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-428632501362366215 | Historical rankings of presidents of the United States | Historical rankings of presidents of the United States - Wikipedia Historical rankings of presidents of the United States Jump to : navigation , search In the 1920s , sculptor Gutzon Borglum and President Calvin Coolidge selected George Washington , Thomas Jefferson , Theodore Roosevelt , and Abraham Lincoln to appear on Mount Rushmore . It has become an iconic symbol of presidential greatness . In political studies , historical rankings of presidents of the United States are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States . Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion . The rankings focus on the presidential achievements , leadership qualities , failures , and faults . Contents ( hide ) 1 General findings 2 Notable scholar surveys 2.1 Scholar survey results 3 Liberal and conservative raters 4 Statistical analysis 5 Excluded groups ranking approach 6 Popular opinion 6.1 Rasmussen poll 6.2 Gallup poll 7 Popular opinion polls on recent presidents 7.1 2010 Gallup poll 7.2 Public Policy Polling 7.3 Vision Critical / Angus Reid poll 7.4 2013 Gallup poll 7.5 2014 Quinnipiac poll 7.6 2017 Quinnipiac poll 8 Siena College Research Institute , Presidential Expert Poll of 2010 9 Memorability of the presidents 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links General findings ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George Washington are most often the three highest rated presidents among historians . The remaining places in the top 10 are often rounded out by Theodore Roosevelt , Thomas Jefferson , Harry S. Truman , Woodrow Wilson , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Andrew Jackson , and John F. Kennedy . More recent presidents such as Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton are often rated among the greatest in world opinion polls , but do not always rank as highly among presidential scholars and historians . The bottom 10 often include James Buchanan , Warren G. Harding , Andrew Johnson , Franklin Pierce , Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , John Tyler , Ulysses S. Grant , Zachary Taylor , and George W. Bush . Because William Henry Harrison ( 30 days ) and James A. Garfield ( 200 days , incapacitated after 119 days ) both died shortly after taking office , they are sometimes omitted from presidential rankings . Zachary Taylor also died after serving as president for only 16 months , but he is usually included . In the case of these three , it is not clear if they received low rankings due to their actions as president , or because each was president for such a limited time that it is not possible to assess them more thoroughly . Political scientist Walter Dean Burnham noted the `` dichotomous or schizoid profiles '' of presidents , which can make some hard to classify . Historian Alan Brinkley stated that `` there are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great ( for example , Nixon ) '' . Historian and political scientist James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon , `` How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president , so brilliant and so morally lacking ? '' David H. Donald , noted biographer of Abraham Lincoln , relates that when he met John F. Kennedy in 1961 , Kennedy voiced his deep dissatisfaction and resentment with historians who had rated some of his predecessors . Kennedy said that `` No one has a right to grade a President -- even poor James Buchanan -- who has not sat in his chair , examined the mail and information that came across his desk , and learned why he made his decisions . '' Historian and political scientist Julian E. Zelizer argues that traditional presidential rankings explain little concerning actual presidential history , and that they are `` weak mechanisms for evaluating what has taken place in the White House '' . Libertarian political commentator Ivan Eland wrote a book titled Recarving Rushmore ( 2008 ; updated 2014 ) , in which he wrote that historians ' criteria are poor in their capacity to reflect presidents ' actual services to the country . In the book , Eland chose to rate 40 U.S. presidents on the basis of whether their policies promoted prosperity , liberty , and non-interventionism , as well as modest executive roles for themselves ; his final rankings varied significantly from those of most scholars . Notable scholar surveys ( edit ) Abraham Lincoln is often considered the greatest president for his leadership during the American Civil War and his eloquence in speeches such as the Gettysburg Address . James Buchanan is often considered the worst president for his inept leadership during the years leading up to the American Civil War . The 1948 poll was conducted by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr. of Harvard University . The 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger , who surveyed 75 historians . Schlesinger 's son Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. , conducted another poll in 1996 . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents also gives the results of the 1982 survey , a poll of 49 historians conducted by the Chicago Tribune . A notable difference from the 1962 Schlesinger poll was the ranking of Dwight D. Eisenhower , which rose from 22nd in 1962 to 9th in 1982 . The Siena Research Institute of Siena College conducted surveys in 1982 , 1990 , 1994 , 2002 , and 2010 . The 1994 survey placed only two presidents , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln , above 80 points and two presidents , Andrew Johnson and Warren G. Harding , below 50 points . The 2010 Siena survey had George W. Bush plummet from the initial 2002 ranking of 23rd down to 39th . The 1996 column shows the results from a poll conducted from 1988 to 1996 by William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver and published in Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent . More than 719 people took part in the poll , primarily academic historians and political scientists , although some politicians and celebrities also took part . Participants from every state were included , and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and `` specialists in African - American studies '' , as well as a few non-American historians . Poll respondents rated the presidents in five categories ( leadership qualities , accomplishments and crisis management , political skill , appointments , and character and integrity ) , and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking . A 2000 survey by The Wall Street Journal consisted of an `` ideologically balanced group of 132 prominent professors of history , law , and political science '' . This poll sought to include an equal number of liberals and conservatives in the survey , as the editors argued that previous polls were dominated by either one group or the other . According to the editors , this poll included responses from more women , minorities , and young professors than the 1996 Schlesinger poll . The editors noted that the results of their poll were `` remarkably similar '' to the 1996 Schlesinger poll , with the main difference in the 2000 poll being the lower rankings for the 1960s presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy , and higher ranking of President Ronald Reagan at 8th . Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three . Another presidential poll was conducted by The Wall Street Journal in 2005 , with James Lindgren of Northwestern University Law School for the Federalist Society . As in the 2000 survey , the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives , adjusting the results `` to give Democratic - and Republican - leaning scholars equal weight '' . Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top three , but editor James Taranto noted that Democratic - leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth - worst president of all time , while Republican scholars rated him the sixth - best , giving him a split - decision rating of `` average '' . A 2006 Siena College poll of 744 professors reported the following results : `` George W. Bush has just finished five years as President . If today were the last day of his presidency , how would you rank him ? The responses were : Great : 2 % ; Near Great : 5 % ; Average : 11 % ; Below Average : 24 % ; Failure : 58 % . '' `` In your judgment , do you think he has a realistic chance of improving his rating ? '' Two - thirds ( 67 % ) responded no ; less than a quarter ( 23 % ) responded yes ; and 10 % chose `` no opinion or not applicable '' . Thomas Kelly , professor emeritus of American studies at Siena College , said : `` President Bush would seem to have small hope for high marks from the current generation of practicing historians and political scientists . In this case , current public opinion polls actually seem to cut the President more slack than the experts do . '' Douglas Lonnstrom , Siena College professor of statistics and director of the Siena Research Institute , stated : `` In our 2002 presidential rating , with a group of experts comparable to this current poll , President Bush ranked 23rd of 42 presidents . That was shortly after 9 / 11 . Clearly , the professors do not think things have gone well for him in the past few years . These are the experts that teach college students today and will write the history of this era tomorrow . '' A 2010 Siena poll of 238 presidential scholars found that former President George W. Bush was ranked 39th out of 43 , with poor ratings in handling of the economy , communication , ability to compromise , foreign policy accomplishments , and intelligence . Meanwhile , the then - current president , Barack Obama , was ranked 15th out of 43 , with high ratings for imagination , communication ability and intelligence and a low rating for background ( family , education and experience ) . The C - SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership consists of rankings from a group of presidential historians and biographers . The C - SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership has taken place three times : in 2000 , 2009 , and 2017 . The most recent survey was of 91 presidential historians , surveyed by C - SPAN 's Academic Advisor Team , made up of Douglas G. Brinkley , Edna Greene Medford , and Richard Norton Smith . In the survey , each historian rates each president on a scale of one ( `` not effective '' ) to 10 ( `` very effective '' ) on presidential leadership in ten categories : `` Public Persuasion '' , `` Crisis Leadership '' , `` Economic Management '' , `` Moral Authority '' , `` International Relations '' , `` Administrative Skills '' , `` Relations with Congress '' , `` Vision / Setting An Agenda '' , `` Pursued Equal Justice for All '' , and `` Performance Within the Context of His Times '' ; each category is equally weighed . The results of all three C - SPAN surveys have been fairly consistent . Abraham Lincoln has taken the highest ranking in each survey , and George Washington , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Theodore Roosevelt have always ranked in the top five , while James Buchanan , Andrew Johnson , and Franklin Pierce have been ranked at the bottom of all three surveys . In 2008 , The Times daily newspaper of London asked eight of its own `` top international and political commentators '' to rank all 42 U.S. presidents `` in order of greatness '' . In 2011 , through the agency of its United States Presidency Centre ( USPC ) , the Institute for the Study of the Americas ( located in the University of London 's School of Advanced Study ) released the first ever U.K. academic survey to rate U.S. presidents . This polled the opinion of British specialists in American history and politics to assess presidential performance . They also gave an interim assessment of Barack Obama , but his unfinished presidency was not included in the survey ( had he been included , he would have attained eighth place overall ) . In 2012 , Newsweek magazine asked a panel of historians to rank the ten best presidents since 1900 . The results showed that historians had ranked Franklin D. Roosevelt , Theodore Roosevelt , Lyndon Johnson , Woodrow Wilson , Harry Truman , John F. Kennedy , Dwight Eisenhower , Bill Clinton , Ronald Reagan , and Barack Obama as the best since that year . A 2013 History News Network poll of 203 American historians , when asked to rate Obama 's presidency on an A -- F scale , gave him a B - grade . Obama , whom historians graded using 15 separate measures plus an overall grade , was rated most highly in the categories of communication ability , integrity , and crisis management , and most poorly for his relationship with Congress , transparency , and accountability . A 2015 poll administered by the American Political Science Association ( APSA ) among political scientists specializing in the American presidency had Abraham Lincoln in the top spot , with George Washington , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Theodore Roosevelt , Thomas Jefferson , Harry S. Truman , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , and Woodrow Wilson making the top 10 . The results of this poll are reflected in the table below . Incumbent President Donald Trump is not included in any survey , as none have been conducted since his inauguration on January 20 , 2017 . Scholar survey results ( edit ) Within each column : Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile . Green backgrounds indicate second quartile . Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile . Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile . Note : Click the `` sort '' icon at the head of each column to view the rankings for each survey in numerical order . No . President Political party Schl. 1948 Schl. 1962 M-B 1982 CT 1982 Siena 1982 Siena 1990 Siena 1994 R - McI 1996 Schl. 1996 C - SPAN 2000 WSJ 2000 Siena 2002 WSJ 2005 C - SPAN 2009 Siena 2010 USPC 2011 APSA 2015 C - SPAN 2017 Aggr . George Washington ( independent ) 02 02 03 02 04 04 04 03 02 ( tie ) 03 01 04 01 02 04 03 02 02 03 John Adams Federalist 09 10 09 15 10 14 12 14 11 16 13 12 13 17 17 12 15 19 13 Thomas Jefferson Dem - Repub 05 05 04 05 02 03 05 04 04 07 04 05 04 07 05 04 05 07 05 James Madison Dem - Repub 14 12 14 17 09 08 09 10 17 18 15 09 17 20 06 14 13 17 14 5 James Monroe Dem - Repub 12 18 15 16 15 11 15 13 15 14 16 08 16 14 07 13 16 13 15 ( tie ) 6 John Quincy Adams Dem - Repub 11 13 16 19 17 16 17 18 18 19 20 17 25 19 19 20 22 21 21 7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 06 06 07 07 13 09 11 08 05 13 06 13 10 13 14 09 09 18 09 8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 15 17 20 18 21 21 22 21 21 30 23 24 27 31 23 27 25 34 24 9 William Henry Harrison Whig 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 26 35 28 35 99 -- 37 99 -- 36 99 -- 39 35 99 -- 39 38 37 10 John Tyler ( independent ) 22 25 28 28 34 33 34 34 32 36 34 37 35 35 37 37 36 39 38 11 James K. Polk Democratic 10 08 ( tie ) 12 10 12 13 14 11 09 12 10 11 09 12 12 16 19 14 11 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 25 24 27 26 29 34 33 29 29 28 31 34 33 29 33 33 33 31 35 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 24 26 29 31 32 32 35 36 31 35 35 38 36 37 38 35 37 37 39 14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 27 28 31 33 35 36 37 37 33 ( tie ) 39 37 ( tie ) 39 38 40 40 39 40 41 40 15 James Buchanan Democratic 26 29 33 34 37 38 39 40 38 41 39 41 40 42 42 40 43 43 42 16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 01 01 01 01 03 02 02 01 01 01 02 02 02 01 03 02 01 01 01 17 Andrew Johnson Democratic 19 23 32 30 38 39 40 39 37 40 36 42 37 41 43 36 41 42 41 18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 28 30 35 32 36 37 38 38 33 ( tie ) 33 32 35 29 23 26 29 28 22 36 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 13 14 22 22 22 23 24 25 23 26 22 27 24 33 31 30 30 32 25 20 James A. Garfield Republican 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 25 30 26 30 99 -- 29 99 -- 33 99 -- 28 27 99 -- 31 29 29 21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 17 21 ( tie ) 23 24 24 26 27 28 26 32 26 30 26 32 25 32 32 35 28 22 / 24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 08 11 17 13 18 17 19 16 13 17 12 20 12 21 20 21 23 23 18 23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 21 20 26 25 31 29 30 31 19 31 27 32 30 30 34 34 29 30 30 25 William McKinley Republican 18 15 18 11 19 19 18 17 16 15 14 19 14 16 21 17 21 16 19 26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 07 07 05 04 05 05 03 05 06 04 05 03 05 04 02 05 04 04 04 27 William Howard Taft Republican 16 16 19 20 20 20 21 20 22 24 19 21 20 24 24 25 20 24 23 28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 04 04 06 06 06 06 06 06 07 06 11 06 11 09 08 06 10 11 07 29 Warren G. Harding Republican 29 31 36 36 39 40 41 41 39 38 37 ( tie ) 40 39 38 41 38 42 40 43 30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 23 27 30 29 30 31 36 33 30 27 25 29 23 26 29 28 27 27 31 31 Herbert Hoover Republican 20 19 21 21 27 28 29 24 33 ( tie ) 34 29 31 31 34 36 26 38 36 33 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 03 03 02 03 01 01 01 02 02 ( tie ) 02 03 01 03 03 01 01 03 03 02 33 Harry S. Truman Democratic 99 -- 08 ( tie ) 08 08 07 07 07 07 08 05 07 07 07 05 09 07 06 06 06 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 99 -- 21 ( tie ) 11 09 11 12 08 09 10 09 09 10 08 08 10 10 07 05 08 35 John F. Kennedy Democratic 99 -- 99 -- 13 14 08 10 10 15 12 08 18 14 15 06 11 15 14 08 10 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 99 -- 99 -- 10 12 14 15 13 12 14 10 17 15 18 11 16 11 12 10 12 37 Richard M. Nixon Republican 99 -- 99 -- 34 35 28 25 23 32 36 25 33 26 32 27 30 23 34 28 32 38 Gerald R. Ford Republican 99 -- 99 -- 24 23 23 27 32 27 28 23 28 28 28 22 28 24 24 25 26 39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 99 -- 99 -- 25 27 33 24 25 19 27 22 30 25 34 25 32 18 26 26 27 40 Ronald Reagan Republican 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 16 * 22 20 26 25 11 08 16 06 10 18 08 11 09 17 41 George H.W. Bush Republican 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 18 * 31 22 24 20 21 22 21 18 22 22 17 20 22 42 Bill Clinton Democratic 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 16 * 23 * 20 * 21 * 24 * 18 22 15 13 19 08 15 20 43 George W. Bush Republican 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 23 * 19 * 36 39 31 35 33 34 44 Barack Obama Democratic 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 15 * 99 -- 18 * 12 15 ( tie ) 45 Donald Trump Republican 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- 99 -- Total in survey 29 31 36 36 39 40 41 41 39 41 39 42 40 42 43 40 43 43 43 * Ranking calculated before president had completed his term in office . Note : Grover Cleveland was elected to two non-consecutive terms , serving as both the 22nd and 24th President of the United States ; to date he is the only person to have achieved this distinction . Because of it , the total number of people who have served as president is one fewer than the number of presidents in order of succession . Liberal and conservative raters ( edit ) The Murray - Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic , social and economic issues . The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents . Both groups agreed on the composition of nine of the top ten Presidents ( and were split over the inclusion of either Lyndon B. Johnson or Dwight D. Eisenhower ) , and six of the worst seven ( split over Jimmy Carter or Calvin Coolidge ) . Rankings by Liberals and Conservatives Rank Liberals ( n = 190 ) Conservatives ( n = 50 ) Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Franklin D. Roosevelt George Washington George Washington Franklin D. Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson 5 Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt 6 Woodrow Wilson Andrew Jackson 7 Andrew Jackson Harry S. Truman 8 Harry S. Truman Woodrow Wilson 9 Lyndon B. Johnson Dwight D. Eisenhower 10 John Adams John Adams ... 30 Calvin Coolidge Jimmy Carter 31 Franklin Pierce Richard Nixon 32 James Buchanan Franklin Pierce 33 Andrew Johnson Andrew Johnson 34 Ulysses S. Grant James Buchanan 35 Richard Nixon Ulysses S. Grant 36 Warren G. Harding Warren G. Harding Statistical Analysis ( edit ) Scholars have explored whether historians ' rankings of a president are correlated with quantifiable measures . Economist David R. Henderson and Zachary Gochenour applied a linear regression model to explain the C - SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership rankings . They found the following correlations to be statistically significant : Variable coefficient p - value Real Per - Capita GDP Growth 7.75 <. 05 Years In Office 22.67 <. 01 Intellectual Brilliance 57.79 <. 01 War Hero 147.86 <. 01 Assassination 195.97 <. 001 Military Deaths Per - Capita Rank − 8.73 <. 001 They concluded that `` the results indicate that military deaths as a percentage of population is a major determinant of greatness in the eyes of historians . '' Excluded groups ranking approach ( edit ) In 2002 , Ronald Walters , former director of the University of Maryland 's African American Leadership Institute , stated that presidents ranked by how each one balanced the interests of majority interests and the interests of excluded groups was practical in respect to American debate on racial politics . Presidents have traditionally been ranked on personal qualities and their leadership ability to solve problems that move the nation in a positive direction . Walters stated there was a qualitative difference between white and African - American intellectuals in evaluating presidents . In the 1996 New York Times poll by Arthur Schlesinger Jr. , 31 white historians and one black historian ranked presidents on differing categories of greatness . In a survey done by professors Hanes Walton Jr. and Robert Smith , in their text book American Politics And The African American Quest For Universal Freedom , 44 African - American political scientists and historians ranked presidents in terms of racial attitudes and racial legislation proposed . Individual presidents ' attitudes , policies , and perspectives were historically ranked in five categories : White Supremacist ; Racist ; Racially Neutral ; Racially Ambivalent ; Antiracist . Popular opinion ( edit ) Rasmussen poll ( edit ) According to a Rasmussen poll conducted in 2007 , six presidents -- George Washington , Abraham Lincoln , Thomas Jefferson , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and John F. Kennedy -- were rated favorably by at least 80 % of Americans . President Favorable Unfavorable Net favorable George Washington 94 92 Abraham Lincoln 92 88 Thomas Jefferson 89 85 Theodore Roosevelt 84 8 76 Franklin D. Roosevelt 81 12 69 John F. Kennedy 80 13 67 John Adams 74 9 65 James Madison 73 8 65 Ronald Reagan 72 22 50 Dwight D. Eisenhower 72 15 57 Harry S. Truman 70 14 56 Andrew Jackson 69 14 55 Gerald Ford 62 26 36 John Quincy Adams 59 7 52 Ulysses S. Grant 58 24 34 George H.W. Bush 57 41 16 Jimmy Carter 57 34 23 William Howard Taft 57 15 42 Woodrow Wilson 56 19 37 Bill Clinton 55 41 14 James Monroe 49 10 39 Herbert Hoover 48 34 14 Lyndon B. Johnson 45 42 Andrew Johnson 45 26 19 Chester A. Arthur 43 17 26 James A. Garfield 42 16 26 William McKinley 42 24 18 George W. Bush 41 59 − 18 Grover Cleveland 40 26 14 Calvin Coolidge 38 31 7 Rutherford B. Hayes 38 19 19 Richard Nixon 32 60 − 28 Benjamin Harrison 30 35 − 5 Warren G. Harding 29 33 − 4 James Buchanan 28 32 − 4 James K. Polk 27 21 6 Zachary Taylor 26 18 8 Martin Van Buren 23 19 William Henry Harrison 21 16 5 Franklin Pierce 17 25 − 8 Millard Fillmore 17 25 − 8 John Tyler 9 15 − 6 Gallup poll ( edit ) A Gallup poll about presidential greatness taken February 2 -- 5 , 2011 , asked 1015 adults in the U.S. `` Who do you regard as the greatest United States president ? '' Ronald Reagan ( 19 % ) Abraham Lincoln ( 14 % ) Bill Clinton ( 13 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 11 % ) George Washington ( 10 % ) Franklin Roosevelt ( 8 % ) Barack Obama ( 5 % ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 3 % ) Harry Truman ( 3 % ) George W. Bush ( 2 % ) Thomas Jefferson ( 2 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 1 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 1 % ) George H.W. Bush ( 1 % ) Andrew Jackson ( < 0.5 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( < 0.5 % ) Richard Nixon ( < 0.5 % ) In addition , `` Other '' received 1 % , `` None '' received 1 % , and `` No opinion '' received 5 % . Popular opinion polls on recent presidents ( edit ) These polls evaluate recent presidents only . 2010 Gallup poll ( edit ) A Gallup poll , taken on November 19 -- 21 , 2010 , asked Americans to say , based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents , whether they approve or disapprove of how each handled his job in office . John F. Kennedy ( 85 % approval / 10 % disapproval ) Ronald Reagan ( 74 % approval / 24 % disapproval ) Bill Clinton ( 69 % approval / 30 % disapproval ) George H.W. Bush ( 64 % approval / 34 % disapproval ) Gerald Ford ( 61 % approval / 26 % disapproval ) Jimmy Carter ( 52 % approval / 42 % disapproval ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 49 % approval / 36 % disapproval ) George W. Bush ( 47 % approval / 51 % disapproval ) Richard Nixon ( 29 % approval / 65 % disapproval ) Public Policy Polling ( edit ) A Public Policy Polling poll taken between September 8 -- 11 , 2011 , asked 665 American voters , based on what they know or remember about the nine most recent former presidents , whether they hold favorable or unfavorable views of how each handled his job in office . John F. Kennedy ( 74 % favorability / 15 % unfavorability ) Ronald Reagan ( 60 % favorability / 30 % unfavorability ) Bill Clinton ( 62 % favorability / 34 % unfavorability ) George H.W. Bush ( 53 % favorability / 35 % unfavorability ) Gerald Ford ( 45 % favorability / 26 % unfavorability ) Jimmy Carter ( 45 % favorability / 43 % unfavorability ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 36 % favorability / 39 % unfavorability ) George W. Bush ( 41 % favorability / 51 % unfavorability ) Richard Nixon ( 19 % favorability / 62 % unfavorability ) Vision Critical / Angus Reid poll ( edit ) A Vision Critical / Angus Reid poll taken on February 18 -- 19 , 2011 , asked respondents about 11 former presidents plus the current president and whether each was a good or bad president . John F. Kennedy ( 80 % approval / 6 % disapproval ) Ronald Reagan ( 72 % approval / 16 % disapproval ) Bill Clinton ( 65 % approval / 24 % disapproval ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 61 % approval / 6 % disapproval ) Harry S. Truman ( 57 % approval / 7 % disapproval ) Jimmy Carter ( 47 % approval / 28 % disapproval ) George H.W. Bush ( 44 % approval / 38 % disapproval ) Barack Obama ( 41 % approval / 33 % disapproval ) Gerald Ford ( 37 % approval / 25 % disapproval ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 33 % approval / 27 % disapproval ) George W. Bush ( 30 % approval / 55 % disapproval ) Richard Nixon ( 24 % approval / 54 % disapproval ) 2013 Gallup poll ( edit ) A Gallup Poll taken November 7 -- 10 , 2013 , asked 1039 adults in the U.S. `` How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history -- as an outstanding president , above average , average , below average , or poor ? '' Gallup poll 2013 President Outstanding Above Average Average Below Average Poor No Opinion Weighted Average Dwight D. Eisenhower 10 % 39 % 36 % 2 % 1 % 12 % 3.63 John F. Kennedy 18 % 56 % 19 % 2 % 1 % 4 % 3.92 Lyndon B. Johnson 4 % 16 % 46 % 14 % 8 % 12 % 2.93 Richard Nixon 2 % 13 % 27 % 29 % 23 % 6 % 2.38 Gerald Ford 2 % 14 % 56 % 15 % 5 % 8 % 2.92 Jimmy Carter 4 % 19 % 37 % 20 % 15 % 6 % 2.76 Ronald Reagan 19 % 42 % 27 % 6 % 4 % 2 % 3.67 George H.W. Bush 3 % 24 % 48 % 12 % 10 % 2 % 2.98 Bill Clinton 11 % 44 % 29 % 9 % 6 % 1 % 3.45 George W. Bush 3 % 18 % 36 % 20 % 23 % 1 % 2.58 Barack Obama 6 % 22 % 31 % 18 % 22 % 1 % 2.72 2014 Quinnipiac poll ( edit ) A Quinnipiac University poll taken June 24 -- 30 , 2014 , asked 1446 registered voters in the U.S. who they thought were the best and worst presidents since World War II . Best president since World War II : Ronald Reagan ( 35 % ) Bill Clinton ( 18 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 15 % ) Barack Obama ( 8 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 5 % ) Harry S. Truman ( 4 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 3 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 2 % ) Richard Nixon ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Gerald Ford ( tie ) ( 1 % ) George W. Bush ( tie ) ( 1 % ) Worst president since World War II : Barack Obama ( 33 % ) George W. Bush ( 28 % ) Richard Nixon ( 13 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 8 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Ronald Reagan ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Bill Clinton ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Gerald Ford ( tie ) ( 2 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( 1 % ) Harry S. Truman ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) John F. Kennedy ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) 2017 Quinnipiac poll ( edit ) Four years later , a Quinnipiac University poll taken January 20 -- 25 , 2017 , asked 1190 voters in the U.S. who they thought were the best and worst presidents since World War II . Best president since World War II : Ronald Reagan ( 30 % ) Barack Obama ( 29 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 12 % ) Bill Clinton ( 9 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( tie ) ( 3 % ) George W. Bush ( tie ) ( 3 % ) Harry Truman ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Jimmy Carter ( tie ) ( 2 % ) George H.W. Bush ( tie ) ( 2 % ) Richard Nixon ( < 1 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( < 1 % ) Worst president since World War II : Richard Nixon ( 24 % ) Barack Obama ( 23 % ) George W. Bush ( 22 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 10 % ) Ronald Reagan ( 5 % ) Bill Clinton ( 4 % ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 3 % ) George H.W. Bush ( 2 % ) Gerald R. Ford ( 1 % ) Harry S. Truman ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Dwight Eisenhower ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) John F. Kennedy ( tie ) ( < 1 % ) Siena College Research Institute , Presidential Expert Poll of 2010 ( edit ) Source : Abbreviations Bg = Background PL = Party leadership CAb = Communication ability RC = Relations with Congress CAp = Court appointments HE = Handling of economy L = Luck AC = Ability to compromise WR = Willing to take risks EAp = Executive appointments OA = Overall ability Im = Imagination DA = Domestic accomplishments Int = Integrity EAb = Executive ability FPA = Foreign policy accomplishments LA = Leadership ability IQ = Intelligence AM = Avoid crucial mistakes EV = Experts ' view O = Overall Blue backgrounds indicate first quartile . Green backgrounds indicate second quartile . Orange backgrounds indicate third quartile . Red backgrounds indicate fourth quartile . Seq . President Political party Bg PL CAb RC CAp HE AC WR EAp OA Im DA Int EAb FPA LA IQ AM EV O George Washington ( independent ) 7 18 12 9 12 John Adams Federalist 29 18 26 10 13 23 32 16 15 13 17 22 19 12 20 7 15 12 17 Thomas Jefferson Dem - Repub 6 6 16 6 11 8 5 5 6 14 5 7 6 6 5 5 James Madison Dem - Repub 10 11 9 7 12 17 7 15 9 6 8 12 5 14 20 17 10 8 6 5 James Monroe Dem - Repub 9 12 15 8 14 9 9 8 17 8 16 16 8 10 11 13 15 7 9 7 6 John Quincy Adams Dem - Repub 34 20 35 16 14 30 29 23 13 15 11 18 21 16 26 5 20 21 19 7 Andrew Jackson Democratic 30 10 14 27 28 38 5 19 12 13 14 23 6 19 5 23 12 13 14 8 Martin Van Buren Democratic 16 13 23 19 24 38 33 13 32 25 24 24 27 29 23 25 27 22 27 24 23 9 William Henry Harrison Whig 24 30 25 31 33 27 42 35 30 24 37 35 36 30 33 39 24 31 33 34 35 10 John Tyler ( independent ) 33 42 39 42 39 31 22 39 26 34 35 29 34 33 37 35 36 33 32 36 37 11 James K. Polk Democratic 17 9 13 12 21 15 7 23 7 16 17 14 11 24 9 8 10 20 9 11 12 12 Zachary Taylor Whig 37 35 28 37 37 24 36 34 28 28 34 27 37 21 31 34 25 37 25 33 33 13 Millard Fillmore Whig 40 41 40 38 35 33 25 25 37 35 38 36 35 36 38 33 39 39 30 35 38 14 Franklin Pierce Democratic 38 37 37 41 40 34 35 36 38 38 39 39 39 38 40 40 40 38 35 40 40 15 James Buchanan Democratic 23 40 41 40 42 41 40 41 43 39 42 42 43 40 42 41 43 40 41 43 42 16 Abraham Lincoln Republican 28 6 6 5 13 5 17 Andrew Johnson National Union 42 43 43 43 43 37 39 43 34 42 41 41 42 37 41 38 42 41 42 42 43 18 Ulysses S. Grant Republican 26 28 24 22 25 29 21 22 22 40 28 26 26 27 34 24 21 29 31 31 26 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 29 33 30 29 29 26 19 18 33 33 33 32 33 28 30 30 32 30 24 29 31 20 James A. Garfield Republican 20 22 22 24 32 23 41 27 31 29 25 28 25 25 26 31 23 26 22 27 27 21 Chester A. Arthur Republican 41 31 32 27 28 19 14 21 27 26 30 25 20 32 27 26 28 32 17 26 25 22 / 24 Grover Cleveland Democratic 19 16 17 15 17 22 20 19 24 18 20 22 17 19 17 21 19 25 14 19 20 23 Benjamin Harrison Republican 39 32 34 28 30 35 29 30 39 36 36 34 32 31 35 28 34 35 23 32 34 25 William McKinley Republican 21 14 19 11 23 18 24 20 21 20 21 23 19 22 18 15 18 27 11 20 21 26 Theodore Roosevelt Republican 6 7 5 12 6 6 27 William Howard Taft Republican 14 36 29 30 18 20 32 24 36 22 23 30 21 18 25 23 31 18 28 23 24 28 Woodrow Wilson Democratic 8 8 9 16 8 8 15 37 9 10 8 5 9 11 10 10 12 29 10 8 29 Warren G. Harding Republican 43 38 36 34 36 39 37 26 40 43 43 43 40 42 43 37 41 43 39 41 41 30 Calvin Coolidge Republican 25 24 38 21 26 30 12 28 41 30 32 37 31 17 28 32 33 28 19 28 29 31 Herbert Hoover Republican 10 26 31 33 19 43 43 40 42 32 26 38 41 13 29 36 37 14 40 38 36 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic 5 5 16 10 33 Harry S. Truman Democratic 35 15 14 20 15 6 11 15 6 7 7 15 7 8 8 6 9 17 8 6 9 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican 12 17 21 10 9 11 8 5 20 17 11 20 13 9 7 9 7 19 5 7 10 35 John F. Kennedy Democratic 13 19 13 12 7 27 6 10 6 14 7 15 35 13 17 11 11 16 14 11 36 Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic 15 16 5 10 28 9 12 12 9 12 5 34 12 43 15 21 37 16 16 37 Richard Nixon Republican 18 20 26 36 38 25 34 33 14 37 22 19 24 43 24 11 29 16 43 37 30 38 Gerald Ford Republican 27 25 35 17 22 36 31 17 35 23 31 33 30 15 32 27 30 34 26 25 28 39 Jimmy Carter Democratic 31 39 27 39 20 40 38 31 25 21 29 21 29 7 36 29 35 13 36 30 32 40 Ronald Reagan Republican 34 5 5 7 31 21 14 11 31 19 18 23 26 20 13 8 36 13 17 18 41 George H.W. Bush Republican 11 27 33 23 34 32 26 16 29 27 27 31 28 20 22 14 22 24 18 22 22 42 Bill Clinton Democratic 22 11 8 25 11 10 18 11 10 10 10 41 15 18 14 9 34 15 13 43 George W. Bush Republican 36 23 42 32 41 42 18 42 19 41 40 40 38 39 39 42 38 42 38 39 39 44 Barack Obama Democratic 32 21 7 18 13 17 16 10 13 14 18 6 16 12 16 22 16 8 21 18 15 Seq . President Political party Bg PL CAb RC CAp HE AC WR EAp OA Im DA Int EAb FPA LA IQ AM EV O Memorability of the presidents ( edit ) In November 2014 , Henry L. Roediger III and K. Andrew DeSoto published a study in the journal Science asking research subjects to name as many presidents as possible . They reported data from three generations , as well as from an online survey conducted in 2014 . The percentage of participants in the online survey sample who could name each president was : Barack Obama ( 100 % ) Bill Clinton ( 96 % ) George W. Bush or George H.W. Bush ( 95 % ) George Washington ( 94 % ) Abraham Lincoln ( 88 % ) John F. Kennedy ( 83 % ) Richard Nixon ( 82 % ) Jimmy Carter ( 79 % ) Thomas Jefferson ( 72 % ) Ronald Reagan ( 66 % ) Gerald Ford ( 62 % ) Franklin D. Roosevelt or Theodore Roosevelt ( 60 % ) John Adams or John Quincy Adams ( 56 % ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 54 % ) Harry S. Truman ( 50 % ) Andrew Jackson ( 47 % ) Herbert Hoover ( 42 % ) Andrew Johnson or Lyndon B. Johnson ( 41 % ) William Howard Taft ( 39 % ) James Madison ( 38 % ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 38 % ) James Monroe ( 30 % ) Woodrow Wilson ( 29 % ) Calvin Coolidge ( 22 % ) James A. Garfield ( 19 % ) James K. Polk ( 17 % ) Warren G. Harding ( 16 % ) William McKinley ( 15 % ) John Tyler ( 12 % ) James Buchanan ( 12 % ) Grover Cleveland ( 11 % ) William Henry Harrison or Benjamin Harrison ( 11 % ) Martin Van Buren ( 11 % ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 10 % ) Zachary Taylor ( 10 % ) Millard Fillmore ( 8 % ) Franklin Pierce ( 7 % ) Chester A. Arthur ( 7 % ) See also ( edit ) Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Canada Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of Australia Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom Historical rankings of Prime Ministers of the Netherlands Historical rankings of Chancellors of Germany The Greatest American References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Maranell , Gary M. ( June 1970 ) . `` The Evaluation of Presidents : An Extension of the Schlesinger Polls '' . The Journal of American History . 57 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 13 . JSTOR 1900552 . Jump up ^ William J. Ridings Jr. and Stuart B. McIver `` Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent '' ( 2000 , ISBN 0806521511 ) Google Books Link ^ Jump up to : `` Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest U.S. President '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Skidmore 2001 Jump up ^ Donald , David H. , Lincoln , 1995 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Zelizer ( February 21 , 2011 ) , What 's wrong with presidential rankings , CNN Opinion ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. `` Our Presidents : A Rating by 75 Historians '' . New York Times Magazine July 1962 : pp. 12 -- 13 , 40 -- 41 , 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rating the Presidents : Washington to Clinton '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HISTORIANS GIVE GOOD GRADES TO CLINTON PRESIDENCY IN SIENA COLLEGE SURVEY . January 11 , 1995 . Archived June 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ FDR America 's Greatest President August 19 , 2002 . Archived February 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent ( 2000 , ISBN 0806521511 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Leadership ; The Rankings '' . Wall Street Journal Online . September 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Experts : Bush Presidency Is A Failure ; Little Chance To Improve Ranking , Siena Research Institute , May 1 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Rushmore Plus One ; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington , Jefferson , Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents Archived July 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Siena Research Institute , July 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Clean sweep for the Roosevelts `` . Business First of Buffalo . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ C - SPAN RELEASES SECOND HISTORIANS SURVEY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP , C - SPAN ( February 15 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Presidential Historians Survey 2017 , C - SPAN ( last accessed February 17 , 2017 ) . ^ Jump up to : ( C - SPAN RELEASES THIRD HISTORIANS SURVEY OF PRESIDENTIAL LEADERSHIP ) , C - SPAN ( February 17 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Methodology : Presidential Historians Survey 2017 , C - SPAN ( last accessed February 17 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Griffin , Jeremy ; Nico Hines ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Who 's the greatest ? The Times US presidential rankings '' . The Times . London . Retrieved March 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iwan Morgan . `` UK Survey of US Presidents : Results and Analysis '' . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From Franklin Delano Roosevelt to John F. Kennedy , Newsweek 's 10 Best Presidents ( Photos ) '' . The Daily Beast . September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ HNN Staff ( September 8 , 2013 ) . `` Historians Give Barack Obama a B - '' . History News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Rottinghaus ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Measuring Obama against the great presidents '' . The Brookings Institution . Jump up ^ Quartiles were determined by splitting the data into an upper and lower half and then splitting these into the first two and last two quartiles , respectively . When splitting an odd number of values , the median was included in the upper half . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Wins : Honest Abe tops new presidential survey '' . CNN . February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` Clean sweep for the Roosevelts `` . Business First of Buffalo . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Iwan Morgan . `` UK Survey of US Presidents : Results and Analysis '' . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential Historians Survey 2017 '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aggregate of all polls up to and including C - SPAN 2017 by ranking each president 's ratio of favourable to total pairwise comparisons , excluding ties . ^ Jump up to : Tyler was elected on the Whig ticket as Harrison 's vice president , but Tyler became an independent after the Whigs expelled him from the party in 1841 . Jump up ^ Murray and Blessing , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Henderson , David R. ; Gochenour , Zachary ( 2013 ) . `` War and Presidential Greatness '' ( PDF ) . The Independent Review . 17 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 516 . ISSN 1086 - 1653 . Jump up ^ Walters ( 7 - 08 - 02 ) , Presidency : How Do African - American Scholars Rank Presidents ? , History News Network Jump up ^ Walton Jr. , Hanes ; Smith , Robert C. ( 2000 ) . American Politics and the African American Quest for Universal Freedom . New York : Addison - Wesley Longman , Inc . pp. 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ `` Washington , Lincoln Most Popular Presidents : Nixon , Bush Least Popular - Rasmussen Reports TM '' . Rasmussenreports.com . July 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Still Highest - Rated Modern President , Nixon Lowest '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ JFK , Reagan , Clinton most popular recent ex-presidents September 15 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kennedy and Reagan Lead List of Good Presidents for Americans Angus Reid Public Opinion Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Americans Rate JFK as Top Modern President '' . Gallup.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The weights were 5 for `` Outstanding '' , 4 for `` Above Average '' , 3 for `` Average '' , 2 for `` Below Average '' , and 1 for `` Poor '' . Jump up ^ Quinnipiac University . `` National ( US ) Poll - July 2 , 2014 - Obama Is First As Worst President Since WWII , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; More Voters Say Romney Would Have Been Better '' . QU Poll . Jump up ^ `` Trump Starts In The Hole As U.S. Voters Disapprove , Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds ; Reagan , Obama Are Best Presidents In 70 Years '' . QU Poll . Jump up ^ `` Rushmore Plus One ; FDR joins Mountainside Figures Washington , Jefferson , Teddy Roosevelt and Lincoln as Top Presidents '' . Siena College . July 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roediger , Henry L. ; DeSoto , K. Andrew ( November 28 , 2014 ) , `` Forgetting the Presidents '' , Science , 346 ( 6213 ) : 1106 -- 1109 , PMID 25430768 , doi : 10.1126 / science. 1259627 Jump up ^ Carey , Benedict ( November 27 , 2014 ) . `` Study on Cultural Memory Confirms : Chester A. Arthur , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Bailey , Thomas A. ( 1966 ) . Presidential Greatness : The Image and the Man from George Washington to the Present . New York : Appleton - Century . → A non-quantitative appraisal by leading historian . Bose , Meena ; Landis Mark ( 2003 ) . The Uses and Abuses of Presidential Ratings . New York : Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 1590337948 . → A collection of essays by presidential scholars . DeGregorio , William A. ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents ( 4 . ed. , rev. , expanded , and up - dated ed . ) . New York : Barricade Books . ISBN 0942637925 . → Contains the results of the 1962 and 1982 surveys . Eland , Ivan ( 2009 ) . Recarving Rushmore : Ranking the Presidents on Peace , Prosperity , and Liberty . Oakland , California : Independent Institute . ISBN 1598130226 . Faber , Charles ; Faber , Richard ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents Ranked by Performance . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0786407654 . Felzenberg , Alvin S. ( 1997 ) . `` There You Go Again : Liberal Historians and the New York Times Deny Ronald Reagan His Due '' . Policy Review . 82 : 51 -- 54 . ISSN 0146 - 5945 . Holli , Melvin G. ( 1999 ) . The American Mayor : The Best & the Worst Big - City Leaders . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State Univ . Press . ISBN 0271018763 . Merry , Robert W. Where They Stand : The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Miller , Nathan ( 1998 ) . Star - Spangled Men America 's Ten Worst Presidents . New York : Scribner . ISBN 0684836106 . Murray , Robert K. ; Blessing , Tim H. ( 1994 ) . Greatness in the White House : Rating the Presidents , from Washington Through Ronald Reagan ( 2. , updated ed . ) . University Park , PA : Pennsylvania State Univ . Press . ISBN 0271010894 . Nichols , Curt ( 2012 ) . `` The Presidential Ranking Game : Critical Review and Some New Discoveries '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 42 ( 2 ) : 275 -- 299 . ISSN 0360 - 4918 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2012. 03966. x . Pfiffner , James P. ( 2003 ) . `` Ranking the Presidents : Continuity and Volatility '' ( PDF ) . White House Studies . 3 : 23 . ISSN 1535 - 4768 . Ridings , William J. , Jr. ; McIver , Stuart B. ( 1997 ) . Rating the Presidents : A Ranking of U.S. leaders , from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent . Secaucus , NJ : Carol Publishing . ISBN 0806517999 . Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr. ( 1997 ) . `` Ranking the Presidents : From Washington to Clinton '' . Political Science Quarterly . 112 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 190 . doi : 10.2307 / 2657937 . Skidmore , Max J. ( 2004 ) . Presidential Performance : A Comprehensive Review . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co . ISBN 0786418206 . Skidmore , Max J. ( 2001 ) . `` Ranking and Evaluating Presidents : The Case of Theodore Roosevelt '' . White House Studies . 1 ( 4 ) : 495 -- 505 . ISSN 1535 - 4768 . Taranto , James ; Leo , Leonard ( 2004 ) . Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and Worst in the White House . New York : Wall Street Journal Books . ISBN 0743254333 . → For Federalist Society surveys . Vedder , Richard ; Gallaway , Lowell ( 2001 ) . `` Rating Presidential Performance '' . In Denson , John V. ( ed . ) . Reassessing the Presidency : The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom . Auburn , AL : Ludwig von Mises Institute . ISBN 0945466293 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) `` Ranking Presidents : Utter Nonsense Or Useful Analysis ? , 2001 column by John Dean List of presidential rankings Historians rank the 42 men who have held the office . AP via MSNBC . 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-3277748163682105998 | Jurassic Park (film) | Jurassic Park ( film ) - wikipedia Jurassic Park ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Jurassic Park Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Kathleen Kennedy Gerald R. Molen Screenplay by Michael Crichton David Koepp Based on Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton Starring Sam Neill Laura Dern Jeff Goldblum Richard Attenborough Bob Peck Martin Ferrero B.D. Wong Samuel L. Jackson Wayne Knight Joseph Mazzello Ariana Richards Music by John Williams Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Amblin Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 9 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 09 ) ( Uptown Theater ) June 11 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 11 ) ( United States ) Running time 127 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $63 million Box office $1.029 billion Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science - fiction adventure film directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen . The first installment in the Jurassic Park franchise , it is based on the 1990 novel of the same name by Michael Crichton and a screenplay written by Crichton and David Koepp . The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar , located off Central America 's Pacific Coast near Costa Rica , where billionaire philanthropist John Hammond and a small team of genetic scientists have created a wildlife park of cloned dinosaurs . When industrial sabotage leads to a catastrophic shutdown of the park 's power facilities and security precautions , a small group of visitors , along with Hammond 's grandchildren , struggle to survive and escape the perilous island . Before Crichton 's novel was published , four studios put in bids for its film rights . With the backing of Universal Studios , Spielberg acquired the rights for $1.5 million before its publication in 1990 ; Crichton was hired for an additional $500,000 to adapt the novel for the screen . Koepp wrote the final draft , which left out much of the novel 's exposition and violence and made numerous changes to the characters . Filming took place in California and Hawaii between August and November 1992 , and post-production rolled until May 1993 , supervised by Spielberg in Poland as he filmed Schindler 's List . The dinosaurs were created with groundbreaking computer - generated imagery by Industrial Light & Magic and with life - sized animatronic dinosaurs built by Stan Winston 's team . To showcase the film 's sound design , which included a mixture of various animal noises for the dinosaur roars , Spielberg invested in the creation of DTS , a company specializing in digital surround sound formats . Following an extensive $65 million marketing campaign , which included licensing deals with 100 companies , Jurassic Park grossed over $914 million worldwide in its original theatrical run , becoming the highest - grossing film of 1993 and the highest - grossing film ever at the time , a record held until the release of Titanic ( 1997 ) . It was well received by critics , who praised its special effects , John Williams ' musical score , and Spielberg 's direction . Following its 3D re-release in 2013 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , Jurassic Park became the seventeenth film in history to surpass $1 billion in ticket sales . The film won more than twenty awards , including three Academy Awards for its technical achievements in visual effects and sound design . Jurassic Park is considered a landmark in the development of computer - generated imagery and animatronic visual effects , and was followed by three commercially successful sequels , The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) , Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) , and Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . A fifth film , titled Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , is scheduled for a June 2018 release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Dinosaurs on screen 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release 4.1 Theatrical re-releases 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Legacy 6.1 Sequels and merchandise 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Industrialist John Hammond and his bioengineering company , InGen , have created a theme park called Jurassic Park on Isla Nublar , a Costa Rican island , populated with cloned dinosaurs . After one of the dinosaur handlers is killed by a Velociraptor , the park 's investors , represented by lawyer Donald Gennaro , demand that experts visit the park and certify it is safe . Gennaro invites mathematician and chaos theorist Ian Malcolm , while Hammond invites paleontologist Dr. Alan Grant and paleobotanist Dr. Ellie Sattler . Upon arrival , the group is stunned to see a live Brachiosaurus . At the park 's visitor center , the group learns that the cloning was accomplished by extracting dinosaur DNA from mosquitoes that had been preserved in amber . DNA from frogs was used to fill in gaps in the dinosaur genomes . To prevent breeding , all the dinosaurs were made female . Malcolm scoffs at the idea of such controlled breeding , declaring it will inevitably break down . The crew witness the birth of a baby raptor and visit the raptor enclosure . During a luncheon , the group debates the ethics of cloning and the creation of the park , with Dr. Malcolm giving a harsh warning about the implications of genetic engineering as a whole . The group is then joined by Hammond 's grandchildren , Lex and Tim Murphy , for a tour of the park , while Hammond oversees the trip from the park 's control room . The tour does not go as planned , with most of the dinosaurs failing to appear and the group encountering a sick Triceratops . The tour is cut short as a tropical storm approaches Isla Nublar . Most of the park employees evacuate on a boat to the mainland while the visitors return to their electric tour vehicles , except Sattler who stays with the park 's veterinarian to study the Triceratops . Jurassic Park 's lead computer programmer , Dennis Nedry , has been bribed by Dodgson , a man working for Hammond 's corporate rival , to steal valuable fertilized embryos . Nedry deactivates the park 's security system to gain access to the embryo storage room where he stores the embryos inside a canister disguised as Barbasol shaving cream , supplied by Dodgson . Because of Nedry , the power goes out and the tour vehicles become stuck . Most of the park 's electric fences are deactivated as well , allowing the Tyrannosaurus Rex to escape and attack the tour group . Grant , Lex , and Tim escape , while the Tyrannosaurus injures Malcolm and devours Gennaro . On his way to deliver the embryos to the island 's docks , Nedry becomes lost in the rain , crashes his Jeep Wrangler , and is killed by a Dilophosaurus . Sattler assists the park 's game warden , Robert Muldoon , in a search for survivors , but they only find an injured Malcolm , before the Tyrannosaurus Rex returns . Grant , Tim , and Lex take shelter in a treetop . Later , they discover the broken shells of dinosaur eggs . Grant concludes that the dinosaurs have been breeding , which occurred because of their frog DNA -- West African bullfrogs can change their sex in a single - sex environment , allowing the dinosaurs to do so as well , proving Malcolm right . Unable to decipher Nedry 's code to reactivate the security system , Hammond and the park 's chief engineer Ray Arnold opt to reboot the entire park 's system . The group shuts down the park 's grid and retreats to an emergency bunker , while Arnold heads to a maintenance shed to complete the rebooting process . When Arnold fails to return , Sattler and Muldoon head to the shed . They discover the shutdown has deactivated the remaining fences and released the raptors . Muldoon distracts the raptors , while Sattler goes to turn the power back on , before being attacked by a raptor and discovering Arnold 's severed arm . Meanwhile , Muldoon is caught off - guard and killed by the other two raptors . Grant , Tim and Lex finally reach the visitor center . Grant heads out to look for Sattler , leaving Tim and Lex inside . Tim and Lex are pursued by the raptors in an industrial kitchen , but they escape and join Grant and Sattler . Lex restores full power from the control room , allowing the group to call Hammond , who in turn calls for help . The group is cornered by the raptors , but they are able to escape when the Tyrannosaurus Rex suddenly appears and kills the raptors . Hammond arrives in a Jeep with Malcolm , and the entire group boards a helicopter to leave the island . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Sam Neill as Dr. Alan Grant Laura Dern as Dr. Ellie Sattler Jeff Goldblum as Dr. Ian Malcolm Richard Attenborough as John Hammond Bob Peck as Robert Muldoon Martin Ferrero as Donald Gennaro B.D. Wong as Dr. Henry Wu Joseph Mazzello as Tim Murphy Ariana Richards as Lex Murphy Samuel L. Jackson as Ray Arnold Wayne Knight as Dennis Nedry Jerry Molen as Dr. Harding Miguel Sandoval as Juanito Rostagno Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Michael Crichton 's book attracted the attention of director Steven Spielberg even before publishing . The author was also responsible for the film 's first scripts . Michael Crichton originally conceived a screenplay about a graduate student who recreates a dinosaur ; he continued to wrestle with his fascination with dinosaurs and cloning until he began writing the novel Jurassic Park . Even before publication , Steven Spielberg learned of the novel in October 1989 while he and Crichton were discussing a screenplay that would become the television series ER . Spielberg considered that what really fascinated him was that Jurassic Park was `` a really credible look at how dinosaurs might someday be brought back alongside modern mankind '' , going beyond a simple monster movie . Before the book was published , Crichton demanded a non-negotiable fee of $1.5 million as well as a substantial percentage of the gross . Warner Bros. and Tim Burton , Columbia Pictures and Richard Donner , and 20th Century Fox and Joe Dante bid for the rights , but Universal Studios eventually acquired them in May 1990 for Spielberg . After completing Hook , Spielberg wanted to film Schindler 's List . Music Corporation of America ( then Universal Pictures 's parent company ) president Sid Sheinberg gave a green light to the film on the condition that Spielberg made Jurassic Park first . The director later declared that by choosing a creature - driven thriller , `` I was really just trying to make a good sequel to Jaws , on land . '' To create the dinosaurs , Spielberg at first thought of hiring Bob Gurr , who designed a giant mechanical King Kong for Universal Studios Hollywood 's King Kong Encounter . Upon considering that the life - sized dinosaurs would be too expensive and not all convincing , Spielberg instead sought the best effects supervisors in Hollywood . Brought in were Stan Winston to create the animatronic dinosaurs , Phil Tippett to create go motion dinosaurs for long shots credited as Dinosaur Supervisor , Michael Lantieri to supervise the on - set effects , and Dennis Muren of Industrial Light & Magic to do the digital compositing . Paleontologist Jack Horner supervised the designs , to help fulfill Spielberg 's desire to portray the dinosaurs as animals rather than monsters . This led to the entry of certain concepts about dinosaurs , such as the theory that dinosaurs evolved into birds and had very little in common with lizards . One of the first consequences was the removal of the raptors ' flicking tongues in Tippett 's early animatics , as Horner complained it was implausible . Winston 's department created fully detailed models of the dinosaurs before molding latex skins , which were fitted over complex robotics . Tippett created stop - motion animatics of both the raptors in the kitchen and the Tyrannosaurus attacking the car . But despite go motion 's attempts at motion blurs , Spielberg still found the end results unsatisfactory in terms of working in a live - action feature film . Muren declared to Spielberg that he thought the dinosaurs could be built through computer - generated imagery , and the director asked him to prove it . ILM animators Mark Dippé and Steve Williams developed a computer - generated walk cycle for the T. rex skeleton , and were approved to do more . When Spielberg and Tippett saw an animatic of the T. rex chasing a herd of Gallimimus , Spielberg said , `` You 're out of a job , '' to which Tippett replied , `` Do n't you mean extinct ? '' Spielberg later injected this exchange into the script , as a conversation between Malcolm and Grant . Although no go motion was used , Tippett and his animators were still used by the production to supervise dinosaur movement . Tippett acted as a consultant regarding dinosaur anatomy , and his stop motion animators were re-trained as computer animators . The animatics made by Tippett 's team were also used along with the storyboards as a reference for what would be shot during the action sequences . ILM 's artists were sent to private tours to the local animal park so they could study large animals -- rhinos , elephants , alligators , and giraffes -- up close , and also received mime classes for understanding movements . Writing ( edit ) Universal paid Crichton a further $500,000 to adapt his own novel , which he had finished by the time Spielberg was filming Hook . Crichton noted that because the book was `` fairly long '' his script only had about 10 to 20 percent of the novel 's content ; scenes were dropped for budgetary and practical reasons , and despite the gory descriptions , the violence was toned down . Malia Scotch Marmo began a script rewrite in October 1991 over a five - month period , merging Ian Malcolm with Alan Grant . As Spielberg wanted another writer to rework the script , Universal president Casey Silver recommended him David Koepp , co-writer of Death Becomes Her . Koepp started afresh from Marmo 's draft , and used Spielberg 's idea of a cartoon shown to the visitors to remove much of the exposition that fills Crichton 's novel . While Koepp tried to avoid excessive character detail `` because whenever they started talking about their personal lives , you could n't care less '' , he tried to flesh out the characters and make for a more colorful cast , with moments such as Malcolm flirting with Sattler leading to Grant 's jealousy . Some characterizations were changed from the novel . Hammond went from a ruthless businessman to a kindly old man , because Spielberg identified with Hammond 's obsession with showmanship . He also switched the characters of Tim and Lex ; in the book , Tim is aged eleven and interested in computers , and Lex is only seven or eight and interested in sports . Spielberg did this because he wanted to work with the younger Joseph Mazzello , and it also allowed him to introduce the sub-plot of Lex 's adolescent crush on Grant . Koepp changed Grant 's relationship with the children , making him hostile to them initially to allow for more character development . Two scenes from the book were ultimately excised , with Spielberg removing the opening sequence with Procompsognathus attacking a young child as he previously found it too horrific , and Koepp cutting for budgetary reasons the T. rex chasing Grant and the children down a river before being tranquilized by Muldoon . Both parts eventually saw inclusion in the film sequels . Spielberg suggested the addition of the scene where the T. rex pursues a jeep , which at first would only have the characters driving away after listening to the dinosaur 's footsteps . Casting ( edit ) William Hurt was initially offered the role of Alan Grant , but turned it down without reading the script . Harrison Ford was also offered the role of Grant . Sam Neill was ultimately cast as Grant three or four weeks before filming began . Neill said that `` it all happened real quick . I had n't read the book , knew nothing about it , had n't heard anything about it , and in a matter of weeks I 'm working with Spielberg . '' Janet Hirshenson , the film 's casting director , felt that Jeff Goldblum would be the right choice to play Ian Malcolm after reading the novel . Jim Carrey also auditioned for the role . According to Hirshenson , Carrey `` was terrific , too , but I think pretty quickly we all loved the idea of Jeff . '' Cameron Thor had previously worked with Spielberg on Hook , and initially auditioned for the role of Malcolm , before trying out for the role of Dodgson . Thor said about casting , `` It just said ' shaving - cream can ' in the script , so I spent endless time in a drug store to find the most photogenic . I went with Barbasol , which ended up in the movie . I was so broke that I took the can home after the audition to use it . '' Laura Dern was Spielberg 's first choice for the role of Ellie Sattler though she was not the only actress offered the part . Robin Wright turned down the role . Spielberg chose to cast Wayne Knight after seeing his acting performance in Basic Instinct , saying , `` I waited for the credits to roll and wrote his name down '' . Ariana Richards said , `` I was called into a casting office , and they just wanted me to scream . I heard later on that Steven had watched a few girls on tape that day , and I was the only one who ended up waking his sleeping wife off the couch , and she came running through the hallway to see if the kids were all right . '' Christina Ricci was one such girl who auditioned for the role . Joseph Mazzello had initially screen - tested for a role in Hook , but was deemed too young . Spielberg promised Mazzello that they would work together on a future film . Filming ( edit ) Replica of the Ford Explorers featured in the film at Universal Studios Japan . After 25 months of pre-production , filming began on August 24 , 1992 , on the Hawaiian island of Kaua ʻi . While Costa Rica was considered as a location given it is the story 's setting , Spielberg 's concerns on infrastructure and accessibility made him choose a place where he had already worked before . The three - week shoot involved various daytime exteriors for Isla Nublar 's forests . On September 11 , Hurricane Iniki passed directly over Kaua ʻi , which caused the crew to lose a day of shooting . Several of the storm scenes from the movie are actual footage shot during the hurricane . The scheduled shoot of the Gallimimus chase was moved to Kualoa Ranch on the island of Oahu and one of the beginning scenes had to be created by digitally animating a still shot of scenery . The opening scene was shot in Haiku , on the island of Maui , with additional scenes being filmed on the `` forbidden island '' of Niihau . The exterior of the Visitor Center was a large façade constructed on the grounds of the Valley House Plantation Estate in Kauai . Samuel L. Jackson was to film a lengthy death scene in which his character would be chased and killed by raptors , but the set was destroyed by Hurricane Iniki . By mid-September , the crew moved back to California , to shoot the raptors in the kitchen at Stage 24 of the Universal studio lot . Given the kitchen set was filled with reflective surfaces , cinematographer Dean Cundey had to carefully plan the illumination while also using black cloths to hide the light reflections . The crew also shot on Stage 23 for the scenes involving the power supply , before going on location to Red Rock Canyon for the Montana dig scenes . The crew returned to Universal to shoot Grant 's rescue of Tim , using a fifty - foot prop with hydraulic wheels for the car fall , and the Brachiosaurus encounter . The crew filmed scenes for the Park 's labs and control room , which used animations for the computers lent from Silicon Graphics and Apple . While Crichton 's book features Toyota cars in Jurassic Park , Spielberg got a deal with the Ford Motor Company , who provided seven Ford Explorers . The Explorers were modified by ILM 's crew and veteran customizer George Barris to create the illusion that they were autonomous cars by hiding the driver in the car 's trunk . Barris also customized the Jeep Wranglers featured in the production . Over 15 % of the film was shot in Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic both at and Amber Museum and Mount Isabela de Torres . The crew moved to Warner Bros. Studios ' Stage 16 to shoot the T. rex 's attack on the LSX powered SUVs . Shooting proved frustrating because of water soaking the foam rubber skin of the animatronic dinosaur , which caused the animatronic T. rex to shake and quiver from the extra weight when the foam absorbed the water . This forced Stan Winston 's crew to dry the model with shammys between takes . On the set , Malcolm distracting the dinosaur with a flare was included at Jeff Goldblum 's suggestion , as he felt a heroic action was better than going by the script , where like Gennaro , Malcolm would get scared and run away . The ripples in the glass of water caused by the T. rex 's footsteps were inspired by Spielberg listening to Earth , Wind and Fire in his car , and the vibrations the bass rhythm caused . Lantieri was unsure of how to create the shot until the night before filming , when he put a glass of water on a guitar he was playing , which achieved the concentric circles in the water Spielberg wanted . The next morning , guitar strings were put inside the car and a man on the floor plucked the strings to achieve the effect . Back at Universal , the crew filmed scenes with the Dilophosaurus on Stage 27 . Finally , the shoot finished on Stage 12 , with the climactic chases with the raptors in the Park 's computer rooms and Visitor 's Center . Spielberg changed the climax to bring back the T. rex , abandoning the original ending in which Grant uses a platform machine to maneuver a raptor into a fossil tyrannosaur 's jaws . The scene which already had the juxtaposition of live dinosaurs in a museum filled with fossils , while also destroying the bones , now also had an ending where the T. rex saved the protagonists , and afterwards did what Spielberg described as a `` King Kong roar '' while an ironic banner reading `` When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth '' flew . The film wrapped twelve days ahead of schedule on November 30 , and within days , editor Michael Kahn had a rough cut ready , allowing Spielberg to go ahead with filming Schindler 's List . Dinosaurs on screen ( edit ) See also : List of cloned animals in Jurassic Park The life - sized animatronic Tyrannosaurus rex on the set . It is the largest sculpture ever made by Stan Winston Studio . Reconstruction of the T. rex breakout scene in the National Museum of Cinema of Turin , Italy . Despite the title of the film referencing the Jurassic period , Brachiosaurus and Dilophosaurus are the only dinosaurs featured that actually lived during that time ; the other species featured did not exist until the Cretaceous period . This is acknowledged in the film during a scene where Dr. Grant describes the ferocity of the Velociraptor to a young boy , saying `` Try to imagine yourself in the Cretaceous period ... '' Tyrannosaurus was acknowledged by Spielberg as `` the star of the movie '' , even leading him to rewrite the ending to feature the T. rex for fear of disappointing the audience . Winston 's animatronic T. rex stood 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) , weighed 17,500 pounds ( 7,900 kg ) , and was 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . Jack Horner called it `` the closest I 've ever been to a live dinosaur '' . While the consulting paleontologists did not have a consensus on the dinosaur 's movement , particularly regarding its running capabilities , animator Steve Williams decided to `` throw physics out the window and create a T. rex that moved at sixty miles per hour even though its hollow bones would have busted if it ran that fast '' . The major reason was the T. rex chasing a Jeep , a scene that took two months to finish . The dinosaur is depicted with a vision system based on movement , though later studies indicated the T. rex had binocular vision comparable to a bird of prey . Its roar is a baby elephant mixed with a tiger and an alligator , and its breath is a whale 's blow . A dog attacking a rope toy was used for the sounds of the T. rex tearing a Gallimimus apart , while cut sequoias crashing to the ground became the sound of the dinosaur 's footsteps . Velociraptor plays a major role in the film . The creature 's depiction is not based on the actual dinosaur genus in question , which was significantly smaller . Shortly before Jurassic Park 's theatre release , the similar Utahraptor was discovered , although it proved to be even bigger in appearance than the film 's raptors ; this prompted Stan Winston to joke , `` We made it , then they discovered it . '' For the attack on character Robert Muldoon and some parts of the kitchen scene , the raptors were played by men in suits . Dolphin screams , walruses bellowing , geese hissing , an African crane 's mating call , tortoises mating , and human rasps were mixed to formulate various raptor sounds . Following discoveries made after the film 's release , most paleontologists theorize that dromaeosaurs like Velociraptor and Deinonychus were fully covered with feathers like modern birds . This feature is only included in Jurassic Park III for the male raptors , who are shown with a row of small quills on their heads . Dilophosaurus was also very different from its real - life counterpart , made significantly smaller to make sure audiences did not confuse it with the raptors . Its neck frill and its ability to spit venom are fictitious . Its vocal sounds were made by combining a swan , a hawk , a howler monkey , and a rattlesnake . The animatronic model , nicknamed `` Spitter '' by Stan Winston 's team , was animated by the puppeteers sitting on a trench in the set floor , and used a paintball mechanism to spit the mixture of methacyl and K-Y Jelly that served as venom . Brachiosaurus is the first dinosaur seen by the park 's visitors . It is inaccurately depicted as chewing its food , and standing up on its hind legs to browse among the high tree branches . According to artist Andy Schoneberg , the chewing was done to make the animal seem docile , in a way it resembled a cow chewing its cud . The dinosaur 's head and upper neck was the largest puppet without hydraulics built for the film . Despite scientific evidence of their having limited vocal capabilities , sound designer Gary Rydstrom decided to represent them with whale songs and donkey calls to give them a melodic sense of wonder . Penguins were also recorded to be used in the noises of the dinosaurs . Triceratops has an extended cameo , being sick with an unidentified disease . Its appearance was a particular logistical nightmare for Stan Winston when Spielberg asked to shoot the animatronic of the sick creature earlier than expected . The model , operated by eight puppeteers in the Kaua'i set , wound up being the first dinosaur filmed during production . Winston also created a baby Triceratops for Ariana Richards to ride on , a scene cut from the film for pacing reasons . Gary Rydstrom combined the sound of himself breathing into a cardboard tube with the cows near his workplace at Skywalker Ranch to create the Triceratops vocals . Gallimimus are featured in a stampede scene where one of them is devoured by the Tyrannosaurus . The Gallimimus was the first dinosaur to receive a digital version , being featured in two ILM tests , first as a herd of skeletons and then fully skinned while pursued by the T. rex . Its design was based on ostriches , and to emphasize the birdlike qualities , the animation focused mostly on the herd rather than individual animals . As reference for the dinosaurs ' run , the animators were filmed running at the ILM parking lot , with plastic pipes standing in as the tree that the Gallimimus jump over . The footage even inspired the incorporation of an animal falling in its leap as one of the artists crashed making the jump . Horse squeals became the Gallimimus sounds . Parasaurolophus appear in the background during the first encounter with the Brachiosaurus . Alamosaurus appears as a skeleton in the Jurassic Park visitor center . Post-production ( edit ) `` Dinosaur Input Device '' raptor used for the film . Special effects work continued on the film , with Tippett 's unit adjusting to new technology with Dinosaur Input Devices : models which fed information into the computers to allow themselves to animate the characters like stop motion puppets . In addition , they acted out scenes with the raptors and Gallimimus . As well as the computer - generated dinosaurs , ILM also created elements such as water splashing and digital face replacement for Ariana Richards ' stunt double . Compositing the dinosaurs onto the live action scenes took around an hour . Rendering the dinosaurs often took two to four hours per frame , and rendering the T. rex in the rain even took six hours per frame . Spielberg monitored their progress from Poland during the filming of Schindler 's List , having teleconferences four times a week with ILM 's crew . The director described working simultaneously in two vastly different productions as `` a bipolar experience '' , where he used `` every ounce of intuition on Schindler 's List and every ounce of craft in Jurassic Park '' . Along with the digital effects , Spielberg wanted the film to be the first with digital sound . He funded the creation of DTS , which would allow audiences to `` really hear the movie the way it was intended to be heard '' . The sound effects crew , supervised by George Lucas , were finished by the end of April . Sound designer Gary Rydstrom considered it a fun process , given the film had all kinds of noise -- animal sounds , rain , gunshots , car crashes -- and at times no music . During the process , Spielberg would take the weekends to fly from Poland to Paris , where he would meet Rydstrom to see the sound progress . Jurassic Park was finally completed on May 28 , 1993 . Music ( edit ) Main article : Jurassic Park ( film score ) Composer John Williams began scoring the film at the end of February , and it was recorded a month later . John Neufeld and Alexander Courage provided the score 's orchestrations . Similar to another Spielberg film he scored , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Williams felt he needed to write `` pieces that would convey a sense of ' awe ' and fascination '' given it dealt with the `` overwhelming happiness and excitement '' that would emerge from seeing live dinosaurs . In turn more suspenseful scenes such as the Tyrannosaurus attack earned frightening themes . The first soundtrack album was released on May 25 , 1993 . For the 20th anniversary of the release of the film , a new soundtrack was issued for digital download on April 9 , 2013 , including four bonus tracks personally selected by Williams . Release ( edit ) Universal took the lengthy pre-production to carefully plan the Jurassic Park marketing campaign , which cost $65 million and had deals with 100 companies to market 1,000 products . These included three Jurassic Park video games by Sega and Ocean Software , a toy line by Kenner that was distributed by Hasbro , McDonald 's `` Dino - Sized meals '' , and a novelization aimed at young children . The film 's trailers only gave fleeting glimpses of the dinosaurs , a tactic journalist Josh Horowitz described as `` that old Spielberg axiom of never revealing too much '' when Spielberg and director Michael Bay did the same for their production of Transformers in 2007 . The film was marketed with the tagline `` An Adventure 65 Million Years In The Making . '' This was a joke Spielberg made on set about the genuine , thousands of years old mosquito in amber used for Hammond 's walking stick . The film premiered at the Uptown Theater on June 9 , 1993 , in Washington , D.C. , in support of two children 's charities . Two days later it opened nationwide , in 2,404 theater locations and an estimated 3,400 screens . Internationally it was equally wide at 3,400 prints . Following the film 's release , a traveling exhibition called `` The Dinosaurs of Jurassic Park '' began , showcasing dinosaur skeletons and film props . Jurassic Park was broadcast on television for the first time on May 7 , 1995 , following the April 26 airing of The Making of Jurassic Park . Some 68.12 million people tuned in to watch , garnering NBC a 36 percent share of all available viewers that night . Jurassic Park was the highest - rated theatrical film broadcast on television by any network since the April 1987 airing of Trading Places . In June -- July 1995 the film was aired a number of times on the TNT network . Theatrical re-releases ( edit ) Theatrical poster for the 3D re-release of Jurassic Park for the film 's 20th anniversary . In anticipation of the Blu - ray release , Jurassic Park had a digital print released in UK cinemas on September 23 , 2011 . It wound up grossing £ 245,422 ( $786,021 ) from 276 theaters , finishing at eleventh on the weekend box office . Two years later , on the 20th anniversary of Jurassic Park , a 3D version of the film was released in cinemas . Spielberg declared that he had produced the film with a sort of `` subconscious 3D '' , as scenes feature animals walking toward the cameras and some effects of foreground and background overlay . In 2011 , he stated in an interview that Jurassic Park was the only of his works he had considered for a conversion , and once he saw the 3D version of Titanic in 2012 , he liked the new look of the film so much that he hired the same retrofitting company , Stereo D. Spielberg and cinematographer Janusz Kamiński supervised the nine - month process closely in - between the production of Lincoln . Stereo D executive Aaron Parry declared that the conversion was an evolution of what the company had done with Titanic , `` being able to capitalize on everything we learned with Jim on Titanic and take it into a different genre and movie , and one with so many technical achievements . '' The studio had the help of ILM , which contributed some elements and updated effects shots for a better visual enhancement . It opened in the United States and seven other territories on April 5 , 2013 , with other countries receiving the re-release in the following six months . Home Media ( edit ) The film made its VHS and LaserDisc debut on October 4 , 1994 . With 17 million units sold in both formats , Jurassic Park is the fifth best - selling VHS tape ever . Jurassic Park was first released on Collector 's Edition DVD on October 10 , 2000 , in both a widescreen and fullscreen , and in a box set along with sequel The Lost World : Jurassic Park and both movies ' soundtrack albums . It ended as the 13th best - selling DVD of 2000 counting both versions , finishing the year with 910,000 units sold . Following the release of Jurassic Park III , a new box set with all films called Jurassic Park Trilogy was released on December 11 , 2001 ; it was re-released on VHS and DVD as part of its 15th anniversary on October 8 , 2004 . It was repackaged as Jurassic Park Adventure Pack on November 29 , 2005 . The trilogy was released on Blu - ray on October 25 , 2011 , debuting at fifth on the Blu - ray charts , and being nominated as the best release of the year by both the Las Vegas Film Critics Society and the Saturn Awards . In 2012 , Jurassic Park was among twenty - five films chosen by Universal for a box set that celebrated the studio 's 100th anniversary , while also receiving a standalone 100th anniversary Blu - ray featuring an augmented reality cover . The following year , the 20th anniversary 3D conversion was issued on Blu - ray 3D . On June 1 , 2016 , Jurassic Park , along with its sequels The Lost World and Jurassic Park III , were added to the Netflix streaming service . The entire Jurassic Park film series will be released as a box set for 4K UHD Blu - Ray ( + available 3D Version ) on May 22 , 2018 , as part of the 25th anniversary . