AFL rules replays stay for drawn Grand Finals '' , 13 December 2010 . Retrieved 13 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goldsack cleared over mum 's $400 bet '' . Australian Broadcasting Commission . 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldsack , Lockyer may win reprieves as Davis 's spot looks shaky Jump up ^ `` ABC Sport -- Malthouse and Lyon mulling next moves '' . ABC Online . 24 September 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Brodie , Will . `` Preview : Collingwood v St Kilda , take two '' . The Age . Archived from the original on 3 October 2010 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) 2010 AFL season Events NAB Cup Premiership season Finals series Grand Final International Rules Series Awards AFL Players Association awards All - Australian team Brownlow Medal Coleman Medal Goal of the Year Leigh Matthews Trophy Mark of the Year Michael Tuck Medal Norm Smith Medal Rising Star Club overviews Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Player changes Debuts Retirements and delistings Trades Victorian / Australian Football League Grand Finals VFL Grand Finals 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 AFL Grand Finals 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Collingwood Football Club 2010 AFL premiers September 25 , Collingwood 9.14 ( 68 ) drew with St Kilda 10.8 ( 68 ) , at Melbourne Cricket Ground ; October 2 , Collingwood 16.12 ( 108 ) defeated St Kilda 7.10 ( 52 ) , at Melbourne Cricket Ground 1 . Davis * 4 . Didak 5 . Maxwell ( c ) 6 . Goldsack * 8 . O'Brien 10 . Pendlebury 12 . Ball 13 . Thomas 15 . L. Brown 16 . N. Brown 17 . Beams 18 . Jolly 20 . Reid 21 . Wellingham 22 . Sidebottom 26 . Johnson 30 . Macaffer 31 . Dawes 32 . Cloke 34 . Toovey 36 . Swan 39 . Shaw 47 . Blair * Leon Davis was replaced by Tyson Goldsack in the Grand Final replay Coach : Malthouse Collingwood Football Club History Records Current squad Players Captains Coaches Awards Copeland Trophy AFL Women 's best and fairest Leading goalkickers Nickname : Magpies AFL coach : Nathan Buckley AFL captain : Scott Pendlebury AFLW coach : Wayne Siekman AFLW captain : Steph Chiocci AFL home grounds Victoria Park ( 1897 -- 1999 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( 2000 -- ) AFLW home grounds Olympic Park Oval ( 2017 -- ) AFL premierships ( 15 ) 1902 1903 1910 1917 1919 1927 1928 1929 1930 1935 1936 1953 1958 1990 Seasons ( 127 ) 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related articles Women 's team VFL team Netball team Carlton -- Collingwood rivalry Anzac Day match Queen 's Birthday match Olympic Park Oval Victoria Park Colliwobbles Eddie McGuire Joffa Corfe New York Magpies St Kilda Football Club History Club honours Individual honours Players Captains Coaches Records and statistics Trevor Barker award Leading goalkickers Captain : Jarryn Geary Coach : Alan Richardson Nickname : Saints Home grounds Junction Oval ( 1897 -- 1964 ) Toorak Park ( 1942 -- 1943 ) Moorabbin Oval ( 1965 -- 1992 ) Waverley Park ( 1992 -- 1999 ) Docklands Stadium ( 2000 -- ) Premierships ( 1 ) 1966 Seasons ( 140 ) 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related articles Sandringham Football Club ( VFL - affiliate ) St Kilda did not field a team from 1916 -- 17 due to the First World War Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_AFL_Grand_Final&oldid=852307741 '' Categories : VFL / AFL Grand Finals 2010 in Australian rules football 2010 Australian Football League season Collingwood Football Club St Kilda Football Club Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use Australian English from October 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 01 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won out of collingwood and st kilda	[ "The 2010 AFL Grand Final was a series of two Australian rules football matches between the Collingwood Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club. Together they are considered the 114th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League),Note 1 and were staged to determine the premiers for the 2010 AFL season. The premiership is usually decided by a single match; however, as the first Grand Final ended in a draw, a Grand Final replay was played the following week and was won by Collingwood.\nBoth Grand Finals were held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne. The first was held on 25 September 2010. The game was attended by 100,016 spectators, the highest crowd for a VFL/AFL game since the 1986 VFL Grand Final. The match ended in a draw, with both teams scoring 68 points. This was the third draw in a VFL/AFL Grand Final, the previous two occurring in 1948 and 1977.\n" ]	[ "Collingwood" ]
5179577514556477787	Stand by Me (film)	Stand by Me ( film ) - wikipedia Stand by Me ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stand by Me American theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Reiner Produced by Bruce A. Evans Andrew Scheinman Written by Bruce A. Evans Raynold Gideon Based on The Body by Stephen King Starring Wil Wheaton River Phoenix Corey Feldman Jerry O'Connell Kiefer Sutherland Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Thomas Del Ruth Edited by Robert Leighton Production company Act III Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date August 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 08 - 08 ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $8 million Box office $52.3 million Stand by Me is a 1986 American coming - of - age comedy - drama film directed by Rob Reiner and starring Wil Wheaton , River Phoenix , Corey Feldman , and Jerry O'Connell . The film , whose plot is based on Stephen King 's novella The Body ( 1982 ) and title is derived from Ben E. King 's eponymous song , which plays over the ending credits , tells the story of four boys in a small town in Oregon who go on a hike to find the dead body of a missing child . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Locations 3.3 Title 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 4.3. 1 Nominations 4.3. 2 Wins 5 Legacy 5.1 Events and tourism 5.2 Production company 5.3 Movies 5.4 Music 5.5 Television 6 References 7 External links 7.1 Reviews Plot ( edit ) Author Gordie Lachance reads in the newspaper that his childhood friend Chris Chambers has been stabbed to death . Gordie narrates a flashback ( later revealed to be Gordie writing ) to a childhood incident when he and three buddies undertook a journey to find the body of a missing boy near the town of Castle Rock , Oregon , over Labor Day weekend in 1959 . Young Gordie is a quiet , bookish boy who likes to tell stories . His parents , grieving the recent death of Gordie 's older brother Denny , neglect their younger son . Gordie 's friends are Chris , who comes from a family of drunks and criminals ; Teddy Duchamp , a joker who was burned and physically scarred by his mentally ill father ; and Vern Tessio , who is overweight and timid . Vern overhears his older brother Billy and his friend Charlie Hogan discussing Ray Brower , a young boy who is missing and presumed dead . Gordie , Chris , Teddy , and Vern decide to find Ray 's body , hoping to become local heroes . Chris steals his father 's M1911 pistol , and the boys set out , stopping at the town 's junkyard to drink from its water pump . The boys hang out in the junkyard for a while , while Gordie leaves to buy food for the journey . When Gordie returns , he sees his friends jumping the fence to escape Milo Pressman , the junkman , and his dog Chopper . Gordie escapes as well . Pressman , infuriated , threatens to call the boys ' parents and calls Teddy 's father a `` loony '' ; an enraged Teddy attempts to attack Pressman , but the boys restrain him and they leave . At nighttime , Gordie tells the other boys a story of Davie `` Lard - Ass '' Hogan , an overweight boy who is constantly teased and bullied . Hogan enters a pie - eating contest , but his goal was not to win , but to exact revenge . Prior to the contest , Hogan consumed a full bottle of castor oil and a raw egg . After eating several pies and briefly dominating the contest , Hogan vomits , inducing the vomiting of the contestants and crowd members , humiliating and embarrassing his tormentors . After a series of misadventures and self - revelations , the boys locate the body . However , local hoodlum `` Ace '' Merrill and his gang , including Chris ' older brother `` Eyeball '' Chambers , arrive to claim the body and the credit for finding it . When Chris refuses to allow this , Ace draws a switchblade with intent to kill him , but Gordie intervenes with the pistol Chris had stolen . Ace and his gang leave and Ace vows revenge . The boys agree to report the body via an anonymous phone call to the authorities and hike back to Castle Rock and bid each other farewell until they see each other in a few days , in the local junior high school . The present - day Gordie writes that while he and Chris remained friends , they drifted apart from Teddy and Vern shortly after that day . Gordie notes how everyone 's life turned out : Vern married immediately after high school , has four children , and drives a forklift at a local lumberyard . Teddy tried enlisting in the Army but was turned down because of bad eyesight and an ear injury ; he later served time in prison and now does odd jobs around town . Chris went to college and became a lawyer ; when attempting to break up a fight in a fast - food restaurant , he was stabbed to death . After finishing the story , adult Gordie , a successful , published writer , walks outside and drives away with his son and his son 's friend to take them swimming . Cast ( edit ) Wil Wheaton as Gordie Lachance ( aged 12 ) Richard Dreyfuss as Gordie Lachance ( adult ; credited as `` The Writer '' ) River Phoenix as Chris Chambers Corey Feldman as Teddy Duchamp Jerry O'Connell as Vern Tessio Kiefer Sutherland as John `` Ace '' Merrill , gang leader Casey Siemaszko as Billy Tessio , gang member John Cusack as Denny Lachance Marshall Bell as Mr. Lachance Frances Lee McCain as Mrs. Lachance Gary Riley as Charlie Hogan , gang member Bradley Gregg as Richard `` Eyeball '' Chambers , gang member Jason Oliver as Vince Desjardins , gang member Bruce Kirby as Mr. Quidacioluo , store owner William Bronder as Milo Pressman , junkyard owner Scott Beach as Mayor Grundy Andy Lindberg as Davie `` Lard - Ass '' Hogan Production ( edit ) Bruce A. Evans sent a copy of Stephen King 's novella The Body to Karen Gideon , the wife of his friend and writing partner Raynold Gideon on August 29 , 1983 as a gift for her birthday . Both Gideon and Evans quickly became fans of the novella and shortly thereafter contacted King 's agent , Kirby McCauley , seeking to negotiate film rights ; McCauley replied that King 's terms were $100,000 and 10 % of the gross profits . Although the money was not an issue , the share of gross profits was considered excessive , especially considering that no stars could be featured to help sell the movie . In response , Evans and Gideon pursued an established director , Adrian Lyne , to help sell the project . After reading the novella , Lyne teamed up with Evans and Gideon , but all the studios the trio approached turned the project down except for Martin Shafer at Embassy Pictures . Embassy spent four months negotiating the rights with McCauley , settling on $50,000 and a smaller share of the profits , and Evans and Gideon spent eight weeks writing the screenplay . Evans and Gideon asked to also produce the film , but Shafer suggested they team up with Andy Scheinman , a more experienced producer . Embassy was unwilling to meet Lyne 's salary for directing the film until Evans and Gideon agreed to give up half of their share of profits to meet Lyne 's asking price . Reiner later recalled that Lyne was going to direct the film , but had promised himself a vacation following the production of 91⁄2 Weeks , and would not be available to start production until the spring of 1986 . Reiner , better known at the time as the actor who had played ' Meathead ' Stivic in All in the Family , was sent the script by Scheinman , and his initial reaction was the script had promise but `` no focus '' . After Lyne withdrew from the project , Reiner signed on to direct in September 1984 . Reiner realized the story should focus on Gordie , as `` his father always paid more attention to his older brother '' and he identified with that , as he struggled with the shadow of fame cast by his comedian father , Carl Reiner . The writers incorporated Reiner 's suggestions , producing a new script by December 1984 for Embassy 's review and approval . Days before shooting started in the summer of 1985 , Embassy was sold to Columbia Pictures , who made plans to cancel the production . Norman Lear , one of the co-owners of Embassy , gave $7.5 million of his own money to complete the film , citing his faith in Reiner and the script . However , since Embassy also would have distributed the film , once the film was completed it had no distributor . The producers showed a print to Michael Ovitz , head of the powerful Creative Artists Agency , and Ovitz promised to help them find a distributor . Paramount , Universal Pictures , and Warner Bros. all passed on the film ; Columbia Pictures production head Guy McElwaine screened the film at his house because he was feeling ill , and the positive reaction of his daughters convinced him to distribute the film . Casting ( edit ) In a 2011 interview with NPR , Wil Wheaton attributed the film 's success to the director 's casting choices : Rob Reiner found four young boys who basically were the characters we played . I was awkward and nerdy and shy and uncomfortable in my own skin and really , really sensitive , and River was cool and really smart and passionate and even at that age kind of like a father figure to some of us , Jerry was one of the funniest people I had ever seen in my life , either before or since , and Corey was unbelievably angry and in an incredible amount of pain and had an absolutely terrible relationship with his parents . Feldman recalled how his home life translated into his onscreen character : `` ( Most kids are n't ) thinking they 're going to get hit by their parents because they 're not doing well enough in school , which will prevent them from getting a work permit , which will prevent them from being an actor . '' O'Connell agreed that he was cast based on how his personality fit the role , saying `` Rob really wanted us to understand our characters . He interviewed our characters . ( ... ) I tried to stay like Vern and say the stupid things Vern would . I think I was Vern that summer . '' Reiner and the producers interviewed more than 70 boys for the four main roles , out of more than 300 who auditioned ; Phoenix originally read for the part of Gordie Lachance . Rather than start shooting right away , Reiner put the four main actors together for two weeks to play games from Viola Spolin 's Improvisation for the Theater ( which Reiner called `` the bible '' of theater games ) and build camaraderie , which led to a real friendship between them and several one - shot takes , where the young actors hit their cues perfectly . Wheaton would recall `` When you saw the four of us being comrades , that was real life , not acting . '' Before settling on Richard Dreyfuss as the narrator ( and the role of the adult Gordie ) , Reiner considered David Dukes , Ted Bessell , and Michael McKean . Locations ( edit ) Bridge on the road leading into Brownsville , Oregon , which was used for the penultimate scenes ( 2009 ) Parts of the film were shot in Brownsville , Oregon , which stood in for the fictional town of Castle Rock . The town was selected for its small town , 1950s ambience . The town fondly remembers the making of the movie in June and July 1985 , in which approximately 100 local residents were employed as extras , and since 2007 has held an annual Stand By Me Day each July which has drawn international attendees . The blueberry pie eating contest was also filmed in Brownsville ; residents were employed as extras and a local bakery supplied the pies and extra filling , which was mixed with large - curd cottage cheese to simulate the vomit . The quantity of simulated vomit varied per person , from as much as 5 US gallons ( 19 l ) during the triggering event to little as ⁄ US gallon ( 0.24 l ) . Scenes that include the `` mailbox baseball '' game and the junkyard scenes were filmed in Veneta , Oregon . The junkyard is still in operation . The campout / standing guard scene was filmed in Eugene , Oregon , just a few miles from Veneta . The general store is in Franklin , Oregon , just north of Veneta . Scenes along the railroad tracks were shot near Cottage Grove , Oregon , along the Oregon , Pacific and Eastern Railway . The line was abandoned 1994 ; the roadbed was repurposed as the Row River National Recreation Trail . McCloud River Railroad trestle across Lake Britton ( 2012 ) The scene where the boys outrace a steam train engine across an 80 - foot tall trestle was filmed on the McCloud River Railroad , above Lake Britton Reservoir , near McArthur - Burney Falls Memorial State Park in California . The scene took a full week of shooting , making use of four small adult female stunt doubles with closely cropped hair , made up to look like the film 's protagonists . Plywood planks were laid across the trestles to provide a safer surface on which the stunt doubles could run . The locomotive used for the scene , M.C.R.R. 25 , is still in daily operation for excursion service on the Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad . Telephoto compression was used to make the train appear much closer than it actually was , and the actors did not feel a sense of danger until Reiner threatened them . `` You see those guys ? They do n't want to push that dolly down the track any more . And the reason they 're getting tired is because of you . I told them if they were n't worried that the train was going to kill them , then they should worry that I was going to . And that 's when they ran . '' Title ( edit ) In March 1986 , Columbia Pictures , concerned that the original title , The Body , was misleading , renamed the film Stand by Me . According to screenwriter Raynold Gideon , `` ... it sounded like either a sex film , a bodybuilding film or another Stephen King horror film . Rob came up with Stand by Me , and it ended up being the least unpopular option . '' Music ( edit ) Jack Nitzsche composed the film 's musical score . On August 8 , 1986 , a soundtrack album was released containing many of the 1950s and early 1960s oldies songs featured in the film : `` Everyday '' ( Buddy Holly ) -- 2 : 07 `` Let the Good Times Roll '' ( Shirley and Lee ) -- 2 : 22 `` Come Go with Me '' ( The Del - Vikings ) -- 2 : 40 `` Whispering Bells '' ( The Del - Vikings ) -- 2 : 25 `` Get a Job '' ( The Silhouettes ) -- 2 : 44 `` Lollipop '' ( The Chordettes ) -- 2 : 09 `` Yakety Yak '' ( The Coasters ) -- 1 : 52 `` Great Balls of Fire '' ( Jerry Lee Lewis ) -- 1 : 52 `` Mr. Lee '' ( The Bobbettes ) -- 2 : 14 `` Stand by Me '' ( Ben E. King ) -- 2 : 55 Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film was a box office success in North America . It opened in a limited release on August 8 , 1986 , in 16 theaters and grossed $242,795 , averaging $15,174 per theater . The film then had its wide opening in 745 theaters on August 22 and grossed $3,812,093 , averaging $5,116 per theater and ranking # 2 . The film 's widest release was 848 theaters , and it ended up earning $52,287,414 overall , well above its $8 million budget . Critical response ( edit ) Reviewing for The New York Times , Walter Goodman thought the direction was rather self - conscious , `` looking constantly at his audience '' ; Goodman called it a `` trite narrative '' and that `` Reiner 's direction hammers in every obvious element in an obvious script . '' Dave Kehr wrote `` there 's nothing natural in the way Reiner has overloaded his film with manufactured drama '' in his review for the Chicago Tribune . In contrast , Sheila Benson called it `` ( a treasure ) absolutely not to be missed '' in her review for the Los Angeles Times . Paul Attanasio , reviewing for The Washington Post , called the acting ensemble `` wonderful '' , and particularly praised the performances by Wheaton and Phoenix . Stephen King , whose novella this film was adapted from , was very impressed with the finished result and indicated , on the special features of the 25th anniversary Blu - ray set , that he considered the film to be the first successful translation to film of any of his works . According to a later interview with Gene Siskel , Reiner recalls that after a private early screening of the film , King excused himself for fifteen minutes to compose himself , returning to remark `` That 's the best film ever made out of anything I 've written , which is n't saying much . But you 've really captured my story . It is autobiographical . '' On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 91 % based on 53 reviews , with a rating average of 8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Stand by Me is a wise , nostalgic movie with a weird streak that captures both Stephen King 's voice and the trials of growing up . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating to reviews , the film has score of 75 based on 20 critics , indicated `` generally favorably reviews . '' Accolades ( edit ) Nominations ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ( Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans ) Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing -- Feature Film ( Rob Reiner ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama Golden Globe Award for Best Director ( Rob Reiner ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Film ( Andrew Scheinman , Raynold Gideon , and Bruce A. Evans ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Director ( Rob Reiner ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay ( Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans ) National Board of Review Awards 1986 Top Ten Films WGA Award for Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium ( Raynold Gideon and Bruce A. Evans ) Wins ( edit ) 8th Youth in Film Awards The Jackie Coogan Award for Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Motion Picture ( Wil Wheaton , River Phoenix , Corey Feldman , and Jerry O'Connell ) Legacy ( edit ) Events and tourism ( edit ) Brownsville has held an annual `` Stand By Me Day '' since 2007 , which has attracted international participants and includes a pie eating contest . On July 24 , 2010 , a 25th Anniversary Celebration of the filming of Stand by Me was held in Brownsville , Oregon . The event included a cast and crew Q&A session , an amateur blueberry pie eating contest , and an outdoor showing of the film . Stand By Me Day was officially fixed to July 23 by the Brownsville Chamber of Commerce in 2013 . To encourage tourism , the city has embedded a penny in the street at Main and Park , where Vern found one , and an advertising mural painted for the movie production has survived . Production company ( edit ) In 1987 , following the success of Stand by Me , Reiner co-founded a film and television production company and named it Castle Rock Entertainment , after the fictional setting of the story . Movies ( edit ) Jonathan Bernstein states the pop culture discussions between characters in films by Quentin Tarantino originate in the similar semi-serious banter between the boys of Stand by Me . Reviewers have seen an influence from Stand by Me in the 2011 movie Attack the Block , directed by Joe Cornish . The movie Mud ( 2012 ) has a character ( Neckbone ) who has been called a `` perfect fusion of River Phoenix and Jerry O'Connell in ' Stand by Me . ' '' The writer and director , Jeff Nichols , said of the film `` Yeah , you know , I basically remade Stand by Me '' when defending the work - in - progress to studio executives . The Kings of Summer , a 2013 coming - of - age film by Jordan Vogt - Roberts , has been reviewed as being inspired by Stand by Me . Music ( edit ) Dan Mangan 's song `` Rows of Houses '' ( 2011 ) is based on this movie and takes the perspective of Gordie Lachance . Television ( edit ) Seinfeld , the first television show produced by Reiner 's Castle Rock production company , featured banter between Jerry Seinfeld and George Costanza that was reminiscent of the dialogue between the protagonists of Stand by Me . The plotline of `` The Blunder Years '' , a 2001 episode from the thirteenth season of The Simpsons , revolves around a repressed childhood trauma in which Homer Simpson , along with his friends Lenny and Carl , discover a body blocking an inlet for the Springfield Quarry . Actors auditioning for roles on the Netflix show Stranger Things were asked to read lines from Stand by Me and one episode was titled `` The Body '' in homage to the source novella . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` STAND BY ME ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . September 12 , 1986 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stand by Me '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Vernon ( 21 November 1986 ) . `` How ' Stand By Me ' Was Almost Left Standing At The Gate '' . Chicago Tribune . United Press International . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannaford , Alex ( 13 June 2011 ) . `` 25 years of ' Stand by Me ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ FoundationINTERVIEWS ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` Rob Reiner - Archive Interview Part 6 of 8 '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Lang , Brent ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` ' Stand by Me ' Oral History : Rob Reiner and Cast on River Phoenix and How Coming - of - Age Classic Almost Did n't Happen '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wheaton , Wil ( August 6 , 2011 ) . `` All Things Considered '' . National Public Radio ( Interview ) . Interview with David Greene . Meriden , Connecticut : WNPR . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz , Aljean ( 16 September 1986 ) . `` How 4 boys in ' Stand by Me ' became a film team '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Linda McCormick Can Tell You All About the Film ' Stand by Me ' '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ; special section , pg . S2 . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me Filming Locations '' . Fast Rewind. 2015 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McGovern , Joe ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` ' Stand by Me ' turns 30 : The blueberry pie scene gets an oral history '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Paul , Alex ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Bend Attorney Helped Drive ' Stand By Me ' Train '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ; special section , pp. S3 , S8 . Jump up ^ Stand By Me DVD Booklet . Columbia TriStar Home Video . 2000 . Jump up ^ Rob Reiner ( 8 August 1986 ) . `` Stand by Me '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Walter ( 8 August 1986 ) . `` Movie Review : Rob Reiner 's ' Stand By Me ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 22 August 1986 ) . `` Textbook Drama Trips Up ' Stand By Me ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Benson , Sheila ( 8 August 1986 ) . `` From the Archives : ' Stand by Me ' is a summer standout '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Attanasio , Paul ( 22 August 1986 ) . `` Movies : ' Stand by Me ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Herman , Karen ( November 29 , 2004 ) . `` Interview with Rob Reiner '' . Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ Siskel , Gene ( 17 August 1986 ) . `` ' Meathead ' Rob Reiner Meets And Defeats His Longtime Demons '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Stand by Me , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 Jump up ^ Stand by Me , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 01 Jump up ^ Paul , Alex ( July 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Stand By Me ' festival slated '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moody , Jennifer ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` Brownsville gears up for Stand By Me Day '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Zawicki , Neil ( 23 July 2016 ) . `` 30 years on for Stand By Me '' . Albany Democrat - Herald . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Jonathan ( February 1997 ) . `` 10 -- The Next Generation : Neurotics , Psychotics , Weirdos , Underachievers and Would - be Teen Idols '' . Pretty in Pink : The Golden Age of Teenage Movies . New York , New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 208 -- 210 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15194 - 2 . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Melin , Eric ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` ' Dazed and Confused ' Blu - Ray Finally Out , and ' Attack the Block ' '' . Scene Stealers . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallen , Sean ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Stand By Me : 5 Times It Inspired Pop Culture '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` Mud ( review ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeff Nichols ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` The Shot Caller Q + A : Midnight Special Director Jeff Nichols '' ( Interview ) . Interview with Zach Baron . GQ . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 31 May 2013 ) . `` The Kings of Summer : Boys N the Woods '' . Time . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( 24 January 2013 ) . `` ' The Kings of Summer ' Review : ' Superbad ' Meets ' Stand By Me ' ( Sundance 2013 ) '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Mangan ' Row of Houses ' : Video for the Canadian singer - songwriter 's new single ' Row of Houses ' '' . Rolling Stone . September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maxtone - Graham , Ian ( 9 December 2001 ) . `` The Blunder Years '' . Simpsons Archive . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lai , Kristin ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` The True Story Behind Stephen King 's ' The Body ' And ' Stand By Me ' '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Stand by Me ( film ) Stand by Me on IMDb Stand by Me at the TCM Movie Database Stand by Me at Box Office Mojo Stand by Me at Rotten Tomatoes Brownsville , Oregon Stand by Me film locations from Brownsville Chamber of Commerce `` Stand By Me '' . Then & Now Movie Locations ( blog ) . October 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Reviews ( edit ) Denby , David ( 18 August 1986 ) . `` Roughing It '' . New York Magazine . pp. 58 -- 59 . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Franco , James ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Keep Standing by Me '' . Vice . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Films directed by Rob Reiner This Is Spinal Tap ( 1984 ) The Sure Thing ( 1985 ) Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) When Harry Met Sally ... 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does wil wheaton play in stand by me	[ "Wil Wheaton as Gordie Lachance (aged 12)\n\nRichard Dreyfuss as Gordie Lachance (adult; credited as \"The Writer\")\n\n" ]	[ "Gordie Lachance" ]
-2394071336131608162	What a Diff'rence a Day Made	What a Diff'rence a Day Made - wikipedia What a Diff'rence a Day Made For the Dinah Washington album , see What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ! For the Cory Lee album , see What a Difference a Day Makes ( album ) . For the Grey 's Anatomy episode , see What a Difference a Day Makes ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' Single by Dinah Washington from the album What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ! B - side `` Come On Home '' Released 1959 Recorded 1959 Genre Pop , vocal jazz Length 2 : 31 Label Mercury Records Songwriter ( s ) María Grever , Stanley Adams ( English lyrics ) Dinah Washington singles chronology `` Make Me a Present of You '' ( 1958 ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' ( 1959 ) `` Unforgettable '' ( 1959 ) `` Make Me a Present of You '' ( 1958 ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' ( 1959 ) `` Unforgettable '' ( 1959 ) `` What a Diff'rence a Day Made '' , also recorded as `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' , is a popular song originally written in Spanish by María Grever , a Mexican songwriter , in 1934 with the title `` Cuando vuelva a tu lado '' ( `` When I Return to Your Side '' ) . The song is also known in English as `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' , as popularized by Dinah Washington . Contents ( hide ) 1 English adaptation 2 Dinah Washington version 2.1 Charts 3 Esther Phillips version 3.1 Charts 4 Other versions 5 In popular culture 6 References English adaptation ( edit ) The English lyrics were written by Stanley Adams , and was played by Harry Roy & his Orchestra . It was published in late 1934 . The most successful early recording , in 1934 , was by the Dorsey Brothers , although it was first recorded in English by Cleveland crooner Jimmie Ague . Dinah Washington version ( edit ) Dinah Washington won a Grammy Award in 1959 for Best Rhythm and Blues Performance with this song . Her version was also inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1998 . It also earned her first top ten pop hit , reaching number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1959 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 8 US Billboard Hot R&B Sides Esther Phillips version ( edit ) In 1975 , Esther Phillips recorded her version of the song . Her comeback record had a disco feel to it . The Esther Phillips version reached number two on the disco charts . Her version also did well on the US soul and Top 40 charts . Phillips performed the song on Saturday Night Live , during its first season . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 ) Peak position US Hot 100 20 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles 10 U.S. Billboard Dance Club Songs U.S. Billboard Easy Listening Chart 33 Other versions ( edit ) Andy Russell , a Mexican - American singer , recorded a bilingual version of the song in 1944 ( Capitol # 167 , paired with `` Do n't You Notice Anything New ? '' ) , which reached number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Alfredo Antonini and his orchestra collaborated with Victoria Cordova and John Serry Sr. to record the song for Muzak in 1949 . Vaughn Monroe 's 1955 version reached number 60 in the US Music Vendor survey . Bobby Darin 's version of the song is on his album Winners , released in 1964 , although he recorded it in 1960 . Dean Martin covered it in his album Dino Latino in 1962 . Little Anthony and the Imperials on their album Goin ' Out Of My Head ( 1964 ) . Ben E. King covered the song on his album Ben E. King Sings for Soulful Lovers in 1962 . Lonnie Johnson covered the song on his album Losing Game . Australian group The Black Sorrows released a version as their debut single in 1984 . It was included on their debut studio album , Sonola . It was recorded by Diana Ross in 1972 , but not released until thirty - four years later when her Blue album was discovered in the Motown vaults and released in 2006 . An instrumental version featuring keyboardist Clare Fischer on piano with strings arranged by Jorge Calandrelli was recorded by Etore Stratta and The Royal Philharmonic Orchestra on their 1993 album Symphonic Boleros . Natalie Cole recorded the song on her 1996 album Stardust , and later in 2013 a Spanish - English version was included as an iTunes bonus track of her album Natalie Cole en Español . Barry Manilow recorded the song on his 2006 album The Greatest Songs of the Fifties . In 2007 R&B / Dance singer Deborah Cox recorded the song for her album Destination Moon . Also in 2007 , former Kiss drummer , Peter Criss , covered the song on his album One for All . China Moses covered the song with Raphael Lemonnier in 2009 in their album This One 's for Dinah in 2009 . Deana Martin recorded `` What a Difference a Day Made '' on her 2009 album Volare . Rod Stewart - Fly Me to the Moon ... The Great American Songbook - Volume V ( 2010 ) Julie Dawn and Roy Marsh and His Swingtette released a version of the track paired with `` I am Going to Love That Guy '' ( this track bringing together Julie Dawn and Frank Deniz and His Spirits of Rhythm ) . The exact release date unknown at the moment ( Decca 8034 Matrix numbers I 1320 and I 1322 ) . Other artists who covered the song include Sarah Vaughan , Renee Olstead , Aretha Franklin on her 1964 album , Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington , Eydie Gorme on her 1964 album , Freddy Fender recorded a version for his 1976 LP If You 're Ever in Texas , Eydie Gormé canta en Español con Los Panchos , Bobby Lewis ( released on the single `` Ace of Hearts 7622 '' in 1977 ) , Cher performs the song in The Cher Show , Luis Miguel on his 1991 album Romance , Laura Fygi on The Latin Touch ( 2000 ) , Jamie Cullum on his 2003 album , Twentysomething , and Gloria Estefan on her 2013 album , The Standards . In popular culture ( edit ) The song , as performed by Dinah Washington , is used in the soundtrack of the following films : Going in Style , directed by Zach Braff ( 2017 ) Niagara Motel , directed by Gary Yates ( 2005 ) The Best of Youth , directed by Marco Tullio Giordana ( 2003 ) Run Lola Run , directed by Tom Tykwer ( 1998 ) Faithful , directed by Paul Mazursky ( 1996 ) Casino , directed by Martin Scorsese ( 1995 ) Chungking Express , directed by Wong Kar - wai ( 1994 ) Corrina , Corrina , directed by Jessie Nelson ( 1994 ) The song , performed by Tony Bennett , is in the film One Fine Day ( 1996 ) , starring George Clooney . The song , performed by Esther Phillips , is used at the end of the 1996 film The Sunchaser , directed by Michael Cimino , starring Woody Harrelson . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ascap entry for song ASCAP , accessed January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 17 - The Soul Reformation : More on the evolution of rhythm and blues . ( Part 3 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' , Songs With Earlier Histories , August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 611 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 202 . Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Made '' . BobbyDarin.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Victoria Cordova & Alfredo Antonini Orchestra perform `` What a Difference a Day Made '' for Muzak in The Library of Congress Online Catalog at catalog.loc.gov Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Made '' . BobbyDarin.com. 1960 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Little Anthony And The Imperials * -- Goin ' Out Of My Head '' at Discogs . Jump up ^ `` Artist : China Moses & Raphael Lemonnier '' . Second Hand Songs . 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 10 . hide Dinah Washington Studio albums Blazing Ballads After Hours with Miss `` D '' For Those in Love Dinah ! In the Land of Hi - Fi The Swingin ' Miss `` D '' Dinah Washington Sings Fats Waller Music for a First Love Dinah Sings Bessie Smith What a Diff'rence a Day Makes ! September in the Rain Unforgettable Drinking Again Back to the Blues This Is My Story Live albums Dinah Jams Newport ' 58 Associated albums Jam Session Tribute albums Unforgettable : A Tribute to Dinah Washington Singles `` Ai n't Misbehavin ' '' `` It 's Too Soon to Know '' `` Baby Get Lost '' `` I Wanna Be Loved '' `` Harbor Lights '' `` My Heart Cries for You '' `` Cold , Cold Heart '' `` Trouble in Mind '' `` I Do n't Hurt Anymore '' `` Dream '' `` Teach Me Tonight '' `` I Concentrate on You '' `` That 's All I Want from You '' `` What a Diff'rence a Day Makes '' `` Unforgettable '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` This Bitter Earth '' `` Love Walked In '' `` It Could Happen to You '' `` September in the Rain '' `` Where Are You ? '' `` You 're Nobody till Somebody Loves You '' Associated acts Lionel Hampton Clifford Brown Brook Benton Associated people Eddie Chamblee Dick Lane Related topics Discography Dinah Washington Park Book : Dinah Washington hide The Black Sorrows Discography Joe Camilleri Studio albums Sonola ( 1984 ) Rockin ' Zydeco ( 1985 ) A Place in the World ( 1985 ) Dear Children ( 1987 ) Hold On to Me ( 1988 ) Harley and Rose ( 1990 ) Better Times ( 1992 ) Lucky Charm ( 1994 ) Beat Club ( 1998 ) One Mo ' Time ( 2004 ) Roarin ' Town ( 2006 ) 4 Days in Sing Sing ( 2009 ) Crooked Little Thoughts ( 2012 ) Certified Blue ( 2014 ) Endless Sleep Chapter 46 ( 2015 ) Endless Sleep Chapter 47 ( 2015 ) Faithful Satellite ( 2016 ) Live albums Radio Waves ( 1996 ) Compilations The Chosen Ones -- Greatest Hits ( 1993 ) The Very Best of The Black Sorrows ( 1997 ) The Essential Black Sorrows ( 2007 ) Singles `` Brown Eyed Girl '' / `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Hold On to Me '' `` The Chosen Ones '' `` Chained to the Wheel '' `` The Crack Up '' `` Harley + Rose '' `` Never Let Me Go '' `` Ai n't Love the Strangest Thing '' `` Stir It Up '' `` Snake Skin Shoes '' `` Last One Standing for You '' Related articles Vika and Linda John McAll Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons The Revelators ARIA Award for Best Group Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_a_Diff%27rence_a_Day_Made&oldid=832171153 '' Categories : 1934 songs 1959 singles Dinah Washington songs The Black Sorrows songs Songs written by Stanley Adams ( singer ) Boleros Mercury Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 08 : 04 . About Wikipedia	who sang what a difference a day makes first	[ "\"What a Diff'rence a Day Made\", also recorded as \"What a Diff'rence a Day Makes\", is a popular song originally written in Spanish by María Grever, a Mexican songwriter, in 1934 with the title \"Cuando vuelva a tu lado\" (\"When I Return to Your Side\"). The song is also known in English as “What a Diff'rence a Day Makes”, as popularized by Dinah Washington.[2]", "\"What a Diff'rence a Day Made\", also recorded as \"What a Diff'rence a Day Makes\", is a popular song originally written in Spanish by María Grever, a Mexican songwriter, in 1934 with the title \"Cuando vuelva a tu lado\" (\"When I Return to Your Side\"). The song is also known in English as “What a Diff'rence a Day Makes”, as popularized by Dinah Washington.[2]" ]	[ "Dinah Washington", "María Grever" ]
-1641236049479912006	A Streetcar Named Desire	A Streetcar Named Desire - Wikipedia A Streetcar Named Desire Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Streetcar Named Desire ( disambiguation ) . A Streetcar Named Desire First edition ( New Directions ) Written by Tennessee Williams Characters Blanche DuBois Stella Kowalski Stanley Kowalski Harold `` Mitch '' Mitchell Date premiered December 3 , 1947 Place premiered Ethel Barrymore Theatre New York City , New York Original language English Genre Southern Gothic Setting The French Quarter and Downtown New Orleans A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams that received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948 . The play opened on Broadway on December 3 , 1947 , and closed on December 17 , 1949 , in the Ethel Barrymore Theatre . The Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy , Marlon Brando , Karl Malden , and Kim Hunter . The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano , Vivien Leigh , and Renee Asherson and was directed by Laurence Olivier . The drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century , and is considered by many to be Williams ' greatest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Stage productions 2.1 Original Broadway production 3 Original cast 3.1 Original London production 3.2 Belle Reprieve 3.3 Revivals 4 Adaptations 4.1 Film 4.2 Opera 4.3 Ballet 4.4 Television 5 Inspirations 6 `` A Streetcar Named Success '' 7 Awards and nominations 8 Auction record 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) After the loss of her family home , Belle Reve , to creditors , Blanche DuBois travels from the small town of Laurel , Mississippi , to the New Orleans French Quarter to live with her younger , married sister , Stella , and brother - in - law , Stanley Kowalski . Blanche is in her thirties and , with no money , she has nowhere else to go . Blanche tells Stella that she has taken a leave of absence from her English - teaching position because of her nerves ( which is later revealed to be a lie ) . Blanche laments the shabbiness of her sister 's two - room flat . She finds Stanley loud and rough , eventually referring to him as `` common '' . Stanley , in return , does not care for Blanche 's manners and dislikes her presence . Stanley later questions Blanche about her earlier marriage . Blanche had married when she was very young , but her husband died , leaving her widowed and alone . The memory of her dead husband causes Blanche some obvious distress . Stanley , worried that he has been cheated out of an inheritance , demands to know what happened to Belle Reve , once a large plantation and the DuBois family home . Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve . While looking at the papers , Stanley notices a bundle of letters that Blanche emotionally proclaims are personal love letters from her dead husband . For a moment , Stanley seems caught off guard over her proclaimed feelings . Afterwards , he informs Blanche that Stella is going to have a baby . The night after Blanche 's arrival , during one of Stanley 's poker parties , Blanche meets Mitch , one of Stanley 's poker player buddies . His courteous manner sets him apart from the other men . Their chat becomes flirtatious and friendly , and Blanche easily charms him ; they like each other . Suddenly becoming upset over multiple interruptions , Stanley explodes in a drunken rage and strikes Stella . Blanche and Stella take refuge with the upstairs neighbor , Eunice . When Stanley recovers , he cries out from the courtyard below for Stella to come back by repeatedly calling her name until she comes down and allows herself to be carried off to bed . After Stella returns to Stanley , Blanche and Mitch sit at the bottom of the steps in the courtyard , where Mitch apologizes for Stanley 's coarse behavior . Blanche is bewildered that Stella would go back with him after such violence . The next morning , Blanche rushes to Stella and describes Stanley as a subhuman animal , though Stella assures Blanche that she and Stanley are fine . Stanley overhears the conversation but keeps silent . When Stanley comes in , Stella hugs and kisses him , letting Blanche know that her low opinion of Stanley does not matter . As the weeks pass , Blanche and Stanley continue to not get along . Blanche has hope in Mitch , and tells Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone 's problem . During a meeting between the two , Blanche confesses to Mitch that once she was married to a young man , Allan Grey , whom she later discovered in a sexual encounter with an older man . Grey later committed suicide when Blanche told him she was disgusted with him . The story touches Mitch , who tells Blanche that they need each other . It seems certain that they will get married . Later on , Stanley repeats gossip to Stella that he has gathered on Blanche , telling her that Blanche was fired from her teaching job for having sex with a student and that she lived at a hotel known for prostitution ( the Flamingo ) . Stella erupts in anger over Stanley 's cruelty after he states that he has also told Mitch about the rumors , but the fight is cut short as she goes into labor and is sent to the hospital . As Blanche waits at home alone , Mitch arrives and confronts Blanche with the stories that Stanley has told him . At first she denies everything , but eventually confesses that the stories are true . She pleads for forgiveness , but an angry and humiliated Mitch refuses her the chance at an honorable relationship and attempts to sexually assault her instead . In response , Blanche screams `` fire '' , and he runs away in fright . Hours before Stella has the baby , Stanley and Blanche are left alone in the apartment . Blanche has descended into a fantasy that an old suitor of hers is coming to provide financial support and take her away from New Orleans . Stanley goes along with the act before angrily scorning Blanche 's lies and behavior , and advances toward her ; in response , she threatens to glass him , but is overpowered . It is strongly implied that Stanley rapes Blanche , imminently resulting in her psychotic crisis . Weeks later , at another poker game at the Kowalski apartment , Stella and her neighbor , Eunice , are packing Blanche 's belongings . Blanche has suffered a complete mental breakdown and is to be committed to a mental hospital . Although Blanche has told Stella about Stanley 's assault , Stella can not bring herself to believe her sister 's story . When a doctor and a matron arrive to take Blanche to the hospital , she initially resists them and collapses on the floor in confusion . Mitch , present at the poker game , breaks down in tears . When the doctor helps Blanche up , she goes willingly with him , saying : `` Whoever you are , I have always depended upon the kindness of strangers . '' The play ends with Stanley continuing to comfort Stella , but also fondling with her blouse , while the poker game continues uninterrupted , as Steve says : `` This game is seven - card stud . '' Stage productions ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Publicity still of Marlon Brando ( dated December 27 , 1948 ) in the Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire Publicity still of Marlon Brando ( dated December 27 , 1948 ) in the Broadway production of A Streetcar Named Desire The original Broadway production was produced by Irene Mayer Selznick . It opened at the Shubert in New Haven shortly before moving to the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on December 3 , 1947 . Selznick originally wanted to cast Margaret Sullavan and John Garfield , but settled on Jessica Tandy and Marlon Brando , who were virtual unknowns at the time . The opening night cast also included Kim Hunter as Stella and Karl Malden as Mitch . Tandy was cast after Williams saw her performance in a West Coast production of his one - act play Portrait of a Madonna . Williams believed that casting Brando , who was young for the part as it was originally conceived , would evolve Kowalski from being a vicious older man to someone whose unintentional cruelty can be attributed to youthful ignorance . Despite its shocking scenes and gritty dialogue , the audience applauded for half an hour after the debut performance ended . Brooks Atkinson , reviewing the opening in The New York Times , described Tandy 's `` superb performance '' as `` almost incredibly true , '' concluding that Williams `` has spun a poignant and luminous story . '' Later in the run , Uta Hagen replaced Tandy , Carmelita Pope replaced Hunter , and Anthony Quinn replaced Brando . Hagen and Quinn took the show on a national tour and then returned to Broadway for additional performances . Early on , when Brando broke his nose , Jack Palance took over his role . Ralph Meeker also took on the part of Stanley both in the Broadway and touring companies . Tandy received a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play in 1948 , sharing the honor with Judith Anderson 's portrayal of Medea and with Katharine Cornell . Uta Hagen 's Blanche on the national tour was directed not by Elia Kazan , who had directed the Broadway production , but by Harold Clurman , and it has been reported , both in interviews by Hagen and observations by contemporary critics , that the Clurman - directed interpretation shifted the focus of audience sympathy back to Blanche and away from Stanley ( where the Kazan version had located it ) . This was the original conception of the play , and has been reflected in subsequent revivals . The original Broadway production closed , after 855 performances , in 1949 . Original cast ( edit ) Jessica Tandy as Blanche DuBois Karl Malden as Harold `` Mitch '' Mitchell Marlon Brando as Stanley Kowalski Kim Hunter as Stella Kowalski Rudy Bond as Steve Hubbell Nick Dennis as Pablo Gonzales Peg Hillias as Eunice Hubbell Vito Christi as Young Collector Richard Garrick as Doctor Ann Dere as Nurse Gee Gee James as Negro Woman Edna Thomas as Mexican Woman Original London production ( edit ) The London production , directed by Laurence Olivier , opened on October 12 , 1949 , and starred Bonar Colleano , Vivien Leigh , and Renee Asherson . Belle Reprieve ( edit ) Bette Bourne and Paul Shaw of the British gay theater company , Bloolips , and Peggy Shaw and Lois Weaver of the American lesbian theater company , Split Britches , collaborated and performed a gender - bent production of Belle Reprieve , a twisted adaption of Streetcar . `` This theatrical piece creates a Brechtian , '' `` epic drama '' that relies on the reflective rather than emotional involvement of the audience -- a `` commentary on the sexual roles and games in Williams 's text . '' Blanche was played by Bette Bourne as `` man in a dress , '' Stanley was played by Peggy Shaw as a `` butch lesbian , '' Mitch was played by Paul Shaw as a `` fairy disguised as a man , '' and Stella was played by Lois Weaver as a `` woman disguised as a woman . '' Revivals ( edit ) The first all - black production of Streetcar was likely performed by the Summer Theatre Company at Lincoln University in Jefferson City , Missouri , in August 1953 and directed by one of Williams 's former classmates at Iowa , Thomas D. Pawley , as noted in the Streetcar edition of the `` Plays in Production '' series published by Cambridge University Press . The black and cross-gendered productions of Streetcar since the mid-1950s are too numerous to list here . Tallulah Bankhead , for whom Williams had originally written the role of Blanche , starred in a 1956 New York City Center Company production directed by Herbert Machiz . The first Broadway revival of the play was in 1973 . It was produced by the Lincoln Center , at the Vivian Beaumont Theater , and starred Rosemary Harris as Blanche , James Farentino as Stanley and Patricia Conolly as Stella . The Simpsons did an episode , A Streetcar Named Marge , in which the play was featured . Ned Flanders and Marge took the leading roles as Stanley and Blanche , respectively . The Spring 1988 revival at the Circle in the Square Theatre starred Aidan Quinn opposite Blythe Danner as Blanche and Frances McDormand as Stella . A highly publicized revival in 1992 starred Alec Baldwin as Stanley and Jessica Lange as Blanche . It was staged at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre , the same theatre that the original production was staged in . This production proved so successful that it was filmed for television . It featured Timothy Carhart as Mitch and Amy Madigan as Stella , as well as future Sopranos stars James Gandolfini and Aida Turturro . Gandolfini was Carhart 's understudy . In 1997 , Le Petit Theatre du Vieux Carre in New Orleans mounted a 50th Anniversary production , with music by the Marsalis family , starring Michael Arata and Shelly Poncy . In 2009 , the Walnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , where the original pre-Broadway tryout occurred , began a production of the play for its 200th anniversary season . The 2005 Broadway revival was directed by Edward Hall and produced by The Roundabout Theater Company . It starred John C. Reilly as Stanley , Amy Ryan as Stella , and Natasha Richardson as Blanche . The production would mark Natasha Richardson 's final appearance on Broadway owing to her death in 2009 in a skiing accident . The Sydney Theatre Company production of A Streetcar Named Desire premiered on September 5 and ran until October 17 , 2009 . This production , directed by Liv Ullmann , starred Cate Blanchett as Blanche , Joel Edgerton as Stanley , Robin McLeavy as Stella and Tim Richards as Mitch . From July 2009 until October 2009 , Rachel Weisz and Ruth Wilson starred in a highly acclaimed revival of the play in London 's West End at the Donmar Warehouse directed by Rob Ashford . In November 2010 , an Oxford University student production was staged at the Oxford Playhouse which sold out and was critically acclaimed . In April 2012 , Blair Underwood , Nicole Ari Parker , Daphne Rubin - Vega and Wood Harris starred in a multiracial adaptation at the Broadhurst Theatre . Theatre review aggregator Curtain Critic gave the production a score of 61 out of 100 based on the opinions of 17 critics . A production at the Young Vic , London , opened on July 23 , 2014 , and closed on September 19 , 2014 . Directed by Benedict Andrews and starring Gillian Anderson , Ben Foster , Vanessa Kirby and Corey Johnson ; this production garnered critical acclaim and is the fastest selling show ever produced by the Young Vic . On September 16 , 2014 , the performance was relayed live to over one thousand cinemas in the UK as part of the National Theatre Live project to broadcast the best of British theatre live from the London stage to cinemas across the UK and around the world . Thus far , the production has been screened in over 2000 venues . From April 23 , 2016 till June 4 , 2016 , the production was reprised at the new St. Ann 's Warehouse in Brooklyn , New York City . In 2016 Sarah Frankcom directed a production at the Royal Exchange in Manchester starring Maxine Peake , Ben Batt , Sharon Duncan Brewster and Youssef Kerkour . It opened on 8 September and closed on 15 October . It was critically well received with Peake 's performance in particular singled out for praise . Adaptations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Vivien Leigh in the trailer for A Streetcar Named Desire Main article : A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 film ) In 1951 , a film adaptation of the play , directed by Elia Kazan , with Malden , Brando , and Hunter reprising their Broadway roles , joined by Vivien Leigh from the London production for the part of Blanche . The movie won four Academy Awards , including three acting awards ( Leigh for Best Actress , Malden for Best Supporting Actor and Hunter for Best Supporting Actress ) , the first time a film won three out of four acting awards ( Brando was nominated for Best Actor but lost ) . Jessica Tandy was the only lead actor from the original Broadway production not to appear in the 1951 film . References to Allan Grey 's sexual orientation are essentially removed , due to Motion Picture Production Code restrictions . Instead , the reason for his suicide is changed to a general `` weakness '' . The ending itself was also slightly altered . Stella does not remain with Stanley , as she does in the play . Pedro Almodóvar 's 1999 Academy Award - winning film , All About My Mother , features a Spanish - language version of the play being performed by some of the supporting characters and the play itself plays an important role in the film . However , some of the film 's dialogue is taken from the 1951 film version , not the original stage version . The 1973 Woody Allen film Sleeper includes a late scene in which Miles ( Woody ) and Luna ( Diane Keaton ) briefly take on the roles of Stanley ( Luna ) and Blanche ( Miles ) . It was noted by many critics that the 2013 Academy Award - winning Woody Allen film Blue Jasmine had much in common with Streetcar and is most likely a loose adaptation . It shares a very similar plot and characters , although it has been suitably updated for modern film audiences . In 2015 , Gillian Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire , titled The Departure . The short film was written by the novelist Andrew O'Hagan and is part of Young Vic 's short film series , which was produced in collaboration with The Guardian . Opera ( edit ) In 1995 , an opera was adapted and composed by André Previn with a libretto by Philip Littell . It had its premiere at the San Francisco Opera during the 1998 -- 99 season , and featured Renée Fleming as Blanche . Ballet ( edit ) A 1952 ballet production with choreography by Valerie Bettis , which Mia Slavenska and Frederic Franklin 's Slavenska - Franklin Ballet debuted at Her Majesty 's Theatre in Montreal , featured the music of Alex North , who had composed the music for the 1951 film . Another ballet production was staged by John Neumeier in Frankfurt in 1983 . Music included Visions fugitives by Prokofiev and Alfred Schnittke 's First Symphony . In the mid 2000s , another production was staged by Winthrop Corey , then Artistic Director of Mobile Ballet mobileballet.org In 2012 , Scottish Ballet collaborated with theatre and film director Nancy Meckler and international choreographer Annabelle Lopez Ochoa to create a new staging of A Streetcar Named Desire . Television ( edit ) Main articles : A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1984 film ) and A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1995 film ) In 1955 , the television program Omnibus featured Jessica Tandy reviving her original Broadway performance as Blanche , with her husband , Hume Cronyn , as Mitch . It aired only portions of the play that featured the Blanche and Mitch characters . The multi-Emmy Award - winning 1984 television version featured Ann - Margret as Blanche , Treat Williams as Stanley , Beverly D'Angelo as Stella and Randy Quaid as Mitch . It was directed by John Erman and the teleplay was adapted by Oscar Saul . The music score by composed by Marvin Hamlisch . Ann - Margret , D'Angelo and Quaid were all nominated for Emmy Awards , but none won . However , it did win four Emmys , including one for cinematographer Bill Butler . Ann - Margret won a Golden Globe award for her performance and Treat Williams was nominated for Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie . A 1995 television version was based on the highly successful Broadway revival that starred Alec Baldwin and Jessica Lange . However , only Baldwin and Lange were from the stage production . The TV version added John Goodman as Mitch and Diane Lane as Stella . This production was directed by Glenn Jordan . Baldwin , Lange and Goodman all received Emmy Award nominations . Lange won a Golden Globe award ( for Best Actress in a Miniseries or TV Movie ) , while Baldwin was nominated for Best Actor , but did not win . In 1998 , PBS aired a taped version of the opera adaptation that featured the original San Francisco Opera cast . The program received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Classical Music / Dance Program . Inspirations ( edit ) The streetcar took its name from Desire Street in the 9th Ward of New Orleans Main article : Streetcars in New Orleans § Historic lines The Desire Line ran from 1920 to 1948 , at the height of streetcar use in New Orleans . The route ran down Royal , through the Quarter , to Desire Street in the Bywater district , and back up to Canal . Blanche 's route in the play -- `` They told me to take a streetcar named Desire , transfer to one called Cemeteries and ride six blocks and get off at -- Elysian Fields ! '' -- is allegorical , taking advantage of New Orleans 's colorful street names : the Desire line itself crossed Elysian Fields Avenue on its way to Canal Street . There , one could transfer to the Cemeteries line , which ran along Canal , blocks away from Elysian Fields . The character of Blanche is thought to be based on Williams ' sister , Rose Williams , who struggled with mental health issues and became incapacitated after a lobotomy . Theatre critic and former actress Blanche Marvin , a friend of Williams , says the playwright used her name for the character Blanche DuBois , named the character 's sister Stella after Marvin 's former surname `` Zohar '' ( which means `` Star '' ) , and took the play 's line `` I 've always depended on the kindness of strangers '' from something she said to him . `` A Streetcar Named Success '' ( edit ) `` A Streetcar Named Success '' is an essay by Tennessee Williams about art and the artist 's role in society . It is often included in paper editions of A Streetcar Named Desire . A version of this essay first appeared in The New York Times on November 30 , 1947 , four days before the opening of A Streetcar Named Desire . Another version of this essay , entitled `` The Catastrophe of Success '' , is sometimes used as an introduction to The Glass Menagerie . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1948 New York Drama Critics ' Circle Best Play 1948 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Jessica Tandy 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1992 Theater World Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Jessica Lange 2010 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Rachel Weisz 2010 Olivier Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Play - Ruth Wilson Nominations 1988 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play 1988 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Frances McDormand 1988 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Blythe Danner 1992 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play -- Alec Baldwin 2005 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play -- Amy Ryan 2005 Tony Award for Best Costume Design of a Play 2005 Tony Award for Best Lighting Design of a Play 2010 Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play 2015 Olivier Award for Best Revival of a Play 2015 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Gillian Anderson Auction record ( edit ) On October 1 , 2009 , Swann Galleries auctioned an unusually fine copy of A Streetcar Named Desire , New York , 1947 , signed by Williams and dated 1976 for $9,000 , a record price for a signed copy of the play . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Tennessee ( 1995 ) . A Streetcar Named Desire . Introduction and text . Oxford : Heinemann Educational Publishers . ^ Jump up to : Production notes . December 3 , 1947 -- December 17 , 1949 Jump up ^ December 3 , This Day In History Calendar ( 2008 ) . Sourcebooks , Inc . Jump up ^ Brooks Atkinson , `` First Night at the Theatre '' , New York Times , December 4 , 1947 . Jump up ^ Geis , Deborah . `` Deconstructing ( A Streetcar Named ) Desire : Gender Recitation in Belle Reprieve '' . Feminist Theatrical Revisions of Classic Works . Ed . Sharon Friedman . Jefferson , NC and London : McFarland & Company , Inc. , 2009 . 237 - 246 . Print . Jump up ^ Barnes , Clive ( April 27 , 1973 ) . `` A Rare ' Streetcar ' ; Fresh Approach Taken at Vivian Beaumont '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Production notes . March 10 -- May 22 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Production notes . April 12 -- August 9 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Production notes . April 26 -- July 3 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' . SydneyTheatre.com.au . Sydney Theatre Company . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OTR reviews A Streetcar Named Desire at Oxford Playhouse '' . Oxford Theatre Review . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blair Underwood On Stanley , Stella And ' Streetcar ' '' . National Public Radio . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' . Curtain Critic . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's on : A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams '' , Young Vic . Jump up ^ `` Young Vic -- A Streetcar Named Desire , National Theatre Live . Jump up ^ Nick Curtis ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Gillian Anderson : Self destruction is my default mode '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. Ann 's Warehouse - A Young Vic & Joshua Andrews Co-Production '' . St. Ann 's Warehouse . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maxine Peake stalks to the heart of Blanche DuBois '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 23 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohan , Steven ( 1997 ) . Masked Men : Masculinity and the Movies in the Fifties . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 254 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21127 - 1 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : Woody Allen 's Blue Jasmine Is Perhaps His Cruelest - Ever Film '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Jasmine : Woody Allen 's excellent homage to A Streetcar Named Desire '' . Tri-city Herald . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Chris ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Gillian Anderson goes back to Blanche for prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kolin , Philip C. ( 2000 ) . Williams : A Streetcar named Desire . Cambridge University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62610 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Streetcar Named Desire '' Archived October 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Scottish Ballet Jump up ^ Clark , Nick ( July 27 , 2014 ) . `` Critic claims ' I was the inspiration for Blanche DuBois ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Streetcar Named Desire . Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Streetcar Named Desire A Streetcar Named Desire ( New York productions chronology ) at the Internet Broadway Database A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams Characters Blanche DuBois Stanley Kowalski Stella Kowalski Films 1951 film 1984 film 1995 film Other Opera `` A Streetcar Named Marge '' `` A Streetcar Named Success '' Pulitzer Prize for Drama 1918 -- 1950 Why Marry ? ( 1918 ) Beyond the Horizon ( 1920 ) Miss Lulu Bett ( 1921 ) Anna Christie ( 1922 ) Icebound ( 1923 ) Hell - Bent Fer Heaven ( 1924 ) They Knew What They Wanted ( 1925 ) Craig 's Wife ( 1926 ) In Abraham 's Bosom ( 1927 ) Strange Interlude ( 1928 ) Street Scene ( 1929 ) The Green Pastures ( 1930 ) Alison 's House ( 1931 ) Of Thee I Sing ( 1932 ) Both Your Houses ( 1933 ) Men in White ( 1934 ) The Old Maid ( 1935 ) Idiot 's Delight ( 1936 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1937 ) Our Town ( 1938 ) Abe Lincoln in Illinois ( 1939 ) The Time of Your Life ( 1940 ) There Shall Be No Night ( 1941 ) The Skin of Our Teeth ( 1943 ) Harvey ( 1945 ) State of the Union ( 1946 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948 ) Death of a Salesman ( 1949 ) South Pacific ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 The Shrike ( 1952 ) Picnic ( 1953 ) The Teahouse of the August Moon ( 1954 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) The Diary of Anne Frank ( 1956 ) Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 1957 ) Look Homeward , Angel ( 1958 ) J.B. ( 1959 ) Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) All the Way Home ( 1961 ) How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) The Subject Was Roses ( 1965 ) A Delicate Balance ( 1967 ) The Great White Hope ( 1969 ) No Place to be Somebody ( 1970 ) The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man - in - the - Moon Marigolds ( 1971 ) That Championship Season ( 1973 ) Seascape ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Shadow Box ( 1977 ) The Gin Game ( 1978 ) Buried Child ( 1979 ) Talley 's Folly ( 1980 ) Crimes of the Heart ( 1981 ) A Soldier 's Play ( 1982 ) ' night , Mother ( 1983 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1984 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1985 ) Fences ( 1987 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1988 ) The Heidi Chronicles ( 1989 ) The Piano Lesson ( 1990 ) Lost in Yonkers ( 1991 ) The Kentucky Cycle ( 1992 ) Angels in America : Millennium Approaches ( 1993 ) Three Tall Women ( 1994 ) The Young Man from Atlanta ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) How I Learned to Drive ( 1998 ) Wit ( 1999 ) Dinner with Friends ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Proof ( 2001 ) Topdog / Underdog ( 2002 ) Anna in the Tropics ( 2003 ) I Am My Own Wife ( 2004 ) Doubt : A Parable ( 2005 ) Rabbit Hole ( 2007 ) August : Osage County ( 2008 ) Ruined ( 2009 ) Next to Normal ( 2010 ) Clybourne Park ( 2011 ) Water by the Spoonful ( 2012 ) Disgraced ( 2013 ) The Flick ( 2014 ) Between Riverside and Crazy ( 2015 ) Hamilton ( 2016 ) Sweat ( 2017 ) Works by Tennessee Williams Plays Candles to the Sun ( 1936 ) Spring Storm ( 1937 ) Fugitive Kind ( 1937 ) Not About Nightingales ( 1938 ) Battle of Angels ( 1940 ) Auto - da - Fé ( 1941 ) The Glass Menagerie ( 1944 ) You Touched Me ( 1945 ) Stairs to the Roof ( 1947 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1947 ) Summer and Smoke ( 1948 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1951 ) Camino Real ( 1953 ) Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1955 ) Orpheus Descending ( 1957 ) Suddenly Last Summer ( 1958 ) Sweet Bird of Youth ( 1959 ) Period of Adjustment ( 1960 ) The Night of the Iguana ( 1961 ) The Milk Train Does n't Stop Here Anymore ( 1963 ) The Seven Descents of Myrtle ( 1968 ) In the Bar of a Tokyo Hotel ( 1969 ) Will Mr. Merriweather Return from Memphis ? ( 1969 ) Out Cry ( 1971 ) Small Craft Warnings ( 1972 ) The Two - Character Play ( 1973 ) The Red Devil Battery Sign ( 1975 ) This Is ( An Entertainment ) ( 1976 ) Vieux Carré ( 1977 ) A Lovely Sunday for Creve Coeur ( 1979 ) Clothes for a Summer Hotel ( 1980 ) The Notebook of Trigorin ( 1981 ) Something Cloudy , Something Clear ( 1981 ) A House Not Meant to Stand ( 1982 ) Novels The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone ( 1950 ) Moise and the World of Reason ( 1975 ) Short story collections Hard Candy : A Book of Stories ( 1954 ) Three Players of a Summer Game and Other Stories ( 1960 ) The Knightly Quest : a Novella and Four Short Stories ( 1966 ) One Arm and Other Stories ( 1967 ) Eight Mortal Ladies Possessed : a Book of Stories ( 1974 ) Screenplays The Glass Menagerie ( 1950 ) A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) The Rose Tattoo ( 1955 ) Baby Doll ( 1956 ) Suddenly , Last Summer ( 1959 ) The Fugitive Kind ( 1959 ) Ten Blocks on the Camino Real ( 1966 ) Boom ! ( 1968 ) The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond ( 1957 , filmed 2009 ) Non-fiction `` The Catastrophe of Success '' ( 1947 ) `` A Streetcar Named Success '' ( 1947 ) Poetry In the Winter of Cities ( 1956 ) Androgyne , Mon Amour ( 1977 ) Unfinished manuscripts In Masks Outrageous and Austere ( 1983 ) Related articles List of one - act plays by Tennessee Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Streetcar_Named_Desire&oldid=815142212 '' Categories : 1947 plays 1952 ballet premieres American plays adapted into films Broadway plays LGBT - related plays Mental illness in fiction New York Drama Critics ' Circle Award winners Off - Broadway plays Plays adapted into ballets Plays adapted into operas Plays by Tennessee Williams Plays set in Louisiana Pulitzer Prize for Drama - winning works Rape in fiction West End plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use American English from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does a streetcar named desire take place	[ "After the loss of her family home, Belle Reve, to creditors, Blanche DuBois travels from the small town of Laurel, Mississippi, to the New Orleans French Quarter to live with her younger, married sister, Stella, and brother-in-law, Stanley Kowalski. Blanche is in her thirties and, with no money, she has nowhere else to go." ]	[ "the New Orleans French Quarter" ]