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Jurassic Park became the highest - grossing film released worldwide up to that time . Following $3.1 million from midnight screenings on June 10 , the film earned $47 million in its first weekend , with the $50.1 million total breaking the opening weekend record set by Batman Returns the year before . By the end of its first week , Jurassic Park had grossed $81.7 million , and stayed at number one for three weeks . It eventually grossed $357 million in the U.S. and Canada . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 86.2 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . The film also did very well in international markets , breaking opening records in the United Kingdom , Japan , India , South Korea , Mexico , and Taiwan , ultimately earning $914 million worldwide , with Spielberg reportedly making over $250 million from the film . It surpassed Spielberg 's own E.T. the Extraterrestrial as the highest - grossing film ever worldwide , and became second to E.T. in North America earnings . Jurassic Park 's record was only surpassed in 1998 by Titanic , the first film to gross over $1 billion . The 3D re-release of Jurassic Park opened at fourth place in North America , with $18.6 million from 2,771 locations . IMAX showings accounted for over $6 million , with the 32 percent being the highest IMAX share ever for a nationwide release . The international release had its most successful weekend in the last week of August , when it managed to climb to the top of the overseas box office with a $28.8 million debut in China . The reissue earned $45,385,935 in North America and $44,500,000 internationally as of August 2013 , leading to a lifetime gross of $402,453,882 in North America and $628,723,171 overseas , totaling up to a worldwide gross of $1,029,939,903 , making Jurassic Park the 17th film to surpass the $1 billion mark . It was the first and only Universal Pictures film to surpass the $1 billion mark until 2015 , when the studio got three such films , Furious 7 , Minions , and the fourth installment of the Jurassic Park franchise , Jurassic World . It currently ranks as the 24th highest - grossing film of all time in North America ( unadjusted for inflation ) , the highest - grossing film of 1993 and the twenty - seventh highest - grossing film of all time . Critical response ( edit ) High praise was given to the film 's visual effects , musical score , and Spielberg 's direction , although there was some criticism leveled at the script and departures from the book . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively gave the film a `` Certified Fresh '' rating of 92 % , based on 121 reviews , with a rating average score of 8.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic Park is a spectacle of special effects and life - like animatronics , with some of Spielberg 's best sequences of sustained awe and sheer terror since Jaws . '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Janet Maslin of The New York Times called it `` a true movie milestone , presenting awe - and fear - inspiring sights never before seen on the screen ... On paper , this story is tailor - made for Mr. Spielberg 's talents ... ( but ) ( i ) t becomes less crisp on screen than it was on the page , with much of the enjoyable jargon either mumbled confusingly or otherwise thrown away . '' In Rolling Stone , Peter Travers described the film as `` colossal entertainment -- the eye - popping , mind - bending , kick - out - the - jams thrill ride of summer and probably the year ( ... ) Compared with the dinos , the characters are dry bones , indeed . Crichton and co-screenwriter David Koepp have flattened them into nonentities on the trip from page to screen . '' Roger Ebert noted , `` The movie delivers all too well on its promise to show us dinosaurs . We see them early and often , and they are indeed a triumph of special effects artistry , but the movie is lacking other qualities that it needs even more , such as a sense of awe and wonderment , and strong human story values . '' Henry Sheehan argued , `` The complaints over Jurassic Park 's lack of story and character sound a little off the point , '' pointing out the story arc of Grant learning to protect Hammond 's grandchildren despite his initial dislike of them . Empire magazine gave the film five stars , hailing it as `` quite simply one of the greatest blockbusters of all time . '' Accolades ( edit ) In March 1994 , Jurassic Park won all three Academy Awards for which it was nominated : Best Sound Editing , Best Sound Mixing , and Best Visual Effects ( at the same ceremony , Spielberg , editor Michael Kahn , and composer John Williams won Academy Awards for Schindler 's List ) . The film won honors outside the U.S. including the 1994 BAFTA for Best Special Effects , as well as the Award for the Public 's Favorite Film . It won the 1994 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , and the 1993 Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction , Best Writing for Crichton and Koepp and Best Special Effects . The film won the 1993 People 's Choice Awards for Favorite All - Around Motion Picture . Young Artist Awards were given to Ariana Richards and Joseph Mazzello , with the film winning an Outstanding Action / Adventure Family Motion Picture award . In 2001 , the American Film Institute ranked Jurassic Park as the 35th most thrilling film of American cinema . The film has been included in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die , film lists by Empire magazine , and The Guardian . Year Award Category Nominees Result Bambi Awards International Film Jurassic Park Won 66th Academy Awards Best Sound Editing Gary Rydstrom and Richard Hymns Won Best Sound Mixing Gary Summers , Gary Rydstrom , Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins Won Best Visual Effects Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri Won Saturn Awards Best Director Steven Spielberg Won Best Science Fiction Film Jurassic Park Won Best Special Effects Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri Won Best Writing Michael Crichton and David Koepp Won Best Actress Laura Dern Nominated Best Costumes Nominated Best Music John Williams Nominated Best Performance by a Young Actor Joseph Mazzello Nominated Best Performance by a Young Actor Ariana Richards Nominated Best Supporting Actor Jeff Goldblum Nominated Best Supporting Actor Wayne Knight Nominated Awards of the Japanese Academy Best Foreign Film Jurassic Park Won BAFTA Awards Best Special Effects Dennis Muren , Stan Winston , Phil Tippett and Michael Lantieri Won Best Sound Gary Summers , Gary Rydstrom , Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins Nominated BMI Film Music Award BMI Film Music Award John Williams Won Blue Ribbon Awards Best Foreign Language Film Steven Spielberg Won Bram Stoker Award Screenplay Michael Crichton and David Koepp Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Feature Film Gary Summers , Gary Rydstrom , Shawn Murphy and Ron Judkins Nominated Czech Lions Best Foreign Language Film Steven Spielberg Won Grammy Awards Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television John Williams Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Action Sequence Nominated Best Movie Jurassic Park Nominated Best Villain T. rex Nominated Mainichi Film Concours Best Foreign Language Film ( Fan Choice ) Steven Spielberg Won Motion Picture Sound Editors Best Sound Editing Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Motion Picture Jurassic Park Won Young Artist Awards Best Youth Actor Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama Joseph Mazzello Won Best Youth Actress Leading Role in a Motion Picture Drama Ariana Richards Won Outstanding Family Motion Picture -- Action / Adventure Jurassic Park Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation Jurassic Park Won Legacy ( edit ) Entrance to the Jurassic Park Discovery Center at Islands of Adventure . In the years following its release , Jurassic Park has frequently been cited by film critics and industry professionals as one of the greatest movies of the action and thriller genres . The American Film Institute named Jurassic Park the 35th most thrilling film of all time on June 13 , 2001 . The Chicago Film Critics Association also ranked Jurassic Park as the 55th scariest movie of all time and , in 2005 , Bravo chose the scene in which Lex and Tim are stalked by two raptors in the kitchen as the 95th scariest movie moment ever . On Empire magazine 's fifteenth anniversary in 2004 , it judged Jurassic Park the sixth most influential film of the magazine 's lifetime . Empire called the first encounter with a Brachiosaurus the 28th most magical moment in cinema . In 2008 , an Empire poll of readers , filmmakers , and critics also rated it one of the 500 greatest films of all time . On Film Review 's fifty - fifth anniversary in 2005 , it declared the film to be one of the five most important in the magazine 's lifetime . In 2006 , IGN ranked Jurassic Park as the 19th greatest film franchise ever . In a 2010 poll , the readers of Entertainment Weekly rated it the greatest summer movie of the previous 20 years . The popularity of the movie caused the management of the National Basketball Association expansion franchise founded in Toronto in 1995 to adopt the nickname Raptors . Jurassic Park 's biggest impact on subsequent films was a result of its computer - generated visual effects . Film historian Tom Shone commented on the film 's innovation and influence , saying that `` In its way , Jurassic Park heralded a revolution in movies as profound as the coming of sound in 1927 . '' Many filmmakers saw Jurassic Park 's effects as a realization that many of their visions , previously thought unfeasible or too expensive , were now possible . ILM owner George Lucas , realizing the success of creating realistic live dinosaurs by his own company , started to make the Star Wars prequels ; Stanley Kubrick decided to invest in pet project A.I. Artificial Intelligence , to which he would later bring Spielberg to direct ; and Peter Jackson began to re-explore his childhood love of fantasy films , a path that led him to The Lord of the Rings and King Kong . Jurassic Park has also inspired films and documentaries with dinosaurs such as the American adaptation of Godzilla , Dinosaur from the Deep , Carnosaur ( in which Laura Dern 's mother Diane Ladd starred ) , Dinosaur Island and Walking with Dinosaurs . Stan Winston , enthusiastic about the new technology pioneered by the film , joined with IBM and director James Cameron to form a new special effects company , Digital Domain . Sequels and merchandise ( edit ) Further information : Jurassic Park After the enormous success of the film , Spielberg asked Crichton to write a sequel novel , leading to the 1995 book The Lost World . This , in turn , was adapted as the film The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Released on May 23 , 1997 , it was directed by Spielberg and written by David Koepp . Another film , Jurassic Park III , was released on July 18 , 2001 , under the direction of Joe Johnston , with Spielberg as executive producer , featuring an original script that incorporated ultimate unused elements from Crichton 's original Jurassic Park . A fourth installment , Jurassic World , was released in theaters on June 12 , 2015 . Spielberg again produced , with Colin Trevorrow directing a script written by himself and Derek Connolly . Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is the next film in the franchise , and is scheduled for release in June 2018 . The story of the film was also continued in auxiliary media , at times even unattached to the film sequels themselves . These included a series of Jurassic Park comic books written by Steve Englehart for Topps Comics , and video games such as Ocean Software 's Jurassic Park 2 : The Chaos Continues ( 1994 ) , Vivendi 's Jurassic Park : Operation Genesis ( 2003 ) and Telltale Games ' Jurassic Park : The Game ( 2011 ) . All of the Universal Parks & Resorts include a Jurassic Park - themed ride . The first was Jurassic Park : The Ride at Universal Studios Hollywood on June 15 , 1996 , built after six years of development at a cost of $110 million . Said attraction was replicated on Universal Studios Japan in 2001 . Islands of Adventure in Orlando , Florida , has an entire section of the park dedicated to Jurassic Park that includes the main ride , christened `` Jurassic Park River Adventure '' , and many smaller rides and attractions based on the series . In Universal Studios Singapore , opened in 2010 , the Themed Zone named The Lost World consists mostly of Jurassic Park rides , such as the roller coaster Canopy Flyer and the river rapids Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crichton , Michael ( 2001 ) . Michael Crichton on the Jurassic Park Phenomenon ( DVD ) . Universal . ^ Jump up to : McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg . Faber and Faber , 416 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Jurassic Park : Dawn of a New Era '' , Jurassic Park Blu - ray ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : DVD Production Notes Jump up ^ McBride , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Sonia ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Science on Screen : Interview with Jack Horner , Jurassic World '' . Sloan Science & Film . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Making of Jurassic Park -- Hosted by James Earl Jones ( VHS ) . Universal . 1995 . Jump up ^ French , Lawrence . Cinefantastique Magazine , Vol. 24 , No. 2 , pg. 9 , `` Jurassic Park : Dinosaur Movements '' Jump up ^ Shay , Duncan , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Shay , Duncan , p. 134 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` Return to Jurassic Park : Making Prehistory '' , Jurassic Park Blu - ray ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome ( back ) to Jurassic Park '' . FX Guide . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( December 7 , 1990 ) . `` Leaping Lizards '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` JURASSIC PARK : Michael Crichton on Adapting his Novel to the Screen '' . Cinefantastique Magazine , August 1993 ( Vol. 24 , No. 2 ) , pg. 12 Jump up ^ Shay , Duncan , p. 39 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McGilligan , Patrick ( 2010 ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Three Big Movies at the Uptown Theater '' . Ghosts of DC . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ August , Lissa ( May 21 , 1993 ) . `` Beltway Barbra '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Stars Rain Down On Washington '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 11 , 1993 . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , David J. ( June 15 , 1993 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : Universal 's Monster Smash '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Shone , p. 224 Jump up ^ Klein , Julia M. ( October 31 , 1995 ) . `` Dino Dominion '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved March 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mink , Eric ( April 25 , 1995 ) . `` ' Making of Jurassic Park ' Really Dino - mite '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Huff , Richard ( May 10 , 1995 ) . `` Ratings : ' Jurassic ' Parks NBC Right At the Top of the Nielsens '' . Daily News . New York . 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Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Debra ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Jurassic Park 3D : A New Dimension For A Modern Classic '' . Creative COW Magazine . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Loria , Daniel ( April 7 , 2013 ) . `` GLOBAL : ' Oz ' Reaches $450 M ; ' G.I. Joe ' Holds With $40.2 M Weekend ; ' Croods ' Posts $34.1 M Weekend '' . Box Office Media . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Around - the - World : ' G.I. Joe ' Nears Predecessor , ' Croods ' Passes $200 M '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic ' rumbles to vid in October '' . Variety . March 22 , 1994 . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( April 25 , 2000 ) . `` Spielberg classics swim up to DVD '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Challenge of Selling a Hit Film to TV Viewers : Television : NBC 's promotional dilemma is how to generate interest in the 2 - year - old ' Jurassic Park , ' which is the highest - grossing motion picture in history '' . Los Angeles Times . May 6 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( June 14 , 2000 ) . `` U Home Video preps ' Jurrassic ' DVD launch '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Year End 2000 Top DVD sellers '' . Variety . December 30 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park Trilogy '' . IGN . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ IGN DVD ( November 17 , 2005 ) . `` Jurassic Park Adventure Pack '' . IGN . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` JURASSIC PARK Trilogy Hits Blu - ray October 25th , Trailer Released '' . Collider . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` ' Captain America ' Overtakes ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' for No. 1 on DVD Charts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Knegt , Peter ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` '' The Artist , '' Winding Refn Win At Las Vegas Critics Awards `` . Indie Wire . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Announces Fantastic 25 - Film 100th Anniversary Blu - ray Collection '' . Collider . Retrieved January 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures partner with Aurasma to celebrate 100th Anniversary : Watch the movies come to life in a brand new way '' ( Press release ) . Aurasma . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( January 27 , 2013 ) . `` Jurassic Park 3D Blu - ray comes home April 23rd after its one - week theatrical return '' . Engadget . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . 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Jump up ^ `` 1994 Hugo Awards '' . Thehugoawards.org . Retrieved June 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Saturn Awards '' . Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 20th People 's Choice Awards '' . The Envelope -- Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2006 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fifteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards 1992 -- 1993 '' . Young Artist Association . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved February 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Steven Jay , ed. ( 2012 ) . 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die . Quintessence Editions ( 5th ed . ) . Hauppauge , New York : Barron 's Educational Series . p. 960 . ISBN 978 - 1844037339 . OCLC 796279948 . Jump up ^ Simon Braund , Glen Ferris , Ian Freer , Nev Pierce , Chris Hewitt , Dan Jolin , Ian Nathan , Kim Newman , Helen O'Hara , Olly Richards , and Owen Willams . `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 1000 films to see before you die '' . 27 June 2007 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BURDA Publications , Inc . Congratulates its 1993 Bambi Award Recipients '' ( Press release ) . Hubert Burda Media . December 9 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` The 66th Academy Awards ( 1994 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 17th Annual Japanese Academy Awards '' ( in Japanese ) . Japan Academy Prize Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 BAFTA Awards and Nominations '' . bafta.org . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` 1994 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 48th 日本 映画 大賞 '' . Mainichi Shinbun ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cox , Dan ( March 20 , 1994 ) . `` Spielberg pix sound great at MPSE 's Golden Reels '' . Variety . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 1994 Nominees '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 15th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hugo Awards : 1994 Hugo Awards '' . thehugoawards.com . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2011 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years , 100 Thrills '' . AFI . June 13 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CFCA 's 100 Scariest Movies of All - Time '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravo TV . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Freer , Ian ( April 30 , 2004 ) . `` The 15 Most Influential Films Of Our Lifetime '' . Empire . p. 120 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Magical Movie Moments '' . Empire . November 28 , 2003 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Braund , Simon ; Glen Ferris , Ian Freer , Nev Pierce , Chris Hewitt , Dan Jolin , Ian Nathan , Kim Newman , Helen O'Hara , Olly Richards , and Owen Willams . `` The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Film Review Special # 59 -- 55 Years Anniversary contents '' . Film Review . July 28 , 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Stax ; Linder , Brian ; Gilchrist , Todd ; Moro , Eric ; Carle , Chris ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Top 25 Movie Franchises of All Time : # 19 '' . IGN . Retrieved March 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Blockbusters : The New Generation '' , Entertainment Weekly , Page 32 , Issue # 1112 , July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laying the Groundwork for the NBA in Toronto '' . Toronto Raptors . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shone , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . `` ILM and the Digital Revolution '' The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc , Publishers . p. 174 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sibley , Brian ( 2006 ) . Peter Jackson : A Film - maker 's Journey . London : Harpercollins . p. 310 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 717558 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Rex n ' Effects '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 18 , 1993 . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World '' . MichaelCrichton.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Smith , Steven ( May 29 , 1997 ) . `` In ' The Lost World , ' Bits of Old Movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ The Making of Jurassic Park III . Jurassic Park III DVD : Universal Pictures . 2002 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' is Trevorrow Land '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park '' . stevenenglehart.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park : The Ride ( 1996 -- present ) '' . The Studio Tour . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park : The Ride '' . Universal Studios Japan . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Challenging Disney '' . Ocala Star - Banner. April 4 , 1999 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Mike ( July 5 , 1998 ) . `` Theme Parks Set in Motion Around Conference Tables '' . Lakeland Ledger . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost World -- Universal Studios Singapore '' . Resorts World Sentosa . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . Bibliography McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . Shay , Don ; Duncan , Jody ( 1993 ) . The Making of Jurassic Park : An Adventure 65 million Years in the Making . Boxtree Limited . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 774 - 8 . Shone , Tom ( 2004 ) . Blockbuster : How Hollywood learned to stop worrying and love the summer . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3568 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jurassic Park . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jurassic Park ( film ) Jurassic Park on IMDb Jurassic Park at AllMovie Jurassic Park at Rotten Tomatoes Jurassic Park at Metacritic Jurassic Park at Box Office Mojo Free ebook about Jurassic Park From Director Steven Spielberg : Jurassic Park archive The Making of Jurassic Park ( full documentary ) at Documentary Mania Film in the United States portal Speculative fiction portal Dinosaurs portal Science fiction portal 1990s portal Jurassic Park navigation boxes Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Amber Rock Climb Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Category Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Works by Michael Crichton Novels The Andromeda Strain ( 1969 ) The Terminal Man ( 1972 ) The Great Train Robbery ( 1975 ) Eaters of the Dead ( 1976 ) Congo ( 1980 ) Sphere ( 1987 ) Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) Rising Sun ( 1992 ) Disclosure ( 1994 ) The Lost World ( 1995 ) Airframe ( 1996 ) Timeline ( 1999 ) Prey ( 2002 ) State of Fear ( 2004 ) Next ( 2006 ) Pirate Latitudes ( 2009 ) Micro ( 2011 ) Dragon Teeth ( 2017 ) Novels written under pseudonyms Odds On ( 1966 ) Scratch One ( 1967 ) Easy Go ( 1968 ) A Case of Need ( 1968 ) Zero Cool ( 1969 ) The Venom Business ( 1969 ) Drug of Choice ( 1970 ) Dealing : or the Berkeley - to - Boston Forty - Brick Lost - Bag Blues ( 1970 ) Grave Descend ( 1970 ) Binary ( 1972 ) Non-fiction Five Patients ( 1970 ) Jasper Johns ( 1977 ) Electronic Life ( 1983 ) Travels ( 1988 ) Films directed Pursuit ( 1972 ) Westworld ( 1973 ) Coma ( 1978 ) The First Great Train Robbery ( 1979 ) Looker ( 1981 ) Runaway ( 1984 ) Physical Evidence ( 1989 ) Films written Extreme Close - Up ( 1973 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Rising Sun ( 1993 ) Twister ( 1996 ) Television series Beyond Westworld ( 1980 ) ER ( 1994 -- 2009 ) Westworld ( 2016 -- present ) Adaptations The Andromeda Strain ( 1971 ) Dealing : Or the Berkeley - to - Boston Forty - Brick Lost - Bag Blues ( 1972 ) The Carey Treatment ( 1972 ) Pursuit ( 1972 ) The Terminal Man ( 1974 ) The First Great Train Robbery ( 1979 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Rising Sun ( 1993 ) Disclosure ( 1994 ) Congo ( 1995 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Sphere ( 1998 ) The 13th Warrior ( 1999 ) Timeline ( 2003 ) The Andromeda Strain ( 2008 ) Video games Amazon ( 1984 ) Timeline ( 2000 ) Franchises Westworld ( 1973 -- present ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 -- present ) Films produced by Gerald R. Molen Hook ( 1991 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) The Other Side of Heaven ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) The Legend of Johnny Lingo ( 2003 ) 2016 : Obama 's America ( 2012 ) America : Imagine the World Without Her ( 2014 ) Hillary 's America : The Secret History of the Democratic Party ( 2016 ) Jurassic Park video games Jurassic Park NES Super NES Genesis CD PC Rampage Edition Arcade Pinball Interactive 2 : The Chaos Continues The Lost World Console Chaos Island Handheld Genesis Arcade Pinball Trespasser Jurassic Park III Arcade III : Danger Zone ! III : Dino Defender III : The DNA Factor III : Park Builder III : Island Attack Scan Command Survival ( cancelled ) Jurassic World Lego Jurassic World Jurassic World Evolution Other games Warpath Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Operation Genesis The Game Builder Jurassic Park Arcade Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) no award ( 1959 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) Sleeper ( 1974 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1978 ) Superman ( 1979 ) Alien ( 1980 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) Blade Runner ( 1983 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) 2010 ( 1985 ) Back to the Future ( 1986 ) Aliens ( 1987 ) The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) Contact ( 1998 ) The Truman Show ( 1999 ) Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) GND : 4326023 - 8 LCCN : n93018269 VIAF : 316751722 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_Park_(film)&oldid=843632703 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s adventure films 1990s science fiction films 3D re-releases Amblin Entertainment films American films American science fiction thriller films BAFTA winners ( films ) Czech Lion Awards winners ( films ) Dinosaur films Films based on science fiction novels Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Gerald R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the last jurassic park come out | [
"The film won more than twenty awards, including three Academy Awards for its technical achievements in visual effects and sound design. Jurassic Park is considered a landmark in the development of computer-generated imagery and animatronic visual effects, and was followed by three commercially successful sequels, The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Jurassic Park III (2001), and Jurassic World (2015). A fifth film, titled Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, is scheduled for a June 2018 release."
] | [
"2015"
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8953220949005117227 | Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands | Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands - wikipedia Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Jump to : navigation , search St. Thomas St. Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands St. Thomas Geography Location Caribbean Sea Coordinates 18 ° 20 ′ N 64 ° 55 ′ W / 18.333 ° N 64.917 ° W / 18.333 ; - 64.917 Coordinates : 18 ° 20 ′ N 64 ° 55 ′ W / 18.333 ° N 64.917 ° W / 18.333 ; - 64.917 Archipelago Virgin Islands , Leeward Islands Area 32 sq mi ( 83 km ) Highest elevation 1,555 ft ( 474 m ) Highest point Crown Mountain Administration United States Insular area Virgin Islands Largest settlement Charlotte Amalie ( pop . 18,481 ) Demographics Demonym Saint Thomian Population 51,634 ( 2010 ) Pop . density 638.17 / km ( 1,652.85 / sq mi ) Ethnic groups Afro - Caribbean , Hispanic , Caucasian Map of U.S. Virgin Islands Saint Thomas ( Spanish : Santo Tomás ; Dutch : Sint - Thomas ; Danish : Sankt Thomas ) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and , together with St. John , Water Island and St. Croix , form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) , an unincorporated territory of the United States . Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie . As of the 2010 census , the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634 about 48.5 % of the US Virgin Islands total . The district has a land area of 32 square miles ( 83 km ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-colonial history 1.2 Danish and German colonial period 1.3 David Hamilton Jackson 1.4 American acquisition 2 Climate 3 Demographics 4 Transportation 5 Education 6 Notable people 7 Points of interest 8 Gallery 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Pre-colonial history ( edit ) The island was originally settled around 1500 BC by the Ciboney people . They were later replaced by the Arawaks and then the Caribs . Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1493 on his second voyage to the `` New World '' . Danish and german colonial period ( edit ) The Dutch West India Company established a post on Saint Thomas in 1657 . The first congregation was the St. Thomas Reformed Church , which was established in 1660 and was associated with the Dutch Reformed Church . Denmark - Norway conquered the island in 1666 , and by 1672 had established control over the entire island through the Danish West India and Guinea Company . The land was divided into plantations and sugarcane production became the primary economic activity . As a result , the economies of Saint Thomas and the neighboring islands of Saint John and Saint Croix became highly dependent on slave labor and the slave trade . In 1685 , the Brandenburgisch - Africanische Compagnie took control of the slave trade on Saint Thomas , and for some time the largest slave auctions in the world were held there . File : DWI - 15r - Danish West Indies ( St Thomas ) - 1 Dollar ( 1889 ). jpg Danish West Indies , Saint Thomas , 1 dollar ( 1889 ) Saint Thomas 's fine natural harbor became known as `` Taphus '' for the drinking establishments located nearby . ( `` Tap Hus '' translates as `` rum shop '' or `` tap house '' referring to the drinking establishments . ) In 1691 , the primary settlement there was renamed Charlotte Amalie in honor of the wife of Denmark 's King Christian V. It was later declared a free port by Frederick V. In December 1732 , the first two of many Moravian Brethren missionaries came from Herrnhut Saxony in present - day Germany to minister to them . Distrusted at first by the white masters , they lived among the slaves and soon won their confidence . From 1796 a small Jewish community developed in Charlotte Amalie . It established a historic synagogue , Beracha Veshalom Vegmiluth Hasidim , the oldest synagogue in continuous use anywhere in the United States or its external territories . The first British invasion and occupation of the Danish West Indies occurred at the end of March 1801 when a British fleet arrived at St Thomas . Denmark - Norway accepted the Articles of Capitulation the British proposed and the British occupied the islands without a shot being fired . The British occupation lasted until April 1802 , when the British returned the islands to Denmark - Norway . The second British invasion of the Danish West Indies took place in December 1807 when a British fleet captured St Thomas on 22 December and Santa Cruz on 25 December . Denmark - Norway did not resist and the invasion was bloodless . This British occupation of the Danish West Indies lasted until 20 November 1815 , when Britain returned the islands to Denmark . While the sugar trade had brought prosperity to the island 's free citizens , by the early 19th century Saint Thomas was in decline . The continued export of sugar was threatened by hurricanes , drought , and American competition . Following the Danish Revolution of 1848 , slavery was abolished and the resulting rise in labor costs further weakened the position of Saint Thomas 's sugar producers . Given its harbors and fortifications , Saint Thomas still retained a strategic importance , and thus , in the 1860s , during the American Civil War and its aftermath , the United States government considered buying the island and its neighbors from Denmark for $7.5 million . However , the proponents of the purchase failed to gain legislative support for the bid . David Hamilton Jackson ( edit ) As the islands were poorly managed by the Danes , a local islander , David Hamilton Jackson , was instrumental in persuading the Danish to allow the US to purchase the islands of St. Thomas , St. John , and St. Croix . In 1915 , he traveled to Denmark and convinced the King of Denmark to allow freedom of the press in the islands . He began the first newspaper in the islands , known as The Herald . After this , he organized labor unions among the islanders for better working conditions . The islands now have an annual celebration in November to honor the legacy of David Hamilton Jackson . American acquisition ( edit ) Districts and subdistricts of the US Virgin Islands In 1917 , St. Thomas was purchased ( along with Saint John and Saint Croix ) by the United States for $25 million in gold , as part of a defensive strategy to maintain control over the Caribbean and the Panama Canal during the First World War . The transfer occurred on March 31 , 1917 , behind Fort Christian before the barracks that now house the Legislature of the U.S Virgin Islands . The baccalaureate service for the transfer was held at the St. Thomas Reformed Church as it was identified as the American church in the Danish West Indies . Percival Wilson Sparks , a U.S. Naval officer , designed the flag that now represents the United States Virgin Islands . Sparks married a local U.S Virgin Island woman , Grace Joseph Sparks ; when Sparks ' superior , Rear Adm. Summer Ely Wetmore Kitelle , commissioned the design for the flag , P.W. Sparks asked his wife and her sister , Blanche Joseph ( later Sasso ) , to sew the first flag . That flag was used until such time as a factory - produced flag could be acquired . The flag 's inspiration came from the U.S. Presidential seal . Sparks decided to have the eagle facing the olive branches ( which represented peace ) rather than the arrows ( which represented the three islands : St. Croix , St. Thomas , and St. John ) . ( At the request of Emilie Rose Sparks Gray , a daughter of P.W. Sparks and Grace Sparks , so that the family would have clear and undeniable proof , this piece of history was entered into the Congressional Record in Washington , D.C. , on April 30 , 1986 , by the congressional delegate , Ron de Lugo . ) Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday , to celebrate the acquisition of the islands by the United States in 1917 . U.S. citizenship was granted to the residents in 1927 . The U.S. Department of the Interior took over administrative duties in 1931 . American forces were based on the island during the Second World War . In 1954 , passage of the U.S. Virgin Islands Organic Act officially granted territorial status to the three islands , and allowed for the formation of a local senate with politics dominated by the American Republican and Democratic parties . Full home rule was achieved in 1970 . The post-war era also saw the rise of tourism on the island . With relatively cheap air travel and the American embargo on Cuba , the numbers of visitors greatly increased . Despite natural disasters such as Hurricane Hugo ( 1989 ) and Hurricanes Luis and Marilyn ( 1995 ) , the island 's infrastructure continues to improve as the flow of visitors continues . Hotels have been built from the West End to the East End . Climate ( edit ) ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Thomas , United States Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 85.1 ( 29.5 ) 85.1 ( 29.5 ) 85.7 ( 29.8 ) 86.7 ( 30.4 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) 89.1 ( 31.7 ) 89.9 ( 32.2 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 90.0 ( 32.2 ) 88.7 ( 31.5 ) 87.1 ( 30.6 ) 85.6 ( 29.8 ) 87.6 ( 30.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 72.4 ( 22.4 ) 72.3 ( 22.4 ) 72.9 ( 22.7 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 76.2 ( 24.6 ) 77.7 ( 25.4 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 78.1 ( 25.6 ) 78.0 ( 25.6 ) 76.9 ( 24.9 ) 75.2 ( 24 ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 75.5 ( 24.2 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 62 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 58 ( 14 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 62 ( 17 ) 52 ( 11 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.16 ( 54.9 ) 1.47 ( 37.3 ) 1.05 ( 26.7 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 3.05 ( 77.5 ) 2.62 ( 66.5 ) 2.82 ( 71.6 ) 3.51 ( 89.2 ) 4.82 ( 122.4 ) 5.94 ( 150.9 ) 6.00 ( 152.4 ) 2.88 ( 73.2 ) 38.95 ( 989.3 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 14.3 11.8 8.1 10.7 11.9 11.1 14.8 14.2 14.6 17.7 17.8 16.7 163.6 Source # 1 : NOAA ( normals 1981 − 2010 ) Source # 2 : Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Saint Thomas is divided into the following subdistricts ( with population as per the 2010 U.S. Census ) : Charlotte Amalie ( pop . 18,481 ) Charlotte Amalie town ( pop . 10,354 ) East End ( pop . 8,403 ) Northside ( pop . 10,049 ) Southside ( pop . 5,411 ) Tutu ( pop . 6,867 ) Water Island ( pop . 182 ) West End ( pop . 2,241 ) Transportation ( edit ) See also : Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands Cab at Red Hook The island is serviced by the Cyril E. King International Airport . Passenger and limited car - ferry services to neighboring islands such as Water Island , St. John , St. Croix , and the British Virgin Islands run regularly out of the Red Hook Terminal , Charlotte Amalie , and Crown Bay Marina . The United States Virgin Islands is the only place under United States jurisdiction where the rule of the road is to drive on the left . This was inherited from what was the then - current Danish practice at the time of the American acquisition in 1917 . However , because St. Thomas is a U.S. territory , most cars are imported from the mainland United States and therefore the steering column is located on the left side of the vehicle . The island has many regular taxis from compact size to large vans , as well as open - air , covered trucks called `` safaris '' with bench seats . The latter usually operate only between high - traffic points , e.g. , cruise - ship terminals at Havensight and Crown Bay and downtown Charlotte Amalie . Education ( edit ) St. Thomas - St. John School District operates public schools on Saint Thomas . Private schools on St. Thomas : Antilles School ( www.antilles.vi ) Virgin Islands Montessori School & International Academy Calvary Christian Academy Parochial schools on St. Thomas : All Saints Cathedral School Saints Peter & Paul Catholic School Weslyan Academy Bible School Colleges and universities on St. Thomas : University of the Virgin Islands Notable people ( edit ) See also : Category : United States Virgin Islands people Alton Augustus Adams − first African - American band master for the United States Navy Jabari Blash - Major League Baseball player , outfielder for the San Diego Padres Edward Wilmot Blyden − ambassador , an Igbo in Diaspora , is credited in some history books as having laid the foundation of West African nationalism and Pan-Africanism Callix Crabbe − Major League Baseball player Midre Cummings − Major League Baseball player Vanessa Daou − Singer - Songwriter , Dancer , Writer , Poet Charles Joseph Sainte - Claire Deville − a French geologist Henri Étienne Sainte - Claire Deville − a French chemist Jeffrey Epstein − American financier Jeff Faulkner − National Football League player Kelsey Grammer − actor , director , and producer born in St. Thomas Emile Griffith − former boxer who won world championships in both the Welterweight and Middleweight divisions . Elrod Hendricks − Major League Baseball player Abdul Hodge − National Football League player Daryl Homer , Olympic fencer Roy Innis − civil rights leader Julian Jackson − boxer born in St. Thomas Hannah Jeter - Sports Illustrated Swimsuit cover model and wife of Derek Jeter of the New York Yankees J. Raymond Jones − political activist Christine Jowers − choreographer , producer , and dance critic . Al McBean − Major League Baseball player Ralph Moses Paiewonsky − governor Calvin Pickering − Major League Baseball player . Camille Pissarro − a key member of the French Impressionist group of painters Rashawn Ross − Trumpeter who tours with Dave Matthews Band Roy Lester Schneider − governor and physician Karrine Steffans − former hip hop music video performer and actress and the author of Confessions of A Video Vixen . Morris Simmonds − German physician , pathologist , described a syndrome of pituitary failure with emaciation ( Simmonds syndrome ) Terence Todman − ambassador Jean Toussaint - jazz tenor and soprano saxophonist Peter von Scholten − governor general Denmark Vesey − leader of planned slave uprising in Charleston , South Carolina David Levy Yulee − an American politician and the first member of the United States Senate to have been , at one time , a practicing Jew . Points of interest ( edit ) Blackbeard 's Castle Buck Island National Wildlife Refuge Cathedral Church of All Saints Drake 's Seat Downtown Charlotte Amalie Fort Christian Magens Bay Arboretum Magens Bay Mountain Top Red Hook Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral St. Thomas Synagogue Coral World Ocean Park Gallery ( edit ) Blackbeard 's Castle in Charlotte Amalie . The port at Charlotte Amalie March 2008 . `` Beautiful Harbor of St. Thomas , West Indies '' , stereoptical view , c. 1900 . Magen 's Beach as seen from Drake 's Seat , St. Thomas , USVI . View From Bluebeard 's Castle , St Thomas US Virgin Islands View of Bluebeard 's Castle , from In Town Saint Thomas Shopping Square Beautiful Scenery Magens Bay Magens Bay Magens Bay View of Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Island from the port . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Where is the U.S. Virgin Islands : Geography '' . vinow.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kossler , Bill ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` USVI Population Down Since 2000 '' . stthomassource.com . V.I. Source Publications . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This is the figure given on page 1 of the United States Geologic Survey 's Open - File Report 72 - 201 . It is also the figure given in the article at the on - line edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica . The Virgin Islands ( United States ) page at the United Nations Environmental Programme 's Island Directory gives a substantially lower figure , reporting the area as 69.7 square kilometers , equivalent to 26.9 square miles . And although the U.S. Census Bureau does not report the areas of geographic entities , it does report their population densities ( equal to the total population divided by the area ) . In the 2010 census , the population was reported as 51,634 ( Table P1 , `` Total Population '' ) and the population density was reported as 1,649.1 per square mile ( Table P40 , `` Population Density '' ) . Together , these figures imply an area of 31.3 square miles . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Amalie St. Thomas U.S. Virgin Islands '' . guidetocaribbeanvacations.com . Jump up ^ Hamilton , J. Taylor and Hamilton , Kenneth G. , History of the Moravian Church , Bethlehem , PA , 1969 . Jump up ^ Arts & Culture US Virgin Island Tourism Jump up ^ `` David Hamilton Jackson - Famous Virgin Islander '' . here.vi . Jump up ^ Liberty Day festivities to include parade , re-enactment about D. Hamilton Jackson , The Virgin Islands Daily News . Jump up ^ `` United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism site '' . Visitusvi.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , vol. 132 , No. 56 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Saint Thomas , VI '' . weather.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Thomas , United States Virgin Islands . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Thomas . Official sites United States Virgin Islands -- Official Website for the United States Virgin Islands Department of Tourism Districts of the United States Virgin Islands , United States Census Bureau Map St. Thomas USVI Google Map -- Satellite Map of St. Thomas , USVI Territory of United States Virgin Islands Charlotte Amalie ( capital ) Topics Bibliography Demographics Culture Languages Religion Women Economy Sugar production Tourist attractions Geography History Telecommunications Transportation Government Congressional Delegates Elections Governors Politics Cannabis LGBT rights Same - sex marriage Senators Cities Anna 's Retreat Charlotte Amalie Charlotte Amalie West Christiansted Cruz Bay Frederiksted Islands Saint Croix Saint John Saint Thomas Water Island Others Parks Buck Island Reef NM Christiansted NHS Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve Virgin Islands Coral Reef NM Virgin Islands NP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands&oldid=808705939 '' Categories : Saint Thomas , U.S. Virgin Islands Islands of the United States Virgin Islands Former Danish colonies Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Danish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Asturianu Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Kiswahili Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 16 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is the island of st. thomas located | [
"Saint Thomas (Spanish: Santo Tomás; Dutch: Sint-Thomas; Danish: Sankt Thomas) is one of the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea and, together with St. John, Water Island and St. Croix, form a county and constituent district of the United States Virgin Islands (USVI), an unincorporated territory of the United States. Located on the island is the territorial capital and port of Charlotte Amalie. As of the 2010 census, the population of Saint Thomas was 51,634[2] about 48.5% of the US Virgin Islands total. The district has a land area of 32 square miles (83 km2).[3]"
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"the Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea"
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5636763360153412652 | The war to end war | The war to end war - wikipedia The war to end war Jump to : navigation , search For the 2000 album , see War to End All Wars ( album ) . Title page of The War That Will End War by H.G. Wells . Woodrow Wilson , the President of the United States , with whom the phrase is often associated . `` The war to end war '' ( sometimes called `` The war to end all wars '' ) was a term for the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 . Originally idealistic , it is now used mainly sardonically . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Later use 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) During August 1914 , immediately after the outbreak of the war , British author and social commentator H.G. Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitled The War That Will End War . Wells blamed the Central Powers for the coming of the war and argued that only the defeat of German militarism could bring about an end to war . Wells used the shorter form of the phrase , `` the war to end war '' , in In the Fourth Year ( 1918 ) , in which he noted that the phrase had `` got into circulation '' in the second half of 1914 . In fact , it had become one of the most common catchphrases of the First World War . In later years , the term became associated with Woodrow Wilson , despite the fact that Wilson used the phrase only once . Along with the phrase `` make the world safe for democracy '' , it embodied Wilson 's conviction that America 's entry into the war was necessary to preserve human freedom . Later Use ( edit ) Even during World War I , the phrase met with some degree of skepticism ; the British politician David Lloyd George is reputed to have said , `` This war , like the next war , is a war to end war . '' As it became apparent that the war had not succeeded in ending war , the phrase took on a more cynical tone . The British staff officer Archibald Wavell , a future field marshal and viceroy of India , said despondently of the Paris Peace Conference , `` After the ' war to end war ' , they seem to have been in Paris at making the ' Peace to end Peace ' . '' Wells himself used the phrase in an ironic way in the novel The Bulpington of Blup ( 1932 ) . Walter Lippmann wrote in Newsweek in 1967 , `` The delusion is that whatever war we are fighting is the war to end war '' , while President Richard Nixon , in his `` Silent Majority '' speech , said , `` I do not tell you that the war in Vietnam is the war to end wars '' . See also ( edit ) Mutual assured destruction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The war to end all wars BBC News 10 November 1998 ^ Jump up to : Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press US . pp. 792 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534334 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wagar , W. Warren ( 2004 ) . H.G. Wells : Traversing Time . Wesleyan University Press . p. 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6725 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Rempel , Richard A. , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell . Routledge . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 10463 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wells , H.G. ( 2008 ) . Short Works of Herbert George Wells . BiblioBazaar , LLC . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4375 - 2652 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Jamieson , Kathleen Hall ( 1990 ) . Eloquence in an Electronic Age : The Transformation of Political Speechmaking . Oxford University Press US . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506317 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stimpson , George William ( 1952 ) . A Book about American Politics . Harper . p. 365 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pagden , Anthony ( 2008 ) . Worlds at War : The 2,500 - year Struggle between East and West . Oxford University Press US . p. 407 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 923743 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wells , H.G. ( 1932 ) . The Bulpington of Blup . pp. 161 , 163 , 173 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . External links ( edit ) H.G. Wells , The War That Will End War on the Internet Archive Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_war_to_end_war&oldid=798974694 '' Categories : H.G. Wells Political catchphrases World War I Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar 日本 語 Português Română Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 22 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who coined the phrase war to end all wars | [
"During August 1914, immediately after the outbreak of the war, British author and social commentator H. G. Wells published a number of articles in London newspapers that subsequently appeared as a book entitled The War That Will End War.[3] Wells blamed the Central Powers for the coming of the war and argued that only the defeat of German militarism could bring about an end to war.[4] Wells used the shorter form of the phrase, \"the war to end war\", in In the Fourth Year (1918), in which he noted that the phrase had \"got into circulation\" in the second half of 1914.[5] In fact, it had become one of the most common catchphrases of the First World War.[4]"
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"H. G. Wells"