-8825433758541836046	Indian cricket team in England in 1932	Indian cricket team in England in 1932 - Wikipedia Indian cricket team in England in 1932 Jump to : navigation , search The touring Indian team The Indian cricket team toured England in the 1932 season under the title of `` All - India '' . They were captained by the Maharaja of Porbandar . It was the national team 's second tour of England following the one in 1911 . India had just been granted the status of ICC Full Member and they played their inaugural Test match at Lord 's in June . It was the only Test arranged on this tour and England won by 158 runs after scoring 259 and 275 / 8 d in the two innings while India were bowled out for 189 and 187 . India played 37 matches on the tour , including 26 first - class fixtures . Because of bad weather , two of their minor fixtures were abandoned without a ball being bowled . The team won nine first - class matches , drew nine and lost eight . The schedule was heavy with the team rarely out of action from the first match on 29 April to the last on 10 September . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ( Wisden ) commented on this factor as something Indian cricketers of the time were simply not used to . As a result , the team suffered badly with muscle and tendon injuries which meant they became less effective as a team in their later matches . India 's outstanding batsman was the right - handed C.K. Nayudu , who played in all the first - class matches , scoring 1,618 runs at an average of 40.45 , including five centuries and a highest score of 162 . In the 1933 edition of Wisden , Nayudu was selected as one of the five Cricketers of the Year for 1932 . India had a fine pair of opening bowlers in Amar Singh ( 111 wickets in first - class matches at 20.37 ) and Mohammad Nissar ( 71 wickets at 18.09 ) . Amar Singh took ten wickets in a match three times and had a best innings return of 8 / 90 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Indian tour squad 2 Test summary 2.1 Teams in batting order 3 First - class matches 4 Other matches 5 Aftermath 6 References 7 Annual reviews 8 Further reading Indian tour squad ( edit ) Maharaja of Porbandar ( captain ) K.S.G. Limbdi ( vice-captain ) C.K. Nayudu ( Test captain ) Amar Singh Sorabji Colah Ghulam Mohammad Shankarrao Godambe M. Jahangir Khan Joginder Singh Bahadur Kapadia ( wk ) Lall Singh Nariman Marshall Mohammad Nissar Naoomal Jeoomal Janardan Navle ( wk ) S. Nazir Ali Phiroze Palia S. Wazir Ali Ramachandra Guha , commenting on the selection , said that it `` nicely reflected the balance of communal interests '' . There were seven Hindus , four Muslims , four Parsees and two Sikhs . A number of players , including Vijay Merchant , refused to participate because of unrest at home and in support of Mahatma Gandhi who had been arrested in January 1932 . Porbandar was the nominal captain but he played little and Nayudu was the de facto captain . Porbandar and the official vice-captain Limbdi both stood down for the Test match so that Nayudu could lead the team . Test summary ( edit ) 25 -- 28 June 1932 scorecard Wisden summary England India 259 ( 105.1 overs ) D.R. Jardine 79 Mohammad Nissar 5 / 93 ( 26 overs ) 189 ( 93 overs ) C.K. Nayudu 40 W.E. Bowes 4 / 49 ( 30 overs ) 275 / 8 d ( 110 overs ) D.R. Jardine 85 M. Jahangir Khan 4 / 60 ( 30 overs ) 187 ( 59.3 overs ) L. Amar Singh 51 W.R. Hammond 3 / 9 ( 5.3 overs ) England won by 158 runs Lord 's Umpires : F. Chester ( Eng ) and J. Hardstaff Sr ( Eng ) England won the toss and decided to bat 3 - day Test Teams in batting order ( edit ) England : P. Holmes , H. Sutcliffe , F.E. Woolley , W.R. Hammond , D.R. Jardine ( captain ) , E. Paynter , L.E.G. Ames ( wk ) , R.W.V. Robins , F.R. Brown , W. Voce , W.E. Bowes . India : J.G. Navle ( wk ) , Naoomal Jeoomal , S. Wazir Ali , C.K. Nayudu ( captain ) , S.H.M. Colah , S. Nazir Ali , P.E. Palia , Lall Singh , M. Jahangir Khan , L. Amar Singh , Mohammad Nissar . First - class matches ( edit ) In addition to the Lord 's Test , India played in 25 first - class matches . They visited all 17 County Championship teams for 19 matches ( Glamorgan and Lancashire twice ) . Their other six first - class opponents were Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) , Cambridge University , Oxford University , Scotland ( at Forthill , Dundee ) , an England XI ( at Cheriton Road , Folkestone ) and H.D.G. Leveson Gower 's XI ( at North Marine Road Ground , Scarborough in the Scarborough Festival ) . Two Indian players who were unavailable for India played against them . These were Duleepsinhji and Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi who were both England players . They represented their counties , Sussex and Worcestershire respectively . The third and final day of the match against MCC in May was lost to the weather and the result was a draw , but Nayudu had shown his quality with an innings of 118 not out , scoring more than half of his team 's runs . Guha said it was his best innings of the tour and he hit a six which sent the ball so far that it `` was last seen leaving the Home of Cricket in an easterly direction '' . Apart from England , India 's strongest opponents were county champions Yorkshire . The Indians met them at St George 's Road , Harrogate from 16 to 19 July and were defeated by a six - wicket margin . Yorkshire did n't field their strongest team ( for example , Herbert Sutcliffe did n't play ) and they were reduced to ten batsmen by a first day injury to Maurice Leyland . Yorkshire won the toss and decided to field . India , with a top score of 48 by Naoomal Jaoomal , were all out for 160 on the Saturday , Hedley Verity taking five for 65 . Yorkshire were 14 for two at the close and declared at 161 for eight on Monday . India were then taken apart by George Macaulay and Verity . Macaulay achieved a career - best eight for 21 . India 's second innings lasted only 25 overs and they were all out for 66 . Remarkably , that total included a half - century as Nazir Ali scored 52 ; the next best score was 5 -- the number of extras . Yorkshire with 68 for four rounded things off on the Tuesday morning . Far from being demoralised by their experience in Harrogate , the Indians went straight down to Lord 's for the match against Middlesex from 20 to 22 July . It ended in a draw but the Indians opened with 409 for seven declared and forced Middlesex to follow on . Jaoomal and Nayudu both scored centuries . India 's injury problems took their toll as the tour neared completion . At Folkestone in September , they lost to the England XI , which was by no means a Test - standard team , by an innings and 40 runs . Their last match in England was the Scarborough Festival game against Leveson Gower 's XI and they were again struggling but this time saved by the weather , the match ending as a draw after the whole of the second day 's play was lost . Other matches ( edit ) India played in thirteen minor matches against a variety of opponents , travelling as far north as Elgin for one match . Fifteen minor matches were scheduled but two , in Aldershot and Sunderland , were completely lost to bad weather . The latter of those was a match against Durham , then a member of the Minor Counties Cricket Championship . India played against four other minor counties . They lost only one of the minor matches , conceding a surprisingly heavy defeat at West Park , West Bridgford in a two - day match against Sir Julien Cahn 's XI by an innings and 26 runs . Apart from Cahn himself , his team was near enough county strength . It included Walter Robins , Denijs Morkel , Len Richmond and George Heane . Aftermath ( edit ) Wisden summarised the tour as one of `` immense value to the Indians themselves who , about the middle of the summer , were fifty per cent better than when they arrived , and the lessons they learned will no doubt be passed on to the Indian cricketers of the future '' . India 's next Test match in December 1933 , their first at home , was against England to commence a three - match series which England won 2 -- 0 . Nayudu and Jardine were again the team captains . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The All India team in England 1932 Jump up ^ England v India , Lord 's , 1932 -- scorecard ^ Jump up to : India in British Isles 1932 Jump up ^ Indian batting records 1932 Jump up ^ Indian bowling records 1932 ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramachandra ( 2002 ) . A Corner of a Foreign Field -- The Indian History of a British Sport . London : Picador . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 49117 - 2 . Jump up ^ Guha , p. 193 . Jump up ^ MCC v Indians -- scorecard Jump up ^ Yorkshire v Indians -- scorecard Jump up ^ Middlesex v Indians -- scorecard Jump up ^ Leveson Gower 's XI v Indians -- scorecard Jump up ^ Sir Julien Cahn 's XI v Indians -- scorecard Annual reviews ( edit ) Wisden . Caine , C. Stewart , ed . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack , 70th edition ( 1948 ed . ) . London : John Wisden & Co. Ltd . Further reading ( edit ) Bill Frindall , The Wisden Book of Test Cricket 1877 - 1978 , Wisden , 1979 International cricket tours between England and India Men 's In England 1911 1932 1936 1946 1952 1959 1967 1971 1979 1982 1986 1990 2002 2007 2011 2014 2018 In India 1933 -- 34 1951 -- 52 1961 -- 62 1963 -- 64 1972 -- 73 1976 -- 77 1979 -- 80 1981 -- 82 1984 -- 85 1992 -- 93 2001 -- 02 2005 -- 06 2008 -- 09 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2016 - 17 Women 's in England 1986 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 in India 1995 -- 96 2001 -- 02 2005 -- 06 2009 -- 10 Under - 19 in England 1981 1994 2002 2006 in India 1992 -- 93 2000 -- 01 2004 -- 05 International cricket tours of England ( hide ) Test and LOI tours Australia 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1893 1896 1899 1902 1905 1909 1912 1921 1926 1930 1934 1938 1948 1953 1956 1961 1964 1968 1972 1977 1980 1981 1985 1993 2001 2005 2009 2012 2013 2015 2018 2019 Bangladesh 2005 India 1932 1936 1946 1952 1959 1967 1971 1979 1982 1986 1990 2002 2007 2011 2014 2018 Ireland 2017 New Zealand 1931 1937 1949 1958 1965 1969 1973 1978 1986 1990 1994 1999 2008 2013 2015 Pakistan 1954 1962 1967 1971 1978 1982 2001 2006 2016 2018 2019 South Africa 1907 1912 1924 1929 1935 1947 1951 1955 1960 1965 1994 1998 2003 2008 2012 2017 Sri Lanka 1984 1988 1991 1998 2002 2006 2011 2014 2016 West Indies 1928 1933 1939 1950 1957 1963 1966 1969 1973 1976 1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2007 2009 2011 2012 2017 Zimbabwe 2000 2003 ( hide ) Major tournaments hosted Multiple teams 1912 1979 1999 2009 2013 2017 2019 ( hide ) Other tours Australian 1868 1878 1919 1945 1988 2009 Bangladeshi 1998 Canadian 1880 1887 1922 1936 1954 Indian 1886 1888 1911 Kenyan 1984 Multi-national 1932 1970 1972 New Zealand 1927 1945 Philadelphian 1884 1889 1897 1903 1908 South African 1894 1901 1904 1961 Sri Lankan 1979 1981 1990 West Indian 1900 1906 1923 1964 Zimbabwean 1982 1985 1986 1990 1993 ( hide ) Other tournaments hosted Multiple teams 1979 1982 1986 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1932&oldid=827206956 '' Categories : 1932 in English cricket 1932 in Indian cricket English cricket seasons from 1919 to 1945 Indian cricket tours of England International cricket competitions from 1918 -- 19 to 1945 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2015 Use Indian English from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी ଓଡ଼ିଆ Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 11 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did india enter the world of test cricket	[ "The Indian cricket team toured England in the 1932 season under the title of \"All-India\".[1] They were captained by the Maharaja of Porbandar. It was the national team's second tour of England following the one in 1911. India had just been granted the status of ICC Full Member and they played their inaugural Test match at Lord's in June. It was the only Test arranged on this tour and England won by 158 runs after scoring 259 and 275/8d in the two innings while India were bowled out for 189 and 187.[2]" ]	[ "1932" ]
4958788731489476421	The Golden Compass (film)	The Golden Compass ( film ) - wikipedia The Golden Compass ( film ) The Golden Compass Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Weitz Produced by Bill Carraro Deborah Forte Screenplay by Chris Weitz Based on Northern Lights by Philip Pullman Starring Nicole Kidman Dakota Blue Richards Daniel Craig Sam Elliott Eva Green Ian McKellen Ian McShane Freddie Highmore Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Henry Braham Edited by Anne V. Coates Peter Honess Kevin Tent Production company New Line Cinema Ingenious Film Partners Scholastic Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures ( United States ) Entertainment Film Distributors ( United Kingdom ) Release date November 27 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 27 ) ( London ) December 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) ( United Kingdom ) December 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 07 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $180 million Box office $372 million The Golden Compass is a 2007 fantasy adventure film based on Northern Lights , the first novel in Philip Pullman 's trilogy His Dark Materials . Written and directed by Chris Weitz , it stars Nicole Kidman , Dakota Blue Richards , Daniel Craig , Sam Elliott , Eva Green and Ian McKellen . The project was announced in February 2002 , but difficulties over the script and the selection of a director caused significant delays . At US $180 million , it was one of New Line Cinema 's most expensive projects ever , and its disappointing results in the USA contributed to New Line 's February 2008 restructuring . The film depicts the adventures of Lyra Belacqua , an orphan living in a parallel universe on a world that looks much like our own . In Lyra 's world , a dogmatic ruling power called the Magisterium opposes free inquiry . Poor , orphan and Gyptian children are disappearing at the hands of a group that the children call the Gobblers . When Lyra discovers that the powerful Mrs. Coulter , who is hosting Lyra at her house , is running the Gobblers , she flees . Rescued by the Gyptians , Lyra joins them on a trip to the far North , the land of the armoured polar bears , in search of the missing children . Before its release , the film received criticism from secularist organisations and fans of His Dark Materials for the dilution of elements of the story which were critical of religion , as well as from some religious organisations for the source material 's anti-Catholic themes . The studio ordered significant changes late in post-production , which Weitz later called a `` terrible '' experience . Although the film 's visual effects ( which Weitz has called the film 's `` most successful element '' ) won both a BAFTA and an Academy Award , critical reception was mixed and revenue lower than anticipated . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 3.3 Design 4 Differences from the novel 5 Controversies 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Cancelled sequels 9 Music 10 Video game 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) The story takes place in an alternate world dominated by a powerful church called the Magisterium , and where part of the spirit resides outside a person as an animal companion called a dæmon . Lyra Belacqua ( Dakota Blue Richards ) is an orphan raised at Jordan College in Oxford , while her uncle , esteemed explorer and scholar Lord Asriel ( Daniel Craig ) , is busy seeking the elusive Dust , a cosmic particle of which the Magisterium has forbidden even the mention . When Asriel returns from his latest expedition , Lyra and her dæmon Pantalaimon ( Freddie Highmore ) witness a Magisterium agent poison his wine . Lyra warns her uncle , saving his life ; then she watches Asriel give a presentation regarding his findings on the North Pole , where he was able to prove the Dust 's existence . The college gives Asriel a grant to fund another expedition that could lead to the discovery of the infinite worlds linked by Dust , which would severely undermine the Magisterium 's hold on the world . At dinner , Lyra meets Mrs. Coulter ( Nicole Kidman ) , a wealthy , powerful woman who is presented as `` a friend of the college '' . Mrs. Coulter insists on taking Lyra on a trip north as her assistant . Before Lyra leaves , the Master of the college entrusts her with the only remaining alethiometer , a compass - like artifact that reveals the truth . The Magisterium has seized or destroyed all the others . He instructs her to keep it secret , especially from Mrs. Coulter . Mrs. Coulter takes Lyra into her home , in a big city that resembles a retrofuturistic London , and starts taking her to socialite dinners and parties . In her bedroom , Lyra gazes upon the alethiometer and notices that it continuously points to a lady , a lightning bolt and a baby . She does not know what to make of her observation , however , and says nothing of it to Mrs. Coulter . Despite initially projecting the image of a free - spirited woman , she reveals herself to be extremely respectful of the Magisterium and its function . One night , Lyra casually mentions Dust ; this puts Mrs. Coulter on edge as she warns Lyra never to mention it again , and also insists that she stop carrying around the bag secretly containing the aleithiometer . Mrs. Coulter 's dæmon ( a golden monkey ) attacks Pantalaimon , causing Lyra to give in . Lyra and Pantalaimon discover that Mrs. Coulter is head of the General Oblation Board , also known as the `` Gobblers '' , who have been kidnapping local children . Lyra also learns that her best friend Roger and her Gyptian friend Billy have been both taken by the Gobblers . Lyra and Pantalaimon walk in on Mrs. Coulter 's dæmon attempting to steal the alethiometer and they escape into the streets . The Gobblers pursue her , but she is saved by Billy 's mother , who takes her to the ship of the King of the Gyptians , heading north to rescue all the captured children . Lyra shows the alethiometer to a wise Gyptian elder , Farder Coram ( Tom Courtenay ) , and it is revealed that she is able to decipher the device 's answers . After consulting with the Magisterium agent , Mrs. Coulter sends two mechanical spy - flies after Lyra . One is batted away but the other is caught and sealed in a can by Farder Coram , who explains that the spy - fly has a sting with a sleeping poison . Meanwhile , Lord Asriel has reached Svalbard , the kingdom of the Ice Bears , but he is captured by Samoyed tribesmen hired by Mrs. Coulter . One night , Lyra is visited on the ship by a witch queen , Serafina Pekkala ( Eva Green ) . She tells Lyra that the missing children are in an experimental station called Bolvangar . At a northern port , Lyra is befriended by a Texan aeronaut named Lee Scoresby ( Sam Elliott ) , who advises her to hire himself and his friend Iorek Byrnison ( Ian McKellen ) , an armoured bear Lee has come to rescue . Once a prince of his people , but now exiled in shame , the giant polar bear has been tricked out of his armour by the local townspeople . Using the alethiometer , Lyra tells Iorek where to find his armour . After recovering his armour , Iorek joins the Gyptian trek northward , along with Lee . While the group is camped for the night , Lyra rides on Iorek 's back to an abandoned building the alethiometer pointed her toward . There , Lyra finds an escaped , cowering Billy separated from his dæmon named Ratter , and realises that is what the Gobblers are doing to the kidnapped children , something they call `` intercision '' . Lyra reunites Billy with his mother just as the group is attacked by Samoyeds , who capture Lyra . Iorek and Lee follow her in Lee 's airship . Taken to the bear king Ragnar Sturlusson ( Ian McShane ) , Lyra tricks him into fighting Iorek one on one . At first , Ragnar , who had already beaten Iorek while usurping his throne , seems to have the upper hand in the fight , but Iorek eventually manages to kill his rival , becoming the new and rightful king . Iorek carries Lyra to a thin ice bridge near Bolvangar , but only Lyra is able to cross over before the bridge breaks . Upon reaching the station , Lyra is welcomed in and taken to eat dinner with the children , where she is reunited with Roger . While sneaking around , Lyra hears Mrs. Coulter tell the station scientists that Asriel has escaped capture and set up a laboratory , but Magisterium soldiers are on their way to arrest and execute him for heresy . She also hears the scientists talk about their experiments to sever the bond between a child and his or her dæmon . Caught spying , Lyra and Pantalaimon are thrown in the intercision chamber , and end up unconscious . On seeing Lyra in the chamber , Mrs. Coulter rescues her and takes her to her quarters . When Lyra wakes up , Mrs. Coulter explains to Lyra how , in her and the Magisterium 's view , the intercision is needed to save the children from the corrupting influence of the Dust . She also reveals she is Lyra 's mother , but was forced to give her away because at the time of her birth she was not married . Lyra correctly guesses that Asriel is her father . When Mrs. Coulter asks for the alethiometer , Lyra gives her the can containing the spy - fly instead . The fly stings Mrs. Coulter , knocking her and her dæmon out . Lyra runs to the room with the intercision machine and manages to destroy it , setting off a series of explosions that tear the facility apart . Outside , the fleeing children are attacked by Tartar mercenaries and their wolf dæmons . The battle is joined by Iorek , Lee Scoresby , the Gyptians , and a band of flying witches led by Serafina Pekkala . The Tartars are defeated and the children are rescued . Rather than returning south , Lyra , Roger , Iorek , Lee and Serafina fly further north in search of Asriel . Confirming Serafina 's prophecy of an upcoming war with Lyra at the centre , Lyra is determined to fight the Magisterium and stop their plans , which include taking over all the other worlds in the universe . Cast ( edit ) Nicole Kidman at the film 's premiere . Dakota Blue Richards as Lyra Belacqua , who embarks on a voyage to battle the forces of evil and rescue her best friend . New Line Cinema announced 12 - year - old Richards ' casting in June 2006 . It was her first acting role . Nicole Kidman as Mrs. Coulter , an influential woman who takes an interest in Lyra ( and later admits that she is Lyra 's mother ) . Kidman was author Philip Pullman 's preferred choice for the role ten years before production of the film , and despite initially rejecting the offer to star as she did not want to play a villain , she signed on after receiving a personal letter from Pullman . Daniel Craig as Lord Asriel , Lyra 's strict and mysterious adventurer uncle ( later revealed to be her father ) . In July 2006 , it was reported that Paul Bettany was in talks to play the role . Sam Elliott as Lee Scoresby , a Texan aeronaut who comes to Lyra 's aid . Pullman has singled out Elliott 's performance as one the film got `` just right '' . Eva Green as Serafina Pekkala , a witch queen . Jim Carter as John Faa , the king of the Gyptians . Clare Higgins as Ma Costa , member of a Gyptian family that aids Lyra . Ben Walker as Roger Parslow , Lyra 's best friend , who is kidnapped and taken north . Charlie Rowe as Billy Costa , son of Ma Costa , and Lyra 's friend . Christopher Lee as the Magisterium 's first high councilor. Lee 's casting was also at New Line 's behest , rather than that of Chris Weitz . Tom Courtenay as Farder Coram , Gyptian second - in - command and advisor to John Faa . Derek Jacobi as the Magisterial emissary . Simon McBurney as Fra Pavel , a Magisterial agent . Jack Shepherd as master of Jordan College . Magda Szubanski as Mrs. Lonsdale Edward de Souza as the Magisterium 's second high councilor . Voice cast ( edit ) Ian McKellen as Iorek Byrnison , a panserbjørn ( armored bear ) who becomes Lyra 's friend and comrade . Nonso Anozie had recorded lines for the part of Iorek Byrnison , but was replaced by McKellen at a late stage as New Line wanted a bigger name in the role . New Line president of production Toby Emmerich claimed that he `` never thought Anozie sounded like Iorek '' and while he initially trusted director Weitz 's casting decision , he `` never stopped thinking that this guy did n't sound right . '' The recasting was against Weitz 's wishes , though he later said `` if you 're going to have anyone recast in your movie , you 're happy it 's Ian McKellen . '' Freddie Highmore as Pantalaimon , Lyra 's dæmon . Pan was originally to be voiced by an older actor , but they called in Highmore instead , as it would be more of an intimate relationship if Pan and Lyra were the same age , and also would underscore the contrast between Lyra 's relationship with him versus her relationships with older male characters such as Lord Asriel , Lee Scoresby and Iorek . Ian McShane as Ragnar Sturlusson , king of the panserbjørner . Ragnar 's name in the book was Iofur Raknison , but the name was changed to prevent confusion between him and Iorek . However , in the German - language version of the film , the dialogue retains the name `` Iofur Raknison '' , whilst the subtitles reflect the change . Kathy Bates as Hester , Lee Scoresby 's jackrabbit dæmon . Kristin Scott Thomas as Stelmaria , Lord Asriel 's dæmon . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) `` Peter 's operation was so impressive that , well , I realised the distance between me and Peter Jackson ... At that moment , I realised the sheer scope of the endeavor . And I thought , ' You know what ? I ca n't do this ' . '' -- Director Chris Weitz on his initial departure from the project On February 11 , 2002 , following the success of New Line 's The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , the studio bought the rights to Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials trilogy . In July 2003 Tom Stoppard was commissioned to write the screenplay . Directors Brett Ratner and Sam Mendes expressed interest in the film , but a year later , Chris Weitz was hired to direct after approaching the studio with an unsolicited 40 - page treatment . The studio rejected the script , asking Weitz to start from scratch . Since Weitz was a fan of Stoppard , he decided not to read the adaptation in case he `` subconsciously poached things from him . '' After delivering his script , Weitz cited Barry Lyndon and Star Wars as stylistic influences on the film . In 2004 , Weitz was invited by The Lord of the Rings director Peter Jackson onto the set of King Kong in order to gather information on directing a blockbuster film , and to receive advice on dealing with New Line Cinema , for whom Jackson had worked on Lord of the Rings . After a subsequent interview in which Weitz said the novel 's attacks on organised religion would have to be softened , he was criticised by some fans , and on December 15 , 2004 , Weitz announced his resignation as director of the trilogy , citing the enormous technical challenges of the epic . He later indicated that he had envisioned the possibility of being denounced by both the book 's fans and its detractors , as well as a studio hoping for another Lord of the Rings . On August 9 , 2005 , it was announced that British director Anand Tucker would take over from Weitz . Tucker felt the film would thematically be about Lyra `` looking for a family '' , and Pullman agreed : `` He has plenty of very good ideas , and he is n't daunted by the technical challenges . But the best thing from the point of view of all who care about the story is his awareness that it is n't about computer graphics ; it is n't about fantastic adventures in amazing - looking worlds ; it 's about Lyra . '' Tucker resigned on May 8 , 2006 , citing creative disagreements with New Line , and Weitz returned to direct . Weitz said `` I 'm both the first and third director on the film ... but I did a lot of growing in the interim . '' According to producer Deborah Forte , Tucker wanted to make a smaller , less exciting film than New Line wanted . New Line production president Toby Emmerich said of Weitz 's return : `` I think Chris realised that if he did n't come back in and step up , maybe the movie was n't going to get made ... We really did n't have a Plan B at that point . '' Weitz was attracted back to the project after receiving a letter from Pullman asking him to reconsider . Since his departure , blueprints , production design and visual effects strategies had been put into position , and while Weitz admitted that his fears did not vanish , the project suddenly seemed feasible for the director . Filming ( edit ) Filming began at Shepperton Studios on September 4 , 2006 , with additional sequences shot in Switzerland and Norway . Filming also took place at the Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich , Chiswick House in London , and in Radcliffe Square , Christ Church , Oxford , Exeter College , Oxford , The Queen 's College , Oxford , The Historic Dockyard Chatham and Hedsor House in Buckinghamshire . Design ( edit ) Production Designer Dennis Gassner says of his work on the film : `` The whole project is about translation -- translation from something you would understand into something that is in a different vernacular . So , it 's a new signature , looking into another world that seems familiar but is still unique . There 's a term I use -- called ' cludging ' -- it 's taking one element and combining it with another element to make something new . It 's a hybrid or amalgamation , and that 's what this movie is about from a design perspective . It 's about amalgamating ideas and concepts and theoretical and physical environments . '' Rhythm and Hues Studios created the main dæmons , and Framestore CFC created all the bears . British company Cinesite created the secondary dæmons . Differences from the novel ( edit ) Numerous scenes from the novel did not feature in the film or were markedly changed . On December 7 , 2007 , New York magazine reviewed draft scripts from both Stoppard and Weitz ; both were significantly longer than the final version , and Weitz 's draft ( which , unlike Stoppard 's , did not feature significant additions to the source material ) was pronounced the best of the three . The magazine concluded that instead of a `` likely three hours of running time '' that included such scenes as Mrs. Coulter 's London party and Lyra 's meeting with a witch representative , the studio had opted for a `` failed '' length of under two hours in order to maximise revenue . On October 9 , 2007 , Weitz revealed that the final three chapters from Northern Lights had been moved to the film 's potential sequel , The Subtle Knife , in order to provide `` the most promising conclusion to the first film and the best possible beginning to the second , '' though he also said less than a month later that there had been `` tremendous marketing pressure '' to create `` an upbeat ending . '' ( The San Francisco Chronicle found this `` truncated '' ending abrupt . ) Author Pullman publicly supported these changes , saying that `` every film has to make changes to the story that the original book tells -- not to change the outcome , but to make it fit the dimensions and the medium of film '' . In addition to removing the novel 's unsettling ending , the film reverses the order in which Lyra travels to Bolvangar , the Gobbler 's outpost , and then Svalbard , the armoured bears ' kingdom . ( Neither deviation from the book features in Scholastic Publishing 's The Golden Compass : The Story of the Movie novelisation . ) In July 2009 , Weitz told a Comic Con audience that the film had been `` recut by ( New Line ) , and my experience with it ended being quite a terrible one '' ; he also told Time.com that he had felt that by `` being faithful to the book I was working at odds with the studio '' . In 2011 , Pullman told an audience at the British Humanist Association annual conference that he was also disappointed by this decision , and hoped that a director 's cut of the film would be released some day including the footage cut by New Line . In the book the Jordan College Master reluctantly poisons Lord Asriel 's wine ; in the film a visiting Magisterium official undertakes ( more willingly ) this action . The alethiometer is mentioned multiple times throughout the film as a `` golden compass '' . In the film , Billy Costa replaces Tony Makarios as the victim of intercision , and Tony is left out . Billy has the daemon Ratter , which is Tony 's in the book . Billy features in the first scene of the film , whereas , in the book , he is first seen at Bolvangar , and is saved before ever having to go through intercision . Tasha Robinson of The A.V. Club argued that through the use of a spoken introduction and other exposition - filled dialogue , the film fails by `` baldly revealing up front everything that the novel is trying to get you to wonder about and to explore slowly '' . Youyoung Lee wrote in a December 2007 Entertainment Weekly that the film `` leaves out the gore '' , such as the book 's ritualistic heart - eating that concludes the bear fight , `` to create family - friendlier fare '' . Lee also said that the film `` downplays the Magisterium 's religious nature '' , but Robinson argued that the depiction of the Church in the film is as `` a hierarchical organisation of formally robed , iconography - heavy priests who dictate and define morality for their followers , are based out of cathedrals , and decry teachings counter to theirs as ' heresy . ' ... doing ugly things to children under cover of secrecy '' . Robinson then asks , `` Who are most people going to think of besides the Catholic Church ? '' The film gives more prominence to scenes showing the Magisterium officials ' perspective than the novel . The novel rarely mentions explicitly the Magisterium 's intentions , relying on the gossip of others , and the comments of Mrs. Coulter . Although the character of Mrs. Coulter has black hair in the novel , Pullman responded to the blonde Kidman 's portrayal by saying `` I was clearly wrong . You sometimes are wrong about your characters . She 's blonde . She has to be . '' Controversies ( edit ) Several key themes of the novels , such as the rejection of religion and the abuse of power in a fictionalised version of the Church , were diluted in the adaptation . Director Weitz said that `` in the books the Magisterium is a version of the Catholic Church gone wildly astray from its roots '' , but that the organization portrayed in his film would not directly match that of Pullman 's books . Instead , the Magisterium represents all dogmatic organisations . Weitz said New Line Cinema had feared the story 's anti-religious themes would make the film financially unviable in the U.S. , and so religion and God ( `` the Authority '' in the books ) would not be referenced directly . Attempting to reassure fans of the novels , Weitz said that religion would instead appear in euphemistic terms , yet the decision was criticised by some fans , anti-censorship groups , and the National Secular Society ( of which Pullman is an honorary associate ) , which said `` they are taking the heart out of it , losing the point of it , castrating it ... '' and `` this is part of a long - term problem over freedom of speech . '' The Atlantic Monthly said also `` With $180 million at stake , the studio opted to kidnap the book 's body and leave behind its soul . '' The changes from the novel have been present since Tom Stoppard 's rejected version of the script , and Pullman expected the film to be `` faithful , '' although he also said , `` They do know where to put the theology and that 's off the film . '' A Christianity Today review of the film noted that `` ' Magisterium ' does refer , in the real world , to the teaching authority of the Roman Catholic Church , and the film ( is ) peppered with religiously significant words like ' oblation ' and ' heresy ' '' , adding that when one character smashes through the wall of a Magisterium building , the damaged exterior is `` decorated with ( Christian ) Byzantine icons . '' On October 7 , 2007 , the Catholic League called for a boycott of the film . League president William A. Donohue said he would not ordinarily object to the film , but that while the religious elements are diluted from the source material , the film will encourage children to read the novels , which he says denigrate Christianity and promote atheism for children . He cited Pullman telling The Washington Post in 2001 that he is trying to undermine the basis of Christian belief . The League hoped that `` the film ( would fail ) to meet box office expectations and that ( Pullman 's ) books attract few buyers '' , declaring the boycott campaign a success after a North American opening weekend which was lower than anticipated . One week after the film 's release , Roger Ebert said of the campaign , `` any bad buzz on a family film can be mortal , and that seems to have been the case this time . '' R. Albert Mohler Jr. , the president of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary , agreed that the broad appeal of the film was a dangerous lure to the novels , which he criticised for carrying a clear agenda to expose what ( Pullman ) believes is the `` tyranny of the Christian faith '' and for `` ( providing ) a liberating mythology for a new secular age . '' The Rev. Denny Wayman of the Free Methodist Church made the assertion that The Golden Compass is a `` film trying to preach an atheistic message '' . Other evangelical groups , such as The Christian Film and Television Commission , adopted a `` wait - and - see '' approach to the film before deciding upon any action , as did the Roman Catholic Church in England & Wales . Some religious scholars have challenged the view that the story carries atheistic themes , while in November 2007 , a review of the film by the director and staff reviewer of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ' Office for Film and Broadcasting appeared on the website of the Catholic News Service and in Catholic newspapers across the country . The review suggested that instead of a boycott , it may be appropriate for Catholic parents to `` talk through any thorny philosophical issues '' with their children . However , on December 10 , 2007 the review was removed from the website at the USCCB 's request . On December 19 , 2007 , the Vatican newspaper , L'Osservatore Romano , published an editorial in which it denounced the film as godless . Pullman said of Donohue 's call for a boycott , `` Why do n't we trust readers ? Why do n't we trust filmgoers ? Oh , it causes me to shake my head with sorrow that such nitwits could be loose in the world . '' In a discussion with Donohue on CBS 's Early Show , Ellen Johnson , president of American Atheists , said that rather than promote atheism , the film would encourage children to question authority , saying that would not be a bad thing for children to learn . Director Weitz says that he believes His Dark Materials is `` not an atheistic work , but a highly spiritual and reverent piece of writing , '' and Nicole Kidman defended her decision to star in the film , saying that `` I would n't be able to do this film if I thought it were at all anti-Catholic . '' Some commentators indicated that they believed both sides ' criticism would prove ultimately impotent and that the negative publicity would prove a boon for the film 's box office . Nonetheless , the film trilogy has not been continued , prompting actor Sam Elliott to blame censorship and the Catholic Church . Release ( edit ) The film premiered in London on November 27 , 2007 and was released on December 5 , 2007 in British cinemas by Entertainment Film Distributors and released on December 7 , 2007 in American cinemas by New Line Cinema . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc formats in the United Kingdom on April 28 , 2008 and the United States on April 29 , 2008 . The movie is closed - captioned by the National Captioning Institute on its first Home Video release . The extra material on the single - disc DVD consists of previews of upcoming New Line Cinema films . The two - disc edition includes a commentary from writer / director Chris Weitz , eleven `` making - of '' featurettes , a photo gallery , and theatrical and teaser trailers . The Blu - ray Disc features the same extras from the two - disc DVD edition . Exclusive to Blu - ray Disc is visual commentary picture - in - picture feature which enables viewers to access behind - the - scene features while watching the movie . Shortly before the film 's release , Weitz suggested that an extended cut of the film could be released on DVD , saying `` I 'd really love to do a fuller cut of the film '' ; he further speculated that such a version `` could probably end up at two and a half hours . '' This proposed cut would presumably not include the original ending : MTV reported in December 2007 that Weitz hoped to include that material at the beginning of a possible The Subtle Knife adaptation , and that a Compass Director 's Cut might feature `` a moment '' of it as a `` teaser '' . Cast members Craig and Green have echoed this hope for such a DVD cut ; so far , however , no official announcement has been made . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The North American opening weekend return was `` a little disappointing '' for New Line Cinema , earning US $25.8 million with total domestic box office of $70 million compared to an estimated $180 million production budget . Despite this , the film 's fortunes rebounded as its performance outside the United States was described as `` stellar '' by Variety , and as `` astonishing '' by New Line . In the United Kingdom , the film grossed $53,198,635 and became the second - highest - grossing non-sequel of 2007 there ( behind The Simpsons Movie ) . In Japan , the film was officially released in March 2008 on 700 screens , ultimately grossing $33,501,399 ; but previews of the film between February 23 -- 24 , 2008 , earned $2.5 million . By July 6 , 2008 , it had earned $302,127,136 internationally , totaling $372,234,864 worldwide . Overseas rights to the film were sold to fund the $180 million production budget for the film , so most of these profits did not go to New Line . This has been cited as a possible `` last straw '' in Time Warner 's decision to merge New Line Cinema into Warner Bros. Pictures . Critical response ( edit ) Reviews of The Golden Compass were mixed . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a 43 % rating , based on 192 reviews . The critical consensus reads : `` Without the bite or the controversy of the source material , The Golden Compass is reduced to impressive visuals overcompensating for lax storytelling . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 51 , based on 33 reviews . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times said that the film `` crams so many events , characters , ( ... ) twists and turns , sumptuously appointed rooms and ethereally strange vistas ( ... ) that ( it ) risks losing you in the whirl '' and that while The Golden Compass is `` an honorable work , '' it is `` hampered by its fealty to the book and its madly rushed pace . '' James Berardinelli of ReelReviews gave the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 , calling it `` adequate , but not inspired '' and criticising the first hour for its rushed pace and sketchily - developed characters . James Christopher of The Times was disappointed , praising the `` marvellous '' special effects and casting , but saying that the `` books weave a magic the film simply can not match '' and citing a `` lack of genuine drama . '' Time rated it a `` B '' and called it a `` good , if familiar fantasy , '' saying `` The find is Dakota Blue Richards ( ... ) who 's both grounded and magical . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rated it four stars out of five , praising Nicole Kidman 's casting and saying it had `` no other challengers as ( 2007 's ) big Christmas movie . '' Leonard Maltin gave the film three out of four stars , and said that `` Richards is persuasive '' and that it `` does a good job of introducing us to an unfamiliar world . '' Critic Roger Ebert awarded the film four out of four stars and called it `` a darker , deeper fantasy epic than the `` Rings '' trilogy ( The Lord of the Rings ) , The Chronicles of Narnia or the Potter films , '' saying that it `` creates villains that are more complex and poses more intriguing questions . As a visual experience , it is superb . As an escapist fantasy , it is challenging ( ... ) I think ( it ) is a wonderfully good - looking movie , with exciting passages and a captivating heroine . '' Pullman himself was described by a Times interviewer as sounding `` ambivalent '' and `` guarded '' about the film , saying in March 2008 : `` A lot of things about it were good ... Nothing 's perfect . Nothing can bring out all that 's in the book . There are always compromises '' . He hoped , however , that the rest of the trilogy would be adapted with the same cast and crew . In July 2009 , after this possibility had been exhausted , Weitz told Time.com that he thought the film 's special effects ended up being its `` most successful element . '' At the British Humanist Association conference in 2011 , Pullman said that there were not , after all , going to be more films with the same cast and crew . While praising the portrayals of his characters by Nicole Kidman and Dakota Blue Richards , Pullman said that he was disappointed with the final film and New Line 's re-editing of it . In 2014 Pullman called the film `` over-designed '' and criticised the screenplay : `` They needed an ending that would work for a single film , but one that would also work if it was the first of a trilogy . They wanted both a cliffhanger and a resolution . You just ca n't do that . '' Debbie Day of Premiere Magazine , said `` The Golden Compass ultimately fails as a film in its broad strokes and inadequate scene development . '' Accolades ( edit ) The Golden Compass won the 2008 BAFTA Film Award for Special Visual Effects and an Oscar for Best Visual Effects notably beating what many considered to be the front runner , Michael Bay 's Transformers which had swept the VES awards prior . It was also nominated for two Critics ' Choice Awards in 2007 ( `` Best Family Film , '' and `` Best Young Actress '' for Dakota Blue Richards ) , five Satellite Awards and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form . The Golden Compass was nominated for the National Movie Award for Best Family movie but lost to Disney / Pixar 's WALL - E . Awards and nominations Award Category Nominee Result Oscar Best Achievement in Visual Effects Michael L. Fink Bill Westenhofer Ben Morris Trevor Wood Won Oscar Best Achievement in Art Direction Dennis Gassner ( art director ) Anna Pinnock ( set decorator ) Nominated BAFTA Film Award Best Special Visual Effects Michael L. Fink Bill Westenhofer Ben Morris Trevor Wood Won Saturn Award Best Fantasy Film The Golden Compass Nominated Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Dakota Blue Richards Nominated Saturn Award Best Costume Ruth Myers Nominated Saturn Award Best Special Effects Michael L. Fink Bill Westenhofer Ben Morris Trevor Wood Nominated Excellence in Production Design Award Fantasy Film Dennis Gassner ( production designer ) Richard L. Johnson ( supervising art director ) Chris Lowe ( art director ) Andy Nicholson ( art director ) Tino Schaedler ( art director - digital sets ) James Foster ( standby art director ) Gavin Fitch ( assistant art director ) Helen Xenopoulos ( assistant art director ) Won AFI International Award Best Actress Nicole Kidman Nominated Critics Choice Award Best Young Actress Dakota Blue Richards Nominated Critics Choice Award Best Family Film The Golden Compass Nominated CDG Award Excellence in Fantasy Film Ruth Myers Won Gold Derby Award Visual Effects Michael L. Fink Ben Morris Bill Westenhofer Trevor Wood Nominated Golden Trailer Best Animation / Family TV Spot The Golden Compass Nominated Golden Trailer Best Animation / Family Poster The Golden Compass Nominated Hugo Award Best Dramatic Presentation - Long Form Chris Weitz ( written by / director ) Philip Pullman ( based on the novel by ) Nominated IFMCA Award Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction Film Alexandre Desplat Won IFMCA Award Film Score of the Year Alexandre Desplat Nominated IOFCP Award Best Visual Effects Michael Fink Bill Westenhofer Ben Morris Trevor Wood Nominated ALFS Award British Breakthrough - Acting Dakota Blue Richards Nominated Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing - Music in a Feature Film Gerard McCann ( supervising music editor ) Peter Clarke ( music editor ) Robert Houston ( additional music editor ) Andrew Dudman ( additional music editor ) Sam Okell ( additional music editor ) Stuart Morton ( additional music editor ) Nominated National Movie Award Best Family Film The Golden Compass Nominated National Movie Award Best Performance - Female Nicole Kidman Nominated National Movie Award Best Performance - Female Dakota Blue Richards Nominated Satellite Award Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media The Golden Compass Nominated Satellite Award Best Original Song Kate Bush ( for the song `` Lyra '' ) Nominated Satellite Award Best Cinematography Henry Braham Nominated Satellite Award Best Visual Effects Michael L. Fink Nominated Satellite Award Best Sound ( Mixing & Editing ) Mike Prestwood Smith Mark Taylor Glenn Freemantle Nominated SLFCA Award Best Animated or Children 's Film The Golden Compass Nominated SLFCA Award Best Visual / Special Effects The Golden Compass Nominated Genre Award Best Actress in a Movie Nicole Kidman Nominated VES Award Outstanding Visual Effects in an Effects Driven Motion Picture Michael L. Fink Susan MacLeod Bill Westenhofer Ben Morris Nominated World Soundtrack Award Soundtrack Composer of the Year Alexandre Desplat Nominated Taurus Award Best High Work Paul Herbert Nicholas Daines Nominated Yoga Award Worst Foreign Actress Nicole Kidman Won Yoga Award Worst Foreign Film Chris Weitz Won Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Dakota Blue Richards Nominated Young Artist Award Best Family Feature Film ( Fantasy or Musical ) The Golden Compass Nominated Cancelled sequels ( edit ) At the time of The Golden Compass 's theatrical release , Chris Weitz pledged to `` protect ( the ) integrity '' of the prospective sequels by being `` much less compromising '' in the book - to - film adaptation process . New Line Cinema commissioned Hossein Amini to write a screenplay based on the second book in the trilogy , The Subtle Knife , potentially for release in 2010 or 2011 , with the third book of the trilogy , The Amber Spyglass , to follow . However , New Line president Toby Emmerich stressed that production of the second and third films was dependent on the financial success of The Golden Compass . When The Golden Compass did not meet expectations at the United States box office , the likelihood of a sequel was downplayed by New Line . According to studio co-head Michael Lynne , `` The jury is still very much out on the movie , and while it 's performed very strongly overseas we 'll look at it early 2008 and see where we 're going with a sequel . '' In February 2008 , Weitz told The Daily Yomiuri , a Japanese newspaper , that he still hoped for the sequels ' production : `` at first it looked like we were down for the count because in the U.S. ( the film ) underperformed , but then internationally it performed ( better ) than expectations . So , a lot depends on Japan , frankly ... I think if it does well enough here we 'll be in good shape for that . '' Although producer Deborah Forte had , in March 2008 , expressed optimism that the sequels would be made , by October 2008 , the two planned sequels were officially placed on hold , according to New Line Cinema , because of financial concerns during the global recession . Sam Elliott , however , stated , `` The Catholic Church ... lambasted them , and I think it scared New Line off . '' In 2011 , Philip Pullman remarked at the British Humanist Association annual conference that due to the first film 's disappointing sales in the United States , there would not be any sequels made . Music ( edit ) The Golden Compass Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released January 22 , 2008 Recorded 2007 Genre Soundtrack Length 73 : 49 Label WaterTower Music Producer Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat soundtracks chronology Mr. Magorium 's Wonder Emporium ( 2007 ) Mr. Magorium 's Wonder Emporium 2007 The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) Afterwards ( 2008 ) Afterwards 2008 Singles from The Golden Compass `` Lyra '' Released : 2007 French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the film 's music . British singer Kate Bush wrote and performed the song `` Lyra '' which is played over the end credits . The film 's soundtrack album was released on January 22 , 2008 by WaterTower Music . Track listing All music composed by Alexandre Desplat ( except `` Lyra '' , written and performed by Kate Bush ) . No . Title Length 1 . `` The Golden Compass '' 2 : 20 2 . `` Sky Ferry '' 2 : 42 3 . `` Letters from Bolvangar '' 2 : 32 4 . `` Lyra , Roger and Billy '' 1 : 28 5 . `` Mrs. Coulter '' 5 : 19 6 . `` Lyra Escapes '' 3 : 43 7 . `` The Magisterium '' 1 : 58 8 . `` Dust '' 1 : 09 9 . `` Serafina Pekkala '' 1 : 49 10 . `` Lee Scoresby 's Airship Adventure '' 1 : 18 11 . `` Iorek Byrnison '' 5 : 27 12 . `` Lord Faa , King of the Gyptians '' 2 : 18 13 . `` The Golden Monkey '' 2 : 03 14 . `` Riding Iorek '' 4 : 39 15 . `` Samoyed Attack '' 1 : 21 16 . `` Lord Asriel '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Ragnar Sturlusson '' 6 : 19 18 . `` Ice Bear Combat '' 2 : 16 19 . `` Iorek 's Victory '' 1 : 27 20 . `` The Ice Bridge '' 1 : 32 21 . `` Rescuing the Children '' 2 : 19 22 . `` Intercision '' 2 : 48 23 . `` Mother '' 3 : 34 24 . `` Battle with the Tartars '' 4 : 29 25 . `` Epilogue '' 3 : 32 26 . `` Lyra '' ( written and performed by Kate Bush ) 3 : 19 Total length : 73 : 49 Video game ( edit ) Main article : The Golden Compass ( video game ) The video game for this film was released in November 2007 in Europe and December 2007 in North America and Australia for the PC , Wii , PlayStation 2 , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Portable , Nintendo DS and the Xbox 360 . It was developed by Shiny Entertainment and published by Sega . Players take control of the characters Lyra Belacqua and Iorek Byrnison in Lyra 's attempt to save her friend Roger from the General Oblation Board . As this game does not fully take into account the changes made by the final version of the film , a small amount of footage from the film 's deleted ending can be viewed near the end of the game , and the order in which Lyra travels to Bolvangar and Svalbard follows the book and not the film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; McNary , Dave ( December 6 , 2007 ) . `` Will ' Compass ' find audiences ? '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staff and agencies ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` New Line merged with Warner Bros Pictures '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Josh Tyler ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Comic Con : Chris Weitz Calls Golden Compass A Terrible Experience '' . Cinema Blend . ^ Jump up to : Devin Gordon ( November 27 , 2007 ) . `` A Director Confronts Some Dark Material '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Material '' . Empire . September 29 , 2006 . pp. 56 -- 7 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Erik Davis ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` Set Visit : ' The Golden Compass ' '' . Cinematical.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kidman Snubs ' villainous ' Pullman Role '' . Contactmusic.com . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kidman Confirmed for Compass '' . IGN . July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved March 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Philip Pullman answers your questions '' . BBC . December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kristin Scott Thomas In Golden Compass '' . Empire . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice of Iorek : Ian McShane '' . Bridge to the Stars . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved August 3 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Cieply ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` Fate of the Cosmos ( and of a Studio ) Hangs in the Balance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pretender to the Throne '' . Empire . December 2007 . pp. 122 -- 130 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pullman , Philip ( August 2005 ) . `` The Film '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Movie Preview : The Golden Compass '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Film London : Old Royal Naval College '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://kentfilmoffice.co.uk/2007/02/x-the-golden-compass-07-12-07/Kent Film Office The Golden Compass Film Focus Jump up ^ `` Production Notes '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` THE GOLDEN COMPASS - Movie Production Notes ... CinemaReview.com '' . www.cinemareview.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Animators on Movie '' . Bridge to the Stars . October 21 , 2006 . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinesite to Handle His Dark Materials '' . His Dark Materials.org . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Where Did ' The Golden Compass ' Go Astray ? And Was Tom Stoppard 's Original Script a Masterpiece ? '' . New York Magazine . December 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A message from Chris Weitz to His Dark Materials fans '' . HisDarkMaterials.org . October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath , Charles ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Unholy Production With a Fairy - Tale Ending '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Review : ' Golden Compass ' loses its way by Mick Lasalle in the San Francisco Chronicle . December 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` A message from Philip Pullman to His Dark Materials fans '' . HisDarkMaterials.org . October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Book Vs. Film : The Golden Compass '' . The Onion AV Club . December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lev Grossman ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` 12 Minutes 49 Seconds with Chris Weitz , Director of New Moon '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Reel Lit '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert Butler ( December 3 , 2007 ) . `` An Interview with Philip Pullman '' . Intelligent Life . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2008 . Retrieved March 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis Hannam ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` Philip Pullman film stripped of religious themes '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Weitz Interview '' . Bridge to the Stars . 2004 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Thorpe ( October 14 , 2007 ) . `` Religion row hits Pullman epic '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna Rosin ( December 1 , 2007 ) . `` How Hollywood Saved God '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Compass film review by Peter T. Chattaway , 12 / 06 / 07 '' . Christianity Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Film Sells Atheism To Kids ; Major Protest Launched '' . CatholicLeague.org . October 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Some Catholic Leaders Upset Over New Nicole Kidman Movie '' . Fox News . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bill Donohue ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` '' GOLDEN COMPASS '' SPIN DOCTORS `` . Catholic League . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mary McSweeney ( October 13 , 2007 ) . `` Catholic League condemns ' The Golden Compass ' '' . monstersandcritics.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Catholic League : `` GOLDEN COMPASS '' MISSES THE MARK `` . catholicleague.org . December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Answer Man '' . Chicago Sun - Times . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Compass -- A Briefing for Concerned Christians '' . Leadership University . December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Compass : 1 Star -- Disturbing '' . Cinema in Focus ( Free Methodist ) . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Catherine Donaldson - Evans ( October 29 , 2007 ) . `` Christian Groups Claim Pro-Atheist ' Stealth Campaign ' in Nicole Kidman Fantasy Film ' The Golden Compass ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : David Byers ( November 27 , 2007 ) . `` Philip Pullman : Catholic boycotters are ' nitwits ' '' . The Times . London . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donna Freitas , God in the dust : What Catholics attacking ' The Golden Compass ' are really afraid of , The Boston Globe , November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved on December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Laura Miller , Religious furor over ' The Golden Compass ' , Los Angeles Times , December 2 , 2007 . Retrieved on December 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harry Forbes , John Mulderig ( November 2007 ) . `` Golden Compass Review ( mirrored ) '' . Tomorrows Trust . Retrieved December 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` USCCB withdraws review of `` The Golden Compass '' `` . Catholic News Service . December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican blasts `` Golden Compass '' as Godless and hopeless `` . Reuters . December 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ CBS Early Show ( November 28 , 2007 ) . `` Is `` Golden Compass '' Anti-Catholic ? `` . CBS Early Show . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' The Golden Compass ' Too Anti-Christian , or Not Anti-Christian Enough ? '' . New York Magazine . October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Kaltenbach ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Golden Compass ' draws ire of the Catholic League '' . Baltimore Sun . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heritage , Stuart ( December 15 , 2009 ) . `` Who killed off The Golden Compass ? '' . London : Guardian . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Compass on DVD & Blu - ray '' . DVDTOWN . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Weitz Interview , Director The Golden Compass '' . MTV news . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Golden Compass ' Leftovers Pointing To A Potentially Packed Director 's Cut '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean Goodman ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` ' Golden Compass ' loses its way at U.S. box office '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( January 1 , 2008 ) . `` Foreign box office hits record levels '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Compass ' passes $300 M mark at box office '' . United Press International . January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Wray ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` Jobs to go as New Line Cinema merged into Warner Bros '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Josh Friedman ( December 10 , 2007 ) . `` ' Golden Compass ' points overseas '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved December 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Compass at Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Compass , The ( 2007 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Manohla Dargis ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` NYT Golden Compass review '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ James Berardinelli . `` Golden Compass review '' . ReelReviews . Retrieved December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James ( November 27 , 2007 ) . `` The Golden Compass review '' . The Times . London . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Time , December 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( November 26 , 2007 ) . `` The Review : The Golden Compass '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 7 , 2007 ) . `` The Golden Compass : : rogerebert.com : : Reviews '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Silverman , Rosa ( March 22 , 2008 ) . `` Exclusive interview with Philip Pullman '' . The Times . London . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walsh , John ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Gove , Catholics , the Taliban - and how Hollywood made a mess of The Golden Compass : The dark side of Philip Pullman '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Golden Compass , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ `` BAFTA Film Awards Winners 2008 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards nominations '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2008 . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` BFCA Nominees 2007 '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` New Line pulls in pic scribe -- Amini to pen second part of Pullman trilogy '' . Variety . Retrieved July 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Peter Sanders ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` New Line and Director Settle ' Rings ' Suit , Look to ' Hobbit ' '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Tom Baker ( 2008 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Does Golden Compass really put religion in the crosshairs '' . The Daily Yomiuri . Jump up ^ Adam Dawtrey ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Compass ' spins foreign frenzy '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ unknown ( October 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Golden Compass Sequels On Hold '' . WENN . Jump up ^ Guy Adams ( December 28 , 2008 ) . `` Can fantasy epics survive the Credit Crunch Chronicles ? '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alistair Foster ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Catholics ' forced film chiefs to scrap Dark Materials trilogy ' '' . The London Standard . Jump up ^ `` Kate Bush pens end credits song : `` Lyra '' `` . BridgeToTheStars.net . November 13 , 2007 . Retrieved November 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Compass game '' . Sega.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) The Golden Compass on IMDb The Golden Compass at AllMovie The Golden Compass at Rotten Tomatoes The Golden Compass at Metacritic The Golden Compass at Box Office Mojo Book Vs. Film : The Golden Compass by The A.V. Club The Golden Compass Production Notes hide Philip Pullman 's His Dark Materials Original novels Northern Lights The Subtle Knife The Amber Spyglass Companion books Lyra 's Oxford Once Upon a Time in the North The Book of Dust La Belle Sauvage Characters Lyra Belacqua Will Parry Lord Asriel Marisa Coulter Adaptations His Dark Materials ( stage play ) The Golden Compass ( film ) The Golden Compass ( video game ) Other Locations Races Dust Dæmons Category hide Films by Chris Weitz Films directed American Pie ( 1999 ) Down to Earth ( 2001 ) About a Boy ( 2002 ) The Golden Compass ( 2007 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2009 ) A Better Life ( 2011 ) Operation Finale ( 2018 ) Written only Antz ( 1998 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) The Mountain Between Us ( 2017 ) BNF : cb164610841 ( data ) GND : 7588094 - 5 SUDOC : 183356438 VIAF : 211750967 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Golden_Compass_(film)&oldid=844283443 '' Categories : 2007 films English - language films 2000s fantasy films American films American epic films American fantasy adventure films BAFTA winners ( films ) British fantasy adventure films British films British epic films Fantasy adventure films Films about orphans Films based on British novels Films based on fantasy novels Films directed by Chris Weitz Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films shot in Oxfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Norway Films shot in Switzerland Films that won the Best Visual Effects Academy Award His Dark Materials Rotoscoped films New Line Cinema films Films based on children 's books High fantasy films Roman Catholic church in fiction Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 22 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does freddie highmore play in the golden compass	[ "\nIan McKellen as Iorek Byrnison, a panserbjørn (armored bear) who becomes Lyra's friend and comrade. Nonso Anozie had recorded lines for the part of Iorek Byrnison, but was replaced by McKellen at a late stage as New Line wanted a bigger name in the role.[11] New Line president of production Toby Emmerich claimed that he \"never thought Anozie sounded like Iorek\" and while he initially trusted director Weitz's casting decision, he \"never stopped thinking that this guy didn't sound right.\" The recasting was against Weitz's wishes, though he later said \"if you're going to have anyone recast in your movie, you're happy it's Ian McKellen.\"[5]\nFreddie Highmore as Pantalaimon, Lyra's dæmon. Pan was originally to be voiced by an older actor, but they called in Highmore instead, as it would be more of an intimate relationship if Pan and Lyra were the same age, and also would underscore the contrast between Lyra's relationship with him versus her relationships with older male characters such as Lord Asriel, Lee Scoresby and Iorek.[citation needed]\nIan McShane as Ragnar Sturlusson, king of the panserbjørner. Ragnar's name in the book was Iofur Raknison, but the name was changed to prevent confusion between him and Iorek.[12] However, in the German-language version of the film, the dialogue retains the name \"Iofur Raknison\", whilst the subtitles reflect the change.\nKathy Bates as Hester, Lee Scoresby's jackrabbit dæmon.\nKristin Scott Thomas as Stelmaria, Lord Asriel's dæmon.\n" ]	[ "Pantalaimon" ]