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2677285522728738358 | How Far I'll Go | How Far I 'll Go - wikipedia How Far I 'll Go `` How Far I 'll Go '' Song by Auliʻi Cravalho from the album Moana : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released November 18 , 2016 Format Digital download Genre Soul , show tune Length 2 : 43 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Lin - Manuel Miranda Producer ( s ) Miranda `` How Far I 'll Go '' is a song from Disney 's 2016 animated feature film Moana . It was written and produced by Lin - Manuel Miranda . The song was performed in the film by American actress and singer Auliʻi Cravalho in her role as Moana . It was released along with the album on November 18 , 2016 . Canadian singer Alessia Cara also recorded the song for the Moana soundtrack . The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards and Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards but lost both to `` City of Stars '' from La La Land . Contents 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Other languages 3.1 Charts 4 Certifications 5 Alessia Cara version 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Music video 5.3 Other languages 5.4 Charts 5.4. 1 Weekly charts 5.4. 2 Year - end charts 5.5 Certifications 6 Accolades 7 References Composition ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' was composed as Moana 's `` I Want '' song , following in the long tradition of `` I Want '' songs in 1990s Disney animated musicals . It replaced an earlier attempt called `` More '' , for which the demo version recorded by Marcy Harriell was released as an outtake on the deluxe version of the soundtrack album . Although Miranda has stressed that he is still `` very proud of '' the song as a first draft , `` More '' was not good enough in retrospect because it merely expressed Moana 's vague desire to see more since she had already figured out everything about the island . In contrast , `` How Far I 'll Go '' expresses a deeper , richer message : Moana 's struggle with the irresistible impulse to explore beyond the reef notwithstanding her genuine love for her island , her family , and her people . As Miranda explained to People : `` To me that 's much more complicated than , ' I hate it here and I want to get out , ' ... To say , ' I love it here , I love my parents , but why ca n't I stop walking to the ocean and fantasizing about getting out of here ? ' And questioning that instinct ? It 's even more confusing . And that 's a valid story too . '' To make himself write a song more compelling than `` More '' , Miranda `` went method '' . According to Miranda , he locked himself in his childhood bedroom at his parents ' residence for an entire weekend in order to force his mind back to age 16 ( the same age as Moana in the film ) , a time when he was facing what seemed like an `` impossible distance '' between the reality of his pleasant middle - class childhood which had no connection to show business whatsoever , and his dreams of a career in show business . He was well aware that he was composing the next Disney `` I Want '' song after `` Let It Go '' and that whatever he wrote had to be different from `` Let It Go '' . Music video ( edit ) A music video for the song was released on December 12 , 2016 . Other languages ( edit ) When the movie had its first theater release worldwide , the song numbered 44 versions , including a special Tahitian - language adaptation created specifically for the movie . For promotional purposes , South African singer Lira and Filipino singer and actress Janella Salvador recorded their own English - language versions of the song in order to play them over the end credits on the South African and Filipino release of the film , while Indonesian singer Maudy Ayunda and Malaysian singer Ayda Jebat recorded their own versions of the song respectively in Indonesian and Malaysian language . On December 15 , a 5 - languages mash - up was released online , featuring singers from Southeast Asian countries : Janella Salvador from the Philippines , Maudy Ayunda from Indonesia , Myra Molloy from Thailand , Ayda Jebat from Malaysia and Trần Minh Như from Vietnam . Shortly thereafter , a 24 - languages video was released on Disney 's Vevo channel . In June 2017 , a Māori - language version of the movie , featuring four voice - actors from the original English cast , was announced . Three weeks later , New Zealander Jaedyn Randell was introduced as Moana 's singing voice . The movie was released in September 2017 . In the same year , Shruti Rane ( Hindi ) reprised her role in the Bengali - language version of the movie . In November 2017 , a Hawaiian - language dubbing was announced to be under way , with Auliʻi Cravalho reprising her role as Moana . show `` How Far I 'll Go '' worldwide Language Performer Title Translation Arabic كارمن عصام سليمان ( Carmen Essam Suleiman ) `` المجهول يناديني '' ( `` Almajhul inadini '' ) `` The unknown calls me '' Bengali श्रुति राणे ( Shruti Rane ) `` আমার লক্ষ্য '' ( `` Aamar lakshya '' ) `` My goal '' Brazilian Portuguese Any Gabrielly `` Saber quem sou '' `` To know who I am '' Bulgarian Михаела Маринова ( Mihaela Marinova ) `` По пътя мой '' ( `` Po pŭtya moĭ '' ) `` On my way '' Cantonese 蘇麗珊 ( `` So Lai Shan '' ; Cecilia So ) ( zh ) `` 尋 我 的 路 '' ( `` Chàhm ngóh dīk louh '' ) `` Find my own path '' Castilian Spanish María Parrado `` Qué hay más allá '' `` What 's beyond '' Catalan Ana Fernández Pellicer `` On aniré '' `` Where I will go '' Croatian Mia Negovetić `` Što dalje '' `` What 's further away '' Czech Michaela Tomešová ( cs ) `` Co je tam dál '' `` What 's next '' Danish Clara Rugaard - Larsen `` Hvor langt min verden når '' `` How far my world reaches '' Dutch Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' English Auli'i Cravalho Janella Salvador ( Philippines end credits ) Lira ( South Africa end credits ) `` How far I 'll go '' Estonian Kelly Tulvik `` Kui kaugel see '' `` How far it is '' European Portuguese Sara Madeira `` Onde irei ter '' `` Where I will get to '' Finnish Yasmine Yamajako `` Taivaanrantaan '' `` Into the horizon '' Flemish Laura Tesoro `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' French Cerise Calixte `` Le bleu lumière '' `` The gleam - blue '' German Debby Van Dooren `` Ich bin bereit '' `` I am ready '' Greek Μαρίνα Σάττι ( Marína Sátti ) ( el ) `` Αν θα την βρω '' ( `` An tha tin vro '' ) `` If I 'll find it '' Hawaiian Auliʻi Cravalho `` I hei anau '' `` Where I am going '' Hebrew משי קלינשטיין ( Meshi Kleinstein ) ( he ) `` כמה רחוק '' ( `` Kama rachok '' ) `` How far '' Hindi श्रुति राणे ( Shruti Rane ) `` मंजिल हैं जो '' ( `` Manzil hai jo '' ) `` Where my destination is '' Hungarian Faluvégi Fanni `` Ahogy csillan a távoli fény '' `` How the distant shine gleams '' Icelandic Agla Bríet Einarsdóttir `` Hve langt ég fer '' `` How far I 'll go '' Indonesian ( Indonesia credits ) Maudy Ayunda `` Seberapa jauh ku melangkah '' `` How far I step '' Italian Chiara Grispo `` Oltre l'orizzonte '' `` Beyond the horizon '' Japanese 屋比久 知 奈 ( Tomona Yabiku ) `` どこまでも '' ( `` Doko made mo '' ) `` To the ends of the earth '' Kazakh Назерке Серікболова ( Nazerke Serikbolova ) `` Бірақ қайда барам '' ( `` Biraq qayda baram '' ) `` Where do I go '' Korean 김소향 ( Kim So - Hyang ) `` 나 언젠간 떠날 거야 '' ( `` Na ŏnjen - gan ttŏnal gŏya '' ) `` When will I leave '' Latin American Spanish Sara Paula Gómez Arias `` Cuán lejos voy '' `` How far I go '' Latvian Vanda Siliņa `` Cik tālu došos es '' `` How far do I go '' Lithuanian Dorotėja Kravčenkaitė `` Plauksiu iš čia '' `` I 'll sail from here '' Malaysian ( Malaysia credits ) Ayda Jebat `` Bawaku berkelana '' `` Take me wander '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 刘美麟 ( Liú Měi - Lín ) ( zh ) `` 能 走 多 远 '' ( `` Néng zǒu duō yuǎn '' ) `` How far I 'll go '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 吳 以 悠 ( `` Wú Yǐ - Yōu '' ; Monica Wu ) `` 海洋 之 心 '' ( `` Hǎiyáng zhī xīn '' ) `` The heart of the sea '' Māori Jaedyn Randell `` Tukuna au '' `` I was released '' Norwegian Nora Gjestvang `` Hvor langt jeg må '' `` How far I need '' Polish Weronika Bochat `` Pół kroku stąd '' `` Half a step away '' Romanian Ana Bianca Popescu `` E viața mea '' `` It 's my life '' Russian Зинаида Куприянович ( Zinaida Kupriyanovich ) ( ru ) `` Что меня ждёт '' ( `` Chto menya zhdyot '' ) `` What awaits me '' Serbian Ivona Rambosek ( Ивона Рамбосек ) ( sr ) `` Пучине зов '' ( `` Pučine zov '' ) `` Call of the high seas '' Slovak Monika Potokárová `` Svet plný krás , naozaj mám '' `` This beautiful world is truly mine '' Slovene Katja Ajster `` Do kod naj grem '' `` Where should I go '' Swedish Wiktoria Johansson `` Vad jag kan nå '' `` What I can reach '' Tahitian Sabrina Laughlin `` E fano ai au '' `` I will go '' Tamil M. Haripriya Unknown Unknown Thai ไม ร่า มณี ภัสสร มอ ล ลอย ( Myra Molloy ) `` ห่าง เพียง ใด '' ( `` Hang - phiang - dai '' ) `` How far is it '' Turkish Ezgi Erol `` Uzaklara '' `` To far off places '' Ukrainian Маргарита Мелешко ( Margarita Meleshko ) `` Ця далина така ясна '' ( `` Tsya dalyna taka yasna '' ) `` This expance is so bright '' Vietnamese Trần Minh Như `` Chặng đường bao xa '' `` How far the way is '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 49 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 53 New Zealand Heatseekers ( Recorded Music NZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 100 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 55 US Billboard Hot 100 41 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Alessia Cara version ( edit ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' Single by Alessia Cara from the album Moana : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Released October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) Format Digital download Genre Synthpop tropical house Length 2 : 55 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Lin - Manuel Miranda Producer ( s ) Miranda Alessia Cara singles chronology `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Stay '' ( 2017 ) `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' ( 2016 ) `` How Far I 'll Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Stay '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` How Far I 'll Go '' on YouTube Canadian singer and songwriter Alessia Cara recorded `` How Far I 'll Go '' for the Moana soundtrack , with the song being released ahead of the soundtrack on October 28 , 2016 . Critical reception ( edit ) Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos called the song `` inspirational and sweet '' and went on to say `` the uplifting song is a perfect fit into the Disney canon , with Cara belting lyrics about persevering to achieve her dreams in spite of her imperfections or detractors . '' US magazine Rap - Up said `` the empowering anthem allows the Canadian songstress to deliver outstanding vocals about overcoming adversity to reach for goals '' and labeled it `` a song with a message '' and an `` emotionally - charged track . '' Taylor Weatherby of Billboard dubbed it a `` bouncy , uplifting tune . '' Idolator 's Mike Wass said `` the inspiring anthem is the perfect antidote to the general ugliness of 2016 '' and called it `` a soaring ballad . '' Music video ( edit ) The official music video for the song , directed by Aya Tanimura , was released on November 3 , 2016 . Derek Lawrence of Entertainment Weekly described the video : `` The video finds Cara roaming an empty beach as she belts out lyrics that reflect the film 's plot about a young Polynesian girl setting sail for an epic adventure . '' The video was filmed at El Matador Beach in Malibu , California . Other languages ( edit ) In many versions of Moana , Alessia Cara 's version of the song played during the end credits . However , several localized adaptations of Cara 's version of the song were recorded for the end credits of the film as released in certain markets around the world . Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) ( Dutch ) , Laura Tesoro ( Flemish ) and Cerise Calixte ( French ) sang the song both for the end credits and the movie . hide `` How far I 'll go '' end credits version worldwide Language Performer Title Translation Dutch Vajèn van den Bosch ( nl ) `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' English Alessia Cara `` How Far I 'll Go '' Flemish Laura Tesoro `` Ooit zal ik gaan '' `` Sometime I 'll go '' French Cerise Calixte `` Le bleu lumière '' `` The gleam - blue '' German Helene Fischer `` Ich bin bereit '' `` I am ready '' Japanese 加藤 ミリヤ ( Miliyah Kato ) `` どこまでも '' ( `` Doko made mo '' ) `` To the ends of the earth '' Kazakh Гулсим Мырзабекова ( Gulsim Myrzabekova ) `` Бірақ қайда барам '' ( `` Biraq qayda daram '' ) `` Where do I go '' Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 吉克 隽 逸 ( `` Jike Junyì '' ; Summer Jike ) ( zh ) `` 海洋 之 心 '' ( `` Hǎiyáng zhī xīn '' ) `` The heart of the sea '' Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 阿 玲 ( `` Ā Líng '' ; A-Lin ) Māori Maisey Rika `` Tukuna Au '' `` I was released '' Polish Natalia Nykiel `` Pół kroku stąd '' `` Half a step away '' Russian Юлианна Караулова ( Yulianna Karaulova ) `` Ceрдцe мoё '' ( `` Syerdtse moyo '' ) `` My heart '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 58 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 19 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 46 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 29 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 53 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 31 Ireland ( IRMA ) 26 Italy ( FIMI ) 51 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 67 Malaysia ( RIM ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 79 Portugal ( AFP ) 40 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 80 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 66 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 56 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 76 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 70 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Gold 20,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 3 × Platinum 120,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Moana ( 2016 film ) Awards Award Result Ref . Critics ' Choice Awards ( 22nd ) Best Song Nominated St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association ( 13th ) Best Song Houston Film Critics Society ( 10th ) Best Original Song Golden Globe Awards ( 74th ) Best Original Song Academy Awards ( 89th ) Best Original Song Grammy Awards ( 60th ) Best Song Written for Visual Media Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor Weatherby ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' How Far I 'll Go , ' Written By Lin - Manuel Miranda for Disney 's Upcoming Film ' Moana ' : Listen - Billboard '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gagliano , Rico ; Miranda , Lin - Manuel ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda on ' I Want ' Songs , Going Method for ' Moana ' and Fearing David Bowie '' ( Transcript ) . The Dinner Party Download . American Public Radio . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , Dave ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` How Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Oscar - Nominated Moana Track Evolved into Disney 's Most Unique Ballad '' . People . New York : Time Inc . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - How Far I 'll Go ( From ' Moana ' ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Moana ' to be First Disney Film Translated Into Tahitian Language '' . EW.com. 2016 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ El Broide , `` Lira Lends Her Voice To Disney 's Moana Soundtrack '' , People , November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios Philippines ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) , Disney 's Moana - MV teaser - Janella Salvador , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Indonesia ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) , Disney 's Moana : Maudy Ayunda - Seb'rapa Jauh Ku Melangkah / How Far I 'll Go , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Studios , Malaysia ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) , Disney 's Moana `` How Far I 'll Go '' - Ayda Jebat , retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 Jump up ^ Walt Disney Thailand ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) , มิวสิค วิดีโอ Moana - How Far I 'll Go ( Mash up ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ DisneyMusicVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) , Various Artists - How Far I 'll Go - Heard Around the World ( 24 Languages ) ( From `` Moana '' ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ Speak Māori ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) , Te Reo Māori Moana Casting , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 Jump up ^ disney portuguêsfrançais ( 2017 - 07 - 03 ) , Meet the Maori Voices of Moana and Maui , retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Auli'i Nov 2 , 2017 at 7 : 00pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://disneyinternationalvoices.weebly.com/moana--vaiana.html Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Auli'i Cravalho -- How Far I 'll Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - Chart history ( Billboard Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Auli'i Cravalho - Chart history ( Billboard Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Auli'i Cravalho '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Auli'i Cravalho in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Auli'i Cravalho '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Francesca Bacardi ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's How Far I 'll Go From Moana Is Your New Anthem - E ! News '' . E ! News . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brittany Spanos ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Alessia Cara 's Lin - Manuel Miranda - Penned ' How Far I 'll Go ' - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Alessia Cara - ' How Far I 'll Go ' - Rap - Up '' . Rap - Up . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Wass ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara 's ' How Far I 'll Go ' Video - Idolator '' . Idolator . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara - How Far I 'll Go ( Official Video ) - YouTube '' . YouTube . November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derek Lawrence ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Alessia Cara debuts beauty music video for ' Moana ' song ' How Far I 'll Go ' - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Black Dog ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Aya Tanimura directs Alessia Cara in `` How Far I 'll Go '' , music video to accompany Disney 's Moana `` . Black Dog Films . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vaiana ( Originele Nederlandstalige Soundtrack ) ' van Various Artists op Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Moana / Flemish cast '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ disneymusicfrVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) , Cerise Calixte - Le bleu lumière ( Interprétée par Cerise Calixte ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ disneymusicdeVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) , Helene Fischer - Ich bin bereit ( aus `` Vaiana '' / Helene Fischer Version ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` YESASIA : Moana Original Soundtrack ( Japanese Version ) ( Japan Version ) CD - Japan Animation Soundtrack , Movie Soundtrack - Japanese Music - Free Shipping '' . www.yesasia.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` How Far I 'll Go ( From `` Moana '' ) ( Kazakh Version ) - Single by Gulsim Myrzabekova on Apple Music `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Moana ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Deluxe Edition ) on Apple Music '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . 海洋 之 心 ( 吉克 雋 逸 版 ) - Summer Jike Jump up ^ ku6entertainment ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) , 《 海洋 奇 缘 》 中文 主题 曲 《 海洋 之 心 》 全 长 MV , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` Moana ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( Deluxe Edition ) on Apple Music '' . 2017 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . 海洋 之 心 ( A-Lin Version ) Jump up ^ 迪士尼 影 業 ( 2017 - 01 - 05 ) , 《 海洋 奇 緣 》 中文 版 主題 曲 - A-Lin 〈 海洋 之 心 〉 Official Music Video , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ DisneyMusicVEVO ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) , Maisey Rika - How Far I 'll Go ( Tukuna Au ) ( From `` Moana '' / Maisey Rika Version / Audio Only ) , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 Jump up ^ DisneyPolskaVEVO ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) , Natalia Nykiel - Pól kroku stad ( z filmu `` Vaiana - Skarb Oceanu '' / Official Lyric Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 Jump up ^ `` '' Моана ( Оригинальный саундтрек ) '' ( Разные Артисты ) в Apple Music `` . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201703 into search . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 13 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 8 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 7 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201709 into search . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan - Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alessia Cara Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I _́ ll Go '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Alessia Cara -- How Far I 'll Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Type ' in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select ' and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Alessia Cara '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards '' . Critics ' Choice Awards . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annual StLFCA Awards - St. Louis Film Critics Association '' . St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clayton Davis ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations - ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost - AwardsCircuit.com - By Clayton Davis '' . AwardsCircuit . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Nominations 2017 : Full List of Nominees - Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guardian Film ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscar nominations 2017 : the full list '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/60th-grammy-awards-full-nominees-list Alessia Cara Discography Studio albums Know - It - All EPs Four Pink Walls Singles `` Here '' `` Wild Things '' `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' `` How Far I 'll Go '' `` Stay '' `` Growing Pains '' Featured singles `` Wild '' `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media 1988 -- 1990 1988 : `` Somewhere Out There '' 1989 : `` Two Hearts '' 1990 : `` Let the River Run '' 1991 -- 2000 1991 : `` Under the Sea '' 1992 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It For You '' 1993 : `` Beauty and the Beast '' 1994 : `` A Whole New World '' 1995 : `` Streets of Philadelphia '' 1996 : `` Colors of the Wind '' 1997 : `` Because You Loved Me '' 1998 : `` I Believe I Can Fly '' 1999 : `` My Heart Will Go On '' 2000 : `` Beautiful Stranger '' 2001 -- 2010 2001 : `` When She Loved Me '' 2002 : `` Boss of Me '' 2003 : `` If I Did n't Have You '' 2004 : `` A Mighty Wind '' 2005 : `` Into the West '' 2006 : `` Believe '' 2007 : `` Our Town '' 2008 : `` Love You I Do '' 2009 : `` Down to Earth '' 2010 : `` Jai Ho '' 2011 -- present 2011 : `` The Weary Kind '' 2012 : `` I See the Light '' 2013 : `` Safe & Sound '' 2014 : `` Skyfall '' 2015 : `` Let It Go '' 2016 : `` Glory '' 2017 : `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' 2018 : `` How Far I 'll Go '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Far_I%27ll_Go&oldid=854649007 '' Categories : 2016 songs 2016 singles Alessia Cara songs Disney songs Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media Pop ballads Songs from animated films Songs written by Lin - Manuel Miranda Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Brazil Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sings how far i'll go from moana | [
"\"How Far I'll Go\" is a song from Disney's 2016 animated feature film Moana. It was written and produced by Lin-Manuel Miranda.[1] The song was performed in the film by American actress and singer Auliʻi Cravalho in her role as Moana. It was released along with the album on November 18, 2016. Canadian singer Alessia Cara also recorded the song for the Moana soundtrack. The song was nominated for Best Original Song at the 89th Academy Awards and Best Original Song at the 74th Golden Globe Awards but lost both to \"City of Stars\" from La La Land.\n"
] | [
"Auliʻi Cravalho"
] |
-676910318656412751 | Daniel Whiston | Daniel Whiston - Wikipedia Daniel Whiston Jump to : navigation , search Dan Whiston Whiston and Hayley Tamaddon on the Dancing on Ice tour in 2010 Country represented England ( 1976 - 11 - 21 ) 21 November 1976 ( age 41 ) Blackpool , England Residence Blackpool Daniel J Whiston ( born 21 November 1976 in Blackpool ) is an English ice skater . He appeared in Strictly Ice Dancing on BBC One and all series of ITV show Dancing on Ice . He won the first series of Dancing on Ice while partnering actress Gaynor Faye , the fifth series with former Emmerdale actress Hayley Tamaddon and the eighth series with Olympic artistic gymnast , Beth Tweddle . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Career 2.1 Dancing on Ice 2.2 Fitness instructor 2.3 Shows 3 Business interests 4 Personal life 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) Whiston was born on 21 November 1976 in Blackpool and is the son of Marj and William Whiston , he still lives in Blackpool . He started ice skating at the age of seven at the Blackpool Pleasure Beach 's Ice Arena . He worked in the Arena and took part in his first show there when he was 18 years old . He also appeared in a tour of Grease on Ice in North America , and appeared in the Hot Ice Show at the Arena until 2006 . He appears in the DVDs of the Hot Ice shows Quixotic , Xylatomia , H2O , Amarin and Chill . Career ( edit ) Whiston appeared in the one - off Strictly Ice Dancing broadcast on BBC One on 26 December 2004 . Whiston performed at the 2010 Royal Variety Show , performing a combination of roller - blading and acrobatic . Dancing on Ice ( edit ) Main article : Dancing on Ice Whiston has appeared in every series of Dancing on Ice since ITV started broadcasting it in January 2006 , he is the first and only professional skater to win the show three times . He is famous for his cheeky wink at the start of each performance . On 21 May 2013 , ITV confirmed that Dancing on Ice would end in 2014 after its ninth series meaning that with three wins as a professional Whiston will become the most successful professional partner in the show 's history . Whiston will return to Dancing on Ice for its tenth series in January 2018 . He is partnered with Cheryl Baker . Series ( Year ) Celebrity Partner Place 1 ( 2006 ) Gaynor Faye 1st 2 ( 2007 ) Emily Symons 4th 3 ( 2008 ) Linda Lusardi 6th 4 ( 2009 ) Roxanne Pallett 6th 5 ( 2010 ) Hayley Tamaddon 1st 6 ( 2011 ) Kerry Katona 8th 7 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Ellison 4th 8 ( 2013 ) Beth Tweddle 1st 9 ( 2014 ) Hayley Tamaddon 2nd 10 ( 2018 ) Cheryl Baker 9th Whiston won the first series of Dancing on Ice on 3 March 2006 with partner , actress Gaynor Faye , He was also a presenter at the British Soap Awards on 24 May 2006 . In the second series in 2007 Whiston reached the semi-finals , finishing fourth , with actress Emily Symons , before being eliminated in a skate - off against singer Duncan James and his partner , Maria Filippov . With Symons also appearing in the soap opera , Emmerdale set in and filmed in West Yorkshire , they initially trained at Bradford Ice Arena in Bradford each week before travelling down to London for dress rehearsals . In the third series in 2008 , Whiston was partnered with another Emmerdale actress , Linda Lusardi and again they initially trained in Bradford . Following Lusardi 's departure from the soap , and subsequent return to her family home in the south of England , it was revealed that Whiston had temporarily moved in with her family , to enable them to practise without the need for excessive travelling . Initial training was problematic as Lusardi broke her foot . They were voted out in week seven , finishing sixth , in a skate - off with actress Zaraah Abrahams and her partner Fred Palascak . Both Whiston and Lusardi appeared in the Dancing on Ice Tour 2008 . In the fourth series in 2009 , Whiston was partnered with Roxanne Pallett another former Emmerdale actress . In week 8 Daniel and Roxanne were in the skate off against Zöe Salmon and Matt Evers and were eliminated 5 - 0 . Whiston won the fifth series of Dancing on Ice on 28 March 2010 with yet another former Emmerdale actress and childhood friend Hayley Tamaddon . In the sixth series in 2011 , Whiston was partnered with former Reality TV Star Kerry Katona . They were eliminated in week 5 , in a skate off against Jeff Brazier & partner Isabelle Gauthier . In the seventh series in 2012 Whiston 's Partner was Brookside actress Jennifer Ellison . They were eliminated in the semi-final against Jorgie Porter and her partner Matt Evers . Whiston won the eighth series of Dancing on Ice on 10 March 2013 and became a three - time champion with Olympic gymnast Beth Tweddle . Whiston returned for his ninth series of Dancing on Ice for its `` All - Star '' series in 2014 with Hayley Tamaddon whom he won the show with in 2010 . They made it to the final on 9 March 2014 and finished as runners - up . When Dancing On Ice return in 2018 for its 10th series , Whiston competed with singer Cheryl Baker from Bucks Fizz . They were eliminated in week 5 , in a skate off against Donna Air and her partner Mark Hanretty . Fitness instructor ( edit ) Whiston trained as a fitness and Zumba instructor in 2014 and runs a number of classes across the Fylde Coast . In 2015 he released his first fitness DVD `` Dance Fit . '' Shows ( edit ) Following Dancing on Ice , in December 2015 Whiston starred in the panto Snow White as Prince Charming at the Grand Theatre , Blackpool . The theatre reported the panto as its best - selling show ever . In October 2016 Whiston starred in Intimissimi on Ice with international opera great Andrea Bocelli in Verona , Italy . Business interests ( edit ) With business partner and fellow ice skater Karen Barber , Whiston owns a number of Subway restaurants across Lancashire . In 2017 Whiston , Karen Barber and their business partners opened Clip n ' Climb Blackpool - an indoor climbing and activity attraction . Personal life ( edit ) Whiston lives close to his family in Blackpool . While maintaining his businesses and skating , he is also a Patron of Fylde children 's hospice Brian House He regularly supports events for Brian House and in 2014 organised a charity Zumbathon to raise money . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Daniel J Whiston - Poulton - Le - Fylde FY6 - full address - 192.com '' . www.192.com . Jump up ^ `` Fylde 's Dancing on Ice star back to the floor '' . www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Mark ( 2006 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Daniel Whiston '' . The Stage . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Inside Out - '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` EABF - Entertainment Artistes ' Benevolent Fund / Variety News '' . www.eabf.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Cool guy Dan still in shock at TV triumph '' . Blackpool Gazette. 2006 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` The British Soap Awards 2006 '' . Internet Movie Database. 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ice stars ' Dan and Linda jet off to US '' . Blackpool Gazette. 2008 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Harris , Emma ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` Local duo favourites for TV crown '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 26 January 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3377363/Can-celebrity-DVDs-really-fit-living-room.html Jump up ^ http://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/news/dan-whiston-s-magical-show-with-andrea-bocelli-in-italy-1-8190812 Jump up ^ http://www.trinityhospice.co.uk/events/zumbathon-dan-whiston/ External links ( edit ) Official website Daniel Whiston on IMDb DANCE FIT Preceded by None Dancing on Ice Champion ( with partner Gaynor Faye ) Series 1 ( 2006 ) Succeeded by Kyran Bracken and Melanie Lambert Preceded by Ray Quinn and Maria Filippov Dancing on Ice Champion ( with partner Hayley Tamaddon ) Series 5 ( 2010 ) Succeeded by Sam Attwater and Brianne Delcourt Preceded by Matthew Wolfenden ( actor ) and Nina Ulanova Dancing on Ice Champion ( with partner Beth Tweddle ) Series 8 ( 2013 ) Succeeded by Ray Quinn and Maria Filippov ( hide ) Dancing on Ice Series 5 6 7 8 9 10 Winners Celebrities Gaynor Faye Kyran Bracken Suzanne Shaw Ray Quinn Hayley Tamaddon Sam Attwater Matthew Wolfenden Beth Tweddle Jake Quickenden Professionals Daniel Whiston Melanie Lambert Matt Evers Maria Filippov Brianne Delcourt Nina Ulanova Vanessa Bauer Other Professionals Viktoria Borzenkova Brooke Castile Hamish Gaman Isabelle Gauthier Mark Hanretty Jodeyne Higgins Florentine Houdinière Marika Humphreys Sylvain Longchambon Pamela O'Connor Colin Ratushniak Sean Rice Łukasz Różycki Todd Sand Olga Sharutenko Michael Zenezini Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Whiston&oldid=829058855 '' Categories : Participants in British reality television series People from Blackpool 1978 births Living people English male ice dancers Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 March 2018 , at 11 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did dan win dancing on ice with | [
"Daniel J Whiston[1] (born 21 November 1976 in Blackpool) is an English ice skater. He appeared in Strictly Ice Dancing on BBC One and all series of ITV show Dancing on Ice. He won the first series of Dancing on Ice while partnering actress Gaynor Faye, the fifth series with former Emmerdale actress Hayley Tamaddon and the eighth series with Olympic artistic gymnast, Beth Tweddle.",
"Daniel J Whiston[1] (born 21 November 1976 in Blackpool) is an English ice skater. He appeared in Strictly Ice Dancing on BBC One and all series of ITV show Dancing on Ice. He won the first series of Dancing on Ice while partnering actress Gaynor Faye, the fifth series with former Emmerdale actress Hayley Tamaddon and the eighth series with Olympic artistic gymnast, Beth Tweddle.",
"Daniel J Whiston[1] (born 21 November 1976 in Blackpool) is an English ice skater. He appeared in Strictly Ice Dancing on BBC One and all series of ITV show Dancing on Ice. He won the first series of Dancing on Ice while partnering actress Gaynor Faye, the fifth series with former Emmerdale actress Hayley Tamaddon and the eighth series with Olympic artistic gymnast, Beth Tweddle."
] | [
"Gaynor Faye",
"Hayley Tamaddon",
"Beth Tweddle"
] |
-7443293607609906064 | Benedict's reagent | Benedict 's reagent - wikipedia Benedict 's reagent Jump to : navigation , search `` Benedict 's '' redirects here . For other uses , see Benedict ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Benedict 's test Positive Benedict 's test Classification Colorimetric method Analytes Reducing sugars Benedict 's reagent ( often called Benedict 's qualitative solution or Benedict 's solution ) is a chemical reagent named after American chemist Stanley Rossiter Benedict . It is a complex mixture of sodium carbonate , sodium citrate and copper ( II ) sulfate pentahydrate . It is often used in place of Fehling 's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars . The presence of other reducing substances also gives a positive reaction . Such tests that use this reagent are called the Benedict 's tests . A positive test with Benedict 's reagent is shown by a color change from clear blue to a brick - red precipitate . Generally , Benedict 's test detects the presence of aldehydes and alpha - hydroxy - ketones , also by hemiacetal , including those that occur in certain ketoses . Thus , although the ketose fructose is not strictly a reducing sugar , it is an alpha - hydroxy - ketone , and gives a positive test because it is converted to the aldoses glucose and mannose by the base in the reagent . The principle of Benedict 's test is that when reducing sugars are heated in the presence of an alkali they are converted to powerful reducing species known as enediols . Enediols reduce the cupric compounds ( Cu ) present in the Benedict 's reagent to cuprous compounds ( Cu ) which are precipitated as insoluble red copper ( I ) oxide ( Cu O ) . The color of the obtained precipitate gives an idea about the quantity of sugar present in the solution , hence the test is semi-quantitative . A greenish precipitate indicates about 0.5 g % concentration ; yellow precipitate indicates 1 g % concentration ; orange indicates 1.5 g % and red indicates 2 g % or higher concentration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benedict 's test 2 Benedict 's solution 3 Quantitative reagent 4 See also 5 References Benedict 's test ( edit ) To test for the presence of monosaccharides and reducing disaccharide sugars in food , the food sample is dissolved in water , and a small amount of Benedict 's reagent is added . During a water bath , which is usually 4 -- 10 minutes , the solution should progress in the colors of blue ( with no reducing sugar present ) , orange , yellow , green , red , and then brick red precipitate or brown ( with high reducing sugar present ) . A color change would signify the presence of a reducing sugar . The common disaccharides lactose and maltose are directly detected by Benedict 's reagent because each contains a glucose with a free reducing aldehyde moiety , after isomerization . Sucrose ( table sugar ) contains two sugars ( fructose and glucose ) joined by their glycosidic bond in such a way as to prevent the glucose isomerizing to aldehyde , or the fructose to alpha - hydroxy - ketone form . Sucrose is thus a non-reducing sugar which does not react with Benedict 's reagent . Sucrose indirectly produces a positive result with Benedict 's reagent if heated with dilute hydrochloric acid prior to the test , although after this treatment it is no longer sucrose . The acidic conditions and heat break the glycosidic bond in sucrose through hydrolysis . The products of sucrose decomposition are glucose and fructose , both of which can be detected by Benedict 's reagent , as described above . Starches do not react or react very poorly with Benedict 's reagent , due to the relatively small number of reducing sugar moieties , which occur only at the ends of carbohydrate chains . Inositol ( myoinositol ) is another carbohydrate which produces a negative test . Benedict 's reagent can be used to test for the presence of glucose in urine . Glucose in urine is called glucosuria and can be indicative of diabetes mellitus , but the test is not recommended or used for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus . A false positive reaction can be due to the presence of other reducing substances in urine such as ascorbic acid ( during intake of vitamin supplements ) , drugs ( levodopa , contrast used in radiological procedures ) and homogentisic acid ( alkaptonuria ) . Benedict 's solution ( edit ) Benedict 's solution is a deep - blue solution used to test for the presence of the aldehyde functional group , - CHO . It is an aqueous alkaline mixture of CuSO and sodium citrate . Here sodium citrate is the complexing agent that keeps Cu in solution , which would otherwise precipitate as cupric carbonate . The substance to be tested is heated up to 95 ° C ( for example , in a water bath ) with Benedict 's solution ; formation of a brick - red precipitate indicates presence of the aldehyde group in relatively high concentrations . Since simple sugars ( e.g. , glucose ) give a positive test , the solution is used to test for the presence of glucose in urine , a symptom of diabetes . One litre of Benedict 's solution contains 173 grammes sodium citrate , 100 grammes sodium carbonate , and 17.3 grammes cupric sulphate pentahydrate . It reacts chemically similarly to Fehling 's solution ; the cupric ion ( complexed with citrate ions ) is reduced to cuprous ion by the aldehyde group ( which is oxidised ) , and precipitates as cuprous oxide , Cu O . Experiment Observation Inference Substance in water + 3ml Benedict 's solution , then boil for few minutes and allow to cool . Red , green , or yellow precipitate is obtained Reducing sugar e.g. Glucose is present Substance in water + 3ml Benedict 's solution , then boil for few minutes and allow to cool . Solution remains clear or is a little blue Reducing sugar is not present Quantitative reagent ( edit ) Benedict 's quantitative reagent contains potassium thiocyanate and is used to determine how much reducing sugar is present . This solution forms a copper thiocyanate precipitate which is white and can be used in a titration . The titration should be repeated with 1 % glucose solution instead of the sample for calibration . See also ( edit ) Other oxidizing reagents Dextrose equivalent Tollens ' reagent Fehling 's solution Other reducing reagents ( opposite ) Jones reductor Walden reductor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benedict , S.R. 7 ( 1 January 1909 ) . `` A Reagent For the Detection of Reducing Sugars '' ( PDF ) . J. Biol. Chem. 5 ( 6 ) : 485 -- 487 . Jump up ^ Robert D. Simoni ; Robert L. Hill & Martha Vaughan ( 2002 ) . `` Benedict 's Solution , a Reagent for Measuring Reducing Sugars : the Clinical Chemistry of Stanley R. Benedict '' . J. Biol. Chem. 277 ( 16 ) : 10 -- 11 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M110516200 . PMID 11773074 . ^ Jump up to : Collins Edexcel International GCSEBiology , Student Book ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 745000 - 8 ) p. 42 - 43 Symptoms and signs relating to endocrine system , nutrition and development ( R62 -- R64 , 783 ) Weight and appetite decrease : Anorexia Weight loss Cachexia Underweight increase : Polyphagia Polydipsia Orexigenia Weight gain Growth Delayed milestone Failure to thrive Short stature Idiopathic Thyroid disease General Goitre Graves ' disease Abadie 's sign of exophthalmic goiter Boston 's sign Dalrymple 's sign Stellwag 's sign lid lag Von Graefe 's sign Griffith 's sign Möbius sign Hypothyroidism Queen Anne 's sign Nutrition Rickets Harrison 's groove Benedict solution Metabolic disorders low calcium Chvostek sign Trosseau 's sign low glucose Whipple 's triad Analytical reagents and tests Metals Aluminon Xylenol orange Sugars , fats , and proteins Sugars & Starches Benedict 's reagent ( reducing sugars etc ) Aniline acetate test ( pentoses ) Starch indicator Molisch 's test ( carbs ) Proteins & amino acids Biuret test ( proteins ) Bicinchoninic acid assay ( concentration ) Bradford protein assay ( concentration ) Lowry protein assay ( total protein ) Pierce Protein Assay ( total protein ) Tollens ' reagent ( aldehyde & ketones ) Fehling 's solution ( aldehyde & ketones ) Van Slyke determination ( amino acids ) Sakaguchi test ( arginine ) Fats Sudan stain ( lipids ) Alcohols Benedict 's reagent ( aldehyde & ketones etc ) Denigés ' reagent Lucas ' reagent ( types of alcohols ) Drugs Dille -- Koppanyi reagent ( barbiturates etc ) Ehrlich 's reagent ( indoles , etc ) Froehde reagent ( opioids ) Gallic acid reagent ( drug precursor ) Liebermann reagent ( street drugs ) Mandelin reagent ( ketamine ) Marquis reagent ( MDMA , opiates , etc ) Mecke reagent Pill testing ( general ) Simon 's reagent Zimmermann reagent ( Benzodiazepines ) Zwikker reagent ( barbiturates ) Salicylate testing other Dragendorff 's reagent ( alkaloids ) Fenton 's reagent ( creates free radicals ) Folin -- Ciocalteu reagent ( antioxidants ) Murexide test ( caffeine etc ) Melzer 's reagent ( fungi ) Marquis reagent ( various ) Nitrate test Nitrite test Luminol ( blood ) Pesticide detection kit Fecal coliform detection Prion detection kit Food portal Drink portal Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict%27s_reagent&oldid=823810397 '' Categories : Copper compounds Chemical tests Coordination compounds Oxidizing agents Analytical reagents Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles lacking in - text citations from May 2015 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska தமிழ் 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 February 2018 , at 15 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the general name given to molecules detected by benedict's reagent | [
"It is a complex mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium citrate and copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.[2] It is often used in place of Fehling's solution to detect the presence of reducing sugars. The presence of other reducing substances also gives a positive reaction.[3] Such tests that use this reagent are called the Benedict's tests. A positive test with Benedict's reagent is shown by a color change from clear blue to a brick-red precipitate."
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"reducing sugars"
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-2831823324448528350 | Albert E. Brumley | Albert E. Brumley - wikipedia Albert E. Brumley Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Albert E. Brumley Birth name Albert Edward Brumley ( 1905 - 10 - 29 ) October 29 , 1905 near Spiro , Oklahoma , United States November 15 , 1977 ( 1977 - 11 - 15 ) ( aged 72 ) Powell , Missouri , United States Genres Christian Albert Edward Brumley ( October 29 , 1905 -- November 15 , 1977 ) was an American shape note music composer and publisher , prolific in the genre of southern gospel Biography ( edit ) Brumley was born near Spiro , Oklahoma on October 29 , 1905 . Pre-Dustbowl Oklahoma was primarily made up of sparse agricultural communities ; Brumley 's family was no different . He spent much of his early life chopping and picking cotton on his family 's farm . In 1926 , he enrolled in the Hartford Musical Institute of Hartford , Arkansas , and studied there through 1931 . The Institute was led by Eugene Monroe Bartlett ( 1884 -- 1941 ) , owner of the Hartford Music Company and composer of the well - known gospel song `` Victory in Jesus '' . Brumley purchased Hartford Music Company in 1948 . Brumley married Goldie Edith Schell in 1931 . They lived on the banks of Big Sugar Creek in Powell , Missouri , where they raised six children . `` I 'll Fly Away , '' `` Turn Your Radio On , '' `` If We Never Meet Again ( This Side of Heaven ) , '' `` I 'll Meet You In The Morning , '' and `` He Set Me Free '' are among a host of favorites written by Albert E. Brumley . He wrote over 800 songs . He established the Albert E. Brumley Sundown to Sunup Gospel Sing ( now Albert E. Brumley Gospel Sing ) in 1969 in Springdale , Arkansas . Brumley has been inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame , Gospel Music Hall of Fame , and Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame . Albert Brumley was a member of the Church of Christ and is buried at Fox Church of Christ Cemetery near Powell , Missouri . He died November 15 , 1977 . Brumley 's son Tom , who would die in 2009 , later became a respected steel guitarist in country music and songleader in the Church of Christ in Powell . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freeman , Greg ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) . `` E.M. Bartlett ( 1885 1941 ) '' . Encyclopedia of Arkansas history & culture ( Southern ed . ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Charles ( 1998 ) . `` Albert E. Brumley '' . In Paul Kingsbury . Encyclopedia of Country Music . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal `` Albert E. Brumley '' . Find a Grave . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Biographical Sketch on the Life of Albert E. Brumley Brumley Music Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Brumley , Albert VIAF : 41042758 LCCN : n92116113 MusicBrainz : 169262bf - 4d97 - 408c - b108 - deb588ae7730 IATH : w6xx9zpg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_E._Brumley&oldid=798676720 '' Categories : 1905 births 1977 deaths American male composers American composers American gospel singers American members of the Churches of Christ People from Spiro , Oklahoma Songwriters from Oklahoma Southern gospel 20th - century American singers Singers from Oklahoma Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Català Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 07 : 19 . About Wikipedia | who wrote if we never meet again this side of heaven | [
"\"I'll Fly Away,\" \"Turn Your Radio On,\" \"If We Never Meet Again (This Side of Heaven),\" \"I'll Meet You In The Morning,\" and \"He Set Me Free\" are among a host of favorites written by Albert E. Brumley. He wrote over 800 songs. He established the Albert E. Brumley Sundown to Sunup Gospel Sing (now Albert E. Brumley Gospel Sing) in 1969 in Springdale, Arkansas. Brumley has been inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, Gospel Music Hall of Fame, and Oklahoma Music Hall of Fame."
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"Albert E. Brumley"
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2319922021078525453 | Long-distance calling | Long - distance calling - wikipedia Long - distance calling This article is about the type of telephone call . For the German band , see Long Distance Calling ( band ) . For other uses , see Long distance . This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( March 2018 ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In telecommunications , a long - distance call ( U.S. ) or trunk call ( U.K. ) is a telephone call made to a location outside a defined local calling area . Long - distance calls are typically charged a higher billing rate than local calls . The term is not necessarily synonymous with placing calls to another telephone area code . Long - distance calls are classified into two categories : national or domestic calls which connect two points within the same country , and international calls which connect two points in different countries . Within the United States there is a further division into long distance calls within a single state ( intrastate ) and interstate calls , which are subject to different regulations ( counter-intuitively , calls within states are usually more expensive than interstate calls ) . Not all interstate calls are long distance calls . Since 1984 there has also been a distinction between intra-local access and transport area ( LATA ) calls and those between different LATAs , whose boundaries are not necessarily state boundaries . Before direct distance dialing ( DDD ) , all long distance calls were established by special switchboard operators ( long distance operators ) even in exchanges where calls within the local exchange were dialed directly . Completion of long distance calls was time - consuming and costly as each call was handled by multiple operators in multiple cities . Recordkeeping was also more complex , as the duration of every toll call had to be manually recorded for billing purposes . In many less - developed countries , such as Spain , Mexico , Brazil , and Egypt , calls were placed at a central office the caller went to , filled out a paper slip , sometimes paid in advance for the call , and then waited for it to be connected . In Spain these were known as locutorios , literally `` a place to talk '' . In towns too small to support a phone office , placing long distance calls was a sideline for some businesses with telephones , such as pharmacies . In some countries , such as Canada and the United States , long - distance rates were historically kept artificially high to subsidize unprofitable flat - rate local residential services . Intense competition between long - distance telephone companies narrowed these gaps significantly in most developed nations in the late 20th century . The cost of international calls varies dramatically among countries . The receiving country has total discretion in specifying what the caller should be charged ( by the originating company , who in a separate transaction transfers these funds to the destination country ) for the cost of connecting the incoming international call with the destination customer anywhere in the receiving country . This has only a loose , and in some cases no , relation to the actual cost . Some less - developed countries , or their telephone company ( s ) , use these fees as a revenue source . As pay - via - telephone schemes , such as the 976 and 900 numbers in the U.S. , gradually rejected pornographic materials , in some cases -- Guyana is an example -- U.S. phone sex companies have , by creative contracts , used international calls as a means of being paid . Contents 1 History 2 In media 3 Regional variations 3.1 Canada 3.2 United Kingdom 3.3 United States 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Site of one end of the first US long - distance telephone call in 1876 in Cambridge , Massachusetts . Another early call between cities had been made in Canada by telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell . In 1892 , AT&T built an interconnected long - distance telephone network , which reached from New York to Chicago , the technological limit for non-amplified wiring . Users often did not use their own phone for such connections , but made an appointment to use a special long - distance telephone booth or `` silence cabinet '' equipped with 4 - wire telephones and other advanced technology . The invention of loading coils extended the range to Denver in 1911 , again reaching a technological limit . A major research venture and contest led to the development of the audion -- originally invented by Lee De Forest and greatly improved by others in the years between 1907 and 1914 -- which provided the means for telephone signals to reach from coast to coast . Such transcontinental calling was made possible in 1914 but was not showcased until early 1915 , as a promotion for the upcoming Panama -- Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco in the spring of the same year . On January 25 , 1915 , Alexander Graham Bell ceremonially sent the first transcontinental telephone call from 15 Dey Street in New York City , which was received by his former assistant Thomas A. Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco . This process , nevertheless , involved five intermediary telephone operators and took 23 minutes to connect by manually patching in the route of the call . `` On October 9 , 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two - mile ( 3 km ) wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston . It was the first wire conversation ever held . Yesterday afternoon the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400 - mile ( 5,500 km ) wire between New York and San Francisco . Dr. Bell , the veteran inventor of the telephone , was in New York , and Mr. Watson , his former associate , was on the other side of the continent . They heard each other much more distinctly than they did in their first talk thirty - eight years ago . '' -- New York Times , Jan 26 , 1915 . On November 10 , 1951 , the first direct dial long - distance telephone call in North America was placed from Mayor M. Leslie Denning of Englewood , New Jersey to Mayor Frank Osborne of Alameda , California via AT&T 's Bell System . The ten digit call ( seven digits plus a three - digit area code ) was connected automatically within 18 seconds . The first subscriber trunk dialling in the United Kingdom was deployed December 5 , 1958 with Elizabeth II placing a call from Bristol to Edinburgh . International calling After World War II , priority was given by AT&T in the USA and the various PTT entities in Europe to automating switching on the toll networks in their respective countries ( initially for Operator Toll Dialing ) . Thus , when TAT - 1 was opened for service , it was connected to international gateway offices at White Plains , NY and London that were already automated for domestic calls . These were designed to be able to automatically switch outward and inward international circuits as soon as common signalling standards ( and political considerations ) could be negotiated . However , at the outset , to set up an international call , multiple operators were required : one to originate the call and one at each national gateway to complete a call via either ringdown to a local operator or operator toll dialing . International Direct Dialling from London to Paris was first offered in March 1963 , with Amsterdam following by the end of 1963 . Simultaneously , operator - dialed transatlantic calling began March 30 , 1963 with the originating international operator in Western Europe or the USA able to complete calls to the terminal station without further operator assistance via the gateway exchanges at White Plains , NY and London . Operator - dialed transpacific calling to Hawaii , Japan , and Australia began with the completion of the COMPAC cable , also in 1963 . By mid-1968 , transatlantic cable capacity had increased to the point where scheduling calls between Western Europe , the UK , and USA was no longer necessary and calls were completed on demand . Transatlantic International Direct Dialing between New York City ( 212 area code ) and London ( 01 STD code ) was introduced in 1970 , with service extended to the whole of the USA and the 6 largest UK cities in 1971 . Collect / Reverse Charge calling Various schemes were devised to allow large organisations to automatically accept collect calls , where the recipient pays long - distance charges for any call from a predefined area . A Zenith number in the late 1950s required an operator manually determine the destination number from a printed list ; the 1967 Wide Area Telephone Service introduced the first automated toll - free telephone numbers , terminated on special fixed - rate trunks . By the 1980s , computerisation of the system allowed British Telecom `` Linkline '' 0800 freephone numbers and AT&T + 1 - 800 - toll - free numbers to be controlled by a database and terminated virtually anywhere with each inbound call itemised and billed individually . This smart network was further refined to provide toll - free number portability in the 1990s . Technical Issues Until the early 1980s a called party could instantly recognize an incoming long - distance call by its hiss or low level , due to the inherent signal loss and introduction of noise . The deployment of digital technologies such as pulse - code modulation and T - carrier circuits in the 1970s and 1980s let long - distance calls match the high voice quality of local calls . Improvements in switching technology , the deployment of high - capacity optical fibre and an increase in competition substantially lowered long - distance rates at the end of the 20th century . Using the Internet , the distinction between local and long - distance communication is fading to the point where an Internet call from the United States to Beijing carries a lower wholesale cost than a domestic landline call to a rural independent in small - town Iowa . In media ( edit ) Dramatization of a long distance call circa 1949 In this excerpt from the radio series Dragnet , Sgt . Joe Friday ( Jack Webb ) places a person - to - person long - distance call to a number reached via a manual switchboard in Fountain Green , Utah -- a town of several hundred people served by an independent telephone company . In the call , Friday calls a long - distance operator in Los Angeles and gives the name and number of the called party . The operator then calls a rate & route operator , who responds that the call should be routed through Salt Lake City and Mount Pleasant , Utah and the rate - step for the call is 140 ( the long distance operator would mark her ticket with that rate - step , and could use it to quote the rate from her rate table , in terms of the first three minutes and each additional minute , if the caller requested the toll ) . The Los Angeles long distance operator then plugs into a direct trunk to the Salt Lake City inward operator and asks her for Mount Pleasant ; the Salt Lake operator rings Mount Pleasant inward , and the Los Angeles operator asks the Mount Pleasant inward operator for Fountain Green . The Mount Pleasant operator next rings Fountain Green , and the Los Angeles operator gives the Fountain Green operator the number and name of the called party in Fountain Green . The Fountain Green operator rings the number , `` 14R2 '' , a party line where a specific ringing pattern summons the second subscriber on the shared line . A man answers ; the Los Angeles operator asks for the called party and states that Los Angeles is calling . This dramatization ( and others like it ) illustrates the cumbersome , costly and time - consuming process needed for long - distance calling before direct distance dialing was available . Local calls within the Los Angeles area had long been direct dial , but a long distance call to a tiny town in a distant state was a complex manual effort . The caller would dial the long - distance operator ( typically ' 112 ' in large Bell System cities of that era ; `` 0 '' was for local assistance ) and provide the destination city name and called number as well as their own number for billing purposes ( there was no automatic number identification ) . Before the era of operator assisted dialing , which began in the late 1940s , an operator would first set up the route , then ring back the original caller several minutes later to announce the call was ready , rather than having him or her remain on the line . Once operator distance dialing was implemented , the operator would have received a numerical routing from the rate and route operator , such as `` Mark : Other Place . Route : A ring - down . Numbers : 801 plus 073 plus 181 . Operators 801 plus 073 plus . '' This routing would allow the Los Angeles operator to dial via the tandem switch ( i.e. , class - 4 telephone switch ) to the Mount Pleasant operator 's switchboard , and have the call come in on a special special trunk ( designated by the 181 code ) used for incoming calls to ring - down points ( places with manual service whose connection to the national network was via a larger point ) . Routings were important during the 1950s and 1960s , when many medium - sized and smaller cities had automatic service , but were not yet reachable by the growing numbers of people in cities with direct dialing . For example , if by the late 1950s , our fictional `` Fountain Green '' had upgraded its manual service with an automatic ( dial enabled four - digit number ) one , an operator could often dial the call after obtaining the Rate and Route would quote ( `` Numbers 801 plus 833 plus 4D . Operators 801 plus 073 plus . '' ) . The operator could add 833 , to the local four digit number , which in a few years , would become the seven digit number for the residents . Regional variations ( edit ) The definition of `` local '' or `` long distance '' calling ( and the corresponding pricing ) is largely a regulatory construct , by which every point outside an arbitrary group of exchange boundaries is charged at a higher `` trunk call '' or `` toll call '' rate . The charges often do not correlate directly to either straight - line distance or network topology ; two exchanges 75 km apart may be local in some cases , while in other cases an adjacent pair of exchanges ( or even two different exchange prefixes on the same physical switch ) may arbitrarily be long - distance . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , local calls from landline telephones are flat - rated even in the largest cities ( unlike the United States , which has metered service in a few of the largest markets ) . Local telephone numbers were lengthened to a standard seven digits in all of the largest markets in 1958 to accommodate US - style direct - dial equipment ( Montréal and Toronto previously had 2L + 4N six - digit local calling , smaller communities had four or five digits ) . Long distance calling from landlines was opened to competition in the early 1990s and the use of long distance revenue to subsidise local service phased out a few years later . It is not possible for mobile telephone subscribers or coin - paid telephone users to select a default carrier , so long distance calls are often priced higher from these services . The use of prepaid telephone calling cards is a possible workaround . United Kingdom ( edit ) The regulatory structure in British Telecom exchanges differs from the North American system as there are no free local calls . A long - distance call is therefore known not as a `` toll call '' but as a trunk call . It traditionally carried a higher rate ( `` national rate '' instead of `` local rate '' ) and requires a trunk prefix and area code be dialled before the number . A trunk call is prefixed with ' 0 ' for national calls and ' 00 ' for international calls , the European standard . It is now normal for local calls to cost the same as long distance UK calls , and is now common , for a small extra monthly charge , to allow free calls to landlines within the UK . This free call allowance does not normally cover calls to the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands , which whilst confusingly having UK national dialling codes , are separate telephone administrations . International calling from the UK is deregulated in that many alternative providers allow very cheap international calling by the caller dialling an access code , usually beginning with the digit 1 , followed by the full international code . These services generally use internet - based connections in the same way as computer - based services such as Skype , Friend Caller and many others , but with the added convenience of there being no need to use a computer . It is this use of the internet for the calls which allows such low prices . Often these same services are available from a mobile phone by the use of a special access number , though in this case there may be a charge equivalent to that of a standard landline call . United States ( edit ) The US regulatory structure splits long - distance calls into two major categories . An intrastate call is regulated under state law . Federal regulation applies to interstate calls ( being interstate commerce ) . In 1968 , the Federal Communications Commission forced AT&T to allow MCI to connect their own long distance lines into the Bell system . During the 1984 breakup of the Bell System , the local access and transport area or LATA concept was created to distinguish between in - region calls ( which were handled by local telephone companies such as the Baby Bells ) and out - of - region calls ( handled by interexchange carriers such as AT&T , MCI and Sprint ) . The breakup of the Bell system in 1984 came with federally imposed rules to allow the Baby Bells and other long - distance providers to compete via `` equal access . '' Equal access allows telephone subscribers to choose an authorized telephone company or companies to handle their local toll and long - distance toll ( including international ) calls from their traditional , wireline telephones . Various feature groups were used where equal access is available to allow callers to select a long - distance carrier for each call . In feature group ' D ' , the current system , subscribers may dial the prefix `` 101 '' and a four - digit code identifying a long - distance carrier to handle the InterLATA call . For instance , 1010288 sends a call via AT&T , 1010333 is Sprint , 1010550 goes to CenturyLink . Area code 700 , rarely used , is reserved for carrier - specific services ; each carrier places a recorded self - identification message on 1 - 700 - 555 - 4141 to allow a subscriber to identify the default InterLATA carrier for their line . In the United States , long - distance is either of two different classes of calls that are not local calls . The most common class of long - distance is often called interstate long - distance , though the more accurate term is inter-LATA interstate long - distance . This is the form of long - distance most commonly meant by the term , and the one for which long - distance carriers are usually chosen by telephone customers . Another form of long - distance , increasingly relevant to more U.S. states , is known as inter-LATA intrastate long - distance . This refers to a calling area outside of the customer 's LATA but within the customer 's state . While technically and legally long - distance , this calling area is not necessarily served by the same carrier used for `` regular '' long - distance , or may be provided at different rates . In some cases , customer confusion occurs as , due to rate or carrier distinctions , a local long - distance call can be billed at a higher per - minute rate than interstate long - distance calls , despite being a shorter distance . Often , in large LATAs , there is also a class known by the oxymoronic name local long - distance , which refers to calls within the customer 's LATA but outside their local calling area . This area is normally served by the customer 's local telephone provider , which is usually one of the Baby Bells , despite attempts by some CLECs to compete in the local telephone market . In California , in addition to intra-LATA and inter-LATA calling , there are ZUM ( Zone Usage Measurement ) areas within the local Service Areas . Callers are usually offered a variety of rate `` plans '' depending on usage , although which plan is cheapest for a given amount of usage is often not obvious . Plans may be `` unlimited '' or may package an initial number of minutes and charge additional minutes at a flat rate , and further varieties abound . Some plans can be compared easily if the number of minutes of usage will be estimated in advance , but others are not as clearly comparable . Some of these plans can be found on websites that compare a variety of long - distance phone and phone card options , giving consumers useful and timely information . See also ( edit ) AT&T Long Lines Long - haul communications Toll restriction Trunk vs Toll Voice over Internet Protocol is often used to reduce the costs of long - distance services Interexchange carrier Carrier access code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Daniel ( 1989 ) . `` 3 . Quito to Chiriquí '' . Journal of Hispanic Philology. 14 . pp. 1 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Alexander Graham Bell , in a speech to the Canadian Club , Ottawa , March 27 , 1909 . Quote : `` It was I who invented the telephone and it was invented wherever I happened to be at the time . Of this you may be sure , the telephone was invented in Canada . It was made in the United States . The first transmission of a human voice over a telephone wire , where the speaker and the listener were miles apart , was in Canada ( referring to his demonstration call between Brantford and Paris , Ontario ) ... etc ... '' Jump up ^ Crystal Fire - Michael Riordan and Lillian Hoddeson - Google Books Jump up ^ `` Phone to Pacific From the Atlantic '' . New York Times , January 26 , 1915 . Retrieved : July 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The mosquito crusades : a history of ... -- Gordon M. Patterson -- Google Books Jump up ^ 1951 : First Direct - Dial Transcontinental Telephone Call , AT&T Inc . Accessed June 8 , 2007 . Quote : `` Nov. 10 , 1951 : Mayor M. Leslie Downing of Englewood , N.J. , picked up a telephone and dialed 10 digits . Eighteen seconds later , he reached Mayor Frank Osborne in Alameda , Calif . The mayors made history as they chatted in the first customer - dialed long - distance call , one that introduced area codes . '' Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History : 1958 , ' BT 's history ' , btplc.com/ '' . 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Years of Telephone Switching : Part 1 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History : 1970 , ' BT 's history ' , btplc.com/ '' . 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Events in Telecommunications History : 1971 , ' BT 's history ' , btplc.com/ '' . 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Cantelon , Philip L. ( 1993 ) . The History of MCI : 1968 -- 1988 , The Early Years . Dallas : Heritage Press . LCC HE8864. M375C36 1993 . See also MCI Communications . External links ( edit ) The short film `` Nation at Your Fingertips , The ( 1951 ) '' is available for free download at the Internet Archive hide Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long-distance_calling&oldid=856904437 '' Categories : Telephone services Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from March 2018 All articles needing rewrite Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from November 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Русский Suomi Українська ייִדיש 粵語 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 08 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first long distance phone call made | [
"\"On October 9, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson talked by telephone to each other over a two-mile (3 km) wire stretched between Cambridge and Boston. It was the first wire conversation ever held. Yesterday afternoon the same two men talked by telephone to each other over a 3,400-mile (5,500 km) wire between New York and San Francisco. Dr. Bell, the veteran inventor of the telephone, was in New York, and Mr. Watson, his former associate, was on the other side of the continent. They heard each other much more distinctly than they did in their first talk thirty-eight years ago.\""
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"between Cambridge and Boston"
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Limited voting rights were gained by women in Finland , Iceland , Sweden and some Australian colonies and western U.S. states in the late 19th century . National and international organizations formed to coordinate efforts to gain voting rights , especially the International Woman Suffrage Alliance ( founded in 1904 , Berlin , Germany ) , and also worked for equal civil rights for women . In 1881 , the Isle of Man gave women who owned property the right to vote . In 1893 , the British colony of New Zealand , granted women the right to vote . The colony of South Australia did the same in 1894 and women were able to vote in the next election , which was held in 1895 . South Australia also permitted women to stand for election alongside men . In 1899 Western Australia enacted full women 's suffrage , enabling women to vote in the constitutional referendum of 31 July 1900 and the 1901 state and federal elections . In 1902 women in the remaining four colonies also acquired the right to vote and stand in federal elections after the six Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia . Discriminatory restrictions against Aboriginal people , including women , voting in national elections , were not completely removed until 1962 . The first European country to introduce women 's suffrage was the Grand Duchy of Finland , then part of the Russian Empire , which elected the world 's first women Members of Parliament in the 1907 parliamentary elections . Norway followed , granting full women 's suffrage in 1913 . Denmark followed in 1915 . Most independent countries enacted women 's suffrage in the interwar era , including Canada in 1917 , Britain ( over 30 in 1918 , over 21 in 1928 ) , Germany , Poland in 1918 , Austria and the Netherlands in 1919 , and the United States in 1920 ( Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities ) . Leslie Hume argues that the First World War changed the popular mood : The women 's contribution to the war effort challenged the notion of women 's physical and mental inferiority and made it more difficult to maintain that women were , both by constitution and temperament , unfit to vote . If women could work in munitions factories , it seemed both ungrateful and illogical to deny them a place in the polling booth . But the vote was much more than simply a reward for war work ; the point was that women 's participation in the war helped to dispel the fears that surrounded women 's entry into the public arena . Late adopters in Europe were Spain in 1933 , France in 1944 , Italy in 1946 , Greece in 1952 , San Marino in 1959 , Monaco in 1962 , Andorra in 1970 , Switzerland in 1971 at federal level , and at local canton level between 1959 in the cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel and 1991 in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden , and Liechtenstein in 1984 . In addition , although women in Portugal obtained suffrage in 1931 , this was with stronger restrictions than those of men ; full gender equality in voting was only granted in 1976 . The United States gave women equal voting rights in all states with the Nineteenth Amendment ratified in 1920 . Canada and a few Latin American nations passed women 's suffrage before World War II while the vast majority of Latin American nations established women 's suffrage in the 1940s , with the exception of Uruguay in 1917 ( see table in Summary below ) . The last Latin American country to give women the right to vote was Paraguay in 1961 . In December 2015 , women were first allowed to vote in Saudi Arabia ( municipal elections ) . Extended political campaigns by women and their supporters have generally been necessary to gain legislation or constitutional amendments for women 's suffrage . In many countries , limited suffrage for women was granted before universal suffrage for men ; for instance , literate women or property owners were granted suffrage before all men received it . The United Nations encouraged women 's suffrage in the years following World War II , and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women ( 1979 ) identifies it as a basic right with 189 countries currently being parties to this Convention . Contents 1 History 2 Suffrage movements 3 Timeline 4 By country 4.1 Africa 4.1. 1 Sierra Leone 4.1. 2 South Africa 4.1. 3 Southern Rhodesia 4.2 Asia 4.2. 1 Afghanistan 4.2. 2 Bangladesh 4.2. 3 India 4.2. 4 Indonesia 4.2. 5 Iran 4.2. 6 Israel 4.2. 7 Japan 4.2. 8 Kuwait 4.2. 9 Lebanon 4.2. 10 Pakistan 4.2. 11 Philippines 4.2. 12 Saudi Arabia 4.2. 13 Sri Lanka 4.3 Europe 4.3. 1 Austria 4.3. 2 Azerbaijan 4.3. 3 Belgium 4.3. 4 Croatia 4.3. 5 Czech Republic 4.3. 6 Denmark 4.3. 7 Estonia 4.3. 8 Finland 4.3. 9 France 4.3. 10 Germany 4.3. 11 Greece 4.3. 12 Hungary 4.3. 13 Isle of Man 4.3. 14 Italy 4.3. 15 Liechtenstein 4.3. 16 Netherlands 4.3. 17 Norway 4.3. 18 Poland 4.3. 19 Portugal 4.3. 20 Romania 4.3. 21 Russia 4.3. 22 San Marino 4.3. 23 Spain 4.3. 24 Sweden 4.3. 25 Switzerland 4.3. 26 Turkey 4.3. 27 United Kingdom 4.4 North America 4.4. 1 Canada 4.4. 2 United States 4.5 Oceania 4.5. 1 Australia 4.5. 2 Cook Islands 4.5. 3 New Zealand 4.6 Latin America 4.6. 1 Argentina 4.6. 2 Brazil 4.6. 3 Chile 4.6. 4 Mexico 4.6. 5 Venezuela 5 Women 's suffrage in non-religious organizations 6 Women 's suffrage in religions 6.1 Catholicism 6.2 Islam 6.3 Judaism 7 Timelines 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 United States 12 External links History ( edit ) Anna II , Abbess of Quedlinburg . In the pre-modern era in some parts of Europe , abbesses were permitted to participate and vote in various European national assemblies by virtue of their rank within the Catholic and Protestant churches . In ancient Athens , often cited as the birthplace of democracy , only adult , male citizens who owned land were permitted to vote . Through subsequent centuries , Europe was generally ruled by monarchs , though various forms of parliament arose at different times . The high rank ascribed to abbesses within the Catholic Church permitted some women the right to sit and vote at national assemblies -- as with various high - ranking abbesses in Medieval Germany , who were ranked among the independent princes of the empire . Their Protestant successors enjoyed the same privilege almost into modern times . Marie Guyart , a French nun who worked with the First Nations peoples of Canada during the seventeenth century , wrote in 1654 regarding the suffrage practices of Iroquois women , `` These female chieftains are women of standing amongst the savages , and they have a deciding vote in the councils . They make decisions there like the men , and it is they who even delegated the first ambassadors to discuss peace . '' The Iroquois , like many First Nations peoples in North America , had a matrilineal kinship system . Property and descent were passed through the female line . Women elders voted on hereditary male chiefs and could depose them . The emergence of modern democracy generally began with male citizens obtaining the right to vote in advance of female citizens , except in the Kingdom of Hawai'i , where universal manhood and women 's suffrage was introduced in 1840 ; however , a constitutional amendment in 1852 rescinded female voting and put property qualifications on male voting . South Australian suffragist Catherine Helen Spence stood for office in 1897 . In a first for the modern world , South Australia granted women the right to stand for Parliament in 1895 . Marie Stritt ( 1855 -- 1928 ) , German suffragist , co-founder of the International Alliance of Women Woman Suffrage Headquarters , Cleveland , 1913 In Sweden , conditional women 's suffrage was in effect during the Age of Liberty ( 1718 -- 1772 ) . Other possible contenders for first `` country '' to grant women suffrage include the Corsican Republic ( 1755 ) , the Pitcairn Islands ( 1838 ) , the Isle of Man ( 1881 ) , and Franceville ( 1889 ) , but some of these operated only briefly as independent states and others were not clearly independent . In 1756 , Lydia Taft became the first legal woman voter in colonial America . This occurred under British rule in the Massachusetts Colony . In a New England town meeting in Uxbridge , Massachusetts , she voted on at least three occasions . Unmarried white women who owned property could vote in New Jersey from 1776 to 1807 . Eighteen female MPs joined the Turkish Parliament in 1935 In the 1792 elections in Sierra Leone , then a new British colony , all heads of household could vote and one - third were ethnic African women . The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838 . This right was transferred after they resettled in 1856 to Norfolk Island ( now an Australian external territory ) . The seed for the first Woman 's Rights Convention in the United States in Seneca Falls , New York was planted in 1840 , when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London . The conference refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from the U.S. because of their sex . In 1851 , Stanton met temperance worker Susan B. Anthony , and shortly the two would be joined in the long struggle to secure the vote for women in the U.S. In 1868 Anthony encouraged working women from the printing and sewing trades in New York , who were excluded from men 's trade unions , to form Workingwomen 's Associations . As a delegate to the National Labor Congress in 1868 , Anthony persuaded the committee on female labor to call for votes for women and equal pay for equal work . The men at the conference deleted the reference to the vote . In the U.S. women in the Wyoming Territory could vote as of 1869 . Subsequent American suffrage groups often disagreed on tactics , with the National American Woman Suffrage Association arguing for a state - by - state campaign and the National Woman 's Party focusing on an amendment to the U.S. Constitution . In 1881 the Isle of Man , an internally self - governing dependent territory of the British Crown , enfranchised women property owners . With this it provided the first action for women 's suffrage within the British Isles . The Pacific colony of Franceville , declaring independence in 1889 , became the first self - governing nation to adopt universal suffrage without distinction of sex or color . Of currently existing independent countries , New Zealand was the first to acknowledge women 's right to vote in 1893 when it was a self - governing British colony . Unrestricted women 's suffrage in terms of voting rights ( women were not initially permitted to stand for election ) was adopted in New Zealand in 1893 . Following a successful movement led by Kate Sheppard , the women 's suffrage bill was adopted weeks before the general election of that year . The women of the British protectorate of Cook Islands obtained the same right soon after and beat New Zealand 's women to the polls in 1893 . The self - governing British colony of South Australia enacted universal suffrage in 1895 , also allowing women to stand for the colonial parliament that year . The Commonwealth of Australia federated in 1901 , with women voting and standing for office in some states . The Australian Federal Parliament extended voting rights to all adult women for Federal elections from 1902 ( with the exception of Aboriginal women in some states ) . The first European country to introduce women 's suffrage was the Grand Duchy of Finland in 1906 . It was among reforms passed following the 1905 uprising . As a result of the 1907 parliamentary elections , Finland 's voters elected 19 women as the first female members of a representative parliament ; they took their seats later that year . In the years before World War I , women in Norway ( 1913 ) also won the right to vote , as did women in the remaining Australian states . Denmark granted women 's suffrage in 1915 . Near the end of the war , Canada , Russia , Germany , and Poland also recognized women 's right to vote . The Representation of the People Act 1918 saw British women over 30 gain the vote , Dutch women in 1919 , and American women won the vote on 26 August 1920 with the passage of the 19th Amendment ( the Voting Rights Act of 1965 secured voting rights for racial minorities ) . Irish women won the same voting rights as men in the Irish Free State constitution , 1922 . In 1928 , British women won suffrage on the same terms as men , that is , for persons 21 years old and older . Suffrage of Turkish women introduced in 1930 for local elections and in 1934 for national elections . French pro-suffrage poster , 1934 By the time French women were granted the suffrage in July 1944 by Charles de Gaulle 's government in exile , France had been for about a decade the only Western country that did not at least allow women 's suffrage at municipal elections . Voting rights for women were introduced into international law by the United Nations ' Human Rights Commission , whose elected chair was Eleanor Roosevelt . In 1948 the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ; Article 21 stated : `` ( 1 ) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country , directly or through freely chosen representatives . ( 3 ) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government ; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures . '' The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Political Rights of Women , which went into force in 1954 , enshrining the equal rights of women to vote , hold office , and access public services as set out by national laws . One of the most recent jurisdictions to acknowledge women 's full right to vote was Bhutan in 2008 ( its first national elections ) . Suffrage movements ( edit ) After selling her home , British activist Emmeline Pankhurst travelled constantly , giving speeches throughout Britain and the United States . One of her most famous speeches , Freedom or death , was delivered in Connecticut in 1913 . The suffrage movement was a broad one , encompassing women and men with a wide range of views . In terms of diversity , the greatest achievement of the twentieth - century woman suffrage movement was its extremely broad class base . One major division , especially in Britain , was between suffragists , who sought to create change constitutionally , and suffragettes , led by English political activist Emmeline Pankhurst , who in 1903 formed the more militant Women 's Social and Political Union . Pankhurst would not be satisfied with anything but action on the question of women 's enfranchisement , with `` deeds , not words '' the organisation 's motto . There was also a diversity of views on a `` woman 's place '' . Suffragist themes often included the notions that women were naturally kinder and more concerned about children and the elderly . As Kraditor shows , it was often assumed that women voters would have a civilizing effect on politics , opposing domestic violence , liquor , and emphasizing cleanliness and community . An opposing theme , Kraditor argues , held that women had the same moral standards . They should be equal in every way and that there was no such thing as a woman 's `` natural role '' . For black women , achieving suffrage was a way to counter the disfranchisement of the men of their race . Despite this discouragement , black suffragists continued to insist on their equal political rights . Starting in the 1890s , African American women began to assert their political rights aggressively from within their own clubs and suffrage societies . `` If white American women , with all their natural and acquired advantages , need the ballot , '' argued Adella Hunt Logan of Tuskegee , Alabama , `` how much more do black Americans , male and female , need the strong defense of a vote to help secure their right to life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness ? '' Timeline ( edit ) See also : Timeline of women 's suffrage Both women and men denied full enfranchisement Country Year women first granted suffrage at national level Notes Kingdom of Afghanistan 1963 Principality of Albania 1920 Algeria 1962 In 1962 , on its independence from France , Algeria granted equal voting rights to all men and women . Andorra 1970 People 's Republic of Angola Argentina 1947 On September 23 , 1947 the Female Enrollment Act ( number 13,010 ) was enacted in the government of Juan Perón Armenia 1917 ( by application of the Russian legislation ) 1919 March ( by adoption of its own legislation ) Australia 1902 Indigenous Australian women ( and men ) not officially given the right to vote until 1962 . Austria 1919 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918 Azerbaijan is the first ever Muslim - majority country which enfranchised women . Bahamas 1960 Bahrain 2002 Bangladesh 1971 ( upon its independence ) Barbados 1950 British Leeward Islands ( Today : Antigua and Barbuda , British Virgin Islands , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Anguilla ) 1951 British Windward Islands ( Today : Grenada , St Lucia , St Vincent and the Grenadines , Dominica ) 1951 Belarusian People 's Republic 1919 Belgium 1919 / 1948 Was granted in the constitution in 1919 , for communal voting . Suffrage for the provincial councils and the national parliament only came in 1948 . British Honduras ( Today : Belize ) 1954 Dahomey ( Today : Benin ) 1956 Bermuda 1944 Bhutan 1953 Bolivia 1938 / 1952 Limited women 's suffrage in 1938 ( only for literate women and those with a certain level of income ) . On equal terms with men since 1952 . Botswana 1965 Brazil 1932 Brunei 1959 Elections currently suspended since 1962 and 1965 . Both men and women have voting rights only for local elections . Kingdom of Bulgaria 1937 / 1944 Married women ( and by default widowed women ) gained the right to vote on 18 January 1937 in local elections , but could not run for office . Single women were excluded from voting . Full voting rights were bestowed by the communist regime in September 1944 and reaffirmed by an electoral law reform on 15 June 1945 . Upper Volta ( Today : Burkina Faso ) 1958 Burma 1922 Burundi 1961 Kingdom of Cambodia 1955 British Cameroons ( Today : Cameroon ) 1946 Canada 1917 -- 1919 for most of Canada ; Prince Edward Island in 1922 ; Newfoundland in 1925 ; Quebec in 1940 To help win a mandate for conscription , the federal Conservative government of Robert Borden granted the vote in 1917 to war widows , women serving overseas , and the female relatives of men serving overseas . However , the same legislation , the Wartime Elections Act , disenfranchised those who became naturalized Canadian citizens after 1902 . Women over 21 who were `` not alien - born '' and who met certain property qualifications were allowed to vote in federal elections in 1918 . Women first won the vote provincially in Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1916 ; British Columbia and Ontario in 1917 ; Nova Scotia in 1918 ; New Brunswick in 1919 ( women could not run for New Brunswick provincial office until 1934 ) ; Prince Edward Island in 1922 ; Newfoundland in 1925 ( which did not join Confederation until 1949 ) ; and Quebec in 1940 . Aboriginal men and women were not offered the right to vote until 1960 . Previous to that they could only vote if they gave up their treaty status . It was n't until 1948 when Canada signed the UN 's Universal Declaration of Human Rights that Canada was forced to examine the issue of their discrimination against Aboriginal people . Cape Verde 1975 ( upon its independence ) Cayman Islands 1957 Central African Republic 1986 Chad 1958 Chile 1949 From 1934 -- 1949 , women could vote in local elections at 25 , while men could vote in all elections at 21 . In both cases , literacy was required . China 1947 In 1947 , women won suffrage through Constitution of the Republic of China . in 1949 , the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) replaced the Republic of China ( ROC ) as government of the Chinese mainland . The ROC moved to the island of Taiwan . The PRC constitution recognizes women 's equal political rights with men . However , voting is limited for both men and women . Colombia 1954 Comoros 1956 Zaire ( Today : Democratic Republic of the Congo ) 1967 Congo , Republic of the 1963 Cook Islands 1893 Costa Rica 1949 Côte d'Ivoire 1952 Cuba 1934 Cyprus 1960 Czechoslovakia ( Today : Czech Republic , Slovakia ) 1920 Kingdom of Denmark ( Including Greenland , the Faroe Islands and , at that time , Iceland ) 1908 at local elections , 1915 at national parliamentary elections Djibouti 1946 Dominican Republic 1942 Ecuador 1929 / 1967 Despite that Ecuador granted women suffrage in 1929 , which was earlier than most independent countries in Latin America ( except for Uruguay , which granted women suffrage in 1917 ) , differences between men 's and women 's suffrage in Ecuador were only removed in 1967 ( before 1967 women 's vote was optional , while that of men was compulsory ; since 1967 it is compulsory for both sexes ) . Egypt 1956 El Salvador 1939 / 1950 Women obtained in 1939 suffrage with restrictions requiring literacy and a higher age . All restrictions were lifted in 1950 allowing women to vote , but women obtained the right to stand for elections only in 1961 . Equatorial Guinea 1963 Estonia 1917 Ethiopia ( Then including Eritrea ) 1955 Fiji 1963 Grand Duchy of Finland 1906 France 1944 French women were disenfranchised at all levels before 1944 . Gabon 1956 Gambia , The 1960 Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918 Germany 1918 Ghana 1954 Greece 1930 ( Local Elections , Literate Only ) , 1952 ( Unconditional ) Guatemala 1945 / 1965 Women could vote from 1945 , but only if literate . Restrictions on women 's suffrage were lifted in 1965 . Guinea 1958 Guinea - Bissau 1977 Guyana 1953 Haiti 1950 Honduras 1955 Hong Kong 1949 Hungarian People 's Republic 1918 ( partial ) 1945 ( full ) India 1947 In 1947 , on its independence from the United Kingdom , India granted equal voting rights to all men and women . Indonesia 1937 , 1945 ( for all citizens , granted upon independence ) Iran 1963 Iraq 1980 Ireland 1918 ( partial ) 1922 ( full ) From 1918 , with the rest of the United Kingdom , women could vote at 30 with property qualifications or in university constituencies , while men could vote at 21 with no qualification . From separation in 1922 , the Irish Free State gave equal voting rights to men and women . Isle of Man 1881 Israel 1948 Women 's suffrage was granted with the declaration of independence . Italy 1925 ( partial ) 1945 ( full ) Local elections in 1925 . Full suffrage in 1945 . Jamaica 1944 Japan 1947 Jersey 1919 Restrictions on franchise applied to men and women until after Liberation in 1945 . Jordan Kazakh SSR 1924 Kenya 1963 Kiribati 1967 Korea , North 1946 Korea , South 1948 Kuwait 1985 -- women 's suffrage later removed in 1999 , re-granted in 2005 All voters must have been citizens of Kuwait for at least 20 years Kyrgyz SSR 1918 Kingdom of Laos 1958 Latvia 1917 Lebanon 1952 In 1952 , after a 30 year long battle for suffrage , the bill allowing Lebanese women to vote passed . In 1957 a requirement for women ( but not men ) to have elementary education before voting was dropped , as was voting being compulsory for men . Lesotho 1965 Liberia 1946 Kingdom of Libya 1951 Liechtenstein 1984 Lithuania 1918 Luxembourg 1919 Madagascar 1959 Malawi 1961 Federation of Malaya ( Today : Malaysia ) 1957 Maldives 1932 Mali 1956 Malta 1947 Marshall Islands 1979 Mauritania 1961 Mauritius 1956 Mexico 1953 Micronesia , Federated States of 1979 Moldova 1929 / 1940 As part of the Kingdom of Romania , women who met certain qualifications were allowed to vote in local elections , starting in 1929 . After Constitution from 1938 , the voting rights were extended to women for general elections by the Electoral Law 1939 . In 1940 , after the formation of the Moldavian SSR , equal voting rights were granted to men and women . Monaco 1962 Mongolian People 's Republic 1924 Morocco 1963 People 's Republic of Mozambique Namibia 1989 ( upon its independence ) At independence from South Africa . Nauru 1968 Nepal 1951 Netherlands 1917 Women were allowed to vote since 1917 . Since 1919 women were allowed to be voted into the parliament . Netherlands Antilles 1949 New Zealand 1893 Nicaragua 1955 Niger 1948 Nigeria 1958 Norway 1913 Oman 2003 Pakistan 1947 In 1947 , on its creation resulting from the partition of India , Pakistan granted full voting rights for men and women Palau 1979 Panama 1941 / 1946 Limited women 's suffrage from 1941 ( conditioned by level of education ) equal women 's suffrage from 1946 . Papua New Guinea 1964 Paraguay 1961 Peru 1955 Philippines 1937 Pitcairn Islands 1838 Poland 1918 Portugal 1931 / 1976 With restrictions in 1931 , restrictions lifted in 1976 . Puerto Rico 1929 / 1935 Limited suffrage was passed for women , restricted to those who were literate . In 1935 the legislature approved suffrage for all women . Qatar While required by the constitution , general elections have been repeatedly delayed . Only municipal elections have been held thus far . Romania 1929 / 1939 / 1946 Starting in 1929 , women who met certain qualifications were allowed to vote in local elections . After the Constitution from 1938 , the voting rights were extended to women for general elections by the Electoral Law 1939 . Women could vote on equal terms with men , but both men and women had restrictions , and in practice the restrictions affected women more than men . In 1946 , full equal voting rights were granted to men and women . Russian Republic 1917 On July 20 , 1917 , under the Provisional Government . Rwanda 1961 Saudi Arabia 2015 In December 2015 , women were first allowed to vote and run for office . Suffrage for both men and women is limited to municipal elections . Samoa San Marino 1959 São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal 1945 Seychelles 1948 Sierra Leone 1961 In the 1790s , while Sierra Leone was still a colony , women voted in the elections . Singapore 1947 Solomon Islands Somalia 1956 South Africa 1930 ( European and Asian women ) 1994 ( all women ) Women of other races were enfranchised in 1994 , at the same time as men of all races . Spain 1931 Sri Lanka ( Formerly : Ceylon ) 1931 Sudan 1964 Suriname 1948 Swaziland 1968 Sweden 1921 Switzerland 1971 at federal level , 1959 -- 1991 at local canton level Women obtained the right to vote in national elections in 1971 . Women obtained the right to vote at local canton level between 1959 ( Vaud and Neuchâtel in that year ) and 1991 ( Appenzell Innerrhoden ) . See also Women 's suffrage in Switzerland . Syria 1949 Taiwan 1947 In 1945 , Taiwan was returned from Japan to China . In 1947 , women won the suffrage under the Constitution of the Republic of China . In 1949 , Republic of China ( ROC ) lost mainland China , moved to Taiwan . Tajik SSR 1924 Tanzania 1959 Thailand 1932 Timor - Leste 1976 Togo 1945 Tonga 1960 Trinidad and Tobago 1925 Suffrage was granted for the first time in 1925 to either sex , to men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30 , as in Great Britain ( the `` Mother Country '' , as Trinidad and Tobago was still a colony at the time ) In 1945 full suffrage was granted to women . Tunisia 1957 Turkey 1930 ( for local elections ) , 1934 ( for national elections ) Turkmen SSR 1924 Tuvalu 1967 Uganda 1962 Ukrainian SSR 1919 United Arab Emirates 2006 Limited suffrage for both men and women . United Kingdom 1918 ( partial ) 1928 ( full ) From 1918 -- 1928 , women could vote at 30 with property qualifications or as graduates of UK universities , while men could vote at 21 with no qualification . From 1928 women had equal suffrage with men . United States 1920 Before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 , individual states had passed legislation that allowed women to vote in different types of elections ; some only allowed women to vote in school or municipal elections , some required that women owned property if they wanted to vote , and some territories extended full suffrage to women , only to take it away once they became states . Although legally entitled to vote , black women were effectively denied voting rights in numerous Southern states until 1965 . United States Virgin Islands 1936 Beginning in 1936 women could vote ; however , this vote , as with men , was limited to those who could prove they had an income of $300 per year or more . Uruguay 1917 / 1927 Uruguay was the first country in all of the Americas -- and one of the first in the world -- to grant women fully equal civil rights and universal suffrage ( in its Constitution of 1917 ) , though this suffrage was first exercised in 1927 , in the plebiscite of Cerro Chato . Uzbek SSR 1938 Vanuatu Vatican City No voting The Pope , elected by the all - male College of Cardinals through a secret ballot , is the leader of the Catholic Church , and exercises ex officio supreme legislative , executive , and judicial power over the State of the Vatican City . Venezuela 1946 Vietnam 1946 North Yemen ( Today : Yemen ) 1970 South Yemen ( Today : Yemen ) 1967 Zambia 1962 ( then Northern Rhodesia ) Women 's suffrage granted in Northern Rhodesia in 1962 . Southern Rhodesia ( Today : Zimbabwe ) 1919 Yugoslavia ( Today : Serbia , Montenegro , Croatia , Slovenia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Macedonia ) 1945 By country ( edit ) Africa ( edit ) Sierra Leone ( edit ) One of the first occasions when women were able to vote was in the elections of the Nova Scotian settlers at Freetown.In the 1792 elections , all heads of household could vote and one - third were ethnic African women . Women won the right to vote in Sierra Leone in 1930 . South Africa ( edit ) The franchise was extended to white women 21 years or older by the Women 's Enfranchisement Act , 1930 . The first general election at which women could vote was the 1933 election . At that election Leila Reitz ( wife of Deneys Reitz ) was elected as the first female MP , representing Parktown for the South African Party . The limited voting rights available to non-white men in the Cape Province and Natal ( Transvaal and the Orange Free State practically denied all non-whites the right to vote , and had also done so to non-Afrikaner uitlanders when independent in the 1800s ) were not extended to women , and were themselves progressively eliminated between 1936 and 1968 . The right to vote for the Transkei Legislative Assembly , established in 1963 for the Transkei bantustan , was granted to all adult citizens of the Transkei , including women . Similar provision was made for the Legislative Assemblies created for other bantustans . All adult coloured citizens were eligible to vote for the Coloured Persons Representative Council , which was established in 1968 with limited legislative powers ; the council was however abolished in 1980 . Similarly , all adult Indian citizens were eligible to vote for the South African Indian Council in 1981 . In 1984 the Tricameral Parliament was established , and the right to vote for the House of Representatives and House of Delegates was granted to all adult Coloured and Indian citizens , respectively . In 1994 the bantustans and the Tricameral Parliament were abolished and the right to vote for the National Assembly was granted to all adult citizens . Southern Rhodesia ( edit ) Southern Rhodesian white women won the vote in 1919 and Ethel Tawse Jollie ( 1875 -- 1950 ) was elected to the Southern Rhodesia legislature 1920 -- 1928 , the first woman to sit in any national Commonwealth Parliament outside Westminster . The influx of women settlers from Britain proved a decisive factor in the 1922 referendum that rejected annexation by a South Africa increasingly under the sway of traditionalist Afrikaner Nationalists in favor of Rhodesian Home Rule or `` responsible government '' . Black Rhodesian males qualified for the vote in 1923 ( based only upon property , assets , income , and literacy ) . It is unclear when the first black woman qualified for the vote . Asia ( edit ) Afghanistan ( edit ) Women voting in Kabul at the first presidential election ( October 2004 ) in Afghan history Women have been able to vote in Afghanistan since 1965 ( except during Taliban rule , 1996 -- 2001 , when no elections were held ) . As of 2009 , women have been casting fewer ballots in part due to being unaware of their voting rights . In the 2014 election , Afghanistan 's elected president pledged to bring women equal rights . Bangladesh ( edit ) Bangladesh was ( mostly ) the province of Bengal in India until 1947 , then it became part of Pakistan . It became an independent nation in 1971 . Women have had equal suffrage since 1947 , and they have reserved seats in parliament . Bangladesh is notable in that since 1991 , two women , namely Sheikh Hasina and Begum Khaleda Zia , have served terms as the country 's Prime Minister continuously . Women have traditionally played a minimal role in politics beyond the anomaly of the two leaders ; few used to run against men ; few have been ministers . Recently , however , women have become more active in politics , with several prominent ministerial posts given to women and women participating in national , district and municipal elections against men and winning on several occasions . Choudhury and Hasanuzzaman argue that the strong patriarchal traditions of Bangladesh explain why women are so reluctant to stand up in politics . India ( edit ) The Women 's Indian Association ( WIA ) was founded in 1917 . It sought votes for women and the right to hold legislative office on the same basis as men . These positions were endorsed by the main political groupings , the Indian National Congress . British and Indian feminists combined in 1918 to publish a magazine Stri Dharma that featured international news from a feminist perspective . In 1919 in the Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms , the British set up provincial legislatures which had the power to grant women 's suffrage . Madras in 1921 granted votes to wealthy and educated women , under the same terms that applied to men . The other provinces followed , but not the princely states ( which did not have votes for men either , being monarchies ) . In Bengal province , the provincial assembly rejected it in 1921 but Southard shows an intense campaign produced victory in 1921 . Success in Bengal depended on middle class Indian women , who emerged from a fast - growing urban elite . The women leaders in Bengal linked their crusade to a moderate nationalist agenda , by showing how they could participate more fully in nation - building by having voting power . They carefully avoided attacking traditional gender roles by arguing that traditions could coexist with political modernization . Whereas wealthy and educated women in Madras were granted voting right in 1921 , in Punjab the Sikhs granted women equal voting rights in 1925 irrespective of their educational qualifications or being wealthy or poor . This happened when the Gurdwara Act of 1925 was approved . The original draft of the Gurdwara Act sent by the British to the Sharomani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee ( SGPC ) did not include Sikh women , but the Sikhs inserted the clause without the women having to ask for it . Equality of women with men is enshrined in the Guru Granth Sahib , the sacred scripture of the Sikh faith . In the Government of India Act 1935 the British Raj set up a system of separate electorates and separate seats for women . Most women 's leaders opposed segregated electorates and demanded adult franchise . In 1931 the Congress promised universal adult franchise when it came to power . It enacted equal voting rights for both men and women in 1947 . Indonesia ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Cleanup text around Kartini Please help improve this section if you can . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the first half of the 20th century , Indonesia ( known until 1945 as Dutch East Indies ) was one of the slowest moving countries to gain women 's suffrage . They began their fight in 1905 by introducing municipal councils that included some members elected by a restricted district . Voting rights only went to males that could read and write , which excluded many non-European males . At the time , the literacy rate for males was 11 % and for females 2 % . The main group who pressured the Indonesian government for women 's suffrage was the Dutch Vereeninging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht ( VVV - Women 's Suffrage Association ) which was founded in the Netherlands in 1894 . They tried to attract Indonesian membership , but had very limited success because the leaders of the organization had little skill in relating to even the educated class of the Indonesians . When they eventually did connect somewhat with women , they failed to sympathize with them and thus ended up alienating many well - educated Indonesians . In 1918 the colony gained its first national representative body , the Volksraad , which still excluded women from voting . In 1935 , the colonial administration used its power of nomination to appoint a European woman to the Volksraad . In 1938 , the administration introduced the right of women to be elected to urban representative institutions , which resulted in some Indonesian and European women entering municipal councils . Eventually , the law became that only European women and municipal councils could vote , which excluded all other women and local councils . September 1941 was when this law was amended and the law extended to women of all races by the Volksraad . Finally , in November 1941 , the right to vote for municipal councils was granted to all women on a similar basis to men ( with property and educational qualifications ) . Iran ( edit ) See also : Iranian referendum , 1963 In 1963 , a referendum overwhelmingly approved by voters gave women the right to vote , a right previously denied to them under the Iranian Constitution of 1906 pursuant to Chapter 2 , Article 3 . Israel ( edit ) Women have full suffrage since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 . Japan ( edit ) Women 's Rights meeting in Tokyo , to push for women 's suffrage Main article : Women 's suffrage in Japan Although women were allowed to vote in some prefectures in 1880 , women 's suffrage was enacted at a national level in 1945 . Korea South Korean women were granted the vote in 1948 . Kuwait ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in Kuwait When voting was first introduced in Kuwait in 1985 , Kuwaiti women had the right to vote . The right was later removed . In May 2005 , the Kuwaiti parliament re-granted female suffrage . Lebanon ( edit ) Main article : Women in Lebanon § Women 's suffrage Pakistan ( edit ) Pakistan was part of British Raj until 1947 , when it became independent . Women received full suffrage in 1947 . Muslim women leaders from all classes actively supported the Pakistan movement in the mid-1940s . Their movement was led by wives and other relatives of leading politicians . Women were sometimes organized into large - scale public demonstrations . In November 1988 , Benazir Bhutto became the first Muslim woman to be elected as Prime Minister of a Muslim country . Philippines ( edit ) Suffrage for Filipinas was achieved following an all - female , special plebiscite held on 30 April 1937 . 447,725 -- some ninety percent -- voted in favour of women 's suffrage against 44,307 who voted no . In compliance with the 1935 Constitution , the National Assembly passed a law which extended the right of suffrage to women , which remains to this day . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) In late September 2011 , King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud declared that women would be able to vote and run for office starting in 2015 . That applies to the municipal councils , which are the kingdom 's only semi-elected bodies . Half of the seats on municipal councils are elective , and the councils have few powers . The council elections have been held since 2005 ( the first time they were held before that was the 1960s ) . Saudi women did first vote and first run for office in December 2015 , for those councils . Salma bint Hizab al - Oteibi became the first elected female politician in Saudi Arabia in December 2015 , when she won a seat on the council in Madrakah in Mecca province . In all , the December 2015 election in Saudi Arabia resulted in twenty women being elected to municipal councils . The king declared in 2011 that women would be eligible to be appointed to the Shura Council , an unelected body that issues advisory opinions on national policy . ' `` This is great news , '' said Saudi writer and women 's rights activist Wajeha al - Huwaider . `` Women 's voices will finally be heard . Now it is time to remove other barriers like not allowing women to drive cars and not being able to function , to live a normal life without male guardians . '' ' Robert Lacey , author of two books about the kingdom , said , `` This is the first positive , progressive speech out of the government since the Arab Spring ... First the warnings , then the payments , now the beginnings of solid reform . '' The king made the announcement in a five - minute speech to the Shura Council . In January 2013 , King Abdullah issued two royal decrees , granting women thirty seats on the council , and stating that women must always hold at least a fifth of the seats on the council . According to the decrees , the female council members must be `` committed to Islamic Shariah disciplines without any violations '' and be `` restrained by the religious veil . '' The decrees also said that the female council members would be entering the council building from special gates , sit in seats reserved for women and pray in special worshipping places . Earlier , officials said that a screen would separate genders and an internal communications network would allow men and women to communicate . Women first joined the council in 2013 , occupying thirty seats . There are two Saudi royal women among these thirty female members of the assembly , Sara bint Faisal Al Saud and Moudi bint Khalid Al Saud . Furthermore , in 2013 three women were named as deputy chairpersons of three committees : Thurayya Obeid was named deputy chairwoman of the human rights and petitions committee , Zainab Abu Talib , deputy chairwoman of the information and cultural committee , and Lubna Al Ansari , deputy chairwoman of the health affairs and environment committee . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Sri Lanka ( at that time Ceylon ) was one of the first Asian countries to allow voting rights to women over the age of 21 without any restrictions . Since then , women have enjoyed a significant presence in the Sri Lankan political arena . The zenith of this favourable condition to women has been the 1960 July General Elections , in which Ceylon elected the world 's first woman Prime Minister , Sirimavo Bandaranaike . She is the world 's first democratically elected female head of state . Her daughter , Chandrika Kumaratunga also became the Prime Minister later in 1994 , and the same year she was elected as the Executive President of Sri Lanka , making her the fourth woman in the world to hold the portfolio . Europe ( edit ) Savka Dabčević - Kučar , Croatian Spring participant ; Europe 's first female prime minister Austria ( edit ) It was only after the breakdown of the Habsburg Monarchy , that Austria would grant the general , equal , direct and secret right to vote to all citizens , regardless of sex , in 1919 . Azerbaijan ( edit ) Main article : Women in Azerbaijan § Voting Rights Azerbaijan is known to be the first ever Muslim - majority country which enfranchised women . Universal voting rights were recognized in Azerbaijan in 1918 by the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic . Belgium ( edit ) Jane Brigode , Belgian suffragist , around 1910 A revision of the constitution in October 1921 ( it changed art . 47 of the Constitution of Belgium of 1831 ) introduced the general right to vote according to the `` one man , one vote '' principle . Art . 47 allowed widows of World War I to vote at the national level as well . The introduction of women 's suffrage was already put onto the agenda at the time , by means of including an article in the constitution that allowed approval of women 's suffrage by special law ( meaning it needed a 2 / 3 majority to pass ) . This happened in March 1948 . In Belgium , voting is compulsory but not enforced . Croatia ( edit ) Main article : Women in Croatia § Legal status This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 ) Czech Republic ( edit ) In the former Bohemia , taxpaying women and women in `` learned profession ( s ) '' were allowed to vote by proxy and made eligible to the legislative body in 1864 . The first Czech female MP was elected to the Diet of Bohemia in 1912 . Women were guaranteed equal voting rights by The constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1920 . Denmark ( edit ) See also : Women in Denmark § Women 's suffrage In Denmark , the Danish Women 's Society ( DK ) debated , and informally supported , women 's suffrage from 1884 , but it did not support it publicly until in 1887 , when it supported the suggestion of the parliamentarian Fredrik Bajer to grant women municipal suffrage . In 1886 , in response to the perceived overcautious attitude of DK in the question of women suffrage , Matilde Bajer founded the Kvindelig Fremskridtsforening ( or KF , 1886 - 1904 ) to deal exclusively with the right to suffrage , both in municipal and national elections , and it 1887 , the Danish women publicly demanded the right for women 's suffrage for the first time through the KF . However , as the KF was very much involved with worker 's rights and pacifist activity , the question of women 's suffrage was in fact not given full attention , which led to the establishment of the strictly women 's suffrage movement Kvindevalgretsforeningen ( 1889 - 1897 ) . In 1890 , the KF and the Kvindevalgretsforeningen united with five women 's trade worker 's unions to found the De samlede Kvindeforeninger , and through this form , an active women 's suffrage campaign was arranged through agitation and demonstration . However , after having been met by compact resistance , the Danish suffrage movement almost discontinued with the dissolution of the De samlede Kvindeforeninger in 1893 . In 1898 , an umbrella organization , the Danske Kvindeforeningers Valgretsforbund or DKV was founded and became a part of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance ( IWSA ) . In 1907 , the Landsforbundet for Kvinders Valgret ( LKV ) was founded by Elna Munch , Johanne Rambusch and Marie Hjelmer in reply to what they considered to be the much too careful attitude of the Danish Women 's Society . The LKV originated from a local suffrage association in Copenhagen , and like its rival LKV , it successfully organized other such local associations nationally . Women won the right to vote in municipal elections on April 20 , 1908 . However it was not until June 5 , 1915 that they were allowed to vote in Rigsdag elections . Estonia ( edit ) Estonia gained its independence in 1918 with the Estonian War of Independence . However , the first official elections were held in 1917 . These were the elections of temporary council ( i.e. Maapäev ) , which ruled Estonia from 1917 -- 1919 . Since then , women have had the right to vote . The parliament elections were held in 1920 . After the elections , two women got into the parliament -- history teacher Emma Asson and journalist Alma Ostra - Oinas . Estonian parliament is called Riigikogu and during the First Republic of Estonia it used to have 100 seats . Finland ( edit ) 13 of the total of 19 female MPs , who were the first female MPs in the world , elected in Finland 's parliamentary elections in 1907 The area that in 1809 became Finland was a group of integral provinces of the Kingdom of Sweden for over 600 years . Thus , women in Finland were allowed to vote during the Swedish Age of Liberty ( 1718 -- 1772 ) , during which suffrage was granted to tax - paying female members of guilds . The predecessor state of modern Finland , the Grand Duchy of Finland , was part of the Russian Empire from 1809 to 1917 and enjoyed a high degree of autonomy . In 1863 , taxpaying women were granted municipal suffrage in the country side , and in 1872 , the same reform was given to the cities . In 1906 , it became the first country in the world to implement full universal suffrage , as women could also stand as candidates . It also elected the world 's first female members of parliament the following year . France ( edit ) The 21 April 1944 ordinance of the French Committee of National Liberation , confirmed in October 1944 by the French provisional government , extended suffrage to French women . The first elections with female participation were the municipal elections of 29 April 1945 and the parliamentary elections of 21 October 1945 . `` Indigenous Muslim '' women in French Algeria had to wait until a 3 July 1958 decree . Germany ( edit ) Women were granted the right to vote and be elected from the 12th November 1918 . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , women over 18 voted for the first time in April 1944 for the National Council , a legislative body set up by the National Liberation Front resistance movement . Ultimately , women won the legal right to vote and run for office on May 28 , 1952 . The first woman MP was Eleni Skoura , who was elected in 1953 . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , although it was already planned in 1818 , the first occasion when women could vote was the elections held in January 1920 . Isle of Man ( edit ) In 1881 , The Isle of Man ( in the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom ) passed a law giving the vote to single and widowed women who passed a property qualification . This was to vote in elections for the House of Keys , in the Island 's parliament , Tynwald . This was extended to universal suffrage for men and women in 1919. . Italy ( edit ) In Italy , women 's suffrage was not introduced following World War I , but upheld by Socialist and Fascist activists and partly introduced by Benito Mussolini 's government in 1925 . In April 1945 , the provisional government decreed the enfranchisement of women allowing for the immediate appointment of women to public office , of which the first was Elena Fischli Dreher . In the 1946 election , all Italians simultaneously voted for the Constituent Assembly and for a referendum about keeping Italy a monarchy or creating a republic instead . Elections were not held in the Julian March and South Tyrol because they were under UN occupation . The new version of article 51 Constitution recognizes equal opportunities in electoral lists . Liechtenstein ( edit ) In Liechtenstein , women 's suffrage was granted via referendum in 1984 . Netherlands ( edit ) Wilhelmina Drucker , a Dutch pioneer for women 's rights , is portrayed by Truus Claes in 1917 on the occasion of her seventieth birthday . Women were granted the right to vote in the Netherlands on August 9 , 1919 . In 1917 , a constitutional reform already allowed women to be electable . However , even though women 's right to vote was approved in 1919 , this only took effect from January 1 , 1920 . The women 's suffrage movement in the Netherlands was led by three women : Aletta Jacobs , Wilhelmina Drucker and Annette Versluys - Poelman . In 1889 , Wilhelmina Drucker founded a women 's movement called Vrije Vrouwen Vereeniging ( Free Women 's Union ) and it was from this movement that the campaign for women 's suffrage in the Netherlands emerged . This movement got a lot of support from other countries , especially from the women 's suffrage movement in England . In 1906 the movement wrote an open letter to the Queen pleading for women 's suffrage . When this letter was rejected , in spite of popular support , the movement organised several demonstrations and protests in favor of women 's suffrage . This movement was of great significance for women 's suffrage in the Netherlands . Norway ( edit ) The first Norwegian woman voter casts her ballot in the 1910 municipal election . Liberal politician Gina Krog was the leading campaigner for women 's suffrage in Norway from the 1880s . She founded the Norwegian Association for Women 's Rights and the National Association for Women 's Suffrage to promote this cause . Members of these organisations were politically well - connected and well organised and in a few years gradually succeeded in obtaining equal rights for women . Middle class women won the right to vote in municipal elections in 1901 and parliamentary elections in 1907 . Universal suffrage for women in municipal elections was introduced in 1910 , and in 1913 a motion on universal suffrage for women was adopted unanimously by the Norwegian parliament ( Stortinget ) . Norway thus became the first independent country to introduce women 's suffrage . Poland ( edit ) Regaining independence in 1918 following the 123 - year period of partition and foreign rule , Poland immediately granted women the right to vote and be elected as of 28 November 1918 . The first women elected to the Sejm in 1919 were : Gabriela Balicka , Jadwiga Dziubińska , Irena Kosmowska , Maria Moczydłowska , Zofia Moraczewska , Anna Piasecka , Zofia Sokolnicka , and Franciszka Wilczkowiakowa . Portugal ( edit ) Carolina Beatriz Ângelo was the first Portuguese woman to vote , in the Constituent National Assembly election of 1911 . In 1931 during the Estado Novo regime , women were allowed to vote for the first time , but only if they had a high school or university degree , while men had only to be able to read and write . In 1946 a new electoral law enlarged the possibility of female vote , but still with some differences regarding men . A law from 1968 claimed to establish `` equality of political rights for men and women '' , but a few electoral rights were reserved for men . After the Carnation Revolution , women were granted full and equal electoral rights in 1976 . Romania ( edit ) The timeline of granting women 's suffrage in Romania was gradual and complex , due to the turbulent historical period when it happened . The concept of universal suffrage for all men was introduced in 1918 , and reinforced by the 1923 Constitution of Romania . Although this constitution opened the way for the possibility of women 's suffrage too ( Article 6 ) , this did not materialize : the Electoral Law of 1926 did not grant women the right to vote , maintaining all male suffrage . Starting in 1929 , women who met certain qualifications were allowed to vote in local elections . After the Constitution from 1938 ( elaborated under Carol II of Romania who sought to implement an authoritarian regime ) the voting rights were extended to women for national elections by the Electoral Law 1939 , but both women and men had restrictions , and in practice these restrictions affected women more than men ( the new restrictions on men also meant that men lost their previous universal suffrage ) . Although women could vote , they could be elected only in the Senate and not in the Chamber of Deputies ( Article 4 ( c ) ) . ( the Senate was later abolished in 1940 ) . Due to the historical context of the time , which included the dictatorship of Ion Antonescu , there were no elections in Romania between 1940 - 1946 . In 1946 , Law no . 560 gave full equal rights to men and women to vote and to be elected in the Chamber of Deputies ; and women voted in the Romanian general election , 1946 . The Constitution of 1948 gave women and men equal civil and political rights ( Article 18 ) . Until the collapse of communism in 1989 , all the candidates were chosen by the communist party , and civil rights were merely symbolic under this authoritarian regime . Russia ( edit ) Despite initial apprehension against enfranchising women for the right to vote for the upcoming Constituent Assembly election , the League for Women 's Equality and other suffragists rallied throughout the year of 1917 for the right to vote . After much pressure ( including a 40,000 - strong march on the Tauride Palace ) , on July 20 , 1917 the Provisional Government enfranchised women with the right to vote . San Marino ( edit ) San Marino introduced women 's suffrage in 1959 , following the 1957 constitutional crisis known as Fatti di Rovereta . It was however only in 1973 that women obtained the right to stand for election . Spain ( edit ) Women exercising the right to vote during the Second Spanish Republic , 5th of November 1933 During the Miguel Primo de Rivera regime ( 1923 -- 1930 ) only women who were considered heads of household were allowed to vote in local elections , but there were none at that time . Women 's suffrage was officially adopted in 1931 despite the opposition of Margarita Nelken and Victoria Kent , two female MPs ( both members of the Republican Radical - Socialist Party ) , who argued that women in Spain at that moment lacked social and political education enough to vote responsibly because they would be unduly influenced by Catholic priests . During the Franco regime in the `` organic democracy '' type of elections called `` referendums '' ( Franco 's regime was dictatorial ) women over 21 were allowed to vote without distinction . From 1976 , during the Spanish transition to democracy women fully exercised the right to vote and be elected to office . Sweden ( edit ) The Swedish writer Maria Gustava Gyllenstierna ( 1672 - 1737 ) ; as a taxpaying property owner , and a woman of legal majority due to her widowed status , she belonged to the women granted suffrage in accordance with the constitution of the age of liberty ( 1718 - 1772 ) . During the Age of Liberty ( 1718 -- 1772 ) , Sweden had conditional women suffrage . Until the reform of 1865 , the local elections consisted of mayoral elections in the cities , and elections of parish vicars in the countryside parishes . The Sockenstämma was the local parish council who handled local affairs , in which the parish vicar presided and the local peasantry assembled and voted , an informally regulated process in which women are reported to have participated already in the 17th century . The national elections consisted of the election of the representations to the Riksdag of the Estates . Suffrage was gender neutral and therefore applied to women as well as men if they filled the qualifications of a voting citizen . These qualifications were changed during the course of the 18th - century , as well as the local interpretation of the credentials , affecting the number of qualified voters : the qualifications also differed between cities and countryside , as well as local or national elections . Initially , the right to vote in local city elections ( mayoral elections ) was granted to every burgher , which was defined as a taxpaying citizen with a guild membership . Women as well as men were members of guilds , which resulted in women suffrage for a limited number of women . In 1734 , suffrage in both national and local elections , in cities as well as countryside , was granted to every property owning taxpaying citizen of legal majority . This extended suffrage to all taxpaying property owning women whether guild members or not , but excluded married women and the majority of unmarried women , as married women were defined as legal minors , and unmarried women were minors unless they applied for legal majority by royal dispensation , while widowed and divorced women were of legal majority . The 1734 reform increased the participation of women in elections from 55 to 71 percent . Swedish suffragist Signe Bergman , around 1910 Between 1726 and 1742 , women voted in 17 of 31 examined mayoral elections . Reportedly , some women voters in mayoral elections preferred to appoint a male to vote for them by proxy in the city hall because they found it embarrassing to do so in person , which was cited as a reason to abolish women suffrage by its opponents . The custom to appoint to vote by proxy was however used also by males , and it was in fact common for men , who were absent or ill during elections , to appoint their wives to vote for them . In 1758 , women were excluded from mayoral elections by a new regulation by which they could no longer be defined as burghers , but women suffrage was kept in the national elections as well as the country side parish elections . Women participated in all of the eleven national elections held up until 1757 . In 1772 , women suffrage in national elections was abolished by demand from the burgher estate . Women suffrage was first abolished for taxpaying unmarried women of legal majority , and then for widows . However , the local interpretation of the prohibition of women suffrage varied , and some cities continued to allow women to vote : in Kalmar , Växjö , Västervik , Simrishamn , Ystad , Åmål , Karlstad , Bergslagen , Dalarna and Norrland , women were allowed to continue to vote despite the 1772 ban , while in Lund , Uppsala , Skara , Åbo , Gothenburg and Marstrand , women were strictly barred from the vote after 1772 . Women 's suffrage demonstration in Gothenburg , June 1918 While women suffrage was banned in the mayoral elections in 1758 and in the national elections in 1772 , no such bar was ever introduced in the local elections in the country side , were women therefore continued to vote in the local parish elections of vicars . In a series of reforms in 1813 - 1817 , unmarried women of legal majority , `` Unmarried maiden , who has been declared of legal majority '' , were given the right to vote in the sockestämma ( local parish council , the predecessor of the communal and city councils ) , and the kyrkoråd ( local church councils ) . In 1823 , a suggestion was raised by the mayor of Strängnäs to reintroduce women suffrage for taxpaying women of legal majority ( unmarried , divorced and widowed women ) in the mayoral elections , and this right was reintroduced in 1858 . In 1862 , tax - paying women of legal majority ( unmarried , divorced and widowed women ) were again allowed to vote in municipal elections , making Sweden the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote . This was after the introduction of a new political system , where a new local authority was introduced : the communal municipal council . The right to vote in municipal elections applied only to people of legal majority , which excluded married women , as they were juridically under the guardianship of their husbands . In 1884 the suggestion to grant women the right to vote in national elections was initially voted down in Parliament . During the 1880s , the Married Woman 's Property Rights Association had a campaign to encourage the female voters , qualified to vote in accordance with the 1862 law , to use their vote and increase the participation of women voters in the elections , but there was yet no public demand to women suffrage among women . In 1888 , the temperance activist Emilie Rathou became the first woman in Sweden to demand the right for women suffrage in a public speech . In 1899 , a delegation from the Fredrika Bremer Association presented a suggestion of woman suffrage to prime minister Erik Gustaf Boström . The delegation was headed by Agda Montelius , accompanied by Gertrud Adelborg , who had written the demand . This was the first time the Swedish women 's movement themselves had officially presented a demand for suffrage . In 1902 the Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage was founded . In 1906 the suggestion of women 's suffrage was voted down in parliament again . In 1909 , the right to vote in municipal elections were extended to include also married women . The same year , women were granted eligibility to municipal councils , and in the following 1910 -- 11 municipal elections , forty women were elected to different municipal councils , Gertrud Månsson being the first . In 1914 Emilia Broomé became the first woman in the legislative assembly . The right to vote in national elections was not returned to women until 1919 , and was practised again in the election of 1921 , for the first time in 150 years . After the 1921 election , the first women were elected to Swedish Parliament after the suffrage : Kerstin Hesselgren in the Upper chamber and Nelly Thüring ( Social Democrat ) , Agda Östlund ( Social Democrat ) Elisabeth Tamm ( liberal ) and Bertha Wellin ( Conservative ) in the Lower chamber . Karin Kock - Lindberg became the first female government minister , and in 1958 , Ulla Lindström became the first acting Prime Minister . Switzerland ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in Switzerland A referendum on women 's suffrage was held on 1 February 1959 . The majority of Switzerland 's men voted against it , but in some French - speaking cantons women obtained the vote . The first Swiss woman to hold political office , Trudy Späth - Schweizer , was elected to the municipal government of Riehen in 1958 . Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women 's suffrage ; they gained the right to vote in federal elections in 1971 after a second referendum that year . In 1991 following a decision by the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland , Appenzell Innerrhoden became the last Swiss canton to grant women the vote on local issues . Turkey ( edit ) In Turkey , Atatürk , the founding president of the republic , led a secularist cultural and legal transformation supporting women 's rights including voting and being elected . Women won the right to vote in municipal elections on March 20 , 1930 . Women 's suffrage was achieved for parliamentary elections on December 5 , 1934 , through a constitutional amendment . Turkish women , who participated in parliamentary elections for the first time on February 8 , 1935 , obtained 18 seats . In the early republic , when Atatürk ran a one - party state , his party picked all candidates . A small percentage of seats were set aside for women , so naturally those female candidates won . When multi-party elections began in the 1940s , the share of women in the legislature fell , and the 4 % share of parliamentary seats gained in 1935 was not reached again until 1999 . In the parliament of 2011 , women hold about 9 % of the seats . Nevertheless , Turkish women gained the right to vote a decade or more before women in such Western European countries as France , Italy , and Belgium -- a mark of Atatürk 's far - reaching social changes . United Kingdom ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom A British cartoon speculating on why imprisoned suffragettes refused to eat in prison The campaign for women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gained momentum throughout the early part of the 19th century , as women became increasingly politically active , particularly during the campaigns to reform suffrage in the United Kingdom . John Stuart Mill , elected to Parliament in 1865 and an open advocate of female suffrage ( about to publish The Subjection of Women ) , campaigned for an amendment to the Reform Act 1832 to include female suffrage . Roundly defeated in an all - male parliament under a Conservative government , the issue of women 's suffrage came to the fore . Until the 1832 Reform Act specified `` male persons '' , a few women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections through property ownership , although this was rare . In local government elections , single women ratepayers received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869 . This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1894 and extended to include some married women . By 1900 , more than 1 million single women were registered to vote in local government elections in England . In 1881 , The Isle of Man ( in the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom ) passed a law giving the vote to single and widowed women who passed a property qualification . This was to vote in elections for the House of Keys , in the Island 's parliament , Tynwald . This was extended to universal suffrage for men and women in 1919. . During the later half of the 19th century , a number of campaign groups for women 's suffrage in national elections were formed in an attempt to lobby Members of Parliament and gain support . In 1897 , seventeen of these groups came together to form the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) , who held public meetings , wrote letters to politicians and published various texts . In 1907 the NUWSS organized its first large procession . This march became known as the Mud March as over 3,000 women trudged through the streets of London from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall to advocate women 's suffrage . In 1903 a number of members of the NUWSS broke away and , led by Emmeline Pankhurst , formed the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . As the national media lost interest in the suffrage campaign , the WSPU decided it would use other methods to create publicity . This began in 1905 at a meeting in Manchester 's Free Trade Hall where Edward Grey , 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon , a member of the newly elected Liberal government , was speaking . As he was talking , Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney of the WSPU constantly shouted out , `` Will the Liberal Government give votes to women ? '' When they refused to cease calling out , police were called to evict them and the two suffragettes ( as members of the WSPU became known after this incident ) were involved in a struggle which ended with them being arrested and charged for assault . When they refused to pay their fine , they were sent to prison for one week , and three days . The British public were shocked and took notice at this use of violence to win the vote for women . After this media success , the WSPU 's tactics became increasingly violent . This included an attempt in 1908 to storm the House of Commons , the arson of David Lloyd George 's country home ( despite his support for women 's suffrage ) . In 1909 Lady Constance Lytton was imprisoned , but immediately released when her identity was discovered , so in 1910 she disguised herself as a working class seamstress called Jane Warton and endured inhumane treatment which included force - feeding . In 1913 , suffragette Emily Davison protested by interfering with a horse owned by King George V during the running of The Derby ; she was trampled and died four days later . The WSPU ceased their militant activities during World War I and agreed to assist with the war effort . The National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies , which had always employed `` constitutional '' methods , continued to lobby during the war years , and compromises were worked out between the NUWSS and the coalition government . The Speaker 's Conference on electoral reform ( 1917 ) represented all the parties in both houses , and came to the conclusion that women 's suffrage was essential . Regarding fears that women would suddenly move from zero to a majority of the electorate due to the heavy loss of men during the war , the Conference recommended that the age restriction be 21 for men , and 30 for women . On 6 February 1918 , the Representation of the People Act 1918 was passed , enfranchising women over the age of 30 who met minimum property qualifications . About 8.4 million women gained the vote , not only in Britain and Ireland . In November 1918 , the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 was passed , allowing women to be elected into Parliament . The Representation of the People Act 1928 extended the voting franchise in Great Britain and Northern Ireland to all women over the age of 21 , granting women the vote on the same terms as men . In 1999 , Time magazine , in naming Emmeline Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century , states : `` ... she shaped an idea of women for our time ; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back '' . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in Canada Women 's political status without the vote was promoted by the National Council of Women of Canada from 1894 to 1918 . It promoted a vision of `` transcendent citizenship '' for women . The ballot was not needed , for citizenship was to be exercised through personal influence and moral suasion , through the election of men with strong moral character , and through raising public - spirited sons . The National Council position was integrated into its nation - building program that sought to uphold Canada as a White settler nation . While the women 's suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women , it was also authorized through race - based arguments that linked White women 's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from `` racial degeneration . '' Women had local votes in some provinces , as in Ontario from 1850 , where women owning property ( freeholders and householders ) could vote for school trustees . By 1900 other provinces had adopted similar provisions , and in 1916 Manitoba took the lead in extending women 's suffrage . Simultaneously suffragists gave strong support to the Prohibition movement , especially in Ontario and the Western provinces . The Wartime Elections Act of 1917 gave the vote to British women who were war widows or had sons , husbands , fathers , or brothers serving overseas . Unionist Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden pledged himself during the 1917 campaign to equal suffrage for women . After his landslide victory , he introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women . On 24 May 1918 , women considered citizens ( not Aboriginal women , or most women of colour ) became eligible to vote who were `` age 21 or older , not alien - born and meet property requirements in provinces where they exist '' . Most women of Quebec gained full suffrage in 1940 . Aboriginal women across Canada were not given federal voting rights until 1960 The first woman elected to Parliament was Agnes Macphail in Ontario in 1921 . United states ( edit ) Program for Woman Suffrage Procession , Washington , D.C. , March 3 , 1913 Main article : Women 's suffrage in the United States Before the Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1920 , some individual U.S. states granted women suffrage in certain kinds of elections . Some allowed women to vote in school elections , municipal elections , or for members of the Electoral College . Some territories , like Washington , Utah , and Wyoming , allowed women to vote before they became states . The New Jersey constitution of 1776 enfranchised all adult inhabitants who owned a specified amount of property . Laws enacted in 1790 and 1797 referred to voters as `` he or she '' , and women regularly voted . A law passed in 1807 , however , excluded women from voting in that state . Lydia Taft was an early forerunner in Colonial America who was allowed to vote in three New England town meetings , beginning in 1756 , at Uxbridge , Massachusetts . The women 's suffrage movement was closely tied to abolitionism , with many suffrage activists gaining their first experience as anti-slavery activists . In June 1848 , Gerrit Smith made women 's suffrage a plank in the Liberty Party platform . In July , at the Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York , activists including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began a seventy - year struggle by women to secure the right to vote . Attendees signed a document known as the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments , of which Stanton was the primary author . Equal rights became the rallying cry of the early movement for women 's rights , and equal rights meant claiming access to all the prevailing definitions of freedom . In 1850 Lucy Stone organized a larger assembly with a wider focus , the National Women 's Rights Convention in Worcester , Massachusetts . Susan B. Anthony , a resident of Rochester , New York , joined the cause in 1852 after reading Stone 's 1850 speech . Stanton , Stone and Anthony were the three leading figures of this movement in the U.S. during the 19th century : the `` triumvirate '' of the drive to gain voting rights for women . Women 's suffrage activists pointed out that black people had been granted the franchise and had not been included in the language of the United States Constitution 's Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments ( which gave people equal protection under the law and the right to vote regardless of their race , respectively ) . This , they contended , had been unjust . Early victories were won in the territories of Wyoming ( 1869 ) and Utah ( 1870 ) . `` Kaiser Wilson '' banner held by a woman who picketed the White House John Allen Campbell , the first Governor of the Wyoming Territory , approved the first law in United States history explicitly granting women the right to vote . The law was approved on December 10 , 1869 . This day was later commemorated as Wyoming Day . On February 12 , 1870 , the Secretary of the Territory and Acting Governor of the Territory of Utah , S.A. Mann , approved a law allowing twenty - one - year - old women to vote in any election in Utah . Utah women were disenfranchised by provisions of the federal Edmunds -- Tucker Act enacted by the U.S. Congress in 1887 . The push to grant Utah women 's suffrage was at least partially fueled by the belief that , given the right to vote , Utah women would dispose of polygamy . It was only after Utah women exercised their suffrage rights in favor of polygamy that the U.S. Congress disenfranchised Utah women . By the end of the 19th century , Idaho , Utah , and Wyoming had enfranchised women after effort by the suffrage associations at the state level ; Colorado notably enfranchised women by an 1893 referendum . During the beginning of the 20th century , as women 's suffrage faced several important federal votes , a portion of the suffrage movement known as the National Woman 's Party led by suffragist Alice Paul became the first `` cause '' to picket outside the White House . Paul had been mentored by Emmeline Pankhurst while in England , and both she and Lucy Burns led a series of protests against the Wilson Administration in Washington . Wilson ignored the protests for six months , but on June 20 , 1917 , as a Russian delegation drove up to the White House , suffragists unfurled a banner which stated : `` We women of America tell you that America is not a democracy . Twenty million women are denied the right to vote . President Wilson is the chief opponent of their national enfranchisement '' . Another banner on August 14 , 1917 , referred to `` Kaiser Wilson '' and compared the plight of the German people with that of American women . With this manner of protest , the women were subject to arrests and many were jailed . Another ongoing tactic of the National Woman 's Party was watchfires , which involved burning copies of President Wilson 's speeches , often outside the White House or in the nearby Lafayette Park . The Party continued to hold watchfires even as the war began , drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic . On October 17 , Alice Paul was sentenced to seven months and on October 30 began a hunger strike , but after a few days prison authorities began to force feed her . After years of opposition , Wilson changed his position in 1918 to advocate women 's suffrage as a war measure . Women suffragists picketing in front of the White House circa February 1917 . Banner on the left reads , `` Mr President , How long must women wait for Liberty ? '' , and the banner to the right , `` Mr President , What will you do for women 's suffrage ? '' The key vote came on June 4 , 1919 , when the Senate approved the amendment by 56 to 25 after four hours of debate , during which Democratic Senators opposed to the amendment filibustered to prevent a roll call until their absent Senators could be protected by pairs . The Ayes included 36 ( 82 % ) Republicans and 20 ( 54 % ) Democrats . The Nays comprised 8 ( 18 % ) Republicans and 17 ( 46 % ) Democrats . The Nineteenth Amendment , which prohibited state or federal sex - based restrictions on voting , was ratified by sufficient states in 1920 . According to the article , `` Nineteenth Amendment '' , by Leslie Goldstein from the Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , `` by the end it also included jail sentences , and hunger strikes in jail accompanied by brutal force feedings ; mob violence ; and legislative votes so close that partisans were carried in on stretchers '' ( Goldstein , 2008 ) . Even after the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified , women were still facing problems . For instance , when women had registered to vote in Maryland , `` residents sued to have the women 's names removed from the registry on the grounds that the amendment itself was unconstitutional '' ( Goldstein , 2008 ) . Before 1965 , women of color , such as African Americans and Native Americans , were disenfranchised , especially in the South . The Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibited racial discrimination in voting , and secured voting rights for racial minorities throughout the U.S. Oceania ( edit ) Australian women 's rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon : A hypothetical female member foists her baby 's care on the House Speaker . South Australian women were to achieve the vote in 1895 . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in Australia The female descendants of the Bounty mutineers who lived on Pitcairn Islands could vote from 1838 , and this right transferred with their resettlement to Norfolk Island ( now an Australian external territory ) in 1856 . Edith Cowan ( 1861 -- 1932 ) was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament ( though women in Australia had already had the vote for two decades ) . Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections ( but not parliamentary elections ) in 1861 . Henrietta Dugdale formed the first Australian women 's suffrage society in Melbourne , Victoria in 1884 . Women became eligible to vote for the Parliament of South Australia in 1895 and in 1897 , Catherine Helen Spence became the first female political candidate for political office , unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to Federal Convention on Australian Federation . Western Australia granted voting rights to women in 1899 . The first election for the Parliament of the newly formed Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 was based on the electoral provisions of the six pre-existing colonies , so that women who had the vote and the right to stand for Parliament at state level had the same rights for the 1901 Australian Federal election . In 1902 , the Commonwealth Parliament passed the Commonwealth Franchise Act , which enabled all women to vote and stand for election for the Federal Parliament . Four women stood for election in 1903 . The Act did , however , specifically exclude ' natives ' from Commonwealth franchise unless already enrolled in a state . In 1949 , the right to vote in federal elections was extended to all Indigenous people who had served in the armed forces , or were enrolled to vote in state elections ( Queensland , Western Australia , and the Northern Territory still excluded indigenous women from voting rights ) . Remaining restrictions were abolished in 1962 by the Commonwealth Electoral Act . Edith Cowan was elected to the West Australian Legislative Assembly in 1921 , the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament . Dame Enid Lyons , in the Australian House of Representatives and Senator Dorothy Tangney became the first women in the Federal Parliament in 1943 . Lyons went on to be the first woman to hold a Cabinet post in the 1949 ministry of Robert Menzies . Rosemary Follett was elected Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory in 1989 , becoming the first woman elected to lead a state or territory . By 2010 , the people of Australia 's oldest city , Sydney had female leaders occupying every major political office above them , with Clover Moore as Lord Mayor , Kristina Keneally as Premier of New South Wales , Marie Bashir as Governor of New South Wales , Julia Gillard as Prime Minister , Quentin Bryce as Governor - General of Australia and Elizabeth II as Queen of Australia . Cook Islands ( edit ) Main article : Women in the Cook Islands Women in Rarotonga won the right to vote in 1893 , shortly after New Zealand . New Zealand ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in New Zealand New Zealand 's Electoral Act of 19 September 1893 made this country the first in the world to grant women the right to vote in parliamentary elections . Although the Liberal government which passed the bill generally advocated social and political reform , the electoral bill was only passed because of a combination of personality issues and political accident . The bill granted the vote to women of all races . New Zealand women were denied the right to stand for parliament , however , until 1920 . In 2005 almost a third of the Members of Parliament elected were female . Women recently have also occupied powerful and symbolic offices such as those of Prime Minister ( Jenny Shipley , Helen Clark and current PM Jacinda Ardern ) , Governor - General ( Catherine Tizard and Silvia Cartwright ) , Chief Justice ( Sian Elias ) , Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Margaret Wilson ) , and from 3 March 2005 to 23 August 2006 , all four of these posts were held by women , along with Queen Elizabeth as Head of State . Latin America ( edit ) Women in Latin America lagged behind those in the U.S. and Canada in gaining the vote . Ecuador enfranchised women in 1929 and the last was Paraguay in 1961 . By date of full suffrage : Ecuador 1929 Chile 1931 Uruguay 1932 Brazil 1934 Cuba 1934 El Salvador 1939 Panama 1941 Guatemala 1946 Venezuela 1946 Argentina 1947 Chile 1949 Costa Rica 1949 Bolivia 1952 Mexico 1953 Colombia 1954 Honduras 1955 Nicaragua 1955 Paraguay 1961 . There were political , religious , and cultural debates about women 's suffrage in the various countries . Important advocates for women 's suffrage include Hermila Galindo ( Mexico ) , Eva Perón ( Argentina ) , Alicia Moreau de Justo ( Argentina ) , Julieta Lanteri ( Argentina ) , Celina Guimarães Viana ( Brazil ) , Ivone Guimarães ( Brazil ) , Henrietta Müller ( Chile ) , Marta Vergara ( Chile ) , Lucila Rubio de Laverde ( Colombia ) , María Currea Manrique ( Colombia ) , Josefa Toledo de Aguirre ( Nicaragua ) , Elida Campodónico ( Panama ) , Clara González ( Panama ) , Gumercinda Páez ( Panama ) , Paulina Luisi Janicki ( Uruguay ) , Carmen Clemente Travieso , ( Venezuela ) . Argentina ( edit ) The modern suffragist movement in Argentina arose partly in conjunction with the activities of the Socialist Party and anarchists of the early twentieth century . Women involved in larger movements for social justice began to agitate equal rights and opportunities on par with men ; following the example of their European peers , Elvira Dellepiane Rawson , Cecilia Grierson and Alicia Moreau de Justo began to form a number of groups in defense of the civil rights of women between 1900 and 1910 . The first major victories for extending the civil rights of women occurred in the Province of San Juan . Women had been allowed to vote in that province since 1862 , but only in municipal elections . A similar right was extended in the province of Santa Fe where a constitution that ensured women 's suffrage was enacted at the municipal level , although female participation in votes initially remained low . In 1927 , San Juan sanctioned its Constitution and broadly recognized the equal rights of men and women . However , the 1930 coup overthrew these advances . Women 's demonstration in Buenos Aires in front of the National Congress by law for universal suffrage , 1947 A great pioneer of women 's suffrage was Julieta Lanteri , the daughter of Italian immigrants , who in 1910 requested a national court to grant her the right to citizenship ( at the time not generally given to single female immigrants ) as well as suffrage . The Claros judge upheld her request and declared : `` As a judge , I have a duty to declare that her right to citizenship is enshrined in the Constitution , and therefore that women enjoy the same political rights as the laws grant to male citizens , with the only restrictions expressly determined such laws , because no inhabitant is deprived of what they do not prohibit . '' In July 1911 , Dr. Lanteri were enumerated , and on November 26 of that year exercised her right to vote , the first Ibero - American woman to vote . Also covered in a judgment in 1919 was presented as a candidate for national deputy for the Independent Centre Party , obtaining 1730 votes out of 154,302 . In 1919 , Rogelio Araya UCR Argentina had gone down in history for being the first to submit a bill recognizing the right to vote for women , an essential component of universal suffrage . On July 17 , 1919 , he served as deputy national on behalf of the people of Santa Fe . On February 27 , 1946 , three days after the elections that consecrated president Juan Perón and his wife First Lady Eva Perón 26 years of age gave his first political speech in an organized women to thank them for their support of Perón 's candidacy . On that occasion , Eva demanded equal rights for men and women and particularly , women 's suffrage : The woman Argentina has exceeded the period of civil tutorials . Women must assert their action , women should vote . The woman , moral spring home , you should take the place in the complex social machinery of the people . He asks a necessity new organize more extended and remodeled groups . It requires , in short , the transformation of the concept of woman who sacrificially has increased the number of its duties without seeking the minimum of their rights . The bill was presented the new constitutional government assumed immediately after the May 1 , 1946 . The opposition of conservative bias was evident , not only the opposition parties but even within parties who supported Peronism . Eva Perón constantly pressured the parliament for approval , even causing protests from the latter for this intrusion . Although it was a brief text in three articles , that practically could not give rise to discussions , the Senate recently gave preliminary approval to the project August 21 , 1946 , and had to wait over a year for the House of Representative to publish the September 9 , 1947 Law 13,010 , establishing equal political rights between men and women and universal suffrage in Argentina . Finally , Law 13,010 was approved unanimously . Eva Perón voting at the hospital in 1951.It was the first time women had been permitted to vote in national elections in Argentina . To this end Perón received the Civic Book No. 00.000. 001 . It was the first and only time she would vote ; Perón died July 26 , 1952 after developing cervical cancer . In an official statement on national television , Eva Perón announced the extension of suffrage to Argentina 's women : Women of this country , this very instant I receive from the Government the law that enshrines our civic rights . And I receive it in front of you , with the confidence that I do so on behalf and in the name of all Argentinian women . I do so joyously , as I feel my hands tremble upon contact with victory proclaiming laurels . Here it is , my sisters , summarized into few articles of compact letters lies a long history of battles , stumbles , and hope . Because of this , in it there lie exasperating indignation , shadows of menacing sunsets , but also cheerful awakenings of triumphal auroras . And the latter which translates the victory of women over the incomprehensions , the denials , and the interests created by the castes now repudiated by our national awakening . And a leader who destiny forged to victoriously face the problems of our era , General ( Perón ) . With him , and our vote we shall contribute to the perfection of Argentina 's democracy , my dear comrades . On 23 September 1947 , they enacted the Female Enrollment Act ( No. 13,010 ) during the first presidency of Juan Domingo Perón , which was implemented in the elections of November 11 , 1951 , in which 3 816 654 women voted ( 63.9 % voted for the Justicialista Party and 30.8 % for the Radical Civic Union ) . Later in 1952 , the first 23 senators and deputies took their seats , representing the Justicialista Party . Brazil ( edit ) Women were granted the right to vote and be elected in Electoral Code of 1932 , followed by Brazilian Constitution of 1934 . However , the law of Rio Grande do Norte State has allowed women to vote since 1926 . The struggle for women 's suffrage was part of a larger movement to gain rights for women . Chile ( edit ) Debate about women 's suffrage in Chile began in the 1920s . Women 's suffrage in municipal elections was first established in 1931 by decree ( decreto con fuerza de ley ) ; voting age for women was set at 25 years . In addition , the Chamber of Deputies approved a law on March 9 , 1933 establishing women 's suffrage in municipal elections . Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1949 . Women 's share among voters increased steadily after 1949 , reaching the same levels of participation as men in 1970 . Mexico ( edit ) See also : Women in Mexico The liberal Mexican Constitution of 1857 did not bar women from voting in Mexico or holding office , but `` election laws restricted the suffrage to males , and in practice women did not participate nor demand a part in politics , '' with framers being indifferent to the issue . Years of civil war and the French intervention delayed any consideration of women 's role in Mexican political life , but during the Restored Republic and the Porfiriato ( 1876 - 1911 ) , women began organizing to expand their civil rights , including suffrage . Socialist publications in Mexico began advocating changes in law and practice as early as 1878 . The journal La Internacional articulated a detailed program of reform that aimed at `` the emancipation , rehabilitation , and integral education of women . '' The era of the Porfiriato did not record changes in law regarding the status of women , but women began entering professions requiring higher education : law , medicine , and pharmacy ( requiring a university degree ) , but also teaching . Liberalism placed great importance on secular education , so that the public school system ranks of the teaching profession expanded in the late nineteenth century , which benefited females wishing to teach and education for girls . The status of women in Mexico became an issue during the Mexican Revolution , with Francisco I. Madero , the challenger to the continued presidency of Porfirio Diaz interested in the rights of Mexican women . Madero was part of a rich estate - owning family in the northern state of Coahuila , who had attended University of California , Berkeley briefly and traveled in Europe , absorbing liberal ideas and practices . Madero 's wife as well as his female personal assistant , Soledad González , `` unquestionably enhanced his interest in women 's rights . '' González was one of the orphans that the Maderos adopted ; she learned typing and stenography , and traveled to Mexico City following Madero 's election as president in 1911 . Madero 's brief presidential term was tumultuous , and with no previous political experience , Madero was unable to forward the cause of women 's suffrage . Following his ouster by military coup led by Victoriano Huerta and Madero 's assassination , those taking up Madero 's cause and legacy , the Constitutionalists ( named after the liberal Constitution of 1857 ) began to discuss women 's rights . Venustiano Carranza , former governor of Coahuila , and following Madero 's assassination , the `` first chief '' of the Constitutionalists . Carranza also had an influential female private secretary , Hermila Galindo , who was a champion of women 's rights in Mexico . In asserting his Carranza promulgated political plan Plan de Guadalupe in 1914 , enumerating in standard Mexican fashion , his aims as he sought supporters . In the `` Additions '' to the Plan de Guadalupe , Carranza made some important statements that affected families and the status of women in regards to marriage . In December 1914 , Carranza issued a decree that legalized divorce under certain circumstances . Although the decree did not lead to women 's suffrage , it eased somewhat restrictions that still existed in the civil even after the nineteenth - century liberal Reforma established the State 's right to regulate marriage as a civil rather than an ecclesiastical matter . There was increased advocacy for women 's rights in the late 1910s , with the founding of a new feminist magazine , Mujer Moderna , which ceased publication in 1919 . Mexico saw several international women 's rights congresses , the first being held in Mérida , Yucatán , in 1916 . The International Congress of Women had some 700 delegates attend , but did not result in lasting changes . As women 's suffrage made progress in Great Britain and the United States , in Mexico there was an echo . Carranza , who was elected president in 1916 , called for a convention to draft a new Mexican Constitution that incorporated gains for particular groups , such as the industrial working class and the peasantry seeking land reform . It also incorporated increased restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico , an extension of the anticlericalism in the Constitution of 1857 . The Constitution of 1917 did not explicitly empower women 's access to the ballot . In the northern Mexican state of Sonora , Mexican women pushed for more rights for women , including the vote . Emélida Carrillo and school teacher María de Jesús Váldez led the effort . Notably , the movement for Mexican women 's rights there was linked to the movement to exclude and expel Chinese in Mexico , racial essentialism that was also seen in the suffrage movement in the U.S. , but generally not elsewhere in Latin America . In 1937 , Mexican feminists challenged the wording of the Constitution concerning who is eligible for citizenship -- the Constitution did not specify `` men and women . '' María del Refugio García ran for election as a Sole Front for Women 's Rights candidate for her home district , Uruapan . García won by a huge margin , but was not allowed to take her seat because the government would have to amend the Constitution . In response , García went on a hunger strike outside President Lázaro Cárdenas ' residence in Mexico City for 11 days in August 1937 . Cárdenas responded by promising to change Article 34 in the Constitution that September . By December , the amendment had been passed by congress , and women were granted full citizenship . However , the vote for women in Mexico was not granted until 1953 . The history and meaning of the women 's vote in Mexico has been examined . Women gained the right to vote in 1947 for some local elections and for national elections in 1953 . Venezuela ( edit ) After the 1928 Student Protests , women started participating more actively in politics . In 1935 , women 's rights supporters founded the Feminine Cultural Group ( known as ' ACF ' from its initials in Spanish ) , with the goal of tackling women 's problems . The group supported women 's political and social rights , and believed it was necessary to involve and inform women about these issues in order to ensure their personal development . It went on to give seminars , as well as founding night schools and the House of Laboring Women . Groups looking to reform the 1936 Civil Code of Conduct in conjunction with the Venezuelan representation to the Union of American Women called the First Feminine Venezuelan Congress in 1940 . In this congress , delegates discussed the situation of women in Venezuela and their demands . Key goals were women 's suffrage and a reform to the Civil Code of Conduct . Around twelve thousand signatures were collected and handed to the Venezuelan Congress , which reformed the Civil Code of Conduct in 1942 . In 1944 , groups supporting women 's suffrage , the most important being Feminine Action , organized around the country . During 1945 , women attained the right to vote at a municipal level . This was followed by a stronger call of action . Feminine Action began editing a newspaper called the Correo Cívico Femenino , to connect , inform and orientate Venezuelan women in their struggle . Finally , after the 1945 Venezuelan Coup d'État and the call for a new Constitution , to which women were elected , women 's suffrage became a constitutional right in the country . Women 's suffrage in non-religious organizations ( edit ) The right of women to vote has sometimes been denied in non-religious organizations ; for example , it was not until 1964 that women in the National Association of the Deaf in the United States were first allowed to vote . Women 's suffrage in religions ( edit ) Catholicism ( edit ) The Pope is elected by the College of Cardinals . Women are not appointed as cardinals , and therefore women can not vote for the Pope . The female Catholic offices of Abbess or Mother Superior are elective , the choice being made by the secret votes of the nuns belonging to the community . Islam ( edit ) See also : Women in Islam In the United States , some mosques have constitutions prohibiting women from voting in board elections . Judaism ( edit ) See also : Women in Judaism In Conservative Judaism , Reform Judaism and other liberal Jewish movements women have the right to vote . Since the 1970s , more and more Modern Orthodox synagogues and religious organizations have been granting women the rights to vote and to be elected to their governing bodies . In a few Ultra-Orthodox Jewish communities women are denied the vote or the ability to be elected to positions of authority . Timelines ( edit ) Timeline of first women 's suffrage in majority - Muslim countries Timeline of women 's suffrage Timeline of women 's legal rights ( other than voting ) See also ( edit ) Feminism portal Politics portal Anti-suffragism List of monuments and memorials to women 's suffrage List of suffragists and suffragettes List of the first female holders of political offices in Europe List of women 's rights activists Open Christmas Letter Silent Sentinels Suffrage Hikes Women 's suffrage movement in Washington Women 's suffrage organizations Women 's work Woman suffrage parade of 1913 Notes ( edit ) ^ Anon . `` Suffragist '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . ^ Ellen Carol DuBois ( 1998 ) . Woman Suffrage and Women 's Rights . NYU Press . pp. 174 -- 6 . ISBN 9780814719015 . ^ Allison Sneider , `` The New Suffrage History : Voting Rights in International Perspective '' , History Compass , ( July 2010 ) 8 # 7 pp 692 -- 703 , ^ `` Women 's Suffrage Petition 1894 '' ( PDF ) . parliament.sa.gov.au . ^ `` Legislative Assembly '' . The West Australian . Perth , WA. 15 December 1899 . p. 7 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . ^ Link text , additional text . ^ `` Foundingdocs.gov.au '' . Foundingdocs.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 08 . ^ EC ( 2013 - 02 - 15 ) . `` First in the World '' . Elections.org.nz . New Zealand Electoral Commission . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . ^ Leslie Hume ( 2016 ) . The National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies 1897 - 1914 . 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International encyclopedia of women 's suffrage ( Abc - Clio Inc , 2000 ) . Hannam , June . `` International Dimensions of Women 's Suffrage : ' at the crossroads of several interlocking identities ' '' Women 's History Review 14.3 - 4 ( 2005 ) : 543 - 560 . Lloyd , Trevor , Suffragettes International : The Worldwide Campaign for Women 's Rights ( New York : American Heritage Press , 1971 ) . Markoff , John . `` Margins , Centers , and Democracy : The Paradigmatic History of Women 's Suffrage , '' Signs ( 2003 ) 29 # 1 pp. 85 -- 116 in JSTOR Owens , Rosemary Cullen . Smashing times : A history of the Irish women 's suffrage movement , 1889 - 1922 ( Irish Books & Media , 1984 ) . Raeburn , Antonia . Militant Suffragettes ( London : New English Library , 1973 ) on Great Britain Ramirez , Francisco O. , Yasemin Soysal , and Suzanne Shanahan . `` The Changing Logic of Political Citizenship : Cross-National Acquisition of Women 's Suffrage Rights , 1890 to 1990 '' , American Sociological Review ( 1997 ) 62 # 5 pp 735 -- 45 . in JSTOR United states ( edit ) DuBois , Ellen Carol . Harriot Stanton Blatch and the Winning of Woman Suffrage ( New Haven and London : Yale University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 06562 - 0 Flexner , Eleanor , Century of Struggle : The Woman 's Rights Movement in the United States , enlarged edition with Foreword by Ellen Fitzpatrick ( 1959 , 1975 ; Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press , 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 674 - 10653 - 9 Kraditor , Aileen S. Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement , 1890 - 1920 . ( 1965 ) . Mackenzie , Midge , Shoulder to Shoulder : A Documentary ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 394 - 73070 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Women 's suffrage . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : Women 's suffrage Photo Essay on Women 's Suffrage by the International Museum of Women Suffrage in Canada CIA Yearbook : Suffrage Press release with respect to Qatar and Yemen UNCG Special Collections and University Archives selections of American Suffragette manuscripts Photographs of U.S. suffragettes , marches , and demonstrations Ada James papers and correspondence ( 1915 -- 1918 ) -- a digital collection presented by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center . Ada James ( 1876 -- 1952 ) was a leading a social reformer , humanitarian , and pacifist from Richland Center , Wisconsin and daughter of state senator David G. James . The Ada James papers document the grass roots organizing and politics required to promote and guarantee the passage of women 's suffrage in Wisconsin and beyond . Women _́ s suffrage in Germany -- 19 January 1919 -- first suffrage ( active and passive ) for women in Germany Suffragists vs. Suffragettes -- brief article outlining origins of term `` suffragette '' , usage of term and links to other sources . Women in Congress -- Information about women who have served in the U.S. Congress including historical essays that cover suffrage . Culture Victoria -- historical images and videos for the Centenary of Women 's Suffrage Woman suffragist , Mary Ellen Ewing vs the Houston School Board -- Collection at the University of Houston Digital Library . Gayle Olson - Raymer , `` The Early Women 's Movement '' , 17 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools Women 's Suffrage and Equal Rights in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library Select `` Suffrage '' subject , at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Timeline and Map of Woman Suffrage Legislation State by State 1838 - 1919 Women of Protest : Photographs from the Records of the National Woman 's Party Detailed Chronology of National Woman 's Party Database of National Woman 's Party Actions Outside Washington D.C. 1914 - 1924 National Woman 's Party Offices and Actions ( Washington D.C. map ) National Woman 's Party : a year - by - year history 1913 - 1922 National Woman 's Party 1912 - 1922 : Timeline Story Map Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK 1907 Mud March Black Friday Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill BNF : cb119711882 ( data ) NDL : 00563831 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage&oldid=827861237 '' Categories : Women 's suffrage Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Citation attribution All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing cleanup from November 2013 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from November 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from November 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 Articles to be expanded from June 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Pages with login required references or sources Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lietuvių Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Patois Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the fight for women's right to vote began | [
"The seed for the first Woman's Rights Convention in the United States in Seneca Falls, New York was planted in 1840, when Elizabeth Cady Stanton met Lucretia Mott at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London. The conference refused to seat Mott and other women delegates from the U.S. because of their sex. In 1851, Stanton met temperance worker Susan B. Anthony, and shortly the two would be joined in the long struggle to secure the vote for women in the U.S. In 1868 Anthony encouraged working women from the printing and sewing trades in New York, who were excluded from men's trade unions, to form Workingwomen's Associations. As a delegate to the National Labor Congress in 1868, Anthony persuaded the committee on female labor to call for votes for women and equal pay for equal work. The men at the conference deleted the reference to the vote.[27] In the U.S. women in the Wyoming Territory could vote as of 1869.[28] Subsequent American suffrage groups often disagreed on tactics, with the National American Woman Suffrage Association arguing for a state-by-state campaign and the National Woman's Party focusing on an amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[29]"
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8871520592765324773 | The Sinner (TV series) | The Sinner ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Sinner ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Sinner Genre Crime drama Mystery Based on The Sinner by Petra Hammesfahr Developed by Derek Simonds Starring Jessica Biel Christopher Abbott Dohn Norwood Abby Miller Bill Pullman Composer ( s ) Ronit Kirchman Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jessica Biel Michelle Purple Derek Simonds Antonio Campos Charlie Gogolak Location ( s ) Congers , New York New City , New York Brooklyn , New York Charleston , South Carolina Dorchester County , South Carolina Camera setup Single - camera Production company ( s ) Iron Ocean Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network USA Network Original release August 2 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) -- September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) External links Website www.usanetwork.com/thesinner The Sinner is an American crime drama mystery television series , based on the novel of the same name by Petra Hammesfahr . The series was ordered on January 17 , 2017 . The eight - episode miniseries was broadcast on USA Network between August 2 and September 20 , 2017 . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , The Sinner received two nominations : Best Miniseries or Television Film and Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film for Jessica Biel . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Development 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the events that happen after a young mother kills someone in public but has no idea why she did so . Development ( edit ) The series , described as a `` close - ended series '' by the network , was adapted from the novel of the same name by Petra Hammesfahr , however the book 's darker outlook was toned down and the location shifted from Germany to Upstate New York in the United States . It was the first time that Biel had executive - produced a series , a role she said was `` gold '' . Biel stated that she moved into production so that she could develop projects with challenging and interesting roles rather than waiting for them to happen . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Jessica Biel as Cora Tannetti Christopher Abbott as Mason Tannetti Dohn Norwood as Detective Dan Leroy Abby Miller as Caitlin Sullivan Bill Pullman as Detective Harry Ambrose Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Burgess as Maddie Patti D'Arbanville as Lorna Tannetti , Mason 's mother Kathryn Erbe as Fay Ambrose , Harry 's wife Enid Graham as Elizabeth Lacey , Cora 's mother Jacob Pitts as J.D. Nadia Alexander as Phoebe Eric Todd as Frankie Belmont Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Part I '' Antonio Campos Derek Simonds August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 1.63 Cora Tannetti , raised by religious zealots , is now married to Mason and mother of a toddler , Laine . The marriage is strained by Mason 's attachment to his mother , who lives on the same property and watches her grandson while Cora and Mason work at the family business . At the lake with her husband and son , Cora almost drowns herself , but changes her mind . Back on the beach while cutting up a pear , she sees an amorous couple kissing and playing music . She uses a paring knife to repeatedly stab the man , Frankie Belmont , killing him . Detectives Harry Ambrose and Dan Leroy are assigned the case . With Cora 's confession , Dan views the case as closed , while Harry wishes to learn why she committed a random murder . He must hurry , as she is soon to be arraigned in court . `` Part II '' Antonio Campos Derek Simonds August 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 09 ) 1.41 Cora pleads guilty to second - degree murder to avoid a trial , but the judge orders a competency evaluation . After learning that Frankie seemed to recognize Cora as she stabbed him and that they possibly had a destructive relationship , Harry questions her . She admits that , in 2012 , she had sex with Frankie after meeting him in a bar , only he called himself `` J.D. '' . Frankie 's parents claim that he was in California in 2012 . Harry confronts Cora , forcing her to listen to the music that caused her to stab Frankie , and she attacks Harry in a similar manner . `` Part III '' Antonio Campos Derek Simonds August 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 16 ) 1.64 Cora dreams of Laine and asks Mason to bring him to visit . Harry visits Cora 's parents , William and Elizabeth Lacey , and learns about Cora 's now deceased sister , Phoebe , and learns that Cora disappeared a month before Phoebe died in 2012 . Cora has dreams of a foot collapsing a sternum and wakes up screaming . While attempting to sedate Cora , the prison staff expose scars on her arm . When Harry visits Cora , he asks if she had a heroin addiction . Cora aks Harry not to tell Mason , but Harry says he ca n't promise that . Harry learns Cora 's aunt Margaret came to see her and goes to see Margaret . Cora lived with Margaret after she reappeared in 2012 . Margaret tells Harry that Cora would wake up at 3am every morning with nightmares . Mason goes to visit Cora without Laine and asks if it was J.D. that got Cora hooked on drugs . Harry visits the detox center Cora was taken to after she reappeared , then tests Cora to see if she actually knows how to shoot up . Mason 's friend points out J.D. at a bar . `` Part IV '' Brad Anderson Liz W. Garcia August 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 23 ) 1.76 Both Mason and J.D. are arrested and questioned . Mason tells Dan that J.D. is a drug dealer . J.D. tells Harry he 's never met Cora , even though Harry says Cora remembers meeting him in a bar on the third of July . J.D. 's lawyer , Mr. Harding , ends the interview . Dan knows Harding and says he is like `` bringing a cannon '' to a knife fight . Dan and Harry wonder why J.D. has such a high - powered lawyer . Mason 's friend , Caitlin , admits to Harry that she told Mason Cora mentioned J.D. Harry questions Cora and realizes she does n't remember anything between July 3 , 2012 , and waking up in an alley in Poughkeepsie two months later . Harry convinces Dr. Chang , one of Cora 's competency evaluators , to try memory recovery work with Cora . Harry looks for J.D. 's ex-girlfriend , Madeline Beecham , and Mason tries to get J.D. arrested for drug - dealing . Harry goes for a hike with his wife , Faye , to survey the woods he believes Cora was remembering . 5 `` Part V '' Cherien Dabis Jesse McKeown August 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 30 ) 1.84 6 `` Part VI '' Jody Lee Lipes Tom Pabst September 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) 1.84 7 `` Part VII '' Tucker Gates Liz W. Garcia September 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) 1.84 8 `` Part VIII '' Tucker Gates Jesse McKeown & Tom Pabst September 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) 2.44 Reception ( edit ) The series has received mostly positive reviews from critics . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the series has a rating of 94 % , based on 33 reviews . The critical consensus is `` Smartly unpredictable and led by powerful performances from a talented cast , the darkly compelling The Sinner sinks its hooks in fast and does n't let go . '' Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , reported that there were `` generally favorable reviews '' for the series , with an average score of 71 based on 23 reviews . In August 2017 , it was announced as the number one new cable series of 2017 , according to Nielsen delayed viewing data . U.S. ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Part I '' August 2 , 2017 0.4 1.63 0.8 2.35 3.98 `` Part II '' August 9 , 2017 0.4 1.41 0.9 2.52 1.3 3.93 `` Part III '' August 16 , 2017 0.5 1.64 0.8 2.37 1.3 4.02 `` Part IV '' August 23 , 2017 0.5 1.76 0.9 2.58 1.4 4.34 5 `` Part V '' August 30 , 2017 0.5 1.84 1.0 2.78 1.5 4.62 6 `` Part VI '' September 6 , 2017 0.6 1.84 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Part VII '' September 13 , 2017 0.5 1.84 0.8 2.55 1.3 4.39 8 `` Part VIII '' September 20 , 2017 0.8 2.44 N / A N / A N / A N / A Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Critics Choice Awards Best Actor in a Movie Made for Television or Limited Series Bill Pullman Pending Best Actress in a Movie Made for Television or Limited Series Jessica Biel Pending Golden Globes Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Jessica Biel Pending Best Miniseries or Television Film The Sinner Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Jessica Biel 's ' The Sinner ' Anthology Series Picked Up by USA '' . Jump up ^ `` The Sinner '' . 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Idato , Michael ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Snubs and surprises as the 75th annual Golden Globe nominees are unveiled '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` The Sinner TV Show '' . USA Network . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' : The 13 Craziest and Depraved Differences Between the Book and USA 's Disturbing Series '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ Pham , Jason ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Jessica Biel on Executive Producing Her First Series , ' The Sinner ' : ' Sometimes You Just Got to Do It Yourself ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Jessica Biel Goes Dark in ' The Sinner , ' a Knot of Memory and Motive '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` USA Orders ' The Sinner ' Crime Drama Pilot Starring & Produced By Jessica Biel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' : Chris Abbott , Abby Miller & Dohn Norwood Join USA Network Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bill Pullman To Star In Jessica Biel 's USA Crime Drama Pilot ' The Sinner ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinner : Miniseries ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinner : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Jessica Biel USA Series ' The Sinner ' Is 2017 's No. 1 New Cable Series in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' scores big in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 28 - Sept. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' South Park ' premiere makes big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubbin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Sinner on IMDb ( hide ) USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Current Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Colony ( since 2016 ) Damnation ( 2017 ) Falling Water ( since 2016 ) First Impressions ( since 2016 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Team Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) Upcoming American Rust ( TBA ) Unsolved ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sinner_(TV_series)&oldid=815940180 '' Categories : 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts American drama television series American LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Lesbian - related television Serial drama television series Television series by Universal Television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 05 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in season 1 of the sinner | [
"The Sinner is an American crime drama mystery television series, based on the novel of the same name by Petra Hammesfahr. The series was ordered on January 17, 2017.[1] The eight-episode miniseries was broadcast on USA Network between August 2 and September 20, 2017.[2]"
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4720808965462391823 | La Liga | La Liga - Wikipedia La Liga Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the top Spanish football league . For the Spanish association , see Liga de Fútbol Profesional . La Liga Organising body Liga de Fútbol Profesional Founded 1929 Country Spain Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 ( from 1997 -- 98 ) Level on pyramid Relegation to Segunda División Domestic cup ( s ) Copa del Rey Supercopa de España International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Real Madrid ( 33rd title ) Most championships Real Madrid ( 33 titles ) Top goalscorer Lionel Messi ( 371 goals ) TV partners List of broadcasters Website www.laliga.es/en 2017 -- 18 La Liga The Primera División , commonly known as La Liga and as La Liga Santander for sponsorship reasons with Santander , is the top professional association football division of the Spanish football league system . Administrated by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) , La Liga is contested by 20 teams , with the three lowest - placed teams relegated to the Segunda División and replaced by the top two teams in that division plus the winner of a play - off . A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception . Nine teams have been crowned champions , with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times . After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league 's early years , Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s , when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice . From the 1990s onwards , Barcelona ( 14 titles ) and Real Madrid ( 9 titles ) were both prominent , though La Liga also saw other champions , including Atlético Madrid , Valencia , and Deportivo de La Coruña . In the 2010s , Atlético Madrid became increasingly strong , forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively . According to UEFA 's league coefficient , La Liga has been the top league in Europe over the last five years and has led Europe for more years ( 13 ) than any other country . It has also produced the continent 's top - rated club more times ( 20 ) than any other league , more than double that of second - placed Serie A. Its clubs have won the most UEFA Champions League ( 17 ) , UEFA Europa League ( 10 ) , UEFA Super Cup ( 14 ) , and FIFA Club World Cup ( 6 ) titles , and its players have accumulated the highest number of ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards ( 19 ) . La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world , with an average attendance of 26,741 for league matches in the 2014 -- 15 season . This is the sixth - highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the fourth - highest of any professional association football league in the world , behind the Bundesliga , the Premier League , and the Indian Super League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competition format 1.1 Promotion and relegation 1.2 Ranking of clubs on equal points 1.3 Qualifying for European competitions 2 History 2.1 Foundation 2.2 The 1930s 2.3 The 1940s 2.4 Alfredo Di Stéfano , Puskás , Kubala and Suárez 2.5 The Madrid years 2.6 The 1980s 2.7 The 1990s 2.8 The 2000s 2.9 The 2010s 3 Teams 3.1 Stadiums and locations 4 La Liga clubs in Europe 5 Champions 5.1 Performance by club 6 All - time La Liga table 7 Players 7.1 Eligibility of non-EU players 7.2 Individual awards 7.3 Transfers 8 Player records 8.1 Top scorers 8.2 Most appearances 9 Sponsors 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Competition format ( edit ) The competition format follows the usual double round - robin format . During the course of a season , which lasts from August to May , each club plays every other club twice , once at home and once away , for a total of 38 matchdays . Teams receive three points for a win , one point for a draw , and no points for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , with the highest - ranked club at the end of the season crowned champion . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Primera División and the Segunda División . The three lowest placed teams in La Liga are relegated to the Segunda División , and the top two teams from the Segunda División promoted to La Liga , with an additional club promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . Below is a complete record of how many teams played in each season throughout the league 's history ; 1929 -- 1934 : 10 clubs 1934 -- 1941 : 12 clubs 1941 -- 1950 : 14 clubs 1950 -- 1971 : 16 clubs 1971 -- 1987 : 18 clubs 1987 -- 1995 : 20 clubs 1995 -- 1997 : 22 clubs 1997 -- present : 20 clubs Ranking of clubs on equal points ( edit ) If points are equal between two or more clubs , the rules are : If all clubs involved have played each other twice : If the tie is between two clubs , then the tie is broken using the goal difference for the two matches those clubs have played against each other ( without away goals rule ) If the tie is between more than two clubs , then the tie is broken using the games the clubs have played against each other : a ) head - to - head points b ) head - to - head goal difference c ) head - to - head goals scored If two legged games between all clubs involved have not been played , or the tie is not broken by the rules above , it is broken using : a ) total goal difference b ) total goals scored If the tie is still not broken , the winner will be determined by Fair Play scales . These are : yellow card , 1 point doubled yellow card / ejection , 2 points direct red card , 3 points suspension or disqualification of coach , executive or other club personnel ( outside referees ' decisions ) , 5 points misconduct of the supporters : mild 5 points , serious 6 points , very serious 7 points stadium closure , 10 points if the Competition Committee removes a penalty , the points are also removed If the tie is still not broken , it will be resolved with a tie - break match in a neutral stadium . Qualifying for European competitions ( edit ) Barcelona against Schalke 04 in the 2008 UEFA Champions League The top teams in La Liga qualify for the UEFA Champions League . The first , second , third and fourth placed teams directly enter the group stage of UEFA Champions League . Teams placed fifth and sixth play in the UEFA Europa League , along with the cup winners . If both teams in the cup final finish in the top six , an additional berth in the Europa League is given to the team that finishes in seventh . History ( edit ) Foundation ( edit ) In April 1927 , José María Acha , a director at Arenas Club de Getxo , first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain . After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part , the Real Federación Española de Fútbol eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1929 . Real Madrid , Barcelona , Athletic Bilbao , Real Sociedad , Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey . Atlético Madrid , Espanyol and Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners - up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knockout competition . Only three of the founding clubs , Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , have never been relegated from the Primera División . The 1930s ( edit ) Although Barcelona won the very first Liga in 1929 and Real Madrid won their first titles in 1932 and 1933 , it was Athletic Bilbao that set the early pace winning Primera División in 1930 , 1931 , 1934 and 1936 . They were also runners - up in 1932 and 1933 . In 1935 , Real Betis , then known as Betis Balompié , won their only title to date . Primera División was suspended during the Spanish Civil War . In 1937 , the teams in the Republican area of Spain , with the notable exception of the two Madrid clubs , competed in the Mediterranean League and Barcelona emerged as champions . Seventy years later , on 28 September 2007 , Barcelona requested the RFEF to recognise that title as a Liga title . This action was taken after RFEF was asked to recognise Levante FC 's Copa de la España Libre win as equivalent to Copa del Rey trophy . Nevertheless , the governing body of Spanish football has not made an outright decision yet . The 1940s ( edit ) When the Primera División resumed after the Spanish Civil War , it was Atlético Aviación ( nowadays Atlético Madrid ) , Valencia , and Sevilla that initially emerged as the strongest clubs . Atlético were only awarded a place during the 1939 -- 40 season as a replacement for Real Oviedo , whose ground had been damaged during the war . The club subsequently won their first Liga title and retained it in 1941 . While other clubs lost players to exile , execution , and as casualties of the war , the Atlético team was reinforced by a merger . The young , pre-war squad of Valencia had also remained intact and in the post-war years matured into champions , gaining three Liga titles in 1942 , 1944 , and 1947 . They were also runners - up in 1948 and 1949 . Sevilla also enjoyed a brief golden era , finishing as runners - up in 1940 and 1942 before winning their only title to date in 1946 . By the latter part of the decade , Barcelona began to emerge as a force when they were crowned champions in 1945 , 1948 and 1949 . Alfredo di Stéfano , Puskás , Kubala and Suárez ( edit ) Naturalised Argentine Alfredo Di Stéfano was part of a dominant Real Madrid side in the 1950s Although Atlético Madrid , previously known as Atlético Aviación , were champions in 1950 and 1951 under catenaccio mastermind Helenio Herrera , the 1950s saw the beginning of the Barcelona / Real Madrid dominance . During the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s , there were strict limits imposed on foreign players . In most cases , clubs could only have three foreign players in their squads , meaning that at least eight local players had to play in every game . During the 1950s , however , these rules were circumvented by Real Madrid and Barcelona , who naturalized Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , and László Kubala . Inspired by Kubala , Barça won the title in 1952 and 1953 . Di Stéfano , Puskás , Raymond Kopa and Francisco Gento formed the nucleus of the Real Madrid team that dominated the second half of the 1950s . Madrid won the first division for the first time as Real Madrid in 1954 and retained its title in 1955 . They were winners again in 1957 and 1958 , with only Athletic Bilbao interrupting their sequence . During this period , Real Madrid also won an unprecedented five consecutive European Cups . Barcelona , with a team coached by Helenio Herrera and featuring Luis Suárez , won the title in 1959 and 1960 . The Madrid years ( edit ) Between 1961 and 1980 , Real Madrid dominated the Primera División , being crowned champions 14 times , although their only European Cup triumph during this era came in 1966 , a sharp contrast to their five successive victories in the competition starting with the first final in 1956 . This included a five - in - a-row sequence from 1961 to 1965 and two three - in - a-row sequences ( 1967 -- 1969 and 1978 -- 1980 ) . During this era , only Atlético Madrid offered Real Madrid any serious challenge , adding four more titles to their tally in 1966 , 1970 , 1973 , and 1977 . Of the other clubs , only Valencia in 1971 and the Johan Cruyff - inspired Barcelona of 1974 managed to break the dominance of Real Madrid . The 1980s ( edit ) The Madrid winning sequence was ended more significantly in 1981 when Real Sociedad won their first - ever title . They retained it in 1982 and their two in a row was followed by another by their fellow Basques Athletic Bilbao , who won back - to - back titles in 1983 and 1984 . Terry Venables led Barcelona to a solitary title in 1985 before Real Madrid won again another five in a row sequence ( 1986 -- 1990 ) with a team guided by Leo Beenhakker and including Hugo Sánchez and the legendary La Quinta del Buitre -- Emilio Butragueño , Manolo Sanchís , Martín Vázquez , Míchel and Miguel Pardeza . The 1990s ( edit ) Johan Cruyff returned to Barcelona as manager in 1988 , and assembled the legendary Dream Team . Cruyff introduced players like Pep Guardiola , José Mari Bakero , Txiki Begiristain , Andoni Goikoetxea , Ronald Koeman , Michael Laudrup , Romário and Hristo Stoichkov . This team won Primera División four times between 1991 and 1994 and won the European Cup in 1992 . Laudrup then moved to arch - rivals Real Madrid , and helped them end Barcelona 's run in 1995 . Atlético Madrid won their ninth Primera División title in 1996 before Real Madrid added another Liga trophy to their cabinet in 1997 . After the success of Cruyff , another Dutchman -- Ajax manager Louis van Gaal -- arrived at the Camp Nou , and with the talents of Luís Figo , Luis Enrique , and Rivaldo , Barcelona again won the title in 1998 and 1999 . The 2000s ( edit ) As Primera División entered a new century , the Big Two of Real Madrid and Barcelona found themselves facing new challengers . Between 1993 and 2004 , Deportivo La Coruña finished in the top three on ten occasions , a better record than either Real Madrid or Barcelona , and in 2000 , under Javier Irureta , they became the ninth team to be crowned champions . Real Madrid won two more Liga titles in 2001 and 2003 and also the UEFA Champions League in 2000 and 2002 , and won their 30th league title in 2007 after a three - year drought . They were challenged by a re-emerging Valencia in both competitions . Under the management of Héctor Cúper , Valencia finished as Champions League runners - up in 2000 and 2001 . His successor , Rafael Benítez , built on this and led the club to a Liga title in 2002 and winning the double with a league title and the UEFA Cup in 2004 . The 2004 -- 05 season saw a resurgent Barcelona , inspired by the brilliant Ronaldinho , win their first title of the new century , in addition to the Liga - Champions League double in 2005 -- 06 . With world - class players like Raúl , Ruud van Nistelrooy and Gonzalo Higuaín , Real Madrid won back - to - back La Liga titles in 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 season . Under Pep Guardiola 's Dream Team , powered by La Masia talents such as Lionel Messi , Xavi and Andrés Iniesta , Barcelona added three straight Liga titles ( 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 and 2010 -- 11 ) . The 2010s ( edit ) Match between Deportivo de La Coruña and FC Barcelona in 2016 -- 17 season . In the 2011 -- 12 season , Real Madrid won its 32nd title under the management of José Mourinho with a record - breaking points tally of 100 , a record 121 number of goals scored , most overall ( 32 ) and away ( 16 ) wins in a single season in La Liga history . Barcelona coach Tito Vilanova matched the 100 - point record a year later in 2012 -- 13 while battling terminal cancer . Atlético Madrid won the 2013 -- 14 title , their first in 18 years , and the first title in ten years that Real Madrid or Barcelona had not won . Barcelona won the 2014 -- 15 season as well as the 2015 -- 16 season resulting in 6 titles in 8 years . Real Madrid have brought back the La Liga title under the management of Zinedine Zidane for the 2016 -- 17 season . Teams ( edit ) Alavés Athletic Bilbao Atlético Madrid Barcelona Celta Vigo Deportivo Eibar Espanyol Getafe Girona Leganés Las Palmas Levante Málaga Betis Real Madrid Real Sociedad Sevilla Valencia Villarreal Location of teams in 2017 -- 18 La Liga A total of 20 teams contest the league in its current season , including the top 17 sides from the 2016 -- 17 season and three promoted from the 2016 -- 17 Segunda División . These are two clubs promoted directly from that division ( Levante and Girona ) , and the winner of the play - offs , Getafe . Stadiums and locations ( edit ) Team Location Stadium Capacity Alavés Vitoria - Gasteiz Mendizorrotza 7004198400000000000 ♠ 19,840 Athletic Bilbao Bilbao San Mamés 7004532890000000000 ♠ 53,289 Atlético Madrid Madrid Wanda Metropolitano 7004680000000000000 ♠ 68,000 Barcelona Barcelona Camp Nou 7004993540000000000 ♠ 99,354 Celta Vigo Vigo Balaídos 7004290000000000000 ♠ 29,000 Deportivo La Coruña A Coruña Abanca - Riazor 7004329120000000000 ♠ 32,912 Eibar Eibar Ipurua 7003708300000000000 ♠ 7,083 Espanyol Barcelona RCDE Stadium 7004405000000000000 ♠ 40,500 Getafe Getafe Coliseum Alfonso Pérez 7004170000000000000 ♠ 17,000 Girona Girona Montilivi 7004135000000000000 ♠ 13,500 Las Palmas Las Palmas Gran Canaria 7004331110000000000 ♠ 33,111 Leganés Leganés Butarque 7004109220000000000 ♠ 10,922 Levante Valencia Ciutat de València 7004263540000000000 ♠ 26,354 Málaga Málaga La Rosaleda 7004300440000000000 ♠ 30,044 Real Betis Seville Benito Villamarín 7004607200000000000 ♠ 60,720 Real Madrid Madrid Santiago Bernabéu 7004810440000000000 ♠ 81,044 Real Sociedad San Sebastián Anoeta 7004320000000000000 ♠ 32,000 Sevilla Seville Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán 7004427140000000000 ♠ 42,714 Valencia Valencia Mestalla 7004495000000000000 ♠ 49,500 Villarreal Villarreal Estadio de la Cerámica 7004248900000000000 ♠ 24,890 La Liga clubs in Europe ( edit ) Main article : Spanish football clubs in European competitions Real Madrid against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2013 The Primera División is currently first in the UEFA rankings of European leagues based on their performances in European competitions over a five - year period , ahead of Germany 's Bundesliga , England 's Premier League and Italy 's Serie A in fourth . Real Madrid , Barcelona and Valencia are in the top ten most successful clubs in European football in terms of total European trophies . These three clubs , along with Sevilla and Atlético Madrid , are five of the most successful teams in European competition history ; these five are the only Spanish clubs to have won five or more international trophies . Deportivo La Coruña are the sixth-most participating Spanish team in the Champions League -- after Real Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Atletico Madrid and Sevilla FC -- with five Champions League appearances in a row , including a semifinal appearance in 2003 -- 04 . In 2005 -- 06 , Barcelona won the Champions League and Sevilla won the UEFA Cup , making the La Liga the first league to do the European `` double '' since 1997 . On 25 August 2015 , La Liga became the first league to classify five teams for the UEFA Champions League group stage ( Atlético Madrid , Barcelona , Real Madrid , Sevilla and Valencia ) . Champions ( edit ) Main article : List of Spanish football champions Performance by club ( edit ) Teams Winners Runners - up Winning seasons Real Madrid 33 23 1931 -- 32 , 1932 -- 33 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1971 -- 72 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 24 25 1929 - 29 , 1944 -- 45 , 1947 -- 48 , 1948 -- 49 , 1951 -- 52 , 1952 -- 53 , 1958 -- 59 , 1959 -- 60 , 1973 -- 74 , 1984 -- 85 , 1990 -- 91 , 1991 -- 92 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1997 -- 98 , 1998 -- 99 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 , 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 Atlético Madrid 10 8 1939 -- 40 , 1940 -- 41 , 1949 -- 50 , 1950 -- 51 , 1965 -- 66 , 1969 -- 70 , 1972 -- 73 , 1976 -- 77 , 1995 -- 96 , 2013 -- 14 Athletic Bilbao 8 7 1929 -- 30 , 1930 -- 31 , 1933 -- 34 , 1935 -- 36 , 1942 -- 43 , 1955 -- 56 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 Valencia 6 6 1941 -- 42 , 1943 -- 44 , 1946 -- 47 , 1970 -- 71 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Real Sociedad 1980 -- 81 , 1981 -- 82 Deportivo La Coruña 5 1999 -- 00 Sevilla 1945 -- 46 Real Betis 0 1934 -- 35 All - time La Liga table ( edit ) The All - time La Liga table is an overall record of all match results , points , and goals of every team that has played in La Liga since its inception in 1929 . The table is accurate as of the end of the 2016 -- 17 season . Teams in bold are part of the 2017 -- 18 La Liga . Pos Team Pts GP GF GA 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Debut Since / Last App Best Real Madrid 86 4385 2762 1647 552 563 5947 3140 33 23 8 8 79 1929 1929 Barcelona 86 4262 2762 1581 560 621 5900 3114 24 25 12 12 6 83 1929 1929 Atlético Madrid 80 3442 2614 1241 598 775 4534 3309 10 8 16 9 7 6 56 1929 2002 -- 03 Valencia 82 3386 2664 1187 616 861 4398 3469 6 6 10 11 10 7 50 1931 -- 32 1987 -- 88 5 Athletic Bilbao 86 3368 2762 1209 633 920 4631 3700 8 7 10 5 8 10 49 1929 1929 6 Sevilla 73 2819 2408 990 531 887 3680 3373 5 12 6 32 1934 -- 35 2001 -- 02 7 Espanyol 82 2792 2626 948 608 1070 3609 3889 -- -- 5 5 16 1929 1994 -- 95 8 Real Sociedad 70 2573 2302 864 577 861 3228 3230 5 19 1929 2010 -- 11 9 Zaragoza 58 2109 1986 698 522 766 2683 2847 -- 5 18 1939 -- 40 2012 -- 13 10 Real Betis 51 1884 1728 606 440 682 2159 2492 -- 14 1932 -- 33 2015 -- 16 11 Deportivo La Coruña 45 1814 1530 563 392 575 2052 2188 5 -- 12 1941 -- 42 2014 -- 15 12 Celta Vigo 51 1789 1698 586 389 723 2278 2624 -- -- -- 5 11 1939 -- 40 2012 -- 13 13 Valladolid 42 1471 1466 463 384 619 1767 2180 -- -- -- 1948 -- 49 2013 -- 14 14 Racing Santander 44 1416 1428 453 336 639 1843 2368 -- -- 5 1929 2011 -- 12 15 Sporting Gijón 43 1389 1458 471 358 629 1753 2152 -- 7 1944 -- 45 2015 -- 16 16 Osasuna 37 1351 1318 426 327 565 1500 1834 -- -- -- 6 1935 -- 36 2016 -- 17 17 Málaga 36 1314 1255 390 330 535 1421 1763 -- -- -- -- 1949 -- 50 2008 -- 09 18 Oviedo 38 1174 1192 408 292 492 1642 1951 -- -- 11 1933 -- 34 2000 -- 01 19 Mallorca 27 1148 988 333 256 399 1182 1371 -- -- -- 5 1960 -- 61 2012 -- 13 20 Las Palmas 33 1020 1096 367 242 487 1347 1746 -- 5 1951 -- 52 2015 -- 16 21 Villarreal 17 970 646 266 172 208 892 789 -- 9 1998 -- 99 2013 -- 14 22 Granada 23 667 742 218 175 349 819 1157 -- -- -- -- -- 1941 -- 42 2016 -- 17 6 23 Rayo Vallecano 17 662 652 189 148 305 760 1088 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1977 -- 78 2015 -- 16 8 24 Elche 21 606 678 203 180 295 750 1022 -- -- -- -- 1959 -- 60 2014 -- 15 5 25 Getafe 12 553 456 147 112 197 520 633 -- -- -- -- -- 2004 -- 05 2015 -- 16 6 26 Hércules 20 538 628 184 149 295 716 1050 -- -- -- -- 5 1935 -- 36 2010 -- 11 5 27 Tenerife 13 510 494 155 128 211 619 744 -- -- -- -- -- 1961 -- 62 2009 -- 10 5 28 Murcia 18 445 586 145 143 298 607 992 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1940 -- 41 2007 -- 08 11 29 Alavés 12 421 380 125 81 174 458 623 -- -- -- -- -- 1930 -- 31 2016 -- 17 6 30 Levante 11 416 402 113 95 194 430 632 -- -- -- -- -- 1963 -- 64 2015 -- 16 6 31 Salamanca 12 375 423 123 102 198 422 581 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1974 -- 75 1998 -- 99 7 32 Sabadell 14 353 426 129 95 202 492 720 -- -- -- -- 1943 -- 44 1987 -- 88 33 Cádiz 12 343 448 104 127 217 393 662 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1977 -- 78 2005 -- 06 12 34 Logroñés 9 293 346 96 92 158 291 489 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1987 -- 88 1996 -- 97 7 35 Castellón 11 285 334 103 79 152 419 588 -- -- -- -- 1941 -- 42 1990 -- 91 36 Albacete 7 277 270 76 76 118 320 410 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1991 -- 92 2004 -- 05 7 37 Almería 6 242 228 62 56 110 244 366 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2007 -- 08 2014 -- 15 8 38 Córdoba 9 230 282 82 63 137 285 430 -- -- -- -- -- 1962 -- 63 2014 -- 15 5 39 Compostela 190 160 52 45 63 199 241 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1994 -- 95 1997 -- 98 10 40 Recreativo 5 188 186 50 46 90 202 296 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1978 -- 79 2008 -- 09 8 41 Burgos CF 6 168 204 59 50 95 216 310 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1971 -- 72 1979 -- 80 12 42 Pontevedra 6 150 180 53 44 83 165 221 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1963 -- 64 1969 -- 70 7 43 Numancia 148 152 37 37 78 155 253 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1999 -- 00 2008 -- 09 17 44 Eibar 132 114 35 27 52 139 167 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2014 -- 15 2014 -- 15 10 45 Arenas 7 107 130 43 21 66 227 308 -- -- -- -- 1929 1934 -- 35 46 Real Burgos 96 114 26 44 44 101 139 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1990 -- 91 1992 -- 93 9 47 Gimnàstic 91 116 34 16 66 181 295 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1947 -- 48 2006 -- 07 7 48 Extremadura 83 80 20 23 37 62 117 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1996 -- 97 1998 -- 99 17 49 Mérida 81 80 19 24 37 70 115 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1995 -- 96 1997 -- 98 19 50 Alcoyano 76 108 30 16 62 145 252 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1945 -- 46 1950 -- 51 10 51 Jaén 71 90 29 13 48 121 183 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1953 -- 54 1957 -- 58 14 52 Real Unión 56 72 21 14 37 153 184 -- -- -- -- -- 1929 1931 -- 32 6 53 AD Almería 52 68 17 18 33 71 116 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 10 54 Europa 42 54 18 6 30 97 131 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1929 1930 -- 31 8 55 Lleida 40 68 13 14 41 70 182 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1950 -- 51 1993 -- 94 16 56 Leganés 35 38 8 11 19 36 55 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2016 -- 17 2016 -- 17 17 57 Xerez 34 38 8 10 20 38 66 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2009 -- 10 2009 -- 10 20 58 Condal 22 30 7 8 15 37 57 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1956 -- 57 1956 -- 57 16 59 Atlético Tetuán 19 30 7 5 18 51 85 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1951 -- 52 1951 -- 52 16 60 Cultural Leonesa 14 30 5 21 34 65 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1955 -- 56 1955 -- 56 15 61 Girona -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2017 -- 18 2017 -- 18 -- League or status at 2017 -- 18 : 2017 -- 18 La Liga 2017 -- 18 Segunda División 2017 -- 18 Segunda División B 2017 -- 18 Tercera División 2017 -- 18 Divisiones Regionales To be determined Clubs that no longer exist Players ( edit ) Eligibility of non-EU players ( edit ) In La Liga , players can claim citizenship from the nation their ancestors came from . If a player does not have European ancestry , he can claim Spanish citizenship after playing in Spain for five years . Sometimes , this can lead to a triple - citizenship situation ; for example , Leo Franco , who was born in Argentina , is of Italian heritage yet can claim a Spanish passport , having played in La Liga for over five years . In addition , players from the ACP countries -- countries in Africa , the Caribbean , and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement -- are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling . Individual awards ( edit ) Until the season 2008 -- 09 , no official awards for individuals in La Liga existed . Following the 2008 -- 09 season , the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) governing body sanctioned LFP Awards to player individuals . Additional awards relating to La Liga are distributed , some are sanctioned by the LFP or the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) and therefore not regarded as official . The most notable of these are four awarded by Spain 's biggest sports paper , Marca , namely the Pichichi Trophy , awarded to the top scorer of the season ; the Ricardo Zamora Trophy for the goalkeeper with the least `` goals - to - games '' ratio ; the Trofeo Alfredo di Stéfano , for the player judged to be the best overall player in the division ; and the Zarra Trophy , awarded to the Spanish domestic player with the highest goal total in La Liga . Since the 2013 -- 14 season , La Liga also awards the monthly Manager of the Month and Player of the Month awards . Transfers ( edit ) The first La Liga player to be involved in a transfer which broke the world record was Luis Suárez in 1961 , who moved from Barcelona to Internazionale for £ 152,000 . Twelve years later , Johan Cruyff was the first player to join a La Liga club for a record fee , £ 922,000 from Ajax to Barcelona . In 1982 , Barcelona again set the record by signing Diego Maradona from Boca Juniors for £ 5 million . Real Betis set the world record in 1998 when they signed Denílson from São Paulo for £ 21.5 million . Four of the last six world transfer records ( in euro ) have been set by Real Madrid , signing Luís Figo , Zinedine Zidane , Cristiano Ronaldo ( plus a deal for Kaká days before Ronaldo which fell just below a world record due to the way the fee was calculated ) and finally Gareth Bale , who was bought for £ 85.3 million ( € 103.4 million / $140 million ) from Tottenham Hotspur in 2013 . The Brazilian forward Neymar was the subject of an expensive and complicated transfer arrangement when he joined Barcelona from Santos in 2013 , and his outgoing transfer to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 set a new world record fee at € 222m ( via his ' buyout clause ' ) . Barcelona soon invested a large chunk of this money in a replacement , Ousmane Dembélé , whose deal -- € 105m -- was the second most expensive ever before Philippe Coutinho 's transfer to Barcelona for € 142m . Player records ( edit ) Top scorers ( edit ) As of matches played 24 February 2018 Rank Nat Name Club Years Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi Barcelona 2004 -- 372 408 0.9 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 2009 -- 300 285 1.04 Telmo Zarra Athletic Bilbao 1940 -- 1955 251 278 0.9 Hugo Sánchez Atlético Madrid , Real Madrid & Rayo Vallecano 1981 -- 1994 234 347 0.7 5 Raúl Real Madrid 1994 -- 2010 228 550 0.4 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano Real Madrid & Espanyol 1953 -- 1966 227 329 0.7 7 César Rodríguez Granada , Barcelona , Cultural Leonesa & Elche 1939 -- 1955 223 353 0.6 8 Quini Sporting Gijón & Barcelona 1970 -- 1987 219 448 0.5 9 Pahiño Celta , Real Madrid & Deportivo 1943 -- 1956 210 278 0.8 10 Edmundo Suárez Valencia & Alcoyano 1939 -- 1950 195 231 0.8 Most appearances ( edit ) See also : List of La Liga players As of 16 May 2016 Rank Nat Name Years Apps Goals Andoni Zubizarreta 1981 -- 1998 622 0 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 550 228 Eusebio Sacristán 1983 -- 2002 543 36 Francisco Buyo 1980 -- 1997 542 0 5 Manuel Sanchís 1983 -- 2001 523 32 6 Iker Casillas 1999 -- 2015 510 0 7 Xavi 1998 -- 2015 505 58 8 Miquel Soler 1983 -- 2003 504 12 9 Fernando Hierro 1987 -- 2003 497 104 10 José Mari Bakero 1980 -- 1997 483 139 Sponsors ( edit ) Banco Santander Nike , Inc El Corte Inglés TAG Heuer EA Sports Samsung Sportium STIHL Mazda Mahou Allianz Groupe Danone Marqués del Atrio Kalise Menorquina Solán de Cabras See also ( edit ) Association football portal Spain portal Football records in Spain List of football clubs in Spain List of foreign La Liga players List of La Liga broadcasters List of La Liga stadiums List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues Sports broadcasting contracts in Spain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spanish : ( pɾiˈmeɾa ðiβiˈsjon ) ; `` First Division '' Jump up ^ / læ ˈliːɡə / , Spanish : ( la ˈliɣa ) ; `` The League '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` LaLiga and Santander strike title sponsorship deal '' . LaLiga. 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Attendances in India , China and the USA catching up with the major European leagues '' . World Soccer . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ . worldfootball.net '' Attendance '' overall http://www.worldfootball.net/attendance/ '' Attendance '' overall Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` European football statistics '' . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Reglamento General de la RFEF 2010 ( Artículo 201.2 ) ( page 138 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 7 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Criterios de puntuación del juego limpio '' ( in Spanish ) . RFEF. 30 October 1998 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2010 . Retrieved 18 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Instalaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Deportivo Alavés . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Athletic Club - San Mamés ( 2013 ) '' . Athletic Club . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wanda Metropolitano '' . StadiumDB . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp Nou - FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celta de Vigo - CLUB '' . Real Club Celta de Vigo . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riazor '' . Deportivo de La Coruña . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Capacity of Ipurua stands at 7,083 '' . SD Eibar. 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RCDE Stadium - Ficha Técnica '' . RCD Espanyol . Retrieved 9 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Datos Generales '' . Getafe CF . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Campanya abonats 17 / 18 '' ( in Catalan ) . Girona FC . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estadio de Gran Canaria '' . UD Las Palmas . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instalaciones - Leganés - web oficial '' ( in Spanish ) . CD Leganés . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Superdeporte . `` El Ciutat de Valencia estrena lavado de cara para Europa - Superdeporte '' . www.superdeporte.es . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESTADIO LA ROSALEDA '' . Málaga CF . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New features for Benito Villamarín Stadium '' . www.realbetisbalompie.es . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Santiago Bernabéu Stadium '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El estadio - Real Sociedad de Fútbol '' . Real Sociedad . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla Fútbol Club - La entidad '' . Sevilla FC . Retrieved 10 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Camp de Mestalla '' ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 / 12 UEFA Champions League statistics handbook - Clubs continued '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . Jump up ^ `` UEFA ranking of European leagues '' . Bert Kassies . November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA club competitions press kit (. PDF archive , page 23 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 25 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Clasificación Histórica Liga BBVA '' . LFP. 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ All Time Table of Spanish team in La Liga Rsssf.com Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale : The history of the world transfer record '' . BBC Sport. 1 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup winner Denilson on trial at Bolton Wanderers '' . Daily Mail . 6 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nash , Elizabeth ( 25 July 2000 ) . `` Figo defects to Real Madrid for record £ 36.2 m '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zidane al Real '' . Juventus F.C. ( in Italian ) . 9 July 2001 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : Real Madrid agree £ 80 million fee with Manchester United '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jeremy ( 7 June 2009 ) . `` Real Madrid to confirm world record £ 56m signing of Kaka '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kaka completes Real Madrid switch '' . BBC . 9 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid - and agent 's fury '' ( 21 January 2016 ) . The Telegraph . 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona : Neymar deal has damaged brand of La Liga club '' . BBC Sport. 10 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona reveal details of deal to sign Brazil star Neymar '' . Sky Sports . 24 January 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2014 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Paris St - Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros '' . BBC . The British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona signs Ousmane Dembele , its Neymar replacement in more ways than one '' . 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2018/01/08/watch-live-philippe-coutinho-unveiled-barcelona-142million-transfer/ External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Liga . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many la liga titles do real madrid have | [
"A total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception. Nine teams have been crowned champions, with Real Madrid winning the title a record 33 times and Barcelona 24 times. After Athletic Bilbao claimed several titles in the league's early years, Real Madrid dominated the championship from the 1950s through to the 1980s, when Athletic and neighbours Real Sociedad each won the league twice. From the 1990s onwards, Barcelona (14 titles) and Real Madrid (9 titles) were both prominent, though La Liga also saw other champions, including Atlético Madrid, Valencia, and Deportivo de La Coruña. In the 2010s, Atlético Madrid became increasingly strong, forming a trio alongside Real Madrid and Barcelona which occupied the podium places exclusively."