1865584558390838019	Meteoroid	Meteoroid - wikipedia Meteoroid Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Meteorite . From a meteoroid to a meteor and meteorite : how a meteoroid enters the atmosphere to become visible as a meteor and impact the Earth 's surface as a meteorite A meteoroid ( / ˈmiːtiərɔɪd / ) is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space . Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids , and range in size from small grains to one - meter - wide objects . Objects smaller than this are classified as micrometeoroids or space dust . Most are fragments from comets or asteroids , whereas others are collision impact debris ejected from bodies such as the Moon or Mars . When a meteoroid , comet , or asteroid enters Earth 's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of 20 km / s ( 72,000 km / h ; 45,000 mph ) , aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light , both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing particles that it leaves in its wake . This phenomenon is called a meteor or `` shooting star '' . A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky is called a meteor shower . If that object withstands ablation from its passage through the atmosphere as a meteor and impacts with the ground , it is then called a meteorite . An estimated 15,000 tonnes of meteoroids , micrometeoroids and different forms of space dust enter Earth 's atmosphere each year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meteoroids 1.1 Composition 1.2 In the Solar System 1.3 Collision with Earth 's atmosphere 2 Meteors 2.1 History 2.2 Fireball 2.3 Effect on atmosphere 2.3. 1 Colours 2.3. 2 Acoustic manifestations 2.4 Meteor shower 2.5 Notable meteors 2.6 Gallery of meteors 3 Meteorites 3.1 Frequency of impacts 3.2 Impact craters 3.3 Gallery of meteorites 4 See also 4.1 Relating to meteoroids 4.2 Relating to meteors 4.3 Relating to meteorites 5 References 6 External links Meteoroids ( edit ) See also : Micrometeoroid Meteoroid embedded in aerogel ; the meteoroid is 10 μm in diameter and its track is 1.5 mm long 2008 TC 3 meteorite fragments found on February 28 , 2009 , in the Nubian Desert , Sudan In 1961 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) defined a meteoroid as `` a solid object moving in interplanetary space , of a size considerably smaller than an asteroid and considerably larger than an atom '' . In 1995 , Beech and Steel , writing in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society , proposed a new definition where a meteoroid would be between 100 μm and 10 meters across . In 2010 , following the discovery of asteroids below 10 m in size , Rubin and Grossman proposed a revision of the previous definition of meteoroid to objects between 10 μm and 1 m in diameter in order to maintain the distinction . According to Rubin and Grossman , the minimum size of an asteroid is given by what can be discovered from Earth - bound telescopes , so the distinction between meteoroid and asteroid is fuzzy . Some of the smallest asteroids discovered ( based on absolute magnitude H ) are 2008 TS with H = 33.2 and 2011 CQ 1 with H = 32.1 both with an estimated size of 1 meter . In April 2017 , the IAU adopted an official revision of its definition , limiting size to between 30 μm and 1 m in diameter , but allowing for a deviation for any object causing a meteor . Objects smaller than meteoroids are classified as micrometeoroids and interplanetary dust . The Minor Planet Center does not use the term `` meteoroid '' . Composition ( edit ) Almost all meteoroids contain extraterrestrial nickel and iron . They have three main classifications : iron , stone , and stony - iron . Some stone meteoroids contain grain - like inclusions known as chondrules and are called chondrites . Stony meteoroids without these features are called `` achondrites '' , which are typically formed from extraterrestrial igneous activity ; they contain little or no extraterrestrial iron . The composition of meteoroids can be inferred as they pass through Earth 's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the resulting meteor . Their effects on radio signals also give information , especially useful for daytime meteors , which are otherwise very difficult to observe . From these trajectory measurements , meteoroids have been found to have many different orbits , some clustering in streams ( see meteor showers ) often associated with a parent comet , others apparently sporadic . Debris from meteoroid streams may eventually be scattered into other orbits . The light spectra , combined with trajectory and light curve measurements , have yielded various compositions and densities , ranging from fragile snowball - like objects with density about a quarter that of ice , to nickel - iron rich dense rocks . The study of meteorites also gives insights into the composition of non-ephemeral meteoroids . In the solar system ( edit ) Most meteoroids come from the asteroid belt , having been perturbed by the gravitational influences of planets , but others are particles from comets , giving rise to meteor showers . Some meteoroids are fragments from bodies such as Mars or our moon , that have been thrown into space by an impact . Meteoroids travel around the Sun in a variety of orbits and at various velocities . The fastest move at about 42 kilometers per second through space in the vicinity of Earth 's orbit . This is escape velocity from the sun , equal to the square root of 2 times Earth 's speed , and is the upper speed limit of objects in the vicinity of Earth , unless they come from interstellar space . Earth travels at about 29.6 kilometers per second , so when meteoroids meet the atmosphere head - on ( which only occurs when meteors are in a retrograde orbit such as the Eta Aquarids , which are associated with the retrograde Halley 's Comet ) the combined speed may reach about 71 kilometers per second ( see Specific energy # Astrodynamics ) . Meteoroids moving through Earth 's orbital space average about 20 km / s . On January 17 , 2013 at 05 : 21 PST , a 1 meter - sized comet from the Oort cloud entered Earth atmosphere over California and Nevada . The object had a retrograde orbit with perihelion at 0.98 ± 0.03 AU . It approached from the direction of the constellation Virgo ( which was in the south about 50 ° above the horizon at the time ) , and collided head - on with Earth 's atmosphere at 72 ± 6 km / s vapourising more than 100 km above ground over a period of several seconds . Collision with Earth 's atmosphere ( edit ) When meteoroids intersect with Earth 's atmosphere at night , they are likely to become visible as meteors . If meteoroids survive the entry through the atmosphere and reach Earth 's surface , they are called meteorites . Meteorites are transformed in structure and chemistry by the heat of entry and force of impact . A noted 4 - meter asteroid , 2008 TC 3 , was observed in space on a collision course with Earth on 6 October 2008 and entered Earth 's atmosphere the next day , striking a remote area of northern Sudan . It was the first time that a meteoroid had been observed in space and tracked prior to impacting Earth . NASA has produced a map showing the most notable asteroid collisions with Earth and its atmosphere from 1994 to 2013 from data gathered by U.S. government sensors ( see below ) . Meteors ( edit ) `` Meteor '' redirects here . For other uses , see Meteor ( disambiguation ) . Meteor seen from the site of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array ( ALMA ) World map of large meteoric events ( also see Fireball below ) A meteor , known colloquially as a `` shooting star '' or `` falling star '' , is the visible passage of a glowing meteoroid , micrometeoroid , comet or asteroid through Earth 's atmosphere , after being heated to incandescence by collisions with air molecules in the upper atmosphere , creating a streak of light via its rapid motion and sometimes also by shedding glowing material in its wake . Although a meteor may seem to be a few thousand feet from the Earth , meteors typically occur in the mesosphere at altitudes from 76 to 100 km ( 47 to 62 mi ) . The root word meteor comes from the Greek meteōros , meaning `` high in the air '' . Millions of meteors occur in Earth 's atmosphere daily . Most meteoroids that cause meteors are about the size of a grain of sand . Meteors may occur in showers , which arise when Earth passes through a stream of debris left by a comet , or as `` random '' or `` sporadic '' meteors , not associated with a specific stream of space debris . A number of specific meteors have been observed , largely by members of the public and largely by accident , but with enough detail that orbits of the meteoroids producing the meteors have been calculated . All of the orbits passed through the asteroid belt . The atmospheric velocities of meteors result from the movement of Earth around the Sun at about 30 km / s ( 18 miles / second ) , the orbital speeds of meteoroids , and the gravity well of Earth . Meteors become visible between about 75 to 120 km ( 47 to 75 mi ) above Earth . They usually disintegrate at altitudes of 50 to 95 km ( 31 to 59 mi ) . Meteors have roughly a fifty percent chance of a daylight ( or near daylight ) collision with Earth . Most meteors are , however , observed at night , when darkness allows fainter objects to be recognized . For bodies with a size scale larger than 10 cm to several meters meteor visibility is due to the atmospheric ram pressure ( not friction ) that heats the meteoroid so that it glows and creates a shining trail of gases and melted meteoroid particles . The gases include vaporised meteoroid material and atmospheric gases that heat up when the meteoroid passes through the atmosphere . Most meteors glow for about a second . History ( edit ) Although meteors have been known since ancient times , they were not known to be an astronomical phenomenon until early in the nineteenth century . Prior to that , they were seen in the West as an atmospheric phenomenon , like lightning , and were not connected with strange stories of rocks falling from the sky . In 1807 , Yale University chemistry professor Benjamin Silliman investigated a meteorite that fell in Weston , Connecticut . Silliman believed the meteor had a cosmic origin , but meteors did not attract much attention from astronomers until the spectacular meteor storm of November 1833 . People all across the eastern United States saw thousands of meteors , radiating from a single point in the sky . Astute observers noticed that the radiant , as the point is now called , moved with the stars , staying in the constellation Leo . The astronomer Denison Olmsted made an extensive study of this storm , and concluded that it had a cosmic origin . After reviewing historical records , Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers predicted the storm 's return in 1867 , which drew the attention of other astronomers to the phenomenon . Hubert A. Newton 's more thorough historical work led to a refined prediction of 1866 , which proved to be correct . With Giovanni Schiaparelli 's success in connecting the Leonids ( as they are now called ) with comet Tempel - Tuttle , the cosmic origin of meteors was now firmly established . Still , they remain an atmospheric phenomenon , and retain their name `` meteor '' from the Greek word for `` atmospheric '' . Fireball ( edit ) Main article : List of bolides Play media Footage of a superbolide , a very bright fireball that exploded over Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia in 2013 A fireball is a brighter - than - usual meteor . The International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) defines a fireball as `` a meteor brighter than any of the planets '' ( apparent magnitude − 4 or greater ) . The International Meteor Organization ( an amateur organization that studies meteors ) has a more rigid definition . It defines a fireball as a meteor that would have a magnitude of − 3 or brighter if seen at zenith . This definition corrects for the greater distance between an observer and a meteor near the horizon . For example , a meteor of magnitude − 1 at 5 degrees above the horizon would be classified as a fireball because , if the observer had been directly below the meteor , it would have appeared as magnitude − 6 . Fireballs reaching apparent magnitude − 14 or brighter are called bolides . The IAU has no official definition of `` bolide '' , and generally considers the term synonymous with `` fireball '' . Astronomers often use `` bolide '' to identify an exceptionally bright fireball , particularly one that explodes . They are sometimes called detonating fireballs ( also see List of meteor air bursts ) . It may also be used to mean a fireball which creates audible sounds . In the late twentieth century , bolide has also come to mean any object that hits Earth and explodes , with no regard to its composition ( asteroid or comet ) . The word bolide comes from the Greek βολίς ( bolis ) which can mean a missile or to flash . If the magnitude of a bolide reaches − 17 or brighter it is known as a superbolide . A relatively small percentage of fireballs hit Earth 's atmosphere and then pass out again : these are termed Earth - grazing fireballs . Such an event happened in broad daylight over North America in 1972 . Another rare phenomena is a meteor procession , where the meteor breaks up into several fireballs traveling nearly parallel to the surface of Earth . A steadily growing number of fireballs are recorded at the American Meteor Society every year . There are probably more than 500,000 fireballs a year , but most will go unnoticed because most will occur over the ocean and half will occur during daytime . Fireball Sightings reported to the American Meteor Society Year 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Number 726 692 948 1,629 2,326 3,556 3,751 4,210 3,577 Effect on atmosphere ( edit ) `` Ionization trail '' and `` Dark flight ( astronomy ) '' redirect here . For the movie , see Dark Flight . Ionization trail of a Perseid meteor seen against the constellation Corona Borealis with its ring of stars The entry of meteoroids into Earth 's atmosphere produces three main effects : ionization of atmospheric molecules , dust that the meteoroid sheds , and the sound of passage . During the entry of a meteoroid or asteroid into the upper atmosphere , an ionization trail is created , where the air molecules are ionized by the passage of the meteor . Such ionization trails can last up to 45 minutes at a time . Small , sand - grain sized meteoroids are entering the atmosphere constantly , essentially every few seconds in any given region of the atmosphere , and thus ionization trails can be found in the upper atmosphere more or less continuously . When radio waves are bounced off these trails , it is called meteor burst communications . Meteor radars can measure atmospheric density and winds by measuring the decay rate and Doppler shift of a meteor trail . Most meteoroids burn up when they enter the atmosphere . The left - over debris is called meteoric dust or just meteor dust . Meteor dust particles can persist in the atmosphere for up to several months . These particles might affect climate , both by scattering electromagnetic radiation and by catalyzing chemical reactions in the upper atmosphere . Meteoroids or their fragments may achieve dark flight after deceleration to terminal velocity . Dark flight starts when they decelerate to about 2 -- 4 km / s ( 4,500 -- 8,900 mph ) . Larger fragments will fall further down the strewn field . Colours ( edit ) A meteor of the Leonid meteor shower , the photograph shows the meteor , afterglow , and wake as distinct components The visible light produced by a meteor may take on various hues , depending on the chemical composition of the meteoroid , and the speed of its movement through the atmosphere . As layers of the meteoroid abrade and ionize , the colour of the light emitted may change according to the layering of minerals . Colours of meteors depend on the relative influence of the metallic content of the meteoroid versus the superheated air plasma , which its passage engenders : Orange - yellow ( sodium ) Yellow ( iron ) Blue - green ( magnesium ) Violet ( calcium ) Red ( atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen ) Acoustic manifestations ( edit ) Sound generated by a meteor in the upper atmosphere , such as a sonic boom , typically arrives many seconds after the visual light from a meteor disappears . Occasionally , as with the Leonid meteor shower of 2001 , `` crackling '' , `` swishing '' , or `` hissing '' sounds have been reported , occurring at the same instant as a meteor flare . Similar sounds have also been reported during intense displays of Earth 's auroras . Theories on the generation of these sounds may partially explain them . For example , scientists at NASA suggested that the turbulent ionized wake of a meteor interacts with Earth 's magnetic field , generating pulses of radio waves . As the trail dissipates , megawatts of electromagnetic power could be released , with a peak in the power spectrum at audio frequencies . Physical vibrations induced by the electromagnetic impulses would then be heard if they are powerful enough to make grasses , plants , eyeglass frames , and other conductive materials vibrate . This proposed mechanism , although proven to be plausible by laboratory work , remains unsupported by corresponding measurements in the field . Sound recordings made under controlled conditions in Mongolia in 1998 support the contention that the sounds are real . ( Also see Bolide . ) Meteor shower ( edit ) Main articles : Meteor shower and List of meteor showers Multiple meteors photographed over an extended exposure time during a meteor shower Meteor shower on chart A meteor shower is the result of an interaction between a planet , such as Earth , and streams of debris from a comet or other source . The passage of Earth through cosmic debris from comets and other sources is a recurring event in many cases . Comets can produce debris by water vapor drag , as demonstrated by Fred Whipple in 1951 , and by breakup . Each time a comet swings by the Sun in its orbit , some of its ice vaporizes and a certain amount of meteoroids will be shed . The meteoroids spread out along the entire orbit of the comet to form a meteoroid stream , also known as a `` dust trail '' ( as opposed to a comet 's `` dust tail '' caused by the very small particles that are quickly blown away by solar radiation pressure ) . The frequency of fireball sightings increases by about 10 - 30 % during the weeks of vernal equinox . Even meteorite falls are more common during the northern hemisphere 's spring season . Although this phenomenon has been known for quite some time , the reason behind the anomaly is not fully understood by scientists . Some researchers attribute this to an intrinsic variation in the meteoroid population along Earth 's orbit , with a peak in big fireball - producing debris around spring and early summer . Others have pointed out that during this period the ecliptic is ( in the northern hemisphere ) high in the sky in the late afternoon and early evening . This means that fireball radiants with an asteroidal source are high in the sky ( facilitating relatively high rates ) at the moment the meteoroids `` catch up '' with Earth , coming from behind going in the same direction as Earth . This causes relatively low relative speeds and from this low entry speeds , which facilitates survival of meteorites . It also generates high fireball rates in the early evening , increasing chances of eye witness reports . This explains a part , but perhaps not all of the seasonal variation . Research is in progress for mapping the orbits of the meteors to gain a better understanding of the phenomenon . Notable meteors ( edit ) See also : Near - Earth object § Notable objects 1992 -- Peekskill , New York The Peekskill Meteorite was filmed on October 9 , 1992 by at least 16 independent videographers . Eyewitness accounts indicate the fireball entry of the Peekskill meteorite started over West Virginia at 23 : 48 UT ( ± 1 min ) . The fireball , which traveled in a northeasterly direction , had a pronounced greenish colour , and attained an estimated peak visual magnitude of − 13 . During a luminous flight time that exceeded 40 seconds the fireball covered a ground path of some 700 to 800 km . One meteorite recovered at Peekskill , New York , for which the event and object gained their name , had a mass of 12.4 kg ( 27 lb ) and was subsequently identified as an H6 monomict breccia meteorite . The video record suggests that the Peekskill meteorite had several companions over a wide area . The companions are unlikely to be recovered in the hilly , wooded terrain in the vicinity of Peekskill . 2009 -- Bone , Indonesia A large fireball was observed in the skies near Bone , Indonesia on October 8 , 2009 . This was thought to be caused by an asteroid approximately 10 meters in diameter . The fireball contained an estimated energy of 50 kilotons of TNT , or about twice the Nagasaki atomic bomb . No injuries were reported . 2009 -- Southwestern US A large bolide was reported on 18 November 2009 over southeastern California , northern Arizona , Utah , Wyoming , Idaho and Colorado . At 00 : 07 local time a security camera at the high altitude W.L. Eccles Observatory ( 2930 m above sea level ) recorded a movie of the passage of the object to the north . Of particular note in this video is the spherical `` ghost '' image slightly trailing the main object ( this is likely a lens reflection of the intense fireball ) , and the bright fireball explosion associated with the breakup of a substantial fraction of the object . An object trail can be seen to continue northward after the bright fireball event . The shock from the final breakup triggered seven seismological stations in northern Utah ; a timing fit to the seismic data yielded a terminal location of the object at 40.286 N , - 113.191 W , altitude 27 km . This is above the Dugway Proving Grounds , a closed Army testing base . 2013 -- Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia The Chelyabinsk meteor was an extremely bright , exploding fireball , known as superbolide , measuring about 17 to 20 meters across , with an estimated initial mass of 11,000 tonnes , as the relatively small asteroid entered Earth 's atmosphere . It was the largest known natural object to have entered Earth 's atmosphere since the Tunguska event in 1908 . Over 1,500 people were injured mostly by glass from shattered windows caused by the air burst approximately 25 to 30 km above the environs of Chelyabinsk , Russia on 15 February 2013 . An increasingly bright streak was observed during morning daylight with a large contrail lingering behind . At no less than 1 minute and up to at least 3 minutes after the object peaked in intensity ( depending on distance from trail ) , a large concussive blast was heard that shattered windows and set - off car alarms , which was followed by a number of smaller explosions . Gallery of meteors ( edit ) Orionid meteor Sporadic bolide over the desert of Central Australia and a Lyrid ( top edge ) Meteor ( center ) seen from the International Space Station Possible meteor ( center ) photographed from Mars , March 7 , 2004 , by MER Spirit Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter : The sequence shows fragment W turning into a fireball on the planet 's dark side Meteorites ( edit ) Main article : Meteorite Murnpeowie meteorite , an iron meteorite with regmaglypts resembling thumbprints ( Australia , 1910 ) A meteorite is a portion of a meteoroid or asteroid that survives its passage through the atmosphere and hits the ground without being destroyed . Meteorites are sometimes , but not always , found in association with hypervelocity impact craters ; during energetic collisions , the entire impactor may be vaporized , leaving no meteorites . Geologists use the term , `` bolide '' , in a different sense from astronomers to indicate a very large impactor . For example , the USGS uses the term to mean a generic large crater - forming projectile in a manner `` to imply that we do not know the precise nature of the impacting body ... whether it is a rocky or metallic asteroid , or an icy comet for example '' . Meteoroids also hit other bodies in the solar system . On such stony bodies as the Moon or Mars that have little or no atmosphere , they leave enduring craters . Frequency of impacts ( edit ) See also : Planet Earth collision probability with near - Earth objects The diameter of the largest impactor to hit Earth on any given day is likely to be about 40 centimeters ( 16 inches ) , in a given year about 4 meters , and in a given century about 20 meters . These statistics are obtained by the following : Over at least the range from 5 centimeters ( 2.0 inches ) to roughly 300 meters ( 980 feet ) , the rate at which Earth receives meteors obeys a power - law distribution as follows : N ( > D ) = 37 D − 2.7 ( \ displaystyle N ( > D ) = 37D ^ ( - 2.7 ) \ ) where N ( > D ) is the expected number of objects larger than a diameter of D meters to hit Earth in a year . This is based on observations of bright meteors seen from the ground and space , combined with surveys of near - Earth asteroids . Above 300 meters in diameter , the predicted rate is somewhat higher , with a two - kilometer asteroid ( one million - megaton TNT equivalent ) every couple of million years -- about 10 times as often as the power - law extrapolation would predict . Impact craters ( edit ) Main article : Impact crater Meteoroid collisions with solid Solar System objects , including the Moon , Mercury , Callisto , Ganymede , and most small moons and asteroids , create impact craters , which are the dominant geographic features of many of those objects . On other planets and moons with active surface geological processes , such as Earth , Venus , Mars , Europa , Io , and Titan , visible impact craters may become eroded , buried , or transformed by tectonics over time . In early literature , before the significance of impact cratering was widely recognised , the terms cryptoexplosion or cryptovolcanic structure were often used to describe what are now recognised as impact - related features on Earth . Molten terrestrial material ejected from a meteorite impact crater can cool and solidify into an object known as a tektite . These are often mistaken for meteorites . Gallery of meteorites ( edit ) Two tektites , molten terrestrial ejecta from a meteorite impact A partial slice of the Esquel pallasite Willamette Meteorite , from Oregon , USA Meteorite , which fell in Wisconsin in 1868 Marília Meteorite , a chondrite H4 , which fell in Marília , Brazil ( 1971 ) Children posing behind the Tucson Meteorite at the Arizona Museum of Natural History Meteorite with brecciation and carbon inclusions from Tindouf , Algeria See also ( edit ) Glossary of meteoritics Relating to meteoroids ( edit ) Interplanetary dust Micrometeoroid Near - Earth object Relating to meteors ( edit ) American Meteor Society Bolide Desert Fireball Network Green fireballs Hydrometeor International Meteor Organization Leonids List of meteor air bursts List of meteor showers Lyrids North American Meteor Network Orionids Perseids Tollmann 's hypothetical bolide Relating to meteorites ( edit ) Baetylus -- Sacred stones made from meteorites Impact crater Impact event Interplanetary dust cloud § Collecting interplanetary dust on Earth Meteorite Micrometeorite Tektite References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` meteoroid Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary '' . dictionary.cambridge.org . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Alan E. ; Grossman , Jeffrey N. ( January 2010 ) . `` Meteorite and meteoroid : New comprehensive definitions '' . Meteoritics & Planetary Science . 45 ( 1 ) : 114 -- 122 . Bibcode : 2010M&PS ... 45 ... 114R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1945 - 5100.2009. 01009. x. ) Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` What is the difference between asteroids and meteorites ? '' . Universe Today . Jump up ^ `` meteoroids '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meteoroid '' . National Geographic . Archived from the original on 7 October 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meteors & Meteorites '' . NASA . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid Fast Facts '' . NASA . 31 March 2014 . Retrieved 1 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary , Stuart ( 2011 - 12 - 22 ) . `` Survey finds not all meteors the same '' . ABC Science . ABC . ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary International Meteor Organization '' . International Meteor Organization ( IMO ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Millman , Peter M. ( 1961 ) . `` A report on meteor terminology '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 55 : 265 -- 267 . Bibcode : 1961JRASC ... 55 ... 265M . Jump up ^ Beech , Martin ; Steel , Duncan ( September 1995 ) . `` On the Definition of the Term Meteoroid '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 36 ( 3 ) : 281 -- 284 . Bibcode : 1995QJRAS ... 36 ... 281B. ) Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Search Engine : H > 29 ( mag ) '' . JPL Solar System Dynamics . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : ( 2011 CQ1 ) '' ( 2011 - 02 - 04 last obs ) . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Donald K. ; Chodas , Paul ; Chesley , Steve ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` Small Asteroid 2009 VA Whizzes By the Earth '' . NASA 's Near Earth Object Program Office . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Vincent Perlerin ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` Definitions of terms in meteor astronomy ( IAU ) '' . News . International Meteor Organization . 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Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Di Martino , Mario ; Cellino , Alberto ( 2004 ) . `` Physical properties of comets and asteroids inferred from fireball observations '' . In Belton , Michael J.S. ; Morgan , Thomas H. ; Samarasinha , Nalin ; et al. Mitigation of hazardous comets and asteroids . Cambridge University Press . p. 156 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82764 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rogers , John J.W. ( 1993 ) . A History of the Earth . Cambridge University Press . p. 251 . Jump up ^ `` Bolide '' . MyEtymology . Jump up ^ Adushkin , Vitaly ; Nemchinov , Ivan ( 2008 ) . Catastrophic events caused by cosmic objects . Springer . p. 133 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 6451 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : American Meteor Society . `` Fireball Logs '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Fireball FAQs '' . American Meteor Society . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ As of September 2016 Jump up ^ Kanipe , Jeff ( 14 September 2006 ) . `` Climate change : A cosmic connection '' . Nature . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Fireballs and Meteorite Falls '' . International Meteor Organization . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Fireball FAQS '' . American Meteor Society . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Editors . `` Background facts on meteors and meteor showers '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Alan ( 2002 ) . `` Psst ! Sounds like a meteor : in the debate about whether or not meteors make noise , skeptics have had the upper hand until now '' . Natural History . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vaivads , Andris ( 2002 ) . `` Auroral Sounds '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Auroral Acoustics '' . Laboratory of Acoustics and Audio Signal Processing , Helsinki University of Technology . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Sam M. ; Tuan , Tai - Fu ( 1973 ) . `` Auroral Audibility '' . Advances in Geophysics . Advances in Geophysics. 16 : 155 -- 259 . Bibcode : 1973AdGeo ... 16 ... 155S . doi : 10.1016 / S0065 - 2687 ( 08 ) 60352 - 0 . ISBN 9780120188161 . Jump up ^ Keay , Colin S.L. ( 1990 ) . `` C.A. Chant and the Mystery of Auroral Sounds '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 84 : 373 -- 382 . Bibcode : 1990JRASC ... 84 ... 373K . Jump up ^ `` Listening to Leonids '' . science.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Sommer , H.C. ; Von Gierke , H.E. ( September 1964 ) . `` Hearing sensations in electric fields '' . Aerospace Medicine . 35 : 834 -- 839 . PMID 14175790 . Extract text archive . Jump up ^ Frey , Allan H. ( 1 July 1962 ) . `` Human auditory system response to modulated electromagnetic energy '' . Journal of Applied Physiology . American Physiological Society . 17 ( 4 ) : 689 -- 692 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Full text archive . Jump up ^ Frey , Allan H. ; Messenger , Rodman ( 27 Jul 1973 ) . `` Human Perception of Illumination with Pulsed Ultrahigh - Frequency Electromagnetic Energy '' . Science . 181 ( 4097 ) : 356 -- 358 . Bibcode : 1973Sci ... 181 ... 356F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 181.4097. 356 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Full text archive . Jump up ^ Riley , Chris ( 1999 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Sound of shooting stars '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Whipple , Fred ( 1951 ) . `` A Comet Model . II . Physical Relations for Comets and Meteors '' ( PDF ) . Astrophysical Journal . pp. 464 -- 474 . Bibcode : 1951ApJ ... 113 ... 464W . doi : 10.1086 / 145416 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony . `` Spring is Fireball Season '' . science.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Langbroek , Marco ; Seizoensmatige en andere variatie in de valfrequentie van meteorieten , Radiant ( Journal of the Dutch Meteor Society ) , 23 : 2 ( 2001 ) , p. 32 Jump up ^ Coulter , Dauna ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) . `` What 's Hitting Earth ? '' . science.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Peekskill Meteorite 9 October 1992 Videos '' . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ; Ceplecha , Zedenek ; Hawkes , Robert L. ; Wetherill , George W. ; Beech , Martin ; Mossman , Kaspar ( 1994 ) . `` The orbit and atmospheric trajectory of the Peekskill meteorite from video records '' . Nature . 367 ( 6464 ) : 624 -- 626 . Bibcode : 1994Natur. 367 ... 624B . doi : 10.1038 / 367624a0 . Jump up ^ Wlotzka , Frank ( 1994 ) . `` Meteoritics '' . Meteoritical Bulletin # 75 . 28 ( 5 ) : 692 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1945 - 5100.1993. tb00641. x . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Donald K. ; Chodas , Paul ; Chesley , Steve ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Asteroid Impactor Reported over Indonesia '' . NASA / JPL Near - Earth Object Program Office . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` W.L. Eccles Observatory , November 18 , 2009 , North Camera '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` W.L. Eccles Observatory , November 18 , 2009 , North West Camera '' . YouTube . 2009 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Yeomans , Don ; Chodas , Paul ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15 , 2013 '' . NASA / JPL Near - Earth Object Program Office . Retrieved 2 March 2013 . Jump up ^ JPL ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) . `` Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Meteorite slams into Central Russia injuring 1100 - as it happened '' . Guardian . 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Illustrated Dictionary . 1976 . Second Edition . Oxford University Press. page 533 Jump up ^ `` What is a Bolide ? '' . woodshole.er.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brown , Peter ; Spalding , Richard E. ; ReVelle , Douglas O. ; Tagliaferri , Edward ; Worden , Simon P. ( 21 September 2002 ) . `` The flux of small near - Earth objects colliding with the Earth '' . Nature . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ French , Bevan M. ( 1998 ) . `` Traces of Catastrophe : A Handbook of Shock - Metamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures '' . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Africa 869 '' . Meteoritical Bulletin Database . The Meteoritical Society . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Meteor . Wikisource has original works on the topic : Meteoroids Look up meteoroid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up meteor in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . A History of Meteors and Other Atmospheric Phenomena American Meteor Society British Astronomical Society meteor page International Meteor Organization Live Meteor Screen Meteoroids Page at NASA 's Solar System Exploration Meteor shower predictions Meteor Showers and Viewing Tips Society for Popular Astronomy - Meteor Section Minor Planet Center : Asteroid Hazards , Part 2 : The Challenge of Detection on YouTube ( min . 7 : 14 ) Small Solar System bodies Minor planets Designation Groups List Moon Meanings of names Asteroid Aten asteroid Asteroid belt Family Jupiter trojan Near - Earth Spectral types Distant minor planet Centaur Damocloid Neptune trojan Trans - Neptunian object Detached Kuiper belt Oort cloud Scattered disc Comets Extinct Great Halley - type Hyperbolic Long - period Lost Main - belt Near - parabolic Periodic Sungrazing Other Meteoroids The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight List of crewed spacecraft Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Modern impact events On Earth Pre-2000 1490 Ch'ing - yang 1783 Great Meteor 1860 Great Meteor 1908 Tunguska 1913 Great Meteor Procession 1930 Curuçá River 1938 Chicora meteor 1947 Sikhote - Alin meteorite 1969 Murchison meteorite 1972 Great Daylight Fireball 1990 Earth - grazing meteoroid Post-2000 2002 Eastern Mediterranean 2002 Vitim 2007 Carancas 2008 TC3 impact 2009 Sulawesi superbolide 2012 Sutter 's Mill meteorite 2012 UK meteoroid 2012 Novato meteorite 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor Chelyabinsk meteorite 2014 AA impact 2014 Ontario fireball 2015 Kerala meteorite 2015 Thailand bolide WT1190F impact 2017 China bolide On Jupiter 1994 Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 2009 Jupiter impact 2010 Jupiter impact Lists Asteroid close approaches to Earth Comets Bolides Meteor air bursts Meteorite falls Minor planets crossing Earth 's orbit See also Asteroid impact avoidance Bolide Earth - grazing fireball Meteor procession Meteor shower Meteorite Meteoroid Near - Earth object Potentially hazardous object Planetary defense Main topics Asteroid Bolide Earth - grazing fireball Impact event List of meteor air bursts Meteor procession Meteor shower Meteorite Meteoroid Near - Earth object Potentially hazardous object Defense Asteroid impact avoidance Asteroid laser ablation Gravity tractor Ion - beam shepherd Asteroid close approaches Earth - crossing minor planets Damage scales Palermo scale Torino scale Space probes Dawn Deep Impact DART Halley Armada Hayabusa Hayabusa2 MASCOT NEAR Shoemaker NEA Scout New Horizons OSIRIS - REx PROCYON Rosetta Philae Stardust NEO tracking ATLAS Catalina Sky Survey LINEAR LONEOS NEAT NEOSSat NEOCam NEODyS OGS Telescope Orbit@home Pan-STARRS SCAP Sentinel Space Telescope Sentry Spacewatch WISE Organizations B612 Foundation Japan Spaceguard Association Meteoritical Society NEOShield Spaceguard The Spaceguard Foundation Space Situational Awareness Programme Planetary Defense Coordination Office Potential threats 1950 DA 1994 WR 101955 Bennu 2002 MN ( 410777 ) 2009 FD 2010 RF 99942 Apophis Films / video The End of the World ( 1916 ) When Worlds Collide ( 1951 ) Gorath ( 1962 ) The Green Slime ( 1968 ) The Paradise Syndrome ( 1968 ) A Fire in the Sky ( 1978 ) Meteor ( 1979 ) NOVA : Doomsday Asteroid ( 1995 ) Asteroid ( 1997 ) Deep Impact ( 1998 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) Judgment Day ( 1999 ) Post Impact ( 2004 ) Deadly Skies ( 2006 ) Super Comet : After the Impact ( 2007 ) Impact ( 2009 ) NOVA : Last Extinction ( 2009 ) Meteor Storm ( 2010 ) HORIZON : Asteroids -- The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 2010 ) Melancholia ( 2011 ) NOVA : Meteor Strike ( 2013 ) NOVA : Asteroid : Doomsday or Payday ? ( 2013 ) Impact Earth ( 2015 ) GND : 4202315 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteoroid&oldid=836494340 '' Categories : Meteoroids Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Tsetsêhestâhese Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 73 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 03 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you call a meteor that has fallen to earth	[ "When a meteoroid, comet, or asteroid enters Earth's atmosphere at a speed typically in excess of 20 km/s (72,000 km/h; 45,000 mph), aerodynamic heating of that object produces a streak of light, both from the glowing object and the trail of glowing particles that it leaves in its wake. This phenomenon is called a meteor or \"shooting star\". A series of many meteors appearing seconds or minutes apart and appearing to originate from the same fixed point in the sky is called a meteor shower. If that object withstands ablation from its passage through the atmosphere as a meteor and impacts with the ground, it is then called a meteorite." ]	[ "meteorite" ]
-7381351226759672949	Ligand-gated ion channel	Ligand - gated ion channel - wikipedia Ligand - gated ion channel `` Ionotropic '' redirects here , not to be confused with inotropic . Neurotransmitter - gated ion - channel transmembrane region Ligand - gated ion channel Identifiers Symbol Neur_chan_memb Pfam PF02932 InterPro IPR006029 PROSITE PDOC00209 SCOP 1cek SUPERFAMILY 1cek TCDB 1. A. 9 OPM superfamily 14 OPM protein 2bg9 show Available protein structures : Pfam structures PDB RCSB PDB ; PDBe ; PDBj PDBsum structure summary Ion - channel - linked receptor Ions Ligand ( such as acetylcholine ) When ligands bind to the receptor , the ion channel portion of the receptor opens , allowing ions to pass across the cell membrane . Ligand - gated ion channels ( LICs , LGIC ) , also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors , are a group of transmembrane ion - channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na , K , Ca , and / or Cl to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger ( i.e. a ligand ) , such as a neurotransmitter . When a presynaptic neuron is excited , it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft . The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron . If these receptors are ligand - gated ion channels , a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels , which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane . This , in turn , results in either a depolarization , for an excitatory receptor response , or a hyperpolarization , for an inhibitory response . These proteins are typically composed of at least two different domains : a transmembrane domain which includes the ion pore , and an extracellular domain which includes the ligand binding location ( an allosteric binding site ) . This modularity has enabled a ' divide and conquer ' approach to finding the structure of the proteins ( crystallising each domain separately ) . The function of such receptors located at synapses is to convert the chemical signal of presynaptically released neurotransmitter directly and very quickly into a postsynaptic electrical signal . Many LICs are additionally modulated by allosteric ligands , by channel blockers , ions , or the membrane potential . LICs are classified into three superfamilies which lack evolutionary relationship : cys - loop receptors , ionotropic glutamate receptors and ATP - gated channels . Contents 1 Cys - loop receptors 1.1 Structure 1.2 Cationic cys - loop receptors 1.3 Anionic cys - loop receptors 2 Ionotropic glutamate receptors 2.1 AMPA receptor 2.2 NMDA receptors 3 GABA receptors 3.1 GABA receptor 4 5 - HT3 receptor 5 ATP - gated channels 6 PIP - gated channels 7 Indirect modulation 7.1 G - protein - linked receptors 7.1. 1 GABA receptor 7.1. 2 Gα signaling 7.1. 3 Gβγ signaling 8 Clinical relevance 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Cys - loop receptors ( edit ) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in closed state with predicted membrane boundaries shown , PDB 2BG9 The cys - loop receptors are named after a characteristic loop formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues in the N terminal extracellular domain . They are part of a larger family of pentameric ligand - gated ion channels that usually lack this disulfide bond , hence the tentative name `` Pro-loop receptors '' . A binding site in the extracellular N - terminal ligand - binding domain gives them receptor specificity for ( 1 ) acetylcholine ( AcCh ) , ( 2 ) serotonin , ( 3 ) glycine , ( 4 ) glutamate and ( 5 ) γ - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) in vertebrates . The receptors are subdivided with respect to the type of ion that they conduct ( anionic or cationic ) and further into families defined by the endogenous ligand . They are usually pentameric with each subunit containing 4 transmembrane helices constituting the transmembrane domain , and a beta sheet sandwich type , extracellular , N terminal , ligand binding domain . Some also contain an intracellular domain like shown in the image . The prototypic ligand - gated ion channel is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor . It consists of a pentamer of protein subunits ( typically ααβγδ ) , with two binding sites for acetylcholine ( one at the interface of each alpha subunit ) . When the acetylcholine binds it alters the receptor 's configuration ( twists the T2 helices which moves the leucine residues , which block the pore , out of the channel pathway ) and causes the constriction in the pore of approximately 3 angstroms to widen to approximately 8 angstroms so that ions can pass through . This pore allows Na ions to flow down their electrochemical gradient into the cell . With a sufficient number of channels opening at once , the inward flow of positive charges carried by Na ions depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane sufficiently to initiate an action potential . While single - cell organisms like bacteria would have little apparent need for the transmission of an action potential , a bacterial homologue to an LIC has been identified , hypothesized to act nonetheless as a chemoreceptor . This prokaryotic nAChR variant is known as the GLIC receptor , after the species in which it was identified ; Gloeobacter Ligand - gated Ion C channel . Structure ( edit ) Cys - loop receptors have structural elements that are well conserved , with a large extracellular domain ( ECD ) harboring an alpha - helix and 10 beta - strands . Following the ECD , four transmembrane segments ( TMSs ) are connected by intracellular and extracellular loop structures . Except the TMS 3 - 4 loop , their lengths are only 7 - 14 residues . The TMS 3 - 4 loop forms the largest part of the intracellular domain ( ICD ) and exhibits the most variable region between all of these homologous receptors . The ICD is defined by the TMS 3 - 4 loop together with the TMS 1 - 2 loop preceding the ion channel pore . Crystallization has revealed structures for some members of the family , but to allow crystallization , the intracellular loop was usually replaced by a short linker present in prokaryotic cys - loop receptors , so their structures as not known . Nevertheless , this intracellular loop appears to function in desensitization , modulation of channel physiology by pharmacological substances , and posttranslational modifications . Motifs important for trafficking are therein , and the ICD interacts with scaffold proteins enabling inhibitory synapse formation . Cationic cys - loop receptors ( edit ) Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names Serotonin ( 5 - HT ) 5 - HT 5 - HT3A 5 - HT3B 5 - HT3C 5 - HT3D 5 - HT3E HTR3A HTR3B HTR3C HTR3D HTR3E 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT 5 - HT Nicotinic acetylcholine ( nAChR ) alpha α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 CHRNA1 CHRNA2 CHRNA3 CHRNA4 CHRNA5 CHRNA6 CHRNA7 CHRNA9 CHRNA10 ACHRA , ACHRD , CHRNA , CMS2A , FCCMS , SCCMS beta β1 β2 β3 β4 CHRNB1 CHRNB2 CHRNB3 CHRNB4 CMS2A , SCCMS , ACHRB , CHRNB , CMS1D EFNL3 , nAChRB2 gamma γ CHRNG ACHRG delta δ CHRND ACHRD , CMS2A , FCCMS , SCCMS epsilon ε CHRNE ACHRE , CMS1D , CMS1E , CMS2A , FCCMS , SCCMS Zinc - activated ion channel ( ZAC ) ZAC ZACN ZAC1 , L2m LICZ , LICZ1 Anionic cys - loop receptors ( edit ) Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names GABA alpha α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 GABRA1 GABRA2 GABRA3 GABRA4 GABRA5 GABRA6 EJM , ECA4 beta β1 β2 β3 GABRB1 GABRB2 GABRB3 ECA5 gamma γ1 γ2 γ3 GABRG1 GABRG2 GABRG3 CAE2 , ECA2 , GEFSP3 delta δ GABRD epsilon ε GABRE pi π GABRP theta θ GABRQ rho ρ1 ρ2 ρ3 GABRR1 GABRR2 GABRR3 GABA Glycine ( GlyR ) alpha α1 α2 α3 α4 GLRA1 GLRA2 GLRA3 GLRA4 STHE beta β GLRB Ionotropic glutamate receptors ( edit ) The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal , ligand binding , and transmembrane domain , PDB 3KG2 The ionotropic glutamate receptors bind the neurotransmitter glutamate . They form tetramers with each subunit consisting of an extracellular amino terminal domain ( ATD , which is involved tetramer assembly ) , an extracellular ligand binding domain ( LBD , which binds glutamate ) , and a transmembrane domain ( TMD , which forms the ion channel ) . The transmembrane domain of each subunit contains three transmembrane helices as well as a half membrane helix with a reentrant loop . The structure of the protein starts with the ATD at the N terminus followed by the first half of the LBD which is interrupted by helices 1 , 2 and 3 of the TMD before continuing with the final half of the LBD and then finishing with helix 4 of the TMD at the C terminus . This means there are three links between the TMD and the extracellular domains . Each subunit of the tetramer has a binding site for glutamate formed by the two LBD sections forming a clamshell like shape . Only two of these sites in the tetramer need to be occupied to open the ion channel . The pore is mainly formed by the half helix 2 in a way which resembles an inverted potassium channel . Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names AMPA GluA GluA1 GluA2 GluA3 GluA4 GRIA1 GRIA2 GRIA3 GRIA4 GLU , GluR1 , GluRA , GluR - A , GluR - K1 , HBGR1 GLU , GluR2 , GluRB , GluR - B , GluR - K2 , HBGR2 GLU , GluR3 , GluRC , GluR - C , GluR - K3 GLU , GluR4 , GluRD , GluR - D Kainate GluK GluK1 GluK2 GluK3 GluK4 GluK5 GRIK1 GRIK2 GRIK3 GRIK4 GRIK5 GLU , GluR5 , GluR - 5 , EAA3 GLU , GluR6 , GluR - 6 , EAA4 GLU , GluR7 , GluR - 7 , EAA5 GLU , KA1 , KA - 1 , EAA1 GLU , KA2 , KA - 2 , EAA2 NMDA GluN GluN1 NRL1A NRL1B GRIN1 GRINL1A GRINL1B GLU , NMDA - R1 , NR1 , GluRξ1 GluN2A GluN2B GluN2C GluN2D GRIN2A GRIN2B GRIN2C GRIN2D GLU , NMDA - R2A , NR2A , GluRε1 GLU , NMDA - R2B , NR2B , hNR3 , GluRε2 GLU , NMDA - R2C , NR2C , GluRε3 GLU , NMDA - R2D , NR2D , GluRε4 GluN3A GluN3B GRIN3A GRIN3B GLU , NMDA - R3A , NMDAR - L , chi - 1 GLU , NMDA - R3B ' Orphan ' ( GluD ) GluD1 GluD2 GRID1 GRID2 GluRδ1 GluRδ2 AMPA receptor ( edit ) The AMPA receptor bound to a glutamate antagonist showing the amino terminal , ligand binding , and transmembrane domain , PDB 3KG2 The α - amino - 3 - hydroxy - 5 - methyl - 4 - isoxazolepropionic acid receptor ( also known as AMPA receptor , or quisqualate receptor ) is a non-NMDA - type ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system ( CNS ) . Its name is derived from its ability to be activated by the artificial glutamate analog AMPA . The receptor was first named the `` quisqualate receptor '' by Watkins and colleagues after a naturally occurring agonist quisqualate and was only later given the label `` AMPA receptor '' after the selective agonist developed by Tage Honore and colleagues at the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy in Copenhagen . AMPARs are found in many parts of the brain and are the most commonly found receptor in the nervous system . The AMPA receptor GluA2 ( GluR2 ) tetramer was the first glutamate receptor ion channel to be crystallized . AMPA receptor trafficking Ligands : Agonists : Glutamate , AMPA , 5 - Fluorowillardiine , Domoic acid , Quisqualic acid , etc . Antagonists : CNQX , Kynurenic acid , NBQX , Perampanel , Piracetam , etc . Positive allosteric modulators : Aniracetam , Cyclothiazide , CX - 516 , CX - 614 , etc . Negative allosteric modulators : Ethanol , Perampanel , Talampanel , GYKI - 52,466 , etc . NMDA receptors ( edit ) Stylized depiction of an activated NMDAR The N - methyl - D - aspartate receptor ( NMDA receptor ) -- a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor -- is a voltage - dependent ligand - gated ion channel that is gated by the simultaneous binding of glutamate and a co-agonist ( i.e. , either D - serine or glycine ) . Studies show that the NMDA receptor is involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory . The name `` NMDA receptor '' is derived from the ligand N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) , which acts as a selective agonist at these receptors . When the NMDA receptor is activated by the binding of two co-agonists , the cation channel opens , allowing Na and Ca to flow into the cell , in turn raising the cell 's electric potential . Thus , the NMDA receptor is an excitatory receptor . At resting potentials , the binding of Mg or Zn at their extracellular binding sites on the receptor blocks ion flux through the NMDA receptor channel . `` However , when neurons are depolarized , for example , by intense activation of colocalized postsynaptic AMPA receptors , the voltage - dependent block by Mg is partially relieved , allowing ion influx through activated NMDA receptors . The resulting Ca influx can trigger a variety of intracellular signaling cascades , which can ultimately change neuronal function through activation of various kinases and phosphatases '' . Ligands : Primary endogenous co-agonists : glutamate and either D - serine or glycine Other agonists : aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid ; D - cycloserine ; L - aspartate ; quinolinate , etc . Partial agonists : N - methyl - D - aspartic acid ( NMDA ) ; NRX - 1074 ; 3 , 5 - dibromo - L - phenylalanine , etc . Antagonists : ketamine , PCP , dextropropoxyphene , ketobemidone , tramadol , kynurenic acid ( endogenous ) , etc . GABA receptors ( edit ) GABA receptors are major inhibitory neurotransmitter expressed in the major interneurons in animal cortex . GABA receptor ( edit ) GABA receptor schematic GABA receptors are ligand - gated ion channels . GABA ( gamma - aminobutyric acid ) , the endogenous ligand for these receptors , is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system . When activated , it mediates Cl flow into the neuron , hyperpolarizing the neuron . GABA receptors occur in all organisms that have a nervous system . Due to their wide distribution within the nervous system of mammals , they play a role in virtually all brain functions . Various ligands can bind specifically to GABA receptors , either activating or inhibiting the Cl channel . Ligands : Agonists : GABA , muscimol , progabide , gaboxadol Antagonists : bicuculine , gabazine Partial agonist : piperidine - 4 - sulfonic acid 5 - HT3 receptor ( edit ) 5 - HT3 receptor The pentameric 5 - HT3 receptor is permeable to sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , and calcium ( Ca ) ions . ATP - gated channels ( edit ) Figure 1 . Schematic representation showing the membrane topology of a typical P2X receptor subunit . First and second transmembrane domains are labeled TM1 and TM2 . Main article : P2X receptor ATP - gated channels open in response to binding the nucleotide ATP . They form trimers with two transmembrane helices per subunit and both the C and N termini on the intracellular side . Type Class IUPHAR - recommended protein name Gene Previous names P2X N / A P2X1 P2X2 P2X3 P2X4 P2X5 P2X6 P2X7 P2RX1 P2RX2 P2RX3 P2RX4 P2RX5 P2RX6 P2RX7 P2X P2X P2X P2X P2X P2X P2X PIP - gated channels ( edit ) Phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP ) binds to and directly activates inwardly rectifying potassium channels ( K ) . PIP is a cell membrane lipid , and its role in gating ion channels represents a novel role for the molecule . Indirect modulation ( edit ) In contrast to ligand - gated ion channels , there are also receptor systems in which the receptor and the ion channel are separate proteins in the cell membrane , instead of a single molecule . In this case , ion channels are indirectly modulated by activation of the receptor , instead of being gated directly . G - protein - linked receptors ( edit ) G - protein - coupled receptor mechanism Also called G protein - coupled receptor , seven - transmembrane domain receptor , 7 TM receptor , constitute a large protein family of receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and , ultimately , cellular responses . They pass through the cell membrane 7 times . G - protein - Linked receptors are a huge family that have hundreds of members identified . Ion - channel - linked receptors ( e.g. GABAB , NMDA , etc . ) are only a part of them . Table 1 . Three major families of Trimeric G Proteins FAMILY SOME FAMILY MEMBERS ACTION MEDIATED BY FUNCTIONS GS α Activate adenylyl cyclase activates Ca2+ channels Golf α Activates adenylyl cyclase in olfactory sensory neurons II Gi α Inhibits adenylyl cyclase βɣ Activates K+ channels G0 βɣ Activates K+ channels ; inactivate Ca2+ channels α and βɣ Activates phospholipase C - β Gt ( transducin ) α Activate cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase in vertebrate rod photoreceptors III Gq α Activates phospholipase C - β GABA receptor ( edit ) GABAB receptors are metabotropic transmembrane receptors for gamma - aminobutyric acid . They are linked via G - proteins to K+ channels , when active , they create hyperpolarized effect and lower the potential inside the cell . Ligands : Agonists : GABA , Baclofen , gamma - Hydroxybutyrate , Phenibut etc . Positive Allosteric Modulators : CGP - 7930 , Fendiline , BSPP , etc . Antagonists : 2 - OH - saclofen , Saclofen , SCH - 50911 Gα signaling ( edit ) The cyclic - adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) - generating enzyme adenylate cyclase is the effector of both the G and G pathways . Ten different AC gene products in mammals , each with subtle differences in tissue distribution and / or function , all catalyze the conversion of cytosolic adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) to cAMP , and all are directly stimulated by G - proteins of the G class . Interaction with Gα subunits of the G type , on the contrary , inhibits AC from generating cAMP . Thus , a GPCR coupled to G counteracts the actions of a GPCR coupled to G , and vice versa . The level of cytosolic cAMP may then determine the activity of various ion channels as well as members of the ser / thr - specific protein kinase A ( PKA ) family . As a result , cAMP is considered a second messenger and PKA a secondary effector . The effector of the G pathway is phospholipase C - β ( PLCβ ) , which catalyzes the cleavage of membrane - bound phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5 - biphosphate ( PIP2 ) into the second messengers inositol ( 1 , 4 , 5 ) trisphosphate ( IP3 ) and diacylglycerol ( DAG ) . IP3 acts on IP3 receptors found in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) to elicit Ca release from the ER , DAG diffuses along the plasma membrane where it may activate any membrane localized forms of a second ser / thr kinase called protein kinase C ( PKC ) . Since many isoforms of PKC are also activated by increases in intracellular Ca , both these pathways can also converge on each other to signal through the same secondary effector . Elevated intracellular Ca also binds and allosterically activates proteins called calmodulins , which in turn go on to bind and allosterically activate enzymes such as Ca / calmodulin - dependent kinases ( CAMKs ) . The effectors of the G pathway are three RhoGEFs ( p115 - RhoGEF , PDZ - RhoGEF , and LARG ) , which , when bound to G allosterically activate the cytosolic small GTPase , Rho . Once bound to GTP , Rho can then go on to activate various proteins responsible for cytoskeleton regulation such as Rho - kinase ( ROCK ) . Most GPCRs that couple to G also couple to other sub-classes , often G . Gβγ signaling ( edit ) The above descriptions ignore the effects of Gβγ -- signalling , which can also be important , in particular in the case of activated G - coupled GPCRs . The primary effectors of Gβγ are various ion channels , such as G - protein - regulated inwardly rectifying K channels ( GIRKs ) , P / Q - and N - type voltage - gated Ca channels , as well as some isoforms of AC and PLC , along with some phosphoinositide - 3 - kinase ( PI3K ) isoforms . Clinical relevance ( edit ) Ligand - gated ion channels are likely to be the major site at which anaesthetic agents and ethanol have their effects , although unequivocal evidence of this is yet to be established . In particular , the GABA and NMDA receptors are affected by anaesthetic agents at concentrations similar to those used in clinical anaesthesia . By understanding the mechanism and exploring the chemical / biological / physical component that could function on those receptors , more and more clinical applications are proven by preliminary experiments or FDA . Memantine Memantine is approved by the U.S.F.D.A and the European Medicines Agency for the treatment of moderate - to - severe Alzheimer 's disease , and has now received a limited recommendation by the UK 's National Institute for Health and Care Excellence for patients who fail other treatment options . Antidepressant treatment Agomelatine , is a type of drug that acts on a dual melatonergic - serotonergic pathway , which have shown its efficacy in the treatment of anxious depression during clinical trails , study also suggests the efficacy in the treatment of atypical and melancholic depression . See also ( edit ) MCB portal Neuroscience portal Biology portal Receptor ( biochemistry ) Action potential Voltage - dependent calcium channel Calcium - activated potassium channel Cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channel Acid - sensing ion channel Ryanodine receptor Inositol trisphosphate receptor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gene Family : Ligand gated ion channels '' . HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee . Jump up ^ `` ligand - gated channel '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary Jump up ^ Purves , Dale , George J. Augustine , David Fitzpatrick , William C. Hall , Anthony - Samuel LaMantia , James O. McNamara , and Leonard E. White ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience . 4th ed . Sinauer Associates . pp. 156 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 697 - 7 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Tasneem A , Iyer LM , Jakobsson E , Aravind L ( 2004 ) . `` Identification of the prokaryotic ligand - gated ion channels and their implications for the mechanisms and origins of animal Cys - loop ion channels '' . Genome Biology . 6 ( 1 ) : R4 . doi : 10.1186 / gb - 2004 - 6 - 1 - r4 . PMC 549065 . PMID 15642096 . Jump up ^ Jaiteh M , Taly A , Hénin J ( 2016 ) . `` Evolution of Pentameric Ligand - Gated Ion Channels : Pro-Loop Receptors '' . PLOS One . 11 ( 3 ) : e0151934 . Bibcode : 2016PLoSO ... 1151934J . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0151934 . PMC 4795631 . PMID 26986966 . Jump up ^ Cascio M ( May 2004 ) . `` Structure and function of the glycine receptor and related nicotinicoid receptors '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 279 ( 19 ) : 19383 -- 6 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. R300035200 . PMID 15023997 . ^ Jump up to : Langlhofer G , Villmann C ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Intracellular Loop of the Glycine Receptor : It 's not all about the Size '' . Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 9 : 41 . doi : 10.3389 / fnmol. 2016.00041 . PMC 4891346 . PMID 27330534 . ^ Jump up to : Collingridge GL , Olsen RW , Peters J , Spedding M ( January 2009 ) . `` A nomenclature for ligand - gated ion channels '' . Neuropharmacology. 56 ( 1 ) : 2 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuropharm. 2008.06. 063 . PMC 2847504 . PMID 18655795 . Jump up ^ Olsen RW , Sieghart W ( September 2008 ) . `` International Union of Pharmacology . LXX . Subtypes of gamma - aminobutyric acid ( A ) receptors : classification on the basis of subunit composition , pharmacology , and function . Update '' . Pharmacological Reviews . 60 ( 3 ) : 243 -- 60 . doi : 10.1124 / pr. 108.00505 . PMC 2847512 . PMID 18790874 . Jump up ^ Honoré T , Lauridsen J , Krogsgaard - Larsen P ( January 1982 ) . `` The binding of ( 3H ) AMPA , a structural analogue of glutamic acid , to rat brain membranes '' . Journal of Neurochemistry. 38 ( 1 ) : 173 -- 8 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 4159.1982. tb10868. x . PMID 6125564 . Jump up ^ Malenka RC , Nestler EJ , Hyman SE ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Excitatory and Inhibitory Amino Acids '' . In Sydor A , Brown RY . Molecular Neuropharmacology : A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience ( 2nd ed . ) . New York , USA : McGraw - Hill Medical . pp. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 9780071481274 . At membrane potentials more negative than approximately − 50 mV , the Mg in the extracellular fluid of the brain virtually abolishes ion flux through NMDA receptor channels , even in the presence of glutamate ... The NMDA receptor is unique among all neurotransmitter receptors in that its activation requires the simultaneous binding of two different agonists . In addition to the binding of glutamate at the conventional agonist - binding site , the binding of glycine appears to be required for receptor activation . Because neither of these agonists alone can open this ion channel , glutamate and glycine are referred to as coagonists of the NMDA receptor . The physiologic significance of the glycine binding site is unclear because the normal extracellular concentration of glycine is believed to be saturating . However , recent evidence suggests that D - serine may be the endogenous agonist for this site . Jump up ^ Li F , Tsien JZ ( July 2009 ) . `` Memory and the NMDA receptors '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 361 ( 3 ) : 302 -- 3 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMcibr0902052 . PMC 3703758 . PMID 19605837 . Jump up ^ Cao X , Cui Z , Feng R , Tang YP , Qin Z , Mei B , Tsien JZ ( March 2007 ) . `` Maintenance of superior learning and memory function in NR2B transgenic mice during ageing '' . The European Journal of Neuroscience. 25 ( 6 ) : 1815 -- 22 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1460 - 9568.2007. 05431. x . PMID 17432968 . Jump up ^ Dingledine R , Borges K , Bowie D , Traynelis SF ( March 1999 ) . `` The glutamate receptor ion channels '' . Pharmacological Reviews . 51 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 61 . PMID 10049997 . Jump up ^ Yarotskyy V , Glushakov AV , Sumners C , Gravenstein N , Dennis DM , Seubert CN , Martynyuk AE ( May 2005 ) . `` Differential modulation of glutamatergic transmission by 3 , 5 - dibromo - L - phenylalanine '' . Molecular Pharmacology . 67 ( 5 ) : 1648 -- 54 . doi : 10.1124 / mol. 104.005983 . PMID 15687225 . Jump up ^ Wu C , Sun D ( April 2015 ) . `` GABA receptors in brain development , function , and injury '' . Metabolic Brain Disease . 30 ( 2 ) : 367 -- 79 . doi : 10.1007 / s11011 - 014 - 9560 - 1 . PMC 4231020 . PMID 24820774 . Jump up ^ Hansen SB , Tao X , MacKinnon R ( August 2011 ) . `` Structural basis of PIP2 activation of the classical inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2. 2 '' . Nature . 477 ( 7365 ) : 495 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2011Natur. 477 ... 495H . doi : 10.1038 / nature10370 . PMC 3324908 . PMID 21874019 . Jump up ^ Hansen SB ( May 2015 ) . `` Lipid agonism : The PIP2 paradigm of ligand - gated ion channels '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1851 ( 5 ) : 620 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbalip. 2015.01. 011 . PMC 4540326 . PMID 25633344 . Jump up ^ Gao Y , Cao E , Julius D , Cheng Y ( June 2016 ) . `` TRPV1 structures in nanodiscs reveal mechanisms of ligand and lipid action '' . Nature . 534 ( 7607 ) : 347 -- 51 . Bibcode : 2016Natur. 534 ... 347G . doi : 10.1038 / nature17964 . PMC 4911334 . PMID 27281200 . Jump up ^ Lodish , Harvey . Molecular cell biology . Macmillan , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chen K , Li HZ , Ye N , Zhang J , Wang JJ ( October 2005 ) . `` Role of GABAB receptors in GABA and baclofen - induced inhibition of adult rat cerebellar interpositus nucleus neurons in vitro '' . Brain Research Bulletin . 67 ( 4 ) : 310 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresbull. 2005.07. 004 . PMID 16182939 . Jump up ^ Urwyler S , Mosbacher J , Lingenhoehl K , Heid J , Hofstetter K , Froestl W , Bettler B , Kaupmann K ( November 2001 ) . `` Positive allosteric modulation of native and recombinant gamma - aminobutyric acid ( B ) receptors by 2 , 6 - Di - tert - butyl - 4 - ( 3 - hydroxy - 2 , 2 - dimethyl - propyl ) - phenol ( CGP7930 ) and its aldehyde analog CGP13501 '' . Molecular Pharmacology . 60 ( 5 ) : 963 -- 71 . doi : 10.1124 / mol. 60.5. 963 . PMID 11641424 . Jump up ^ Krasowski MD , Harrison NL ( August 1999 ) . `` General anaesthetic actions on ligand - gated ion channels '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 55 ( 10 ) : 1278 -- 303 . doi : 10.1007 / s000180050371 . PMC 2854026 . PMID 10487207 . Jump up ^ Dilger JP ( July 2002 ) . `` The effects of general anaesthetics on ligand - gated ion channels '' . British Journal of Anaesthesia. 89 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 51 . doi : 10.1093 / bja / aef161 . PMID 12173240 . Jump up ^ Harris RA , Mihic SJ , Dildy - Mayfield JE , Machu TK ( November 1995 ) . `` Actions of anesthetics on ligand - gated ion channels : role of receptor subunit composition '' ( abstract ) . FASEB Journal . 9 ( 14 ) : 1454 -- 62 . PMID 7589987 . Jump up ^ Mount C , Downton C ( July 2006 ) . `` Alzheimer disease : progress or profit ? '' . Nature Medicine . 12 ( 7 ) : 780 -- 4 . doi : 10.1038 / nm0706 - 780 . PMID 16829947 . Jump up ^ NICE technology appraisal January 18 , 2011 Azheimer 's disease - donepezil , galantamine , rivastigmine and memantine ( review ) : final appraisal determination Jump up ^ Heun , R ; Coral , RM ; Ahokas , A ; Nicolini , H ; Teixeira , JM ; Dehelean , P ( 2013 ) . `` 1643 -- Efficacy of agomelatine in more anxious elderly depressed patients . A randomized , double - blind study vs placebo '' . European Psychiatry . 28 ( Suppl 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 9338 ( 13 ) 76634 - 3 . Jump up ^ Brunton , L ; Chabner , B ; Knollman , B ( 2010 ) . Goodman and Gilman 's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics ( 12th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 162442 - 8 . Jump up ^ Avedisova , A ; Marachev , M ( 2013 ) . `` 2639 -- The effectiveness of agomelatine ( valdoxan ) in the treatment of atypical depression '' . European Psychiatry . 28 ( Suppl 1 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 9338 ( 13 ) 77272 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Ligand - Gated Ion Channel database at European Bioinformatics Institute . Verified availability April 11 , 2007 . `` Revised Recommendations for Nomenclature of Ligand - Gated Ion Channels '' . IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels . International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology . http://www.esf.edu/efb/course/EFB325/lectures/29HormoneSignals.htm https://www.genenames.org/ As of this edit , this article uses content from `` 1. A. 9 The Neurotransmitter Receptor , Cys loop , Ligand - gated Ion Channel ( LIC ) Family '' , which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , but not under the GFDL . All relevant terms must be followed . Membrane transport protein : ion channels ( TC 1A ) Ca : Calcium channel Ligand - gated Inositol trisphosphate receptor Ryanodine receptor Voltage - gated L - type / Ca α 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 N - type / Ca α2. 2 P - type / Ca α 2.1 Q - type / Ca α2. 1 R - type / Ca α2. 3 T - type / Ca α 3.1 3.2 3.3 α δ - subunits β - subunits β1 β2 β3 β4 γ - subunits γ1 γ2 γ3 γ4 Cation channels of sperm Two - pore channel Na : Sodium channel Constitutively active Epithelial sodium channel α β γ δ Proton - gated Amiloride - sensitive cation channel Voltage - gated Na α 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 7A Na β K : Potassium channel Calcium - activated BK channel α1 β1 β2 β3 β4 SK channel SK1 SK2 SK3 IK channel IK1 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.2 5.1 Inward - rectifier 1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 GIRK / K 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 5.1 6.1 6.2 7.1 Tandem pore domain K2P 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 17 18 Voltage - gated K α1 - 6 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 K α7 - 12 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.1 9.2 9.3 10.1 10.2 11.1 / hERG 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 K β KCNIP minK / ISK minK / ISK - like MiRP Shaker gene Miscellaneous Cl : Chloride channel Calcium - activated chloride channels Anoctamin ANO1 Bestrophin Chloride Channel Accessory CFTR CLCN 5 6 7 KA KB CLIC 5 6 L1 CLNS 1A 1B H : Proton channel HVCN1 M : CNG cation channel α β HCN FC M : TRP cation channel TRPA ( 1 ) TRPC 4AP 5 6 7 TRPM 5 6 7 8 TRPML TRPN TRPP TRPV 5 6 H O ( + solutes ) : Porin Aquaporin 0 5 6 7 8 9 Voltage - dependent anion channel General bacterial porin family Cytoplasm : Gap junction Connexin GJA1 GJA3 GJA4 GJA5 GJA8 GJA9 GJA10 GJB1 GJB2 GJB3 GJB4 GJB5 GJB6 GJB7 GJC1 GJC2 GJC3 GJD2 GJD3 GJD4 Innexin By gating mechanism Ion channel class Ligand - gated Light - gated Voltage - gated Stretch - activated see also disorders Ion channel , cell surface receptor : ligand - gated ion channels Cys - loop receptors 5 - HT / serotonin 5 - HT GABA GABA α α α α α α β β β γ γ γ δ ε π θ GABA - ρ ρ ρ ρ Glycine α α α α β Nicotinic acetylcholine monomers : α1 α2 α3 α4 α5 α6 α7 α9 α10 β1 β2 β3 β4 δ ε pentamers : ( α3 ) ( β4 ) ( α4 ) ( β2 ) ( α7 ) ( α1 ) ( β4 ) - Ganglion type ( α1 ) β1δε - Muscle type Zinc Zinc - activated Ionotropic glutamates Ligand - gated only AMPA ( 1 4 ) Kainate 5 Voltage - and ligand - gated NMDA 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B L1A L1B ' Orphan ' GluD δ δ ATP - gated channels Purinergic receptors P2X 5 6 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ligand-gated_ion_channel&oldid=856188737 '' Categories : Cell biology Electrophysiology Ion channels Ionotropic receptors Membrane biology Molecular neuroscience Neurochemistry Protein families Membrane proteins Transmembrane proteins Transmembrane transporters Transport proteins Integral membrane proteins Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with imported Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike 3.0 text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 13 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are ligand-gated ion channels found in cells	[ "When a presynaptic neuron is excited, it releases a neurotransmitter from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitter then binds to receptors located on the postsynaptic neuron. If these receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, a resulting conformational change opens the ion channels, which leads to a flow of ions across the cell membrane. This, in turn, results in either a depolarization, for an excitatory receptor response, or a hyperpolarization, for an inhibitory response.\n" ]	[ "cell membrane" ]
4562546994142093707	1986 FIFA World Cup	1986 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1986 FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 1986 FIFA World Cup Copa Mundial de Fútbol México ' 86 1986 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Mexico Dates 31 May -- 29 June ( 30 days ) Teams 24 ( from 5 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 9 host cities ) Final positions Champions Argentina ( 2nd title ) Runners - up West Germany Third place France Fourth place Belgium Tournament statistics Matches played 52 Goals scored 132 ( 2.54 per match ) Attendance 2,394,031 ( 46,039 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Gary Lineker ( 6 goals ) Best player Diego Maradona Best young player Enzo Scifo ← 1982 1990 → The 1986 FIFA World Cup , the 13th FIFA World Cup , was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986 . The tournament was the second to feature a 24 - team format . With European nations not allowed to host after the previous World Cup in Spain , Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but , largely due to economic reasons , was not able to do so and officially resigned in 1982 . Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983 . This was the third FIFA World Cup tournament in succession that was hosted by a Hispanophonic country , after Spain in 1982 , and Argentina in 1978 . It was won by Argentina ( their second title , after winning in 1978 ) . Argentina was captained by the 25 - year old Diego Maradona , who played a large part in his team 's success . Maradona scored the `` Hand of God '' goal , as well as another voted `` Goal of the Century '' , in the same quarter - final against England . These were two of the five goals that Maradona scored during the tournament , and he also created another five for his teammates . Argentina beat West Germany 3 -- 2 in the final at Mexico City 's Estadio Azteca . Total attendance was 2,394,031 , an average per match of 46,039 . Canada , Denmark and Iraq made their first appearances at the final stage . The 1986 World Cup saw the appearance of the phenomenon dubbed the Mexican wave , which was popularised worldwide after featuring during the tournament . The format of the competition changed from 1982 , with the second round being played on a knock - out basis rather than groups . The 24 teams qualified were divided into six groups of four ( A to F ) . The top two teams and the four best third - place finishers from the six groups advanced to the knockout round of 16 teams . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Mascot 3 Qualification 3.1 List of qualified teams 4 Venues 5 Match officials 6 Squads 7 Seeding 8 Summary 8.1 First round 8.2 Second round and quarter - finals 8.3 Semi-finals , third - place match , and final 9 Results 9.1 Group stage 9.1. 1 Group A 9.1. 2 Group B 9.1. 3 Group C 9.1. 4 Group D 9.1. 5 Group E 9.1. 6 Group F 9.1. 7 Ranking of third - placed teams 9.2 Knockout stage 9.2. 1 Round of 16 9.2. 2 Quarter - finals 9.2. 3 Semi-finals 9.2. 4 Third place match 9.2. 5 Final 10 Awards 11 Goalscorers 12 Players who were red - carded during the tournament 13 FIFA retrospective ranking 14 References 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Pique , the official mascot of the 1986 FIFA World Cup Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Colombia was originally chosen as hosts by FIFA in June 1974 . However , the Colombian authorities eventually declared in November 1982 that they could not afford to host the World Cup under the terms that FIFA demanded because of economic concerns . Mexico was selected on 20 May 1983 as the replacement hosts , beating the bids of Canada and the United States ( who eventually hosted the 1994 World Cup ) , and thereby became the first nation to host two World Cups . This second World Cup in Mexico came 16 years after the first one in 1970 . A severe earthquake in September 1985 , eight months before the tournament , cast doubt over Mexico 's ability to organize the event , but the stadia were not affected and it was decided to go ahead with the preparations . As 1986 had been declared the International Year of Peace by the United Nations , the advertising boards of all the stadia displayed the FIFA and United Nations logos along with the legend `` Football for Peace -- Peace Year '' . For the design of the logo an unofficial motto was adopted : `` El Mundo Unido por Un Balón '' ( `` The World United by a Ball '' ) . Mascot ( edit ) The official mascot of the 1986 World Cup was Pique , a jalapeño pepper , characteristic of Mexican cuisine , with a moustache , a Colimote sombrero , and Mexican football team colours . Its name comes from picante , Spanish for spicy peppers and sauces . The character caused a degree of controversy within Mexico for its ethnic stereotypes . Qualification ( edit ) Countries qualified for World Cup Country failed to qualify Countries that did not enter World Cup Country not a FIFA member Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup qualification Three teams qualified for the World Cup for the first time : Canada , Denmark and Iraq . Canada clinched its spot after winning the final match against Honduras 2 -- 1 in St. John 's , Newfoundland . Iraq played all their home matches on neutral ground because of the Iran -- Iraq War . South Korea qualified for the first time since 1954 , Paraguay for the first time since 1958 , and Portugal for the first time since 1966 . As of 2016 , this was the last time that Hungary , Canada , Iraq and Northern Ireland qualified for the finals . List of qualified teams ( edit ) The following 24 teams qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 2 ) Iraq South Korea CAF ( 2 ) Algeria Morocco OFC ( 0 ) None qualified CONCACAF ( 2 ) Canada Mexico ( hosts ) CONMEBOL ( 4 ) Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay UEFA ( 14 ) Belgium Bulgaria Denmark England France Hungary Italy Northern Ireland Poland Portugal Scotland Soviet Union Spain West Germany Venues ( edit ) Eleven cities hosted the tournament . Seeded teams are in bold . The Azteca Stadium in Mexico City , the largest stadium used for the tournament , hosted 9 matches ( including the final ) , more than any other stadium used . Mexico City hosted 13 total matches ; the Olimpico Universitario Stadium hosted 4 matches . The Jalisco Stadium in Guadalajara hosted 7 matches , and the Cuauhtémoc Stadium in Puebla hosted 5 matches . All of these venues except Monterrey were located in central Mexico , as this tournament was organized with the then - standard way of keeping teams playing in locations in close proximity to each other . Group A only played at the Olimpico and in Puebla ( except for the Bulgaria - Italy opening tournament match , which was played in the Azteca ) , Group B only played at the Azteca and in Toluca ( hosts Mexico were part of this group ; they played all their group stage matches at the Azteca ) , Group C played in León and Irapuato , Group D only played in Guadalajara ( including the Guadalajara area town of Zapopan ; the last match of this group was played in Monterrey ) , Group E exclusively played in Querétaro and Nezahualcóyotl , and Group F played in the northern city of Monterrey ( including the Monterrey area town of San Nicolas de los Garza ; the last match of this group was played in Guadalajara ) . All of the venues listed hosted knockout round matches except the ones in Nezahualcoyotl , Irapuato , Zapopan , Toluca and the Estadio Tecnologico in Monterrey . Mexico City Guadalajara Puebla Estadio Azteca Estadio Olímpico Universitario Estadio Jalisco Estadio Cuauhtémoc Capacity : 110,574 Capacity : 72,212 Capacity : 66,193 Capacity : 46,416 San Nicolás de los Garza 9 7 6 8 5 11 10 1986 FIFA World Cup ( Mexico ) 1 . Mexico City , 2 . Guadalajara , 3 . Puebla , 4 . San Nicolás de los Garza , 5 . Querétaro , 6 . Monterrey , 7 . León , 8 . Nezahualcóyotl , 9 . Irapuato , 10 . Zapopan , 11 . Toluca . Querétaro Estadio Universitario Estadio La Corregidora Capacity : 43,780 Capacity : 38,576 Monterrey León Estadio Tecnológico Estadio Nou Camp Capacity : 33,805 Capacity : 30,531 Nezahualcoyotl Irapuato Zapopan Toluca Estadio Neza 86 Estadio Sergio León Chávez Estadio Tres de Marzo Estadio Nemesio Díez Capacity : 34,536 Capacity : 31,336 Capacity : 30,015 Capacity : 32,612 Stadium Matches Teams hosted in the first round Estadio Azteca Opening match , Group B , R2 , QF , SF , Final Mexico Estadio Olímpico Universitario Group A , R2 Argentina , Bulgaria , South Korea Estadio Jalisco Group D , R2 , QF , SF Brazil Estadio Cuauhtémoc Group A , R2 , QF , Third - place match Italy Estadio Universitario Group F , R2 , QF Poland Estadio La Corregidora Group E , R2 West Germany Estadio Tecnológico Group F England , Portugal * , Morocco * Estadio Nou Camp Group C , R2 France Estadio Neza 86 Group E Uruguay , Denmark , Scotland Estadio Sergio León Chávez Group C Soviet Union , Hungary , Canada Estadio Tres de Marzo Group D Spain * , Northern Ireland , Algeria * Estadio Nemesio Díez Group B Belgium , Paraguay , Iraq Morocco and Portugal played in Guadalajara while Spain and Algeria played in Monterrey . Match officials ( edit ) Africa Ali Bin Nasser Edwin Picon - Ackong Idrissa Traoré Asia Fallaj Al - Shanar Jamal Al Sharif Shizuo Takada Europe Luigi Agnolin Horst Brummeier Valeri Butenko Vojtech Christov George Courtney André Daina Bogdan Dotchev Erik Fredriksson Ioan Igna Jan Keizer Siegfried Kirschen Lajos Németh Zoran Petrović Alexis Ponnet Joël Quiniou Volker Roth Victoriano Sánchez Arminio Carlos Silva Valente Alan Snoddy North and Central America Rómulo Méndez Antonio Márquez Ramírez David Socha Berny Ulloa Morera Oceania Chris Bambridge South America Romualdo Arppi Filho Jesús Díaz Carlos Espósito Gabriel González Roa José Luis Martínez Bazán Hernán Silva Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1986 FIFA World Cup squads . Seeding ( edit ) Pot 1 Pot 2 Pot 3 Pot 4 Mexico ( hosts ) Italy ( 1982 winners ) West Germany ( 1982 runners - up ) Poland ( 1982 third place ) France ( 1982 fourth place ) Brazil England Soviet Union Argentina Spain Paraguay Uruguay Algeria Canada Denmark Iraq Morocco South Korea Belgium Bulgaria Hungary Northern Ireland Portugal Scotland Summary ( edit ) First round ( edit ) The first round of the finals began in Group A , where Italy were held 1 -- 1 by Bulgaria . Meanwhile , Argentina beat South Korea 3 -- 1 , with Diego Maradona playing a major part . Italy and Argentina drew 1 -- 1 , Maradona and Alessandro Altobelli scoring . South Korea and Bulgaria also drew 1 -- 1 in a downpour . The final set of matches saw Argentina beating Bulgaria 2 -- 0 , and Italy narrowly defeating South Korea 3 -- 2 . In Group B Mexico beat Belgium 2 -- 1 , and despite being held 1 -- 1 by Paraguay , they won the group after a further win over Iraq , 1 -- 0 . Paraguay and Belgium also progressed after both beating Iraq and drawing with each other . Group C pitted a strong Soviet Union side against the reigning European champions France . They drew with each other 1 -- 1 , with a goal scored by Vasyl Rats . France beat Canada 1 -- 0 and finished in 2nd place in the group after beating Hungary , 3 -- 0 . Hungary had earlier lost 6 -- 0 against the Soviet Union , which won the group due to goal difference . Group D saw Brazil start against Spain , winning 1 -- 0 after the referee failed to validate a legal goal scored by Míchel . Northern Ireland began their campaign with a draw against Algeria . Northern Ireland were then narrowly beaten by Spain before losing to Brazil 3 -- 0 in their final match . This match saw a goal from Josimar on his debut and was also the final time Pat Jennings played for Northern Ireland . Spain qualified along with Brazil after defeating Algeria 3 -- 0 . Denmark stormed through Group E , dubbed the group of death , with a 100 per cent record . They beat Scotland 1 -- 0 in their first game , then hammered Uruguay 6 -- 1 , with Preben Elkjær Larsen hitting a hat - trick . Denmark beat one of the favourites to win the tournament , West Germany , 2 -- 0 thanks to a Jesper Olsen penalty and a goal from John Eriksen . After losing to Denmark , Scotland took the lead against West Germany thanks to a Gordon Strachan goal , but the West Germans fought back to win 2 -- 1 . After a violent 0 -- 0 draw against Uruguay , the Scots were eliminated from the tournament . During that game José Batista of Uruguay was sent off after less than one minute of play for a foul on Strachan , a World Cup record that still stands . West Germany went through to the second round despite a loss against Denmark . Morocco topped Group F after holding both Poland and England to goalless draws , and beating Portugal 3 -- 1 . By doing so , they became the first African team , and only the second nation from outside Europe and the Americas ( after North Korea in 1966 ) , to reach the second round . England lost 1 -- 0 to Portugal , followed by a 0 -- 0 draw against Morocco in which they lost captain Bryan Robson to injury ( for the remainder of the tournament ) and vice-captain Ray Wilkins to a red card ( he was never to be selected for England again , even after having served his obligatory one - match ban ) . In their last first - round game , with the captaincy taken over by Peter Shilton in goal , a first - half Gary Lineker hat - trick helped the reshaped side beat Poland 3 -- 0 -- although losing yet another player to a ban for the next round , Terry Fenwick receiving his second booking of the tournament . Poland had previously beaten Portugal , and in the end the Portuguese were the only team from Group F to be eliminated in the first round . Portugal , making their first appearance in 20 years , went on strike ( in the Saltillo Affair ) during the competition . Players refused to train between their first and second games ( against England and Poland ) and were eliminated after a loss to Morocco in the final group match . Second round and quarter - finals ( edit ) Belgium beat the Soviet Union 4 -- 3 , despite a hat - trick by the Soviets ' Igor Belanov . The game was level at 2 -- 2 after 90 minutes , and in extra time Stephane Demol and Nico Claesen put Belgium 4 -- 2 up . Belanov scored from the penalty spot with nine minutes remaining , but neither he nor any of his teammates could find a fourth goal for the Soviet Union . At the Olympic University Stadium in Mexico City , the European champions France ended Italy 's reign as world champions with a 2 -- 0 victory thanks to goals from Michel Platini and Yannick Stopyra . In the rematch of the 1930 FIFA World Cup Final , Argentina just edged out South American champions Uruguay in Puebla thanks to a 42nd - minute strike from Pedro Pasculli . The all - South American affair had a Diego Maradona 's goal disallowed . In Querétaro , Denmark were eliminated as they went from a 1 -- 0 lead to a 5 -- 1 battering against Spain ; key player Frank Arnesen was suspended for the game after being sent off against West Germany in their last group match , for taking a swipe at German playmaker Lothar Matthäus . The Danes scored first , with a Jesper Olsen penalty , but they were then taken apart by a devastating performance from Butragueño of Spain , who scored four of his team 's five goals . At the Azteca Stadium in Mexico City , England progressed to the quarter - finals comfortably when they saw off Paraguay 3 -- 0 , while Brazil brushed aside Poland 4 -- 0 . West Germany had a much harder time getting past Morocco , for whom goalkeeper Badou Zaki had an outstanding game . Morocco held out until the 87th minute , when Lothar Matthäus scored the only goal of the match with a free kick . Mexico won 2 -- 0 against Bulgaria with an outstanding scissor - kick goal by Manuel Negrete which is honored by a remembrance plaque at the Azteca . In the quarter - finals , France faced three - time world champion Brazil in Guadalajara . Brazil were well on top in the early stages , and Careca put them one up after 18 minutes . Five minutes before half - time , France drew level when Michel Platini scored his 41st goal after converting a cross from Dominique Rocheteau . Brazil had a chance to regain the lead in the second half when Branco was fouled by French keeper Joël Bats in the penalty area . Zico got up to take the kick , but Bats saved Zico 's penalty . The match went to extra time , and France finished slightly the stronger of the two sides . No more goals were scored , and so it was time for a penalty shoot - out . Socrates , who had earlier missed an open goal and headed an easy chance straight into the French keeper 's arms , failed with the first kick for Brazil . The next six penalties were all converted , and then Platini fired over the bar . Brazil were back on level terms -- but not for long . Julio Cesar struck the post with his penalty , and Luis Fernández then scored to put France through 4 -- 3 on penalties . Two other quarter - finals were also decided on penalties . Jan Ceulemans put Belgium ahead against Spain in the 35th minute , but Spanish substitute Señor equalised with five minutes to go . No more goals were scored in extra time , and Belgium won the shoot - out 5 -- 4 . West Germany and Mexico drew 0 -- 0 after extra time , and the West Germans eliminated the hosts 4 -- 1 on penalties . As a curiosity , the German goalkeeper Harald Schumacher jumped to the right in the three Mexican penalties ( stopping two of them ) . The quarter - final between Argentina and England at the Azteca featured two very different goals by Diego Maradona : the first was scored illegally , as he punched the ball into the goal past England goalkeeper Peter Shilton . The referee did not see the handball and the goal was given as valid . After the game , Maradona claimed the goal was scored `` A bit with the head of Maradona and another bit with the hand of God '' ; it became known as the `` Hand of God '' goal . For his second goal , voted `` Goal of the Century '' in 2002 on the FIFA website , Maradona dribbled half the length of the field past five English players before scoring . With 20 minutes to go , the introduction of John Barnes as a substitute changed the tide of play in England 's favour , as he pinged cross after cross into the Argentine penalty area : with 9 minutes to go , Lineker got on the end of one and scored , then almost repeated the dose six minutes later but was just unable to reach the ball thanks to a timely block by Olarticoechea : 2 -- 1 to Argentina was the final score . In Argentina , the game was seen as revenge for the Falklands War . Semi-finals , third - place match , and final ( edit ) In the first semi-final match , Andreas Brehme put West Germany 1 -- 0 ahead against France in the ninth minute in Guadalajara , but the outcome remained in doubt until two minutes from time when Rudi Völler made it 2 -- 0 , and West Germany were in the final for the second World Cup in succession . In the second semi-final match , Maradona struck twice in the second half as Argentina beat Belgium 2 -- 0 at the Azteca . France went on to defeat Belgium in the third - place match , 4 -- 2 . So it was to be the South American Argentina vs the European West Germany at the final at the Azteca , the second time this massive stadium would host a World Cup Final ( the first in 1970 ) . Jose Brown put Argentina one up midway through the first half of the final , and when Jorge Valdano scored a second for the South Americans in the 55th minute , Argentina looked to be strolling to victory . West Germany then staged a spirited comeback . Karl - Heinz Rummenigge pulled one back in the 74th minute , and six minutes later Rudi Völler hit the equaliser . With seven minutes remaining , a pass from Maradona gave Jorge Burruchaga the chance to score the winner for Argentina . Eight years on from their home triumph , Argentina regained the world title and 30 million people in Argentina celebrated in the streets after the final victory . Maradona was the Golden Ball winner as the best player of the tournament , while Gary Lineker of England won the Golden Boot as the leading scorer of the World Cup with six goals . Results ( edit ) Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Group stage ( edit ) Key to colours in group tables Group winners , runners - up , and best four third - placed teams advance to the Round of 16 Group a ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Group A Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Argentina 0 6 + 4 5 Italy 0 5 + 1 Bulgaria 0 − 2 South Korea 0 7 − 3 South Korea made their first appearance since 1954 . They managed to score their first goal ( against Argentina ) and their first draw ( against Bulgaria ) . 31 May 1986 Bulgaria 1 -- 1 Italy Estadio Azteca , Mexico City 2 June 1986 Argentina 3 -- 1 South Korea Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City 5 June 1986 Italy 1 -- 1 Argentina Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla , Puebla South Korea 1 -- 1 Bulgaria Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City 10 June 1986 South Korea 2 -- 3 Italy Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla , Puebla Argentina 2 -- 0 Bulgaria Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City Group B ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Group B Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Mexico ( H ) 0 + 2 5 Paraguay 0 + 1 Belgium 5 5 0 Iraq 0 0 − 3 0 3 June 1986 Belgium 1 -- 2 Mexico Estadio Azteca , Mexico City 4 June 1986 Paraguay 1 -- 0 Iraq Estadio Nemesio Díez , Toluca 7 June 1986 Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay Estadio Azteca , Mexico City 8 June 1986 Iraq 1 -- 2 Belgium Estadio Nemesio Díez , Toluca 11 June 1986 Paraguay 2 -- 2 Belgium Estadio Nemesio Díez , Toluca Iraq 0 -- 1 Mexico Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Group C ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Group C Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Soviet Union 0 9 + 8 5 France 0 5 + 4 5 Hungary 0 9 − 7 Canada 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 1 June 1986 Canada 0 -- 1 France Estadio Nou Camp , León 2 June 1986 Soviet Union 6 -- 0 Hungary Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato 5 June 1986 France 1 -- 1 Soviet Union León 6 June 1986 Hungary 2 -- 0 Canada Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato 9 June 1986 Hungary 0 -- 3 France León Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Canada Estadio Sergio León Chavez , Irapuato Group D ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Group D Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Brazil 0 0 5 0 + 5 6 Spain 0 5 + 3 Northern Ireland 0 6 − 4 Algeria 0 5 − 4 1 June 1986 Spain 0 -- 1 Brazil Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara 3 June 1986 Algeria 1 -- 1 Northern Ireland Estadio Tres de Marzo , Zapopan 6 June 1986 Brazil 1 -- 0 Algeria Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara 7 June 1986 Northern Ireland 1 -- 2 Spain Estadio Tres de Marzo , Zapopan 12 June 1986 Northern Ireland 0 -- 3 Brazil Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara Algeria 0 -- 3 Spain Estadio Tecnológico , Monterrey Group E ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Group E Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Denmark 0 0 9 + 8 6 West Germany − 1 Uruguay 0 7 − 5 Scotland 0 − 2 4 June 1986 Uruguay 1 -- 1 West Germany Estadio La Corregidora , Querétaro Scotland 0 -- 1 Denmark Estadio Neza 86 , Nezahualcóyotl 8 June 1986 West Germany 2 -- 1 Scotland Estadio La Corregidora , Querétaro Denmark 6 -- 1 Uruguay Nezahualcóyotl 13 June 1986 Denmark 2 -- 0 West Germany Estadio La Corregidora , Querétaro Scotland 0 -- 0 Uruguay Nezahualcóyotl Group F ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Group F Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Morocco 0 + 2 England + 2 Poland − 2 Portugal 0 − 2 2 June 1986 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland Estadio Universitario , San Nicolás de los Garza 3 June 1986 Portugal 1 -- 0 England Estadio Tecnológico , Monterrey 6 June 1986 England 0 -- 0 Morocco Estadio Tecnológico , Monterrey 7 June 1986 Poland 1 -- 0 Portugal Estadio Universitario , San Nicolás de los Garza 11 June 1986 England 3 -- 0 Poland Estadio Tecnológico , Monterrey Portugal 1 -- 3 Morocco Estadio Tres de Marzo , Guadalajara Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) Group Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Belgium 5 5 0 Poland − 2 Bulgaria 0 − 2 Uruguay 0 7 − 5 Hungary 0 9 − 7 Northern Ireland 0 6 − 4 Knockout stage ( edit ) Belgium made their record place in world cup , 4th place . Argentina beat West Germany for their first time and won their second world cup . Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 16 June -- Puebla Argentina 22 June -- Mexico City ( Azteca ) Uruguay 0 Argentina 18 June -- Mexico City ( Azteca ) England 1 England 25 June -- Mexico City ( Azteca ) Paraguay 0 Argentina 18 June -- Querétaro Belgium 0 Denmark 1 22 June -- Puebla Spain 5 Spain 1 ( 4 ) 15 June -- León Belgium ( pen . ) 1 ( 5 ) Soviet Union 3 29 June -- Mexico City ( Azteca ) Belgium ( aet ) Argentina 16 June -- Guadalajara West Germany 2 Brazil 21 June -- Guadalajara Poland 0 Brazil 1 ( 3 ) 17 June -- Mexico City ( Olímpico ) France ( pen . ) 1 ( 4 ) Italy 0 25 June -- Guadalajara France France 0 17 June -- San Nicolás de los Garza West Germany Third place Morocco 0 21 June -- San Nicolás de los Garza 28 June -- Puebla West Germany West Germany ( pen . ) 0 ( 4 ) Belgium 2 15 June -- Mexico City ( Azteca ) Mexico 0 ( 1 ) France ( aet ) Mexico Bulgaria 0 Round of 16 ( edit ) Mexico v Bulgaria 15 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Mexico 2 -- 0 Bulgaria Negrete 34 ' Servín 61 ' Report Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,580 Referee : Romualdo Arppi Filho ( Brazil ) Soviet Union v Belgium 15 June 1986 16 : 00 CST Soviet Union 3 -- 4 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Belanov 27 ' , 70 ' , 111 ' ( pen . ) Report Scifo 56 ' Ceulemans 77 ' Demol 102 ' Claesen 110 ' Estadio Nou Camp , León Attendance : 32,277 Referee : Erik Fredriksson ( Sweden ) Brazil v Poland 16 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Brazil 4 -- 0 Poland Sócrates 30 ' ( pen . ) Josimar 55 ' Edinho 79 ' Careca 83 ' ( pen . ) Report Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Volker Roth ( West Germany ) Argentina v Uruguay 16 June 1986 16 : 00 CST Argentina 1 -- 0 Uruguay Pasculli 42 ' Report Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla Attendance : 26,000 Referee : Luigi Agnolin ( Italy ) Italy v France 17 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Italy 0 -- 2 France Report Platini 15 ' Stopyra 57 ' Estadio Olímpico Universitario , Mexico City Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Carlos Espósito ( Argentina ) Morocco v West Germany 17 June 1986 16 : 00 CST Morocco 0 -- 1 West Germany Report Matthäus 87 ' Estadio Universitario , San Nicolás de los Garza Attendance : 19,800 Referee : Zoran Petrović ( Yugoslavia ) England v Paraguay 18 June 1986 12 : 00 CST England 3 -- 0 Paraguay Lineker 31 ' , 73 ' Beardsley 56 ' Report Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 98,728 Referee : Jamal Al Sharif ( Syria ) Denmark v Spain 18 June 1986 16 : 00 CST Denmark 1 -- 5 Spain J. Olsen 33 ' ( pen . ) Report Butragueño 43 ' , 56 ' , 80 ' , 88 ' ( pen . ) Goikoetxea 68 ' ( pen . ) Estadio La Corregidora , Querétaro Attendance : 38,500 Referee : Jan Keizer ( Netherlands ) Quarter - finals ( edit ) Brazil v France 21 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Brazil 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) France Careca 17 ' Report Platini 40 ' Penalties Sócrates Alemão Zico Branco Júlio César 3 -- 4 Stopyra Amoros Bellone Platini Fernández Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara Attendance : 65,000 Referee : Ioan Igna ( Romania ) West Germany v Mexico 21 June 1986 16 : 00 CST West Germany 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Mexico Report Penalties Allofs Brehme Matthäus Littbarski 4 -- 1 Negrete Quirarte Servín Estadio Universitario , San Nicolás de los Garza Attendance : 41,700 Referee : Jesús Díaz ( Colombia ) Main article : Argentina v England ( 1986 FIFA World Cup ) Argentina v England 22 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Argentina 2 -- 1 England Maradona 51 ' , 55 ' Report Lineker 81 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,580 Referee : Ali Bin Nasser ( Tunisia ) Spain v Belgium 22 June 1986 16 : 00 CST Spain 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium Señor 85 ' Report Ceulemans 35 ' Penalties Señor Eloy Chendo Butragueño Víctor 4 -- 5 Claesen Scifo Broos Vervoort L. Van Der Elst Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla , Puebla Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Siegfried Kirschen ( East Germany ) Semi-finals ( edit ) France v West Germany 25 June 1986 12 : 00 CST France 0 -- 2 West Germany Report Brehme 9 ' Völler 89 ' Estadio Jalisco , Guadalajara Attendance : 45,000 Referee : Luigi Agnolin ( Italy ) Argentina v Belgium 25 June 1986 16 : 00 CST Argentina 2 -- 0 Belgium Maradona 51 ' , 63 ' Report Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,500 Referee : Antonio Márquez Ramírez ( Mexico ) Third place match ( edit ) Belgium v France 28 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Belgium 2 -- 4 ( a.e.t. ) France Ceulemans 11 ' Claesen 73 ' Report Ferreri 27 ' Papin 43 ' Genghini 104 ' Amoros 111 ' ( pen . ) Estadio Cuauhtémoc , Puebla , Puebla Attendance : 21,000 Referee : George Courtney ( England ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup Final Argentina v West Germany 29 June 1986 12 : 00 CST Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany Brown 23 ' Valdano 55 ' Burruchaga 83 ' Report Rummenigge 74 ' Völler 80 ' Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Attendance : 114,600 Referee : Romualdo Arppi Filho ( Brazil ) Awards ( edit ) Source : Golden Boot Golden Ball FIFA Fair Play Trophy Gary Lineker Diego Maradona Brazil Goalscorers ( edit ) Gary Lineker received the Golden Boot for scoring six goals . In total , 132 goals were scored by 82 different players , with two of them credited as own goals . 6 goals Gary Lineker 5 goals Diego Maradona Careca Emilio Butragueño 4 goals Jorge Valdano Preben Elkjær Larsen Alessandro Altobelli Igor Belanov 3 goals Jan Ceulemans Nico Claesen Jesper Olsen Rudi Völler 2 goals Jorge Burruchaga Enzo Scifo Josimar Sócrates Jean - Pierre Papin Michel Platini Yannick Stopyra Fernando Quirarte Abderrazak Khairi Roberto Cabañas Julio César Romero Ramón Calderé Klaus Allofs 1 goal Djamel Zidane José Luis Brown Pedro Pasculli Oscar Ruggeri Stéphane Demol Erwin Vandenbergh Franky Vercauteren Daniel Veyt Edinho Plamen Getov Nasko Sirakov John Eriksen Michael Laudrup Søren Lerby Peter Beardsley Manuel Amoros Luis Fernández Jean - Marc Ferreri Bernard Genghini Dominique Rocheteau Jean Tigana Lajos Détári Márton Esterházy Ahmed Radhi Luis Flores Manuel Negrete Hugo Sánchez Raúl Servín Abdelkrim Merry Colin Clarke Norman Whiteside Włodzimierz Smolarek Carlos Manuel Diamantino Gordon Strachan Choi Soon - ho Huh Jung - moo Kim Jong - boo Park Chang - sun Sergei Aleinikov Oleh Blokhin Vasyl Rats Sergey Rodionov Pavlo Yakovenko Ivan Yaremchuk Oleksandr Zavarov Eloy Andoni Goikoetxea Julio Salinas Juan Antonio Señor Antonio Alzamendi Enzo Francescoli Andreas Brehme Lothar Matthäus Karl - Heinz Rummenigge Own goals László Dajka ( against the Soviet Union ) Cho Kwang - rae ( against Italy ) Players who were red - carded during the tournament ( edit ) Mike Sweeney Frank Arnesen Ray Wilkins Thomas Berthold Basil Gorgis Javier Aguirre José Batista Miguel Bossio FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1986 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Argentina 7 6 0 14 5 + 9 13 West Germany 7 8 7 + 1 8 France 7 12 6 + 6 10 Belgium 7 12 15 − 3 6 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Brazil 5 0 10 + 9 9 6 Mexico 5 0 6 + 4 8 7 Spain 5 11 + 7 7 8 England 5 7 + 4 5 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Denmark 0 10 6 + 4 6 10 Soviet Union 12 5 + 7 5 11 Morocco + 1 12 Italy 5 6 − 1 13 Paraguay 6 − 2 14 Poland 7 − 6 15 Bulgaria 0 6 − 4 16 Uruguay 0 8 − 6 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Portugal 0 − 2 18 Hungary 0 9 − 7 19 Scotland 0 − 2 20 South Korea 0 7 − 3 21 Northern Ireland 0 6 − 4 22 Algeria 0 5 − 4 23 Iraq 0 0 − 3 0 24 Canada 0 0 0 5 − 5 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Overview '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Andy ( 11 June 2010 ) . `` ... Fan Crazes '' . FourFourTwo ( Australia ) . Archived from the original on 10 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 10 June 2010 ) . `` The 100 greatest World Cup moments '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Pougatch , Mark ( 11 January 2011 ) . Three Lions Versus the World : England 's World Cup Stories from the Men Who Were There . Mainstream Publishing . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907195 - 59 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snyder , John ( 1 September 2001 ) . Soccer 's Most Wanted TM : The Top 10 Book of Clumsy Keepers , Clever Crosses , and Outlandish Oddities . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 365 - 7 . Jump up ^ El Diego -- Diego Maradona , Page 127 , ISBN 0 - 224 - 07190 - 4 Jump up ^ `` 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico -- Awards '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup -- Mexico ' 86 : Official Report , p. 228 Jump up ^ `` HUNGARY -- CANADA '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 19 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` DENMARK -- WEST GERMANY '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ENGLAND -- MOROCCO '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` WEST GERMANY -- MEXICO '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IRAQ -- BELGIUM '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SCOTLAND -- URUGUAY '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DENMARK -- URUGUAY '' . Planet World Cup . Retrieved 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Argentina 's Road to the World Title FIFA.com. page 45 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1986 . 1986 FIFA World Cup Mexico TM , FIFA.com 1986 World Cup Details RSSSF FIFA Technical Report ( Part 1 ) , ( Part 2 ) , ( Part 3 ) and ( Part 4 ) 1980s portal Mexico portal 1986 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads 1986 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Argentina Runners - up West Germany Third place France Fourth place Belgium Quarter - final Brazil England Mexico Spain Round of 16 Bulgaria Denmark Italy Morocco Paraguay Poland Soviet Union Uruguay Group stage Algeria Canada Hungary Iraq Northern Ireland Portugal Scotland South Korea 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . VIAF : 156615036 LCCN : n2015065712 GND : 2090179 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1986_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=804971603 '' Categories : 1986 FIFA World Cup 1985 -- 86 in Mexican football 1986 in association football May 1986 sports events June 1986 sports events FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Mexico Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the 1986 world cup supposed to be held	[ "The 1986 FIFA World Cup, the 13th FIFA World Cup, was held in Mexico from 31 May to 29 June 1986. The tournament was the second to feature a 24-team format. With European nations not allowed to host after the previous World Cup in Spain, Colombia had been originally chosen to host the competition by FIFA but, largely due to economic reasons, was not able to do so and officially resigned in 1982. Mexico was selected as the new host in May 1983. This was the third FIFA World Cup tournament in succession that was hosted by a Hispanophonic country, after Spain in 1982, and Argentina in 1978." ]	[ "Colombia" ]
4849734768602711698	List of Attack on Titan chapters	List of Attack on Titan chapters - wikipedia List of Attack on Titan chapters Jump to : navigation , search First volume of Attack on Titan , released in Japan by Kodansha on March 17 , 2010 Attack on Titan is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Hajime Isayama . Set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid creatures who devour humans seemingly without reason , the story centers around Eren Yaeger , his foster sister Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after the appearance of a Colossal Titan brings about the destruction of their home town and the death of Eren 's mother . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren , Mikasa and Armin join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls . The series began serialization in Kodansha 's monthly publication Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine in its September 2009 issue . The first tankōbon volume was released in March 2010 , and as of December 2016 , twenty - one volumes have been released . In North America , the series is published in English by Kodansha Comics USA , that first published the first volume on June 19 , 2012 , with a three - or four - month interval between each release until mid 2013 , when subsequent volumes started being released on a monthly basis to catch up faster with the original Japanese releases . The series has also been adapted into an anime by Production I.G 's Wit Studio , with the first episode airing on April 7 , 2013 , on MBS . The anime is also being streamed by both Funimation and Crunchyroll on their respective websites . Contents ( hide ) 1 Manga 1.1 Attack on Titan 1.1. 1 Chapters not yet in tankōbon format 1.2 Junior High 1.3 Before the Fall 1.4 No Regrets 1.5 Spoof on Titan 1.6 Lost Girls 2 Novels 2.1 Before the Fall 2.2 Harsh Mistress of the City 2.3 Lost Girls 3 Notes 4 References Manga ( edit ) Attack on Titan ( edit ) Chapters in the Kodansha USA publications are numbered as episodes . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN March 17 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384276 - 0 June 19 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 024 - 4 `` To You , 2,000 Years from Now '' ( 二千年後の君へ , Ni Sen Nen Go no Kimi e ) `` That Day '' ( その日 , Sono Hi ) `` Night of the Disbanding Ceremony '' ( 解散式の夜 , Kaisanshiki no Yoru ) `` First Battle '' ( 初陣 , Uijin ) With the advent of giant humanoid beings known as `` Titans '' that hunt and eat humans on sight , mankind quickly dwindles in numbers and their territory is reduced to a small country protected by three massive walls ; Wall Maria , Wall Rose and Wall Sheena that kept the Titans outside for a hundred years , until a 60 - meter tall Titan ( known henceforth as Colossus Titan ) and a strong , armored one ( known as Armored Titan ) breach the fortified city of Shinganshina . The territory between Wall Maria and Wall Rose is overrun by the Titans , claiming tens of thousands of lives . After his mother is killed in the attack , Eren Yeager , one of the survivors of Shinganshina , joins the army along with his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their childhood friend Armin Arlert . After completing their training , Eren , Mikasa and Armin are stationed at the city of Trost when the Colossus Titan appears before them once more and breaches its wall for an invasion by the other Titans . July 16 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384338 - 5 September 11 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 025 - 1 `` A Dull Glow in the Midst of Despair '' ( 絶望の中で鈍く光る , Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru ) `` The World that the Girl Saw '' ( 少女が見た世界 , Shōjo ga Mita Sekai ) `` Small Blade '' ( 小さな刃 , Chiisa na Yaiba ) `` Roar '' ( 咆哮 , Hōkō ) `` The Beating of a Heart Can Be Heard '' ( 心臓の鼓動が聞こえる , Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru ) While protecting Armin from a Titan , Eren is swallowed , leading his friends to believe he is dead . Mikasa recalls her past when her parents were killed but she was saved by Eren . When the soldiers are about to lose hope , a mysterious rogue titan appears and starts attacking and killing the other Titans . After making use of this distraction to regroup and resupply , they watch the rogue Titan collapse from exhaustion and are surprised to see an unharmed Eren emerge from its body . December 9 , 2010 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384410 - 8 December 4 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 026 - 8 Side Story : `` Captain Levi '' ( リヴァイ兵士長 , Rivai Heishichō ) `` Where 's the Left Arm ? '' ( 左腕の行方 , Hidariude no Yukue ) `` Response '' ( 応える , Kotaeru ) `` Icon '' ( 偶像 , Gūzō ) `` Wound '' ( 傷 , Kizu ) News of Eren 's amazing transformation brings conflict to the army opposing those who want Eren dead and those who want to make use of his power to help them recapture the city . In the end , Eren is spared and entrusted with the task of sealing the hole in the wall with a massive rock only he can carry . However , during the operation , Eren suddenly goes berserk and his friends attempt to calm him down and help him regain control over the large Titan body he summoned . April 8 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384469 - 6 March 26 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 253 - 8 `` Primitive Desire '' ( 原初的欲求 , Genshoteki Yokkyū ) `` One by One '' ( 個々 , Koko ) `` Necessity '' ( 必要 , Hitsuyō ) `` Delusions of Strength '' ( 武力幻想 , Buryoku Gensō ) `` What Should I Do Now ? '' ( 今、何をすべきか , Ima , Nani o Subeki ka ) Recovering his conscience , Eren carries his task to the end and helps the human army attain their first victory against the Titans . The story then retrocedes two years to the time when Eren and his companions joined the military and began their training . 5 August 9 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384513 - 6 June 4 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 254 - 5 Side Story : `` Ilse 's Notebook '' ( イルゼの手帳 , Iruze no Techō ) `` Still Ca n't See '' ( まだ目を見れない , Mada Me o Mirenai ) `` Special Operations Squad '' ( 特別作戦班 , Tokubetsu Sakusen Han ) `` Opening the Gate '' ( 開門 , Kaimon ) `` Long - Distance Enemy Scouting Formation '' ( 長距離索敵陣形 , Chōkyori Sakuteki Jinkei ) A Scouting Legion had an expedition outside the wall , a tragedy happened while retreating to Ilse 's squad which led her into a big discovery that a titan talked to her . However , she was killed in the process . Back to the present , Eren is brought into a military court to decide his fate . Between the opposing views of those who brand him as a threat and want him dead , and those who want to make use of his power to reclaim Wall Maria , it is decided that Eren will be put under care of the Survey Corps Special Task Force , led by Levi , the man who is believed to be the army 's strongest hero ever . Soon after , the Survey Corps led by Commander Erwin Smith organizes an expedition through the Titans territory , bringing Eren and the other newcomers with them . 6 December 9 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384591 - 4 August 27 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 255 - 2 `` The Female Titan '' ( 女型の巨人 , Megata no Kyojin ) `` The Titan Forest '' ( 巨大樹の森 , Kyodaiju no Mori ) `` Bite '' ( 噛みつく , Kamitsuku ) `` The Easy Path '' ( 好都合な道を , Kōtsugō na Michi o ) The expedition is attacked by a huge Titan with female - like features . Figuring that its target is Eren , Levi and his soldiers take him to a dense forest where the soldiers had previously laid a trap , using it to capture the Female Titan . 7 April 9 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384652 - 2 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362208 - 9 ( limited edition ) September 24 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 256 - 9 `` Erwin Smith '' ( エルヴィン・スミス , Eruvin Sumisu ) `` Choices and Consequences '' ( 選択と結果 , Sentaku to Kekka ) `` Crushing Blow '' ( 鉄槌 , Tettsui ) `` Losers '' ( 敗者達 , Haisha Tachi ) The Female Titan breaks free and attempts to kidnap Eren but is stopped by Mikasa and Levi . Having failed to discover the enemy 's identity despite suffering heavy casualties , the Survey Corps return home and is ordered to hand over Eren to the Military Police . 8 August 9 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384712 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362227 - 0 ( limited edition ) October 29 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 547 - 8 `` Grin '' ( 微笑み , Hohoemi ) `` Mercy '' ( 慈悲 , Jihi ) `` Wall '' ( 壁 , Kabe ) `` Soldiers Dance '' ( 戦士は踊る , Senshi wa Odoru ) Stationed in a Military Police base in the Stohess District , Annie Leonhart , an old acquaintance of Eren and his friends , is asked by Armin to assist him with a plan to help Eren escape . However , it was all a plot to expose her as the Female Titan who attacked the expedition . After failing to capture Eren once again , Annie attempts to escape by climbing through Wall Sheena just to be stopped by her former companions and encases herself into an indestructible , crystal - like structure to protect herself . After the battle , it is revealed that there are live Titans entombed inside the walls but Eren 's friends are forbidden to inquire further about it . As Mikasa and Armin tend to an exhausted Eren , the rest of their friends discover that Titans have breached Wall Rose . 9 December 7 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384776 - 5 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362239 - 3 ( limited edition ) November 26 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 548 - 5 `` The Beast Titan '' ( 獣の巨人 , Kemono no Kyojin ) `` I 'm Home '' ( ただいま , Tadaima ) `` Southwestward '' ( 南西へ , Nansei e ) `` Utgard Castle '' ( ウトガルド城 , Utogarudo - jō ) The Survey Corps fight a group of Titans that have breached Wall Rose . A beast - like Titan , who is able to converse , confronts squad leader Mike before leaving him to be eaten by the other Titans . The Survey Corps scramble into groups to inform the other villages . Sasha visits her home town which has been lost to the Titans , recalls her past , and reunites with her father . On the way to Ehrmich District , Hange comes up with an idea to re-seal the Wall using Eren 's Titan form . Minister Nick reveals that one of the Survey Corps members holds the key to the secret of the walls . Connie discovers his village was destroyed by Titans yet no blood was shed ; he is surprised when one of the dead Titans speaks to him . The soldiers converge near the breach but do not see one . They take shelter at the nearby Castle Utgard , but their camp is surrounded by Titans when the full moon rises . 10 April 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384839 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362243 - 0 ( limited edition ) December 31 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 676 - 5 `` Soldier '' ( 兵士 , Heishi ) `` Ymir '' ( ユミル , Yumiru ) `` Historia '' ( ヒストリア , Hisutoria ) `` Warrior '' ( 戦士 , Senshi ) The Survey Corps team are trapped inside Castle Utgard fighting the Titans . Reiner and Bertholt fight off one that penetrated the tower , but Reiner gets bitten by one of the Titans . As the Beastly Titan summons more Titans , Ymir reveals to Krista that she too can transform into a Titan , and uses that to beat down the attackers . Eren , Mikasa and the others arrive to fight off the other Titans . Krista reveals her real name : Historia Reiss , an illegitimate child within the royal lineage . Reiner and Bertholt attempt to persuade Eren to join their cause , but when they reveal themselves to be the Armored and Colossus Titans , Eren flies into a rage and they all turn into Titans to fight each other . 11 August 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394901 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362256 - 0 ( special edition ) January 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 677 - 2 `` The Armored Titan '' ( 鎧の巨人 , Yoroi no Kyojin ) `` Strike , Throw , Submit '' ( 打・投・極 , Da Tō Kyoku ) `` The Hunters '' ( 追う者 , Ou Mono ) `` Opening '' ( 開口 , Kaikō ) Face to face with those responsible for the fall of Shinganshina , Eren transforms and fights Reiner the Armored Titan , while the Colossus Titan defends himself against the others . Using tactics he learned from sparring with Annie and some advice from Mikasa , he defeats the Armored Titan , but the Colossus Titan lands on him in an explosion . Ymir and Eren are captured . Five hours later , Mikasa and the others awake from the shock and rendezvous with Erwin and the others , who organize a party to chase after them . 12 December 9 , 2013 December 6 , 2013 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394976 - 6 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358465 - 3 ( limited edition ) April 29 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 678 - 9 `` Children '' ( 子供達 , Kodomo Tachi ) `` Someone '' ( 誰か , Dareka ) `` Charge '' ( 突撃 , Totsugeki ) `` Scream '' ( 叫び , Sakebi ) Reiner and Bertolt convince Ymir to join their side , claiming that they can ensure both her and Krista 's safety , but Eren remains intent on revenge against the two guys . While Ymir and Eren heal in the forest of Titans , their rescue party approaches . Ymir transforms and captures Krista . Reiner transforms into the Armored Titan and carries Ymir , Bertolt and Eren while the rescue party pursues them . Amid the chaos of the battle , Eren finds himself against the same Titan who killed his mother . He discovers much to his surprise that he has the power to subdue other Titans to do his bidding , using it to enact revenge for his mother and drive away the kidnappers . Eren and his friends then return home safely , but Ymir parts with Krista and allies with Reiner and Bertoldt . 13 April 9 , 2014 April 3 , 2014 ( limited edition ) ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395044 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358488 - 2 ( limited edition ) August 26 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 679 - 6 `` Squad Levi '' ( リヴァイ班 , Rivai Han ) `` Krista Lenz '' ( クリスタ・レンズ , Kurisuta Renzu ) `` Smoke Signal '' ( 狼煙 , Noroshi ) `` Location of the Counterattack '' ( 反撃の場所 , Hangeki no Basho ) The Survey Corps take Eren and Krista , who now assumes her birth name , Historia Reiss , to a secluded place and make preparations for an eventual operation to reclaim Wall Maria . Furthermore , Hange tells the others what she knows and proposes the theory that all regular Titans were humans once , but after the transformation they became feral and unable to return to their original form , unlike Eren and the other Titan Shifters . When Levi and his subordinates uncover a conspiracy to hinder their efforts led by none other than the royalty itself , Erwin and his supporters decide to stage a revolution to ensure that their plans to drive away the Titans from the walls can be executed without further interference . 14 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395141 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358703 - 6 ( limited edition ) November 4 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 680 - 2 `` Pain '' ( 痛み , Itami ) `` Actors '' ( 役者 , Yakusha ) `` Kenny the Ripper '' ( 切り裂きケニー , Kirisaki Kenī ) `` Gunshots '' ( 銃声 , Jūsei ) After learning that the current king is just a figurehead to Historia 's father , Rod Reiss , who is the true ruler inside the walls , Erwin and the others decide to use her to overthrow the current monarchy and install her as queen . To draw the attention of their enemies , Eren and Historia pose themselves as bait , but they are outsmarted and instead captured by Captain Kenny Ackerman , a former serial killer and old acquaintance of Levi . Levi and the others then attempt to rescue their friends but Kenny and his special forces , who are equipped with special gear tailored to hunt down humans instead of Titans , appear to stop them . 