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-7264869168958266810 | India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games | India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of India CGF code IND CGA Indian Olympic Association Website olympic.ind.in in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 216 in 15 sports Flag bearer Opening : P.V. Sindhu Closing : Mary Kom Medals Ranked 3rd Gold 26 Silver 20 Bronze 20 Total 66 Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 India competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games at Gold Coast , Australia from 4 to 15 April 2018 . It was India 's 18th appearance at the Commonwealth Games . With 26 Gold medals and a total of 66 medals , India finished 3rd for the tournament . It was India 's best position since the 2010 Commonwealth Games . Contents ( hide ) 1 Competitors 2 Medalists 3 Athletics 4 Badminton 5 Basketball 5.1 Men 's tournament 5.2 Women 's tournament 6 Boxing 7 Cycling 7.1 Track 8 Gymnastics 8.1 Artistic 8.2 Rhythmic 9 Hockey 9.1 Men 's tournament 9.2 Women 's tournament 10 Lawn bowls 11 Powerlifting 12 Shooting 13 Squash 14 Swimming 15 Table tennis 16 Weightlifting 17 Wrestling 18 References Competitors ( edit ) The following is a list of the number of competitors representing India that participated at the Games per India / discipline : Sport Men Women Total Gold Silver Bronze Athletics 14 12 26 Badminton 5 5 10 Basketball 12 12 24 0 0 0 Boxing 8 12 Cycling 5 9 0 0 0 Gymnastics 7 0 0 0 Hockey 18 18 36 0 0 0 Lawn bowls 5 5 10 0 0 0 Parasports 5 8 0 0 Shooting 15 12 27 7 5 Squash 6 0 0 Swimming 5 0 0 0 Table tennis 5 5 10 Weightlifting 8 8 16 5 Wrestling 6 6 12 5 Total 113 103 216 26 20 20 Medalists ( edit ) India was the best nation in 5 disciplines , weightlifting , shooting , wrestling , badminton and table tennis , and the second best nation in boxing . Medal Name Sport Event Date Gold Saikhom Mirabai Chanu Weightlifting Women 's 48 kg 5 April Gold Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu Weightlifting Women 's 53 kg 6 April Gold Sathish Sivalingam Weightlifting Men 's 77 kg 7 April Gold Ragala Venkat Rahul Weightlifting Men 's 85 kg 7 April Gold Punam Yadav Weightlifting Women 's 69 kg 8 April Gold Manu Bhaker Shooting Women 's 10 metre air pistol 8 April Gold Manika Batra Mouma Das Sutirtha Mukherjee Madhurika Patkar Pooja Sahasrabudhe Table tennis Women 's team 8 April Gold Jitu Rai Shooting Men 's 10 metre air pistol 9 April Gold Sharath Achanta Anthony Amalraj Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Table tennis Men 's team 9 April Gold Pranav Chopra Prannoy Kumar Saina Nehwal Ashwini Ponnappa Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Sikki Reddy Chirag Shetty Gadde Ruthvika Shivani PV Sindhu Kidambi Srikanth Badminton Mixed team 9 April Gold Heena Sidhu Shooting Women 's 25 metre pistol 10 April Gold Shreyasi Singh Shooting Women 's double trap 11 April Gold Rahul Aware Wrestling Men 's freestyle 57 kg 12 April Gold Sushil Kumar Wrestling Men 's freestyle 74 kg 12 April Gold Tejaswini Sawant Shooting Women 's 50m rifle 3 positions 13 April Gold Anish Bhanwala Shooting Men 's 25 metre rapid fire pistol 13 April Gold Bajrang Punia Wrestling Men 's freestyle 65 kg 13 April Gold Mary Kom Boxing Women 's light flyweight 48 kg 14 April Gold Sanjeev Rajput Shooting Men 's 50m rifle 3 positions 14 April Gold Gaurav Solanki Boxing Men 's flyweight 52 kg 14 April Gold Neeraj Chopra Athletics Men 's javelin throw 14 April Gold Sumit Malik Wrestling Men 's freestyle 125 kg 14 April Gold Vinesh Phogat Wrestling Women 's freestyle 50 kg 14 April Gold Manika Batra Table tennis Women 's singles 14 April Gold Vikas Krishan Yadav Boxing Men 's middleweight 75 kg 14 April Gold Saina Nehwal Badminton Women 's singles 15 April Silver Gururaja Poojary Weightlifting Men 's 56 kg . 5 April Silver Heena Sidhu Shooting Women 's 10 metre air pistol 8 April Silver Pardeep Singh Weightlifting Men 's 105 kg 9 April Silver Mehuli Ghosh Shooting Women 's 10 metre air rifle 9 April Silver Tejaswini Sawant Shooting Women 's 50 metre rifle prone 12 April Silver Babita Kumari Wrestling Women 's freestyle 53 kg 12 April Silver Seema Antil Athletics Women 's discus throw 12 April Silver Anjum Moudgil Shooting Women 's 50m rifle 3 positions 13 April Silver Pooja Dhanda Wrestling Women 's freestyle 57 kg 13 April Silver Mausam Khatri Wrestling Men 's freestyle 97 kg 13 April Silver Manika Batra Mouma Das Table tennis Women 's doubles 13 April Silver Amit Panghal Boxing Men 's light flyweight 49 kg 14 April Silver Manish Kaushik Boxing Men 's lightweight 60 kg 14 April Silver Dipika Pallikal Karthik Saurav Ghosal Squash Mixed doubles 14 April Silver Sharath Achanta Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Table tennis Men 's doubles 14 April Silver Satish Kumar Boxing Men 's super heavyweight ( + 91 kg ) 14 April Silver P.V. Sindhu Badminton Women 's singles 15 April Silver Dipika Pallikal Karthik Joshna Chinappa Squash Women 's doubles 15 April Silver Kidambi Srikanth Badminton Men 's singles 15 April Silver Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Chirag Shetty Badminton Men 's doubles 15 April Bronze Deepak Lather Weightlifting Men 's 69 kg 6 April Bronze Ravi Kumar Shooting Men 's 10 metre air rifle 8 April Bronze Vikas Thakur Weightlifting Men 's 94 kg 8 April Bronze Om Prakash Mitharwal Shooting Men 's 10 metre air pistol 9 April Bronze Apurvi Chandela Shooting Women 's 10 metre air rifle 9 April Bronze Sachin Chaudhary Powerlifting Men 's heavyweight 10 April Bronze Om Prakash Mitharwal Shooting Men 's 50 metre pistol 11 April Bronze Ankur Mittal Shooting Men 's double trap 11 April Bronze Kiran Bishnoi Wrestling 12 April Bronze Navjeet Dhillon Athletics Women 's discus throw 12 April Bronze Naman Tanwar Boxing Men 's heavyweight 91 kg 13 April Bronze Divya Kakran Wrestling Women 's freestyle 68 kg 13 April Bronze Hussamuddin Mohammed Boxing Men 's bantamweight 56 kg 13 April Bronze Manoj Kumar Boxing Men 's welterweight 69 kg 13 April Bronze Sakshi Malik Wrestling Women 's freestyle 62 kg 14 April Bronze Somveer Kadian Wrestling Men 's freestyle 86 kg 14 April Bronze Ashwini Ponnappa Sikki Reddy Badminton Women 's doubles 14 April Bronze Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty Table tennis Men 's doubles 14 April Bronze Manika Batra Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Table tennis Mixed doubles 15 April Bronze Sharath Achanta Table tennis Men 's singles 15 April Medals by sport Sport Total Shooting 7 5 16 Wrestling 5 12 Weightlifting 5 9 Boxing 9 Table tennis 8 Badminton 6 Athletics Squash 0 0 Powerlifting 0 0 Total 26 20 20 66 Medals by gender Gender Total Male 13 9 13 35 Female 12 10 6 28 Mixed Total 26 20 20 66 Medals by date Day Date Total Day 1 5th 0 Day 2 6th 0 Day 3 7th 0 0 Day 4 8th 6 Day 5 9th 7 Day 6 10th 0 Day 7 11th 0 Day 8 12th 7 Day 9 13th 11 Day 10 14th 8 5 17 Day 11 15th 7 Total 26 20 20 66 Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Irfan Kolothum Thodi 20 km walk N / A 1 : 27 : 34 13 Manish Singh Rawat N / A 1 : 22 : 22 6 Jinson Johnson 1500 m 3 : 47.04 8 Q N / A 3 : 37.86 NR 5 Dharun Ayyasamy 400 m Hurdles 49.85 12 Did not advance Muhammed Anas Yahiya 400 m 45.96 8 Q 45.44 4 Q 45.31 NR Muhammed Anas Yahiya Dharun Ayyasamy Amoj Jacob Arokia Rajiv Jeevan Karekoppa Suresh * 4 × 400 m relay 3 : 04.05 2 Q N / A DNF * Competed in heats only . Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Neeraj Chopra Javelin throw 80.42 4 Q 86.47 SB Vipin Kasana 78.88 5 Q 77.87 5 Tajinder Pal Singh Toor Shot put 19.10 10 Q 19.42 8 Arpinder Singh Triple jump 16.39 2 Q 16.46 Rakesh Babu AV 15.98 12 Q DQ Tejaswin Shankar High jump 2.21 9 Q 2.24 6 Women Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Soumya B 20 kilometers walk N / A DQ Khushbir Kaur N / A 1 : 39 : 21 Hima Das 400 m 52.11 8 Q 51.53 7 Q 51.32 PB 6 M.R. Poovamma 53.72 24 Did not Advance L Suriya 10,000 m N / A 32 : 23.56 PB 13 Hima Das M.R. Poovamma Sonia Baishya Sarita Gayakwad 4 × 400 m relay N / A 3 : 33.61 7 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Nayana James Long jump 6.34 9 Q 6.14 12 Neena Pinto 6.24 12 Q 6.19 10 Navjeet Kaur Dhillon Discus throw N / A 57.43 Seema Antil N / A 60.41 Combined Events -- Heptathlon Athlete Event 100H HJ SP 200 m LJ JT 800 m Total Rank Purnima Hembram Result 13.56 PB 1.72 PB 11.75 25.12 5.96 41.57 2 : 17.44 5834 PB 7 Points 1041 879 645 876 837 697 859 Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 10 athletes , 5 men and 5 women . Singles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Prannoy Kumar Men 's singles BYE Paul ( MRI ) W 2 -- 0 Joe ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Karunaratna ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Lee CW ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 Ouseph ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Kidambi Srikanth BYE Lubah ( MRI ) W 2 -- 0 Karunaratne ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Rei ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Ouseph ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Lee CW ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 Saina Nehwal Women 's singles BYE Villiers ( RSA ) W 2 -- 0 J Li ( IOM ) W 2 -- 0 ( ret. ) Honderich ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 Gilmour ( SCO ) W 2 -- 1 Sindhu ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 Gadde Ruthvika Shivani BYE Atipaka ( GHA ) W 2 -- 0 Yeo JM ( SGP ) W 2 -- 1 Gilmour ( SCO ) L 0 -- 0 ( ret. ) Did not advance PV Sindhu BYE Whiteside ( FIJ ) W 2 -- 0 Wendy C H-y ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Tam ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 M Li ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 Nehwal ( IND ) L 0 -- 2 Doubles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Chirag Shetty Men 's doubles N / A BYE Lubah / Paul ( MRI ) W 2 -- 0 Chan PS / Goh SH ( MAS ) W 2 -- 1 Dias / Goonethilleka ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Ellis / Langridge ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Ashwini Ponnappa Sikki Reddy Women 's doubles N / A BYE Ong R-N / C Ying ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Ambalangodage / Beruwelage ( SRI ) W 2 -- 0 Chow MK / Vivian HM ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 Mapasa / Somerville ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Ashwini Ponnappa Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Mixed doubles Hardy / Tissier ( GUE ) W 2 -- 0 Lane / Pugh ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Tsai / N Yakura ( CAN ) W 2 -- 0 Goh SH / SJ Lai ( MAS ) W 2 -- 0 Ellis / Smith ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Chan PS / Goh LY ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Sikki Reddy Pranav Chopra BYE Molia / Gibson ( FIJ ) W 2 -- 0 Chrisnanta / C Ying ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Chan PS / Goh LY ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Mixed team Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Mixed team Summary Team Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank India Mixed team Sri Lanka ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Pakistan ( PAK ) W 5 -- 0 Scotland ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 1 Q Mauritius ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Singapore ( SGP ) W 3 -- 1 Malaysia ( MAS ) W 3 -- 1 Roster Pranav Chopra Prannoy Kumar Saina Nehwal Ashwini Ponnappa Satwiksairaj Rankireddy Sikki Reddy Chirag Shetty Gadde Ruthvika Shivani PV Sindhu Kidambi Srikanth Pool A Pos Team Pld MF MA MD GF GA GD PF PA PD Pts Qualification India 0 15 0 + 15 30 + 29 651 401 + 250 Knockout stage Scotland 9 6 + 3 19 13 + 6 592 476 + 116 Sri Lanka 5 10 − 5 12 21 − 9 526 619 − 93 Pakistan 0 14 − 13 28 − 26 348 621 − 273 0 Source : India 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 5 April Sri Lanka 0 Pranav Chopra / Gadde Ruthvika Shivani Sachin Dias / Thilini Hendahewa 21 15 19 21 22 20 Kidambi Srikanth Niluka Karunaratne 21 16 21 10 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Dinuka Karunaratna / Buwaneka Goonethilleka 21 17 21 14 Saina Nehwal Madushika Beruwelage 21 8 21 5 Ashwini Ponnappa / Sikki Reddy Thilini Hendahewa / Kavidi Sirimannage 21 12 21 14 India 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 5 April Pakistan 0 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / N. Sikki Reddy Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Palwasha Bashir 21 10 21 13 Srikanth Kidambi Murad Ali 21 16 22 20 Saina Nehwal Mahoor Shahzad 21 7 21 11 Pranaav Jerry Chopra / Chirag Shetty Muhammad Irfan Saeed Bhatti / Murad Ali 21 9 21 15 5 Ashwini Ponnappa / Gadde Ruthvika Shivani Mahoor Shahzad / Palwasha Bashir 21 6 21 10 India 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 6 April Scotland 0 Saina Nehwal Julie MacPherson 21 14 21 12 Srikanth Kidambi Kieran Merrilees 21 18 21 N. Sikki Reddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Kirsty Gilmour / Eleanor O'Donnell 21 8 21 12 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Patrick MacHugh / Adam Hall 21 16 21 19 5 Pranaav Jerry Chopra / N. Sikki Reddy Martin Campbell / Julie MacPherson 21 17 21 15 Quarterfinals India Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 7 April Mauritius 0 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Aatish Lubah / Christopher Jean Paul 21 12 21 Ashwini Ponnappa / N. Sikki Reddy Aurélie Allet / Nicki Chan - Lam 21 8 21 7 Srikanth Kidambi Georges Paul 21 12 21 14 Saina Nehwal Kate Foo Kune not played 5 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / N. Sikki Reddy Georges Paul / Aurélie Allet not played Semifinals India Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 8 April Singapore Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Terry Hee Yong Kai / Crystal Wong Jia Ying 22 20 21 18 Srikanth Kidambi Loh Kean Yew 21 17 21 14 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Terry Hee Yong Kai / Danny Bawa Chrisnanta 21 17 19 21 12 21 Saina Nehwal Yeo Jia Min 21 8 21 15 5 Ashwini Ponnappa / N. Sikki Reddy Ong Ren - Ne / Crystal Wong Jia Ying not played Final India Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 9 April Malaysia Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Chan Peng Soon / Goh Liu Ying 21 14 15 21 21 15 Srikanth Kidambi Lee Chong Wei 21 17 21 14 Satwiksairaj Rankireddy / Chirag Shetty Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong 15 21 20 22 Saina Nehwal Soniia Cheah 21 11 19 21 21 9 5 N. Sikki Reddy / Ashwini Ponnappa Vivian Hoo / Chow Mei Kuan not played Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India has qualified a men 's and women 's basketball teams for a total of 24 athletes ( 12 men and 12 women ) . Both teams were invited by FIBA and the CGF . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Ravi Bhardwaj Arvind Arumugam Satnam Bhamara Arshpreet Bhullar Aravind Annadurai Akilan Pari Justin Joseph Gnana Selvaraj Jeevanantham Pandi Yadwinder Singh Joginder Singh Amritpal Singh Amjyot Gill Pool B Team PLD PF PA PD Points Scotland 0 237 198 39 6 England 246 186 60 5 Cameroon 202 231 - 29 India 0 222 292 - 70 Qualified for the Qualifying finals 5 April 2018 20 : 00 Boxscore Cameroon 96 -- 87 India Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 27 , 24 -- 36 , 23 -- 13 , 34 -- 11 Pts : Kome 21 Rebs : Tsaace 13 Asts : Ngijol 3 Pts : At . Singh 23 Rebs : Aravind 12 Asts : J. Singh 8 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Michael Weiland ( CAN ) , Ryan Jones ( NZL ) 7 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore England 100 -- 54 India Scoring by quarter : 19 -- 15 , 27 -- 9 , 29 -- 11 , 25 -- 19 Pts : Thoseby 20 Rebs : Walker 8 Asts : Jones 6 Pts : Aravind 22 Rebs : Y. Singh 7 Asts : At . Singh 5 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Takaki Kato ( JPN ) , Ryan Jones ( NZL ) 8 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore India 81 -- 96 Scotland Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 33 , 15 -- 16 , 11 -- 29 , 29 -- 18 Pts : J. Singh 27 Rebs : J. Singh 14 Asts : At . Singh 7 Pts : Collins 16 Rebs : Vigor 12 Asts : Vigor 7 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Kingsley Ojeaburu ( NGR ) , Matthew Bathurst ( NZL ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following is the India roster in the women 's basketball tournament of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . India women 's national basketball team - 2018 Commonwealth Games roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . Prasannan Geetha , Anjana 7003854800000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 11 - 09 ) 9 November 1994 1.77 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Kerala 5 Sonkar , Barkha 7003777200000000000 ♠ 21 -- ( 1996 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1996 1.56 m ( 5 ft 1 in ) Uttar Pradesh 6 Sidhu , Raspreet 7004104880000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1989 - 07 - 18 ) 18 July 1989 1.69 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Delhi G / F 8 Merlin Varghese , Grima 7003840800000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 03 - 29 ) 29 March 1995 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Kerala 9 Kaur , Anmolpreet 7003670700000000000 ♠ 18 -- ( 1999 - 11 - 24 ) 24 November 1999 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Punjab 10 Pattemane Udayakumar , Navaneetha 7003865200000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 07 - 28 ) 28 July 1994 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Railways 12 Rajaganapathi , Rajapriyadharshini 7003885800000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1994 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Railways 13 Palanilkumkalayil Skaria , Jeena 7003885200000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1994 - 01 - 09 ) 9 January 1994 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Kerala 14 Limaye , Shireen 7003845200000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1995 1.87 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Maharashtra 15 Menon , Sruthi 7003807900000000000 ♠ 22 -- ( 1996 - 02 - 21 ) 21 February 1996 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Railways 18 Hemmige Mahesha , Bhandavya 7003729200000000000 ♠ 19 -- ( 1998 - 04 - 18 ) 18 April 1998 1.63 m ( 5 ft 4 in ) Karnataka 19 Kumari , Madhu 7003830600000000000 ♠ 22 -- ( 1995 - 07 - 09 ) 9 July 1995 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) Railways Head coach Zoran Višić Assistant coach ( es ) Shiba Maggon Legend ( C ) Team captain Club - describes last club before the tournament Age - describes age on 5 April 2018 Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 256 148 + 108 6 Qualifying finals Jamaica 196 195 + 1 5 Malaysia 187 239 − 52 India 0 184 241 − 57 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head results ; 3 ) Points difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 5 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Jamaica 66 -- 57 India Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 14 , 15 -- 13 , 17 -- 16 , 18 -- 14 Pts : George 19 Rebs : George 19 Asts : Dixon 6 Pts : Limaye 18 Rebs : Limaye , Sidhu 5 Asts : Sonkar 4 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Artur Decastro ( MOZ ) , Chris Dodds ( SCO ) , Christine Vuong ( CAN ) 7 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Malaysia 85 -- 72 India Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 25 , 28 -- 12 , 11 -- 18 , 26 -- 17 Pts : Fook Yee Yap 18 Rebs : Chiau Teng Ting 6 Asts : Wei Yin Saw 6 Pts : Skaria 19 Rebs : Skaria 13 Asts : Sonkar 4 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) , Viola Gyorgyi ( NOR ) 8 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore India 55 -- 90 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 31 , 10 -- 23 , 19 -- 19 , 14 -- 17 Pts : Kumari 14 Rebs : Skaria 9 Asts : Sidhu , Limaye 3 Pts : Cocks 21 Rebs : Farnworth 7 Asts : Farnworth 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Christine Vuong ( CAN ) , Simon Unsworth ( ENG ) , James Boyer ( AUS ) Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 12 athletes , 8 men and 4 women . Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Amit Panghal 49 kg N / A Tetteh ( GHA ) W 5 -- 0 Ahmed ( SCO ) W 4 -- 1 Miiro ( UGA ) W 5 -- 0 Yafai ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Gaurav Solanki 52 kg N / A Ampiah ( GHA ) W 5 -- 0 Keama ( PNG ) W 5 -- 0 Bandara ( SRI ) W 4 -- 0 Irvine ( NIR ) W 4 -- 1 Mohammed Hussamuddin 56 kg N / A Warawara ( VAN ) W 5 -- 0 Mulenga ( ZAM ) W 5 -- 0 McGrail ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Manish Kaushik 60 kg BYE Alexander ( TTO ) W 4 -- 0 French ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 McGivern ( NIR ) W 4 -- 1 Garside ( AUS ) L 2 -- 3 Manoj Kumar 69 kg Umeh ( NGR ) W 5 -- 0 Mbundwike ( TAN ) W 5 -- 0 Nickolas ( AUS ) W 4 -- 1 McCormack ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Vikas Krishan 75 kg BYE Somerville ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 Muziyo ( ZAM ) W 5 -- 0 Donnelly ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 Ntsengue ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Naman Tanwar 91 kg N / A Mhando ( TAN ) W 5 -- 0 Masoe ( SAM ) W 5 -- 0 Whateley ( AUS ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Satish Kumar + 91 kg N / A BYE Paul ( TTO ) W 4 -- 1 Agnes ( SEY ) W 4 -- 1 Clarke ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank MC Mary Kom 48 kg N / A Gordon ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 Koddithuwakku ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 O'Hara ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 Pinki Rani 51 kg N / A Whiteside ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did Not Advance Laishram Sarita Devi 60 kg Gittens ( BAR ) W 5 -- 0 Stridsman ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did Not Advance Lovlina Borgohain 69 kg BYE Ryan ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did Not Advance Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India participated with 9 athletes ( 4 men and 5 women ) . Track ( edit ) Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Sahil Kumar Men 's sprint 10.584 22 Did not advance Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj 10.381 20 Did not advance Ranjit Singh 10.486 21 Did not advance Sahil Kumar Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj Ranjit Singh Men 's team sprint 46.174 7 N / A Did not advance Deborah Herold Women 's sprint 11.484 Q 13 K McCulloch ( AUS ) L 12.028 Did not advance Aleena Reji 12.207 Q 16 S Morton ( AUS ) L 12.541 Did not advance Deborah Herold Aleena Reji Women 's team sprint 35.309 6 N / A Did not advance Keirin Athlete Event Round 1 Repechage Semifinals Final Rank Rank Rank Rank Sahil Kumar Men 's keirin Did not advance Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj 5 R Did not advance Ranjit Singh Did not advance Deborah Herold Women 's keirin Did not advance Aleena Reji 5 R Did not advance Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Sahil Kumar Men 's time trial 1 : 05.538 20 Sanuraj Paul Sanandaraj 1 : 06.097 22 Ranjit Singh 1 : 05.671 21 Deborah Herold Women 's time trial 36.176 13 Aleena Reji 36.308 14 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Manjeet Singh Men 's pursuit 4 : 39.744 24 Did not advance Sonali Mayanglambam Women 's pursuit 3 : 59.028 20 Did not advance Monorama Tongbram 4 : 12.437 22 Did not advance Deborah Herold Amritha Geethakumari Sonali Mayanglambam Aleena Reji Monorama Tongbram Women 's team pursuit 5 : 05.668 7 Did not advance Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Manjeet Singh Men 's point race 0 14 Did not advance Sonali Mayanglambam Women 's points race DNS Did not advance Monorama Tongbram DNF Did not advance Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Manjeet Singh Men 's scratch race 13 Did not advance Sonali Mayanglambam Women 's scratch race N / A DNF Monorama Tongbram DNF Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 7 athletes , 3 men and 4 women . Artistic ( edit ) Men Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Ashish Kumar Team 13.050 11.150 11.300 13.150 12.650 10.400 71.700 25 Rakesh Patra - - 13.950 Q - 13.350 - N / A Yogeshwar Singh 12.450 12.750 12.350 13.050 12.300 12.400 75.300 21 Q Total 25.500 23.900 37.600 26.200 38.300 22.800 174.300 9 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Rakesh Patra Rings N / A 12.933 N / A 12.933 8 Yogeshwar Singh All - around 11.400 12.250 12.600 14.100 13.000 12.250 75.600 14 Women Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus V UB BB Total Rank Pranati Das Team 12.600 9.750 10.150 11.300 43.800 21 Q Pranati Nayak 13.250 Q 9.775 9.400 10.250 42.675 24 Aruna Reddy 13.200 9.800 10.150 10.350 43.500 22 Q Total 39.050 29.325 29.700 31.900 128.975 7 Individual events Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Pranati Das All - around 12.900 10.050 9.900 11.050 43.900 16 Aruna Reddy 13.650 10.200 9.000 11.550 44.400 14 Pranati Nayak Vault 11.983 N / A 11.983 8 Rhythmic ( edit ) Women Individual Athlete Event Qualification Final Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Total Rank Meghana Reddy Gundlapally Individual 9.900 7.300 10.000 7.400 34.600 23 Did Not Advance Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India has qualified a men 's and a women 's team for a total of 36 athletes ( 18 men and 18 women ) based on the FIH World Rankings as of October 31 , 2017 Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Team Hockey India announced the team of 18 members will be lead by Manpreet Singh . Squad : Goalkeepers : Sreejesh Parattu Raveendran , Suraj Karkera Defenders : Rupinder Pal Singh , Harmanpreet Singh , Varun Kumar , Kothajit Singh , Gurinder Singh , Amit Rohidas Midfielders : Manpreet Singh ( C ) , Chinglensana Singh Kangujam ( VC ) , Sumit , Vivek Sagar Prasad Forwards : Akashdeep Singh , S.V. Sunil , Gurjant Singh , Mandeep Singh , Lalit Upadhyay , Dilpreet Singh Preliminary round Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification India 0 12 9 + 3 10 Advance to Semi-finals England 15 8 + 7 7 Malaysia 5 10 − 5 5th -- 6th place match Pakistan 0 0 6 6 0 7th -- 8th place match 5 Wales 0 6 11 − 5 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 14 : 30 India 2 -- 2 Pakistan D. Singh 13 ' H. Singh 20 ' Report Md . Irfan Jr 39 ' Ali 60 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) David Sweetman ( SCO ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 19 : 30 India 4 -- 3 Wales D. Singh 16 ' Mand . Singh 28 ' H. Singh 57 ' Sunil 59 ' Report Furlong 17 ' , 45 ' , 58 ' Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 09 : 30 India 2 -- 1 Malaysia H. Singh 3 ' , 44 ' Report Saari 16 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 19 : 30 India 4 -- 3 England Manp . Singh 33 ' R.P. Singh 51 ' Kumar 59 ' Mand . Singh 60 ' Report Condon 17 ' Ansell 52 ' Ward 56 ' Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Semi-Finals 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 : 45 India 2 -- 3 New Zealand H. Singh 30 ' , 56 ' Report Inglis 7 ' Jenness 13 ' Child 40 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Bronze medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 19 : 00 England 2 -- 1 India Ward 7 ' , 43 ' Report Kumar 27 ' Umpires : Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) David Sweetman ( SCO ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Hockey India has announced the team will be lead by Rani Rampal . Squad : Goalkeepers : Savita ( VC ) , Rajani Etimarpu Defenders : Deepika , Sunita Lakra , Deep Grace Ekka , Gurjit Kaur , Sushila Chanu Pukhrambam Midfielders : Monika , Namita Toppo , Nikki Pradhan , Neha Goyal , Lilima Minz Forwards : Rani ( C ) , Vandana Kataria , Lalremsiami , Navjot Kaur , Navneet Kaur , Poonam Rani Preliminary round Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 0 11 + 8 9 Advance to Semi-finals India 0 9 5 + 4 9 South Africa − 1 5th -- 6th place match Malaysia 8 − 5 7th -- 8th place match 5 Wales 0 10 − 6 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 09 : 30 India 2 -- 3 Wales Rampal 34 ' Pradhan 41 ' Report Daley 7 ' French 26 ' Marke - Jones 57 ' Umpires : Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Jo Cumming ( NZL ) 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 14 : 30 India 4 -- 1 Malaysia G. Kaur 6 ' , 39 ' Rampal 56 ' Lalremsiami 59 ' Report Nuraini 38 ' Umpires : Emma Shelbourn ( GBR ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 09 : 30 England 1 -- 2 India Danson 1 ' Report Navn . Kaur 42 ' G. Kaur 48 ' Umpires : Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 19 : 30 India 1 -- 0 South Africa Rampal 47 ' Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Catherine Wright ( WAL ) Semi-Finals 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 15 Australia 1 -- 0 India Stewart 37 ' Report Umpires : Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) Bronze medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 10 : 30 England 6 -- 0 India Webb 27 ' Bray 44 ' , 49 ' , 56 ' Unsworth 55 ' Danson 57 ' Report Umpires : Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) Lawn Bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 10 athletes , 5 men and 5 women . Men Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Krishna Xalxo Singles Kimani ( KEN ) W 21 -- 12 Paxton ( ENG ) L 19 -- 21 Kumar ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 11 Newell ( JAM ) L 18 -- 21 McIlroy ( NZL ) L 0 -- 21 Did not advance Alok Lakra Krishna Xalxo Pairs Malaysia ( MAS ) L 13 -- 27 Niue ( NIU ) W 29 -- 6 Scotland ( SCO ) L 12 -- 17 Samoa ( SAM ) W 26 -- 4 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) L 7 -- 17 Did not advance Sunil Bahadur Dinesh Kumar Chandan Singh Triples Wales ( WAL ) L 9 -- 23 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) W 16 -- 11 England ( ENG ) L 14 -- 15 South Africa ( RSA ) W 18 -- 17 N / A Did not advance Sunil Bahadur Dinesh Kumar Alok Lakra Chandan Singh Fours South Africa ( RSA ) W 19 -- 7 Botswana ( BOT ) W 16 -- 9 Australia ( AUS ) W 19 -- 15 Norfolk Island ( NFI ) W 25 -- 7 N / A 1 Q Wales ( WAL ) L 15 -- 17 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Group Stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Pinki Singles Edwards ( NZL ) L 16 -- 20 Rednall ( ENG ) L 11 -- 21 Tikoisuva ( FIJ ) L 12 -- 21 Saroji ( MAS ) L 9 -- 21 Blumsky ( NIU ) W 21 -- 9 5 Did not advance Lovely Choubey Rupa Tirkey Pairs Wales ( WAL ) W 20 -- 16 Jersey ( JER ) W 22 -- 12 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) L 14 -- 15 South Africa ( RSA ) L 17 -- 19 N / A 2 Q Malaysia ( MAS ) L 11 -- 17 Did not advance Farzana Khan Pinki Nayanmoni Saikia Triples Fiji ( FIJ ) L 15 -- 23 Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) W 24 -- 6 Australia ( AUS ) L 11 -- 20 Canada ( CAN ) L 10 -- 19 N / A Did not advance Lovely Choubey Farzana Khan Nayanmoni Saikia Rupa Tirkey Fours Northern Ireland ( NIR ) W 18 -- 10 Malta ( MLT ) L 15 -- 20 England ( ENG ) W 21 -- 9 Fiji ( FIJ ) W 24 -- 9 N / A 1 Q Malta ( MLT ) L 11 - 13 Did not advance Powerlifting ( edit ) Main article : Powerlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India participated with 4 athletes ( 3 men and 1 woman ) . Athlete Event Result Rank Farman Basha Men 's lightweight 169.4 5 Ashok DNF Sachin Chaudhary Men 's heavyweight 181.0 Sakina Khatun Women 's lightweight 93.2 5 Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Deepak Kumar 10m air rifle 627.2 1 Q 162.3 6 Ravi Kumar 626.8 2 Q 224.1 Jitu Rai 10m air pistol 570 - 15x 4 Q 235.1 GR Om Prakash Mitharwal 584 - 26x 1 Q 214.3 Anish Bhanwala 25m rapid fire pistol 580 - 22x 1 Q 30 GR Neeraj Kumar 579 - 14x 2 Q 13 5 Jitu Rai 50m pistol 542 - 8x 6 Q 105.0 8 Om Prakash Mitharwal 549 - 6x 1 Q 201.1 Sanjeev Rajput 50m rifle 3 positions 1180 - 58x 1 Q QGR 454.5 GR Chain Singh 1166 - 50x 2 Q 419.1 5 Chain Singh 50m rifle prone 614.2 6 Q 204.8 Gagan Narang 617 3 Q 142.3 7 Manavjit Singh Sandhu trap 115 8 Did not advance Kynan Chenai 117 ( 3 S - off ) 7 Did not advance Mohammed Asab double trap 137 ( 5 S - off ) 2 Q 43 Ankur Mittal 133 5 Q 53 Smit Singh skeet 119 ( 1 S - off ) 6 Q 15 6 Sheeraz Sheikh 117 10 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Apurvi Chandela 10m air rifle 423.2 1 Q QGR 225.3 Mehuli Ghosh 413.7 5 Q 247.2 ( 9.9 S - off ) Manu Bhaker 10m air pistol 338 - 10x 1 Q 240.9 GR Heena Sidhu 379 - 6x 2 Q 234.0 Heena Sidhu 25m pistol 579 - 21x 3 Q 38 GR Annu Singh 584 - 13x 2 Q 15 6 Anjum Moudgil 50m rifle 3 positions 589 - 32x 1 Q QGR 455.7 Tejaswini Sawant 582 - 31x 3 Q 457.9 GR Anjum Moudgil 50m rifle prone N / A 602.2 16 Tejaswini Sawant N / A 618.9 Shreyasi Singh trap 67 ( 3 S - off ) 4 Q 19 5 Seema Tomar 61 11 Did not advance Shreyasi Singh double trap N / A 96 ( 2 S - off ) Varsha Varman N / A 86 Saniya Shaikh skeet 71 2 Q 32 Maheshwari Chauhan 68 8 Did not advance Squash ( edit ) Main article : Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 6 athletes will represent India at the squash competition in the 2018 Commonwealth Games . Individual Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Saurav Ghosal Men 's singles Bye Binnie ( JAM ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Harinder Pal Sandhu Stafford ( CAY ) W 3 -- 1 Ivan Y ( MAS ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Vikram Malhotra Chilambwe ( ZAM ) W 3 -- 0 Koenig ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Matthew ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Joshna Chinappa Women 's singles Bye Vai ( PNG ) W 3 -- 0 Saxby ( AUS ) W 3 -- 0 King ( NZL ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Dipika Pallikal Karthik Bye Knaggs ( TRI ) W 3 -- 0 Waters ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Group stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Vikram Malhotra Ramit Tandon Men 's doubles Creed / Makin ( WAL ) W 2 -- 1 Jombla / Mansaray ( SLE ) W 2 -- 0 ( w / o ) N / A 1 Q Binnie / Walters ( JAM ) W 2 -- 0 James / Willstrop ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Joshna Chinappa Dipika Pallikal Karthik Women 's doubles F Zafar / M Zafar ( PAK ) W 2 -- 1 Evans / Saffery ( WAL ) W 2 -- 1 Kellas / Sultana ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q N / A Cornett / Todd ( CAN ) W 2 -- 1 Massaro / Perry ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 King / Landers - Murphy ( NZL ) L 0 -- 2 Joshna Chinappa Harinder Pal Sandhu Mixed doubles Laing / Kelly ( CAY ) W 2 -- 0 Aitken / Moran ( SCO ) W 2 -- 0 N / A 1 Q Landers - Murphy / Millar ( NZL ) W 2 -- 1 King / Coll ( NZL ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Dipika Pallikal Karthik Saurav Ghosal Fung - A-Fat / Khalil ( GUY ) W 2 -- 0 M Zafar / Aslam ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 N / A 1 Q Azman / Singh ( MAS ) W 2 -- 1 Evans / Creed ( WAL ) W 2 -- 0 King / Coll ( NZL ) W 2 -- 1 Urquhart / Pilley ( AUS ) L 0 -- 2 Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Virdhawal Khade 50 m freestyle 23.11 19 Did not advance 50 m butterfly 24.52 13 Q 24.50 15 Did not advance Sajan Prakash 50 m butterfly 25.11 21 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 54.11 9 Q 54.12 11 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 1 : 58.87 8 Q N / A 1 : 59.05 8 1500 m freestyle N / A 15 : 52.84 7 Srihari Nataraj 50 m backstroke 26.47 9 Q 26.50 9 Did not advance 100 m backstroke 56.71 15 Q 56.65 13 Did not advance 200 m backstroke 2 : 04.75 17 N / A Did not advance Women Athlete Event Heat Final Time Rank Time Rank Vaishnavi Jagtap 50 m freestyle S8 41.63 6 Q 42.03 6 Kiran Tak 100 m freestyle S9 1 : 46.29 7 Q 1 : 47.95 7 Table tennis ( edit ) Main article : Table tennis at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India will be represented by 10 athletes , 5 men and 5 women . Achanta Sharath Kamal , Sathiyan Gnanasekaran , Sanil Shetty , Harmeet Desai and Anthony Amalraj make up the men 's Table Tennis squad . The women 's squad is constituted of Manika Batra , Mouma Das , Sutirtha Mukherjee , Madhurika Patkar and Pooja Sahasrabudhe . Singles Athletes Event Group Stage Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Sharath Achanta Men 's singles Bye Javen C ( MAS ) W 4 -- 3 Hu H ( AUS ) W 4 -- 1 Pitchford ( ENG ) W 4 -- 2 Aruna ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Walker ( ENG ) W 4 -- 1 Harmeet Desai Bye Loi ( PNG ) W 4 -- 0 Leong CF ( MAS ) W 4 -- 1 Aruna ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Bye Rameez ( PAK ) W 4 -- 0 Toriola ( NGR ) W 4 -- 0 ( ret. ) Walker ( ENG ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Manika Batra Women 's singles Bye N / A Bye Feng ( AUS ) W 4 -- 1 Zhou Y ( SGP ) W 4 -- 1 Feng T ( SGP ) W 4 -- 3 Yu M ( SGP ) W 4 -- 0 Mouma Das Bye N / A Kau ( MRI ) W 4 -- 0 Ho ( ENG ) W 4 -- 3 Yu M ( SGP ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Madhurika Patkar Bye N / A Chung ( TTO ) W 4 -- 1 Sibley ( ENG ) L 2 -- 4 Did not advance Doubles Athletes Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Sharath Achanta Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Men 's doubles N / A Miita / Takooa ( KIR ) W 3 -- 0 Mudiyanselage / Ranasingha ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 McBeath / Walker ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 Yew P / Shao P ( SGP ) W 3 -- 1 Drinkhall / Pitchford ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty N / A Britton / Franklin ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 McCreery / Robinson ( NIR ) W 3 -- 0 Hu H / Xin Y ( AUS ) W 3 -- 1 Drinkhall / Pitchford ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Yew P / Shao P ( SGP ) W 3 -- 0 Manika Batra Mouma Das Women 's doubles N / A Bye Kapugeekiyana / Madurangi ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Ho / Tsaptsinos ( ENG ) W 3 -- 1 Ho Y / Lyne ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Feng T / Yu M ( SGP ) L 0 -- 3 Sutirtha Mukherjee Pooja Sahasrabudhe N / A Kinoo / Ramasawmy ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Carey / Thomas ( WAL ) W 3 -- 1 Cote / Zhang M ( CAN ) W 3 -- 0 Feng T / Yu M ( SGP ) L 0 -- 3 Ho Y / Lyne ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Pooja Sahasrabudhe Harmeet Desai Mixed doubles Bye Javen C / Lyne ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Manika Batra Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Bye Ho Y / Leong CF ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Cote / Medjugorac ( CAN ) W 3 -- 2 Xue JP / Zhou Y ( SGP ) W 3 -- 0 Pitchford / Ho ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Achanta / Das ( IND ) W 3 -- 0 Mouma Das Sharath Achanta Bye Sirisena / Madurangi ( SRI ) W 3 -- 1 McBeath / K Sibley ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 E Wang / Zhang M ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Gao N / Yu M ( SGP ) L 2 -- 3 Gnanasekaran / Batra ( IND ) L 0 -- 3 Madhurika Patkar Sanil Shetty Bye Mudiyanselage / Warusawithana ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Kau / Taucoory ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Pitchford / Ho ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Team Athletes Event Group Stage Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Sharath Achanta Anthony Amalraj Harmeet Desai Sanil Shetty Sathiyan Gnanasekaran Men 's team Trinidad and Tobago ( TTO ) W 3 -- 0 Northern Ireland ( NIR ) W 3 -- 0 1 Q Bye Malaysia ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Singapore ( SGP ) W 3 -- 2 Nigeria ( NGR ) W 3 -- 0 Manika Batra Mouma Das Sutirtha Mukherjee Madhurika Patkar Pooja Sahasrabudhe Women 's team Sri Lanka ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Wales ( WAL ) W 3 -- 1 1 Q N / A Malaysia ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 England ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 Singapore ( SGP ) W 3 -- 1 Para-sport Athletes Event Group Stage Semifinal Final Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Maitreyee Sarkar Women 's TT6 -- 10 Tapper ( AUS ) L 0 -- 3 Nime ( PNG ) W 3 -- 0 Pickard ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Vaishnavi Sutar S Chan ( CAN ) L 0 -- 3 Obazuaye ( NGR ) L 0 -- 3 McDonnell ( AUS ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Weightlifting ( edit ) Main articles : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Qualification Men Athlete Event Weight lifted Total Rank Snatch Clean & jerk Gururaja Poojary - 56 kg 111 138 249 Muthupandi Raja - 62kg 116 150 266 6 Deepak Lather - 69 kg 136 159 295 Sathish Sivalingam - 77 kg 144 173 317 Ragala Venkat Rahul - 85 kg 151 187 338 Vikas Thakur - 94 kg 159 192 351 Pardeep Singh - 105 kg 152 200 352 Gurdeep Singh + 105 kg 175 207 382 Women Athlete Event Weight lifted Total Rank Snatch Clean & jerk Saikhom Mirabai Chanu - 48 kg 86 CR / GR 110 CR / GR 196 CR / GR Khumukcham Sanjita Chanu - 53 kg 84 GR 108 192 Saraswati Rout - 58 kg DNF -- -- -- Vandna Gupta - 63 kg 80 100 180 5 Punam Yadav - 69 kg 100 122 222 Seema - 75 kg 84 105 189 6 Lalchhanhimi - 90 kg 85 109 194 8 Purnima Pandey + 90 kg 94 118 212 6 Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games India participated with 12 athletes ( 6 men and 6 women ) . Key : VT -- Victory by Fall . PP -- Decision by Points -- the loser with technical points . PO -- Decision by Points -- the loser without technical points . ST -- Technical superiority -- the loser without technical points and a margin of victory of at least 10 points . SP -- Technical superiority -- the loser with technical points and a margin of victory of at least 10 points . VB -- Victory by Injury Repechage Format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Rahul Aware Men 's freestyle - 57 kg Ramm ( ENG ) W 4 -- 0 Cicchini ( AUS ) W 4 -- 0 Bilal ( PAK ) W 3 -- 1 N / A Takahashi ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Bajrang Punia Men 's freestyle - 65 kg Richards ( NZL ) W 4 -- 0 Daniel ( NGR ) W 4 -- 0 Marinis ( CAN ) W 4 -- 0 N / A Charig ( WAL ) W 4 -- 0 Sushil Kumar Men 's freestyle - 74 kg Balfour ( CAN ) W 4 -- 0 Butt ( PAK ) W 4 -- 0 Evans ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 N / A Botha ( RSA ) W 4 -- 0 Somveer Kadian Men 's freestyle - 86 kg Kookoo ( KIR ) W 5 -- 0 Inam ( PAK ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Lawrence ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 Moore ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Mausam Khatri Men 's freestyle - 97 kg N / A Kaouslidis ( CYP ) W 4 -- 0 Tamarau ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 N / A Erasmus ( RSA ) L 1 -- 4 Kiran Women 's freestyle - 76 kg N / A Guemde ( CMR ) W 4 -- 1 Onyebuchi ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Pariadhaven ( MRI ) W 5 -- 0 Group Stage Format Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Pooja Dhanda Women 's freestyle - 57 kg Schaefer ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Moceyawa ( NZL ) W 5 -- 0 1 Q Essombe ( CMR ) W 3 -- 1 Adekuoroye ( NGR ) L 1 -- 3 Divya Kakran Women 's freestyle 68 kg Anzong ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Lappage ( CAN ) L 1 -- 4 2 Q Oborududu ( NGR ) L 1 -- 4 Sultana ( BAN ) W 5 -- 0 Nordic Format Athlete Event Nordic Round Robin Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Sumit Malik Men 's freestyle - 125 kg Mbianga ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Jarvis ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 Raza ( PAK ) W 3 -- 1 Boltic ( NGR ) W 5 -- 0 Vinesh Phogat Women 's freestyle - 50 kg Genesis ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 Kaur ( AUS ) W 4 -- 0 MacDonald ( CAN ) W 4 -- 1 N / A Babita Kumari Women 's freestyle - 53 kg Samuel ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 Dilhani ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Holland ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 Weicker ( CAN ) L 1 -- 3 Sakshi Malik Women 's freestyle - 62 kg Ngolle ( CMR ) W 4 -- 0 Fazzari ( CAN ) L 1 -- 3 Adeniyi ( NGR ) L 1 -- 3 Ford ( NZL ) W 3 -- 1 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 70 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 April 2018 ) . `` Medal Standings - Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . gc2018.com . Ashmore , Queensland : Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation . Archived from the original on 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal list of competing nations in basketball events '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team India Set To Depart For Australia In Preparation For The Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Basketball Federation of India . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://results.gc2018.com/en/rhythmic-gymnastics/results-team-final-and-individual-qualification-qual-a0000103.htm Jump up ^ `` Lawn Bowls Draw '' ( PDF ) . gc2018.com . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . India at the Commonwealth Games British Empire Games 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 India hosted the Games in 2010 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=849770402 '' Categories : India at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in Indian sport Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 06 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | total gold medal won by india in commonwealth games 2018 | [
"India competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games at Gold Coast, Australia from 4 to 15 April 2018.[1] It was India's 18th appearance at the Commonwealth Games. With 26 Gold medals and a total of 66 medals, India finished 3rd for the tournament.[2] It was India's best position since the 2010 Commonwealth Games.\n"
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-4707962541181092499 | List of The Facts of Life episodes | List of the Facts of life episodes - wikipedia List of the Facts of life episodes The following is a list of episodes for The Facts of Life , which ran for nine seasons from 1979 to 1988 on NBC . There were 201 regular episodes and three television movies ( Paris , Down Under , Reunion ) . Two of the movies , Paris and Down Under , were originally broadcast as TV movies , but in syndication , they were split into four 30 - minute episodes , bringing the total number of syndicated episodes to 209 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 : 1979 -- 1980 2.2 Season 2 : 1980 -- 1981 2.3 Season 3 : 1981 -- 1982 2.4 Season 4 : 1982 -- 1983 2.5 Season 5 : 1983 -- 1984 2.6 Season 6 : 1984 -- 1985 2.7 Season 7 : 1985 -- 1986 2.8 Season 8 : 1986 -- 1987 2.9 Season 9 : 1987 -- 1988 3 Movie specials 3.1 The Facts of Life Goes to Paris 3.2 The Facts of Life Down Under 3.3 The Facts of Life Reunion 4 Notes 4.1 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 August 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 24 ) June 11 , 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 11 ) 16 November 19 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 19 ) June 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 03 ) 24 October 28 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 28 ) May 5 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 05 ) 24 + movie September 25 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 25 ) May 4 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 04 ) 5 26 September 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 21 ) May 9 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 09 ) 6 26 September 26 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 26 ) May 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 15 ) 7 24 September 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 14 ) May 10 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 10 ) 8 24 + movie September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) May 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 09 ) 9 24 September 26 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 26 ) May 7 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 07 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : 1979 -- 1980 ( edit ) The first season begins with ten main characters : housemother Edna Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) , headmaster Steven Bradley ( John Lawlor ) , teacher Emily Mahoney ( Jenny O'Hara ) , and seven students : Blair Warner ( Lisa Whelchel ) , Cindy Webster ( Julie Anne Haddock ) , Molly Parker ( Molly Ringwald ) , Nancy Olsen ( Felice Schachter ) , Natalie Green ( Mindy Cohn ) , Sue Ann Weaver ( Julie Piekarski ) , and Tootie Ramsey ( Kim Fields ) . O'Hara's character was dropped after the fourth episode . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Rough Housing '' Nick Havinga Story by : Brad Rider and Glenn Padnick Teleplay by : Brad Rider August 24 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 24 ) 101 The Drummonds visit Mrs. Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) at Eastland School and during the Harvest Queen competition , Blair ( Lisa Whelchel ) makes a comment about tomboyish competitor Cindy not being feminine enough and even tries to insinuate that she 's a lesbian . Cindy ( Julie Anne Haddock ) decides not to attend the Harvest Ball , until Mrs. Garrett helps her with her self - image . Note : This was the show 's first episode , but is not the pilot . The cast of Diff'rent Strokes guest star only for this episode . The actual pilot episode , used to sell the show to NBC , was the Diff'rent Strokes first season finale , `` The Girls ' School ( aka ) Garrett 's Girls '' . `` Like Mother , Like Daughter '' Jim Drake Jerry Mayer August 31 , 1979 ( 1979 - 08 - 31 ) 102 Blair is upset that she might get a reputation for being easy when her multiple - divorcée mother visits for Parents Night and flirts with the headmaster , Steven Bradley ( John Lawlor ) . Notes : This episode features the second verse of the season 's theme . Pam Huntington played Monica Warner ( Blair 's mother ) in this episode only . In 1981 , as the show airs its third season , Marj Dusay replaces Huntington in a recurring role as Monica . `` The Return of Mr. Garrett '' Jim Drake Martin A. Ragaway September 7 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 07 ) 103 Mrs. Garrett accepts her ex-husband's ( Robert Alda ) proposal of remarriage , but changes her mind when she discovers he has been teaching the girls how to gamble . `` I.Q. '' Jim Drake Jane Gould & Shelly Landau September 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 14 ) 104 Mr. Bradley administers I.Q. tests ; Nancy ( Felice Schachter ) and Sue Ann ( Julie Piekarski ) are not happy with the results . Note : Jenny O'Hara makes her final appearance on the show and as a main cast regular . After this episode , the show was put on a three - month hiatus . 5 5 `` Overachieving '' Lee Lochhead Jerry Mayer March 12 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 12 ) 105 Tootie 's father ( Robert Hooks ) thinks Mrs. Garrett 's influence over his daughter is holding her back as Tootie ( Kim Fields ) has aspired to open a beauty salon . Note : Jenny O'Hara is dismissed from the show . This episode features the third and final verse of the season 's theme song . It was the fifth produced for the first season . This episode aired on a Wednesday night . 6 6 `` Emily Dickinson '' Lee Lochhead Jerry Mayer March 14 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 14 ) 106 Blair plagiarizes an Emily Dickinson poem about beauty , but must come clean when Mr. Bradley submits the poem to a competition and it wins third prize . 7 7 `` Dieting '' John Bowab Martin A. Ragaway March 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 03 - 21 ) 108 Sue Ann goes on a crash diet after hearing Blair imply that a boy wo n't like her because of her weight . 8 8 `` The Facts of Love '' John Bowab Rowland Barber and Jerry Mayer April 4 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 04 ) 111 To the chagrin of Mr. Bradley , Mrs. Garrett holds a sex education class and Blair gets into a compromising situation with a boy and has to make a tough decision . 9 9 `` Flash Flood '' John Bowab Jerry Mayer April 11 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 11 ) 112 Blair and Tootie rush to the stables to protect the animals when a flood hits Peekskill . When Mr. Bradley rescues the girls , Blair develops a crush on him . 10 10 `` Adoption '' John Bowab Migdia Chinea Varela April 25 , 1980 ( 1980 - 04 - 25 ) 109 The girls get an assignment to make a family tree , but Natalie ( Mindy Cohn ) does n't want to do it as she is adopted . Blair then noses into Natalie 's business when she arranges for her to talk to her birth mother by phone . 11 11 `` Running '' John Bowab Warren Murray May 2 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 02 ) 110 Mr. Bradley pits Cindy and Sue Ann against each other in a track competition . Note : This is the final episode to air on a Friday night . NBC moved the series on Wednesday nights for the final two episodes of the season and during the retooling for the second season . 12 12 `` Molly 's Holiday '' Gary Shimokawa Story by : Albert Lewin and Skip Usen Teleplay by : Albert Lewin June 4 , 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 04 ) 107 Molly ( Molly Ringwald ) finds out her parents are getting divorced . She and the girls devise a scheme to bring them back together , but Molly 's father visits , bringing his new girlfriend with him . 13 13 `` Dope '' John Bowab Jerry Mayer June 11 , 1980 ( 1980 - 06 - 11 ) 113 Blair gets Sue Ann into a clique known as `` The Group '' , whose members are marijuana smokers . Although Blair insists she does n't smoke , Sue Ann is pressured into trying . Helen Hunt appears in this episode . Season 2 : 1980 -- 1981 ( edit ) The main cast is reduced to five main characters : Mrs. Edna Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) , Blair Warner ( Lisa Whelchel ) , Natalie Green ( Mindy Cohn ) , Tootie Ramsey ( Kim Fields ) , and new girl Jo Polniaczek ( Nancy McKeon ) . Mr. Parker ( Roger Perry ) is a recurring character as the school 's new headmaster . The casting will stay the same through season 4 . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 14 `` The New Girl : Part 1 '' Bob Claver Jerry Mayer November 19 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 19 ) 201 A new student , Jo Polniaczek ( Nancy McKeon ) , arrives at Eastland and Mrs. Garrett has the streetwise Jo try to make friends with the snobbish Blair . Jo wants to do something rebellious , daring the girls to come along so she hotwires a van and takes them to a bar , but then they run into trouble when a good looking guy there reveals himself to be an undercover cop . Gary Coleman appears in this episode . Notes : Nancy McKeon becomes a main cast member as Jo Polniaczek in the series . John Lawlor , Felice Schachter , Julie Anne Haddock , Julie Piekarski , and Molly Ringwald are no longer series regulars . Schachter , Haddock and Piekarski become recurring characters in seasons 2 and 3 . Ringwald makes a recurring character appearance in the next episode , which became her fourteenth and final episode . Eastland is the backdrop of the first scene of the opening titles from the second season premiere to the third episode of season five . 15 `` The New Girl : Part 2 '' Bob Claver Jack Elinson November 26 , 1980 ( 1980 - 11 - 26 ) 202 After wrecking the school van and being thrown in jail , the girls are put on probation . They must work in the cafeteria to pay off their damages , in lieu of expulsion from Eastland . 16 `` Double Standard '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters December 10 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 10 ) 204 Blair is upset when her childhood friend Harrison Andrews asks Jo to the country club cotillion instead of her , but she later discovers his true intentions . 17 `` Who Am I ? '' Lee Lochhead Linda Marsh & Margie Peters December 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 17 ) 205 Tootie falls for an African - American boy , but becomes conflicted when he comments that she only hangs out with white girls . 18 5 `` Cousin Geri '' Asaad Kelada Ann Gibbs & Joel Kimmel December 24 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 24 ) 206 Blair 's cousin Geri ( Geri Jewell ) , a comedian who has cerebral palsy , visits . This episode marks Jewell 's first appearance in the series . 19 6 `` Shoplifting '' Lee Lochhead Sally Sussman December 31 , 1980 ( 1980 - 12 - 31 ) 203 For Mrs. Garrett 's upcoming birthday , the girls want to buy her a shirt , but they miss the sale ; Jo decides to steal the shirt . When Mrs. Garrett returns the shirt , she finds it was stolen . 20 7 `` Teenage Marriage : Part 1 '' John Bowab Jerry Mayer January 7 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 07 ) 207 Jo receives an unexpected visit from her boyfriend Eddie ( Clark Brandon ) , who has gone AWOL from the Navy , and surprises her with a marriage proposal . 21 8 `` Teenage Marriage : Part 2 '' John Bowab Jerry Mayer January 14 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 14 ) 208 Mrs. Garrett and the girls try to stall Jo from getting married , so they can contact Jo 's mother . 22 9 `` Breaking Point '' John Bowab Linda Marsh & Margie Peters January 28 , 1981 ( 1981 - 01 - 28 ) 210 Blair gets heavily involved in a campaign for student council president , but loses and becomes vice president . Things take a serious turn when her former opponent Cynthia ( Denise Halma ) commits suicide because her parents are getting a divorce as well as her long struggle with depression . Jo comments on how her friend Gloria committed suicide at her old school . To honor Cynthia 's memory Blair and the girls decide to set up a suicide hotline to help kids who want to kill themselves . 23 10 `` Sex Symbol '' John Bowab Story by : Sally Sussman Teleplay by : Linda Marsh & Margie Peters and Ann Gibbs & Joel Kimmel and Sally Sussman February 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 04 ) 211 Natalie has a study session with a boy she meets at a school dance . When rumors spread throughout the school that they do more than just study , she receives a barrage of requests from other boys , while her friends question her newfound popularity , which she starts encouraging . 24 11 `` The Secret '' John Bowab Story by : Jerry Mayer and Robyn Knapton Teleplay by : Jerry Mayer February 25 , 1981 ( 1981 - 02 - 25 ) 212 Jo has won an award , but when her recently paroled father ( Alex Rocco ) wants to attend , Jo tries to hide that fact from her friends . 25 12 `` Bought and Sold '' John Bowab Story by : Linda Marsh & Margie Peters and Susan Haven & Philip Ross Teleplay by : Linda Marsh & Margie Peters March 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 04 ) 213 Blair is selling Countess Calvet cosmetics and uses Natalie as a walking billboard . Todd Bridges and Zsa Zsa Gabor guest star . 26 13 `` Pretty Babies '' Bob Claver Ann Gibbs & Joel Kimmel March 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 11 ) 214 A top fashion photographer is coming to Eastland to find the new face of the ' 80s , and Blair is positive she is it but the photographer surprises everyone by choosing Tootie . When she goes to New York for her photo shoot , she discovers that it proves costly . 27 14 `` Free Spirit '' Bob Claver Ann Gibbs & Joel Kimmel March 18 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 18 ) 215 Mrs. Garrett 's son , Alex , visits Eastland . He brags about his life as a musician socializing with famous people such as Carly Simon , Donna Summer , and Neil Diamond , which attracts Natalie 's affections , but Blair is suspicious . 28 15 `` Brian and Sylvia '' John Bowab Jack Elinson March 25 , 1981 ( 1981 - 03 - 25 ) 216 Tootie and Natalie go to Buffalo to visit Tootie 's uncle Brian ( Richard Dean Anderson ) and aunt Sylvia ( Rosanne Katon ) , who are an interracial couple . Sylvia has received a job offer in New York City , but Brian does not want to move . 29 16 `` Gossip '' Lee Lochhead Paul L. Friedman & Gayle MacDonald June 3 , 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 03 ) 209 Tootie 's gossiping causes a rift between Blair , Jo , and Nancy , that almost costs Mrs. Garrett her job . Season 3 : 1981 -- 1982 ( edit ) Linda Marsh and Margie Peters join Jerry Mayer as producers . Jack Elison and Jerry Mayer were the executive producers . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 30 `` Growing Pains '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters October 28 , 1981 ( 1981 - 10 - 28 ) 302 After feeling excluded by the other girls for being the youngest , Tootie experiments with alcohol . Note : Starting this season , Kim Fields began wearing braces . 31 `` Fear Strikes Back '' Asaad Kelada Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert November 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 04 ) 306 Natalie is assaulted on the way back from a Halloween costume party , and is afraid to go outside following the experience . 32 `` A Baby in the House '' Asaad Kelada Story by : Jerry Winnick Teleplay by : Stuart Wolpert & Deidre Fay and Jerry Winnick November 11 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 11 ) 308 Former Eastland student Alison visits Blair and friends . She was a model student with a `` perfect '' life but is now a teenage mother . When she leaves , she forgets her baby Emily , and the girls have to take care of the infant in Alison 's absence . 33 `` A Friend in Deed '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters November 18 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 18 ) 307 Blair 's mother visits and tells her she is getting plastic surgery , but Blair discovers she has a more dire condition : breast cancer . Note : This is Marj Dusay 's first episode playing Monica Warner . 34 5 `` Front Page '' Asaad Kelada Mike Mayer & Larry Swimer November 25 , 1981 ( 1981 - 11 - 25 ) 309 After her essay gets trashed by her journalism teacher , Jo writes an article that places the teacher at a drug bust and Natalie , the editor - in - chief , must make a hard decision as to whether to publish the article or not . 35 6 `` Give and Take '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters December 2 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 02 ) 303 After losing her pension , Mrs. Garrett takes a second job at a Howard Johnson 's . This takes a toll on her mood and her Eastland work , so she must choose between the two . 36 7 `` Sweet Sorrow '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters December 9 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 09 ) 310 Blair and Jo participate in a class study in which they each pair up with a boy in a pretend marriage . Jo becomes attracted to her assigned partner , but feels conflicted because of her loyalty to her boyfriend Eddie . 37 8 `` From Russia with Love '' Asaad Kelada Story by : Jerry Mayer & Emily Mayer Teleplay by : Jerry Mayer December 16 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 16 ) 301 Natalie 's weekend plans are threatened when her overbearing Ukrainian grandmother Mona ( Molly Picon ) visits . 38 9 `` Dear Me '' Asaad Kelada Lloyd Turner & Howard Liebling December 23 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 23 ) 311 The girls are going camping with some boys from Bates Academy , but Tootie makes an excuse not to go by presenting a phony love letter . 39 10 `` Cousin Geri Returns '' Asaad Kelada Ann Gibbs & Joel Kimmel December 30 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 30 ) 305 Blair fears that her cousin Geri is being set up for a fall when Geri begins dating Eastland 's attractive French teacher . 40 11 `` Legacy '' Judi Elterman Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert January 6 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 06 ) 312 Blair learns that her late grandfather , whom she idolized , was a supporter and benefactor of the Ku Klux Klan . 41 12 `` Green - Eyed Monster '' Asaad Kelada Story by : Bill Shinkai Teleplay by : Linda Marsh & Margie Peters January 13 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 13 ) 313 Natalie wants the lead role in a school play , and she is not about to let anything or anyone stand in the way , including her best friend , Tootie . 42 13 `` The Americanization of Miko '' Asaad Kelada Stephen W. Spears & Bill Shinkai January 20 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 20 ) 314 Miko ( Lauren Tom ) , a Japanese student , begins adopting Western cultural values ; her father ( Mako ) objects to this , wanting her to return to Japan . 43 14 `` The Marriage Brokers '' Alejandro Rey Mitch Markowitz January 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 01 - 27 ) 315 To the girls ' delight , Mrs. Garrett 's handsome visitor ( Norman Alden ) is more than a friend and Blair investigates how serious their relationship is . 44 15 `` Starstruck '' Asaad Kelada Story by : Marvin Braverman Teleplay by : Marvin Braverman and Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert February 3 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 03 ) 316 Tootie gets the thrill of her life when pop - star idol Jermaine Jackson invites her to his concert and tearfully begs Mrs. Garrett to take her to the show , but she ends up heartbroken in Jackson 's dressing room . Note : Jermaine Jackson appears as himself in this episode . 45 16 `` The Four Musketeers '' Asaad Kelada Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert February 10 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 10 ) 304 The girls must decide what their living arrangements should be when the end of their probationary period gives them an opportunity to go their separate ways . 46 17 `` The Affair '' Asaad Kelada Migdia Chinea - Varela February 17 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 17 ) 318 Natalie is devastated when she sees her father ( Norman Burton ) kissing another woman in a New York City restaurant . 47 18 `` Runaway '' Asaad Kelada Bernard Burnell Mack February 24 , 1982 ( 1982 - 02 - 24 ) 317 Determined to prove her maturity , Tootie goes to New York City unaccompanied to meet with friends at a theater . A teenage prostitute ( Tammy Lauren ) teaches her a harsh reality . 48 19 `` New York , New York '' Asaad Kelada Peter Noah March 3 , 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 03 ) 319 Blair and Jo visit old friends in New York City , where they find that things have changed considerably . 49 20 `` Kids Can Be Cruel '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer March 17 , 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 17 ) 320 A vengeful Natalie is determined to get even with insensitive Blair , but she unwittingly entangles an innocent victim in her scheme . 50 21 `` Mind Your Own Business '' Selig Frank Jerry Jacobius & Steven Gore March 24 , 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 24 ) 321 Natalie institutes nine rules of privacy after she learns that Blair peeked in her diary . 51 22 `` The Academy '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer March 31 , 1982 ( 1982 - 03 - 31 ) 322 Jo coerces Blair into a date with a military cadet , but Blair is in for a shock when she learns that the boy is a juvenile delinquent from New York City . 52 23 `` Jo 's Cousin '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters April 14 , 1982 ( 1982 - 04 - 14 ) 324 Jo visits her relatives in New Jersey , where she helps her 14 - year - old tomboy cousin Terry ( Megan Follows ) transform from a little girl to a young lady . 53 24 `` Read No Evil '' Dolores Ferraro Story by : Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert and Hendrik Van Leuven Teleplay by : Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert May 5 , 1982 ( 1982 - 05 - 05 ) 323 Natalie loses her job as the newspaper 's editor when she decries the school 's new book - censorship policy . Season 4 : 1982 -- 1983 ( edit ) Every episode in this season is directed by Asaad Kelada . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 54 `` Ai n't Miss Beholden '' Asaad Kelada Stephen Neigher September 29 , 1982 ( 1982 - 09 - 29 ) 403 Jo 's future at Eastland is in jeopardy when she learns her scholarship funds are drying up due in part to budget cuts related to the early 1980s recession , and that Blair may be her only chance to stay . 55 `` The Source '' Asaad Kelada Peter Noah October 6 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 06 ) 404 Natalie is under pressure to reveal her source for a controversial article on a schoolmate 's secret abortion she has written for the school newspaper . 56 `` The Sound of Silence '' Asaad Kelada Kimberly Hill October 27 , 1982 ( 1982 - 10 - 27 ) 401 Tootie 's sudden personality change and slipping grades are the result of a hearing problem . Blair 's cousin Geri visits to comfort Tootie . 57 `` The Oldest Living Graduate '' Asaad Kelada John Markus November 3 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 03 ) 407 Eastland 's oldest living graduate , Marie Thornwell ( Amzie Strickland ) , a wealthy eccentric , decides to leave her money to Eastland , until Jo inadvertently changes her mind . 58 5 `` Different Drummer '' Asaad Kelada Dianne Messina & Lou Messina November 10 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 10 ) 408 Blair thinks she is doing a good deed by tutoring a mentally disabled young man , but the student misinterprets her good intentions after Blair pushes him too far . 59 6 `` Dearest Mommie '' Asaad Kelada Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert November 17 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 17 ) 409 Natalie gets an opportunity to write a column for a newspaper in New York and gets into an argument with her mother ( Mitzi Hoag ) over how it could affect her schoolwork . Her mother eventually reveals the name of Natalie 's biological mother . 60 7 `` A Woman 's Place '' Asaad Kelada Story by : David Chambers and Ruth Bennett Teleplay by : David Chambers November 24 , 1982 ( 1982 - 11 - 24 ) 410 Jo lands a new job as a mechanic with her boyfriend as a colleague , but a problem develops when she gets promoted to supervise him . 61 8 `` Daddy 's Girl '' Asaad Kelada Howard Meyers & Paul Haggis December 1 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 01 ) 402 Blair 's close relationship with her father ( Nicolas Coster ) is tested when a tax audit uncovers her father 's questionable accounting . 62 9 `` The Big Fight '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer December 8 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 08 ) 406 A friend invites Natalie to watch his match at Stone Military Academy . He originally did the match to oblige his father , but learns that his father will not even show up . 63 10 `` For the Asking '' Asaad Kelada Nick Gore & Jerry Jacobius December 15 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 15 ) 411 Natalie boycotts the Sadie Hawkins dance claiming it 's wrong for a girl to ask a boy out ; she decides to go to the dance in the end . 64 11 `` September Song '' Asaad Kelada Bob Peete December 22 , 1982 ( 1982 - 12 - 22 ) 405 Mrs. Garrett receives a marriage proposal from her elderly boyfriend Henry ( Murray Matheson ) , who later hurts his back . The girls help take care of him . 