15 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395253 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358722 - 7 ( limited edition ) March 17 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 979 - 7 `` Soul of a Heretic '' ( 外道の魂 , Gedō no Tamashii ) `` Trust '' ( 信頼 , Shinrai ) `` Reply '' ( 回答 , Kaitō ) `` Sin '' ( 罪 , Tsumi ) Levi and the others escape from Kenny 's troops , but Erwin is captured and sentenced to death . However , false rumors spread by his supporters about a breach on Wall Rose by the Titans expose the nobility 's unwillingness to protect its own subjects , leading the army to revolt against them . Meanwhile , Eren 's friends prepare to rescue him , who is restrained by Historia 's father and the true monarch , Rod Reiss . Rod forces Eren to bring forth the repressed memories from his last encounter with his father , revealing that in the occasion , he was forcibly transformed into a Titan and ate him . 16 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395358 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358723 - 4 ( limited edition ) August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 980 - 3 `` Chains '' ( 鎖 , Kusari ) `` Welcome Party '' ( 歓迎会 , Kangeikai ) `` Dreams and Curses '' ( 夢と呪い , Yume to Noroi ) `` Wish '' ( 願い , Negai ) The Survey Corps confront the special forces to rescue Eren and Historia , while Rod attempts to convince his daughter to transform into a Titan herself and absorb Eren 's powers by eating him . Despite Eren 's will to sacrifice himself in apology for her family 's death at his father 's hands , Historia refuses and Rod decides to do it in her place . However , Rod 's new Titan form grows rogue into a massive size , larger than the Colossal Titan itself , and in a desperate move to save his friends from being crushed , Eren obtains a new power when he drinks from a mysterious flask . 17 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395446 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362303 - 1 ( limited edition ) December 15 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 112 - 7 `` Outside the Walls of Orvud District '' ( オルブド区外壁 , Orubudo - ku Gaiheki ) `` Ruler of the Walls '' ( 壁の王 , Kabe no Ō ) `` Friends '' ( 友人 , Yūjin ) `` A Dream I Once Had '' ( いつか見た夢 , Itsuka Mita Yume ) The Survey Corps confronts Rod at the walls of Orvud District , ultimately winning when Historia takes advantage of an opening provided by Eren to slay her own father and uses such fact to herald herself as a heroine in order to bolster her authority as the new ruler within the walls . Historia then is crowned queen , but she relinquishes all authority to the military and dedicates her life to providing aid to the orphans . Afterwards , Erwin and the others make preparations to launch a campaign to seal the breach on Shinganshina and reclaim Wall Maria when Eren remembers that Keith Shadis , the man who trained him and his friends when they joined the military was a friend of his father 's and he decides to pay a visit to him in search for answers . Meanwhile in Shinganshina , the Beastly Titan is seen in his human form , and commands Reiner and Bertholdt to stay with him and prepare an ambush on Eren and the others , certain that they will eventually appear there . 18 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395549 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 358783 - 8 ( limited edition ) April 5 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 211 - 7 `` Bystander '' ( 傍観者 , Bōkansha ) `` Night of the Battle to Retake the Wall '' ( 奪還作戦の夜 , Dakkan Sakusen no Yoru ) `` The Town Where Everything Began '' ( はじまりの街 , Hajimari no Machi ) `` Mission Objectives '' ( 作戦成功条件 , Sakusen Seikō Jōken ) Eren and his friends confront Shadis and hear what he knows about Eren 's father and the night of his death . After that , the Survey Corps depart to Shinganshina , where Eren uses his new power to seal the hole made by the Colossal Titan five years prior as part of their plan to retake the city and Wall Maria from the Titans . However , the Beast Titan launch an attack on them in sequence , assisted by Reiner and a legion of Titans under their control , putting the Corps in disarray , while Bertolt lays low , waiting for his time to strike . 19 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395636 - 8 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362328 - 4 ( limited edition ) August 2 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 259 - 9 `` War on Two Fronts '' ( 二つの戦局 , Futatsu no Senkyoku ) `` The Thunder Spears '' ( 雷槍 , Raisō ) `` The World They Saw '' ( 彼らが見た世界 , Karera ga Mita Sekai ) `` Descent '' ( 光臨 , Kōrin ) Eren and his friends confront Reiner and defeat him using a new weapon designed specifically to penetrate his armored Titan form , the `` Thunder Spear '' . With his friend in trouble , Bertolt joins the battle , transforming into the Colossal Titan to assist him . 20 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395720 - 4 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362335 - 2 ( limited edition ) December 27 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 309 - 1 `` Perfect Game '' ( 完全試合 , Pāfekuto Gēmu ) `` The Unknown Soldiers '' ( 名も無き兵士 , Na mo Naki Heishi ) `` Promise '' ( 約束 , Yakusoku ) `` Hero '' ( 勇者 , Yūsha ) To break the enemy encirclement , Erwin launches a suicide attack with most of his men in order to distract the Beast Titan and allow Levi to flank him and his forces . The Beast Titan 's forces are defeated , but he manages to escape and Erwin is mortally wounded . Meanwhile , Eren and his friends manage to defeat and capture both Reiner and Bertoldt , but Armin 's body ends up entirely burned by the Colossal Titan 's steam while distracting him long enough for Eren to defeat him . 21 December 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395815 - 7 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362347 - 5 ( limited edition ) April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 327 - 5 `` Falling Axe '' ( 大鉈 , Ōnata ) `` Midnight Sun '' ( 白夜 , Byakuya ) `` Basement '' ( 地下室 , Chikashitsu ) `` That Day '' ( あの日 , Ano Hi ) Zeke , the Beast Titan , rescues Reiner and flees , while the survivors of the Survey Corps are forced to choose between saving Erwin or Armin , both almost dying , with a single dose of the Titan serum in their possession . In the end , they decide to use the serum on Armin , and leave Bertoldt to be eaten by him , in order to recover his human form and inherit his powers , while Erwin passes away . With Shinganshina secured , Eren and the others explore the basement of his old house and recover his father 's diaries revealing that mankind beyond the walls has not disappeared as they were always led to believe by the royalty , but is thriving instead . Grisha also reveals that their race , the Eldians , are oppressed outside the walls by the dominant race , the Marleyans , and that he once tried to stage a rebellion against them , until he and his companions were betrayed by his first son , who was actually Zeke . 22 April 7 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395909 - 3 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362355 - 0 ( limited edition ) August 1 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 425 - 8 `` Boundary '' ( 境界線 , Kyōkaisen ) `` The Attack Titan '' ( 進撃の巨人 , Shingeki no Kyojin ) `` Meeting '' ( 会議 , Kaigi ) `` To the Other Side of the Wall '' ( 壁の向こう側へ , Kabe no Mukōgawa e ) After Zeke 's betrayal , his parents and the rest of the revolutionaries were taken to Paradis Island , where the walls are situated , and Grisha was forced to watch Dina and the others being transformed into Titans and sent away , but was saved by Eren Kruger , an undercover agent known as `` Owl '' , who used his Titan Shifting powers to kill all the Marley forces . After revealing that he received his powers thirteen years before , and will soon die because of them , Kruger passes them over to Grisha by having Grisha transform into a Titan and then eat him . Upon looking at Grisha 's memories inside his mind , Eren discovers not only that he has less than a decade left to live , but that the Titan who killed his mother was actually Dina . Meanwhile , Historia receives a letter from Ymir , who reveals that she will soon be killed , and thanks Historia for having at least lived with her for a while . After disclosing all the info obtained from Grisha 's documents to the public , the new government commands the effort to clear and reclaim Wall Maria from the Titans . However , Eren realizes that he only managed to use the power of the Coordinate when he was in contact with Dina , a member of the royal family turned titan , and , fearing for Historia 's safety , decides to keep that information to himself . 23 August 9 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 100 - 1 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06510 - 007 - 3 ( limited edition ) December 19 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 463 - 0 `` The Other Side of the Ocean '' ( 海の向こう側 , Umi no Mukōgawa ) `` Marley 's Soldiers '' ( マーレの戦士 , Māre no Senshi ) `` Midnight Train '' ( 闇夜の列車 , Yamiyo no Ressha ) `` The Boy Inside The Wall '' ( 壁の中の少年 , Kabe no Naka no Shōnen ) Chapters not yet in tankōbon format ( edit ) `` Liar '' ( 嘘つき , Usotsuki ) `` Gate of Hope '' ( 希望の扉 , Kibō no Tobira ) `` From One Hand to Another '' ( 手から手へ , Te kara Te e ) This incomplete list is frequently updated to include new information . Junior High ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Junior High Attack on Titan : Junior High ( 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 , Shingeki ! Kyojin Chūgakkō ) is a parody manga written and illustrated by Saki Nakagawa , serialized in Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine since its May 2012 issue . The first tankōbon volume was released April 9 , 2013 , and as of December 9 , 2015 , 9 volumes have been released . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 384841 - 0 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 916 - 2 August 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394903 - 2 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 916 - 2 December 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 394979 - 7 November 25 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 918 - 6 April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395046 - 5 November 25 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 918 - 6 5 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395143 - 1 April 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 961 - 2 6 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395254 - 4 April 28 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 961 - 2 7 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395359 - 6 November 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 113 - 4 8 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395445 - 6 November 24 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 113 - 4 9 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395550 - 7 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 10 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395637 - 5 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 410 - 4 11 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395721 - 1 -- -- Before the Fall ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Before the Fall § Volume list Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ) is a spinoff manga illustrated by Satoshi Shiki , based on the prequel light novel series of the same name written by Ryō Suzukaze . The series has been serialized in Monthly Shōnen Sirius since August 2013 . The first tankōbon volume was released December 9 , 2013 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 9 , 2013 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376439 - 0 March 11 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 910 - 0 April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376460 - 4 August 19 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 912 - 4 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376486 - 4 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 914 - 8 December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376515 - 1 March 31 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 981 - 0 5 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376537 - 3 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 982 - 7 6 August 7 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376564 - 9 December 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 224 - 7 7 December 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376590 - 8 April 12 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 225 - 4 8 April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390619 - 6 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 260 - 5 9 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390641 - 7 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 320 - 6 10 December 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 390667 - 7 April 18 , 2017 ISBN 978 - 1 - 63236 - 381 - 7 No Regrets ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : No Regrets § Volumes Attack on Titan : No Regrets ( 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kuinaki Sentaku ) is a spinoff manga written by Gun Snark and illustrated by Hikaru Suruga , serialized in the Aria magazine from its start in the November 28 , 2013 issue to June 28 , 2014 . The manga is an adaptation of the visual novel of the same name . It focuses on the origin story of Levi , before he was a part of the Survey Corps Special Operations Squad . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , which released both volumes in 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 376961 - 6 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362271 - 3 ( special edition ) June 24 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 941 - 4 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 377046 - 9 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 362277 - 5 ( special edition ) October 28 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 61262 - 943 - 8 Spoof on Titan ( edit ) Main article : Spoof on Titan Sungeki no Kyojin ( 寸劇の巨人 , `` Titan Short Skits '' ) is a comedic yonkoma manga written and illustrated by hounori , released on Kodansha 's `` Manga Box '' smartphone and tablet application from December 2013 to December 30 , 2014 , in both Japanese and English . The first tankōbon was published on August 8 , 2014 , and the second on April 9 , 2015 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN 01 August 8 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395152 - 3 September 13 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364081 02 April 9 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395360 - 2 December 13 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364098 Lost Girls ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Lost Girls A manga adaptation by Ryōsuke Fuji of visual and light novel by the same name , that began serialization in Kodansha 's shōnen manga magazine Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine on August 9 , 2015 . The series ended in the June 2016 issue of the magazine on May 9 , 2016 . In North America , the series has been licensed in English by Kodansha Comics USA , which released both volumes in 2016 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN April 8 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395638 - 2 August 30 , 2016 ISBN 9781632363855 August 9 , 2016 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 395722 - 8 November 15 , 2016 ISBN 9781632364180 Novels ( edit ) Before the Fall ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ) is a light novel written by Ryō Suzukaze and illustrated by Thores Shibamoto . It initially follows the story of Angel , the blacksmith who develops the first prototypes of the Vertical Maneuvering Equipment , before focusing on a young man who was found as a baby in the stomach of a Titan . Three volumes of Before the Fall were published between December 2 , 2011 , and June 29 , 2012 . Vertical licensed the light novels in October 2013 for distribution in English . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 2 , 2011 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375202 - 1 September 16 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 86 - 0 March 30 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375228 - 1 May 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 87 - 7 June 29 , 2012 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375243 - 4 May 26 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 939130 - 87 - 7 Harsh Mistress of the City ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 進撃の巨人隔絶都市の女王 , Shingeki no Kyojin Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joō ) is written by Ryō Kawakami and illustrated by Range Murata . It depicts the aftermath of the fall of Wall Maria first shown at the beginning of the manga . The first volume of Kakuzetsu Toshi no Joou was published on August 1 , 2014 . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN August 1 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375296 - 0 August 25 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 941220 - 62 - 7 May 1 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 375299 - 1 September 29 , 2015 ISBN 978 - 1 - 942993 - 29 - 2 Lost Girls ( edit ) Main article : Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 進撃の巨人 Lost Girls ) is written by Hiroshi Seko . It comprises three short stories featuring Mikasa Ackerman and Annie Leonhart , titled `` Lost in the cruel world '' , `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' , and `` Lost Girls '' . It was published in Japan on December 9 , 2014 , and in North America on June 28 , 2016 by Vertical . No . Japanese release date Japanese ISBN English release date English ISBN December 9 , 2014 ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 377096 - 4 June 28 , 2016 ISBN 9781942993353 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kodansha USA is releasing Junior High volumes in a 2 - in - 1 omnibus format . Jump up ^ The Japanese version of Attack on Titan : Lost Girls uses an English title `` Wall Sina , Goodbye '' . This is subject to change after the official English release References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 進撃の巨人 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃の巨人 ( 21 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 7 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 8 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 8 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 9 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 9 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 10 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 10 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 11 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 11 ) 特装版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 11 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 12 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き進撃の巨人 ( 12 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 12 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 13 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き進撃の巨人 ( 13 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 13 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 14 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き進撃の巨人 ( 14 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 14 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 15 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き進撃の巨人 ( 15 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 15 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 16 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DVD 付き進撃の巨人 ( 16 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 16 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 17 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 17 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 17 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 18 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 18 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 18 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 19 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 19 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 19 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 20 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 20 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 20 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 21 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 21 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 22 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 22 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 22 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 23 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 ( 23 ) 限定版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 23 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga Inspires Comedy Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 1 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 9 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 9 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 2 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 3 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 4 ) at Kodansha.co.jp '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved September 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 8 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Junior High 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 10 ) ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 10 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進進撃 ! 巨人中学校 ( 11 ) < 完 > ( Attack ! Titan Junior High ( 11 ) < End > ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daphne in the Brilliant Blue 's Shiki Penning Attack on Titan Spinoff Manga '' . Anime News Network . August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 3 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 3 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 4 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 4 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 5 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 5 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 6 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 6 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 7 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 7 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 8 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 8 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 9 ) ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 9 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 9 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 進撃の巨人 Before the fall ( 10 ) '' ( Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( 10 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall 10 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 ( 1 ) ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 ( 1 ) 特装版 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 ( 2 ) < 完 > ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人悔いなき選択 ( 2 ) 特装版 < 完 > ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : No Regrets 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 4 - Panel Manga Ends '' . Anime News Network . December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 寸劇の巨人 ( 1 ) ( Spoof on Titan ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 1 ( Attack on Titan ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 寸劇の巨人 ( 2 ) < 完 > ( Spoof on Titan ( 1 ) ( End ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spoof on Titan 2 ( Attack on Titan ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel Gets Manga Adaptation '' . Anime News Network . July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ryōsuke Fuji 's Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Manga Ends in May '' . Anime News Network . April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 LOST GIRLS ( 1 ) ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls The Manga 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人 LOST GIRLS ( 2 ) ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( 2 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls The Manga 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ラノベ文庫進撃の巨人 Before the fall 作品紹介講談社コミックプラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ラノベ文庫進撃の巨人 Before the fall3 作品紹介講談社コミックプラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New York Comic Con 2013 : Vertical Panel '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Before the Fall Light Novel Series '' . Anime News Network . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall ( novel ) '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ラノベ文庫進撃の巨人 Before the fall2 作品紹介講談社コミックプラス '' . Kc.kodansha.co.jp . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan : Before the Fall - Kyklo '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 進撃の巨人隔絶都市の女王 ( 上 ) '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人隔絶都市の女王 ( 上 ) ( Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 1 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : The Harsh Mistress of the City , Part 1 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 進撃の巨人隔絶都市の女王 ( 下 ) ( Attack on Titan : Harsh Mistress of the City ( 2 ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : The Harsh Mistress of the City , Part 2 '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 小説進撃の巨人 LOST GIRLS . Kodansha . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Attack on Titan Gets ' Lost Girls ' Novel Spinoff '' . Anime News Network . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vertical Adds Attack on Titan : Lost Girls Novel , Nichijō , FukuFuku : Kitten Tales Manga '' . Anime News Network . July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 小説進撃の巨人 LOST GIRLS ( Attack on Titan : Lost Girls ( novel ) ) . Kodansha ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan : Lost Girls '' . Penguin Random House . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_chapters&oldid=799670405 '' Categories : Lists of manga volumes and chapters Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Incomplete lists from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 04 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do new issues of attack on titan come out	[ "\n23\nAugust 9, 2017\nISBN 978-4-06510-100-1 [63]\nISBN 978-4-06510-007-3[64] (limited edition)\nDecember 19, 2017[65]\nISBN 978-1-63236-463-0\n" ]	[ "December 19, 2017" ]
-4853458552917711345	Dunedin, Florida	Dunedin , Florida - wikipedia Dunedin , Florida Jump to : navigation , search Dunedin , Florida City City of Dunedin Seal Location in Pinellas County and the state of Florida Coordinates : 28 ° 1 ′ 31 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 31 '' W / 28.02528 ° N 82.77528 ° W / 28.02528 ; - 82.77528 Coordinates : 28 ° 1 ′ 31 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 31 '' W / 28.02528 ° N 82.77528 ° W / 28.02528 ; - 82.77528 Country United States State Florida County Pinellas Settled 1852 Incorporated ( town ) 1899 Incorporated ( city ) 1925 Government Type Commission -- Manager Area Total 28.23 sq mi ( 73.13 km ) Land 10.39 sq mi ( 26.92 km ) Water 17.84 sq mi ( 46.21 km ) Elevation 30 ft ( 9 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 35,321 Estimate ( 2016 ) 36,381 Density 3,500.53 / sq mi ( 1,351.61 / km ) Time zone Eastern ( EST ) ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP codes 34697 - 34698 Area code ( s ) 727 FIPS code 12 - 18575 GNIS feature ID 0281860 Website www.dunedingov.com Dunedin / dəˈniːdɪn / is a city in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . The name comes from Dùn Èideann , the Scottish Gaelic name for Edinburgh , the capital of Scotland . The population was 35,321 at the 2010 census . Dunedin is home to several beaches , including Dunedin Causeway , Honeymoon Island , and Caladesi Island State Park , which is consistently rated among the best beaches in the world . Dunedin is one of the few open waterfront communities from Sarasota to Cedar Key where buildings do not completely obscure the view of the Intracoastal Waterway and the Gulf of Mexico beyond ; a 1 - mile ( 1.6 km ) stretch of Edgewater Drive ( also known as Alternate US 19 ) south of downtown offers views of St. Joseph Sound , Clearwater Beach , and Caladesi Island . Downtown Clearwater and Clearwater Beach are a 6 - mile ( 10 km ) drive south on Edgewater . The downtown business district is notable for its absence of large commercial signage , corporate franchise restaurants or chain retail stores . The Pinellas Trail , a 39 - mile - long ( 63 km ) bicycle and pedestrian trail that traverses all of Pinellas County , bisects downtown Dunedin . A large portion of the trail lies on the former roadbed of the Orange Belt Railway , the first railroad in Pinellas County , which arrived in 1888 . Since 1977 , Dunedin is the spring training home of the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as the class - A Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League . Dunedin is one of the smallest communities used by Major League spring training teams , although surrounded by a large metropolitan area . Dunedin Stadium is situated next to the Dunedin Public Library a few blocks south of downtown on Douglas Avenue , and is just two blocks east of Edgewater Drive . The stadium was built as a replacement to Grant Field , the Blue Jays ' first spring training ball park . The library was founded in 1895 and is the oldest public library in Pinellas County . Until early 2005 , Dunedin was the home of Nielsen Media Research 's production operations . The city is home to multiple breweries including Dunedin Brewery , Florida 's oldest microbrewery . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Education 4 Economy 5 History 5.1 Dunedin and the Roebling Alligator 5.2 The Historic Fenway Hotel 6 Traditions 7 Youth organizations 8 Dunedin government 9 Recreation 10 Shopping 11 Notable people 12 Gallery 13 References 14 External links Geography ( edit ) Location of Dunedin in Pinellas County , Florida Dunedin is located at 28 ° 01 ′ 31 '' N 82 ° 46 ′ 31 '' W / 28.025395 ° N 82.775348 ° W / 28.025395 ; - 82.775348 , which is the approximate geographic center of the city . The middle of downtown ( intersection of Main Street and Douglas Avenue ) is located at 28 ° 00 ′ 42 '' N 82 ° 47 ′ 16 '' W / 28.0118 ° N 82.7879 ° W / 28.0118 ; - 82.7879 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 28.2 square miles ( 73 km ) . 10.4 square miles ( 27 km ) of it is land and 17.8 square miles ( 46 km ) of it ( 63.20 % ) is water . Dunedin is bordered by the city of Clearwater to the south and east , the Gulf of Mexico to the west , and by Palm Harbor ( an unincorporated community of Pinellas County ) to the north . Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1900 113 -- 1910 256 126.5 % 1920 642 150.8 % 1930 1,435 123.5 % 1940 1,758 22.5 % 1950 3,202 82.1 % 1960 8,444 163.7 % 1970 17,639 108.9 % 1980 30,203 71.2 % 34,012 12.6 % 2000 35,691 4.9 % 35,321 − 1.0 % Est. 2016 36,381 3.0 % U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000 , there were 35,691 people , 17,258 households , and 9,543 families residing in the city . The population density was 3,438.1 inhabitants per square mile ( 1,327.6 / km2 ) . There were 19,952 housing units at an average density of 1,922.0 per square mile ( 742.1 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 94.88 % White , 2.00 % African American , 0.22 % Native American , 1.11 % Asian , 0.03 % Pacific Islander , 0.64 % from other races , and 1.11 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.34 % of the population . There were 17,258 households out of which 18.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 43.9 % were married couples living together , 8.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 44.7 % were non-families. 37.9 % of all households were made up of individuals and 20.6 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.63 . In the city , the population was spread out with 15.6 % under the age of 18 , 5.4 % from 18 to 24 , 24.5 % from 25 to 44 , 24.6 % from 45 to 64 , and 29.9 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 48 years . For every 100 females there were 84.4 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 81.3 males . The median income for a household in the city was $34,813 , and the median income for a family was $47,620 . Males had a median income of $31,876 versus $27,072 for females . The per capita income for the city was $23,460 . About 4.8 % of families and 8.2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.8 % of those under age 18 and 7.5 % of those age 65 or over . Education ( edit ) Pinellas County Schools operates the public school system . Within the city limits of Dunedin , there are four public elementary schools ( Curtis Fundamental , Dunedin , Garrison - Jones , San Jose ) , one public middle school ( Dunedin Highland ) , and one public high school ( Dunedin High School ) . There are two charter schools ( Athenian Academy of Pinellas and Academie DaVinci ) , two private schools ( Anchor Academy and Dunedin Academy ) and one Catholic school , Our Lady of Lourdes . Until July 2006 , Dunedin was the home of the main campus of Schiller International University . The university main campus is now in Largo . 86.6 % of the city 's 36,000 have a high school Diploma , 22.4 % bachelor 's degree or higher , 7.1 % graduate degree . Economy ( edit ) Dunedin previously hosted an office of Nielsen Media Research . In 2003 the company consolidated its employees in a new complex in Oldsmar , Florida , with workers from Dunedin and other areas in Pinellas County moving into the Oldsmar building . History ( edit ) Richard L. Garrison was the first person given a land grant in Dunedin in 1852 . The settlement was originally named Jonesboro by George Jones , the owner of the area mercantile . Two Scotsmen , J.O. Douglas and James Somerville , later named the settlement Dunedin after applying for the first post office in northern Pinellas County . With a dock built to accommodate larger sailing vessels , Dunedin became an important trading center and at one time it had the largest fleet of sailing vessels in the state . Dunedin became incorporated as a town in 1899 in part as a response to numerous complaints about pigs running rampant in the settlement , leading to a still - standing ban on livestock within city limits . By 1913 , the town had a population of only 350 . It became incorporated as the City of Dunedin in 1925 . Dunedin and the Roebling Alligator ( edit ) During and shortly before World War II the Food Machinery Corporation factory in Dunedin ( now demolished ) was the primary site for the production of the Landing Vehicle Tracked developed by FMC Dunedin 's Engineers and Donald Roebling of Clearwater from Roebling 's own Alligator . Initial training on the LVTs was done at the FMC factory under the auspices of the first Amphibian Tractor School , led by Major William W. Davies . Until barracks and maintenance facilities were completed , the school and its students were housed in the Hotel Dunedin . After training , the Marines from the first Amphibian Tractor School were sent to flesh out the 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalion , which has served with distinction since . In mid-1944 , the Marine unit in Dunedin was transferred to Camp Pendleton , California . The historic Fenway Hotel ( edit ) Located on Edgewater Drive , the Fenway Hotel is a historic hotel that saw many famous guests throughout its lifetime . Traditions ( edit ) Dunedin 's Scottish - American Society maintains Dunedin 's Scottish heritage . Sister city to Stirling , Scotland , Dunedin has maintained and embraced its Scottish roots . Once a year , Scottish clans descend upon the city for the Dunedin Highland Games . Both Dunedin High School and Dunedin Highland Middle School have competition - level pipe and drum bands . The high school 's marching band is known as the Scottish Highlander Band , and both teen and adult members make up the City of Dunedin Pipe and Drum Corps . In addition to the Highland Games , Dunedin hosts many other annual festivals . The most popular among these is Dunedin 's Mardi Gras celebration , during which thousands of visitors descend on the small town . Youth organizations ( edit ) Boy Scouts Troop 422 - Chartered by Our Lady of Lourdes Cub Scouts Pack 422 - Chartered by Our Lady of Lourdes Cub Scouts Pack 10 - Chartered by First Presbyterian Church of Dunedin Dunedin government ( edit ) The City of Dunedin currently operates under a nonpartisan commissioner - manager form of government . The commission comprises four commissioners and a mayor , who are elected by the registered voters under a staggered system . The chief executive officer , known as the City Manager , oversees the ten departments and the annual budget . Currently , the Dunedin City Commission is made up of Mayor Julie Ward Bujalski , Vice-Mayor Deborah Kynes , Commissioner John Tornga , Commissioner Heather Gracy , and Commissioner Maureen Freaney . The City Manager is Jennifer Bramley . The city government is made up of ten departments with various divisions and sections . The departments are Administration , Human Resources , Information Services , Public Works , Parks & Recreation , Fire , Library , Community Services , Economical Development , Planning / Development and Finance . The Community Redevelopment Agency ( CRA ) oversees downtown projects and the needs of downtown Dunedin merchants and tourism . Dunedin boasts an extensive Volunteer Services section , and enables all citizens the chance to have their opinions expressed and tended to . Currently , there are 39 boards and committees that serve as advisory groups to the City Manager and the City Commission . Recreation ( edit ) Dunedin Stadium is home to the Toronto Blue Jays during Spring Training . The city of Dunedin contains a Parks & Recreation Department , which provides low - cost recreation programming to the city 's residents . The city operates four recreation facilities , each one designed to provide resources for a specific age group . In 2007 , Dunedin opened its newest and largest recreation facility , the Dunedin Community Center at a cost of just over $10 million . The project was mostly paid for by the `` Penny for Pinellas '' tax . The St. Petersburg Times wrote that Marston `` figured that since the county needs recreation programs of its own and the city needs a new community center , why not ask the county to pay for the project in exchange for access to the new facility . '' Marston 's proposal marked a turning point for the city as it saved Dunedin taxpayers millions , and allowed Dunedin officials to replenish vital strategic reserves . The Dunedin Fine Art Center ( DFAC ) , opened in 1975 has grown to be one of the most renowned centers for visual art instruction and exhibition in the southeastern United States . At nearly 40,000 sq. ft. , DFAC houses 5 galleries , 15 studio classrooms , the Gallery Gift Shop , the Palm Cafe and the DLM Children 's ART Museum . Tampa Bay Times writer Lennie Bennett says that DFAC is `` the artistic equivalent of a village square , '' offering quality experiences to people of all ages . Other recreation facilities include the Martin Luther King , Jr . Recreation Center , the Hale Activity Center , Dunedin Nature Center , and the Highlander Pool Complex . The Dunedin Country Club golf course is semi-private . There are memberships available and the course is open to the public . The course was deeded to the city of Dunedin for recreational purposes in 1930 by the Contract Investment Company . The city has a large athletic base , with community soccer , baseball , hockey , and softball teams . Dunedin reflected the Gaelic origins of its name by playing host to a short lived American shinty club , Dunedin Camanachd , in the mid-2000s . The city - owned Dunedin Marina has 194 boat slips and is one of the finest municipal marinas on the West Coast of Florida . The marina is located on the intercoastal waterway between Dunedin Causeway and Clearwater Causeways . It is home to the Dunedin Boat Club , one of Florida 's oldest Sailing Clubs . The Dunedin Public Library has two branches , the Dunedin Main Library ( located at 223 Douglas Ave ) and the Friends Branch Library ( located at 1920 Pinehurst Rd , which opened in 2007 ) . As part of their offerings and services , the Dunedin Public Library offers monthly delivery service to homebound residents of Dunedin . Other unique offerings include a seed library where patrons can check out seeds for gardening , a knitting and crocheting group , and genealogy assistance . The Dunedin Public Library initiated a Little Free Library movement in Pinellas County . There are currently thirteen Little Free Libraries within Dunedin . The Literacy Council of Upper Pinellas , Inc. , which promotes adult literacy in North Pinellas County , serves the Dunedin Public Library . Shopping ( edit ) Dunedin is popular with tourists and includes numerous shops , bars , dining options and nightlife . A Downtown Market is held regularly as well as special events and a 2nd Friday Art Walk . For a complete directory of shopping , please visit www.visitdunedinfl.com . Notable people ( edit ) Clayton Andrews , MLB pitcher for the Toronto Blue Jays Sean Burnett , MLB relief pitcher for the Washington Nationals Mike `` Pinball '' Clemons , player and coach of the CFL 's Toronto Argonauts ; born and raised in Dunedin , and graduated from Dunedin High School Sylvia Earle , oceanographic explorer and marine biologist John G. Hanna , sailboat designer , designed the Tahiti ketch Jim Hendry , executive for the New York Yankees , former GM of the Chicago Cubs Doron Jensen , restaurateur and co-founder of Homestyle Buffet George Lowe , TV actor best known for playing Space Ghost on Space Ghost Coast to Coast Daniel Norris , MLB pitcher for the Detroit Tigers David Nutter , TV director for numerous shows including Game of Thrones and The X-Files ; graduate of Dunedin High School Donnie Scott , MLB catcher for the Texas Rangers , Seattle Mariners and Cincinnati Reds Frank Sprogell , professional golfer and golf course architect Lari White , country singer Mike White , Head Coach for the Florida Gators men 's basketball team Henry S. Whitehead , author of weird fiction , fantasy , horror , mainly published in Weird Tales magazine Bobby Wilson , MLB catcher for the Tampa Bay Rays Gallery ( edit ) Dunedin High School Dunedin Causeway looking west . Honeymoon Island is on the viewer 's right . Sign welcoming visitors to Dunedin on Edgewater Drive Band shell in the park in downtown Dunedin The Dunedin Public Library The Dunedin Garden Club Butterfly Garden at the Dunedin Public Library The Dunedin Public Library patio Bandstand at Edgewater Park References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( DP - 1 ) : Dunedin city , Florida '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.tampabay.com/news/article1021783.ece tampabay.com Jump up ^ http://www.pplc.us/libraries.shtml Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Helfand , Lorri . `` Largo makes Schiller a priority . '' Clearwater Times ( Edition of St. Petersburg Times ) . Thursday February 23 , 2006 . Page 1 . Retrieved from Google News ( 83 of 108 ) on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home . '' Schiller International University . Retrieved on August 28 , 2011 . `` Main Campus 8560 Ulmerton Road Largo , Florida 33771 '' Jump up ^ `` Univision sues over Nielsen 's meters . '' Associated Press at the St. Petersburg Times . June 11 , 2004 . Retrieved on August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.dunedingov.com/index.aspx?page=392 Jump up ^ http://www.dunedin-fl.com/history.htm Jump up ^ William L. Davidson , Dunedin Thru the Years 1850 -- 1978 ( Charlotte , N.C. : Delmar Printing Co. , 1978 ) Jump up ^ http://www.museumoffloridahistory.com/exhibits/permanent/wwii/panel.cfm?panel=3_6 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xg_PHTYdC-Y Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=DHyoKP0ozt4C&pg=PT196&lpg=PT196&dq=Dunedin+and+the+Roebling+Alligator&source=bl&ots=xpYthncOo6&sig=qzOFWKIZ-m87XI_Li4BupE2mWHc&hl=en&sa=X&ei=T8ZjUsPkOvWj4AP8gIGQAQ&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Dunedin%20and%20the%20Roebling%20Alligator&f=false Jump up ^ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19440529&id=KKFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yE4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7117,5271099 Jump up ^ `` Home . '' Dunedin Pack 422 Jump up ^ `` Home . '' Dunedin Pack 10 Jump up ^ Dunedin : The Home of Honeymoon Island . City commission . ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ `` Volunteer Services '' . City of Dunedin . Archived from the original on 10 June 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.dunedingov.com/index.aspx?page=151 Jump up ^ http://www.dunedin-fl.com/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ 2nd Friday Dunedin Wine / Art Walk Jump up ^ Dunedin Downtown Market Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/DunedinsDowntown Jump up ^ http://www.2ndfridaydunedin.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.tampabaymarkets.com/dunedin-downtown-market Jump up ^ Morgan , Nancy ( 2001 - 09 - 16 ) . `` CFL 's Clemons recalls growing up in Dunedin '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Florida portal Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Dunedin ( Florida ) . City of Dunedin official website City of Dunedin Tourism site Creative Loafing 's Neighborhood Guide : DUNEDIN Tampa Bay Area Topics Tampa Bay Climate History Media Sports Tampa International Airport Hillsborough County Public Schools Pinellas County Schools University of South Florida Central cities Tampa St. Petersburg Clearwater Smaller communities Pinellas Park Temple Terrace Brandon Zephyrhills Plant City Largo Dunedin Tarpon Springs Lutz Sun City Center Counties in MSA Hernando Hillsborough Pasco Pinellas See also : Florida Municipalities and communities of Pinellas County , Florida , United States County seat : Clearwater Cities Belleair Beach Belleair Bluffs Clearwater Dunedin Gulfport Indian Rocks Beach Largo Madeira Beach Oldsmar Pinellas Park Safety Harbor St. Pete Beach St. Petersburg Seminole South Pasadena Tarpon Springs Treasure Island Towns Belleair Belleair Shore Indian Shores Kenneth City North Redington Beach Redington Beach Redington Shores CDPs Bardmoor Bay Pines Bear Creek East Lake Feather Sound Greenbriar Harbor Bluffs Lealman Palm Harbor Ridgecrest South Highpoint Tierra Verde West Lealman Unincorporated communities Anona Crystal Beach Gandy Highpoint Innisbrook Ozona Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunedin,_Florida&oldid=831934242 '' Categories : Beaches of Florida Beaches of Pinellas County , Florida Cities in Florida Cities in Pinellas County , Florida Populated coastal places in Florida on the Gulf of Mexico Scottish - American history 1899 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Volapük 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 22 : 16 . About Wikipedia	how far is dunedin fl from clearwater fl	[ "Dunedin is home to several beaches, including Dunedin Causeway, Honeymoon Island, and Caladesi Island State Park, which is consistently rated among the best beaches in the world.[6] Dunedin is one of the few open waterfront communities from Sarasota to Cedar Key where buildings do not completely obscure the view of the Intracoastal Waterway and the Gulf of Mexico beyond; a 1-mile (1.6 km) stretch of Edgewater Drive (also known as Alternate US 19) south of downtown offers views of St. Joseph Sound, Clearwater Beach, and Caladesi Island. Downtown Clearwater and Clearwater Beach are a 6-mile (10 km) drive south on Edgewater." ]	[ "6-mile (10 km)" ]
-8830576503777262206	Playoff berth	Playoff berth - wikipedia Playoff berth Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a sports league , a playoff berth is a position in the playoffs secured ( `` clinched '' ) ahead -- and sometimes well ahead -- of the season 's conclusion . In close races , some teams will not make the playoffs until they have played the final game of the season , but other teams will clinch a spot in the playoffs when they have mathematically qualified for the playoffs . A team mathematically qualifies for the playoffs when they have won enough games to qualify even if they lose all their remaining regular season games and all trailing teams win all their remaining games . In some leagues , only the leader of each division qualifies for the playoffs , thereby requiring clinching the division in order to clinch a playoff berth . But in many large sports leagues , additional wild card teams that have not finished at the top of their division will also participate in the playoffs , and these positions will also be sought by teams that are unable to reach the top . Ranking watchers , such as the media , keep track of when teams have clinched , or how close they are to achieving this ( see Magic number ( sports ) ) . In standing charts displayed in newspapers and on websites , teams that have clinched a berth or even their division are generally indicated with various letters and symbols . A team 's ranking among playoff teams is known as a seed . Teams with a higher seed are generally afforded greater privileges during the playoffs , including home advantage and byes . A team that has simply clinched a playoff berth may continue to try to win if they have a chance to obtain a higher seed . A team that has already clinched the highest possible seed during the regular season , or a team that can not improve upon its seed , may be able to rest their starters during the remainder of the season . See also ( edit ) Elimination from possibility of reaching postseason Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Playoff_berth&oldid=833456225 '' Categories : Terminology used in multiple sports Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2012 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 17 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how does an nba team clinch a playoff spot	[ "In a sports league, a playoff berth is a position in the playoffs secured (\"clinched\") ahead—and sometimes well ahead—of the season's conclusion. In close races, some teams will not make the playoffs until they have played the final game of the season, but other teams will clinch a spot in the playoffs when they have mathematically qualified for the playoffs. A team mathematically qualifies for the playoffs when they have won enough games to qualify even if they lose all their remaining regular season games and all trailing teams win all their remaining games." ]	[ "when they have won enough games to qualify even if they lose all their remaining regular season games and all trailing teams win all their remaining games" ]
8545923541675012764	West Side Story (film)	West Side Story ( film ) - Wikipedia West Side Story ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search West Side Story Theatrical release poster by Joe Caroff Directed by Robert Wise Jerome Robbins Produced by Robert Wise Screenplay by Ernest Lehman Based on West Side Story by Jerome Robbins Leonard Bernstein Stephen Sondheim Arthur Laurents Starring Natalie Wood Richard Beymer Rita Moreno George Chakiris Russ Tamblyn Music by Leonard Bernstein Irwin Kostal Cinematography Daniel L. Fapp , A.S.C. Edited by Thomas Stanford Production company The Mirisch Corporation Seven Arts Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date October 18 , 1961 ( 1961 - 10 - 18 ) Running time 152 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $6 million Box office $43.7 million West Side Story is a 1961 American musical romantic drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins . The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same name , which in turn was inspired by William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet . It stars Natalie Wood , Richard Beymer , Russ Tamblyn , Rita Moreno , and George Chakiris , and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp , A.S.C. , in Super Panavision 70 . Released on October 18 , 1961 through United Artists , the film received high praise from critics and viewers , and became the second highest grossing film of the year in the United States . The film was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10 , including Best Picture ( as well as a special award for Robbins ) , becoming the record holder for the most wins for a movie musical . The film has been deemed `` culturally significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and was selected for the National Film Registry in 1997 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Jets 2.2 Jet Girls 2.3 Sharks 2.4 Shark Girls 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Casting 4.2 Differences from the stage show 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 6 Accolades and honors 6.1 Academy Awards 6.2 Others 7 Score and soundtrack 8 Remakes and legacy 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 1957 in the West Side 's Lincoln Square neighborhood in Manhattan , there is tension between a white gang , the Jets , led by Riff , and a Puerto Rican gang , the Sharks , led by Bernardo . After a brawl erupts , Lieutenant Schrank and Officer Krupke arrive and break it up , ordering both gangs to cease all fighting , or face the consequences . Despite their warning , the Jets decide to challenge the Sharks to a rumble for neighborhood control , at an upcoming dance . Riff decides that his best friend Tony , the co-founder of the Jets who left the gang , and works at Doc 's drug store , should fight . Riff invites Tony to the dance , but Tony is uninterested . He tells Riff that he senses something important will happen , which Riff suggests could have a correlation with the dance . Bernardo 's younger sister , Maria , tells her best friend and Bernardo 's girlfriend , Anita , how excited she is about the dance . At the dance , the gangs and girls refuse to intermingle . Tony arrives and he and Maria fall in love . However , Bernardo angrily demands that Tony stay away from her . Riff proposes a meeting with Bernardo at Doc 's drug store . Maria is sent home ; Anita argues that Bernardo is overprotective of Maria and they compare the advantages of Puerto Rico and the United States . Tony discreetly visits Maria on her fire escape , where they reaffirm their love . Krupke , who suspects the Jets are planning something , visits them and warns them not to cause trouble . Doc , the owner of the drug store also discourages fighting , but no one listens . When the Sharks arrive , both groups agree to have the showdown the following evening under the highway , with a one - on - one fist fight , under the suggestion of Tony . When Schrank arrives , the gangs feign friendship . Schrank does not buy it , and orders the Sharks out and unsuccessfully tries to get the Jets to divulge the location of the fight . After everyone else leaves , Tony tells a concerned Doc about his love . The next day at the bridal shop , Anita accidentally tells Maria about the rumble . Tony arrives to see Maria , which shocks Anita . They profess their love and Anita warns them about the consequences if Bernardo learns of their relationship . Maria has Tony promise to prevent the rumble . Tony and Maria fantasize about their wedding ceremony . The Jets and Sharks approach the area under the highway . Tony arrives to stop the fight , but Bernardo antagonizes him . Unwilling to watch Tony be humiliated , Riff initiates a knife fight . Tony tries to intervene , which leads to Bernardo killing Riff . Tony kills Bernardo with Riff 's knife and a melee ensues . Police sirens blare and everyone flees , leaving behind the bodies of Riff and Bernardo . Tony lingers a moment realizing in horror what he 's done , and barely manages to escape himself . Maria waits for Tony on the rooftop of her apartment building when Chino arrives and tells her what happened . Tony arrives and explains what transpired and asks for her forgiveness before he turns himself in to the police . Maria confirms her love for him and asks Tony to stay with her . The Jets have reassembled outside a garage , with their new leader , Ice having them focus on their reaction to the police rather than their rival gang . Anybodys arrives and warns them that Chino , armed with a stolen handgun , is searching out Tony for revenge , so Ice sends the Jets to warn Tony of the danger . Maria and Tony arrange to meet at Doc 's , where they will pick up getaway money so they can elope . Anita spots Tony leaving and chides Maria for the relationship , but Maria convinces her to help them elope . Schrank arrives and questions Maria about the rumble . To cover for Tony , Maria has Anita tell him that Maria is detained from meeting him . When Anita reaches Doc 's , the Jets , refusing to believe that she 's not helping Chino , harass her , until Doc intervenes . Anita declares that Bernardo was right about them and that Chino killed Maria . Doc banishes the Jets and gives Tony his getaway money in the basement and delivers Anita 's message . Tony runs into the streets , shouting for Chino to kill him as well . In the playground next to Doc 's , Tony spots Maria and run toward each other , only for Chino to arrive and shoot Tony . The Jets and Sharks arrive to find Maria holding Tony , who dies . Maria stops the gangs from fighting and takes the gun from Chino . She threatens to shoot everyone , blaming their hate for the deaths , before dropping the gun and breaking down in tears . Schrank , Krupke and Doc arrive on the scene , but do not intervene , and the gangs form a funeral procession , apparently setting aside their differences , with Maria following . Once they are gone , Schrank and Krupke take Chino into custody . Cast ( edit ) Natalie Wood as Maria Nunez , Bernardo 's younger sister , Chino 's arranged fiancée , who falls in love with Tony Marni Nixon as Maria 's singing voice Richard Beymer as Tony Wyzek , co-founder of the Jets but has outgrown their street culture . Remains best friend of Riff , works at Doc 's drug store , and becomes Maria 's star - crossed lover . Jimmy Bryant as Tony 's singing voice Russ Tamblyn as Riff Lorton , leader of the Jets , best friend of Tony Rita Moreno as Anita Palacio , Bernardo 's girlfriend , Maria 's closest confidante Betty Wand as Anita 's singing voice for `` A Boy Like That '' ( Moreno did her own singing for `` America '' and `` Quintet '' ) George Chakiris as Bernardo Nunez , leader of the Sharks , older brother of Maria and Anita 's boyfriend Simon Oakland as Lieutenant Schrank , police lieutenant Ned Glass as Doc , drugstore owner , Tony 's boss ; a decent , elderly man William Bramley as Officer Krupke , neighborhood cop and Schrank 's sergeant Uncredited John Astin as Glad Hand , well - meaning but ineffective social worker Penny Santon as Madam Lucia , bridal shop owner Jets ( edit ) Tucker Smith as Ice , Riff 's lieutenant , becomes leader of the Jets after Riff 's death . Tony Mordente as Action , a hot - tempered Jet . Eliot Feld as Baby John , the youngest member of the Jets . A relative innocent . David Winters as A-Rab , Baby John 's best friend Bert Michaels as Snowboy David Bean as Tiger Robert Banas as Joyboy Anthony ' Scooter ' Teague as Big Deal Harvey Evans ( Harvey Hohnecker ) as Mouthpiece Tommy Abbott as Gee - Tar Jet Girls ( edit ) Susan Oakes as Anybodys , a tomboy and wannabe Jet Gina Trikonis as Graziella , Riff 's girlfriend . Carole D'Andrea as Velma , Ice 's girlfriend Uncredited Rita Hyde d'Amico as Clarice , Big Deal 's girlfriend Pat Tribble as Minnie , Baby John 's girlfriend Francesca Bellini as Debby , Snowboy 's girlfriend Elaine Joyce as Hotsie , Tiger 's girlfriend Sharks ( edit ) Jose DeVega as Chino Martin , Bernardo 's best friend Jay Norman as Pepe , Bernardo 's lieutenant Gus Trikonis as Indio , Pepe 's best friend Eddie Verso as Juano Jaime Rogers as Loco Larry Roquemore as Rocco Robert E. Thompson as Luis Nick Covacevich as Toro Rudy Del Campo as Del Campo Andre Tayir as Chile Shark Girls ( edit ) Yvonne Othon as Consuelo , Pepe 's girlfriend Suzie Kaye as Rosalia , Indio 's girlfriend Joanne Miya as Francisca , Toro 's girlfriend Uncredited Maria Jimenez Henley as Teresita , Juano 's girlfriend Yvonne Wilder as Alicia , Chile 's girlfriend Luci Stone as Estella , Loco 's girlfriend Olivia Perez as Margarita , Rocco 's girlfriend Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Overture '' -- Orchestra `` Prologue '' -- Orchestra `` Jet Song '' -- Riff and Jets `` Something 's Coming '' -- Tony `` Dance at the Gym '' -- Orchestra `` Maria '' -- Tony `` America '' -- Anita , Bernardo , Sharks and Girls `` Tonight '' -- Tony and Maria `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' -- The Jets `` Maria ( violin ) '' -- Orchestra Act II `` I Feel Pretty '' -- Maria , Consuelo , Rosalia , and Francisca `` One Hand , One Heart '' -- Tony and Maria `` Tonight Quintet '' -- Maria , Tony , Anita , Riff , Bernardo , Jets , and Sharks `` The Rumble '' -- Orchestra `` Somewhere '' -- Tony and Maria `` Cool '' -- Ice and Jets `` A Boy Like That / I Have a Love '' -- Anita and Maria `` Somewhere ( Reprise ) '' -- Maria `` Finale '' -- Orchestra Production ( edit ) Veteran director Robert Wise was chosen to direct and produce because of his experience with urban New York dramas such as Odds Against Tomorrow ( 1959 ) . Since he had no experience directing a musical , Wise agreed that Jerome Robbins , who had directed the stage version of West Side Story , would direct the musical and dance sequences . After about one - third of the movie had been shot , the Mirisch Company , concerned that the production was running over-budget , dismissed Robbins . According to Saul Chaplin , Robbins nearly suffered a nervous breakdown during the time he worked on the film . The remaining dance numbers were directed with the help of Robbins ' assistants . Recognizing Robbins ' considerable creative contribution to the film , Wise agreed that Robbins should be given co-directing credit , even though Wise directed the greater part of the film . The opening titles and end credits sequences were created by Saul Bass , who is also credited for `` visual consultation '' on the film . Exterior shots used the buildings of Lincoln Square , which were vacant and about to be torn down , allowing them to be used as a set . Casting ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Because the producers wanted actors who looked believable as teenagers , they did not consider 30 - year - old Larry Kert , the first Tony on Broadway , or 29 - year - old Carol Lawrence , the first Maria , but some had experience in stage productions . Tony Mordente , who played A-Rab on stage , was cast as Action in the film , and George Chakiris , Riff in the London stage production , played Bernardo in the film . Tucker Smith , who joined the Broadway production several months into its run , played Diesel , renamed Ice for the film . David Winters , the first stage Baby John , played A-Rab , Eliot Feld , an ensemble member and understudy for Baby John on Broadway , played Baby John . Jay Norman , Juano on stage , appeared as Pepe . Reprising their stage roles in the film were Carole D'Andrea as Velma , Tommy Abott as Gee - Tar , and William Bramley as Officer Krupke . Elvis Presley was approached for Tony , but his manager , Colonel Tom Parker , strongly believed the role to be wrong for Elvis and made him decline in favor of other movie musicals . According to legend , the Colonel did n't want Elvis associated with gang warfare and knife crime , although three years earlier , Elvis ' character Danny Fisher stabbed and killed the small - time gangster ' Shark ' played by Vic Morrow in the movie King Creole . When the movie became a hit and earned 10 Oscars , Elvis regretted having given up the part . Others who auditioned for the part included Warren Beatty , Tab Hunter , Anthony Perkins , Russ Tamblyn , Burt Reynolds , Troy Donahue , Bobby Darin , Richard Chamberlain , Dennis Hopper , and Gary Lockwood . Bobby Darin made a strong impression on the producers at his audition and was , at one point , in talks for the role . However , he turned it down due to his concert and recording commitments . Tab Hunter , then 30 , and Burt Reynolds , nearly 26 , were also considered , due to their Broadway and singing credits , but they were dismissed because of their age . Richard Chamberlain was also thought too old at age 26 . The producers settled on their `` final five '' : Warren Beatty , Anthony Perkins , Russ Tamblyn , Troy Donahue , and Richard Beymer . Although he was 28 before filming began , Perkins ' boyish looks and Broadway resume seemed to make him a contender for the role , and he was trying to avoid getting typecast after the success of Psycho . Robert Wise originally chose Beatty for the role , figuring that youth was more important than experience . Ultimately , Beymer , the most unlikely of the candidates , won the part of Tony . Tamblyn , after several callbacks , impressed the producers and was given the role of Riff . Natalie Wood was filming Splendor in the Grass with Warren Beatty and was romantically involved with him off - screen . The producers were considering her for the role of Maria . When Beatty went to screen test for the role of Tony , Wood read opposite him as Maria as a favor because she had been practicing with him . The producers fell in love with the idea of Wood as Maria but did not cast Beatty . Jill St. John , Audrey Hepburn , Diane Baker , Valerie Harper , Elizabeth Ashley , and Suzanne Pleshette were among the many actresses who lobbied for the role of Maria in the film . However , Hepburn later withdrew because she became pregnant . Differences from the stage show ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is Baby John who is attacked and has his ear stabbed by Sharks . In the stage show , it 's A-Rab . David Winters played Baby John on stage and he played A-Rab in the film . Both times he avoided getting attacked by Bernardo . `` Tonight '' takes place immediately after the dance in the stage show . In the film it was moved to follow `` America '' . The Sharks sing `` America '' along with the Shark Girls in the film , while it 's only the Shark Girls on stage . Anita and Rosalia sing it on stage , while Bernardo takes Rosalia 's place in the film . Therefore , the majority of the song 's lyrics are changed in the film . In the film `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' takes place before `` Cool '' and is sung by Riff instead of Action , and `` Cool '' is sung by Ice . On stage the songs are reversed . `` Cool '' comes first and sung by Riff , while `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' is sung by Action . During the Quintet , Riff sings to Tony . In the film , he sings to Ice . On stage , Action takes over as leader when Riff is killed . In the film , Ice takes over . On stage , Velma is Riff 's girl and Graziella is Diesel 's girl . In the film , Graziella is Riff 's girl and Velma is Ice 's girl . Riff 's lieutenant from the stage production is named Diesel ; he was renamed Ice for the film ( The original book , however , indicates two of the Jets are named Diesel and Ice ) . Three of the Sharks from the stage ... Anxious , Nibbles and Moose ... are renamed Loco , Rocco and Del Campo for the film . On stage , there are 11 Jets ( including Tony ) and 10 Sharks . The film has 12 Jets and 11 Sharks with the additions of Joyboy and Chile , respectively Reception ( edit ) West Side Story holds a 94 % `` Certified fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 62 reviews for an average rating of 8.3 / 10 ; the site 's critical consensus states : `` Buoyed by Robert Wise 's dazzling direction , Leonard Bernstein 's score , and Stephen Sondheim 's lyrics , West Side Story remains perhaps the most iconic of all the Shakespeare adaptations to visit the big screen . '' Box Office ( edit ) The film earned $19,645,000 in North American rentals . Because of profit participation , United Artists earned a profit of $2.5 million on the film . Accolades and honors ( edit ) Its ten Academy Awards make it the musical film with the most Academy wins , including Best Picture . Three other films ( Ben - Hur , Titanic and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ) won 11 Oscars , but they were not musical films . Academy Awards ( edit ) Awards Academy Award for Best Picture -- Robert Wise , producer Academy Award for Best Director -- Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor -- George Chakiris Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Rita Moreno Academy Award for Best Art Direction -- Set Decoration ( Color ) -- Victor A. Gangelin and Boris Leven Academy Award for Best Cinematography ( Color ) -- Daniel L. Fapp Academy Award for Best Costume Design ( Color ) -- Irene Sharaff Academy Award for Best Film Editing -- Thomas Stanford Academy Award for Best Music , Scoring of a Musical Picture -- Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Irwin Kostal , and Sid Ramin Academy Award for Best Sound -- Fred Hynes ( Todd - AO SSD ) , and Gordon E. Sawyer ( Samuel Goldwyn SSD ) Nominations Academy Award for Best Writing ( Adapted Screenplay ) -- Ernest Lehman Others ( edit ) Academy Award for Brilliant Achievements in the Art of Choreography on Film -- Jerome Robbins American Film Institute lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- # 41 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- # 3 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Somewhere '' -- # 20 `` America '' -- # 35 `` Tonight '' -- # 59 AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- # 2 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- # 51 The film 's cast appeared and was honored at the 50th anniversary of West Side Story at the 2011 Ventura Film Festival . Score and soundtrack ( edit ) Leonard Bernstein was displeased with the orchestrations for the movie , which was the work of Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal , who had orchestrated the original Broadway production . That show had been orchestrated for roughly 30 musicians ; for the movie , United Artists allowed them triple that , including six saxophone parts , eight trumpets , five pianos and five xylophones . Bernstein found it `` overbearing and lacking in texture and subtlety . '' Stephen Sondheim , who did not like the arrangement of the songs in the Broadway version , had the song `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' being sung before the Rumble in place of the song `` Cool '' which is sung instead after the Rumble ; the song `` I Feel Pretty '' is also sung before the Rumble instead of after . In addition , the song `` America '' was sung in - between the two love songs `` Maria '' and `` Tonight '' , instead of having the two love songs being sung consecutively . The `` Somewhere '' Ballet was omitted , because it slowed down the pace of the film , and was sung instead by Tony and Maria . Reprises of the lyrics were omitted as well , especially in the songs `` One Hand , One Heart '' and `` A Boy Like That '' . Some lyrics were changed in order to avoid censorship , especially in the songs `` Jet Song , '' `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' , `` America '' and the `` Tonight Quintet . '' Even the phrase `` Womb to Tomb , Sperm to Worm '' between Riff and Tony had to be replaced with `` Womb to Tomb , Birth to Earth '' between Riff and Tony near the beginning of the film and `` One - Two - Three , One - Two - Three '' between Riff and Diesel in the Quintet . As provided in her contract , Wood prerecorded her songs and allowed the production team to decide whether to use her voice or not . She found the songs challenging , but was allowed to film her scenes lip - synching to her own vocals and was led to believe that these versions would be used , although music supervisors Saul Chaplin and Johnny Green had already decided to use Marni Nixon 's voice . Wood 's singing voice is only heard during the reprise of the song `` Somewhere '' when Tony dies . Though Nixon had recorded the songs in the same orchestra sessions as Wood , she had to re-record them to synch with Wood 's filmed performances . Even the one song for which Wood had lip - synched to Nixon 's voice , `` One Hand , One Heart '' , had to be recorded again because Wood 's lip - synching was unsatisfactory . When Marni Nixon learned that she had not signed a contract for participating in the recording and demanded a percentage of the LP record , she was told that all percentages had been allocated . Bernstein gave her 0.25 % of his album royalties . This set a precedent for all future `` ghost singers '' . Beymer 's vocals were performed by Jimmy Bryant . Tucker Smith , who played Ice , dubbed the singing voice of Riff in `` Jet Song '' , instead of Russ Tamblyn . Tamblyn 's own voice was used in `` Gee , Officer Krupke '' and the `` Quintet '' . Rita Moreno was dubbed by Betty Wand in the song `` A Boy Like That '' because the song needed to be performed at a register that was too low for her . However , Moreno sang her own vocals in `` America '' . Marni Nixon sang some of Moreno 's parts in the `` Quintet '' when illness prevented Moreno from doing so . Wand was also ill on the day of final recording , and so Nixon recorded Anita 's vocal line as well . For the 50th anniversary of the film 's 1961 release , a score closer to the Broadway version was created by Garth Edwin Sunderland of the Leonard Bernstein Office to be performed live at screenings of the movie with the score removed , but with the original vocals maintained . The score 's New York City premiere was presented at Lincoln Center 's Avery Fisher Hall , built atop the original film locations , which were razed in a late 1950s urban renewal project . The Stan Kenton Orchestra recorded Kenton 's West Side Story , an entire album of Johnny Richards ' jazz orchestrations based on the Bernstein scores in 1961 . It was previewed at Capitol Records by the producers of the motion picture during the editing and mix down who lamented that , had they known of its existence , it would have been used as the musical foundation of the new film . The Kenton version won the 1962 Grammy Award for Best Jazz Recording by a Large Group . A still picture from the movie is the front cover of the Kenton LP . Remakes and legacy ( edit ) The 2000 Bollywood film Josh is a loose adaptation of West Side Story . In 2014 , director Steven Spielberg has expressed interest in directing a remake of the film . In 2009 , photographer Mark Seliger re-created scenes from the film for magazine Vanity Fair called West Side Story Revisited , using Camilla Belle as Maria , Ben Barnes as Tony , Jennifer Lopez as Anita , Rodrigo Santoro as Bernardo and Chris Evans as Riff . Portraying the Sharks are Minka Kelly , Jay Hernandez , Natalie Martinez , Brandon T. Jackson and Melonie Diaz . Portraying the Jets are Ashley Tisdale , Sean Faris , Robert Pattinson , Cam Gigandet , Trilby Glover , Brittany Snow and Drake Bell . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1961 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` West Side Story ( AA ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 12 , 1962 . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Berson , Misha ( 2011 ) . Something 's Coming , Something Good : West Side Story and the American Imagination . Applause Theatre & Cinema Books . p. 155 . Jump up ^ `` David Winters Tribute Site '' . Davidwinters.net. 2003 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ www.elvisechoesofthepast.com Jump up ^ West Side Story at Rotten Tomatoes Retrieved July 19 , 2014 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Tino Balio , United Artists : The Company That Changed the Film Industry , Uni of Wisconsin Press , 1987 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Grant , Barry Keith ( 2012 ) . The Hollywood Film Musical . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 100 . Jump up ^ `` West Side Story ( 1961 ) -- Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th Academy Awards ( 1962 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ West Side Story 50th Anniversary at the Ventura Film Festival ^ Jump up to : Wakin , Daniel ( September 6 , 2011 ) , `` Classic Score by Bernstein is Remade '' , The New York Times , retrieved September 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ West Side Story -- `` Something 's Coming , '' YouTube Jump up ^ Nixon , Marni ( 2006 ) . I Could Have Sung All Night : My Story . Billboard Books . pp. 132ff . Jump up ^ Secret Voices of Hollywood . BBC4. 3 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ `` Path of Discovery : West Side Story at 50 '' , Justin M. Craig , September 27 , 2011 , leonardbernstein.com Jump up ^ Sarah Waxman , `` The History of the Upper West Side '' , ny.com Jump up ^ Nemiroff , Perri ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` West Side Story Remake Is Still on Steven Spielberg 's Mind '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Seliger , Mark ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` West Side Story Revisited '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . 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-6446692997320790388	The Dragon Prince	The Dragon Prince - Wikipedia The Dragon Prince For other uses , see Dragon Prince ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 2018 animated television series The Dragon Prince Genre Epic Fantasy Adventure Action Comedy - Drama Created by Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond Written by Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond Directed by Villads Spangsberg Giancarlo Volpe Voices of Jack DeSena Sasha Rojen Paula Burrows Composer ( s ) Frederik Wiedmann Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond Justin Santistevan Giancarlo Volpe Delna Bhesania Richard Grieve Gigi Pritzker Running time 24 -- 27 minutes Production company ( s ) Wonderstorm Bardel Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website The Dragon Prince is an American epic fantasy adventure computer - animated television series created for Netflix by Aaron Ehasz and Justin Richmond and produced by Wonderstorm . It premiered on September 14 , 2018 . In October 2018 , Netflix renewed The Dragon Prince for a second season . Contents 1 Setting and synopsis 2 Voice cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) 4 Production 5 Release 6 Reception 7 References 8 External links Setting and synopsis ( edit ) The series is set in a fantasy world where humans and elves are in conflict . Long ago , the humans used dark magic , and were driven off by the dragons and elves to one end of the continent . Now , after humans killed the dragon king and his egg , war is imminent . As forces gather , the elves attempt to assassinate the human king Harrow and his heir , the young prince Ezran . One among the elves , the young Rayla , along with Ezran and his brother Callum , discover that the dragon king 's egg was n't in fact destroyed , but stolen . Together they undertake to return the egg to the dragons to prevent war . But the mage Viren , King Harrow 's advisor , is intent on war . He seizes power after the king dies in the assassination attempt , and sends his children Claudia and Soren after the fugitives . Voice cast and characters ( edit ) Jack De Sena as Callum , the artistic older half - brother of Ezran and the king 's stepson . Paula Burrows as Rayla , a young moonshadow elf assassin who hesitates during her first mission . Sasha Rojen as Ezran , crown prince of Katolis , the cheerful younger half - brother of Callum . Bait , Ezran 's pet glow toad . Racquel Belmonte as Claudia , Viren 's daughter , a friendly and bookish dark mage . Jesse Inocalla as Soren , Viren 's son , a dim but talented Crownsguard . Jason Simpson as Viren , King Harrow 's advisor , a pragmatic dark mage . Jonathan Holmes as Runaan , the zealous leader of the moonshadow elf assassins . Luc Roderique as King Harrow of Katolis , Ezran 's father and Callum 's stepfather . Pip , Harrow 's pet bird . Erik Todd Dellums as Aaravos , the prologue 's narrator General Amaya , the deaf aunt of Callum and Ezran , a skilled warrior and commander who guards the breach between the human and elf nations whilst grieving her fallen sister . Adrian Petriw as Gren , Amaya 's deputy and interpreter who remains upbeat and focused even under the harshest conditions . Omari Newton as Corvus , Amaya 's tracker who is the lone member of her squad sent to hunt down the fugitives . Nahanni Mitchell as Ellis , a young girl with a fierce bond to her animal . Ava , Ellis ' wolf companion . Ellie King as Lujanne , an elven illusionist Azymondias ( `` Zym '' ) , an infant dragon , the Dragon Prince Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Season 1 ( `` Book 1 : Moon '' ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Echoes of Thunder '' Villads Spangsberg Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) A prologue explains the setting : Long ago , humans used dark magic and were driven off by dragons and elves . Now , after humans killed the dragon king and his egg , war is imminent . Elven assassins assemble to kill the human king Harrow and his heir Ezran . The youngest among them , Rayla , is disavowed after she shows mercy to a guard . `` What Is Done '' Villads Spangsberg Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) Harrow rejects his advisor Viren 's plan to foil the assassins by swapping the king 's soul into another body . Rayla infiltrates the castle on her own , intent on killing Harrow and Ezran , but relents after Ezran shows her the dragon king 's egg that was believed destroyed . `` Moonrise '' Villads Spangsberg Devon Giehl Iain Hendry September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) Rayla , Ezran and Callum decide to return the egg to the dragons to prevent war , but they can convince neither Viren 's daughter , the mage Claudia , nor the leader of the assassins , Runaan , of their plan . They are forced to flee with the egg as the other assassins begin their assault . They are defeated and Runaan is captured . `` Bloodthirsty '' Villads Spangsberg Devon Giehl Iain Hendry September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) King Harrow is buried and Viren , appointing himself Lord Protector , declares war on the Elves . Callum discovers his magic talents , and that he carries a rare primal stone of sky magic . The three fugitives arrive at the royal winter lodge , where General Amaya , their aunt , catches up with them . Rayla 's presence incites conflict , and the three flee again . 5 `` An Empty Throne '' Villads Spangsberg Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) The fugitives continue their journey to the elven lands . Beset by a river monster , Callum electrocutes it with magic . Rayla admits she 's trying to redeem her parents , who fled instead of protecting the dragon king . Amaya visits the grave of her sister , the queen . After she leaves for the border garrison , Viren imprisons her deputy Gren . 6 `` Through the Ice '' Villads Spangsberg Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) Rayla fights off a human searching for the boys . As the fugitives cross the mountains , she reveals that her ritual armband will eventually cut off her hand if Ezran does n't die . The egg falls into icy water and loses its luster . Viren orders his son Soren to find and kill the princes , so that Viren can seize the throne . 7 `` The Dagger and the Wolf '' Villads Spangsberg Devon Giehl Iain Hendry September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) Disguised as a human , Rayla tries to cut off her armband with a human 's magic blade , but fails . The boys seek help for the egg , and the young girl Ellis tells them of a healer who saved Ellis 's wolf companion Ava . Soren and Claudia set out to find the princes . 8 `` Cursed Caldera '' Villads Spangsberg Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) Chased out of town , the fugitives and Ellis seek out the healer atop the Cursed Caldera . A monster leech chases them up a rock , but working together , they manage to defeat it . Viren fails to extract information about his magic mirror from the captive Runaan , and traps him in a coin with dark magic . 9 `` Wonderstorm '' Villads Spangsberg Aaron Ehasz Justin Richmond September 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 14 ) The fugitives are set upon by a giant spider , but Ezran recognizes it as an illusion . The `` healer '' is revealed as Lujanne , an elven illusionist . Callum sacrifices his primal stone to save the egg by hatching it . The baby dragon Azymondias emerges , chewing off Rayla 's constricting armband . Using magic , Claudia and Soren locate the fugitives ' position . Production ( edit ) Aaron Ehasz was the head writer and co-executive producer of the animated series Avatar : The Last Airbender , and a longtime writer and story editor for Futurama . Richmond co-directed the video game Uncharted 3 : Drake 's Deception . The two co-founded the multimedia production studio Wonderstorm in 2017 , along with Justin Santistevan , to work both on The Dragon Prince and a related video game . Ehasz and Richmond are co-creators and writers on the series , while Giancarlo Volpe , a former director for Avatar , is an executive producer . The Dragon Prince is created using three - dimensional computer animation . A reduced frame rate is applied to offset `` floatiness '' . Release ( edit ) The series was announced on July 10 , 2018 . A trailer was released in July 2018 at the San Diego Comic - Con . The first season of The Dragon Prince was released on Netflix on September 14 , 2018 . In October 2018 , a second season was confirmed for a 2019 release . Reception ( edit ) An advance review of the first episode by IGN concluded that the series `` surprises by comfortably exploring dark story elements while giving audiences an assortment of lovable characters to engage with . In short , it 's a worthwhile animated series for audiences of all ages . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has a score of 100 % based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Patches , Matt ; Haasch , Palmer ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender team 's new Netflix show The Dragon Prince drops first trailer '' . Polygon . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://kidscreen.com/2018/10/09/netflix-roars-for-more-dragon-prince Jump up ^ Aaron Ehasz ( @ aaronehasz ) ( 16 Sep 2018 ) . `` They are half brothers . Callum is Harrow 's step son . Sounds like the descriptive audio got it wrong ? There is more story to tell about their mom , Queen Sarai , for sure ... and if we are lucky to keep this going for a while I am sure we will learn about Callum 's birth dad too '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ https://www.reddit.com/r/TheLastAirbender/comments/9gm7kz/were_the_creators_and_showrunners_of_the_newly/e65ab21/ ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avatar : The Last Airbender 's head writer has a new Netflix series '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.reddit.com/r/TheLastAirbender/comments/9gm7kz/were_the_creators_and_showrunners_of_the_newly/e65a9q6/ Jump up ^ @ NXOnNetflix ( 5 Oct 2018 ) . `` Return to a world of magic , friendship , and dragons in 2019 . Are you ready for Dragon Prince Season 2 ? '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix 's The Dragon Prince : Review - Comic Con 2018 '' . IGN . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Dragon Prince : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 7 October 2018 . 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About Wikipedia	when does season 2 of the dragon prince come on netflix	[ "The series was announced on July 10, 2018.[5] A trailer was released in July 2018 at the San Diego Comic-Con.[1] The first season of The Dragon Prince was released on Netflix on September 14, 2018.[1] In October 2018, a second season was confirmed for a 2019 release.[7]\n" ]	[ "2019" ]
3699471338167929235	Privileges and Immunities Clause	Privileges and Immunities Clause - wikipedia Privileges and Immunities Clause Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with the related Privileges or Immunities Clause . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Privileges and Immunities Clause ( U.S. Constitution , Article IV , Section 2 , Clause 1 , also known as the Comity Clause ) prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner . Additionally , a right of interstate travel may plausibly be inferred from the clause . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Prior to ratification of Constitution 3 Between ratification and Civil War 4 After Civil War 5 Right to travel 6 Miscellaneous 7 Footnotes 8 Bibliography 9 See also 10 External links Text ( edit ) The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States . Prior to ratification of Constitution ( edit ) The clause is similar to a provision in the Articles of Confederation : `` the free inhabitants of each of these States , paupers , vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted , shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States . '' James Madison discussed that provision of the Articles of Confederation in Federalist No. 42 . Madison wrote : `` those who come under the denomination of free inhabitants of a State , although not citizens of such State , are entitled , in every other State , to all the privileges of free citizens of the latter ; that is , to greater privileges than they may be entitled to in their own State ... '' Madison apparently did not believe that this clause in the Articles of Confederation dictated how a state must treat its own citizens . Alexander Hamilton wrote in Federalist No. 80 that the corresponding Privileges and Immunities Clause in the proposed federal Constitution is `` the basis of the union '' . Between ratification and Civil War ( edit ) In the federal circuit court case of Corfield v. Coryell , Justice Bushrod Washington wrote in 1823 that the protections provided by the clause are confined to privileges and immunities which are , `` in their nature , fundamental ; which belong , of right , to the citizens of all free governments ; and which have , at all times , been enjoyed by the citizens of the several states which compose this Union , from the time of their becoming free , independent , and sovereign . '' In his explanation of the scope of the rights protected by the clause , Justice Washington included the right to travel through and reside in states , the right to claim benefit of the writ of heabeas corpus , the right of access to the courts , the right to purchase and hold property , and an exemption from higher taxes than state residents pay . The Corfield case involved the rights of an out - of - state citizen , rather than the rights of an in - state citizen , and Justice Washington 's opinion did not suggest that this provision of the Constitution addresses how a legislature must treat its own citizens . On the contrary , Washington 's handwritten notes indicate his belief that this provision of the Constitution did not address how a legislature must treat its own citizens . Another pertinent federal circuit court case was decided by Justice Henry Baldwin , who succeeded Justice Washington . In the case of Magill v. Brown , Justice Baldwin addressed the Privileges and Immunities Clause : `` We must take it therefore as a grant by the people of the state in convention , to the citizens of all the other states of the Union , of the privileges and immunities of the citizens of this state . '' These federal circuit court statements by Justices Washington and Baldwin were not inconsistent with each other . They both became the settled doctrine of the U.S. Supreme Court after the Civil War . Justice Joseph Story also addressed this Clause of the Constitution , in 1833 : It is obvious , that , if the citizens of each state were to be deemed aliens to each other , they could not take , or hold real estate , or other privileges , except as other aliens . The intention of this clause was to confer on them , if one may so say , a general citizenship ; and to communicate all the privileges and immunities , which the citizens of the same state would be entitled to under the like circumstances . Thus , Story thought that this Clause of the Constitution was meant `` only to provide temporary visitors with equality in certain rights with the citizens of the states they were visiting . '' This Clause of the Constitution was also mentioned by the Supreme Court in the infamous Scott v. Sandford case in 1857 : Chief Justice Taney , speaking for the majority , said that this Clause gives state citizens , when in other states , the right to travel , the right to sojourn , the right to free speech , the right to assemble , and the right to keep and bear arms ; even as the Court excluded all African - Americans from citizenship , it indicated that citizens ' free speech was limited : `` full liberty of speech in public and in private upon all subjects upon which its ( a slave State 's ) own citizens might speak . '' Justice McLean in his dissent speaks of the right to sue without expounding this Clause at length . Justice Curtis asserts in his dissent that this Clause does not confer any rights other than rights that a visited state chooses to guarantee to its own citizens . After Civil War ( edit ) In 1866 , during the congressional debates about the draft Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , Senator Jacob Howard noted that the U.S. Supreme Court had never squarely addressed the meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause : It would be a curious question to solve what are the privileges and immunities of citizens of each of the States in the several States ... I am not aware that the Supreme Court have ever undertaken to define either the nature or extent of the privileges and immunities thus guarantied . The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified two years later , in 1868 , and still the Supreme Court had not spoken . The following year , on November 1 of 1869 , the Court finally addressed this issue . In the case of Paul v. Virginia , 75 U.S. 168 ( 1868 ) , the Court said the following : It was undoubtedly the object of the clause in question to place the citizens of each State upon the same footing with citizens of other States , so far as the advantages resulting from citizenship in those States are concerned . It relieves them from the disabilities of alienage in other States ; it inhibits discriminating legislation against them by other States ; it gives them the right of free ingress into other States , and egress from them ; it insures to them in other States the same freedom possessed by the citizens of those States in the acquisition and enjoyment of property and in the pursuit of happiness ; and it secures to them in other States the equal protection of their laws . The Court went on to explain that the laws of one state would not become effective in another : `` It was not intended by the provision to give to the laws of one State any operation in other States . They can have no such operation , except by the permission , express or implied , of those States . '' These sections of Paul v. Virginia are still good law , and were relied upon , for example , in Saenz v. Roe , 526 U.S. 489 ( 1999 ) . Other portions of Paul v. Virginia were reversed in U.S. v. South - Eastern Underwriters Ass'n , 322 U.S. 533 ( 1944 ) . The Court has never deviated from the principle stated in Paul that the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV of the Constitution has no bearing on how a state treats its own citizens . In - state residents `` have no claim under the Privileges and Immunities Clause . '' United Building & Construction Trades Council v. Mayor and Council of Camden , 465 U.S. 208 ( 1984 ) . The Privileges and Immunities Clause prevents discrimination against people from out of state , but only with regard to basic rights . The Court uses a two - part test to determine if the Privileges and Immunities Clause has been violated . First , it looks to see if a law discriminates against people from out of state regarding fundamental rights ( e.g. protection by the government of the enjoyment of life , and liberty , the right to acquire and possess property of every kind , and to pursue and obtain happiness and safety ) . These rights often focus on the economic right to pursue a livelihood . The second part of the test focuses on whether the state is justified in the discrimination . It examines if there is a substantial reason for the difference in treatment , and if the discriminatory law has a substantial relationship to that reason . For example , the Court has asked : `` Does the distinction made by Montana between residents and nonresidents in establishing access to elk hunting threaten a basic right in a way that offends the Privileges and Immunities Clause ? '' See Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana 436 U.S. 371 ( 1978 ) . The court held it did not , because hunting is a recreational sport , which is outside the fundamental rights protected by the Constitution . If the court had found that recreation and sports were fundamental rights , it would have still had to examine whether the state had a compelling interest ( protecting elk herds from being over-hunted ) , and whether the law was designed to address that problem . The Court 's decision in the Slaughterhouse Cases ( 1873 ) is consistent with the idea that the Privileges and Immunities Clause was intended only to guarantee that a citizen of one state could enjoy equality in another state , with regard to fundamental rights . Referring to the words of Justice Washington in Corfield , the Slaughterhouse Court stated : ( P ) rivileges and immunities ... are , in the language of Judge Washington , those rights which are fundamental . Throughout his opinion , they are spoken of as rights belonging to the individual as a citizen of a State ... The constitutional provision there alluded to did not create those rights ... It threw around them in that clause no security for the citizen of the State in which they were claimed or exercised . Nor did it profess to control the power of the State governments over the rights of its own citizens . Its sole purpose was to declare to the several States , that whatever those rights , as you grant or establish them to your own citizens , or as you limit or qualify , or impose restrictions on their exercise , the same , neither more nor less , shall be the measure of the rights of citizens of other States within your jurisdiction . ( emphasis added ) The Supreme Court has never interpreted the Privileges and Immunities Clause as requiring any state to protect general rights of citizenship beyond those that the state already protects for its own citizens , though even a state 's own citizens must be allowed to leave the state in order to enjoy privileges and immunities in any other state . Right to travel ( edit ) The Privileges and Immunities Clause says that a citizen of one state is entitled to the privileges in another state , from which a right to travel to that other state may be inferred . Indeed , in the 1982 case of Zobel v Williams , a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court agreed that the Privileges and Immunities Clause plausibly includes a right of interstate travel . In that case , Justice Sandra Day O'Connor explained : Article IV 's Privileges and Immunities Clause has enjoyed a long association with the rights to travel and migrate interstate . The Clause derives from Art . IV of the Articles of Confederation . The latter expressly recognized a right of `` free ingress and regress to and from any other State , '' in addition to guaranteeing `` the free inhabitants of each of these states ... ( the ) privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States . '' While the Framers of our Constitution omitted the reference to `` free ingress and regress , '' they retained the general guaranty of `` privileges and immunities . '' Charles Pinckney , who drafted the current version of Art . IV , told the Convention that this Article was `` formed exactly upon the principles of the 4th article of the present Confederation . '' Commentators , therefore , have assumed that the Framers omitted the express guaranty merely because it was redundant , not because they wished to excise the right from the Constitution . Early opinions by the Justices of this Court also traced a right to travel or migrate interstate to Art . IV 's Privileges and Immunities Clause ... Similarly , in Paul v. Virginia , the Court found that one of the `` undoubt ( ed ) '' effects of the Clause was to give `` the citizens of each State ... the right of free ingress into other States , and egress from them ... '' Despite scholarly and judicial opinions acknowledging that the Privileges and Immunities Clause may include a right to travel , the issue is not without controversy . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Unlike the Dormant Commerce Clause , there is no market participant exception to the Privileges and Immunities Clause . That means that even when a state is acting as a producer or supplier for a marketable good or service , the Privileges and Immunities Clause may prevent it from discriminating against non-residents . Puerto Ricans were granted U.S. citizenship by the Jones -- Shafroth Act in 1917 ; subsequently , the U.S. Congress passed a law ( signed by President Truman in 1947 ) which expressly extended this constitutional clause to the U.S. citizens in the jurisdiction of Puerto Rico : The rights , privileges , and immunities of citizens of the United States shall be respected in Puerto Rico to the same extent as though Puerto Rico were a State of the Union and subject to the provisions of paragraph 1 of section 2 of article IV of the Constitution of the United States . In the 1970s the Supreme Court began to recognize the application to Puerto Rico of several Constitutional protections contained in the Bill of Rights . In its opinions , the Court , without elaborating , relied on the insular cases of Downes and Balzac as precedent for the application of these constitutional rights . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Corfield v. Coryell , 6 Fed . Cas. 546 ( C.C.E.D. Pa. 1823 ) . Jump up ^ Magliocca , Gerard . `` Not King Tut 's Tomb , But ... '' , Concurring Opinions ( October 8 , 2017 ) , discussing Justice Bushrod Washington 's notes on Corfield v. Coryell at the Chicago History Museum . Jump up ^ Magill v. Brown , 16 Fed . Cas. 408 ( C.C.E.D. Pa. 1833 ) Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . Commentaries on the Constitution ( 1833 ) , § 1800 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Michael Kent . No State Shall Abridge , page 67 ( 1986 ) , via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 at 417 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Dred Scott , 60 U.S. 393 at 531 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Dred Scott , 60 U.S. 393 at 584 : `` It rests with the States themselves so to frame their Constitutions and laws as not to attach a particular privilege or immunity to mere naked citizenship '' ( Curtis dissenting ) . Jump up ^ Sen. Jacob Howard ( May 23 , 1866 ) , quoted in Adamson v. California , 332 U.S. 46 . Jump up ^ Slaughterhouse Cases , 83 U.S. 36 ( 1873 ) . Via Cornell Law School . Jump up ^ Bogen , David . `` The Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article IV '' , Case Western Reserve Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 794 , 847 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Zobel v. Williams , 457 U.S. 55 ( 1982 ) . Justice William Brennan , speaking for Justices Thurgood Marshall , Harry Blackmun , and Lewis Powell said : `` Justice O'Connor plausibly argues that the right ( to travel ) predates the Constitution , and was carried forward in the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Art . IV '' ( citation omitted ) . Id . at 66 . Jump up ^ Zobel at 79 ( citations omitted ) . Jump up ^ Natelson , Robert . `` The Original Meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 43 1117 - 1193 , at 1183 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ United Building & Construction Trades Council v. Camden ( 1984 ) . Jump up ^ This federal law is currently codified in the U.S. Code as 48 U.S.C. § 737 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Hearing before the Committee on Resources House of Representative One Hundred Fifth Congress '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Examining Board of Engineers , Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero , 426 U.S. 572 , 600 ( 1976 ) ( Equal Protection ) ; Torres v. Puerto Rico , 442 U.S. 465 , 469 ( 1979 ) ( Fourth Amendment ) ; Posadas de Puerto Rico v. Tourism Co. , 478 U.S. 328 , 331 n. 1 ( 1986 ) ( First Amendment ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Farber , Daniel A. ; Eskridge , William N. , Jr. ; Frickey , Philip P. Constitutional Law : Themes for the Constitution 's Third Century . Thomson - West Publishing , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 14353 - X Hall , Kermit L. ed . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Second Edition . Oxford University Press , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511883 - 9 Rich , William J. `` Why ' Privileges or Immunities ' ? An Explanation of the Framers ' Intent , '' Akron Law Review , 42 ( no . 4 , 2009 ) , 1111 -- 27 . See also ( edit ) Baldwin v. Fish and Game Commission of Montana Sohappy v. Smith External links ( edit ) The Founders ' Constitution provides source materials regarding the original meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause . Findlaw describes case law relevant to the Privileges and Immunities Clause . ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause&oldid=809673337 '' Categories : Article Four of the United States Constitution Clauses of the United States Constitution Privileges and Immunities case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 November 2017 , at 17 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the privileges and immunities clause found	[ "The Privileges and Immunities Clause (U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1, also known as the Comity Clause) prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. Additionally, a right of interstate travel may plausibly be inferred from the clause." ]	[ "U.S. Constitution, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 1" ]
784076443306139303	Articles of Confederation	Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on March 4 , 1789 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . It was approved , after much debate ( between July 1776 and November 1777 ) , by the Second Continental Congress on November 15 , 1777 , and sent to the states for ratification . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Ratification 4 Article summaries 5 Congress under the Articles 5.1 The Army 5.2 Foreign policy 5.3 Taxation and commerce 5.4 Accomplishments 5.5 Presidents of Congress 6 The U.S. under the Articles 7 Signatures 7.1 Signers 8 Gallery 9 Revision and replacement 9.1 Legitimacy of closing down 9.2 Final months 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . Ratification The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in November 1777 . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . The lone holdout , Maryland , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland General Assembly became satisfied that the various states would follow through , and voted to ratify . During this time , Congress observed the Articles as its de facto frame of government . Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2 , 1781 . Congress was informed of Maryland 's assent on March 1 , and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land . The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : State Date Virginia December 16 , 1777 South Carolina February 5 , 1778 New York February 6 , 1778 Rhode Island February 9 , 1778 5 Connecticut February 12 , 1778 6 Georgia February 26 , 1778 7 New Hampshire March 4 , 1778 8 Pennsylvania March 5 , 1778 9 Massachusetts March 10 , 1778 10 North Carolina April 5 , 1778 11 New Jersey November 19 , 1778 12 Delaware February 1 , 1779 13 Maryland February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation 's central government . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress , which was empowered to make war and peace , negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and to resolve disputes between the states . The document also stipulates that its provisions `` shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and that `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles : Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions ( demands for payments or supplies ) from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . Congress under the Articles The army Under the Articles , Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the Continental Army , but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , and even food . Further , although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers , as a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure ; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy The 1783 Treaty of Paris , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a quorum so that it could be ratified . Afterward , the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance . Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time , causing difficulties in raising a quorum . The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists , including George Washington . Many of the most prominent national leaders , such as Washington , John Adams , John Hancock , and Benjamin Franklin , retired from public life , served as foreign delegates , or held office in state governments ; and for the general public , local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . This served to exacerbate Congress 's impotence . Inherent weaknesses in the confederation 's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1786 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote in a diplomatic correspondence to James Monroe that , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . '' Furthermore , the 1786 Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty , which was never ratified , the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 , after the federal Constitution came into force . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and it established the precedent by which the national ( later , federal ) government would be sovereign and expand westward -- as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . Presidents of Congress Further information : President of the Continental Congress Under the Articles of Confederation , the presiding officer of Congress -- referred to in many official records as President of the United States in Congress Assembled -- chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the later President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles . The first , Samuel Huntington , had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28 , 1779 . President Term Samuel Huntington March 1 , 1781 -- July 10 , 1781 Thomas McKean July 10 , 1781 -- November 5 , 1781 John Hanson November 5 , 1781 -- November 4 , 1782 Elias Boudinot November 4 , 1782 -- November 3 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin November 3 , 1783 -- June 3 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee November 30 , 1784 -- November 4 , 1785 John Hancock November 23 , 1785 -- June 5 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham June 6 , 1786 -- November 3 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair February 2 , 1787 -- November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin January 22 , 1788 -- November 15 , 1788 The U.S. under the Articles Main article : Confederation Period The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also were unable to sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . Chevalier de La Luzerne , French Minister to the United States , felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government . In 1780 when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the Chesapeake Bay for protection from the British ( who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay ) , he indicated that French Admiral Destouches would do what he could but La Luzerne also `` sharply pressed '' Maryland to ratify the Articles , thus suggesting the two issues were related . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture References Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . Oxford University Press . pp. 255 -- 259 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial Note : Jefferson 's Proposed Concert of Powers against the Barbary States '' . Founders Online . ( Original source : The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 10 , 22 June -- 31 December 1786 , ed . Julian P. Boyd . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1954 , pp. 560 -- 566 ) . Washington , D.C. : National Archives . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Satō , Shōsuke ( 1886 ) ( Digitized 2008 ) . History of the land question in the United States . Baltimore , Maryland : Isaac Friedenwald , for Johns Hopkins University . p. 352 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . pp. 245 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sioussat , St. George L. ( October 1936 ) . `` THE CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE AND THE RATIFICATION OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION BY MARYLAND , 1780 - 1781 With Accompanying Documents '' . The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 60 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 418 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . JSTOR 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . Van Cleve , George William ( 2017 ) . We Have Not a Government : The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution . Chicago , Illinois : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 48050 - 3 . 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John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Signers of the Articles of Confederation A. Adams S. Adams T. Adams Banister Bartlett Carroll Clingan Collins Dana Dickinson Drayton Duane Duer Ellery Gerry Hancock Hanson Harnett Harvie Heyward Holten Hosmer Huntington Hutson Langworthy Laurens F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Lovell Marchant Mathews McKean G. Morris R. Morris Penn Reed Roberdeau Scudder Sherman Smith Telfair Van Dyke Walton Wentworth Williams Witherspoon Wolcott Presidents of the Continental Congress First Continental Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Second Continental Congress Peyton Randolph John Hancock Henry Laurens John Jay Samuel Huntington Confederation Congress Samuel Huntington Thomas McKean John Hanson Elias Boudinot Thomas Mifflin Richard Henry Lee John Hancock * ( David Ramsay Nathaniel Gorham ) Nathaniel Gorham Arthur St. Clair Cyrus Griffin * Hancock did not attend during his 2nd term ; Ramsay and Gorham served as chairmen in his absence History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Portal Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny GND : 4328865 - 0 LCCN : n83300226 NARA : 10639091 VIAF : 175396367 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Articles_of_Confederation&oldid=850362908 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution Signers of the Articles of Confederation History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) 1781 in law Defunct constitutions Ordinances of the Continental Congress Political charters United States historical documents 1777 in the United States 1781 in the United States Federalism in the United States Legal history of the United States History of York County , Pennsylvania Pennsylvania in the American Revolution York , Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2011 Articles needing additional references from February 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who helped to draft the articles of confederation during the revolutionary war	[ "On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee met repeatedly, and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures.[8] The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777, after a year of debate.[9] Consensus was achieved by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government, with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states.\n" ]	[ "a committee of 13" ]
-6527770265060590217	Red beans and rice	Red beans and rice - wikipedia Red beans and rice Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Red beans and rice Red beans and rice Place of origin India Region or state Punjab Main ingredients Red beans , rice , onions , celery , bell pepper , pork bones , spices Cookbook : Red beans and rice Media : Red beans and rice A plate of red beans and rice with sausage from The Chimes restaurant in Baton Rouge , Louisiana Red beans and rice is an emblematic dish of Louisiana Creole cuisine ( not originally of Cajun cuisine ) traditionally made on Mondays with red beans , vegetables ( bell pepper , onion , and celery ) , spices ( thyme , cayenne pepper , and bay leaf ) and pork bones as left over from Sunday dinner , cooked together slowly in a pot and served over rice . Meats such as ham , sausage ( most commonly andouille and Chaurice ) , and tasso ham are also frequently used in the dish . The dish is customary - ham was traditionally a Sunday meal and Monday was washday . A pot of beans could sit on the stove and simmer while the women were busy scrubbing clothes . The dish is now fairly common throughout the Southeast . Similar dishes are common in Latin American cuisine , including moros y cristianos and gallo pinto . Red beans and rice is one of the few New Orleans style dishes to be commonly served both in people 's homes and in restaurants . Many neighborhood restaurants continue to offer it as a Monday lunch special , usually with a side order of either smoked sausage or a pork chop . While Monday washdays are largely a thing of the past , red beans remain a staple for large gatherings such as Super Bowl and Mardi Gras parties . Indeed , red beans and rice is very much part of the New Orleans identity . New Orleanian Louis Armstrong 's favorite food was red beans and rice - the musician would sign letters `` Red Beans and Ricely Yours , Louis Armstrong '' . The vegetarian dish Rajma chawal is very similar ( which translates literally to red beans and rice ) , popular in North India . Red beans and rice is also a dietary staple in Central America , where it is known as `` arroz con habichuelas '' . The dish is popular in Cuban , Puerto Rican , Dominican , Haitian and Jamaican cuisine as well . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 Nutritional significance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Preparation ( edit ) Red kidney beans or small red beans are used and they are usually ( but not always ) soaked beforehand . Nutritional significance ( edit ) The dish is very nutritious . Rice is rich in starch , an excellent source of energy . Rice also has iron , vitamin B and protein . Beans also contain a good amount of iron and an even greater amount of protein than rice . Together they make up a complete protein , which provides each of the amino acids the body can not make for itself . In addition , rice and beans are common and affordable ingredients , often available in difficult economic times . See also ( edit ) Food portal Cuisine of New Orleans Hoppin ' John Rajma List of legume dishes List of regional dishes of the United States List of rice dishes List of sausage dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ South Louisiana red beans -- Southern U.S. Cuisine Jump up ^ Liz Biro . From New Orleans to India , red beans and rice has been a weekly tradition for years . Star Online . 27 Feb. 2007 . Jump up ^ Rajma Chawal , Method of Cooking , Punjabi Rajma Chawal Recipe : Famous India Jump up ^ Red Beans and Rice Recipe : Emeril Lagasse : Recipes : Food Network Jump up ^ Red Beans and Rice Recipe : Alton Brown : Recipes : Food Network Jump up ^ http://www.npr.org Jump up ^ `` Protein '' . https://www.cdc.gov . CDC. 2012 - 10 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Beans and Rice - Southern U.S. Cuisine New Orleans Red Beans and Rice - The Gumbo Pages How To Make Red Beans and Rice Video - Cookbook Man Rice dishes List of rice dishes List of fried rice dishes North America Charleston red rice Diri ak djon djon Dirty rice Glorified rice Gumbo Hawaiian haystack Hoppin ' John Jambalaya Loco moco Red beans and rice Rice Krispies Rice Krispies Treats Rice and gravy Rice cereal Rice - A-Roni Shrimp Creole Latin America Arroz à grega Arroz a la cubana Arroz a la valenciana Arroz chaufa Arroz con gandules Arroz con pollo Arroz tapado Bandeja paisa Gallo pinto Moros y Cristianos Pabellón criollo Rice and beans Spanish rice Europe Arancini Arròs negre Arròs a banda Kedgeree Paella Rijsttafel Risalamande Risotto Supplì Africa Jollof rice Thieboudienne Middle East Kabsa Kateh Kushari Lâpa Mandi Mansaf Maqluba Mujaddara Pilaf Sabzi polo Sütlaç Tahdig Tbeet Tahri Zerde Central Asia Plov Kabuli palaw Osh South Asia Bagara khana Baji Banana leaf rice Bhuni Khicuhri Biryani Bisi Bele Bath Bora saul Curd rice Dal bhat Flattened rice Idli Jaa Jeera rice Khichdi Kiribath Kori rotti Pakistani rice dishes Paniyaram Panta bhat Pulao Pongal Pulihora Puliyogare Rice and curry Sindhi biryani Saffron rice Sambar East Asia China Boluo fan Claypot chicken rice Erkuai Fried rice Gaifan Guoba Migan Mixian Minced pork rice Rice noodle roll Siu mei rice Sticky rice Wa Dan Oyok rice Zongzi Taiwan Bamboo rice pudding Bíhún Bípang Bítaibak Donfan Fried rice Glutinous rice Inn - á Khongbahpn̄g Koé Lōbahpn̄g Milkfish maw porridge Mixian Muáhji Pn̄gtang Sticky rice sausage Tainan Yufan Taiwanese sweet sticky rice Tea'ban Tihoéhkoé Turkey rice bowls Uánnkué Zàng Japan Agemochi Chahan Chazuke Chūkadon Donburi Gyūdon Hayashi rice Ikameshi Kamameshi Katsudon Mochi Okayu Omurice Onigiri Oyakodon Sushi Takikomi gohan Tamago kake gohan Tekkadon Unadon Yakimochi Zosui Korea Bap Bibimbap Bokkeum - bap Garae - tteok Gimbap Gyeongdan Heotjesatbap Hobak - juk Hoe - deopbap Injeolmi Jatjuk Jeonbok - juk Kimchi bokkeumbap Kongbap Nurungji Ogok - bap Tarak - juk Tteok Yaksik Southeast Asia Indonesia / Malaysia Bubur ayam Burasa Chwee kueh Hainanese chicken rice Kelupis Ketupat Lamban Lemang Lemper Lepet Lontong Nasi ambeng Nasi bogana Nasi campur Nasi dagang Nasi goreng Nasi goreng pattaya Nasi gurih Nasi kandar Nasi kebuli Nasi kuning Nasi kucing Nasi lemak Nasi liwet Nasi paprik Nasi pecel Nasi tim Nasi tumpang Nasi uduk Nasi ulam Pulot tartal Rijsttafel Serabi Tinutuan Tumpeng Wajik Vietnam Bánh lá Bánh bèo Bánh canh Bánh cuốn Bánh chưng Bánh đúc Bánh hỏi Bánh tráng Bánh xèo Bun cha Bún riêu Bún bò Huế Bún thịt nướng Cơm tấm Cơm nắm Cơm rượu Gỏi cuốn Pho Rice noodles Xôi Philippines Baye baye Bibingka Biko Champorado Espasol Kalamay Kutsinta Palitaw Puto Sapin - sapin Suman Other American fried rice Kralan Thai fried rice Other Brown rice Coconut rice Congee Instant rice Parboiled rice Puffed rice cakes Puffed rice Rice pudding Rice vermicelli White rice Category WikiProject Food and drink Legume dishes 15 bean soup Acarajé Amanattō Arroz con gandules Avre bendi Baked beans Bandeja paisa Bap Bean dip Bean pie Bean salad Bigilla Black peas Bob chorba Boiled peanuts Bouneschlupp Burmese tofu Caparrones Cassoulet Chana masala Chapea Cocido lebaniego Cocido madrileño Cocido montañés Cowboy beans Dal Dal bati churma Dal bhat Dalcha Deep - fried peanuts Dhokla Dilly beans Doubles Douzhi Fabada asturiana Fabes con almejas Falafel Fasolada Feijoada Frijoles negros Frijoles charros Ful medames Gallo pinto Garnache Gigandes plaki Green bean casserole Guernsey Bean Jar Hoppin ' John Hummus Idli Jidou liangfen Kongbap Kuli - kuli Lablabi Liangfen Linsen mit Spätzle Marrowfat peas Matevž Lobio Molagoottal Moros y Cristianos Msabbaha Mujaddara Murukku Mushy peas Nokdumuk Pabellón criollo Panelle Paripu Pasta e fagioli Pastizz Pasulj Pea soup Peabutter Pease pudding Pie and peas Pie floater Pokhemma Pork and beans Porotos con rienda Purtumute Rajma Red bean cake Red bean paste Red bean soup Red beans and rice Refried beans Revalenta arabica Rice and beans Rice and peas Shahan ful Shiro Soup beans Stew peas Succotash Texas caviar Tavče gravče Umngqusho Yun dou juan Category Cajun cuisine Ingredients Andouille Crawfish Filé Holy trinity Louisiana Hot Sauce Rice Roux Steen 's syrup Tasso ham Tabasco sauce Trappey 's Hot Sauce Methods Baking Blackening Brochette Deep frying Fricassée Grilling Seafood boil Smoked meat Smothering Dishes Boudin Chaudin Couche Couche Cracklins Crawfish pie Dirty rice Cochon de Lait Étouffée Gumbo Gumbo des Herbes Hog 's Head Cheese Jambalaya Maque choux Pecan praline Pistolette Red beans and rice Rice and gravy Sauce Piquante Shrimp Creole Stuffed Mirliton Turducken Cajun or Cajun - influenced chefs John Besh Tony Chachere John Folse Emeril Lagasse Kay Prudhomme Paul Prudhomme Justin Wilson See also Cuisine of New Orleans Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_beans_and_rice&oldid=814399269 '' Categories : Louisiana cuisine Rice dishes Cuisine of New Orleans Legume dishes Cuisine of the Southern United States Sausage dishes Food combinations Soul food National dishes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 16 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does red beans and rice come from	[ "Red beans and rice is an emblematic dish of Louisiana Creole cuisine (not originally of Cajun cuisine) traditionally made on Mondays with red beans,[1] vegetables (bell pepper, onion, and celery), spices (thyme, cayenne pepper, and bay leaf) and pork bones as left over from Sunday dinner, cooked together slowly in a pot and served over rice. Meats such as ham, sausage (most commonly andouille and Chaurice), and tasso ham are also frequently used in the dish. The dish is customary - ham was traditionally a Sunday meal and Monday was washday. A pot of beans could sit on the stove and simmer while the women were busy scrubbing clothes. The dish is now fairly common throughout the Southeast. Similar dishes are common in Latin American cuisine, including moros y cristianos and gallo pinto." ]	[ "Louisiana Creole cuisine" ]