65 12 `` A Royal Pain '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer January 5 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 05 ) 413 Excitement reigns when royalty enrolls at Eastland , until Tootie accidentally discovers that the new student , a young princess , is a runaway who is getting ready to skip out again . Guest - starring Heather McAdam as Princess Alexandra ' Alex ' Lambarti 66 13 `` Magnificent Obsession '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters January 12 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 12 ) 412 Jo is concerned by Blair 's infatuation with a boy who asks Blair to a dance , but leaves with another girl . 67 14 `` Under Pressure '' Asaad Kelada Sandra Kay Siegel January 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 19 ) 414 When Mrs. Garrett is diagnosed with high blood pressure , the girls do anything to shield her from stress . But their good intentions lead to a lie , a cover - up and big trouble . 68 15 `` Teacher 's Pet '' Asaad Kelada Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert January 26 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 26 ) 415 Jo learns that her favorite teacher ( Deborah Harmon ) is terminally ill . 69 16 `` Let 's Party '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer February 9 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 09 ) 417 The girls learn a frightening lesson about drinking and driving when they join Tootie 's college - age brother ( Kevin Rodney Sullivan ) and his roommate for a night on the town . 70 17 `` Best Sister : Part 1 '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters February 16 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 16 ) 418 Blair 's stepsister Meg ( Eve Plumb ) , a nun , visits Eastland , and inspires Jo . 71 18 `` Best Sister : Part 2 '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters February 23 , 1983 ( 1983 - 02 - 23 ) 419 When Jo decides that she wants to become a nun along with Meg , Blair sees herself as the only one who can talk them out of it . However , Blair 's true feelings toward Meg come to the surface when Blair gets into another argument with Meg and Jo that ends with a violent outburst by Jo against Blair . 72 19 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ? '' Asaad Kelada Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert March 9 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 09 ) 416 Mrs. Garrett 's cooking instructor from Paris visits Eastland . Meanwhile , the girls try to deal with a squirrel that enters their bedroom . 73 20 `` Who 's on First '' Asaad Kelada Kimberly Hill March 30 , 1983 ( 1983 - 03 - 30 ) 420 Natalie devotes all her time to her new beau , prompting a slighted Tootie into a deceitful course of action to regain her attention . 74 21 `` Help from Home '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer April 6 , 1983 ( 1983 - 04 - 06 ) 421 Jo has been accepted at Langley College along with Blair , but does not tell anyone because she does not plan to attend due to her family 's financial situation . However , when she takes a trip home for the weekend , she learns that her entire family knows about her acceptance , and are counting on her to do well . 75 22 `` Take My Finals , Please '' Asaad Kelada Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert April 27 , 1983 ( 1983 - 04 - 27 ) 422 In spite of Mrs. Garrett 's opposition , the girls settle in for an all - night study session . As the hours slip away , every imaginable distraction impedes their preparation for final exams . 76 77 23 24 `` Graduation '' Asaad Kelada Kimberly Hill and Linda Marsh & Margie Peters May 4 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 04 ) 423 424 Blair and Jo finally achieve a common bond when their graduation from Eastland causes a flood of preparations and overreactions from their parents and friends . Mrs. Garrett , Natalie and Tootie are reassuring and calm during the hectic last - minute graduation preparations and Blair and Jo see how much more they learned at Eastland than just academics . Season 5 : 1983 -- 1984 ( edit ) Blair and Jo start college , and Mrs. Garrett quits Eastland and opens her own gourmet food shop and catering business . Blair , Jo , Tootie , and Natalie all move in with her . Pamela Segall joins the cast this season , beginning with the episode `` Just My Bill '' . Her final appearance is in the episode `` Seems Like Old Times '' , and her character is dropped following that episode . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 78 79 `` Brave New World '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters September 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 21 ) 501 502 Blair and Jo start at Langley College while Mrs. Garrett leaves Eastland to open her own gourmet shop called Edna 's Edibles , with help from her son Raymond ( Joel Brooks ) . The girls wonder what their housing situation will be . Note : This is the final episode to feature Eastland Academy as the main setting of the show . 80 `` Gamma Gamma or Bust '' Asaad Kelada Story by : George Tricker & Neil Rosen Teleplay by : George Tricker & Neil Rosen and Andy Borowitz September 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 28 ) 503 Blair is nominated to pledge the Gamma Gamma sorority at Langley . Jami Gertz makes the first of four appearances as Blair 's sorority sister Boots St. Clair . Note : This was the last episode of the Eastland backdrop in the opening credits . This was also the last episode showing Mindy Cohn and Nancy McKeon 's scenes from the two previous seasons . 81 `` Just My Bill '' Asaad Kelada Dianne Messina & Lou Messina October 12 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 12 ) 505 Jo 's in love , but resentment develops when her guy turns out to be wealthy . Note : Edna 's Edibles was marked the season 's new backdrop at the beginning of the opening credits until the 3rd episode of the show 's 7th season . Mindy Cohn and Nancy McKeon were marked new original scenes in the opening credits of this episode . Starting this episode , Pamela Segall joins the on - and - off regular blockage as Kelly Affinado . 82 5 `` What Price Glory ? '' Asaad Kelada Alan Spencer October 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 19 ) 506 Tootie discovers that her boyfriend Jeff , a school athlete , has problems reading . Note : Geri Jewell guest stars as Blair 's cousin , comedian ' Geri Tyler ' . 83 6 `` The Halloween Show '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer October 26 , 1983 ( 1983 - 10 - 26 ) 507 The girls have a Halloween party , but Mrs. Garrett appears to be possessed , and a customer disappears without explanation . 84 7 `` Advance Placement '' Asaad Kelada Bob Myer & Bob Young November 2 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 02 ) 510 Although Natalie is still a junior in high school , she gets an opportunity to enroll in a course at Langley and develops an ego that puts a strain on her friendship with the other girls . 85 8 `` I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can '' Asaad Kelada Jim Geoghan November 9 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 09 ) 509 Blair and Jo take Mrs. Garrett to a male strip club for her birthday , where they discover Blair 's boyfriend Cliff ( Woody Brown ) on stage . 86 9 `` Small But Dangerous '' Asaad Kelada Andy Borowitz November 16 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 16 ) 508 Mrs. Garrett and the girls deal with a sudden outbreak of vandalism of the store and discover a young girl may be responsible . They are surprised at the reasons for her actions . Note : Pamela Segall 's second appearance as Kelly . 87 10 `` Store Games '' Asaad Kelada Story by : Andy Borowitz and Howard Meyers Teleplay by : Andy Borowitz November 30 , 1983 ( 1983 - 11 - 30 ) 512 A competing store takes a big bite out of Mrs. Garrett 's business so the girls investigate and discover the store has been copying Mrs. Garrett 's recipes , and they try some tactics to fix that . 88 11 `` The Second Time Around '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters December 14 , 1983 ( 1983 - 12 - 14 ) 511 Jo gets excited when it looks as though her parents ( Alex Rocco and Claire Malis ) might be reconciling and getting back together . 89 12 `` The Christmas Show '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer December 21 , 1983 ( 1983 - 12 - 21 ) 515 The girls prepare to go their separate ways for Christmas vacation . 90 13 `` The Chain Letter '' Asaad Kelada Bob Myer & Bob Young December 28 , 1983 ( 1983 - 12 - 28 ) 504 Mrs. Garrett 's shop is threatened with closure by the health department because of constant neglect by the girls . After she decides to fire them , they rally together to try to prove to her they will not disappoint her again . 91 14 `` Next Door '' Linda Day Milt Rosen & Glenn Padnick January 4 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 04 ) 513 Mrs. Garrett and the girls befriend a little boy whose single mother ( Jean Smart ) does not have time to take care of him . 92 15 `` Crossing the Line '' Mark W. Travis Andy Borowitz January 11 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 11 ) 516 Tootie is at odds with Natalie over the latter 's desire to date Tootie 's cousin and confronts her own views on race and wonders if she is racist herself . Recording date : December 13 , 1983 93 16 `` All or Nothing '' Asaad Kelada Bob Myer & Bob Young January 18 , 1984 ( 1984 - 01 - 18 ) 518 Jo is elected to the Langley board of regents and learns quickly about the politics of the financial decisions they make and who could be hurt by them . 94 17 `` A Death in the Family '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters February 1 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 01 ) 519 Natalie 's father dies from a sudden heart attack ; she has difficulty coming to grips with his death . 95 18 `` Big Fish / Little Fish '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters February 8 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 08 ) 520 Mrs. Garrett and the other girls help Natalie who is still reeling from her father 's death . Meanwhile , Blair is realizing she is not the `` big fish '' she used to be . 96 19 `` Star at Langley '' Asaad Kelada Andy Borowitz February 15 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 15 ) 521 When a famous movie star enrolls at Langley , Blair becomes jealous of the attention she lavishes on Cliff . 97 20 `` Dream Marriage '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer February 22 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 22 ) 522 Blair receives a marriage proposal and she dreams of what her life might be like in the future , in the year 2000 . 98 21 `` Mother and Daughter '' Norman Cohen Jerry Mayer February 29 , 1984 ( 1984 - 02 - 29 ) 517 Tootie and her visiting mother ( Chip Fields , Kim Fields ' real - life mother ) discover how big the gap is in their relationship . 99 22 `` All by Herself '' Judi Elterman Story by : Bob Myer & Bob Young and Cheri Eichen & Bill Steinkellner Teleplay by : Bob Myer & Bob Young March 14 , 1984 ( 1984 - 03 - 14 ) 514 Geri ( Geri Jewell ) gets a chip on her shoulder about her abilities when she asks Blair to assist her in a fundraising for a school for disabled children . Note : This episode marks Geri Jewell 's final appearance . 100 23 `` Seems Like Old Times '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters March 21 , 1984 ( 1984 - 03 - 21 ) 524 Eddie , Jo 's former boyfriend , returns to rekindle their relationship but harbors a devastating secret . Note : This is the 100th episode of the series . This is Pamela Segall 's final appearance in the series . She was dismissed after this episode . 101 24 `` Joint Custody '' Asaad Kelada Bob Myer & Bob Young May 2 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 02 ) 523 Mrs. Garrett 's son , Raymond , who also owns the building where the shop is located , visits with his wife , Doris ( Kim Darby ) . It becomes apparent that the couple is headed towards divorce unless Edna and the girls can save their marriage . 102 103 25 26 `` The Way We Were '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer May 9 , 1984 ( 1984 - 05 - 09 ) 525 526 As the girls prepare for their summer vacations , they look back on the past , as seen in clips from previous episodes . Blair and Jo ultimately get into a major argument , so Natalie and Tootie try to patch things up between the two . Season 6 : 1984 -- 1985 ( edit ) Mrs. Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) was absent from several episodes in season 6 per Rae 's request for reduced appearances . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 104 `` The Summer of ' 84 '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters September 26 , 1984 ( 1984 - 09 - 26 ) 605 Mrs. Garrett and the girls return home to tell each other about their respective summer vacations . John Astin ( Mackenzie Astin 's real life father ) appears in this episode as Mrs. Garrett 's summer love . 105 `` A Slice of Life '' `` Slices of Life '' Asaad Kelada Jerry Mayer October 3 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 03 ) 604 Jo decides to take her mother 's incredible pizza recipe and create a business from it . The business succeeds but at a price . 106 `` Love at First Byte '' Asaad Kelada Bob Myer & Bob Young October 17 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 17 ) 606 In order to complete an experiment for school , Natalie tricks Jo and Blair into joining a computer dating service . 107 `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' Asaad Kelada Bob Myer & Bob Young October 24 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 24 ) 601 Tootie is dismayed when Jeff returns from college and seems to have outgrown her . Note : Nancy McKeon does not appear in this episode . This is her first absence in the season . This is also the first taped episode of this season . 108 5 `` Cruisin ' '' John Bowab Paul Haggis October 31 , 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 31 ) 609 The girls take Blair 's father 's car and go cruising in downtown Peekskill . Notes : Kim Fields removed her braces in this episode . Nancy McKeon returns after her first absence from the previous episode . This is also the first and only episode that premiered without a laugh track and live audience . Due to that reason , this episode was filmed in single - camera format for the only time . 109 110 6 7 `` Taking a Chance on Love '' Asaad Kelada Gail Honigberg November 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 07 ) 607 608 Jo falls in love with her photography instructor Sam Hall ( Kristoffer Tabori ) . 111 8 `` E.G.O.C. ( Edna Garrett on Campus ) '' John Bowab Janis Hirsch November 14 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 14 ) 610 Mrs. Garrett feels out of place when she decides to go back to college and joins Jo and Blair in one of their classes . 112 9 `` Dear Apple '' John Bowab Story by : Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert Teleplay by : Paul Haggis November 21 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 21 ) 611 Jo thinks about her friendship with Blair with the aid of a talking computer . 113 10 `` Talk , Talk , Talk '' John Bowab Bob Myer & Bob Young November 28 , 1984 ( 1984 - 11 - 28 ) 614 Mrs. Garrett and the other girls assist Jo when she must fill a midnight to six a.m. shift at the Langley College radio station . 114 11 `` Smile '' Asaad Kelada Story by : Mark Miller Teleplay by : Linda Marsh & Margie Peters December 5 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 05 ) 602 Natalie 's odd behavior after losing a coveted newspaper position confuses her new boyfriend . Note : This is Nancy McKeon 's second and final absence in the series . This is the second episode filmed for the season . 115 12 `` The Rich Are n't Different '' John Bowab J.P. Duffy December 12 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 12 ) 613 Blair takes Jo to small claims court over a broken wristwatch . 116 13 `` Christmas in the Big House '' John Bowab Jerry Mayer December 19 , 1984 ( 1984 - 12 - 19 ) 615 As a result of a mix - up , the girls perform a Christmas show in a prison instead of a home for boys like they planned . 117 14 `` Me and Eleanor '' John Bowab Paul Haggis January 2 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 02 ) 616 Tootie writes and performs a play about Eleanor Roosevelt . Note : Mackenzie Astin marks his first appearance as Andy Moffett in this episode . He is credited as a guest star in four other episodes ( 16 , 18 , 21 , 24 ) in the season and departs after the twenty - fourth episode . Starting in the seventh season , he is added as a on - and - off regular and becomes a main cast member in the eighth and ninth seasons . 118 15 `` Working it Out '' Asaad Kelada Linda Marsh & Margie Peters January 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 09 ) 603 Blair 's rebellious behavior after breaking up with Cliff has everyone questioning her , especially Mrs. Garrett . 119 16 `` Jazzbeau '' Ellen Chaset Falcon Rick Lombardo & Patrick Cleary January 16 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 16 ) 617 Natalie and Tootie reminisce about a former jazz legend they met while working at a resort in the Poconos after learning he recently died . 120 17 `` Two Guys from Appleton '' John Bowab Paul Haggis January 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 23 ) 618 An old boyfriend of Mrs. Garrett 's arrives in Peekskill with his college - age son , Kevin . Note : Ryan Cassidy marks his first appearance as Kevin Metcalf in this episode . He is the guest star in episodes 18 -- 19 , 21 , 24 in the season and departs the series after the twenty - fourth episode . 121 18 `` With a Little Help from My Friends '' John Bowab Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert January 30 , 1985 ( 1985 - 01 - 30 ) 619 Blair is torn between her friends ' concern and her new boyfriend who has let his addiction to cocaine affect him . Note : This is the first episode that marks Mackenzie Astin as a guest star . He is the guest star in episodes 21 and 24 along with Ryan Cassidy . 122 19 `` Gone with the Wind : Part 1 '' John Bowab Kimberly Hill February 13 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 13 ) 621 The girls spend Spring Break in Florida when a hurricane hits . Note : Charlotte Rae was absent in this episode . This is her first absence in the season . She was absent in the five following episodes . Michael Damian makes his first appearance as Flyman . 123 20 `` Gone with the Wind : Part 2 '' John Bowab Kimberly Hill February 20 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 20 ) 622 While staying at Natalie 's grandmother 's in Florida , the girls each find new relationships . Note : This is Charlotte Rae 's second absence in the series . 124 21 `` Man in the Attic '' John Bowab Paul Haggis February 27 , 1985 ( 1985 - 02 - 27 ) 623 Kevin moves into the attic and quickly becomes a nuisance to the girls . Note : This is Charlotte Rae 's third absence in the series . 125 22 `` The Last Drive - In '' John Bowab Paul Haggis , Kimberly Hill and Stuart Wolpert March 13 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 13 ) 624 The girls pile into Mrs. Garrett 's car and spend the evening at the local drive - in , which is about to close for the last time . Note : This is Charlotte Rae 's fourth absence in the series . 126 23 `` Sisters '' John Bowab Bob Myer & Bob Young March 20 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 20 ) 625 Jo and Blair become concerned when Jo 's father and Blair 's mother appear to be getting very close . Note : This is Charlotte Rae 's fifth absence in the series . 127 24 `` It 's Lonely at the Top '' John Bowab Jerry Mayer March 27 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 27 ) 626 Blair learns the hard way when she tries to take over and run Edna 's Edibles `` her '' way . Note : This is Charlotte Rae 's sixth absence in the series . This is also Ryan Cassidy 's final appearance on the show . After this episode , he was quietly dismissed . Mackenzie Astin also marks his final guest star appearance in this episode before returning in season seven . This is the final episode taped for the sixth season . 128 25 `` Bus Stop '' Judi Elterman Story by : Brian Pollack & Rick Shaw Teleplay by : Kimberly Hill May 8 , 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 08 ) 620 When Natalie graduates from Eastland , she shocks her mother and her friends by deciding not to go to college . Note : Charlotte Rae returns in this episode after her six - episode absence . 129 26 `` The Interview Show '' John Bowab and Stuart Wolpert Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert May 15 , 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 15 ) 612 A former student who is planning on writing a book on Eastland interviews Mrs. Garrett and the girls . Season 7 : 1985 -- 1986 ( edit ) Mrs. Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) was again absent from several episodes per Rae 's request for reduced appearances . Starting this season , Mackenzie Astin , who plays Andy Moffett , and George Clooney , who plays George Burnett , receive billing in the opening credits . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 130 `` Out of the Fire ... '' John Bowab Paul Haggis September 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 14 ) 701 The girls come back from summer vacation to find Edna 's Edibles and their home suffered a major fire . Note : Starting this season , Mackenzie Astin as Andy Moffett becomes a recurring character . The Edna 's Edibles backdrop is used only for the first three episodes in this season . 131 `` Into the Frying Pan '' John Bowab Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert September 21 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 21 ) 702 After deciding to rebuild the shop with a new business , Mrs. Garrett and the girls must find a contractor they can afford . Note : George Clooney as George Burnett starts his recurring character run in this episode . 132 `` Grand Opening '' John Bowab Bob Bendetson & Howard Bendetson September 28 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 28 ) 703 Mrs. Garrett and the girls find that the grand opening of their new business , Over Our Heads , is n't quite so `` grand '' . Note : This is the last episode of the Edna 's Edibles backdrop in the opening credits . In the next episode , Over Our Heads become the series ' new backdrop . 133 `` Teacher , Teacher '' John Bowab Story by : Cheri Eichen & Bill Steinkellner Teleplay by : Bruce Ferber & David Lerner October 5 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 05 ) 705 After doing a stint of student teaching , Jo becomes torn between becoming a teacher or working at a corporation developing educational software . Irene Tedrow and Joyce Bulifant guest star as Jo 's coworkers at the elementary school . Note : Over Our Heads is marked the season 's new backdrop at the first scene of the opening credits in this episode until the show 's series finale . Recording date : August 27 , 1985 134 5 `` Men for All Seasons '' John Bowab Fredi Towbin & Larry Strauss October 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 19 ) 704 A controversial calendar of the Langley men 's swim team puts Mrs. Garrett and the girls in hot water when they refuse to stop selling it . 135 6 `` A New Life '' John Bowab Linda Elstad October 26 , 1985 ( 1985 - 10 - 26 ) 706 Blair learns that her mother is pregnant and wants to have an abortion , but Blair insists she keep the baby . 136 7 `` Doo - Wah '' John Bowab Bob Bendetson & Howard Bendetson November 2 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 02 ) 709 Andy gets the girls involved in a singing / songwriting contest where the winners get to sing back - up on pop - star , El Debarge 's new single . El Debarge and Siedah Garrett guest - star . 137 8 `` Come Back to the Truck Stop , Natalie Green , Natalie Green '' John Bowab Michael Maurer November 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 09 ) 708 Natalie , trying to get writing ideas by travelling around the country , comes up with a wild one while waiting for a bus at a small diner . Charo appears in this episode . 138 9 `` Born Too Late '' John Bowab Bob Brush November 16 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 16 ) 710 Tootie must deal with Andy when she learns he has a crush on her . 139 10 `` 3 , 2 , 1 '' John Bowab Paul Haggis November 23 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 23 ) 711 Jo and Blair are assigned to work at the campus TV station , but they end up arguing over the content of news stories and editorials . 140 11 `` We Get Letters '' John Bowab Story by : Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert Teleplay by : Susan Beavers November 30 , 1985 ( 1985 - 11 - 30 ) 707 Mrs. Garrett 's old friend ( Anne Jackson ) visits and reveals a secret about Edna and the friend 's late husband . 141 12 `` Ballroom Dance '' John Bowab Story by : Carlo Allen Teleplay by : Deidre Fay & Stuart Wolpert December 7 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 07 ) 712 Jo decides she wants to learn how to ballroom dance . 142 13 `` Christmas Baby '' John Bowab David Lerner & Bruce Ferber December 14 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 14 ) 715 Blair 's mother goes into labor on Christmas Eve -- six weeks before she 's due . 143 14 `` Tootie Drives '' John Bowab Story by : Paul Haggis and Stuart Wolpert Teleplay by : Paul Haggis December 21 , 1985 ( 1985 - 12 - 21 ) 713 Tootie drives everybody crazy when she gets her driving permit and wants help learning how to drive . 144 15 `` Stake - Out Blues '' John Bowab Jake Weinberger & Michael Weinberger January 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 11 ) 716 The girls do n't want Mrs. Garrett to worry when the police plan a stakeout at the shop to catch criminals selling counterfeit bus passes . 145 16 `` The Agent '' John Bowab Jack Elinson January 18 , 1986 ( 1986 - 01 - 18 ) 717 In order to boost the career of an aspiring comic , Tootie stages a performance where Jim McCawley , the talent coordinator for The Tonight Show , shall be in attendance . 146 17 `` The Reunion '' John Bowab Racelle Friedman February 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 02 - 01 ) 719 George takes Jo to his high school reunion where he passes her off as a duchess to impress a girl he once admired . 147 18 `` Concentration '' John Bowab Martha Williamson February 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 02 - 08 ) 718 Blair learns a valuable lesson when she becomes trapped in an elevator with her baby sister Bailey and a concentration camp survivor ( played by Nehemiah Persoff . ) 148 19 `` Atlantic City '' John Bowab Paul Haggis February 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 02 - 15 ) 721 The girls travel to Atlantic City to see Flyman , Jo 's fling from spring break . Michael Damian makes his third and final appearance as Flyman . 149 20 `` The Lady Who Came to Dinner '' John Bowab Story by : Patrick Cleary Teleplay by : Bart Lindsay & Robert Billson February 22 , 1986 ( 1986 - 02 - 22 ) 722 After a misunderstanding about Blair 's birthday wishes , the party performer herself ( vaudevillian Betty Kean ) ends up staying with the girls . Note : Mindy Cohn is absent for the first and only time . This is Charlotte Rae 's fourth absence in the season and overall her tenth absence in the series . This is also George Clooney 's last episode as a recurring character . He made four guest star appearances in season eight , and was dismissed before the ninth season began . 150 21 `` The Candidate '' Valentine Mayer Michael Maurer March 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 03 - 01 ) 723 Blair and Natalie go head - to - head when Natalie learns a big political secret about the current mayor . 151 22 `` Big Time Charlie '' Steven Robman Bob Myer & Bob Young March 29 , 1986 ( 1986 - 03 - 29 ) 720 Jo 's father goes on an extravagant shopping spree after winning $300,000. in a magazine contest . Also , Natalie returns from Florida with the wrong suitcase , losing Tootie 's new camera in the process . 152 23 `` The Graduate '' John Bowab Barry Vigon May 3 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 03 ) 724 In part one of the season seven finale , Mrs. Garrett returns for Tootie 's graduation in time to learn what she and Natalie plan to do about their own futures . Note : This is Mackenzie Astin 's final episode as a recurring character . Starting in the eighth season , he becomes a series regular . 153 24 `` The Apartment '' John Bowab Jane Anderson May 10 , 1986 ( 1986 - 05 - 10 ) 725 In the conclusion of the season seven finale , Natalie and Tootie move into a new apartment and quickly learn that living on their own is not all it 's cracked up to be . Note : This is Charlotte Rae 's last episode as a main cast member . Rae made her final appearances in the eighth season two - part premiere `` Out of Peekskill Part 1 '' and `` Out of Peekskill Part 2 '' . Season 8 : 1986 -- 1987 ( edit ) Mrs. Garrett ( Charlotte Rae ) remarries and leaves the series after the two part season premiere . Her sister , Beverly Ann Stickle ( Cloris Leachman ) , moves in to care for the house and business . George Burnett , played by George Clooney , becomes a recurring character . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 154 155 `` Out of Peekskill '' John Bowab Michael Maurer , Richard Gurman and Paul Haggis September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) 801 802 Mrs. Garrett becomes reacquainted with Dr. Bruce Gaines ( Robert Mandan ) , a man she met when she was serving in the Peace Corps . He proposes marriage to her , and she accepts . Her sister , Beverly Ann Stickle ( Cloris Leachman ) , comes to the wedding in her Winnebago recreational vehicle . In spite of a scare at Depressed Person 's Cliff , Mrs. Garrett and Bruce are married , and they rejoin the Peace Corps , leaving for Africa . Beverly Ann takes over Edna 's duties at Over Our Heads in her place . Notes : Starting this season , Cloris Leachman and Mackenzie Astin becomes the series ' main cast regulars . Charlotte Rae made a guest star appearance and departs the series after this 2 - parted one hour season opening . 156 `` Ready or Not '' John Bowab Jane Anderson October 4 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 04 ) 803 Beverly Ann and the girls are concerned that Tootie is getting much too serious about her new boyfriend Rudy . 157 `` Another Room '' John Bowab Story by : Katherine Green Teleplay by : Michael Maurer & Martha Williamson October 11 , 1986 ( 1986 - 10 - 11 ) 805 Fed up with having no privacy , Jo considers moving out , until Beverly Ann suggests remodeling the attic into a room , but Jo has concerns about the construction costs . 158 5 `` Off - Broadway Baby '' John Bowab Martha Williamson November 1 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 01 ) 807 Beverly Ann and the girls head for New York City , when Tootie decides to audition for her first Broadway show . However , when she arrives , she quickly learns that she has plenty of competition working against her . 159 6 `` The Little Chill '' Valentine Mayer Phil Doran & Douglas Arango November 8 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 08 ) 808 Three of the girls ( Cindy , Nancy , and Sue Ann ) who used to live in the Eastland dormitory with Blair , Tootie , and Natalie return for a reunion and Jo feels left out because she never knew them very well . 160 7 `` The Ratings Game '' John Bowab Ross Brown November 15 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 15 ) 809 Blair 's computerized date - rating system is the focus when she makes a bet with Jo dealing with whether or not the system really works . However , when Beverly Ann accidentally erases a computer disk , Jo tampers with some of the ratings . 161 8 `` The Wedding Day '' John Bowab Story by : Shirley Brown Teleplay by : Ross Brown and Michael Poryes November 22 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 22 ) 811 Jo offers to marry an immigrant so he can stay in the country . Note : George Clooney 's character George Burnett appears in this episode and three others this season . Episode # 15 A Star is Torn is his last appearance . 162 9 `` Fast Food '' Marian Deaton Michael Maurer November 29 , 1986 ( 1986 - 11 - 29 ) 810 Natalie hires Blair as an employee at the Mexican restaurant Señor Sombrero , where she is assistant manager . 163 10 `` Where 's Poppa ? '' John Bowab Micki Raton and Irma Kalish & Phil Doran & Douglas Arango December 6 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 06 ) 804 Blair is distraught after her father pleads guilty to charges of insider trading . 164 11 `` Write and Wrong '' John Bowab Jane Anderson & Ross Brown December 13 , 1986 ( 1986 - 12 - 13 ) 806 A furious Natalie is determined to identify and sue the plagiarist who sold her short story to a magazine . Vaudeville comedienne Billie Bird appears as Andy 's grandmother . 165 12 `` Seven Little Indians '' John Bowab John Boni January 3 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 03 ) 812 On a dark and stormy night , the girls and their friends are stalked by a mysterious killer . Maurice LaMarche appears as `` Rod Sperling '' in this The Twilight Zone - ish episode . 166 13 `` The Greek Connection '' John Bowab Sara V. Finney & Vida Spears January 10 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 10 ) 813 Assigned by the newspaper to investigate Pledge Week at Langley College , Natalie crashes the rush party of the sorority Tootie wants to join . Penelope Ann Miller guest stars . 167 14 `` Post-Christmas Card '' John Bowab Matt Gellar January 17 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 17 ) 815 As a post-Christmas gift , Natalie gets her first credit card and promptly goes on a spending spree . 168 15 `` A Star Is Torn '' John Bowab Martha Williamson January 31 , 1987 ( 1987 - 01 - 31 ) 816 Cinnamon ( Stacey Q ) , who bested Tootie in the audition for a Broadway rock musical , arrives . She claims that she has been replaced in the show , but it is not the real story . Note : George Clooney marks his final appearance on the show , billed as a special guest star . 169 16 `` A Winter 's Tale '' John Bowab Bob Underwood February 7 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 07 ) 814 The girls go to a ski resort . Doug Savant guest stars as an engaged young man falling in love with Blair . 170 17 `` Cupid 's Revenge '' John Bowab John Boni February 14 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 14 ) 817 Romantic perversity occurs when all the girls ' old boyfriends happen to show up just before the Valentine 's Day dance . 171 18 `` ' 62 Pick - Up '' John Bowab Phil Doran & Douglas Arango February 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 21 ) 819 A flashback to the early 1960s , replete with teen idols , beatniks , and girl groups . Bobby Rydell and Fabian guest star . 172 19 `` Boy About the House '' John Bowab Austin and Irma Kalish February 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 02 - 28 ) 818 When Andy 's foster parents ' marriage dissolves , Beverly Ann decides it is time to adopt him . Jay Johnson ( ventriloquist ) appears in this episode 's sub-plot . 173 20 `` Ex Marks the Spot '' John Bowab Story by : Katherine Green & Richard Gurman Teleplay by : Michael Maurer & Michael Poryes March 7 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 07 ) 820 Beverly Ann 's ex-husband , Frank Stickle ( Dick Van Patten ) , comes to visit , and he has a heart attack . Lois Nettleton guest stars . 174 21 `` Younger Than Springtime '' John Bowab Lawrence H. Levy March 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 21 ) 821 Jo is unhappy that Blair is playing matchmaker for Jo 's lonely father , but she is really upset with the final results . 175 22 `` This Is Only a Test '' Valentine Mayer Ross Brown & Martha Williamson April 18 , 1987 ( 1987 - 04 - 18 ) 822 Blair discovers that even she can not buy admission to law school if she does not pass a four - hour admissions test for which she has not studied . 176 23 `` Rites of Passage : Part 1 '' John Bowab Matt Geller & Racelle Friedman May 2 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 02 ) 823 After her commencement speech is rejected , Jo refuses to make a speech at all , but then learns that her grandfather ( Sheldon Leonard ) has come all the way from Poland to hear it . 177 24 `` Rites of Passage : Part 2 '' Marian Deaton Michael Poryes May 9 , 1987 ( 1987 - 05 - 09 ) 824 Summer offers a variety of options for everyone , especially Jo , who is offered a tempting job far away in Los Angeles . Season 9 : 1987 -- 1988 ( edit ) Pippa McKenna , played by Sherrié Austin , is introduced as a recurring character . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 178 `` Down and Out in Malibu : Part 1 '' John Bowab Martha Williamson September 26 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 26 ) 903 Jo is stranded in Malibu for the summer and gets a job housesitting for Richard Moll . 179 `` Down and Out in Malibu : Part 2 '' John Bowab Ross Brown October 3 , 1987 ( 1987 - 10 - 03 ) 904 Richard Moll has the girls put in prison when he sees what has happened to his house . 180 `` Rumor Has It '' John Bowab Michael Poryes October 17 , 1987 ( 1987 - 10 - 17 ) 901 Things get interesting in Blair 's law class when a rumor goes around campus about her and the professor . 181 `` Before the Fall '' John Bowab R.J. Colleary October 24 , 1987 ( 1987 - 10 - 24 ) 905 Natalie lands a freelance assignment from the local newspaper to do an undercover article on Langley 's ROTC , which may lead to more assignments . But she must face her fears when the job entails skydiving from an airplane . Dennis Haysbert has a small role as a drill sergeant . 182 5 `` Sweet Charity '' John Bowab Phil Doran & Douglas Arango November 7 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 07 ) 907 Jo goes looking for a job only to find one in the least likely place , and it is up to Blair to save the community center from going under . 183 6 `` Up from Down Under '' John Bowab Austin and Irma Kalish November 14 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 14 ) 910 Pippa McKenna , a teenage girl from Eastland 's Australian sister school Colunga Academy , enrolls at Eastland . Notes : Sherrie Krenn marks her first appearance as Pippa McKenna in this episode , she is marked on / off regular in few episodes and then becomes a main regular in the thirteenth episode . This episode also features new opening credit sequences for Lisa Whelchel and Mackenzie Astin . 184 7 `` The More the Marrier '' Valentine Mayer Lawrence H. Levy November 21 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 21 ) 908 It 's winter carnival time and Tootie has her hands full when her boyfriend Jeff shows up . Natalie 's boyfriend Snake ( Robert Romanus ) is introduced . 185 8 `` A Rose by Any Other Age '' John Bowab Mark Tuttle & Barbara Berkowitz November 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 11 - 28 ) 902 Blair has the hots for her study partner but he is more interested in Beverly Ann . Meanwhile , Andy tries to get help with a bully . 186 9 `` Adventures in Baileysitting '' John Bowab Story by : Jeri Barchilon & Michele Gendleman Teleplay by : Jeri Barchilon December 5 , 1987 ( 1987 - 12 - 05 ) 912 Blair 's baby sister Bailey gets lost while in the girls ' care ; Tootie gets her engagement ring . 187 10 `` It 's a Wonderful Christmas '' Valentine Mayer Marily Anderson & Renee Orin December 12 , 1987 ( 1987 - 12 - 12 ) 909 Beverly Ann feels unwanted at Christmas and wonders what it would be like if she had never come to Peekskill . 188 11 `` Golden Oldies '' John Bowab John Boni January 2 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 02 ) 906 The girls imagine what their lives will be like decades in the future . Bill Macy appears as Jo 's `` ex-husband . '' 189 12 `` A Thousand Frowns '' John Bowab Harvey Weitzman and David DiGregorio & Arnie Wess January 9 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 09 ) 911 Jo meets Rick Bonner ( Scott Bryce in his first of four appearances ) at a community center while trying to find Andy a male role model . Rick is turning 30 , and believes he will die soon , as no men in his family have lived longer than his upcoming age . Note : This is Sherrie Krenn 's last episode as a recurring character , becoming a main cast member for the rest of the season . This is also the final episode showing the eighth season cast scene at the end of the opening credits . 190 13 `` Something in Common '' John Bowab Michael Poryes January 16 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 16 ) 917 Jo 's dad comes for a visit and finds Rick has more in common with him than he likes . Meanwhile , plans are made to close Over Our Heads and convert it into living spaces for Pippa and Andy . Notes : Kim Fields is absent for the first and only time in this episode . Sherrie Krenn continues the season as a main cast member in this episode . A new ninth season cast photo set around the piano is seen at the end of the opening credits and continues the rest of the season . 191 14 `` Peekskill Law '' John Bowab Mark Tuttle January 23 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 23 ) 918 Blair gets involved in a big law case but the lawyer ends up being her ex-professor . 192 15 `` A House Divided '' John Bowab Mark Tuttle January 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 01 - 30 ) 913 Natalie and Tootie plan the perfect evening with their boyfriends , only to have the two end up fighting and causing the girls to take sides . 193 16 `` The First Time '' Marian Deaton Ross Brown February 6 , 1988 ( 1988 - 02 - 06 ) 915 Natalie loses her virginity with her boyfriend , Snake . Note : Lisa Whelchel is absent for the first and only time in this episode . The producers originally wanted Whelchel 's character to lose her virginity but Whelchel refused to take part in this episode due to her religious beliefs . 194 17 `` Let 's Face the Music '' John Bowab Phil Doran & Douglas Arango February 13 , 1988 ( 1988 - 02 - 13 ) 916 A slip - up at a beauty parlor turns Jo 's hair blond and Blair 's hair green , causing problems at a fund raiser . Later , in a fantasy sequence Pippa 's band and the girls perform at the event . 195 18 `` Less Than Perfect '' Valentine Mayer Martha Williamson February 20 , 1988 ( 1988 - 02 - 20 ) 914 Blair gets into a serious car accident when she falls asleep at the wheel , and she is devastated when it results in a large cut across her forehead . Note : The ninth season cast piano scene from the opening credits was taken during the filming break of this episode . 196 19 `` Till Marriage Do Us Part '' John Bowab Ross Brown February 27 , 1988 ( 1988 - 02 - 27 ) 922 Rick proposes to Jo and after some thought and reflection she accepts , becoming the first of the girls to get married . 197 20 `` Present Imperfect '' John Bowab Kathy Lette March 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 05 ) 920 When Jeff 's grandmother ( Beah Richards ) gives Tootie an ugly pendant , Pippa loses it and then it gets damaged . Tootie then has to stand up to Jeff 's grandma to get her blessing . 198 21 `` On the Edge '' John Bowab R.J. Colleary March 12 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 12 ) 919 Jo finds herself in a tough spot when the suicide counselor decides she wants to die , and it is up to Jo to talk her out of it . 199 22 `` Big Apple Blues '' John Bowab Martha Williamson March 19 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 19 ) 921 Natalie moves to an apartment in SoHo , where she meets some eccentric characters . David Spade and Richard Grieco guest star . 200 23 `` The Beginning of the End '' John Bowab Austin and Irma Kalish April 30 , 1988 ( 1988 - 04 - 30 ) 923 When Blair discovers that Eastland Academy is in dire financial straits , she decides she has to make a tough decision about her future ; she uses her trust fund to buy the school and save it from closing -- and Eastland admits male students for the very first time . Juliette Lewis , Mayim Bialik , Seth Green , Meredith Scott Lynn and Kathleen Freeman appear in this two - part finale . Note : This is part one of the two - part series finale , with less focus on the core group and the introduction of many new characters in what seems to be the set up for a spin - off that never happened . It is also the 200th episode of the show and Mackenzie Astin 's final appearance . 201 24 `` The Beginning of the Beginning '' John Bowab Austin and Irma Kalish May 7 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 07 ) 924 Blair faces her first challenge as headmaster of Eastland as she helps a student who is trying to get expelled . Note : This is the conclusion of the series ; the girls end up going their own ways : Blair is at Eastland , Tootie is off to acting school in London , Natalie has moved to Soho to pursue her writing career , and Jo 's husband returns from his European tour to start their married lives . Movie specials ( edit ) The Facts of life goes to Paris ( edit ) The Facts of Life Goes to Paris is a two - hour TV movie that aired on September 25 , 1982 . The Facts of life Down under ( edit ) The Facts of Life Down Under is a two - hour TV movie that aired on February 15 , 1987 . The Facts of life reunion ( edit ) The Facts of Life Reunion is a two - hour TV movie that aired on November 18 , 2001 . Although Charlotte Rae had left the role of Mrs. Garrett in season eight and was replaced by Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Garrett 's sister Beverly Ann , Rae returned as Mrs. Garrett for this production . Nancy McKeon was unable to reprise her role as Jo due to scheduling conflicts with her then - starring role in the Lifetime crime drama series The Division . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ I.Q. is the last episode to feature Jenny O'Hara as Eastland teacher Miss Emily Mahoney . Jump up ^ Last episode to feature Mr. Steven Bradley , Molly Parker , Sue Ann Weaver , Cindy Webster and Nancy Olson as main cast regulars . Jump up ^ Molly Parker ( Molly Ringwald ) makes a return appearance in this episode , but it is her last in the series . ^ Jump up to : Felice Schacter , Julie Piekarski and Julie Ann Haddock make return guest appearances as Nancy , Sue Ann , and Cindy , respectively . Jump up ^ Felice Schacter makes a returning guest appearance as Nancy Olson . Jump up ^ Roger Perry appears as the new Eastland headmaster , Mr. Charles Parker . Jump up ^ Julie Piekarski and Julie Ann Haddock make their final guest appearances as Sue Ann Weaver and Cindy Webster . Jump up ^ Felice Schacter guest - stars as Nancy Olson . Jump up ^ Final guest appearance by Felice Schachter as Nancy Olson . Jump up ^ `` Gamma Gamma or Bust '' is the first episode to feature Edna 's Edibles as the show 's new setting . Jump up ^ `` Advance Placement '' marks Roger Perry 's final guest appearance as Mr. Parker . Jump up ^ Felice Schachter , Julie Ann Haddock , and Julie Piekarski reprise their roles as Nancy Olsen , Cindy Webster , and Sue Ann Weaver . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/F5NXCW8.jpg Jump up ^ https://i.imgur.com/8QfEGWJ.jpg External links ( edit ) Fuller , Todd . `` The Facts of Life : Episode Guide '' . Sitcoms Online . `` The Facts of Life at TV.com '' . The Facts of Life Episodes List of The Facts of Life episodes TV movies The Facts of Life Goes to Paris ( 1982 ) The Facts of Life Down Under ( 1987 ) The Facts of Life Reunion ( 2001 ) Related Characters Diff'rent Strokes ( 1978 -- 1986 ) Hello , Larry ( 1979 - 1980 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Facts_of_Life_episodes&oldid=854648190 '' Categories : Lists of sitcom television series episodes The Facts of Life ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Episode list using the default LineColor Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 21 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the last episode of the facts of life | [
"\n\n\nNo. inseries\n\nNo. inseason\n\nTitle\n\nDirected by\n\nWritten by\n\nOriginal air date\n\nProductioncode\n1781\"Down and Out in Malibu: Part 1\"John BowabMartha WilliamsonSeptember 26, 1987 (1987-09-26)903\nJo is stranded in Malibu for the summer and gets a job housesitting for Richard Moll.\n1792\"Down and Out in Malibu: Part 2\"John BowabRoss BrownOctober 3, 1987 (1987-10-03)904\nRichard Moll has the girls put in prison when he sees what has happened to his house.\n1803\"Rumor Has It\"John BowabMichael PoryesOctober 17, 1987 (1987-10-17)901\nThings get interesting in Blair's law class when a rumor goes around campus about her and the professor.\n1814\"Before the Fall\"John BowabR.J. CollearyOctober 24, 1987 (1987-10-24)905\nNatalie lands a freelance assignment from the local newspaper to do an undercover article on Langley's ROTC, which may lead to more assignments. But she must face her fears when the job entails skydiving from an airplane. Dennis Haysbert has a small role as a drill sergeant.\n1825\"Sweet Charity\"John BowabPhil Doran & Douglas ArangoNovember 7, 1987 (1987-11-07)907\nJo goes looking for a job only to find one in the least likely place, and it is up to Blair to save the community center from going under.\n1836\"Up from Down Under\"John BowabAustin and Irma KalishNovember 14, 1987 (1987-11-14)910\nPippa McKenna, a teenage girl from Eastland's Australian sister school Colunga Academy, enrolls at Eastland.\n\nNotes: Sherrie Krenn marks her first appearance as Pippa McKenna in this episode, she is marked on/off regular in few episodes and then becomes a main regular in the thirteenth episode. This episode also features new opening credit sequences for Lisa Whelchel and Mackenzie Astin.\n1847\"The More the Marrier\"Valentine MayerLawrence H. LevyNovember 21, 1987 (1987-11-21)908\nIt's winter carnival time and Tootie has her hands full when her boyfriend Jeff shows up. Natalie's boyfriend Snake (Robert Romanus) is introduced.\n1858\"A Rose by Any Other Age\"John BowabMark Tuttle & Barbara BerkowitzNovember 28, 1987 (1987-11-28)902\nBlair has the hots for her study partner but he is more interested in Beverly Ann. Meanwhile, Andy tries to get help with a bully.\n1869\"Adventures in Baileysitting\"John BowabStory by : Jeri Barchilon & Michele Gendleman Teleplay by : Jeri BarchilonDecember 5, 1987 (1987-12-05)912\nBlair's baby sister Bailey gets lost while in the girls' care; Tootie gets her engagement ring.\n18710\"It's a Wonderful Christmas\"Valentine MayerMarily Anderson & Renee OrinDecember 12, 1987 (1987-12-12)909\nBeverly Ann feels unwanted at Christmas and wonders what it would be like if she had never come to Peekskill.\n18811\"Golden Oldies\"John BowabJohn BoniJanuary 2, 1988 (1988-01-02)906\nThe girls imagine what their lives will be like decades in the future. Bill Macy appears as Jo's \"ex-husband.\"\n18912\"A Thousand Frowns\"John BowabHarvey Weitzman and David DiGregorio & Arnie WessJanuary 9, 1988 (1988-01-09)911\nJo meets Rick Bonner (Scott Bryce in his first of four appearances) at a community center while trying to find Andy a male role model. Rick is turning 30, and believes he will die soon, as no men in his family have lived longer than his upcoming age.\n\nNote: This is Sherrie Krenn's last episode as a recurring character, becoming a main cast member for the rest of the season. This is also the final episode showing the eighth season cast scene at the end of the opening credits.\n19013\"Something in Common\"John BowabMichael PoryesJanuary 16, 1988 (1988-01-16)917\nJo's dad comes for a visit and finds Rick has more in common with him than he likes. Meanwhile, plans are made to close Over Our Heads and convert it into living spaces for Pippa and Andy.\n\nNotes: Kim Fields is absent for the first and only time in this episode. Sherrie Krenn continues the season as a main cast member in this episode. A new ninth season cast photo set around the piano is seen at the end of the opening credits and continues the rest of the season.\n19114\"Peekskill Law\"John BowabMark TuttleJanuary 23, 1988 (1988-01-23)918\nBlair gets involved in a big law case but the lawyer ends up being her ex-professor.\n19215\"A House Divided\"John BowabMark TuttleJanuary 30, 1988 (1988-01-30)913\nNatalie and Tootie plan the perfect evening with their boyfriends, only to have the two end up fighting and causing the girls to take sides.\n19316\"The First Time\"Marian DeatonRoss BrownFebruary 6, 1988 (1988-02-06)915\nNatalie loses her virginity with her boyfriend, Snake.\n\nNote: Lisa Whelchel is absent for the first and only time in this episode. The producers originally wanted Whelchel's character to lose her virginity but Whelchel refused to take part in this episode due to her religious beliefs.\n19417\"Let's Face the Music\"John BowabPhil Doran & Douglas ArangoFebruary 13, 1988 (1988-02-13)916\nA slip-up at a beauty parlor turns Jo's hair blond and Blair's hair green, causing problems at a fund raiser. Later, in a fantasy sequence Pippa's band and the girls perform at the event.\n19518\"Less Than Perfect\"Valentine MayerMartha WilliamsonFebruary 20, 1988 (1988-02-20)914\nBlair gets into a serious car accident when she falls asleep at the wheel, and she is devastated when it results in a large cut across her forehead.\n\nNote: The ninth season cast piano scene from the opening credits was taken during the filming break of this episode.\n19619\"Till Marriage Do Us Part\"John BowabRoss BrownFebruary 27, 1988 (1988-02-27)922\nRick proposes to Jo and after some thought and reflection she accepts, becoming the first of the girls to get married.\n19720\"Present Imperfect\"John BowabKathy LetteMarch 5, 1988 (1988-03-05)920\nWhen Jeff's grandmother (Beah Richards) gives Tootie an ugly pendant, Pippa loses it and then it gets damaged. Tootie then has to stand up to Jeff's grandma to get her blessing.\n19821\"On the Edge\"John BowabR.J. CollearyMarch 12, 1988 (1988-03-12)919\nJo finds herself in a tough spot when the suicide counselor decides she wants to die, and it is up to Jo to talk her out of it.\n19922\"Big Apple Blues\"John BowabMartha WilliamsonMarch 19, 1988 (1988-03-19)921\nNatalie moves to an apartment in SoHo, where she meets some eccentric characters. David Spade and Richard Grieco guest star.\n20023\"The Beginning of the End\"John BowabAustin and Irma KalishApril 30, 1988 (1988-04-30)923\nWhen Blair discovers that Eastland Academy is in dire financial straits, she decides she has to make a tough decision about her future; she uses her trust fund to buy the school and save it from closing -- and Eastland admits male students for the very first time. Juliette Lewis, Mayim Bialik, Seth Green, Meredith Scott Lynn and Kathleen Freeman appear in this two-part finale.\n\nNote: This is part one of the two-part series finale, with less focus on the core group and the introduction of many new characters in what seems to be the set up for a spin-off that never happened. It is also the 200th episode of the show and Mackenzie Astin's final appearance.\n20124\"The Beginning of the Beginning\"John BowabAustin and Irma KalishMay 7, 1988 (1988-05-07)924\nBlair faces her first challenge as headmaster of Eastland as she helps a student who is trying to get expelled.\n\n Note: This is the conclusion of the series; the girls end up going their own ways: Blair is at Eastland, Tootie is off to acting school in London, Natalie has moved to Soho to pursue her writing career, and Jo's husband returns from his European tour to start their married lives.\n"
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"\"The Beginning of the Beginning\""
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902900879957162494 | Virginia Resolves | Virginia Resolves - wikipedia Virginia Resolves Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the pre-revolutionary resolves against the Stamp Act . For the later resolution against the Alien and Sedition Acts , see Virginia Resolution . Patrick Henry 's speech on the Virginia Resolves ( an 1851 painting by Peter F. Rothermel ) The Virginia Resolves were a series of resolutions passed by the Virginia House of Burgesses in response to the Stamp Act of 1765 . The Stamp Act had been passed by the British Parliament to help pay off some of its debt from its various wars , including the French and Indian War fought in part to protect the American colonies . The resolves claimed that in accordance with long established British law , Virginia was subject to taxation only by a parliamentary assembly to which Virginians themselves elected representatives . Since no colonial representatives were elected to the Parliament the only assembly legally allowed to raise taxes would be the Virginia General Assembly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Text of the Virginia Resolves 3 Additional resolutions 4 References 5 External links Origin ( edit ) On May 29 , 1765 , Patrick Henry made one of his famous speeches before the Virginia House of Burgesses to encourage the passage of the resolutions . Henry said `` Caesar had his Brutus , Charles I his Cromwell , and George III ... ( Henry was interrupted by cries from the opposition ) ... may profit by their example . If this be treason , make the most of it . '' When Patrick Henry paused after the vibrant portion of the speech , Speaker John Robinson stood and shouted , `` Treason ! Treason ! '' . Patrick Henry at this point issued a semi-apology . Peyton Randolph later told his young cousin Thomas Jefferson who was standing in the doorways of the House quite frequently . `` By God , I would have given 500 guineas for a single vote '' . Henry had waited for most of the more conservative members of the assembly to be away before submitting the resolves . The Burgesses generally voted along geographic lines with eastern Virginians opposing the resolves and central Virginians supporting them . Patrick Henry left Williamsburg , Virginia that night fearing the powerful members of the House would harass him with a warrant . The next day , with Patrick Henry gone and most conservative assembly members back in session , the assembly again set a vote with conservatives trying to have the Resolves struck from the record . However Henry 's supporters managed to preserve the first four resolutions with only the more radical 5th Resolution being struck . In late June the Newport Mercury was the first newspaper to publish the Virginia Resolves to the general public with several other newspapers following soon after . Notably none of the newspapers drew on the official House records and as a result the published resolutions included not only the 4 ratified resolutions but also the , already removed , 5th resolution . In fact the newspapers even went so far to include a 6th and 7th resolution the origin of which is still disputed . Some sources quote those two articles as being part of Henry 's original manuscript while others argue that their origin is completely unknown . A direct result of the publishing of the Virginia Resolves was a growing public anger over the Stamp Act and according to several contemporary sources the Resolves were responsible for inciting the Stamp Act Riots . Governor Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts stated that `` Nothing extravagant appeared in the papers till an account was received of the Virginia Resolves . '' Later Edmund Burke linked the resolves with the beginning of the opposition to the Stamp Act that would contribute to the American Revolution . Text of the Virginia Resolves ( edit ) The original text of the Virginia Resolves as adopted by the House of Burgesses on May 29 , 1765 was as follows : 1 . Resolved , that the first adventurers and settlers of His Majesty 's colony and dominion of Virginia brought with them and transmitted to their posterity , and all other His Majesty 's subjects since inhabiting in this His Majesty 's said colony , all the liberties , privileges , franchises , and immunities that have at any time been held , enjoyed , and possessed by the people of Great Britain . 2 . Resolved , that by two royal charters , granted by King James I , the colonists aforesaid are declared entitled to all liberties , privileges , and immunities of denizens and natural subjects to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and born within the Realm of England . 3 . Resolved , that the taxation of the people by themselves , or by persons chosen by themselves to represent them , who can only know what taxes the people are able to bear , or the easiest method of raising them , and must themselves be affected by every tax laid on the people , is the only security against a burdensome taxation , and the distinguishing characteristic of British freedom , without which the ancient constitution can not exist . 4 . Resolved , that His Majesty 's liege people of this his most ancient and loyal colony have without interruption enjoyed the inestimable right of being governed by such laws , respecting their internal policy and taxation , as are derived from their own consent , with the approbation of their sovereign , or his substitute ; and that the same has never been forfeited or yielded up , but has been constantly recognized by the kings and people of Great Britain . 5 . Resolved , therefor that the General Assembly of this Colony have the only and exclusive Right and Power to lay Taxes and Impositions upon the inhabitants of this Colony and that every Attempt to vest such Power in any person or persons whatsoever other than the General Assembly aforesaid has a manifest Tendency to destroy British as well as American Freedom . This 5th resolution was originally adopted along with the other 4 on May 29 , but struck the next day in a separate vote by the assembly . Additional resolutions ( edit ) When the Virginia Resolves were first published in colonial newspapers the articles cited not only the officially adopted 4 resolutions but included the , already revoked , 5th resolution along with two more resolution the origin of which is still disputed . Those additional resolution were : 6 . Resolved , That his majesty 's liege people , the inhabitants of this colony , are not bound to yield obedience to any law or ordinance whatsoever designed to impose any taxation whatsoever upon them , other than the laws and ordinances of the general assembly aforesaid . 7 . Resolved , That any person who shall by speaking or writing maintain that any person or persons other than the general assembly of this colony have any right or power to impose or lay any taxation whatsoever on the people here shall be deemed an enemy to this his majesty 's colony . These two resolutions were never passed by the House of Burgesses and it is not known who authored them although some sources claim that they were part of the original draft by Patrick Henry . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . Crucible of War . Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70636 - 4 Jump up ^ Morison , Sources and Documents , pp. 17 - 18 Jump up ^ John Pendleton Kennedy , ed. , Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia , 1761 - 1765 ( Richmond , Va. , 1907 ) External links ( edit ) Text of the Virginia Resolves Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) Virginia in the American Revolution Early Virginia Resolves ( 1765 ) Virginia Association ( 1769 ) 1774 Fairfax Resolves First Virginia Convention 1775 Fincastle Resolutions `` Give me liberty , or give me death ! '' Gunpowder Incident Formation of Culpeper Minutemen Dunmore 's Proclamation Formation of Ethiopian Regiment Battle of Kemp 's Landing Battle of Great Bridge Second Virginia Convention Third Virginia Convention Fourth Virginia Convention 1776 Burning of Norfolk Virginia Declaration of Rights Formation of Lee 's Legion Fifth Virginia Convention 1779 Chesapeake raid 1781 Raid of Richmond Skirmish at Waters Creek Battle of Cape Henry Battle of Blandford Action at Osborne 's Raid on Point of Fork Battle of Spencer 's Ordinary Battle of Green Spring Francisco 's Fight Battle of the Chesapeake Siege of Yorktown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Resolves&oldid=802519500 '' Categories : 1765 in the Thirteen Colonies Virginia in the American Revolution 1765 in Virginia 1765 documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 17 : 44 . About Wikipedia | who gave a fiery speech in the virginia house of burgesses | [
"On May 29, 1765, Patrick Henry made one of his famous speeches before the Virginia House of Burgesses to encourage the passage of the resolutions. Henry said \"Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I his Cromwell, and George III... (Henry was interrupted by cries from the opposition)… may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.\" When Patrick Henry paused after the vibrant portion of the speech, Speaker John Robinson stood and shouted, \"Treason! Treason!\". Patrick Henry at this point issued a semi-apology."
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736891789762985188 | Addendum | Addendum - wikipedia Addendum Jump to : navigation , search For the Assemblage 23 album , see Addendum ( album ) . An addendum , in general , is an addition required to be made to a document by its author subsequent to its printing or publication . It comes from the Latin verbal phrase addendum est , being the gerundive form of the verb addo , addere , addidi , additum , `` to give to , add to '' , meaning `` ( that which ) must be added '' . Addenda is from the plural form addenda sunt , `` ( those things ) which must be added '' . ( See also memorandum , agenda , corrigenda . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Specific uses 1.1 In books 1.2 In contracts and other legal documents 1.3 In legal judgments 1.4 In medical transcription 1.5 In engineering 2 See also 3 References Specific uses ( edit ) In Books ( edit ) An addendum may explain inconsistencies or expand the existing work or otherwise explain or update the information found in the main work , especially if any such problems were detected too late to correct the main work . For example , the main work could have had already been printed and the cost of destroying the batch and reprinting it deemed too high . As such , addenda may come in many forms -- a separate letter included with the work , text files on a digital medium , or any similar carrier . It may serve to notify the reader of errors present , as an errata . In contracts and other legal documents ( edit ) In other documents , most importantly in legal contracts , an addendum is an additional document not included in the main part of the contract . It is an ad hoc item , usually compiled and executed after the main document , which contains additional terms , obligations or information . An Additional Agreement to a contract is often an addendum to a contract . It is to be distinguished from other appendices to a contract which may contain additional terms , specifications , provisions , standard forms or other information which have been separated out from the main body of the contract . These are called : an appendix ( general term ) , an annex ( which includes information , usually large texts or tables , which are independent stand - alone works which have been included in the contract , such as a tax table , or a large excerpt from a book ) , or an exhibit ( often used in court cases ) , Similarly an attachment is used usually for e-mails , while an enclosure is used with a paper letter . Addenda are often used in standard form contracts to make changes or add specific detail . For example , an addendum might be added to a contract to change a date or add details as to delivery of goods or pricing . The addendum should be referenced in the contract , or the contract should be referenced in the addendum , so that it is clear which contract the addendum is modifying . A rider is often used to add specific detail and especially specific conditions to a standard contract such as an insurance contract . A rider may also be added to a piece of legislation . Schedules and exhibits are sub-categories of addenda , with schedules being related to numerical and time information , such as pricing and time - schedules , and exhibits used for examples of standard forms or additional information necessary for the parties to understand and / or comply with their contractual obligations . Outside of contract law , exhibits are often used in legal documents filed with a court as part of judicial proceedings such as motions , briefs and the submission of different types of evidence for inclusion in the record of trial of a particular case . In legal judgments ( edit ) Juries in inquests or trials may amplify or explain their decisions by issuing a commentary known as a rider , as in the prosecution of Harold Greenwood and the inquest of Jean Charles de Menezes . In medical transcription ( edit ) Addendum is also used if the medical care staff is inserting additional information about the patient . In engineering ( edit ) The radial distance from the pitch circle of a cogwheel , worm wheel , etc. , to the crests of the teeth or ridges . it is the radial height of a tooth above the pitch circle . See also ( edit ) Erratum Postscript References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cassell 's Latin Dictionary ed . Marchant & Charles Jump up ^ Wilson , Colin ( 1984 ) . Encyclopedia of Murder . Pan Books . p. 277 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 28300 - 6 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Richard ; Rayner , Gordon ( 2008 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Jean Charles de Menezes inquest : Jury reaches open verdict - Telegraph '' . London : telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 22 . Look up addendum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . ( hide ) Book design General page layout and typography choices Fonts Front and back covers Buckram Leather Anthropodermic bibliopegy Treasure binding Endpapers Marbled Front matter Half title bastard title Frontispiece Title page Edition notice Dedication Epigraph Table of contents List of figures List of tables Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Prologue Printer 's mark Body matter , which may include : Body text Chapters Parts Sections Tipped - in pages Back matter Afterword Conclusion Epilogue Outro Postscript Appendix / Addendum Glossary Bibliography Index Errata Colophon Postface Other elements Bookplate or ex-librīs Catchword Die cutting Fore - edge painting Pop - ups Thumb index Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Addendum&oldid=760141922 '' Categories : Writing Documents Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2017 , at 06 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where do you put an addendum in a letter | [
"In other documents, most importantly in legal contracts, an addendum is an additional document not included in the main part of the contract. It is an ad hoc item, usually compiled and executed after the main document, which contains additional terms, obligations or information. An Additional Agreement to a contract is often an addendum to a contract."