-5584819770168999663	Rush hour	Rush hour - wikipedia Rush hour Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Rush hour ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morning rush hour on the New York City Subway platform at Jackson Heights -- Roosevelt Avenue . Afternoon rush hour traffic in Interstate 95 in Miami . Crowded platforms in Boston 's Park Street station during rush hour . A rush hour ( American English , British English ) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest . Normally , this happens twice every weekday -- once in the morning and once in the afternoon - evening , the times during which the most people commute . The term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour . The term is very broad , but often refers specifically to private automobile transportation traffic , even when there is a large volume of cars on a road but not a large number of people , or if the volume is normal but there is some disruption of speed . By analogy to vehicular traffic , the term Internet rush hour has been used to describe periods of peak data network usage , resulting in delays and slower delivery of data packets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Traffic management by country 2.1 Australia and New Zealand 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Colombia 2.4 Greece 2.5 Japan 2.6 Netherlands 2.7 Philippines 2.8 Singapore 2.9 United Kingdom 2.10 United States 3 Third rush hour 4 See also 5 References Definition ( edit ) Crowded rush - hour New York City Subway train A set on the Sydney Trains network . All suburban trains on the network have two decks for increased capacity . The name is sometimes a misnomer , as the peak period often lasts more than one hour and the `` rush '' refers to the volume of traffic , not the speed of its flow . Rush hour may be 6 -- 10 am ( 6 : 00 -- 10 : 00 ) and 4 -- 8 pm ( 16 : 00 -- 20 : 00 ) . Peak traffic periods may vary from city to city , from region to region , and seasonally . The frequency of public transport service is usually higher in the rush hour , and longer trains or larger vehicles are often used . However , the increase in capacity is often less than the increased number of passengers , due to the limits on available vehicles , staff and , in the case of rail transport , track capacity including platform length . The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand , and others may be unable to board . If there is inadequate capacity , this can make public transport less attractive , leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads . Transport demand management , such as road pricing or a congestion charge , is designed to induce people to alter their travel timing to minimize congestion . Similarly , public transport fares may be higher during peak periods ; this is often presented as an off peak discount for single fares . Season tickets or multi-ride tickets , sold at a discount , are commonly used in rush hours by commuters , and may or may not reflect rush hour fare differentials . Staggered hours have been promoted as a means of spreading demand across a longer time span , for example in Rush Hour ( 1941 film ) and by the International Labour Office . Traffic management by country ( edit ) Australia and New Zealand ( edit ) Traffic slowing to a crawl on the Monash Freeway in Melbourne , Australia in peak hour and because of road works In Australia , Sydney , Brisbane and Melbourne and in New Zealand , Auckland and Christchurch are usually the most congested cities in the morning 6 -- 9am , and 4 : 30 -- 7pm . In Melbourne the Monash Freeway , which connects Melbourne 's suburban sprawl , to the city is usually heavily congested each morning and evening . In Perth , Mitchell Freeway , Kwinana Freeway and various arterial roads are usually congested between peak hours , making movement between suburbs and the city quite slow . Efforts to minimise traffic congestion during peak hour vary on a state by state and city by city basis . In Melbourne , congestion is managed by means including : Inbound transit lanes on busy freeways which are limited to motorcycles and other vehicles with more than one occupant during busy periods . Free travel on metropolitan trains before 7am . Passengers must exit the system at their destination station before 7am . Dedicated bus lanes on major inner city roads such as Hoddle Street . Introduction of dedicated bicycle lanes ( often by removing vehicle lanes ) in the inner city area to encourage cyclists and deter dual - track vehicles . Prohibition of parking along busy roads during peak traffic periods to create an extra lane for traffic . In Sydney , congestion is managed by many means including : Public transport increases the number of vehicles on the network Buses increase from 4 per hour to 12 per hour on the Metrobus network , other routes increase limited and express services The largest rail network in Sydney is heavy rail and run double - decker electric multiple unit trains that were introduced in 1972 with the S sets , these have allowed many more passengers to board the trains compared to the 1950s single - level ' Red Rattlers ' , and ' Silver Ghosts ' . Time - of - day ticket prices allow train commuters to board trains before 6 am or after 7 pm at a cheaper rate on single or day return tickets T Ways where built in Sydney during 2008 -- 2010 , these are dedicated roads for buses , and connect major employment centres with the suburban sprawl The ClearWays project , which allows for broken - down trains on the Sydney Trains network to not affect the running of trains on separate lines due to building bypasses , and loop - backs alongside the existing track The Sydney Light Rail Dulwich Hill Line , which is the only operational light rail line in Sydney , increases headways during peak hour , providing services up to every eight minutes . Traffic congestion is managed through the Traffic Management Centre via a network of Closed Circuit TV 's , with operators able to change the timing , and follow of traffic signals to reduce wait times Most major motorways have the ability for Contra - flow to allow continuing flow of traffic in case of a major accident Transit Lanes are installed on most major arterial roads , these lanes require a minimum number of people in the car to be used , an example is T2 require the driver , and 1 passenger to drive in the lane Dedicated bus lanes , where buses , taxi , and private rental cars are only allowed to drive , this reduces congestion with set down , and pick up of passengers , and normal commuters Older motor ways have been upgraded from two lanes in each direction , to three lanes in each direction Motor way toll booths have been replaced with electronic toll systems ( Hills M2 was the last to do so on 21 January 2012 ) ; time - of - day tolling is in use on the Sydney Harbour Bridge , and Sydney Harbour Tunnel to provide cash incentives for commuters to remain out of the city in peak times . Brazil ( edit ) In São Paulo , Brazil , each vehicle is assigned a certain day of the week in which it can not travel the roads during rush hour ( 7 -- 10 am and 5 -- 8 pm ) . The day of the week for each vehicle is derived from the last digit in the licence plate number and the rule is enforced by traffic police . This policy is aimed at reducing the number of vehicles on the roads and encouraging the use of buses , subway and the urban train systems . Colombia ( edit ) In the pico y placa ( peak and license plate ) program in Bogotá , drivers of non-commercial automobiles are prevented from driving them during rush hours on certain days of the week . The vehicles barred each day are determined by the last digit of their license plate . The measure is mandatory and those who break it are penalized . The digits banned each day are rotated every year . Greece ( edit ) In the capital city of Athens the rush hours are usually 7 -- 10am and 4 -- 7pm . During these periods there is congestion in the Athens Mass Transit System , most notably in buses and metro , as well as road traffic . The 6 - car trains of Athens Metro carries almost 1.5 million passengers during a typical week day . Japan ( edit ) Rush hour at Shinjuku Station , Tokyo . The station is the world 's busiest , used by approximately 3.8 million passengers per day in 2008 . In Japan , the proportion of rail transportation is high compared with the use of automobiles . Rail transport accounts for 27 % of all passenger transport in Japan ( other examples : Germany ( 7.7 % ) , United Kingdom ( 6.4 % ) , United States ( 0.6 % ) ) . In the Greater Tokyo Area and the Keihanshin metropolitan area there is a dense rail network and frequent service , which accounts for more than half of the passenger transport ; most people in the area commute by public transport without using cars . Railways in the Greater Tokyo Area are severely congested . This is gradually being improved by increasing rail capacity and expanding Home Liner and bi-level Green car ( First - class ) services so that more people can commute in comfort without additional cost . But it is still common on major lines in Tokyo for more than 3,000 passengers to be packed in a 10 - car train , and about 100,000 passengers to be transported per hour ( usually , the maximum capacity of double - track commuter rail in Japan is 10 - car trains at two - minute intervals ) , presumably one of the most congested railways in the world . In road transport , Expressways of Japan is operated by on a beneficiaries - pay principle which imposes expensive toll fees , having the effect of reducing road traffic . Electronic toll collection ( ETC ) is widespread and discounts during low - traffic periods has been introduced to disperse traffic over a wider period than the rush hour . Road pricing is being considered but has not been introduced , partly because the expressway fee is already very high . Netherlands ( edit ) For trains in the Netherlands there is an off - peak discount available , giving a 40 % discount . Its validity starts at 9am ( until 4am the next morning ) on weekdays , and all day at weekends and in July and August . In the case of a group of up to four people , all get the discount even if only one has a pass . Rail passes not requiring an additional ticket come in two versions : for a fixed route , and for the whole network . Both are mainly used by commuters . No off - peak discount version of these passes is offered since there is insufficient demand ; commuters usually can not avoid the rush hour . Philippines ( edit ) Inside Metro Manila , the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program , popularly known as the `` number coding scheme '' , is implemented by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority . The program stipulates that vehicles are prohibited from plying all roads within the metropolis , depending on the last digit of their license plates and on the day of the week . The vehicles are banned from 7am to 7pm . Unlike the public vehicles , the private vehicles have a five - hour window exception which runs from 10am to 3pm . However , the cities of Makati and San Juan do not implement the five - hour window . This table shows the license plates with numbers ending with its corresponding days : Ending in Every 1 and 2 Monday 3 and 4 Tuesday 5 and 6 Wednesday 7 and 8 Thursday 9 and 0 Friday Exempted from the program are motorcycles , school buses , shuttle buses , ambulances , fire engines , police cars , military vehicles , those carrying a person needing immediate medical attention , and vehicles with diplomatic license plates . On the other hand , in other places , there are certain policies the municipal or city government are proposing or has implemented for the whole municipality or city . While most schools are open , peak hours in rapid transit trains on Manila Metro Rail Transit System and Manila Light Rail Transit System , and in commuter trains on Philippine National Railways are 6 - 9am and 4 - 8pm . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , there is a free travel scheme before 7 : 45am and 50 cent discount between 7.45 am and 8.00 am , which applies only if you exit and not enter at the 18 CBD stations . This is an attempt to encourage commuters ' travel on the MRT outside the crowded weekday morning peak . Electronic Road Pricing is intended to discourage driving between 7.30 am and 8pm . In addition , employees were given travel incentives through Travel Smart programme . Peak hours are defined as follows : 7 : 30 - 9 : 30am and 5pm - 8pm , with different times for terminal stations . United Kingdom ( edit ) In London , Peak Day Travelcards allow travel at all hours . Off - peak Day Travelcards are 20 - 50 % cheaper but are valid for travel only after 9 : 30am and on weekends . This is an attempt to encourage commuters ' travel on the London Underground , Docklands Light Railway , buses , and trams outside of the crowded weekday morning peak . There is a similar system on Transport ( Bus and Tyne and Wear Metro ) in the Newcastle upon Tyne area . In London , congestion charges are intended to discourage driving 7am -- 6pm . In Manchester , the Metrolink light rail system offers single , return and ' Metromax ' daysaver tickets at a reduced price when they are purchased after 9 : 30am . This incentive is designed to lure passengers into avoiding the daily crowded conditions at Metrolink stations during rush hour . For 16 -- 25 Railcard holders , the offer of one - third off ticket prices is valid only after 10am ( unless a minimum fare is paid ) or weekends . This restriction does not apply in July and August , the main summer holiday season . For other Railcards , other restrictions apply ; for example , the Family Railcard and Network Railcard can not be used for peak journeys within London and south - east England . United states ( edit ) Traffic in Atlanta during rush hour Efforts to manage transportation demand during rush hour periods vary by state and by metropolitan area . In some states , freeways have designated lanes that become HOV ( High - Occupancy Vehicle aka car - pooling ) only during rush hours , while open to all vehicles at other times . In others , such as the Massachusetts portion of I - 93 , travel is permitted in the breakdown lane during this time . Several states , including Arizona , California , Georgia , Illinois , Minnesota , Nevada , New York , Oregon , Texas , Utah , Virginia , Washington , and Wisconsin use ramp meters to regulate traffic entering freeways during rush hour . Transportation officials in Colorado and Minnesota have added value pricing to some urban freeways around Denver , the Twin Cities , and Seattle , charging motorists a higher toll during peak periods . Transit agencies -- such as Metro North serving New York City , WMATA serving Washington , D.C. , and BART serving San Francisco -- often charge riders a higher fare ( `` peak fares '' ) for travel during the morning and evening rush hour . Morning rush hour times can range 6 -- 10am in cities like New York City . Some New York commuters try to be on the road by at least 6am because traffic gets heavy between 6 : 30 and 9 : 30am . Many train commuters leave early to get the best seats on the trains , because by 7am the trains are packed with passengers standing or those who ca n't get on . Los Angeles , California has several rush hours , including a midnight rush for night workers . Bus and train service ( such as Metrolink ) in Los Angeles are limited and tend to be underused , but their use is increasing . In the Chicago area people use Metra Trains , the ' L ' , and buses . In Cleveland , Ohio or Northeast Ohio morning rush hour is 7 -- 9am , with the peak 7 : 30 -- 8 : 30am . Because of Cleveland 's compact size , most people can be in Downtown Cleveland within 10 -- 45 minutes . The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority runs buses every half hour and some routes have non-stop freeway buses that run during rush hour . There is also an afternoon rush hour . For example , in the New York City area , the afternoon rush hour can begin as early as 3 p.m. and last until 7 p.m. Some people who live in Connecticut but work in New York often do not arrive home until 7 p.m. or later . On the other hand , in a smaller city like Cleveland , the afternoon rush hour takes place in a more literal sense such that heavy traffic congestion typically only occurs between 5 and 6 p.m. Usually the RTA in Cleveland has an afternoon rush hour schedule like the morning . Traffic heading into Philadelphia on Interstate 95 during the morning rush hour . The city of Philadelphia is known for its very dangerous Schuylkill Expressway , much of which predates the 1956 introduction of the Interstate Highway System . One of the busiest highways in the country ( and state of Pennsylvania ) and with the road being highly over capacity , it has become notorious for its chronic congestion , especially during rush hour . Rush hour in Philadelphia is usually as early as 6am , with many in the Delaware Valley using the Schuylkill to reach Central Philadelphia and some of Philadelphia 's western suburbs . The rugged terrain , limited riverfront space covered by the route and narrow spans of bridges passing over the highway have largely stymied later attempts to upgrade or widen the highway . An average 163,000 vehicles use the road daily in Philadelphia County , and an average of 109,000 use the highway in Montgomery County . Its narrow lane and left shoulder configuration , left lane entrances and exits ( nicknamed `` merge or die '' ) , common construction activity and generally congested conditions have led to many accidents , critical injuries and fatalities , leading to the highway 's humorous nickname of the `` Surekill Expressway '' or in further embellishment , `` Surekill Distressway '' . Boston , Massachusetts , and the larger Greater Boston region , is notorious for traffic congestion due to the region 's high population density , outmoded highway system , and the high concentration of corporations with large offices located along major expressways and urban loops ( including Route 128 , MassPike , I - 93 , I - 495 ) . Despite the region 's compact nature , inbound traffic becomes very heavy on all expressways as early as 6am on a typical weekday morning , making an inbound drive from the suburbs as long as 75 minutes . On the other hand , recent improvements brought about as part of the infamous Big Dig project have temporarily improved expressway traffic within Boston 's city limits . Cities such as Atlanta , Houston , Austin , Boston , Chicago , Honolulu , New York , Los Angeles , Philadelphia , San Francisco , and Washington , D.C. , to name a few , are known for having some of the worst traffic in the country . Los Angeles also has the highest amount of time spent in congestion , followed by Honolulu and Washington , D.C. Third rush hour ( edit ) The term `` third rush hour '' has been used to refer to a period of the midday in which roads in urban and suburban areas become congested due to a large number of people taking lunch breaks using their vehicles . These motorists often frequent restaurants and fast food locations , where vehicles crowding the entrances cause traffic congestion . Active senior citizens , who travel by automobile to engage in many midday activities , also contribute to the midday rush hour . Areas which have large school - age populations may also experience added congestion due to the large number of school buses and kiss - and - ride traffic that flood the roads after lunch , but before the evening rush hour . Another usage of `` third rush hour '' can be to describe congestion later at night ( generally between 10 - 11pm and 2 - 3am the next morning , particularly on Thursdays , Fridays , and Saturdays ) of people returning home from nights spent out at restaurants , bars , nightclubs , movie theaters , and sports games . In many European countries ( e.g. Germany , Austria , Hungary ) the schools are only half - day and many people work only half - time too . This causes a third rush hour around 12 : 30 -- 2pm . It takes some load from the evening rush hour , and thus makes the morning rush hour the most intense time of the day . At other times ( such as evenings and weekends ) , additional periods of congestion can be the result of various special events , such as sports games , festivals , or religious services . Out - of - the - ordinary congestion can be the result of an accident , construction , long holiday weekends , or inclement weather . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rush hour . Carpool Congestion pricing High occupancy vehicle lane Road space rationing Road traffic control Traffic wave Ramp meter References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Staggered Hours Schemes International Labour Office , Geneva Jump up ^ Section , Transport for NSW , Customer Experience Division , Customer Service Branch , Customer Information Services . `` Light rail services '' . transportnsw.info . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Clasificar.com - Trámites Jump up ^ Shinjuku Station # Daily entries. 2Fexits Jump up ^ Social and Environmental Report , JR East Japan Jump up ^ Young Persons Railcard Jump up ^ Family Railcard Jump up ^ `` 10 Most Traffic - Congested Cities In North America '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Fehr , Stephen . `` Third Rush Hour Squeezes Into Midday ; Road Congestion at Lunchtime Rivals Morning , Evening Commutes '' . The Washington Post . August 12 , 1990 Jump up ^ United States Congress . Committee on the District of Columbia . ( 1977 ) . Hearings , reports and prints of the House Committee on the District of Columbia Jump up ^ Langdon , Philip . ( 1994 ) . A better place to live : reshaping the American suburb . University of Massachusetts . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87023 - 914 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rush_hour&oldid=802301112 '' Categories : Public transport Periodic phenomena Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 08 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does heavy traffic occur in urban cities	[ "A rush hour (American English, British English) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday—once in the morning and once in the afternoon-evening, the times during which the most people commute. The term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour." ]	[ "twice every weekday—once in the morning and once in the afternoon-evening" ]
-1680323273316695952	Howard Shore	Howard Shore - wikipedia Howard Shore This article is about the composer . For the entrepreneur , see Howard Shore ( entrepreneur ) . For the judge , see Howard H. Shore . Howard Shore OC Shore in May 2013 Background information Birth name Howard Leslie Shore ( 1946 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 1946 ( age 71 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Genres Classical , orchestral , film scores Occupation ( s ) Composer , orchestrator , conductor , music producer Instruments Saxophone , organ , flute Years active 1978 -- present Website www.howardshore.com Howard Leslie Shore OC ( born October 18 , 1946 ) is a Canadian composer who is notable for his film scores . He has composed the scores for over 80 films , most notably the scores for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies . He won three Academy Awards for his work on the first trilogy , with one being for the original song `` Into the West '' , an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer / producer Fran Walsh , who wrote the lyrics . He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg , having scored all but one of his films since 1979 . Shore has also composed a few concert works including one opera , The Fly , based on the plot of Cronenberg 's 1986 film premiered at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris on July 2 , 2008 , a short piece Fanfare for the Wanamaker Organ and the Philadelphia Orchestra , and a short overture for the Swiss 21st Century Symphony Orchestra . In addition to his three Academy Award wins , Shore has also won three Golden Globe Awards and four Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and career 2 Film scoring 2.1 1978 -- 2000 2.2 2001 -- 2006 2.3 2007 -- present 3 Conducting and performing 4 Television 5 Radio 6 Personal life 7 Awards 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Early life and career ( edit ) Howard Shore was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , the son of Bernice ( née Ash ) and Mac Shore . Shore is Jewish . He started studying music at the age of 8 or 9 . He learned a multitude of instruments and began playing in bands at the ages of 13 and 14 . By 17 , he decided he wanted to pursue music in his adult life too . When Shore was 13 , he met and became good friends with a young Lorne Michaels in summer camp , and this friendship would later be influential in his career . He studied music at Berklee College of Music in Boston after graduating from Forest Hill Collegiate Institute . From 1969 to 1972 , Shore was a member of the jazz fusion band Lighthouse . In 1970 , he became the music director for Lorne Michaels and Hart Pomerantz 's short - lived TV program The Hart & Lorne Terrific Hour . Shore wrote the music for Canadian magician Doug Henning 's magic musical Spellbound in 1974 and , from 1975 to 1980 , he was the musical director for Lorne Michaels ' influential late - night NBC comedy show Saturday Night Live , appearing in many musical sketches , including Howard Shore and His All - Nurse Band , and dressed as a beekeeper for a John Belushi / Dan Aykroyd performance of the Slim Harpo classic `` I 'm a King Bee '' . Shore also suggested the name for The Blues Brothers to Dan Aykroyd and John Belushi . Film scoring ( edit ) 1978 -- 2000 ( edit ) Shore 's first film score was to the low budget thriller I Miss You , Hugs and Kisses ( 1978 ) , followed by David Cronenberg 's first major film , The Brood ( 1979 ) . He would go on to score all of Cronenberg 's subsequent films , with the exception of The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) , which was scored by Michael Kamen . The first film he scored that was not directed by Cronenberg was Martin Scorsese 's After Hours ( 1985 ) . Following that , he scored The Fly ( 1986 ) , again directed by Cronenberg . Two years later , he composed the score to Big ( 1988 ) , directed by Penny Marshall and starring Tom Hanks . He then scored two more of David Cronenberg 's films : Dead Ringers ( 1988 ) and Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) . During 1991 , Shore composed the score for the highly acclaimed film The Silence of the Lambs , starring Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins , and directed by Jonathan Demme . He received his first BAFTA nomination for the score . The film became the third ( and most recent ) to win the five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Best Director , Best Screenplay , Best Actor , and Best Actress ) . Shore is the only living composer to have scored a `` Top Five '' Oscar - winning film . During 1993 , he composed the scores for M. Butterfly ( another collaboration with Cronenberg ) , Philadelphia ( his second collaboration with Jonathan Demme ) , and Mrs. Doubtfire , directed by Chris Columbus . The latter two films were highly successful , Philadelphia winning Tom Hanks his first Oscar . Shore scored another three films in 1994 : The Client , Ed Wood , and Nobody 's Fool . Ed Wood is notable for being one of the three films directed by Tim Burton that did not feature a score by Danny Elfman . Shore continued to score numerous films from 1995 to 2001 , including two David Fincher films , Seven ( 1995 ) and The Game ( 1997 ) , and The Truth About Cats and Dogs ( 1996 ) , directed by Michael Lehmann ; he also collaborated on two films with Cronenberg , along with Tom Hanks ' directorial debut , That Thing You Do ! . Shore also composed the score of the 2000 film The Cell . 2001 -- 2006 ( edit ) Shore at a press conference for The Lord of the Rings in Wellington , New Zealand , 2003 Major success came in 2001 with his score to The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , the first film in the highly acclaimed The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The news that Shore would score the trilogy surprised some , since he was primarily associated with dark , ominous films and had never scored an epic of this scale . However , the score was hugely successful and won Shore his first Oscar , as well as a Grammy Award , and garnered Shore nominations for a Golden Globe and a BAFTA . A cue from this film ( The Bridge of Khazad - Dûm ) was used in a teaser for 2013 's Superman film , Man of Steel . The following year , Shore composed the scores to Panic Room , Gangs of New York ( replacing Elmer Bernstein ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers , the second film in the trilogy . ( The latter two films were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . ) Initially , Shore 's score for The Two Towers was going to be deemed ineligible for submission to the Academy , due to a new rule that disallowed the submission of scores which contained themes from previous work . However , the implementation of this rule change was subsequently postponed , meaning the score remained eligible . Ultimately , The Two Towers score did not receive an Academy Award nomination ; Shore did , however , receive a BAFTA nomination for Gangs of New York . In 2003 , he composed the score for the final film in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . The film was the most successful film in the trilogy and the most successful of the year . Shore won his second Oscar for Best Original Score , as well as a third for Best Original Song for `` Into the West '' , which he shared with Fran Walsh and Annie Lennox . Shore also won his first Golden Globe , his third and fourth Grammy ( the fourth for Best Song ) , and was nominated for a third BAFTA . The scores of The Lord of the Rings , performed primarily by the London Philharmonic Orchestra , became one of the most successful film scores ever written and the biggest success in Shore 's career . In 2004 , Shore again collaborated with Martin Scorsese , scoring his epic film The Aviator , this time with the Brussels Philharmonic . He won a second Golden Globe for the score , becoming the third composer to have won consecutive Golden Globes in the Original Score category . He also received his sixth Grammy nomination , and his fifth BAFTA nomination . He collaborated again with David Cronenberg in 2005 to score A History of Violence , starring Viggo Mortensen . The film was a success and received two Oscar nominations . In 2006 , he collaborated for the fourth time with Martin Scorsese , this time to score The Departed . The film was highly successful and won four Oscars , including a long - awaited win for Scorsese , and Best Picture . Although Shore was originally commissioned to compose the soundtrack for King Kong , he was later replaced by James Newton Howard due to `` differing creative aspirations for the score '' on his and the filmmakers ' parts . This was a mutual agreement between himself and Peter Jackson . Despite this , Shore has a cameo near the end of the film as the conductor of the orchestra in the theater , performing portions of Max Steiner 's score to the original 1933 version of the film . 2007 -- present ( edit ) In 2007 , Shore composed the music for Soul of the Ultimate Nation , an online multiplayer video game . The soundtrack is notable for being the first video game soundtrack to feature Lydia Kavina on the theremin . During 2007 he also composed the scores for The Last Mimzy and Eastern Promises , the latter of which includes a section that has been performed in concert as Shore 's Concertino for violin solo and chamber orchestra . Eastern Promises was another collaboration with David Cronenberg and earned Shore his fourth Golden Globe nomination . In 2008 , he scored Doubt , starring Meryl Streep and directed by John Patrick Shanley . The film was a success , earning five Oscar nominations . In 2010 , Shore composed the score to Eclipse , the third installment in the Twilight film series , following Carter Burwell and Alexandre Desplat , who scored the first and second films , respectively . He also replaced John Corigliano to score Edge of Darkness , starring Mel Gibson . Shore 's 2011 projects were A Dangerous Method , continuing his long - term collaboration with director David Cronenberg . He also composed the score to Martin Scorsese 's Hugo , his fifth collaboration with the director , which earned him a sixth Golden Globe nomination and fourth Oscar nomination . He also composed the score to Peter Jackson 's The Hobbit film series . Conducting and Performing ( edit ) Main article : Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Since 2004 , he has toured the world conducting local orchestras in the performance of his new symphonic arrangement of his highly acclaimed Lord of the Rings scores . The new work is entitled The Lord of the Rings : Symphony in Six Movements . There are two movements for each of the movies , and an intermission between the second and third ( or first and second film titles ) movements . The concert presentation of the symphony also includes projected still images of sketches by John Howe and Alan Lee relating the music being performed to scenes from the films . Recently , however , Shore has been busy with other projects , leaving other conductors including Markus Huber , Ludwig Wicki , Alexander Mickelthwaite , and John Mauceri to lead the orchestras . April 24 , 2008 marked the North American Live to Projection debut of Fellowship of the Ring , with the score performed live by the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Ludwig Wicki . Wicki also conducted the Filene Center Orchestra at the Wolf Trap Farm Park in Vienna , Virginia on May 21 and 22 , 2008 in the U.S. premiere of the Fellowship of the Ring Live to Projection . September 16 , 2010 Shore conducted the RSO Vienna ( Vienna Radio Symphony Orchestra ) which performed `` In Dreams from The Fellowship of the Ring '' at Hollywood in Vienna in Vienna , Austria . Shore was commissioned by Macy 's to write a Fanfare for the Store 's 150th anniversary featuring the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Wanamaker Organ , the world 's largest playing pipe organ . The work was debuted in the Grand Court of Macy 's Philadelphia Store on September 27 , 2008 in a concert that drew reviews from most of the major East Coast newspapers . Shore 's opera The Fly premiered had its world premiere performance at the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris on July 2 , 2008 and its United States premiere at Los Angeles Opera on September 7 , 2008 . The production was directed by David Cronenberg and conducted by Plácido Domingo . The Fly had a new production mounted by Theatre Trier in Germany in 2014 staged by Sebastian Welker and conducted by Joongbae Jee . Shore was commissioned by the Beijing Music Festival to write Ruin and Memory , a piano concerto , for renowned pianist Lang Lang . The world premiere was on October 11 , 2010 performed by Lang Lang , The China Philharmonic Orchestra and conducted by Long Yu . His second concerto , Mythic Gardens , premiered April 27 , 2012 with Sophie Shao on cello solo , The American Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Leon Botstein . Shore 's song cycle A Palace Upon the Ruins premiered in 2014 at the Bridgehampton Chamber Music Festival and at the La Jolla SummerFest featuring mezzo - soprano Jennifer Johnson Cano . Television ( edit ) In addition to writing the original theme song for Saturday Night Live , as well as the closing theme , Shore also co-wrote the theme song for Late Night with Conan O'Brien with John Lurie . The theme was carried over to The Tonight Show when O'Brien succeeded Jay Leno as host . Radio ( edit ) Shore narrated a one - hour CBC Radio documentary / soundscape on music in thriller / suspense film genres also including references to radio dramas and other media . The episode was called `` Unsettling Scores '' and premiered on the program called Inside the Music . Personal life ( edit ) Shore is married to Elizabeth Cotnoir , a writer , producer and documentary filmmaker . He has a daughter , Mae . He is the uncle of film composer Ryan Shore . As of 2004 , Shore lives in Tuxedo Park , New York . Awards ( edit ) Shore has received four Academy Award nominations , winning three , two for Best Original Score , for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , and The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . He also won the Oscar for Best Original Song for `` Into the West '' from The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . He received his fourth nomination for his work on Hugo . Shore has also received six Golden Globe nominations , winning three consecutive awards for Best Original Score and Best Original Song - `` Into the West '' for The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) and The Aviator ( 2004 ) , making him the second composer ( after Alan Menken ) to have received consecutive Golden Globe Awards for Best Original Score . He also won three consecutive Grammy Awards for Best Score for each of the Lord of the Rings films , and received a second award in 2003 for the song `` Into the West '' from `` Return of the King '' in the category of Best Song . He has also received five BAFTA nominations , but has not won . On June 11 , 2007 , Shore was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Letters Degree from York University in Toronto for `` his sweeping artistic vision '' . Shore has also been honored with awards from The National Board of Review , Recording Academy Honors , The Broadcast Film Critics , Chicago Film Critics , Genie Award , World Soundtrack Award , New York 's Gotham Award , and The Saturn Award for Science Fiction . Shore is the first recipient of the Film & TV Music Award for Best Score for a Science Fiction Feature Film for The Last Mimzy . In May 2008 , he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during Berklee 's commencement ceremony at the Agganis Arena . On September 16 , 2010 he was awarded the Max Steiner Film Music Achievement Award by the City of Vienna at the yearly film music gala concert Hollywood in Vienna . In 2012 , he received Canada 's Governor General 's Performing Arts Awards for Lifetime Artistic Achievement . In 2016 , he was appointed as a Officer of the Order of Canada for his work towards the film and music industry . Filmography ( edit ) I Miss You , Hugs and Kisses ( 1978 ) The Brood ( 1979 ) Scanners ( 1981 ) Videodrome ( 1983 ) Nothing Lasts Forever ( 1984 ) After Hours ( 1985 ) Fire with Fire ( 1986 ) The Fly ( 1986 ) Nadine ( 1987 ) Moving ( 1988 ) Big ( 1988 ) Dead Ringers ( 1988 ) She - Devil ( 1989 ) An Innocent Man ( 1989 ) Signs of Life ( 1989 ) The Local Stigmatic ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) A Kiss Before Dying ( 1991 ) Naked Lunch ( 1991 ) Prelude to a Kiss ( 1992 ) Single White Female ( 1992 ) Sliver ( 1993 ) Guilty as Sin ( 1993 ) M. Butterfly ( 1993 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Philadelphia ( 1993 ) The Client ( 1994 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Nobody 's Fool ( 1994 ) Moonlight and Valentino ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1995 ) Before and After ( 1996 ) Crash ( 1996 ) Looking for Richard ( 1996 ) The Truth About Cats & Dogs ( 1996 ) That Thing You Do ! ( 1996 ) Striptease ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) ( unused score ) The Game ( 1997 ) Cop Land ( 1997 ) He Got Game ( 1998 ) Gloria ( 1999 ) eXistenZ ( 1999 ) Analyze This ( 1999 ) Dogma ( 1999 ) High Fidelity ( 2000 ) The Cell ( 2000 ) The Yards ( 2000 ) The Score ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) Panic Room ( 2002 ) Spider ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) A History of Violence ( 2005 ) King Kong ( 2005 ) ( unused score ) The Departed ( 2006 ) Soul of the Ultimate Nation ( 2007 ) The Last Mimzy ( 2007 ) Eastern Promises ( 2007 ) Doubt ( 2008 ) The Betrayal -- Nerakhoon ( 2008 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2010 ) Edge of Darkness ( 2010 ) A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) Hugo ( 2011 ) Cosmopolis ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) Jimmy P : Psychotherapy of a Plains Indian ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) Maps to the Stars ( 2014 ) Rosewater ( 2014 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Denial ( 2016 ) The Catcher Was a Spy ( 2018 ) See also ( edit ) List of film director and composer collaborations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Handy , Bruce ' Lord of the Rings ' Composer Howard Shore Talks Hobbits , His Start on ' SNL ' and Working With Martin Scorsese Billboard . February 25 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The Fly The Opera '' . The Fly The Opera . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore Biography ( 1946 - ) '' . Film Reference . Advameg , Inc . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mac Shore '' . Variety . November 5 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's Jewish community will have lots to watch on Oscar night '' . Jewish Tribune . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Geeks United Interview of Howard Shore '' . Movie Geeks United . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Geeks United Interview '' . Movie Geeks United . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Greiving , Tim ( December 30 , 2016 ) . `` Before he won Oscars for his music , composer Howard Shore helped kick off SNL '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Symkus , Ed ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lord of the Rings ' composer Howard Shore counts his achievements by the score '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' Lord of the Rings ' Composer Howard Shore on Scoring 80 Movies : `` I Often Felt Like Frodo '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinblatt , Jim . `` Howard Shore '' . ASCAP . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zeman , Ned ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Soul Men : The Making of The Blues Brothers '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Theme from The Lord of the Rings Featured in ' Man of Steel ' Teasers '' . TheOneRing.net . July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( January 18 , 2003 ) . `` ' Two Towers ' score remains eligible , the academy says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alfie , ' ' Aviator ' and ' Ray ' Rack Up Awards '' . Billboard. 117 ( 5 ) : 12 . January 29 , 2005 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore Scores ' A History of Violence ' '' . NPR . October 9 , 2005 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` The Departed '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shore leaves Jackson 's King Kong '' . The Guardian . October 18 , 2005 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radio 3 Live in Concert , program called `` BBC Concert Orchestra - London on Film '' ( broadcast June 11 , 2012 on BBC Radio 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Adams , Doug ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Why NZ Matters '' . The Music of The Lord of the Rings Films . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Lord of the Rings Symphony '' . Howardshore.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Stearns ( September 28 , 2008 ) . `` Pulling out all the stops Wanamaker Organ , Philadelphia Orchestra team up , 80 years late '' . articles.philly.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fly '' . Howardshore.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Fisher Center Bard Events '' . Fishercenter.bard.edu . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Palace Upon The Ruins ( A Song Cycle ) '' . Howardshore.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Howard Shore '' . imdb.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Deanna Darr ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` ON THE RECORD : ' Tapestry , ' SNL songs close , but not the same '' . rapidcityjournal.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nate Chinen ( May 1 , 2009 ) . `` Steady Gigs , Late Shows '' . jazztimes.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Josef Adalian ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Conan Will Have a New Theme ... Co-Written by Conan '' . vulture.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Inside The Music : Unsettling scores . CBC radio . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Carlye ( April 29 , 2004 ) . `` N.Y. minute : Howard Shore '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . I live in Tuxedo Park , N.Y. and spend time in the West Village , where my wife Elizabeth Cotnoir , a writer - producer and documentary filmmaker , has an office . Jump up ^ `` The SIRmon -- The Official SModcast Internet News Portal '' . Newsaskew.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Into the West '' Wins Best Song : 2004 Oscars `` . Academy Awards . February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2012 : ' Hugo ' composer Howard Shore on Scorsese collaboration '' . Los Angeles Times . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` YFile - Film composer honoured for ' sweeping artistic vision ' '' . Yorku.ca . June 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Winwood To Receive Honorary Doctor of Music Degree '' . Stevewinwood.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood - Komponist Howard Shore in Wien '' . September 15 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2010 . Retrieved September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rush wins Governor General 's Award '' . CBC News . March 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Governor General Announces 100 New Appointments to the Order of Canada as Canada Turns 150 '' . The Governor General of Canada His Excellency the Right Honourable David Johnston . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Composer Howard Shore to Score The Twilight Saga : Eclipse '' . FirstShowing.net . January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Howard Shore . Official website Howard Shore on IMDb Howard Shore Interview at Tracksounds A Composer 's Dream , a short film tribute to Shore on his Governor General 's Performing Arts Award , National Film Board of Canada website Awards for Howard Shore Academy Award for Best Original Score 1930s Louis Silvers ( 1934 ) Max Steiner ( 1935 ) Leo F. Forbstein ( 1936 ) Charles Previn ( 1937 ) Erich Wolfgang Korngold / Alfred Newman ( 1938 ) Herbert Stothart / Richard Hageman , W. Franke Harling , John Leipold , Leo Shuken ( 1939 ) 1940s Leigh Harline , Paul J. Smith , Ned Washington / Alfred Newman ( 1940 ) Bernard Herrmann / Frank Churchill and Oliver Wallace ( 1941 ) Max Steiner / Ray Heindorf and Heinz Roemheld ( 1942 ) Alfred Newman / Ray Heindorf ( 1943 ) Max Steiner / Morris Stoloff and Carmen Dragon ( 1944 ) Miklós Rózsa / Georgie Stoll ( 1945 ) Hugo Friedhofer / Morris Stoloff ( 1946 ) Miklós Rózsa / Alfred Newman ( 1947 ) Brian Easdale / Johnny Green and Roger Edens ( 1948 ) Aaron Copland / Roger Edens and Lennie Hayton ( 1949 ) 1950s Franz Waxman / Adolph Deutsch and Roger Edens ( 1950 ) Franz Waxman / Johnny Green and Saul Chaplin ( 1951 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Alfred Newman ( 1952 ) Bronisław Kaper / Alfred Newman ( 1953 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Adolph Deutsch and Saul Chaplin ( 1954 ) Alfred Newman / Robert Russell Bennett , Jay Blackton and Adolph Deutsch ( 1955 ) Victor Young / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1956 ) Malcolm Arnold ( 1957 ) Dimitri Tiomkin / Andre Previn ( 1958 ) Miklós Rózsa / Andre Previn and Ken Darby ( 1959 ) 1960s Ernest Gold / Morris Stoloff and Harry Sukman ( 1960 ) Henry Mancini / Saul Chaplin , Johnny Green , Sid Ramin and Irwin Kostal ( 1961 ) Maurice Jarre / Ray Heindorf ( 1962 ) John Addison / Andre Previn ( 1963 ) Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman / Andre Previn ( 1964 ) Maurice Jarre / Irwin Kostal ( 1965 ) John Barry / Ken Thorne ( 1966 ) Elmer Bernstein / Alfred Newman and Ken Darby ( 1967 ) John Barry / Johnny Green ( 1968 ) Burt Bacharach / Lennie Hayton and Lionel Newman ( 1969 ) 1970s Francis Lai / The Beatles ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney , George Harrison and Ringo Starr ) ( 1970 ) Michel Legrand / John Williams ( 1971 ) Charlie Chaplin , Raymond Rasch and Larry Russell / Ralph Burns ( 1972 ) Marvin Hamlisch / Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) Nino Rota and Carmine Coppola / Nelson Riddle ( 1974 ) John Williams / Leonard Rosenman ( 1975 ) Jerry Goldsmith / Leonard Rosenman ( 1976 ) John Williams / Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 ) Giorgio Moroder / Joe Renzetti ( 1978 ) Georges Delerue / Ralph Burns ( 1979 ) 1980s Michael Gore ( 1980 ) Vangelis ( 1981 ) John Williams / Henry Mancini and Leslie Bricusse ( 1982 ) Bill Conti / Michel Legrand , Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1983 ) Maurice Jarre / Prince ( 1984 ) John Barry ( 1985 ) Herbie Hancock ( 1986 ) Ryuichi Sakamoto , David Byrne and Cong Su ( 1987 ) Dave Grusin ( 1988 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s John Barry ( 1990 ) Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Alan Menken ( 1992 ) John Williams ( 1993 ) Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) Luis Enríquez Bacalov / Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) Gabriel Yared / Rachel Portman ( 1996 ) James Horner / Anne Dudley ( 1997 ) Nicola Piovani / Stephen Warbeck ( 1998 ) John Corigliano ( 1999 ) 2000s Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Jan A.P. Kaczmarek ( 2004 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2006 ) Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Score John Williams ( 1998 ) Gabriel Yared ( 1999 ) Lisa Gerrard and Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Howard Shore ( 2001 ) John Williams ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Howard Shore ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) Philip Glass ( 2006 ) Jonny Greenwood ( 2007 ) A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) John Williams ( 2012 ) Steven Price ( 2013 ) Antonio Sánchez ( 2014 ) Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score 1940s Life with Father -- Max Steiner ( 1947 ) The Red Shoes -- Brian Easdale ( 1948 ) The Inspector General -- Johnny Green ( 1949 ) 1950s Sunset Boulevard -- Franz Waxman ( 1950 ) September Affair -- Victor Young ( 1951 ) High Noon -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1952 ) On the Beach -- Ernest Gold ( 1959 ) 1960s The Alamo -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) To Kill a Mockingbird -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1962 ) ( 1963 ) The Fall of the Roman Empire -- Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago -- Maurice Jarre ( 1965 ) Hawaii -- Elmer Bernstein ( 1966 ) Camelot -- Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) The Shoes of the Fisherman -- Alex North ( 1968 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid -- Burt Bacharach ( 1969 ) 1970s Love Story -- Francis Lai ( 1970 ) Shaft -- Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) The Godfather -- Nino Rota ( 1972 ) Jonathan Livingston Seagull -- Neil Diamond ( 1973 ) The Little Prince -- Alan Jay Lerner , Frederick Loewe ( 1974 ) Jaws -- John Williams ( 1975 ) A Star is Born -- Kenneth Ascher , Paul Williams ( 1976 ) Star Wars -- John Williams ( 1977 ) Midnight Express -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1978 ) Apocalypse Now -- Carmine Coppola , Francis Ford Coppola ( 1979 ) 1980s The Stunt Man -- Dominic Frontiere ( 1980 ) ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial -- John Williams ( 1982 ) Flashdance -- Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) A Passage to India -- Maurice Jarre ( 1984 ) Out of Africa -- John Barry ( 1985 ) The Mission -- Ennio Morricone ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor -- David Byrne , Ryuichi Sakamoto , Cong Su ( 1987 ) Gorillas in the Mist -- Maurice Jarre ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid -- Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s The Sheltering Sky -- Richard Horowitz , Ryuichi Sakamoto ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast -- Alan Menken ( 1991 ) Aladdin -- Alan Menken ( 1992 ) Heaven & Earth -- Kitarō ( 1993 ) The Lion King -- Hans Zimmer ( 1994 ) A Walk in the Clouds -- Maurice Jarre ( 1995 ) The English Patient -- Gabriel Yared ( 1996 ) Titanic -- James Horner ( 1997 ) The Truman Show -- Burkhard Dallwitz , Philip Glass ( 1998 ) 1900 -- Ennio Morricone ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator -- Lisa Gerrard , Hans Zimmer ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! -- Craig Armstrong ( 2001 ) Frida -- Elliot Goldenthal ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King -- Howard Shore ( 2003 ) The Aviator -- Howard Shore ( 2004 ) Memoirs of a Geisha -- John Williams ( 2005 ) The Painted Veil -- Alexandre Desplat ( 2006 ) Atonement -- Dario Marianelli ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire -- A.R. Rahman ( 2008 ) Up -- Michael Giacchino ( 2009 ) 2010s The Social Network -- Trent Reznor , Atticus Ross ( 2010 ) The Artist -- Ludovic Bource ( 2011 ) Life of Pi -- Mychael Danna ( 2012 ) All Is Lost -- Alex Ebert ( 2013 ) The Theory of Everything -- Jóhann Jóhannsson ( 2014 ) The Hateful Eight -- Ennio Morricone ( 2015 ) La La Land -- Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water - Alexandre Desplat ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song 1960s `` Town Without Pity '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1961 ) `` Circus World '' Lyrics by Ned Washington , Music by Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1964 ) `` Forget Domani '' Lyrics by Norman Newell , Music by Riz Ortolani ( 1965 ) `` Strangers in the Night '' Lyrics by Charles Singleton , Eddie Snyder , Music by Bert Kaempfert ( 1966 ) `` If Ever I Would Leave You '' Lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner , Music by Frederick Loewe ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Michel Legrand ( 1968 ) `` Jean '' Music & Lyrics by Rod McKuen ( 1969 ) 1970s `` Whistling Away the Dark '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Henry Mancini ( 1970 ) `` Life Is What You Make It '' Lyrics by Johnny Mercer , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1971 ) `` Ben '' Lyrics by Don Black , Music by Walter Scharf ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman , Music by Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 ) `` I Feel Love '' Lyrics by Betty Box , Music by Euel Box ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music & Lyrics by Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen '' Lyrics by Paul Williams , Music by Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music & Lyrics by Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music & Lyrics by Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` The Rose '' Music & Lyrics by Amanda McBroom ( 1979 ) 1980s `` Fame '' Lyrics by Dean Pitchford , Music by Michael Gore ( 1980 ) `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music & Lyrics by Peter Allen , Burt Bacharach , Christopher Cross , & Carole Bayer Sager ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by Jack Nitzsche & Buffy Sainte - Marie ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Lyrics by Irene Cara , Keith Forsey , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music & Lyrics by Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music & Lyrics by Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Lyrics by Tom Whitlock , Music by Giorgio Moroder ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Lyrics by Franke Previte , Music by John DeNicola & Donald Markowitz ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music & Lyrics by Carly Simon / `` Two Hearts '' Lyrics by Phil Collins , Music by Lamont Dozier ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1989 ) 1990s `` Blaze of Glory '' Music & Lyrics by Jon Bon Jovi ( 1990 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' Lyrics by Howard Ashman , Music by Alan Menken ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Alan Menken ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music & Lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Elton John ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Lyrics by Stephen Schwartz , Music by Alan Menken ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Lyrics by Tim Rice , Music by Andrew Lloyd Webber ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Lyrics by Wilbur Jennings , Music by James Horner ( 1997 ) `` The Prayer '' Music & Lyrics by David Foster , Tony Renis , Carole Bayer Sager , Alberto Testa ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music & Lyrics by Phil Collins ( 1999 ) 2000s `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics by Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) `` Until ... '' Music and lyrics by Sting ( 2001 ) `` The Hands That Built America '' Music and lyrics by Bono , Adam Clayton , The Edge & Larry Mullen Jr. ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics by Annie Lennox , Howard Shore & Frances Walsh ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music and lyrics by Mick Jagger & David A. Stewart ( 2004 ) `` A Love That Will Never Grow Old '' Lyrics by Bernie Taupin , Music by Gustavo Santaolalla ( 2005 ) `` The Song of the Heart '' Music and lyrics by Prince Rogers Nelson ( 2006 ) `` Guaranteed '' Music and lyrics by Eddie Vedder ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music and lyrics by Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics by Ryan Bingham & T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) 2010s `` You Have n't Seen the Last of Me '' Music & Lyrics by Diane Warren ( 2010 ) `` Masterpiece '' Music & Lyrics by Madonna , Julie Frost and Jimmy Harry ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Ordinary Love '' by U2 and Danger Mouse ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' by Common and John Legend ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' by Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' by Justin Hurwitz , Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` This Is Me '' by Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2017 ) Complete List ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Saturn Award for Best Music Bernard Herrmann ( 1973 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1974 / 75 ) David Raksin ( 1976 ) John Williams / John Williams ( 1977 ) John Williams ( 1978 ) Miklós Rózsa ( 1979 ) John Barry ( 1980 ) John Williams ( 1981 ) John Williams ( 1982 ) James Horner ( 1983 ) Jerry Goldsmith ( 1984 ) Bruce Broughton ( 1985 ) Alan Menken ( 1986 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1987 ) Christopher Young ( 1988 ) Alan Silvestri ( 1989 / 90 ) Loek Dikker ( 1991 ) Angelo Badalamenti ( 1992 ) Danny Elfman ( 1993 ) Howard Shore ( 1994 ) John Ottman ( 1995 ) Danny Elfman ( 1996 ) Danny Elfman ( 1997 ) John Carpenter ( 1998 ) Danny Elfman ( 1999 ) James Horner ( 2000 ) John Williams ( 2001 ) Danny Elfman ( 2002 ) Howard Shore ( 2003 ) Alan Silvestri ( 2004 ) John Williams ( 2005 ) John Ottman ( 2006 ) Alan Menken ( 2007 ) James Newton Howard and Hans Zimmer ( 2008 ) James Horner ( 2009 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2010 ) Michael Giacchino ( 2011 ) Danny Elfman ( 2012 ) Frank Ilfman ( 2013 ) Hans Zimmer ( 2014 ) John Williams ( 2015 ) Justin Hurwitz ( 2016 ) Note : The years are listed as per convention , usually the year of film release ; the ceremonies are usually held the next year . Georges Delerue Award Daniel Schmid ( BMD ) ( 1985 ) Jean - Luc Godard ( BUEM ) ( 1985 ) Ry Cooder ( BOM ) ( 1986 ) Pirjo Honkasalo and Pekka Lehto ( BAM ) ( 1986 ) Benoît Lamy ( 1987 ) Astor Piazzolla ( 1988 ) Tôru Takemitsu ( 1989 ) Michael Haneke ( BUMF ) ( 1989 ) Michael Kamen ( 1990 ) Rachid Bouchareb ( 1991 ) David Robbins ( 1992 ) Hou Hsiao - hsien ( 1993 ) Frédéric Devreese ( 1994 ) Tôn - Thất Tiết ( 1995 ) Bruno Coulais ( 1996 ) Vangelis ( 1997 ) Simon Fisher Turner ( 1998 ) Rachel Portman ( 1999 ) Tan Dun ( 2000 ) Vladimír Godár ( 2001 ) Howard Shore ( 2002 ) Zygmunt Konieczny ( 2003 ) Miguel Miranda and José Tobar ( 2004 ) Stephen Warbeck ( 2005 ) Tony Gatlif and Delphine Mantoulet ( 2006 ) Benny Andersson ( 2007 ) Tolib Shakhidi ( 2008 ) Nathan Larson ( 2009 ) Hong - jip Kim ( 2010 ) Evgueni and Sacha Galperine ( 2011 ) Olivier Assayas ( 2012 ) Lim Giong ( 2013 ) Boris Debackere ( 2014 ) Johnnie Burn ( 2015 ) Johnny Jewel ( 2016 ) BNE : XX1110716 BNF : cb139313673 ( data ) GND : 131800299 ISNI : 0000 0001 2123 2327 LCCN : n91126627 MusicBrainz : 9b58672a - e68e - 4972 - 956e - a8985a165a1f SNAC : w6gh9qqv SUDOC : 058653112 VIAF : 19869016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Shore&oldid=845993352 '' Categories : 1946 births 20th - century Canadian composers 21st - century Canadian composers Musicians from Toronto Berklee College of Music alumni Best Original Music Score Academy Award winners Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songwriters Canadian classical composers Male classical composers Canadian film score composers Male film score composers Georges Delerue Award winners Canadian opera composers Male opera composers Grammy Award winners Living people Saturday Night Live Band members Governor General 's Performing Arts Award winners Best Original Song Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Jewish Canadian musicians Officers of the Order of Canada Lighthouse ( band ) members Best Original Score Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 15 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the score for lord of the rings	[ "Howard Leslie Shore OC (born October 18, 1946) is a Canadian composer who is notable for his film scores.[1] He has composed the scores for over 80 films, most notably the scores for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies. He won three Academy Awards for his work on the first trilogy, with one being for the original song \"Into the West\", an award he shared with Eurythmics lead vocalist Annie Lennox and writer/producer Fran Walsh, who wrote the lyrics. He is also a consistent collaborator with director David Cronenberg, having scored all but one of his films since 1979." ]	[ "Howard Leslie Shore" ]
-2672685065791072839	The Boat Race	The Boat Race - wikipedia The Boat Race Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Oxbridge annual rowing race . For other uses , see boat race ( disambiguation ) . For the Women 's Boat Race , see The Women 's Boat Race . For the 1895 film , see The Oxford and Cambridge University Boat Race ( film ) . annual rowing race on the River Thames The Men 's Boat Race The Cancer Research UK Boat Races Contested by CUBC OUBC First boat race 10 June 1829 Annual event since 1856 Current champion Cambridge Course record Cambridge , 1998 ( 16 min 19 sec ) Course The Championship Course River Thames , London Course length 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) Sponsor BNY Mellon ( since 2013 ) Official charity Cancer Research UK ( since 2016 ) Trophy The Boat Race Trophy Number of wins Cambridge Oxford 83 80 There has been one dead heat , recorded in 1877 Official website theboatraces.org The Women 's Boat Race The Cancer Research UK Boat Race Contested by CUWBC OUWBC First boat race 15 March 1927 First side - by - side race 1936 Annual event since 1964 Current champion Cambridge Course record Cambridge , 2017 ( 18 min 33 sec ) Course The Championship Course River Thames , London ( 2015 onwards ) Course length 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) Sponsor Newton Investment Management ( since 2011 ) Official charity Cancer Research UK ( since 2016 ) Trophy The Women 's Boat Race Trophy ( since 2014 ) Previous courses Henley ( 1977 to 2014 except 2013 on Dorney Lake ) ; The Isis , Oxford and River Cam , Cambridge ( 1927 to 1976 with several gaps ) ; River Thames , London ( 1929 , 1935 ) Number of wins Cambridge Oxford 43 30 Official website www.theboatrace.org The Boat Race is an annual rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club , rowed between men 's and women 's open - weight eights on the River Thames in London , England . It is also known as the University Boat Race and the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race . The men 's race was first held in 1829 and has been held annually since 1856 , except during the First and Second World Wars . The first women 's event was in 1927 and the race has been held annually since 1964 . Since 2015 , the Women 's race has taken place on the same day and course , the combined event of two races becoming known as `` The Boat Races '' . In 2018 , the combined event became known as simply `` The Boat Race '' with a men 's and women 's race , or by a title that includes the name of its official charity , ' `` The Cancer Research UK Boat Race '' , BNY Mellon and Newton Investment Management having donated their sponsorship to the charity . The coxes can be men or women in either race . In the 2018 race , which took place on Saturday 24 March 2018 , Cambridge won the men 's and women 's races and both reserve races . The course covers a 4.2 - mile ( 6.8 km ) stretch of the Thames in West London , from Putney to Mortlake . Members of both teams are traditionally known as blues and each boat as a `` Blue Boat '' , with Cambridge in light blue and Oxford dark blue . As of 2018 , Cambridge has won the men 's race 83 times and Oxford 80 times , with one dead heat . Cambridge has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1930 . In the women 's race , Cambridge have won the race 43 times and Oxford 30 times . Cambridge has led Oxford in cumulative wins since 1966 . A reserve boat race has been held since 1965 for the men and 1966 for the women . Over 250,000 people watch the race from the banks of the river each year . In 2009 , a record 270,000 people watched the race live . A further 15 million or more watch it on television . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the men 's race 1.1 Origin 1.2 1877 dead heat 1.3 1959 Oxford mutiny 1.4 1987 Oxford mutiny 1.5 2012 disruption 1.6 Sinkings 2 History of the women 's race 3 Course 3.1 Previous courses 4 Media coverage 5 Competitors 5.1 Men 's race 5.2 Academic status 5.3 Standard of the men 's crews 6 Sponsorship 7 Other boat races involving Oxford and Cambridge 8 Build - up 9 Popular culture 10 Statistics 11 Results 12 See also 13 References 14 External links History of the men 's Race ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) An engraving of the 1841 Boat Race , with Lambeth Palace The tradition was started in 1829 by Charles Merivale , a student at St John 's College , Cambridge , and his Old Harrovian school friend Charles Wordsworth who was studying at Christ Church , Oxford . The University of Cambridge challenged the University of Oxford to a race at Henley - on - Thames but lost easily . Oxford raced in dark blue because five members of the crew , including the stroke , were from Christ Church , then Head of the River , whose colours were dark blue . There is a dispute as to the source of the colour chosen by Cambridge . The second race was in 1836 , with the venue moved to a course from Westminster to Putney . Over the next two years , there was disagreement over where the race should be held , with Oxford preferring Henley and Cambridge preferring London . Following the official formation of the Oxford University Boat Club , racing between the two universities resumed in 1839 on the Tideway and the tradition continues to the present day , with the loser challenging the winner to a rematch annually . 1877 dead heat ( edit ) Main article : The Boat Race 1877 The race in 1877 was declared a dead heat . Both crews finished in a time of 24 minutes and 8 seconds in bad weather . The verdict of the race judge , John Phelps , is considered suspect because he was reportedly over 70 and blind in one eye . Rowing historian Tim Koch , writing in the official 2014 Boat Race Programme , notes that there is `` a very big and very entrenched lie '' about the race , including the claim that Phelps had announced `` Dead heat ... to Oxford by six feet '' ( the distance supposedly mentioned by Phelps varies according to the telling ) . Phelps 's nickname `` Honest John '' was not an ironic one , and he was not ( as is sometimes claimed ) drunk under a bush at the time of the finish . He did have to judge who had won without the assistance of finish posts ( which were installed in time for the next year 's race ) . Some newspapers had believed Oxford won a narrow victory but their viewpoint was from downstream ; Phelps considered that the boats were essentially level with each surging forward during the stroke cycle . With no clear way to determine who had surged forward at the exact finish line , Phelps could only pronounce it a dead heat . Koch believes that the press and Oxford supporters made up the stories about Phelps later , which Phelps had no chance to refute . A portrayal of the dead heat finish in 1877 . Oxford , partially disabled , were making effort after effort to hold their rapidly waning lead , while Cambridge , who , curiously enough , had settled together again , and were rowing almost as one man , were putting on a magnificent spurt at 40 strokes to the minute , with a view of catching their opponents before reaching the winning - post . Thus struggling over the remaining portion of the course , the two eights raced past the flag alongside one another , and the gun fired amid a scene of excitement rarely equalled and never exceeded . Cheers for one crew were succeeded by counter-cheers for the other , and it was impossible to tell what the result was until the Press boat backed down to the Judge and inquired the issue . John Phelps , the waterman , who officiated , replied that the noses of the boats passed the post strictly level , and that the result was a dead heat . -- The Times 1959 Oxford Mutiny ( edit ) Main article : The Boat Race 1959 In 1959 some of the existing Oxford blues attempted to oust president Ronnie Howard and coach Jumbo Edwards . However , their attempt failed when Cambridge supported the president . Three of the dissidents returned and Oxford went on to win by six lengths . 1987 Oxford Mutiny ( edit ) Main article : The Boat Race 1987 Cambridge at their stakeboat , just prior to the race 's commencement , 2009 . Following defeat in the previous year 's race , Oxford 's first in eleven years , American Chris Clark was determined to gain revenge : `` Next year we 're gon na kick ass ... Cambridge 's ass . Even if I have to go home and bring the whole US squad with me . '' He recruited another four American post-graduates : three international - class rowers ( Dan Lyons , Chris Huntington and Chris Penny ) and a cox ( Jonathan Fish ) , in an attempt to put together the fastest Boat Race crew in the history of the contest . When you recruit mercenaries , you can expect some pirates . `` '' British press Disagreements over the training regime of Dan Topolski , the Oxford coach ( `` He wanted us to spend more time training on land than water ! '' , lamented Lyons ) , led to the crew walking out on at least one occasion , and resulted in the coach revising his approach . A fitness test between Clark and Macdonald ( in which the American triumphed ) resulted in a call for the Scotsman 's removal ; it was accompanied with a threat that the Americans would refuse to row should Macdonald remain in the crew . As boat club president , Macdonald `` had absolute power over selection '' and after announcing that Clark would row on starboard , his weaker side , Macdonald would row on the port side and Tony Ward was to be dropped from the crew entirely , the American contingent mutinied . After considerable negotiation and debate , much of it conducted in the public eye , Clark , Penny , Huntington , Lyons and Fish were dropped and replaced by members of Oxford 's reserve crew , Isis . The race was won by Oxford by four lengths , despite Cambridge being favourites . In 1989 Topolski and author Patrick Robinson 's book about the events , True Blue : The Oxford Boat Race Mutiny , was published . Seven years later , a film based on the book was released . Alison Gill , the then - president of the Oxford University Women 's Boat Club , wrote The Yanks at Oxford , in which she defended the Americans and claimed Topolski wrote True Blue in order to justify his own actions . River and Rowing Museum founder Chris Dodd described True Blue as `` particularly offensive '' yet also wrote `` ( Oxford ) lacked the power , the finesse -- basically everything the pre-mutiny line - up had going for it . '' 2012 disruption ( edit ) Main article : The Boat Race 2012 In the 2012 race , after almost three - quarters of the course had been rowed , the race was halted for over 30 minutes when a lone protester , Australian Trenton Oldfield , entered the water from Chiswick Eyot and deliberately swam between the boats near Chiswick Pier with the intention of protesting against spending cuts , and what he saw as the erosion of civil liberties and a growing culture of elitism within British society . Once he was spotted by assistant umpire Sir Matthew Pinsent , both boats were required to stop for safety reasons . The umpire , John Garrett , decided to restart the race from the eastern end of Chiswick Eyot . Shortly after the restart the boats clashed and the oar of Oxford crewman Hanno Wienhausen was broken . Garrett judged the clash to be Oxford 's fault and allowed the race to continue . Cambridge quickly took the lead and went on to win the race . The Oxford crew entered a final appeal to the umpire which was quickly rejected ; and Cambridge were confirmed as winners by 4 ⁄ lengths . It was the first time since 1849 that a crew had won the boat race without an official recorded winning time . After the end of the race Oxford 's bow man , Alex Woods , received emergency treatment after collapsing in the boat from exhaustion . Because of the circumstances , the post-race celebrations by the winning Cambridge crew were unusually muted and the planned award ceremony was cancelled . Oldfield was convicted in October 2012 of causing a public nuisance , fined £ 750 and sentenced to six months ' imprisonment . In June 2013 he was refused leave to remain in the UK , a decision against which he successfully appealed , with the appeal judge stating that there was `` a public interest in providing a platform for protest at both common law and the European Convention on Human Rights '' . Sinkings ( edit ) In the 1912 race , run in extremely poor weather and high winds , both crews sank . Oxford rowed into a significant early lead , but began taking on water , and made for the bank shortly after passing Hammersmith Bridge to empty the boat out : although they attempted to restart , the race was abandoned at this point because Cambridge had also sunk , while passing the Harrods Depository . Cambridge also sank in 1859 and in 1978 , while Oxford did so in 1925 , and again in 1951 ; the 1951 race was re-rowed on the following Monday . In 1984 the Cambridge boat sank after colliding with a barge before the start of the race , which was then rescheduled for the next day . In 2016 , at Barnes Bridge , Cambridge women began to sink and received advice from the umpire to pull to the side . The Cambridge cox indicated that she wanted to continue to complete the course and was allowed to do so . History of the women 's race ( edit ) Main article : Women 's Boat Race § History Course ( edit ) Boat Race course ( `` Middlesex '' and `` Surrey '' denote sides of the Thames Tideway corresponding to the traditional English counties ) Main article : The Championship Course Competing for the fastest current The course is 4 miles and 374 yards ( 6.779 km ) from Putney to Mortlake , passing Hammersmith and Barnes ; it is sometimes referred to as the Championship Course , and follows an S shape , east to west . The start and finish are marked by the University Boat Race Stones on the south bank . The clubs ' presidents toss a coin ( the 1829 sovereign ) before the race for the right to choose which side of the river ( station ) they will row on : their decision is based on the day 's weather conditions and how the various bends in the course might favour their crew 's pace . The north station ( ' Middlesex ' ) has the advantage of the first and last bends , and the south ( ' Surrey ' ) station the longer middle bend . During the race the coxes compete for the fastest current , which lies at the deepest part of the river , frequently leading to clashes of blades and warnings from the umpire . A crew that gets a lead of more than a boat 's length can cut in front of their opponent , making it extremely difficult for the trailing crew to gain the lead . For this reason the tactics of the race are generally to go fast early on , and few races have a change of the lead after halfway ( though this happened in 2003 , 2007 and 2010 ) . The race is rowed upstream , but is timed to start on the incoming flood tide so that the crews are rowing with the fastest possible current . If a strong wind is blowing from the west it will be against the tide in places along the course , causing the water to become very rough . The conditions are sometimes such that an international regatta would be cancelled , but the Boat Race has a tradition of proceeding even in potential sinking conditions ( see Sinkings above ) . During the race the crews pass various traditional landmarks , visible from the river : Landmark Comments Putney Oxford boats from Westminster School Boat Club ( left ) , and Cambridge from King 's College School Boat Club ( right ) . Both clubs are near the Start , just downstream of the Black Buoy . The crews warm up by rowing downstream below Putney Bridge before taking their places at the start . The Start at Putney Bridge 51 ° 28 ′ 02 '' N 0 ° 12 ′ 50 '' W / 51.467319 ° N 0.213756 ° W / 51.467319 ; - 0.213756 ( Boat Race start ) The race starts from two stake boats moored so that the competitors ' bows are in line with the first University Stone . The winner of the toss has the choice of station . The Surrey station won 10 out of the 15 races 1994 -- 2008 -- though this is not statistically significant . Coxes raise their arms while their VIIIs are getting into position . When both crews are ready , the Umpire starts the race by waving a red flag . In the straight section after the start the Middlesex crew tries to hold the fastest water on the centre line of the river . The Black Buoy 51 ° 28 ′ 16 '' N 0 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 51.471211 ° N 0.221132 ° W / 51.471211 ; - 0.221132 ( The Black Buoy ) Roughly marks the end of the Putney Boat Houses . The Black Buoy has been painted yellow to avoid collisions . Fulham Football Club 51 ° 28 ′ 30 '' N 0 ° 13 ′ 18 '' W / 51.474895 ° N 0.221655 ° W / 51.474895 ; - 0.221655 ( Fulham Football Club ) ' Craven Cottage ' : crews stay wide ( preferring the Surrey bank ) round the bend as the area in front of the football ground ( known as ' the Fulham flats ' ) is shallow , with slack water . The Mile Post 51 ° 28 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 13 ′ 37 '' W / 51.47852 ° N 0.226987 ° W / 51.47852 ; - 0.226987 ( The Mile Post ) The ' post ' is in fact a stone monument to rowing coach Steve Fairbairn . Exactly a mile from the Boat Race start , it is a traditional timing point . The Middlesex bank water continues to be shallow and slack all the way to Hammersmith Bridge . The Crabtree 51 ° 28 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 13 ′ 25 '' W / 51.482041 ° N 0.223482 ° W / 51.482041 ; - 0.223482 ( The Crabtree ) This section is called the `` Crabtree Reach '' after the Crabtree Tavern pub on the Middlesex bank ( just to the right of the camera ) . Harrods Furniture Depository 51 ° 29 ′ 05 '' N 0 ° 13 ′ 41 '' W / 51.484633 ° N 0.227956 ° W / 51.484633 ; - 0.227956 ( Harrods ' Furniture Repository ) Previously the warehouse for the famous shop , now flats . For the next 8 -- 9 minutes the bend will be in Surrey 's favour . The deepest water now is closer to the Surrey bank . Hammersmith Bridge 51 ° 29 ′ 17 '' N 0 ° 13 ′ 50 '' W / 51.488129 ° N 0.230536 ° W / 51.488129 ; - 0.230536 ( Hammersmith Bridge ) Coxes aim for the second lamp - post from the left which marks the deepest part of the river and therefore the fastest line . 80 % -- 85 % of boats ahead at Hammersmith Bridge have won , though only 50 % in the 6 years up to 2008 . The turning point comes once the crews are under Hammersmith Bridge . St Paul 's School 51 ° 29 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 09 '' W / 51.488983 ° N 0.235855 ° W / 51.488983 ; - 0.235855 ( St Paul 's School ) 1.8 miles have been rowed ; the whole width becomes choppy when there is any form of westerly . The next 3 -- 4 minutes where still side - by - side give the Surrey crew their last advantage . Chiswick Eyot 51 ° 29 ′ 15 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 45 '' W / 51.487596 ° N 0.245814 ° W / 51.487596 ; - 0.245814 ( Chiswick Eyot ) A tree - covered river island . The river is briefly straight , and the deepest water is central . Fuller 's Brewery 51 ° 29 ′ 14 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 01 '' W / 51.487182 ° N 0.250411 ° W / 51.487182 ; - 0.250411 ( Chiswick Eyot ) Just visible to crews , behind the eyot . If a south - west breeze picks up then the waves will be as high as they get along the Championship Course against the upstream tide here . Chiswick Pier 51 ° 28 ′ 57 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 03 '' W / 51.482452 ° N 0.250937 ° W / 51.482452 ; - 0.250937 ( Chiswick Pier ) 2.87 miles have been rowed . When strong prevailing winds strike , the built - up inside of the Middlesex bend gives that crew the calmer water . The Crossing 51 ° 28 ′ 44 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 02 '' W / 51.47879 ° N 0.250583 ° W / 51.47879 ; - 0.250583 ( The Crossing ) Marks the end of the long Surrey bend . The deep water channel is in the centre of the river . The Bandstand 51 ° 28 ′ 36 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 08 '' W / 51.476572 ° N 0.252149 ° W / 51.476572 ; - 0.252149 ( The Bandstand ) The deepest , faster water is slightly close to the Middlesex bank at this point , the water near the Surrey bank is shallow . Barnes Railway Bridge 51 ° 28 ′ 22 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 14 '' W / 51.472736 ° N 0.253758 ° W / 51.472736 ; - 0.253758 ( Barnes Railway Bridge ) Crews must pass through the centre arch . 95 % of boats leading here have won . Only one boat has won since 1945 when trailing at Barnes Bridge : Oxford came from behind this late in 2002 . The Barnes Bridge bend by Emanuel School Boat House is very tight : if the crews are level then the coxes may jostle , subject to directions , for the centre . The Mortlake Brewery or The Stag Brewery 51 ° 28 ′ 14 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 59 '' W / 51.470474 ° N 0.266376 ° W / 51.470474 ; - 0.266376 ( Stag Brewery ) Spanning almost the last 300 metres of the course , at least 3.95 miles ( 6.36 km ) have been rowed . The Finish near Chiswick Bridge 51 ° 28 ′ 22 '' N 0 ° 16 ′ 05 '' W / 51.472861 ° N 0.268151 ° W / 51.472861 ; - 0.268151 ( The Boat Race Finish ) The finish , just before Chiswick Bridge , is marked by the University Stone on the south bank and a University Post on the north bank . The Boat Race trophy as seen in 2014 . At the conclusion of the race , the boats come ashore at Mortlake Anglian & Alpha Boat Club , directly upriver of Chiswick Bridge . Here , shortly after the race , the Boat Race trophy is presented to the winning crew . It is traditional for the winning side to throw their cox into the Thames to celebrate their achievement . Moved from the original festivities by the stone in Mortlake , these are therefore at the clubhouse by Grove Park , Chiswick , west of the bridge . Nonetheless the arms of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames , covering more than half of the Surrey bank , has two griffin supporters that hold oars , one light blue , one dark , in reference to the Boat Race , colours which are ' later tinctures ' in English heraldry . Previous courses ( edit ) Men 's race The course for the main part of the race 's history has been from Putney to Mortlake , but there have been three other courses : 1829 -- At Henley - on - Thames 1839 to 1842 -- Westminster to Putney 1846 , 1856 , 1862 , 1863 -- Mortlake to Putney In addition , there were four unofficial boat races held during the Second World War away from London . As none of those competing were awarded blues , these races are not included in the official list : 1940 , 1945 -- At Henley - on - Thames 1943 -- Sandford - on - Thames 1944 -- River Great Ouse , Ely , Littleport to Queen Adelaide Women 's race During its early years ( 1927 to 1976 with several gaps ) the Women 's Boat Race alternated between The Isis in Oxford and the River Cam in Cambridge over a distance of about 1,000 yards . On two occasions , in 1929 and 1935 , the race was held on the Tideway in London . Unlike the men 's race , the official women 's race continued in most years through the Second World War . From 1977 to 2014 , the women 's boat race was held on a 2000 meter course as part of the Henley Boat Races . In 2013 the entire Henley Boat Races was moved to Dorney Lake due to rough water at Henley . Media coverage ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The event is now a British national institution , and is televised live each year . The women 's race has received television coverage and grown in popularity since 2015 , attracting a television audience of 4.8 million viewers that year . Prior to 2015 , the women 's race received little media coverage . BBC Television first covered the men 's race in 1938 , the BBC having covered it on radio since 1927 . For the 2005 to 2009 races , the BBC lost the television rights to ITV , after 66 years , but it returned to the corporation in 2010 . On the radio John Snagge commentated for the BBC from 1930s to the early 1980s on BBC Radio 2 . Peter Jones , Brian Johnston and Robert Hudson commentated in the 1980s on BBC Radio 2 and Jon Champion , Tony Adamson and Peter Drury commentated for BBC Radio 5 and 5 Live in the 1990s . Howard Marshall commentated on the first BBC TV Boat Race in 1938 with a camera at the start and the finish . Desmond Hill commentated for the BBC in the 1960s and Harry Carpenter commentated for the BBC in the 1970s up to 1990 and Gerald Sinstadt commentated in 1991 and 1992 while Barry Davies became the voice of the Boat Race for the BBC for the years 1993 to 2004 and Steve Rider was the host , previous BBC hosts were David Coleman , Frank Bough and Harry Carpenter . Peter Drury then took over as the main commentator for ITV from 2005 to 2009 while coverage was presented by Gabby Logan , then Mark Durden - Smith and finally Craig Doyle . Andrew Cotter has commentated for the BBC since its return in 2010 with Dan Topolski and Wayne Pommen while Clare Balding has presented usually with Sir Matthew Pinsent , Sir Steve Redgrave and others within the world of rowing . Jonathan Legard commentated on the 2012 Race while Andrew Cotter was at the US Masters for the BBC but has returned in 2013 . Barry Davies has returned to commentate on LBC Radio when the TV coverage moved to ITV . BBC World News holds the worldwide rights to the race taking UK coverage . The men 's race which took place on 30 March 1895 became the subject of one of the world 's first motion pictures directed by Birt Acres . Ethnographer Mark de Rond described the training , selection , and victory of the 2007 Cambridge crew in The Last Amateurs : To Hell and Back with the Cambridge Boat Race Crew . Competitors ( edit ) Men 's Race ( edit ) Main articles : List of Oxford University Boat Race crews and List of Cambridge University Boat Race crews The race is for heavyweight eights ( i.e. eight rowers with a cox steering ) , with no restrictions on weight or gender . There have been a number of female coxes -- the first to appear in the Boat Race was Sue Brown for Oxford in 1981 -- but in practice the rowers are always male . Although the contest is strictly between amateurs , and the competitors must be students of the university for which they race , the training schedules the teams undertake are very gruelling . Typically each team trains for six days a week for six months before the event . Such is the competitive spirit between the universities that it is common for Olympic standard rowers to compete , notably including four - time Olympic gold medallist Sir Matthew Pinsent , who rowed for Oxford in 1990 , 1991 , and 1993 . Olympic gold medallists from 2000 -- Tim Foster ( Oxford 1997 ) , Luka Grubor ( Oxford 1997 ) , Andrew Lindsay ( Oxford 1997 , 1998 , 1999 ) and Kieran West ( Cambridge 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 ) , 2004 -- Ed Coode ( Oxford 1998 ) , and 2008 - Jake Wetzel ( Oxford 2006 ) and Malcolm Howard ( Oxford 2013 , 2014 ) have also rowed for their university . Other famous participants include Andrew Irvine ( Oxford 1922 , 1923 ) , Lord Snowdon ( Cambridge 1950 ) , Colin Moynihan ( Oxford 1977 ) , actor Hugh Laurie ( Cambridge 1980 ) , TV presenter Dan Snow ( Oxford 1999 , 2000 , 2001 ) and Conspicuous Gallantry Cross recipient Robin Bourne - Taylor ( Oxford 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 ) . Academic status ( edit ) Oxford University does not offer sport scholarships at entry ; student - athletes are not admitted differently to any other students and must meet the academic requirements of the university , with sport having a neutral effect on any application . Likewise , bursaries and scholarship opportunities for athletes at the University of Cambridge are only open to those students who have already been admitted to the University on academic merit . In order to protect the status of the race as a competition between genuine students , the Cambridge University Blues Committee in July 2007 refused to award a blue to 2006 and 2007 Cambridge oarsman Thorsten Engelmann , as he did not complete his academic course and instead returned to the German national rowing team to prepare for the Beijing Olympics . This has caused a debate about a change of rules , and one suggestion is that only students who are enrolled in courses lasting at least two years should be eligible to race . Standard of the men 's crews ( edit ) The question whether the Boat Race crews are up to the standard of international crews is difficult to judge , since the Boat Race crews train for a long - distance race early in the season , so their training schedule is quite different from crews training for international regattas over 2000 metres that take place later in the year . According to British Olympic gold medallist Martin Cross , Boat Race crews of the early 1980s were viewed as `` a bit of a joke '' by some international - level rowers of the time . However , their standard has improved substantially since then . Current Boat Race crews do race against some club and international crews in the build - up to the race , and are competitive against them , but again these matches are over various non-standard distances , against crews that might not have been together as long as the Oxbridge crews . In 2005 a strong Oxford crew , similar to the crew who had rowed in the Boat Race , entered the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta , losing to the winning German international crew in the first round by a third of a length . The same year , Cambridge won the Ladies Challenge Plate at the same regatta . In 2007 Cambridge were entered in the London Head of the River Race , where they should have been measured directly against the best crews in Britain and beyond . However the event was called off after several crews were sunk or swamped in rough conditions . Cambridge were fastest of the few crews who did complete the course . Sponsorship ( edit ) Men 's race The Boat Race has been sponsored since 1976 , with the money spent mainly on equipment and travel during the training period . The sponsors do not have their logos on the boats , but do have their logo on kit during the race . They also provide branded training gear and have some naming rights . Boat Race sponsors have included Ladbrokes , Beefeater Gin , Aberdeen Asset Management , and the business process outsourcing company Xchanging , who sponsored the race until 2012 . Controversially , in the renewal of the deal with Xchanging , the crews agreed to wear the sponsor 's logo on their kit during the race itself , in exchange for increased funding . Prior to this , all sponsorship marks had been scrupulously discarded on boating for the competition , in line with the race 's amateur and ' Corinthian ' spirit . Xchanging also became title sponsor in November 2009 so , from the 156th Race until 2012 , the event was known as The Xchanging Boat Race . In 2013 the sponsor BNY Mellon took over and it became the BNY Mellon Boat Race . Since 2016 , BNY Mellon and Newton Investment management have donated their title sponsorship to Cancer Research UK . Women 's race The Women 's Boat Race 2011 was the first to be sponsored by Newton Investment Management , a subsidiary of BNY Mellon . Previously the crews had no sponsorship and were self funded . Newton have remained the sponsor since then and increased the amount of funding significantly . Other Boat races involving Oxford and Cambridge ( edit ) Main articles : Women 's Boat Race and Henley Boat Races Although the Boat Race crews are the best - known , the two universities both field reserve crews . The reserves race takes place on the same day as the main race . The Oxford men 's reserve crew is called Isis ( after the Isis , a section of the River Thames which passes through Oxford ) , and the Cambridge reserve men 's crew is called Goldie ( the name comes from rower and Boat Club president John Goldie , 1849 -- 1896 , after whom the Goldie Boathouse is named ) . The women 's reserve crews are Osiris ( Oxford ) and Blondie ( Cambridge ) . The Henley Boat Races , usually held a week before the Boat Race , host the lightweight men 's and women 's races and their reserve races . There is also an intercollegiate men 's and women 's race . A veterans ' boat race , usually held on a weekday before the main Boat Race , takes place on the Thames between Putney and Hammersmith . Build - up ( edit ) Men 's race Training for the Boat Race officially begins in September , before the start of term . The first public tests are in November at the British Indoor Rowing Championships , where each university sends around 20 rowers to compete . Everyone races 2 km on an indoor rower with the club presidents using adjacent machines . Both universities also send crews to the Head of the River Fours race in London , which is raced over the reverse Boat Race course , that is to say the Championship course from Mortlake to Putney . In December , the coaches put out Trial Eights where two crews from the same university race each other over the full Boat Race course . These crews are given names such as Kara and Whakamanawa ( Māori words for strength and honour , Cambridge 2004 ) or Cowboys and Indians ( Oxford 2004 ) . Other trials boat names have included such pairings as Guns and Roses . Over the Christmas period the squads go on training camps abroad , where final places for the blue boats are decided . After the final blue boat crews have been decided , they race against the top crews from the UK and abroad ( e.g. in recent years the men 's crew have raced Leander , Molesey , the German international crew , and a composite crew of Olympic scullers ) . These races are only over part of the course ( from Putney to Chiswick Eyot ) . In case of injury or illness , each university men 's crew has ten extra rowers , eight in the reserve boats Isis and Goldie , and two as the spare pair . Isis and Goldie race 30 mins before the Blue Boat event over the same course . As for the spare pair , in the week before the main event they race each other from the mile post to university stone ( i.e. from a point one mile into the Championship Course back to the Boat Race start ) . In the final week , there is also an official weigh in and the average crew weights are announced . The perceived slight advantage of being the heavier crew leads to the practice of drinking large volumes of water directly before the weigh in order to artificially increase weight for a short period of time . Popular culture ( edit ) Boat race became such a popular phrase that it was incorporated into Cockney rhyming slang , for `` face '' . In the stories of P.G. Wodehouse , several characters allude to Boat Race night as a time of riotous celebration ( presumably after the victory of the character 's alma mater ) . This frequently sees the participants in trouble with the authorities . In Piccadilly Jim , it is mentioned that Lord Datchett was thrown out of the Empire Music Hall every year on Boat Race night while he was an undergraduate . Bertie Wooster mentions he is `` rather apt to let myself go a bit on Boat Race night '' and several times describes being fined five pounds at `` Bosher Street '' ( possibly a reference to Bow Street Magistrates ' Court ) for stealing a policeman 's helmet one year ; the beginning of the first episode of the television series Jeeves and Wooster shows his court appearance on this occasion . In the short story Jeeves and the Chump Cyril , he describes having to repeatedly bail out of jail a friend who is arrested every year on Boat Race night . In the Jennings books by Anthony Buckeridge the protagonist 's teacher Mr Wilkins is a former Cambridge rowing blue . Statistics ( edit ) Men 's race Oxford in 1890 ( winner ) . Cambridge in 1890 . The detailed nature of the record - keeping over the event 's history has many record statistics being carefully monitored . A selection of the more frequently cited statistics includes : Number of wins : Cambridge , 83 ; Oxford , 80 ( 1 dead heat ) Most consecutive victories : Cambridge , 13 ( 1924 -- 36 ) Course record : Cambridge , 1998 -- 16 min 19 sec ; average speed 24.9 kilometres per hour ( 15.5 mph ) Narrowest winning margin , excluding the dead heat : 1 foot ( Oxford , 2003 ) Largest winning margin : 35 lengths ( Cambridge , 1839 ) Most races : Boris Rankov , 6 ( Oxford , 1978 -- 83 ) Heaviest rower : Thorsten Engelmann , Cambridge 2007 , 17 st 6 lb 4 oz ( 110.8 kg ; 244 lb ) Lightest rower : Alfred Higgins , Oxford 1882 , 9 st 6.5 lb ( 60.1 kg ; 132.5 lb ) Heaviest crew : Oxford 2009 , 15 st 9 lb 13 oz ( 99.7 kg ; 219.7 lb ) average Tallest rower : James Letten , 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) Tallest crew : Cambridge 1999 , 6 ft 6.3 in ( 1.98 m ) average Oldest rower : Mike Wherley , Oxford 2008 , 36 yrs 14 days Oldest cox : Andy Probert , Cambridge 1992 , 38 yrs 86 days Reserve wins : Cambridge ( Goldie ) , 29 ; Oxford ( Isis ) , 24 Women 's race Course record : Cambridge , 2017 -- 18 min 33 sec ( faster , in different conditions , than the Cambridge men 's Blue Boat in 2016 and the Oxford men 's in 2014 ) Results ( edit ) Cumulative wins by Oxford and Cambridge men 's and women 's blue and reserve boats ( in the SVG file , hover over a graph to highlight it ) Men 's race Main article : List of The Boat Race results There have been 164 official races in 190 years . Decade Total races Cambridge wins Oxford wins Notes 1820s 0 1830s 0 1840s 7 5 1850s 6 1860s 10 9 1870s 10 7 1 dead heat 1880s 10 5 5 1890s 10 9 1900s 10 7 1910s 5 1920s 10 9 1930s 10 8 1940s 1950s 10 7 1960s 10 5 5 1970s 10 5 5 1980s 10 9 1990s 10 7 2000s 10 7 2010s 9 5 Total 164 83 80 1 dead heat Source : Women 's race Main article : Women 's Boat Race § Results See also ( edit ) Harvard -- Yale Regatta - A similar event in the United States between Harvard University and Yale University Oxbridge rivalry Varsity match References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Boat Race Results '' . The Boat Race Limited . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Partners '' . The Boat Races . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report and Accounts 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Cancer Research UK . 2016 . p. 18 . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boat Race Practice -- An Oxford victory '' . The Times . 16 March 1927 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` First ever women 's event from 88 years ago was rather different to modern day '' . The Telegraph . 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boat Race -- Results -- Women '' . The Boat Race Company Limited . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boat Races : Oxford triumph in men 's race after Cambridge women win '' . BBC Sport. 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Course '' . The Boat Race Company Limited . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Helena ( 4 April 2015 ) . `` Helena Morrissey : ' Tide turns in favour of boat race women ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 17 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Lizzie ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` New Women 's Boat Race trophy unveiled '' . The Cambridge Student . Retrieved 16 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` History '' . Henley Boat Races . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Henley Boat Races 2007 '' . CUWBC. 2 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pulling Together '' . Cambridge Alumni Magazine ( 74 Lent 2015 ) : 12 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A brief history of the Oxford - Cambridge Varsity event -- from the perspective of women '' . The Telegraph . 13 March 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` University women 's race women 's success '' . The Times . 18 March 1935 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ When is the Boat Race 2016 , what TV channel is it on and what are odds for an Oxford or Cambridge win ? Richard Amofa , The Daily Telegraph 23 March 2016 Jump up ^ BNY Mellon and Cancer Research UK Boat Race sponsorship details Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Record crowd for Easter Boat Race '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( 25 March 2014 ) . `` University Boat Race 2014 : spectators ' guide '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Boat Race origins '' . The Boat Race Limited . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bosque , Juan Alejandro . `` Book of Days Tales - The Boat Race '' . Book of Days Tales . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1829 Boat Race - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE '' . thames.me.uk . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1877 Boat Race - WHERE THAMES SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE '' . thames.me.uk . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfection from Torvill and Dean '' . ESPN . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Start of the annual race '' . The Boat race Limited . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Tim ( 2014 ) . `` Oxford Won , Cambridge Too '' . Official Boat Race Programme . Jump up ^ `` The University Boat Race '' . The Times . 26 March 1877 . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Post war and the arrival of television '' . The Boat Race Limited . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Dodd , Christopher ; Marks , John ( 2004 ) . Battle of the Blues The Oxford & Cambridge Boat Race from 1829 . P to M Limited . p. 72 . ISBN 0 - 9547232 - 1 - X . Jump up ^ Baker , Andrew ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` When mutineers hit the Thames '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plummer , William ( 23 February 1987 ) . `` Oxford 's U.S. Rowers Jump Ship , Leaving the Varsity Without All Its Oars in the Water '' . People . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Christopher ( July 2007 ) . `` Unnatural selection '' . Rowing News . pp. 54 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Glenys ( 28 March 1987 ) . `` Mutiny in the boathouse '' . The Times ( 62728 ) . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Moag , Jeff ( May 2006 ) . `` Melting Pot '' . Rowing News . p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Chris ( 25 November 1996 ) . `` Mutiny on the Isis '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Railton , Jim ( 28 March 1987 ) . `` Ill wind plagues Blues of 1987 '' . The Times ( 62728 ) . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Peck , Tom ( 29 March 2013 ) . `` No regrets , says Trenton Oldfield , man who ruined the boat race -- but do n't worry , he wo n't be back '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boat Race : Man charged over swimming incident '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Millar , Paul ( 8 April 2012 ) . `` Shock and oar as Australian protest swimmer wrecks Oxbridge boat race '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Bull , Andy ( 7 April 2012 ) . `` Oxford bow Alex Woods recovering in hospital after Boat Race collapse '' . The Observer . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Race : Royal Marines to help with security '' . BBC News . 9 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boat Race protester Trenton Oldfield jailed '' . BBC News . 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boat Race protester Trenton Oldfield must leave UK '' . BBC News . 24 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Drape , Julian ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` ' Enough is enough ' : boat protester 's wife '' . The Australian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Boat race protester Trenton Oldfield wins appeal against deportation '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Muir , Hugh ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Judge rules Home Office 's bid to deport Boat Race protester ' an overreaction ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boat Race - WHERE THE SMOOTH WATERS GLIDE '' . Thames.me.uk . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rowing back the years '' . BBC Sport. 31 March 2003 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford University - The Boat Races '' . University of Oxford . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How it began '' . The Race History . The Boat Race Limited . 2006 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 worst mishaps in the history of sport '' . The Observer. 5 November 2000 . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 : Boat race halted before starting '' . BBC . 17 March 2005 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics of The Boat Race '' . Boat Race Company Limited . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Boat Race course '' . Web.archive.org. 28 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 28 November 2006 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Craig ; Cracknell , James ; Pommen ; Wayne ; Foster , Tim ; Williams , Barney ; Drury , Peter ( 29 March 2008 ) . The Boat Race 2008 . ITV Sport . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rowing Chart '' ( PDF ) . Rowing on the Tideway. Port of London Authority . 6 September 2006 . Retrieved 12 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Oxford v Cambridge Boat Race '' . maabc.com . Archived from the original on 24 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Howard , Philip ( 13 March 1973 ) . `` Nine girls in a boat beat Oxford '' . The Times . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Railton , Jim ( 15 March 1974 ) . `` Most exciting Boat Race for a decade '' . The Times . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Boat race viewing figures delight BBC as 4.8 m watch women 's event '' . The Guardian . 12 April 2015 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Women 's Boat Race 2015 : equality will be true winner of historic meeting '' . The Guardian . 10 April 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The real reason the women 's Boat Race is closing in ? Deep pockets '' . The Telegraph . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ITV drops Boat Race for football '' . BBC news . 9 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . Jump up ^ de Rond , Mark ; Redgrave , Steven . `` The Last Amateurs : To Hell and Back with the Cambridge Boat Race Crew '' . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Boat Race - Personalities '' . The Boat Race Limited . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford University Sport : FAQ '' . University of Oxford . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` University Sports : Bursaries and Scholarships '' . University of Cambridge . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Engelmann punished for early exit '' . BBC . 17 July 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Choppy waters ahead for Boat Race '' . BBC . 20 July 2007 . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cross , Martin ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` Rowing is elitist , but not in the way Trenton Oldfield thinks '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Quarrell , Rachel ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` Boat Race : Cambridge confidence gets big boost '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boat Race sponsor Xchanging to end contract '' . BBC News . 29 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xchanging sponsorship of The Boat Race draws to a close '' . Xchanging. 29 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Quarrell , Rachel ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` University Boat Race to have title sponsorship from 2010 onwards '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Xchanging becomes title sponsor of The Boat Race '' . The Boat Race Limited . Retrieved 20 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Boat Race - BNY Mellon announced as new Boat Race Title Sponsor '' . The Boat Race Limited . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Boat Races Sponsors BNY Mellon & Newton Pull Together For Cancer Research UK - The Boat Race '' . 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gough , Martin ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Students v Supermen '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Cracknell , James ( 25 March 2005 ) . `` Oxford bank on a flying start to counter light blues ' finess '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Kemmer , Suzanne . `` Cockney Rhyming Slang '' . Words in English . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Wodehouse , P.G. ( 2008 ) ( 1925 ) . Carry On , Jeeves ( Reprinted ed . ) . London : Arrow Books . pp. 169 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 0099513698 . Jump up ^ `` Jeeves Takes Charge '' . Jeeves and Wooster. 22 April 1990 . 1 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Blue Boats '' . The Boat Race Company Limited . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Boat Race Limited statistics '' . The Boat Race Limited . Archived from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Boat Race yearly results - men '' . The Boat Race Limited . Archived from the original on 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to University Boat Race . The BNY Mellon Boat Races official website Watch the 2007 Boat Race The Boat Race course visualization on Google Earth / Maps ( in Italian ) The Boat Races Oxford University Boat Club ( crews ) Oxford University Women 's Boat Club Cambridge University Boat Club ( crews ) Cambridge University Women 's Boat Club The Championship Course Results Blue Boat Goldie Stones The Boat Race 1829 1836 1839 1840 1841 1842 1845 1846 1849 ( March ) 1849 ( December ) 1852 1854 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1993 1994 1995 Women 's Boat Race 1927 1929 1930 1934 1935 1936 1939 1941 1973 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1993 1994 2011 2012 2013 2014 The Boat Races 2015 2016 2017 2018 Henley Boat Races OU Lightweight Rowing Club OU Women 's Lightweight Rowing Club CU Lightweight Rowing Club CU Women 's Lightweights Book Category Commons Rowing Australian rowing Rowing Australia Rowing Championships Head of the River Head of the Schoolgirls ( Victoria ) Canadian rowing Canadian Henley Rowing Canada Secondary School Rowing Association University Rowing Association New Zealand rowing List of New Zealand rowers at the Summer Olympics Maadi Cup Rowing New Zealand The Great Race UK rowing Boston Marathon British Rowing British Rowing Championships Head of the River Race Henley Boat Races Henley Royal Regatta Henley Women 's Regatta Scottish Boat Race Scottish Rowing Nat . Schools The Boat Race University rowing Welsh Rowing Women 's Boat Race Women 's Eights Head of the River Race US rowing College rowing CRASH - B Sprints Dad Vail Regatta Eastern Sprints Harvard -- Yale Regatta Head of the Charles Regatta Head of the Fish Head of the Hooch Head of the Ohio Head of the Schuylkill Regatta IRA Championship Regatta NCAA Rowing Championship Poughkeepsie Regatta Stotesbury Cup FISA events Olympic Games Paralympic Games World Rowing Championships World Rowing Cup World Rowing Junior Championships World Rowing U23 Championships European Rowing Championships Asian Rowing Championships Types of rowing Adaptive Coastal Indoor rower Lightweight Racing shell Sculling Sweep Rowing tank Women 's Lists Glossary of rowing terms Club oars National oars Rowing boat manufacturers Rowing venues School and university oars World records Category Commons London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Districts Barnes East Sheen Fulwell Ham Hampton Hampton Hill Hampton Wick Kew Mortlake Petersham Richmond St Margarets Strawberry Hill Teddington Twickenham Whitton Railway stations Barnes Barnes Bridge Fulwell Hampton Hampton Wick Kew Gardens Mortlake North Sheen Richmond St Margarets Strawberry Hill Teddington Twickenham Whitton River Thames bridges , islands and river services Bridges Benn 's Island Corporation Island Eel Pie Island Glover 's Island Platts Eyot Swan Island Tagg 's Island Trowlock Island Hammerton 's Ferry Hampton Ferry Kew Pier Richmond Lock Teddington Lifeboat Station Teddington Lock former Twickenham Ferry Other rivers and streams Beverley Brook River Crane Duke of Northumberland 's River Longford River Sudbrook and Latchmere stream River Thames Sports venues Athletic Ground , Richmond Barn Elms Playing Fields The Championship Course Cricket clubs and grounds Golf clubs and courses Hampton Pool The Lensbury Pools on the Park Royal Tennis Court , Hampton Court Teddington Pools and Fitness Centre Thames Young Mariners Twickenham Stadium Twickenham Stoop former Ranelagh Club former Richmond Ice Rink Events Annual sports events Hampton Court Palace Festival Hampton Court Palace Flower Show IRB Rugby Aid Match Breweries and pubs Britannia , Richmond The Bull 's Head The Crown , Twickenham Dysart Arms The Fox , Twickenham The George , Twickenham Hare and Hounds , Sheen Jolly Coopers , Hampton Old Ship , Richmond Park Hotel , Teddington Richmond Brewery Stores Sun Inn , Barnes Twickenham Fine Ales Watney Combe & Reid White Cross , Richmond The White Swan , Twickenham ‎ Theatres , cinemas and music venues The Bull 's Head Crawdaddy Club The Exchange Olympic Studios Orange Tree Theatre Puppet Theatre Barge Richmond Theatre TwickFolk Wathen Hall former Eel Pie Island Hotel Film and recording studios Astoria The Boathouse , Twickenham Eel Pie Studios Olympic Studios Teddington Studios Twickenham Film Studios Media and publishing Richmond and Twickenham Times former Gaydar Radio former Hogarth Press Historical royal palaces Hampton Court Palace Kew Palace Richmond Palace Other places of interest 123 Mortlake High Street 14 The Terrace , Barnes 18 Station Road , Barnes 70 Barnes High Street Asgill House Brinsworth House Bushy House Chapel House Chapel in the Wood Clarence House Diana Fountain , Bushy Park Doughty House Douglas House Downe House East Sheen Filling Station Fulwell bus garage Garrick 's Temple to Shakespeare Garrick 's Villa Grove House , Hampton Ham House Hampton Youth Project Harrods Furniture Depository Hogarth House The Homestead , Barnes King 's Observatory Kneller Hall Langham House Langham House Close Latchmere House Lichfield Court Marble Hill House Montrose House The Naked Ladies National Physical Laboratory Normansfield Theatre The Old Court House Ormeley Lodge Parkleys The Pavilion , Hampton Court Pembroke Lodge Pope 's Urn Pope 's Grotto Poppy Factory The Queen 's Beasts Royal Military School of Music Royal Star and Garter Home St Leonard 's Court Strawberry Hill House Stud House Sudbrook House and Park The Terrace , Barnes Thatched House Lodge University Boat Race Stones Victoria Working Men 's Club West Hall , Kew White Lodge The Wick Wick House Yelverton Lodge York House History Adana Printing Machines Admiralty Research Laboratory Alcott House Ashe baronets Barnes rail crash Camp Griffiss Cross Deep House GHQ Liaison Regiment Hampton Court Conference Kew Letters Mortlake Tapestry Works Mount Ararat , Richmond Murder of Amélie Delagrange Murder of Julia Martha Thomas Petersham Hole Pocock baronets Pope 's villa Radnor House Richmond Flyers Richmond , Petersham and Ham Open Spaces Act 1902 Ringway 2 Sheen Priory Star and Garter Hotel , Richmond Towpath murders Treaty of Hampton Court ( 1562 ) Twickenham Park Vandeput baronets Warren - Lambert Wigan baronets Parliamentary constituencies Richmond Park Twickenham former Richmond and Barnes former Richmond ( Surrey ) Other topics Almshouses Archives , museums and art galleries Cemeteries , crematoria and memorials Grade I listed buildings Grade II * listed buildings Hospitals Local government People Places of worship Public art Schools , colleges and universities Sports clubs Parks , open spaces and nature reserves in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Boat_Race&oldid=841809554 '' Categories : 1829 establishments in England Annual events in London Mortlake , London Recurring sporting events established in 1829 Rowing on the River Thames The Boat Race University rowing in the United Kingdom Rowing competitions in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with short description Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with Italian - 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About Wikipedia	who's won more boat races oxford or cambridge	[ "\n\nThe Men's Boat Race\nThe Cancer Research UK Boat Races\n\n\n\n\n\nContested by\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCUBC\nOUBC\n\n\nFirst boat race\n10 June 1829\n\n\nAnnual event since\n1856\n\n\nCurrent champion\nCambridge\n\n\nCourse record\nCambridge, 1998 (16 min 19 sec)[1]\n\n\nCourse\nThe Championship Course\nRiver Thames, London\n\n\nCourse length\n4.2 miles (6.8 km)\n\n\nSponsor\nBNY Mellon (since 2013)[2]\n\n\nOfficial charity\nCancer Research UK (since 2016)[2][3]\n\n\nTrophy\nThe Boat Race Trophy\n\n\nNumber of wins\n\n\nCambridge\nOxford\n\n\n83\n80\n\n\nThere has been one dead heat, recorded in 1877\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n\ntheboatraces.org\n\n" ]	[ "83" ]
-4177524037805340344	Chief Justice of the United States	Chief justice of the United States - wikipedia Chief justice of the United States This is the current revision of this page , as edited by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) at 18 : 44 , 25 August 2017 ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 18 : 44 , 25 August 2017 by KolbertBot ( talk contribs ) ( Bot : HTTP → HTTPS ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Chief Justice of the United States Incumbent John Roberts since September 29 , 2005 Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mr. Chief Justice ( informal ) Your Honor ( when addressed directly in court ) Appointer Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Term length Life tenure Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Inaugural holder John Jay as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court September 26 , 1789 Formation March 4 , 1789 This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Chief Justice of the United States is the chief judge of the Supreme Court of the United States . As such , he is head of the United States federal court system , which functions as the judicial branch of the nation 's federal government . The Chief Justice is one of nine Supreme Court justices ; the other eight have the title Associate Justice . The Chief Justice , as the highest judicial officer in the country , serves as a spokesperson for the federal government 's judicial branch , and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts . He is also head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , and in that capacity appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts . By law , he is also a member of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution , and by custom is elected chancellor of the board . The Chief Justice leads the business of the Supreme Court and presides over oral arguments . When the court renders an opinion , the Chief Justice -- when in the majority -- decides who writes the court 's opinion . The Chief Justice also has significant agenda - setting power over the court 's meetings . In the case of an impeachment of a President of the United States , which has occurred twice , the Chief Justice presides over the trial in the U.S. Senate . Additionally , the presidential oath of office is typically administered by the Chief Justice ( although the Constitution does not assign this duty to anyone in particular ) . Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , 17 persons have served as chief justice . The first was John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) . The current chief justice is John Roberts ( since 2005 ) . Four -- Edward Douglass White , Charles Evans Hughes , Harlan Fiske Stone , and William Rehnquist -- were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin , title , and appointment to office 2 Duties 2.1 Impeachment trials 2.2 Seniority 2.3 Oath of office 2.4 Other duties 3 Disability or vacancy 4 List of Chief Justices 4.1 Notes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Origin , title , and appointment to office ( edit ) John Jay , by Gilbert Stuart The United States Constitution does not explicitly establish an office of Chief Justice , but presupposes its existence with a single reference in Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 : `` When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside . '' Nothing more is said in the Constitution regarding the office . Article III , Section 1 , which authorizes the establishment of the Supreme Court , refers to all members of the Court simply as `` judges . '' The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the distinctive titles of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . In 1866 , at the urging of Salmon P. Chase , Congress restyled the chief justice 's title to the current Chief Justice of the United States . The first person whose Supreme Court commission contained the modified title was Melville Fuller in 1888 . The associate justices ' title was not altered in 1866 , and remains as originally created . The chief justice , like all federal judges , is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate . Article III , Section 1 of the Constitution states that all federal judges `` shall hold their offices during good behavior , '' meaning that a chief justice 's appointment ends only when the justice dies in office , resigns , or is removed from office through the impeachment process . The salary of the chief justice is set by Congress ; the current ( 2017 ) annual salary is $263,300 , which is slightly higher than that of associate justices , which is $251,800 . The practice of appointing an individual to serve as chief justice is grounded in tradition ; while the Constitution mandates that there be a chief justice , it is silent on the subject of how one is chosen and by whom . There is no specific constitutional prohibition against using another method to select the chief justice from among those justices properly appointed and confirmed to the Supreme Court . Constitutional law scholar Todd Pettys has proposed that presidential appointment of chief justices should be done away with , and replaced by a process that permits the Justices to select their own chief justice . Three incumbent associate justices have been nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate as chief justice : Edward Douglass White in 1910 , Harlan Fiske Stone in 1941 , and William Rehnquist in 1986 . A fourth , Abe Fortas , was nominated to the position in 1968 , but not confirmed . Despite this , he remained an associate justice . Similarly , when justice William Cushing was nominated and confirmed as chief justice in January 1796 , but declined the office , he too remained on the Court . The second chief justice , John Rutledge , had previously served as an associate justice when he was given a recess appointment to serve as chief justice . However , his subsequent nomination to the office was not confirmed by the Senate , and he left office and the Court . In 1933 , former associate justice Charles Evans Hughes was confirmed as chief justice . Duties ( edit ) Along with his general responsibilities as a member of the Supreme Court , the Chief Justice has several unique duties to fulfill . Impeachment trials ( edit ) Article I , section 3 of the U.S. Constitution stipulates that the Chief Justice shall preside over impeachment trials of the President of the United States in the U.S. Senate . Two Chief Justices , Salmon P. Chase and William Rehnquist , have presided over the trial in the Senate that follows an impeachment of the president -- Chase in 1868 over the proceedings against President Andrew Johnson and Rehnquist in 1999 over the proceedings against President Bill Clinton . Both presidents were subsequently acquitted . Seniority ( edit ) John Marshall , the fourth and longest serving Chief Justice . Many of the procedures and inner workings of the Court turn on the seniority of the justices . Traditionally , the chief justice has been regarded as primus inter pares ( first among equals ) -- that is , the chief justice is the highest - ranking and foremost member of the Court , regardless of that officeholder 's length of service when compared against that of any associate justice . This seniority and added prestige enables a chief justice to define the Court 's culture and norms , and thus influence how it functions . The chief justice sets the agenda for the weekly meetings where the justices review the petitions for certiorari , to decide whether to hear or deny each case . The Supreme Court agrees to hear less than one percent of the cases petitioned to it . While associate justices may append items to the weekly agenda , in practice this initial agenda - setting power of the chief justice has significant influence over the direction of the court . Nonetheless , a chief justice 's influence may be limited by circumstances and the associate justices ' understanding of legal principles ; it is definitely limited by the fact that he has only a single vote of nine on the decision whether to grant or deny certiorari . Despite the chief justice 's elevated stature , his vote carries the same legal weight as the vote of each associate justice . Additionally , he has no legal authority to overrule the verdicts or interpretations of the other eight judges or tamper with them . The task of assigning who shall write the opinion for the majority falls to the most senior justice in the majority . Thus , when the chief justice is in the majority , he always assigns the opinion . Early in his tenure , Chief Justice John Marshall insisted upon holdings which the justices could unanimously back as a means to establish and build the Court 's national prestige . In doing so , Marshall would often write the opinions himself , and actively discouraged dissenting opinions . Associate Justice William Johnson eventually persuaded Marshall and the rest of the Court to adopt its present practice : one justice writes an opinion for the majority , and the rest are free to write their own separate opinions or not , whether concurring or dissenting . The chief justice 's formal prerogative -- when in the majority -- to assign which justice will write the Court 's opinion is perhaps his most influential power , as this enables him to influence the historical record . He `` may assign this task to the individual justice best able to hold together a fragile coalition , to an ideologically amenable colleague , or to himself . '' Opinion authors can have a big influence on the content of an opinion ; two justices in the same majority , given the opportunity , might write very different majority opinions . A chief justice who knows well the associate justices can therefore do much -- by the simple act of selecting the justice who writes the opinion of the court -- to affect the general character or tone of an opinion , which in turn can affect the interpretation of that opinion in cases before lower courts in the years to come . Additionally , the chief justice chairs the conferences where cases are discussed and tentatively voted on by the justices . He normally speaks first and so has influence in framing the discussion . Although the chief justice votes first -- the Court votes in order of seniority -- he may strategically pass in order to ensure membership in the majority if desired . It is reported that : Chief Justice Warren Burger was renowned , and even vilified in some quarters , for voting strategically during conference discussions on the Supreme Court in order to control the Court 's agenda through opinion assignment . Indeed , Burger is said to have often changed votes to join the majority coalition , cast `` phony votes '' by voting against his preferred position , and , declined to express a position at conference . Oath of office ( edit ) The Chief Justice typically administers the oath of office at the inauguration of the President of the United States . This is a tradition , rather than a constitutional responsibility of the Chief Justice ; the Constitution does not require that the oath be administered by anyone in particular , simply that it be taken by the president . Law empowers any federal and state judge , as well as notaries public , to administer oaths and affirmations . William Rehnquist ( left ) takes the oath as Chief Justice from retiring Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in 1986 , as his wife , Natalie , holds the Bible and President Ronald Reagan ( far right ) looks on . If the Chief Justice is ill or incapacitated , the oath is usually administered by the next senior member of the Supreme Court . Seven times , someone other than the Chief Justice of the United States administered the oath of office to the President . Robert Livingston , as Chancellor of the State of New York ( the state 's highest ranking judicial office ) , administered the oath of office to George Washington at his first inauguration ; there was no Chief Justice of the United States , nor any other federal judge prior to their appointments by President Washington in the months following his inauguration . William Cushing , an associate justice of the Supreme Court , administered Washington 's second oath of office in 1793 . Calvin Coolidge 's father , a notary public , administered the oath to his son after the death of Warren Harding . This , however , was contested upon Coolidge 's return to Washington and his oath was re-administered by Judge Adolph A. Hoehling , Jr. of the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia . John Tyler and Millard Fillmore were both sworn in on the death of their predecessors by Chief Justice William Cranch of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia . Chester A. Arthur and Theodore Roosevelt 's initial oaths reflected the unexpected nature of their taking office . On November 22 , 1963 , after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Judge Sarah T. Hughes , a federal district court judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas , administered the oath of office to then Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson aboard the presidential airplane . In addition , the Chief Justice ordinarily administers the oath of office to newly appointed and confirmed associate justices , whereas the senior associate justice will normally swear in a new Chief Justice or vice president . Other duties ( edit ) Since the tenure of William Howard Taft , the office of the Chief Justice has moved beyond just first among equals . The Chief Justice also : Serves as the head of the federal judiciary . Serves as the head of the Judicial Conference of the United States , the chief administrative body of the United States federal courts . The Judicial Conference is empowered by the Rules Enabling Act to propose rules , which are then promulgated by the Supreme Court ( subject to disapproval by Congress ) , to ensure the smooth operation of the federal courts . Major portions of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Federal Rules of Evidence have been adopted by most state legislatures and are considered canonical by American law schools . Appoints sitting federal judges to the membership of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court ( FISC ) , a `` secret court '' which oversees requests for surveillance warrants by federal police agencies ( primarily the F.B.I. ) against suspected foreign intelligence agents inside the United States . ( see 50 U.S.C. § 1803 ) . Appoints the members of the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation , a special tribunal of seven sitting federal judges responsible for selecting the venue for coordinated pretrial proceedings in situations where multiple related federal actions have been filed in different judicial districts . Serves ex officio as a member of the Board of Regents , and by custom as the Chancellor , of the Smithsonian Institution . Supervises the acquisition of books for the Law Library of the Library of Congress . Unlike Senators and Representatives who are constitutionally prohibited from holding any other `` office of trust or profit '' of the United States or of any state while holding their congressional seats , the Chief Justice and the other members of the federal judiciary are not barred from serving in other positions . Chief Justice John Jay served as a diplomat to negotiate the so - called Jay Treaty ( also known as the Treaty of London of 1794 ) , Justice Robert H. Jackson was appointed by President Truman to be the U.S. Prosecutor in the Nuremberg trials of leading Nazis , and Chief Justice Earl Warren chaired The President 's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy . As described above , the Chief Justice holds office in the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress . Disability or vacancy ( edit ) Under 28 USC , when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions , or that office is vacant , his duties are carried out by the most senior associate justice who is able to act , until the disability or vacancy ends , as chief justice . As of February 13 , 2016 , Anthony Kennedy is the most senior associate justice . List of Chief justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 17 persons have served as Chief Justice : Chief Justice Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Length of tenure Appointed by Prior position 1 John Jay ( 1745 -- 1829 ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 01 ! September 26 , 1789 -- June 29 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 14 ! 7003210200000000000 ♠ 5 years , 276 days George Washington Acting United States Secretary of State ( 1789 -- 1790 ) 2 John Rutledge ( 1739 -- 1800 ) December 15 , 1795 ( 10 -- 14 ) 02 ! June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 ( Resigned ) 17 ! 7002181000000000000 ♠ 181 days Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court of Common Pleas and Sessions ( 1791 -- 1795 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1789 -- 1791 ) 3 Oliver Ellsworth ( 1745 -- 1807 ) March 4 , 1796 ( 21 -- 1 ) 03 ! March 8 , 1796 -- December 15 , 1800 ( Resigned ) 16 ! 7003174200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 282 days United States Senator from Connecticut ( 1789 -- 1798 ) 4 John Marshall ( 1755 -- 1835 ) January 27 , 1801 ( Acclamation ) 04 ! February 4 , 1801 -- July 6 , 1835 ( Died ) 01 ! 7004125700000000000 ♠ 34 years , 152 days John Adams 4th United States Secretary of State ( 1800 -- 1801 ) 5 Roger B. Taney ( 1777 -- 1864 ) March 15 , 1836 ( 29 -- 15 ) 05 ! March 28 , 1836 -- October 12 , 1864 ( Died ) 02 ! 7004104250000000000 ♠ 28 years , 198 days Andrew Jackson 12th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1833 -- 1834 ) 6 Salmon P. Chase ( 1808 -- 1873 ) December 6 , 1864 ( Acclamation ) 06 ! December 15 , 1864 -- May 7 , 1873 ( Died ) 12 ! 7003307400000000000 ♠ 8 years , 152 days Abraham Lincoln 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1861 -- 1864 ) 7 Morrison Waite ( 1816 -- 1888 ) January 21 , 1874 ( 63 -- 0 ) 07 ! March 4 , 1874 -- March 23 , 1888 ( Died ) 07 ! 7003513300000000000 ♠ 14 years , 19 days Ulysses S. Grant Ohio State Senator ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Presiding officer , Ohio constitutional convention ( 1873 ) 8 Melville Fuller ( 1833 -- 1910 ) July 20 , 1888 ( 41 -- 20 ) 08 ! October 8 , 1888 -- July 4 , 1910 ( Died ) 03 ! 7003793800000000000 ♠ 21 years , 269 days Grover Cleveland President , Illinois State Bar Association ( 1886 ) Illinois State Representative ( 1863 -- 1865 ) 9 Edward Douglass White ( 1845 -- 1921 ) December 12 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 09 ! December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 ( Died ) 10 ! 7003380400000000000 ♠ 10 years , 151 days William Howard Taft Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1894 -- 1910 ) 10 William Howard Taft ( 1857 -- 1930 ) June 30 , 1921 ( Acclamation ) 10 ! July 11 , 1921 -- February 3 , 1930 ( Retired ) 11 ! 7003312900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 207 days Warren G. Harding 27th President of the United States ( 1909 -- 1913 ) 11 Charles Evans Hughes ( 1862 -- 1948 ) February 13 , 1930 ( 52 -- 26 ) 11 ! February 24 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 ( Retired ) 09 ! 7003414400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 126 days Herbert Hoover 44th United States Secretary of State ( 1921 -- 1925 ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1910 -- 1916 ) 12 Harlan F. Stone ( 1872 -- 1946 ) June 27 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 12 ! July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 ( Died ) 15 ! 7003175400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 293 days Franklin D. Roosevelt Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1925 -- 1941 ) 13 Fred M. Vinson ( 1890 -- 1953 ) June 20 , 1946 ( Acclamation ) 13 ! June 24 , 1946 -- September 8 , 1953 ( Died ) 13 ! 7003263300000000000 ♠ 7 years , 76 days Harry S. Truman 53rd United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1945 -- 1946 ) 14 Earl Warren ( 1891 -- 1974 ) March 1 , 1954 ( Acclamation ) 14 ! October 5 , 1953 -- June 23 , 1969 ( Retired ) 06 ! 7003574000000000000 ♠ 15 years , 261 days Dwight D. Eisenhower 30th Governor of California ( 1943 -- 1953 ) 15 Warren E. Burger ( 1907 -- 1995 ) June 9 , 1969 ( 74 -- 3 ) 15 ! June 23 , 1969 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Retired ) 05 ! 7003630400000000000 ♠ 17 years , 95 days Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1956 -- 1969 ) 16 William Rehnquist ( 1924 -- 2005 ) September 17 , 1986 ( 65 -- 33 ) 16 ! September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 ( Died ) 04 ! 7003691700000000000 ♠ 18 years , 342 days Ronald Reagan Associate Justice of the Supreme Court ( 1972 -- 1986 ) 17 John Roberts ( born 1955 ) September 29 , 2005 ( 78 -- 22 ) 17 ! September 29 , 2005 -- Incumbent 08 ! 7003435300000000000 ♠ 11 years , 335 days George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming Chief Justice of the United States . Jump up ^ This was the first Supreme Court nomination to be rejected by the United States Senate . Rutledge remains the only `` recess appointed '' justice not to be subsequently confirmed by the Senate . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment ^ Jump up to : Elevated from associate justice to chief justice while serving on the Supreme Court . The nomination of a sitting associate justaice to be chief justice is subject to a separate confirmation process . See also ( edit ) Lists of United States Supreme Court cases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Administrative Agencies : Office of the Chief Justice , 1789 - present '' . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pettys , Todd E. ( 2006 ) . `` Choosing a Chief Justice : Presidential Prerogative or a Job for the Court ? '' . Journal of Law & Politics . The University of Iowa College of Law . 22 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 281 . SSRN 958829 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judiciary '' . Ithaca , New York : Legal Information Institute , Cornell Law School . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , Frank B. ; Lindquist , Stefanie ( June 2006 ) . `` The decisional significance of the Chief Justice '' ( PDF ) . University of Pennsylvania Law Review . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : University of Pennsylvania Law School . 154 ( 6 ) : 1665 -- 1707 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Timothy R. ; Spriggs II , James F. ; Wahlbeck , Paul J. ( June 2005 ) . `` Passing and Strategic Voting on the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Law & Society Review . Law and Society Association , through Wiley . 39 ( 2 ) : 349 -- 377 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Inaugurations : Presidential Oaths of Office '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from Coolidge 's autobiography '' . Historicvermont.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Prologue : Selected Articles '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Swearing - In Ceremony , Part 5 of 6 '' . Inaugural.senate.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 93218 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Jefferson 's Legacy : A Brief History of the Library of Congress '' . Library of Congress . 2006 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` 28 U.S. Code § 3 - Vacancy in office of Chief Justice ; disability LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Flanders , Henry . The Lives and Times of the Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court . Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott & Co. , 1874 at Google Books . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Chief Justice of the United States at Wikimedia Commons ( show ) Chief Justices of the United States John Jay ( 1789 -- 1795 ) John Rutledge ( 1795 ) Oliver Ellsworth ( 1796 -- 1800 ) John Marshall ( 1801 -- 1835 ) Roger B. Taney ( 1836 -- 1864 ) Salmon P. Chase ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Morrison Waite ( 1874 -- 1888 ) Melville Fuller ( 1888 -- 1910 ) Edward Douglass White ( 1910 -- 1921 ) William Howard Taft ( 1921 -- 1930 ) Charles Evans Hughes ( 1930 -- 1941 ) Harlan F. Stone ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Fred M. Vinson ( 1946 -- 1953 ) Earl Warren ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Warren E. Burger ( 1969 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist ( 1986 -- 2005 ) John Roberts ( 2005 -- present ) ( show ) History of the Supreme Court of the United States by Chief Justice Jay Court ( 1789 -- 1795 ; cases ) Rutledge Court ( 1795 ; cases ) Ellsworth Court ( 1796 -- 1800 ; cases ) Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 1835 ; cases ) Taney Court ( 1836 -- 1864 ; cases ) Chase Court ( 1864 -- 1873 ; cases ) Waite Court ( 1874 -- 1888 ; cases ) Fuller Court ( 1888 -- 1910 ; cases ) White Court ( 1910 -- 1921 ; cases ) Taft Court ( 1921 -- 1930 ; cases ) Hughes Court ( 1930 -- 1941 ; cases ) Stone Court ( 1941 -- 1946 ; cases ) Vinson Court ( 1946 -- 1953 ; cases ) Warren Court ( 1953 -- 1969 ; cases ) Burger Court ( 1969 -- 1986 ; cases ) Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ; cases ) Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ; cases ) ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States&oldid=797229882 '' Categories : Chief Justices of the United States Legal professions Supreme Court of the United States people 1789 establishments in the United States Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Ænglisc Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2017 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the chief justice of the u.s. supreme court	[ "Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789, 17 persons have served as chief justice. The first was John Jay (1789–1795). The current chief justice is John Roberts (since 2005). Four—Edward Douglass White, Charles Evans Hughes, Harlan Fiske Stone, and William Rehnquist—were previously confirmed for associate justice and subsequently confirmed for chief justice separately." ]	[ "John Roberts" ]

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