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-6793230467290550997 | When Calls the Heart | When Calls the Heart - wikipedia When Calls the Heart Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with When the Heart Calls . When Calls the Heart Genre Family Drama Western Based on When Calls the Heart by Janette Oke Developed by Michael Landon Jr . Starring Erin Krakow Daniel Lissing Lori Loughlin Martin Cummins Jack Wagner Pascale Hutton Kavan Smith Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 46 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Landon Jr . Jimmy Townsend Roman Viaris Francisco Gonzalez Brian Bird Brad Krevoy Producer ( s ) Vicki Sotheran Greg Malcolm Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Running time 42 -- 84 minutes Production company ( s ) Believe Pictures Brad Krevoy Television Jordan Films Release Original network Hallmark Channel ( U.S. ) Super Channel ( Canada ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website When Calls the Heart is a Canadian - American television drama series , inspired by Janette Oke 's book of the same name from her Canadian West series , and developed by Michael Landon Jr . The series began airing on the Hallmark Channel in the United States on January 11 , 2014 , and on April 16 , 2014 on Super Channel in Canada . The series originally debuted as a two - hour television movie pilot in October 2013 , starring Maggie Grace as young teacher Elizabeth Thatcher and Stephen Amell as North West Mounted Police officer Wynn Delaney . In the television series Erin Krakow is cast as her niece , whose name is also Elizabeth Thatcher ( played by Poppy Drayton in the movie ) , and Daniel Lissing plays a Mountie named Jack Thornton , with Lori Loughlin reprising her role as coal mine widow Abigail Stanton . On April 24 , 2017 , Krakow announced via the Hallmark Channel website that the show would return for a fifth season . The season premiered with a two - hour Christmas special that was broadcast as part of Hallmark 's Countdown to Christmas event , and continues for 10 episodes which began February 18 , 2018 . On March 21 , 2018 , Hallmark renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Production 4 Cast 4.1 Main cast 4.2 Recurring cast 5 Characters 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher ( Erin Krakow ) , a young teacher accustomed to her high - society life . She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley , a small coal - mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb , Alberta . There , life is simple -- but often fraught with challenges . Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley , except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton ( Daniel Lissing ) . He believes Thatcher 's wealthy father has doomed the lawman 's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate 's daughter . The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2 , Season 2 after the coal mine was closed . Living in this 1910 coal town , Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own . Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton , whose husband , the foreman of the mine , and her only son -- along with 45 other miners -- have recently been killed in an explosion , which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen -- a result of the mining - company site manager 's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine . The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads , food on the table , and compile a wage for the town 's teacher . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of When Calls the Heart episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 12 January 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 11 ) March 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 29 ) 7 April 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 25 ) June 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 13 ) New Year 's Wish December 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 26 ) 8 February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) Christmas December 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 10 February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) The Christmas Wishing Tree December 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) 5 10 February 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 18 ) April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) As of March 25 , 2018 , 46 episodes of When Calls the Heart have aired . Production ( edit ) The series , originally planned to be filmed in Colorado , is filmed south of Vancouver , British Columbia , on a farm surrounded by vineyards . The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013 . Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set . The Thatcher home is the University Women 's Club of Vancouver . The series was renewed for a second season , which aired from April 25 to June 13 , 2015 . Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season , which aired from February 21 to April 10 , 2016 , with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season . In mid-2016 , it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two - hour special . On April 11 , 2016 , Lissing and Krakow announced via the series ' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season , which aired from February 19 to April 23 , 2017 . Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22 , 2017 , and ended on December 21 , 2017 . Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton Jack Wagner as Bill Avery Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter Recurring cast ( edit ) Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton Ava Grace Cooper as Opal Max Lloyd - Jones as Tom Thornton Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher Will Verchere - Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell ( season 4 ) Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera ( season 4 ) Characters ( edit ) Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent , strong - minded , passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city . The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher , Elizabeth has two sisters , older sister Viola and younger sister Julie . Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley , a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher , and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live , lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family . She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him . However , over time they become good friends , and develop an obvious attraction to one another . In the final episode of season 1 , `` Prelude to a Kiss , '' ( also titled as `` Final Adieu '' ) , after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season , Jack tells Elizabeth , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one '' and they share a kiss . Throughout season 2 , Elizabeth 's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low . Finally , in the season 2 finale , she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her . After being comforted both admitting that they love each other , Jack and Elizabeth kiss . Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy . Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton . Jack has a younger brother , Tom ( named after his father ) . As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity , he often finds himself protecting and saving people . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip ( after Rip Van Winkle ) and takes home with him . A source of comfort and companion in the small town , Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Rip , who 's afraid of thunder , hides in the mine shafts during a storm . Jack and Elizabeth search for him ; in their search , their relationship grows stronger . Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth , he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him . However , he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time . In `` Rules of Engagement '' ( S. 1 ) , it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him . However , they have both changed and realize that they can not have a relationship as they once did ever again . In `` Prelude to a Kiss '' ( S. 1 ) , Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley . Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched , he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her , `` You 're the one , you 're the only one . '' She replied that she was `` not going anywhere '' , Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss . In season 2 , Elizabeth and Jack share a hot - and - cold relationship until the finale , `` With All My Heart . '' They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss . Jack 's brother , Tom , is introduced season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart , '' and their rocky relationship continues until `` Coming Together , Coming Apart . '' Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him , but he would n't be proud of the way he was currently living . Both in tears , Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around . More recently , Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator , Lee Coulter . In season 3 , Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Jack 's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly . She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her , but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is : a trustworthy , dedicated teacher . In the season finale , `` Prayers From The Heart , '' Jack is injured in a flood . But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee 's best man at his wedding . Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident . Abigail is a very kind woman , and she stands strongly for the things she believes in . She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends . When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage , Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live . After being complimented on her cooking , Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley . Together , Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe . At the end of season 1 , Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery , a Mountie , serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton 's . In season 2 , Abigail takes in her daughter - in - law , Clara , the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had . With Bill 's past being revealed , Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor , Frank Hogan . Also , she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth . Bill Avery is a mysterious , quiet man . He first appears in season 1 's `` Rules of Engagement , '' in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen 's wrongdoings . Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton . Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill 's family and his wedding ring . He later tells her that his son died , as well as his wife . However , his wife , Nora , comes to confront him in season 2 's `` Heart 's Desire . '' Henry Gowen is a cold , cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine . After the mine was shut down , Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold , cynical presence whenever people are around him . Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town . He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants , which is never for the good of the town . Rosemary `` Rosie '' LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant , enthusiastic actress from New York . She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton , but they both realized that it would n't work out . Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as `` the competition , '' but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth , even if she has a hard time showing it . At the beginning of season 2 , Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends . Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary 's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person . Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth , even if only on an acquaintance level . Truthfully , she cares about everyone in Hope Valley , especially Lee , with whom she shares an mutual attraction . When Rosie is not spending time with Lee , talking to Abigail , or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress , she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley 's newspaper ! In season 3 , Rosemary 's friendship with Elizabeth deepened . Instead of viewing her as an adversary , she finds a friend in Elizabeth . Throughout season 3 , Rosemary 's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic . In `` Heart Of A Hero , '' seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs , Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre does n't have to be built . He insists , but she says how important his job is . He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre , telling her that she is `` the best part of his life . '' The couple shares in their first kiss . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking he is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to him , telling how much she loves him . In `` Heartbreak , '' Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming . This has always been Rosemary 's dream , to be an actress . Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best , but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him . Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley , with Lee . Lee then tells her that he has another `` role '' that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage . She happily accepts . In `` Hearts In Question , '' Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding . The couple weds in the season 3 finale `` Prayers From The Heart , '' with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor . Leland `` Lee '' Coulter is a kind , laidback , patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley . When timber becomes Coal Valley 's major source of natural resources , the town is renamed Hope Valley . He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her . When she declines his romantic intentions , Lee recruits his friend , Molly Sullivan , to make Rosemary jealous ; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit , appreciating Lee 's good qualities . Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality , Lee 's compassion and patience never fails with her . With Rosemary 's help , Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in `` Heart and Home . '' When not at work , Lee enjoys being with friends , including Jack Thornton , who shares Lee 's simple and laidback outlook , allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice . In season 3 , Lee 's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside . Through Bill and Jack 's investigation , they find the culprit . In season 3 's `` Heart Of A Hero , '' Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her . Lee promises that one day , he will build her the theatre at a time when he is n't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs . In `` A Gentle Heart , '' Lee is injured . Thinking Lee is asleep , Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee , telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured . He however hears each and every word . She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her . In the episode `` Heartbreak , '' Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood . When she gives up the movie , seeing her future in Hope Valley with him , he asks her to marry him . The couple weds in the season 3 finale , `` Prayers From The Heart . '' Jack serves the role of Lee 's best man . Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth 's hopeless romantic younger sister . She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who are n't quite what they seem . In season 2 she gets involved with Jack 's brother Tom , which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth 's relationship . Cat Montgomery is a kind , encouraging woman in Coal Valley . She is a widow and mother of three : Gabe , Miles , and Emily . Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came . She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self - sacrificing acts in `` Secrets and Lies . '' Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement , Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in `` Cease and Desist . '' She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail . In `` These Games , '' she also helps Jack catch a thief . Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley . She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative , even in a very positive situation . In `` Heart and Home , '' Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her , which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat , though she remains fairly outspoken . While not always likable , Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley . Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher . Molly 's husband was killed in the mine disaster . She has a daughter Rosaleen . In season 1 's `` A Telling Silence , '' Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much . When she runs away , Elizabeth finds her in the mine , feeling guilty that she did n't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead . She fears her mother will blame her , but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will `` say that she loves her more than life itself . '' Molly is reunited with her daughter , to the joy of the town 's people . In season 2 's `` With All My Heart , '' Lee feels it 's time to `` play hard to get '' with Rosemary , so he enlists help from Molly . She pretends to be interested in him romantically . This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him . Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town . Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail 's late son Peter , and is a sweet , quiet , and sensitive young woman . Abigail never knew she had a daughter - in - law until season 2 's `` Trials of the Heart ; '' with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed . In `` Heart 's Desire , '' Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley , an offer that Clara accepts . Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton . He is interested in her , though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship . Broadcast ( edit ) The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015 . The network has since aired the second and third seasons . The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reiher , Andrea ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` ' When Calls the Heart ' premiere : Will you return to the frontier ? '' . Zap2It . From Inside the Box ( blog ) . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' When Calls the Heart ' features Aussie Mountie '' . Canadian Press , April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - The Movie Cast '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` '' When Calls the Heart , '' Hallmark Channel 's Newest Original Primetime Series Kicks Off with a 2 - Hour Special Extended Pilot on October 5 '' ( Press release ) . Hallmark Channel . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 11 -- via The Futon Critic . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Hallmark Channel 's ' When Calls The Heart ' Adds Cast ; ' Cedar Cove ' July Premiere Set '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Special Announcement - When Calls the Heart '' . April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Gets Season 5 Premiere Date On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Hallmark Channel Upfront Presentation Canceled Due To Storm , Net Makes Announcements , Including ' When Calls the Heart ' Renewal , At Central Park Event '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Channel - About the Series '' . Hallmarkchannel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' TV Series Set In Fictional Town Built In B.C. '' The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Younger , ' ' Bones ' and a former Pittsburgh news anchor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` When Calls the Heart ' Renewed for Second Season by Hallmark Channel '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 3 On Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Calls the Heart videos '' . Hallmark Channel . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Calls the Heart : Season Four Renewal for Hallmark Channel Series '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' When Calls The Heart ' Renewed For Season 4 By Hallmark Channel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Johnny Depp , When Calls the Heart , and Eggplant Emoji '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krakow , Erin ( @ erinkrakow ) ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a Season 5 WRAP for Elizabeth ! It flew ! Missing my Hope Valley friends already ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV stacks fall and winter lineups with British , Aussie fare '' . 680 News , May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Television reveals its 2016 summer schedule with five new primetime series , returning hits and the Rio 2016 Olympic Games '' . CBC Television . May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC Announces 2017 - 18 Programming Slate '' . CBC Television . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : When Calls the Heart Official website When Calls the Heart on IMDb ( hide ) Hallmark Channel original programming Original programming Former Cedar Cove ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Signed , Sealed , Delivered ( 2014 ) Current Home and Family ( since 2012 ) When Calls the Heart ( since 2014 ) Good Witch ( since 2015 ) Chesapeake Shores ( since 2016 ) Meet the Peetes ( since 2018 ) Movies List of Hallmark Channel Original Movies Hallmark Hall of Fame movie list Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_Calls_the_Heart&oldid=832470072 '' Categories : English - language television programs 2010s American drama television series 2014 American television series debuts 2010s Canadian drama television series 2014 Canadian television series debuts Period family drama television series Western ( genre ) television series Television programs based on books Television series produced in Vancouver Super Channel shows Hallmark Channel shows CBC Television shows 2010s American romance television series Canadian romance television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 06 : 05 . About Wikipedia | where is the hallmark show when calls the heart filmed | [
"The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[10] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[11]"
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"south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards"
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1895536179495999916 | chmod | Chmod - wikipedia Chmod Jump to : navigation , search In Unix - like operating systems , chmod is the command and system call which may change the access permissions to file system objects ( files and directories ) . It may also alter special mode flags . The request is filtered by the umask . The name is an abbreviation of change mode . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Command syntax 2.1 Octal modes 2.1. 1 Numeric example 2.2 Symbolic modes 2.2. 1 Symbolic examples 2.3 Special modes 2.4 Command line examples 3 System call 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) A chmod command first appeared in AT&T Unix version 1 . As systems grew in number and types of users , access control lists were added to many file systems in addition to these most basic modes to increase flexibility . Command syntax ( edit ) chmod ( options ) mode ( , mode ) file1 ( file2 ... ) Usual implemented options include : - R recursive , i.e. include objects in subdirectories - f force , forge ahead with all objects even if errors occur - v verbose , show objects processed If a symbolic link is specified , the target object is affected . File modes directly associated with symbolic links themselves are typically never used . To view the file mode , the ls or stat commands may be used : $ ls - l findPhoneNumbers.sh - rwxr - xr -- 1 dgerman staff 823 Dec 16 15 : 03 findPhoneNumbers.sh $ stat - c % a findPhoneNumbers.sh 754 The r , w , and x specify the read , write , and execute access , respectively . The first character of the ls display denotes the object type ; a hyphen represents a plain file . This script can be read , written to , and executed by the owner , read and executed by other members of the staff group and can also be read by others . Octal modes ( edit ) See also : Octal notation of file system permissions The main parts of the chmod permissions : Example : drwxrwx -- - To the right of the `` d '' : the left three characters rwx define permissions of the OWNER . the middle three characters rwx define permissions of the GROUP . the right three characters -- - define permissions of EVERYONE ELSE . In this example EVERYONE ELSE has no permissions . The chmod numerical format accepts up to four octal digits . The three rightmost digits refer to permissions for the file owner , the group , and other users . The optional leading digit , when 4 digits are given , specifies the special setuid , setgid , and sticky flags . Numerical permissions # Permission rwx 7 read , write and execute rwx 6 read and write rw - 5 read and execute r-x read only r -- write and execute - wx write only - w - execute only -- x 0 none -- - Numeric example ( edit ) In order to permit all users who are members of the programmers group to update a file $ ls - l sharedFile - rw - r -- r -- 1 jsmith programmers 57 Jul 3 10 : 13 sharedFile $ chmod 664 sharedFile $ ls - l sharedFile - rw - rw - r -- 1 jsmith programmers 57 Jul 3 10 : 13 sharedFile Since the setuid , setgid and sticky bits are not specified , this is equivalent to : $ chmod 0664 sharedFile Symbolic modes ( edit ) See also : Symbolic notation of file system permissions The chmod command also accepts a finer - grained symbolic notation , which allows modifying specific modes while leaving other modes untouched . The symbolic mode is composed of three components , which are combined to form a single string of text : $ chmod ( references ) ( operator ) ( modes ) file ... The references ( or classes ) are used to distinguish the users to whom the permissions apply . If no references are specified it defaults to `` all '' but modifies only the permissions allowed by the umask . The references are represented by one or more of the following letters : Reference Class Description u owner file 's owner g group users who are members of the file 's group o others users who are neither the file 's owner nor members of the file 's group all all three of the above , same as ugo The chmod program uses an operator to specify how the modes of a file should be adjusted . The following operators are accepted : Operator Description + adds the specified modes to the specified classes - removes the specified modes from the specified classes = the modes specified are to be made the exact modes for the specified classes The modes indicate which permissions are to be granted or removed from the specified classes . There are three basic modes which correspond to the basic permissions : Mode Name Description r read read a file or list a directory 's contents w write write to a file or directory x execute execute a file or recurse a directory tree X special execute which is not a permission in itself but rather can be used instead of x . It applies execute permissions to directories regardless of their current permissions and applies execute permissions to a file which already has at least one execute permission bit already set ( either owner , group or other ) . It is only really useful when used with ' + ' and usually in combination with the - R option for giving group or other access to a big directory tree without setting execute permission on normal files ( such as text files ) , which would normally happen if you just used `` chmod - R a + rx . '' , whereas with ' X ' you can do `` chmod - R a + rX . '' instead s setuid / gid details in Special modes section sticky details in Special modes section Multiple changes can be specified by separating multiple symbolic modes with commas ( without spaces ) . If a user is not specified , chmod will check the umask and the effect will be as if `` a '' was specified except bits that are set in the umask are not affected . Symbolic examples ( edit ) Add write permission ( w ) to the group 's ( g ) access modes of a directory , allowing users in the same group to add files : $ ls - ld shared_dir # show access modes before chmod drwxr - xr - x 2 teamleader usguys 96 Apr 8 12 : 53 shared_dir $ chmod g + w shared_dir $ ls - ld shared_dir # show access modes after chmod drwxrwxr - x 2 teamleader usguys 96 Apr 8 12 : 53 shared_dir Remove write permissions ( w ) for all classes ( a ) , preventing anyone from writing to the file : $ ls - l ourBestReferenceFile - rw - rw - r -- 2 teamleader usguys 96 Apr 8 12 : 53 ourBestReferenceFile $ chmod a-w ourBestReferenceFile $ ls - l ourBestReferenceFile - r -- r -- r -- 2 teamleader usguys 96 Apr 8 12 : 53 ourBestReferenceFile Set the permissions for the owner and the group ( ug ) to read and execute ( rx ) only ( no write permission ) on referenceLib , preventing anyone to add files . $ ls - ld referenceLib drwxr -- -- - 2 teamleader usguys 96 Apr 8 12 : 53 referenceLib $ chmod ug = rx referenceLib $ ls - ld referenceLib dr - xr - x -- - 2 teamleader usguys 96 Apr 8 12 : 53 referenceLib Special modes ( edit ) See also : File system permissions The chmod command is also capable of changing the additional permissions or special modes of a file or directory . The symbolic modes use ' s ' to represent the setuid and setgid modes , and ' t ' to represent the sticky mode . The modes are only applied to the appropriate classes , regardless of whether or not other classes are specified . Most operating systems support the specification of special modes using octal modes , but some do not . On these systems , only the symbolic modes can be used . Command line examples ( edit ) Command Explanation chmod a + r publicComments. txt adds read permission for all classes ( i.e. owner , group and others ) chmod + r publicComments. txt adds read permission for all classes depending on umask chmod a-x publicComments. txt removes execute permission for all classes chmod a + rx viewer.sh adds read and execute permissions for all classes chmod u = rw , g = r , o = internalPlan. txt sets read and write permission for owner , sets read for group , and denies access for others chmod - R u + w , go - w docs adds write permission to the directory docs and all its contents ( i.e. Recursively ) for owner , and removes write permission for group and others chmod ug = rw groupAgreements. txt sets read and write permissions for owner and group chmod 664 global. txt sets read and write permissions for owner and group , and provides read to others . chmod 0744 myCV. txt sets read , write , and execute permissions for owner , and sets read permission for group and others ( the 0 specifies no special modes ) chmod 1755 findReslts.sh sets sticky bit , sets read , write , and execute permissions for owner , and sets read and execute permissions for group and others ( this suggests that the script be retained in memory ) chmod 4755 setCtrls.sh sets UID , sets read , write , and execute permissions for owner , and sets read and execute permissions for group and others chmod 2755 setCtrls.sh sets GID , sets read , write , and execute permissions for owner , and sets read and execute permissions for group and others chmod - R u + rwX , g - rwx , o - rx personalStuff Recursively ( i.e. on all files and directories in personalStuff ) adds read , write , and special execution permissions for owner , removes read , write , and execution permissions for group , and removes read and execution permissions for others chmod - R a-x + X publicDocs Recursively ( i.e. on all files and directories in publicDocs ) removes execute permission for all classes and adds special execution permission for all classes System call ( edit ) The POSIX standard defines the following function prototype : int chmod ( const char * path , mode_t mode ) ; The mode parameter is a bitfield composed of various flags : Flag Octal value Purpose S_ISUID 04000 Set user ID on execution S_ISGID 02000 Set group ID on execution S_ISVTX 01000 Sticky bit S_IRUSR , S_IREAD 00400 Read by owner S_IWUSR , S_IWRITE 00200 Write by owner S_IXUSR , S_IEXEC 00100 Execute / search by owner S_IRGRP 00040 Read by group S_IWGRP 00020 Write by group S_IXGRP 00010 Execute / search by group S_IROTH 00004 Read by others S_IWOTH 00002 Write by others S_IXOTH 00001 Execute / search by others See also ( edit ) File system permissions Modes ( Unix ) chattr , the command used to change the attributes of a file or directory on Linux systems chown , the command used to change the owner of a file or directory on Unix - like systems chgrp , the command used to change the group of a file or directory on Unix - like systems cacls , a command used on Windows NT and its derivatives to modify the access control lists associated with a file or directory attrib umask , restricts mode ( permissions ) at file or directory creation on Unix - like systems User identifier Group identifier List of Unix programs References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tutorial for chmod Jump up ^ `` AIX 5.3 System management '' . IBM knowledge Center . IBM . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ chmod Jump up ^ `` AIX 5.5 Commands Reference '' . IBM Knowledge Center . IBM . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ http://teaching.idallen.com/cst8207/12f/notes/510_umask.html Jump up ^ `` chmod function '' . The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 , 2013 Edition . The Open Group . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) chmod ( 1 ) : change file modes -- FreeBSD General Commands Manual chmod ( 1 ) -- Plan 9 Programmer 's Manual , Volume 1 chmod -- manual page from GNU coreutils . GNU `` Setting Permissions '' manual CHMOD - Win 3.0 -- Freeware Windows ' ACL ← → CHMOD converter . Beginners tutorial with on - line `` live '' example ( hide ) Unix command - line interface programs and shell builtins File system cat chmod chown chgrp cksum cmp cp dd du df file fuser ln ls mkdir mv pax pwd rm rmdir split tee touch type umask Processes at bg crontab fg kill nice ps time User environment env exit logname mesg talk tput uname who write Text processing awk basename comm csplit cut diff dirname ed ex fold head iconv join m4 more nl paste printf sed sort strings tail tr uniq vi wc xargs Shell builtins alias cd echo test unset wait Searching find grep Documentation man Software development ar ctags lex make nm strip yacc Miscellaneous bc cal expr lp od sleep true and false Categories Standard Unix programs Unix SUS2008 utilities List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chmod&oldid=818748073 '' Categories : File system permissions Operating system security Standard Unix programs Unix file system - related software Unix SUS2008 utilities Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Lumbaart Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 09 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how to change permission to a file in unix | [
"In Unix-like operating systems, chmod is the command and system call which may change the access permissions to file system objects (files and directories). It may also alter special mode flags. The request is filtered by the umask. The name is an abbreviation of change mode.[1]"
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"chmod is the command and system call"
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-3825971417946700236 | List of Attack on Titan episodes | List of Attack on Titan episodes - Wikipedia List of Attack on Titan episodes This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 49.183. 142.168 ( talk ) at 12 : 43 , 28 August 2017 ( → Season 2 ( 2017 ) : Removed opinions / speculation from episode 37 summary . It is not the place to theorise about or spoil unreleased / upcoming content . ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 12 : 43 , 28 August 2017 by 49.183. 142.168 ( talk ) ( → Season 2 ( 2017 ) : Removed opinions / speculation from episode 37 summary . It is not the place to theorise about or spoil unreleased / upcoming content . ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The logo of Attack on Titan Attack on Titan is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Hajime Isayama . It is set in a world where humanity lives inside cities surrounded by enormous walls due to the Titans , gigantic humanoid beings who devour humans seemingly without reason . The story follows the adventures of Eren Yeager , his adopted friend Mikasa Ackerman , and their friend Armin Arlert , whose lives are changed forever after a Colossal Titan breaches the wall of their home town . Vowing revenge and to reclaim the world from the Titans , Eren and his friends join the Survey Corps , an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans . Produced by IG Port 's Wit Studio and directed by Tetsurō Araki , Attack on Titan was broadcast on the Mainichi Broadcasting System from April 7 to September 29 , 2013 , and later aired on Tokyo MX , FBS , TOS , HTB , TVA and BS11 . Both Funimation and Crunchyroll have streamed the series with subtitles on their respective websites . Funimation has also licensed the anime for home video release in 2014 . Episode 1 of the English version premiered at Anime Boston , with other episodes put on Funimation 's subscription services . On television of the series has broadcast weekly on Adult Swim 's Toonami block on May 3 , 2014 , starting at 11 : 30 p.m. EST . From episode 1 to 13 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Feuerroter Pfeil und Bogen '' ( 紅蓮 の 弓矢 , Guren no Yumiya , lit . `` Crimson Bow and Arrow '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Utsukushiki Zankoku na Sekai '' ( 美しき 残酷 な 世界 , lit . `` A Beautiful Cruel World '' ) by Yōko Hikasa . From episode 14 to 25 , the anime 's opening theme song is `` Die Flügel der Freiheit '' ( 自由 の 翼 , Jiyū no Tsubasa , lit . `` The Wings of Freedom '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` great escape '' by Cinema Staff . The opening themes were collected on Linked Horizon 's single `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' which sold over 100 thousand copies in its first week of sales . A second season premiered on April 1 , 2017 on MBS and other television networks . Funimation and Crunchyroll are streaming the second season on their respective websites , with Adult Swim airing a dubbed version . The opening theme song is `` Opfert eure Herzen ! '' ( 心臓 を 捧げよ ! , Shinzō o Sasageyo ! , lit . `` Dedicate Your Hearts ! '' ) by Linked Horizon and the ending theme song is `` Yūgure no Tori '' ( 夕暮れ の 鳥 ) by Shinsei Kamattechan . On June 17 , 2017 , a third season was announced at the close of the second season 's final episode , with a release date slated for April 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Special episodes 3.1 OVA episodes 3.2 Bonus shorts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 1 25 April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) 2 12 April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 1 1 `` To You , in 2000 Years : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 1 '' `` Ni - sen Nen - go no Kimi e - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 1 ) - '' ( 二 千 年 後 の 君 へ ― シガンシナ 陥落 1 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) May 3 , 2014 For over a century , humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls , which prevent the Titans , giant humanoid creatures who eat humans , from entering . Young Eren Yeager , of the town of Shiganshina , wishes to see the outside world by joining the Survey Corps , as he likens living in the cities to livestock . Despite this , his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their mother Carla Yeager are against him joining the Scouts . Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties , Eren expresses his interest to join which impresses his father Grisha Yeager . After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlert from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever , a Titan much taller than the walls ( later named the Colossal Titan ) suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to Shiganshina , which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria ) , allowing smaller Titans to enter . As the town erupts into mass panic , Eren and Mikasa rush to their home to find their mother pinned under their collapsed house . Carla begs them to flee , but they refuse until the city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away . Eren watches in horror as the Smiling Titan eats Carla . 2 2 `` That Day : The Fall of Shiganshina , Part 2 '' `` Sono Hi - Shiganshina Kanraku ( 2 ) - '' ( その日 ― シガンシナ 陥落 2 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Yasuko Kobayashi April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) May 10 , 2014 Hannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother , admitting he was afraid of the Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children . Some of the Shiganshina townsfolk escape to the inner Wall Maria while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans . The soldiers try to close the gate , but one of the Titans ( later named the Armored Titan ) rams the gate , breaching inner Wall Maria , and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose . Some time later , Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa . Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees . During the next year , as a food shortage becomes apparent , the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria . About 250,000 people , 20 % of the populace choose to fight but they are wiped out by the Titans . Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin . 3 3 `` A Dim Light Amid Despair : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 1 '' `` Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 1 ) - '' ( 絶望 の 中 で 鈍く 光る ― 人類 の 再起 1 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) May 17 , 2014 The drill instructor Keith Shardis inspects the new recruits and provides a barrage of verbal insults . When he comes across Sasha Braus , who is eating a potato , he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink . Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein , who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police within the inner city walls . The recruits train on an Omni - directional Mobility Gear apparatus , where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables . After Eren has trouble balancing , he asks Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans . The next day , Eren balances on the apparatus but falls , however Keith discovers that Eren 's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment . 4 4 `` The Night of the Closing Ceremony : Humanity 's Comeback , Part 2 '' `` Kaisan Shiki no Yoru - Jinrui no Saiki ( 2 ) - '' ( 解散 式 の 夜 ― 人類 の 再起 2 ― ) Makoto Bessho Yasuko Kobayashi April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) May 24 , 2014 Five years since Wall Maria fell , Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses . After training in hand - to - hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart , Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police to avoid having to fight Titans . On graduation day , Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class . They are eligible to join the Military Police , but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Survey Corps on the front lines , leading Armin and Mikasa to join him . They are assigned to the Trost District , one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose , where they discover other classmates have joined . The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate . Once Eren regains his composure , he takes command and orders a counterattack . 5 5 `` First Battle : The Struggle for Trost , Part 1 '' `` Uijin - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 1 ) - '' ( 初陣 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 1 ― ) Shinpei Ezaki Hiroshi Seko May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) May 31 , 2014 As Eren attacks the Colossal Titan , it destroys the wall 's cannons , revealing itself to be intelligent . As Eren prepares to attack its weak point , it inexplicably vanishes in a burst of steam . The Military Police scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city . Eren calms Armin and Jean , who both start having nervous breakdowns due to the approaching Titans . Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison to different squads , Mikasa helps with the evacuation while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines . Despite Mikasa 's protest of wanting to stay and protect Eren , he convinces her to do her duty after promising her he will not die . With the Titans now in the city , Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan , they must strike the nape of its neck . As Eren and Armin 's squad attack , one by one their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans , with Eren himself losing his left leg . Armin , paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades ' fates , is picked up by a bearded Titan and almost swallowed . As Eren recalls his past , where he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls , he manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth at the last moment . Eren reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan 's mouth , but the bearded Titan closes its jaws , severing Eren 's arm and swallowing him . 6 6 `` The World the Girl Saw : The Struggle for Trost , Part 2 '' `` Shōjo ga Mita Sekai - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 2 ) - '' ( 少女 が 見 た 世界 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 2 ― ) Tomomi Ikeda Hiroshi Seko May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) June 7 , 2014 Armin awakens to find himself surrounded by Connie Springer , Krista Lenz and Ymir . When Armin breaks down in tears after Connie asks what happened to his squad , Ymir correctly deduces that they are all dead . As Armin heads back to the rear guard , he blames himself for being weak and not saving Eren . Meanwhile , a greedy merchant tries to force his cargo into the city 's exit gate and refuses to allow the refugees to go first . As the crowd grows impatient , an Abnormal Titan suddenly approaches but is killed by Mikasa right before it can reach the crowd . When she realizes the merchant is the cause of the holdup at the gate , she threatens him into moving his cargo for the refugees . As she is thanked by a mother and daughter , Mikasa has a flashback . In the year 844 , a year before the fall of Wall Maria , Mikasa is targeted by slave traders , who murder her parents in a struggle . After Grisha and Eren discover the dead bodies while making a visit , Grisha orders Eren to return home . Instead , Eren tracks down the slave traders to a nearby hut and kills two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa . However , the third slave trader appears and begins strangling Eren , who tells Mikasa to kill the man if she wants to live , which she does after overcoming her fear and gaining resolve . Eventually , the children are found by the Military Police . As Mikasa cries that she has no home to go back to , she is invited to live with Grisha and Eren , who gives her a red scarf to wear . Back in the present , Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate . 7 7 `` Small Blade : The Struggle for Trost , Part 3 '' `` Chiisana Yaiba - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 3 ) - '' ( 小さな 刃 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 3 ― ) Yuzuru Tachikawa Hiroshi Seko May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) June 14 , 2014 The surviving squads , unable to reach the inner walls due to their Omni - directional Mobility Gears being low on gas , lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans . Mikasa learns from Armin that his entire squad perished , including Eren . Seemingly unfazed , Mikasa rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot , and they are inspired to join her in the attack . Mikasa ends up running out of gas mid-air and falls into an alleyway , leading Jean to assume command . However , he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans . As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa , she at first accepts her fate but instinctively starts fighting back after remembering Eren 's words of perseverance . As she prepares to attack with her only remaining broken blade , another Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan , much to her confusion . Armin and Connie show up , and they are all shocked to see the Rogue Titan not only fighting other Titans , but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand - to - hand combat techniques , while completely ignoring the humans . Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot . Mikasa , however , refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Rogue Titan 's strange behavior . 8 8 `` I Can Hear His Heartbeat : The Struggle for Trost , Part 4 '' `` Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 4 ) - '' ( 心臓 の 鼓動 が 聞こえる ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 4 ― ) Satonobu Kikuchi Shinpei Ezaki Tatsuma Minamikawa Noboru Takagi May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) June 21 , 2014 With the supply depot area swarming with Titans , Armin has the idea of using the Rogue Titan to defeat them . Mikasa and Connie agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it , before rushing to the depot . Meanwhile , Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way , with Armin , Mikasa and Connie arriving soon after . Armin 's plan works , but while the Rogue Titan is able to attract the enemies outside , seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area . With their equipment out of fuel , Armin devises another plan . The survivors draw the Titans ' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them , while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off . Sasha and Connie fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie . Having successfully replenished their fuel , the soldiers prepare to retreat , but they see the Rogue Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing , and much to their shock , watch Eren emerge from its body . Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive , while Armin notices that his severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well . 9 9 `` Whereabouts of His Left Arm : The Struggle for Trost , Part 5 '' `` Hidariude no Yukue - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 5 ) - '' ( 左腕 の 行方 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 5 ― ) Yoshiyuki Fujiwara Yasuko Kobayashi June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) June 28 , 2014 Captain Levi of the Survey Corps and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city . It is revealed that when Eren was eaten and swallowed by the bearded Titan , he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims , one of whom was still alive . His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the bearded Titan 's stomach by transforming into a Titan himself and going on a rampage against them . To Eren 's confusion when regaining consciousness , Kitts 's men aim their weapons at him . Although Eren 's comrades saw him emerge from the Rogue Titan , they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose . However , Kitts also witnessed this and has his men corner Eren , but Armin and Mikasa defend him . Kitts accuses Eren of actually being a Titan in disguise , but Eren has no memories of becoming a Titan or how his limbs grew back . Even though Eren claims he is human , Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them . As they try to escape , Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection , telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home 's basement with his key . In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons , Eren partially transforms himself into the Rogue Titan , sheltering them inside his ribs . 10 10 `` Response : The Struggle for Trost , Part 6 '' `` Kotaeru - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 6 ) - '' ( 応える ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 6 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko June 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 09 ) July 12 , 2014 After partially transforming himself to protect Mikasa and Armin , Eren climbs out of the Titan to talk with the two regarding the basement in his former house and how he believes that it holds the secret to mankind 's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans . Kitts is still afraid and once again orders the cannon to be loaded . Eren comes up with two plans of escape . The first is for him to transform into a Titan and run away on his own , forever criminalizing himself in the eyes of humanity . The second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset , not a danger . Armin has several flashbacks and comes to the realization that even though he is physically weak and cowardly , he can still defend his friends , and decides to try and talk their way out of being executed . Armin tentatively convinces Kitts , only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more . The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene , sparing their lives . In return , Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in . Eren agrees , regardless of whether or not he will be able to control his Titan form . 11 11 `` Idol : The Struggle for Trost , Part 7 '' `` Gūzō - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 7 ) - '' ( 偶像 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 7 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko June 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 16 ) July 19 , 2014 As Armin helps Pyxis 's subordinates coordinate a plan , morale among the troops begin to drop , as some want to desert and be with their families . Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans , they will be subjecting their families to their terror , which convinces the troops to stay . Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans , Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren in Titan form carries the giant boulder to seal the hole . Along with Mikasa , Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison : Ian Dietrich , Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach . As they approach the giant boulder , Rico , who is doubtful of the mission 's success and does not completely trust Eren , reminds him that many lives are at stake . Finally reaching the boulder , Eren transforms himself into a Titan , only to suddenly attack Mikasa . 12 12 `` Wound : The Struggle for Trost , Part 8 '' `` Kizu - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 8 ) - '' ( 傷 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 8 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Noboru Takagi June 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 23 ) July 26 , 2014 Mikasa tries to reason with Eren in Titan form , but to no avail . Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself , slumping to the ground . The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed , much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall . As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate , the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him , still recognizing him as a valuable military asset . During the operation , Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his Omni - directional Mobility Gear malfunctions , forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building . Armin reaches the unconscious Eren , but Mikasa calls to him , warning that he is in a dangerous state . Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren 's neck , which briefly awakens him . As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans , Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control . 13 13 `` Primal Desire : The Struggle for Trost , Part 9 '' `` Genshoteki Yokkyū - Torosuto - ku Kōbōsen ( 9 ) - '' ( 原初 的 欲求 ― トロスト 区 攻防 戦 9 ― ) Masashi Koizuka Noboru Takagi June 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 30 ) August 2 , 2014 Jean manages to acquire another set of Omni - directional Mobility Gear from a dead soldier and escapes , thanks to Annie , Connie and Marco Bott distracting the Titans . With Eren in Titan form now fully awake and carrying the boulder towards the gate as planned , Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs , with many of them sacrificing their lives in the process . Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder , and a tearful Rico , the only remaining member of the elite squad , fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success . As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body , they are cornered by two Titans but are then saved by the timely arrival of Levi . With the gate finally sealed , the army eliminates all of the Titans remaining in the Trost District except two , which are captured for research . As the army counts their casualties , a shocked Jean finds Marco 's dead and half - eaten body , Sasha 's group is horrified to find a pile of corpses regurgitated from a Titan , and Annie mourns one of her dead comrades . Meanwhile , Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police , where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Survey Corps . After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead , Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command , though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again . 13.5 13.5 `` Since That Day '' `` Ano Hi kara '' ( あの 日 から ) Hiroyuki Tanaka -- July 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 07 ) -- This is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes . 14 14 `` Ca n't Look Into His Eyes Yet : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 1 '' `` Mada Me o Mirenai - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 1 ) - '' ( まだ 目 を 見れ ない ― 反撃 前夜 1 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Shinpei Ezaki Yasuko Kobayashi July 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 14 ) August 9 , 2014 When word spreads about a Titan siding with humankind , the populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end . Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander - in - Chief Darius Zackly , who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police or the Survey Corps , both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him . The Military Police wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace , while the Survey Corps wants to use him to retake Wall Maria . As both sides get into heated arguments over Eren 's Titan powers , one of the merchants siding with the Military Police accuses Mikasa of being a Titan as well , much to Eren 's anger . When Eren calls out the Military Police and their supporters for their cowardice , one of them prepares to shoot him , only for Levi to beat Eren down . Despite being brutally beaten , he does not transform into a Titan , which Levi uses to show to the court that the Survey Corps can control Eren , and proposes that he is to be made part of his squad . In the end , Zackly gives Eren to the Survey Corps where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him . As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds , they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out during Levi 's beating . 15 15 `` Special Operations Squad : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 2 '' `` Tokubetsu Sakusen - han - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 2 ) - '' ( 特別 作戦 班 ― 反撃 前夜 2 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Hiroshi Seko July 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 21 ) August 16 , 2014 Levi and his Special Operations Squad , composed of Petra Ral , Oluo Bozado , Eld Jinn and Gunther Schultz , who are all elites chosen by him , bring Eren to the old Survey Corps headquarters where Eren will learn to control his Titan 's power under their watch . As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned , Petra assures Eren that despite his rude and harsh demeanor , Levi does care about the people under his command . Meanwhile , Erwin and Mike Zacharias discuss the new recruits joining the Survey Corps and how they must prove Eren 's usefulness to Military Command within a month . While discussing his powers with Levi 's squad , Hange arrives and asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured , which she named Sawney and Beane . Hange is revealed to have an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger . During her all night talks with Eren , she reveals that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size . But the next day , the Survey Corps discover Sawney and Beane have been killed . As Hange mourns for them , the Survey Corps deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their Omni - directional Mobility Gear , which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is . 16 16 `` What Needs to be Done Now : Eve of the Counterattack , Part 3 '' `` Ima , Nani o Subeki ka - Hangeki Zen'ya ( 3 ) - '' ( 今 、 何 を すべ きか ― 反撃 前夜 3 ― ) Keisuke Onishi Yasushi Muroya Yasuko Kobayashi July 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 28 ) August 23 , 2014 As the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane 's deaths , Annie , who will be joining the Military Police later , gives advice to Armin and Connie that it is their choice to decide on which branch of the military they join . The recruits from the 104th are later greeted by Commander Erwin at the ' Decision Ceremony ' , where he tells them that the goal of the Survey Corps 's expedition the following month is to reclaim Shiganshina and find the secret hidden in Eren 's home basement . After telling the recruits of the Survey Corps 's high mortality rate during each expedition , Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches . Most recruits leave , but Jean joins the Survey Corps in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa , Armin , Reiner , Bertolt , Connie , Sasha , Krista and Ymir , despite their fears . As the Survey Corps prepare themselves for the expedition , Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others . Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him . With everything ready , the Survey Corps begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls . 17 17 `` Female Titan : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 1 '' `` Megata no Kyojin - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 1 ) - '' ( 女 型 の 巨人 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 1 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Hiroshi Seko August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) September 6 , 2014 As the expedition gets underway , the Survey Corps assemble into their ' Long - Range Scouting Formation ' wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if a Titan is nearby so the group can steer to avoid them and avoid conflict if possible . After Armin 's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan , a Titan with a feminine body suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed . Much to Armin 's shock , the Female Titan 's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily . The Female Titan captures Armin but after removing his hood and seeing his face , she leaves him alive and continues running . Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean , who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans , which makes Armin realize it was the Female Titan 's work and she is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren . When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation , they realize the Female Titan 's target is Eren and they must stop her . Despite their failed attempts to attack , she leaves them and heads towards the centre . 18 18 `` Forest of Giant Trees : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 2 '' `` Kyodaiju no Mori - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 2 ) - '' ( 巨大 樹 の 森 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 2 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Shin Wakabayashi Hiroshi Seko August 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 11 ) September 13 , 2014 Armin , Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse , but they are soon saved by Krista , who arrives with extra horses . They wait for the order to withdraw , but to their surprise , they discover their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction . Meanwhile , news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation . Soon , the whole formation reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it while the rest defend the forest from Titans . Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin 's orders are and what Levi is doing . As the Female Titan chases them at their heels , the squad desperately await Levi 's command to attack , but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun . 19 19 `` Bite : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 3 '' `` Kamitsuku - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 3 ) - '' ( 噛み付く ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 3 ― ) Kiyoshi Fukumoto Tomomi Ikeda Noboru Takagi August 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 18 ) September 20 , 2014 Levi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward . With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan , Eren begs his squad to let him fight , but they tell him to trust Levi 's decision . As he considers turning himself into his Titan form , Levi tells him to choose to either rely on his own strength or believe in his squad mates . Eren starts remembering when Hange , Levi and his squad had him try to transform into a Titan for experimental purposes but was unable to . During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon , Eren suddenly partially transformed , much to the squad 's shock . They almost attacked him but Levi ordered them to stand down . Hange deduced that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals . The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other . Remembering this , Eren decides to trust his squad 's plan . It is then revealed that Levi 's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks at the Female Titan , trapping her . Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan . 20 20 `` Erwin Smith : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 4 '' `` Eruvin Sumisu - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 4 ) '' ( エルヴィン ・ スミス ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 4 ― ) Shintaro Itoga Yasuko Kobayashi August 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 25 ) September 27 , 2014 With the Female Titan restrained , Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside . Armin , Jean and the rest of Levi 's squad realize it was Erwin 's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Survey Corps before the fall . Meanwhile , the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest , and Levi taunts the Female Titan , prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her . Despite the Survey Corps 's attempt to stop them , the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan 's body in a frenzy , which makes Erwin call off the expedition . However , knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans , Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad , while the mole , disguised as a cloaked Survey Corps member , attacks Levi 's squad and kills Günther . 21 21 `` Crushing Blow : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 5 '' `` Tettsui - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 5 ) - '' ( 鉄槌 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 5 ― ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasushi Muroya Noboru Takagi September 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 01 ) October 4 , 2014 Erwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all humans who can transform into Titans are like Eren since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice , while elsewhere the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi 's squad . Armin theorizes the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District . Eren wants to transform into his Titan form , but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward . Petra , Oluo and Eld manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms and kill her . However , the Female Titan manages to quickly regenerate her right eye and kills the three . Seeing his comrades dead , a grieving Eren transforms into his Titan form , which gets Mikasa and Levi 's attention . Believing his comrades and squad 's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place , Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle . The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body . Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan , but to no avail . She is later joined by Levi , who tells her to keep their distance , as the Female Titan is getting tired . 22 22 `` Defeated : The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission , Part 6 '' `` Haisha - tachi - Dai Gojū - Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa ( 6 ) - '' ( 敗者 達 ― 第 57 回 壁 外 調査 6 ― ) Makoto Bessho Shinpei Ezaki Noboru Takagi September 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 08 ) October 11 , 2014 Levi , who orders Mikasa to distract the Female Titan in order to get Eren back , successfully debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds , but he injures his leg in the process when saving Mikasa from the Female Titan after leaving herself vulnerable when attempting to finish off . Mikasa then goes with Levi , who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan , leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree . The Survey Corps mournfully retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades , with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action . However , a Scout named Dieter retrieves the corpse of his friend Ivan against this direct order , which draws the attention of two Titans to the retreating Survey Corps . Mikasa kills one of the Titans to save Dieter , who loses both Ivan 's corpse and his friend Jurgen . In order to outrun the remaining Titan , Levi reluctantly orders some of the corpses , including Petra 's , be disposed of in order to lighten the wagon 's load . Later , Eren wakes up from a dream of his past to find himself and the Survey Corps back at town , safely behind Wall Sina . He becomes angry upon hearing the townspeople berate the Survey Corps 's ineptitude , until he sees a boy who admires their bravery , which sends him into tears . All the while , a shocked Levi is questioned by Petra 's father over his daughter 's whereabouts , who reveals that Petra planned on devoting her life to Levi . The townspeople also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained . As a result of the failed expedition , Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital , where the final decision of Eren 's custody will be made . 23 23 `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' `` Hohoemi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 1 ) - '' ( 微笑み ― ストヘス 区 急襲 1 ― ) Hirokazu Yamada Hiroshi Seko September 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 15 ) October 18 , 2014 Annie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up . In the Stohess District of Wall Sina , the Military Police are ordered to escort the Survey Corps convoy once they enter the capital . The Military Police are shown to be lazy and corrupt ; one of Annie 's colleagues , Hitch Dreyse , reveals that she joined the police for that reason . Another colleague named Marlowe Freudenberg is disgusted , revealing he joined the Military Police so he could reform it to become a better organization , which Annie respects since he reminds her of Eren . After the convoy has entered the Stohess District , Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways . Armin asks for her help , as he is helping Eren escape the capital , and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise . Although refusing at first , she finally agrees after Armin begs again , believing she is a good person . Armin leads Eren , Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel . However , Annie refuses to enter as she has noticed Armin behaving strangely and hidden Scouts watching her . Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan , noting that she used Marco 's Omni - directional Mobility Gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the last expedition . Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them , but knowing her identity is exposed , Annie laughs sadly and tries to transform . Despite the Scouts ' attempts to bind and gag her , she succeeds in transforming using the spike in her ring . 24 24 `` Mercy : Assault on Stohess , Part 2 '' `` Jihi - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 2 ) - '' ( 慈悲 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 2 ― ) Akitoshi Yokoyama Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi September 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 22 ) October 25 , 2014 A few days before Eren is escorted to the capital , Erwin and Armin reveal to him they have a plan to capture the person they believe is the Female Titan and is shocked when they tell him it is Annie . Back in the present , Eren , Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie in Titan form . Eren tries to transform but is unable to , and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so . When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse , Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren . Meanwhile , Commander Nile Dok of the Military Police demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint . Mikasa and the rest of the Survey Corps distract and try to capture Annie , while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble . Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything . As Eren thinks about what Armin said , he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother . Eren finally transforms into the Rogue Titan and charges at Annie in a rage , smashing into a cathedral . 25 25 `` Wall : Assault on Stohess , Part 3 '' `` Kabe - Sutohesu - ku Kyūshū ( 3 ) - '' ( 壁 ― ストヘス 区 急襲 3 ― ) Daisuke Tokudo Masashi Koizuka Shintaro Itoga Tetsurō Araki Yasuko Kobayashi September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) November 1 , 2014 Inside the cathedral , a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths , leaving the surviving priest awestruck . Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District , causing destruction and civilian deaths while Hange orders her men to stand by before they capture Annie . Meanwhile , Erwin tells Nile that he will accept responsibility for the damage his plan has caused , for which Nile has Erwin arrested and orders the Military Police to help evacuate the civilians . After exchanging several blows , a berserk Eren completely overpowers Annie , who attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina . However , Mikasa cuts off Annie 's fingers , sending her falling . As Annie falls , she remembers her father asking for forgiveness , telling her to hate the world and asking her to promise him she will come back home . When it appears Eren is about to eat Annie , he stops once he sees her crying , and her body starts encasing itself in crystal . As Eren recuperates , he admits to Mikasa , Armin and Jean that he allowed Annie to get herself encased . As Armin and Jean wonder if sacrificing their humanity to defeat the Titans is worth the price , Erwin attends a government inquiry , where he reveals that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks . He further explains that despite the deaths and casualties of his plan and how they can not get any information from Annie now that she is encased , she is proof there are humans that can turn into Titans living within the walls and he plans to find and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans . In the end , Erwin 's name is cleared , Eren stays with the Survey Corps , Annie is put under the Survey Corps 's custody and the rest of the 104th Top Trainees go on their different missions . In the epilogue , a piece of Wall Sina crumbles , revealing the face of a Titan within the wall . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date English airdate 26 1 `` Beast Titan '' `` Kemono no Kyojin '' ( 獣 の 巨人 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuko Kobayashi April 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 01 ) April 22 , 2017 As the encased Annie is taken into custody , Hange and her team discover the Titan sealed inside the walls . Pastor Nick of the Wall Cult appears , urging them to cover it from sunlight . After the Titan is covered with sheets , Nick refuses to tell Hange why it is there , even after she threatens to kill him . She suspects that more titans are hidden within the walls . Meanwhile , Erwin is informed that Wall Rose was breached and Titans are roaming inside . 12 hours earlier , the rest of the 104th Trainees are stationed at an outpost when Titans are seen advancing from the south . Mike Zacharias orders the soldiers and trainees to spread out and inform the nearby villages and the capital about the Titans while he stays behind to delay them . In Stohess , Eren wakes up with Mikasa at his bedside and Armin tells them the Titans have breached Wall Rose . Back at the outpost , Mike buys enough time and prepares to escape , but is captured by a mysterious ape - like Titan covered in fur that is capable of speaking . The Beast Titan inquires about his three - dimensional maneuvering equipment ( 立体 機動 装置 , Rittai kidō sōchi ) , but Mike does not answer , so the Titan strips Mike of his gear and leaves him to be eaten by the other Titans . 27 2 `` I 'm Home '' `` Tadaima '' ( ただいま ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi April 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 08 ) April 29 , 2017 Hange and Armin deduce that the Titans encased within the walls provide its strength . The Survey Corps depart from Stohess to deal with the Titans that appeared inside Wall Rose , and Hange takes Pastor Nick along intending to gain more information from him . Meanwhile , Sasha rushes to warn her father and her village . She arrives to find the entire village deserted except for a woman being eaten by a Titan , and her daughter nearby in a state of shock . Sasha takes the girl and flees but they are chased by the Titan . Sasha decides to stay and fight while urging the girl to run away . Sasha succeeds in blinding the Titan with her arrows just as a group of villagers , including her father and the girl , return to pick her up . Meanwhile , Connie arrives at his village , only to find that it had already been attacked by Titans . Upon reaching his house , Connie discovers a Titan on its back trapped inside . He and the others wonder how it got so far from the walls when its short , thin legs seem too weak to support its body . 28 3 `` Southwestward '' `` Nansei e '' ( 南西 へ ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) May 6 , 2017 Connie grieves for the death of his family while his senior Lynn tries to assure him they might be still be alive since no bodies nor blood was found despite Gelgar 's suspicions since the village horses are still at their stables . As Connie rejoins his group to find the breach in the wall , the Titan in his house speaks to him , saying `` Welcome Back . '' Elsewhere , Ymir asks her seniors Nanaba and Henning to allow her and Krista to leave their group since they do n't have their gear which the latter tells Ymir not to worry about her . Eventually , both groups meet up but are surprised to discover there were no breaches at the Walls and rest up at Castle Utgard . Meanwhile , Hange explains to Eren that she discovered the hardened crystallized skin that Annie created from her Titan form is the same material that the Walls are made of which might help them seal the breach at Shiganshina if Eren can learn to do the same thing . After witnessing the flight of the people of Wall Rose due to the Titans , Pastor Nick relents and tells Hange that a 104th Trainee can help her find the answers she seeks ; this is none other than Krista . Following this , an out - of - breath Sasha arrives and hands Hange a report . Shortly thereafter Hange and her group head to Castle Utgard . In the meantime , Titans , led by the Beast Titan , attack Castle Utgard despite it being night time , forcing Gelgar , Lynn , Nanaba and Henning to defend the 104th Trainees . 29 4 `` Soldier '' `` Heishi '' ( 兵士 ) Hitomi Ezoe Hiroshi Seko April 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) May 13 , 2017 Two hours before the attack by the Titans at Castle Utgard , the 104th Trainees rest as their seniors keep watch . Connie mentions the Titan he encountered at his village resembled his mother , but Ymir plays it off . Reiner becomes suspicious when Ymir is able to read the unknown language on a food can . The Titans soon appear , and Nanaba and the Senior Scouts hold them off from the outside while Connie , Reiner , Bertoldt , Ymir and Krista defend themselves against smaller Titans that have breached the castle . In the process , Reiner has his arm badly injured after it is bitten by a Titan . After clearing the area of Titans , the Beast Titan throws chunks of Wall Rose at the castle , killing the group 's horses . A second wave of Titans subsequently attack the castle , and the senior soldiers are soon overwhelmed and killed . As the Titans surround the tower the unarmed Trainees are on , Ymir , in order to save Krista 's life and honor the promise they made , jumps off the tower , and transforms into a Titan . 30 5 `` Historia '' `` Hisutoria '' ( ヒストリア ) Tetsuya Wakano Yasuko Kobayashi April 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 29 ) May 20 , 2017 During their winter training in the mountains as cadets , Krista and Ymir become lost while saving fellow cadet Daz during a blizzard . Ymir accuses of Krista of having a death wish rather than saving Daz for selfless reasons . She also reveals she knows that Krista is an unwanted illegitimate child of a nobleman 's mistress who was forced by the Wall Cult to change her name and join the army . Telling Krista that they were both given a second chance in life , Ymir makes Krista promise that should she ever reveal her true name , she should live her own life . Back in the present , Titan Ymir fights off the other Titans as Reiner and Bertholdt recognize Ymir as the Titan who ate their childhood friend in the past . Realizing Ymir is trying to help them , Krista tells Ymir to destroy the tower instead in order to crush the Titans . As the tower begins to collapse , Ymir orders Krista and the others to grab on to her . Despite this effort , the Titans overwhelm Ymir ; only the timely arrival of Hange and the other Scouts saves them . With the battle over , Krista attends a gravely injured Ymir as the rest of the 104th Trainees learn Ymir is a Titan Shifter . Just before Ymir loses consciousness , Krista reveals that her real name is Historia . 31 6 `` Warrior '' `` Senshi '' ( 戦士 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Hiroshi Seko May 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 06 ) June 3 , 2017 After the battle , the Scouts climb the wall nearest to Castle Utgard and prepare to take the comatose Ymir to Trost for medical attention . They are surprised that there are no titans in the area , especially when a patrol led by Hannes reports that the walls were never breached . As the Scouts prepare to set off for Trost , Reiner takes Eren aside and casually reveals that he is the Armored Titan , Bertholdt is the Colossal Titan , and that their mission to destroy all of humanity can be avoided if Eren would simply come with them . The episode flashes back to 12 hours earlier in Ehrmich District where Hange explains that the scroll she received earlier from Sasha contained a background report on Annie which suggests a connection with Reiner and Bertholdt , as all three are from the same area but otherwise have little background information available . After reaching into their memories of Reiner and Bertholdt , they begin to suspect that they may have helped Annie find Eren 's location within the formation during the 57th Expedition . Hange therefore orders everyone to keep an eye on Reiner and Bertholdt without raising undue suspicion . Back in the present , Reiner and Bertholdt both shift into their respective Titan forms despite a quick intervention by Mikasa . The Armored Titan grabs Eren and heads down the wall as the Colossal Titan grabs Ymir . Feeling betrayed , an angry Eren shifts into his Titan form and begins to fight the Armored Titan . 32 7 `` Close Combat '' `` Da tō kyoku '' ( 打 ・ 投 ・ 極 ) Takayuki Hirao Hiroshi Seko May 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 13 ) June 10 , 2017 As the Armored Titan and Eren 's Titan Form engage in battle , Mikasa regrets not having succeeded at killing Bertholdt and Reiner before they shifted into Titans . Hange orders the Scouts to attack the slow - moving Colossal Titan after it `` eats '' Ymir and another Scout , but it releases an enormous amount of steam , wounding several Scouts and preventing further attacks . Meanwhile , the Armored Titan gains the upper hand in his fight against Eren , and despite the best efforts of Mikasa to help , the situation seems desperate . Fortunately , Eren remembers the hand - to - hand techniques taught to him by Annie during their training and he begins to seriously damage the Armored Titan . Armin implores Eren to fall back to the wall for his own safety , and much to everyone 's surprise , he obliges . Hannes ' patrol returns , and Hannes is shocked to see the Colossal Titan , not to mention Eren 's Titan Form as well as the Armored Titan . The latter charges at Eren once more , who again utilizes grapple techniques to overcome his strength disadvantage and regain the upper hand . With the encouragement of his comrades , he is nearly successful at beheading the Armored Titan and extracting Reiner from within , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan roars for assistance . To the Scout 's horror , the Colossal Titan begins to deteriorate and plummets towards Eren and the Armored Titan . 33 8 `` The Hunters '' `` Oumono '' ( 迫 う 者 ) Yūmi Kawai Yasuko Kobayashi May 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 20 ) June 17 , 2017 The Colossal Titan 's falling body hits the ground , releasing a massive amount of heat and steam and enabling the Armored Titan to free itself from Eren 's grasp and extract Eren from his Titan form . Bertholdt , carrying the still unconscious Ymir , uses stolen 3DMG to leave with the Armored Titan . The blast seriously injures many of the Scouts , including Mikasa and Hange . Several hours later in Trost District , Commander Pyxis , Erwin , Jean , and the other military forces are informed about the battle with the Colossal and Armored Titans as well as the capture of Eren and Ymir . Back at the walls , Armin watches over the unconscious Mikasa . While unconscious , Mikasa has a dream about the past , wherein she rescued Eren from the neighborhood bullies . She wakes , and is distraught to find that Eren is gone . There is nothing they can do about it in their current state , but Hannes gives a rousing speech reminding them of Eren 's steadfast resolve , and vows to help them rescue Eren . Erwin soon arrives with reinforcements . Hange , now awake , posits that Reiner and Bertholdt may seek the relative safety of a nearby Forest of Giant Trees to rest until nightfall , assuming their goal is to relocate outside of Wall Maria . Eren and Ymir are shown waking in the forest as their bodies begin to regenerate their missing and damaged limbs while Reiner and Bertholdt watch over them . The episode ends with the soldiers departing from Wall Rose to mount a rescue operation . 34 9 `` Opening '' `` Kaikō '' ( 開口 ) Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi May 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 27 ) June 24 , 2017 As Erwin leads the expedition away from Wall Rose , the badly injured Hange demands a horse to ride to Connie 's town to see the captured Titan who was unable to walk . Her assistant Moblit refuses and goes in her stead . Meanwhile , in the Forest of Giant Trees , Eren realizes that he has no arms , but his attempts to Titan Shift are stopped by Ymir . She points out that they are they deep within Titan territory , surrounded by Titans , weakened from their earlier battle , and only Reiner and Bertholdt possess 3DMG . When questioned , Reiner says that they are taking them to their hometown , and are waiting until nightfall , when the surrounding Titans can not move . Eren remains unconvinced , but Ymir reminds him that they are not in a position to fight until they regenerate . Reiner begins to ramble about his duty as a soldier and warrior , which Ymir figures indicates confusion between his undercover and real personas . This infuriates Eren , who confronts Reiner and Bertholdt about the death and destruction they have caused as Titans . Ymir however , is more concerned about the ape - like Titan that caused the recent Titan invasion and who may be their real enemy . Reiner then uses Ymir 's concern for Christa 's safety as leverage to drive a wedge between Ymir and Eren . The discussion is interrupted by the sound of flare guns , signalling the arrival of the Scouts , which angers Reiner and Bertholdt . 35 10 `` Children '' `` Kodomotachi '' ( 子供 達 ) Kenji Imura Hiroshi Seko June 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 03 ) July 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) At Connie 's village , Moblit assumes the Titans destroyed it without killing any humans . However , when he is handed a portrait of Connie 's parents , it appears that the disabled Titan is Connie 's mother . At the Forest of Giant Trees , Reiner continues to press Ymir to join them , but she 'll only help if they agree to take Christa with them . In a flashback to Ymir 's childhood , she is taken in and worshiped by a cult , who insist she has royal blood . She lives this lie until the cult is apprehended by soldiers , who punish the cultists and Ymir by injecting them with something and throwing them off a wall , resulting in them Titan Shifting . Ymir then spends the next 60 years as a Titan , only to happen upon Reiner , Bertholdt , Annie , and their friend Marcel . Marcel saves Reiner , but is eaten by Ymir , allowing her to return to human form . She realizes the freedom she felt in accepting who she was instead of living a lie was why she developed such empathy with Christa . Returning to the present , Ymir convinces Reiner and Bertholdt to allow her to Titan Shift and take Christa with them . When the 104th Trainees enter the forest , Titan Ymir singles out Christa and envelops her in her mouth before rejoining Reiner and Bertholdt . At the edge of the forest , Reiner shifts into the Armored Titan , and with Bertholdt , Eren and Titan Ymir on his shoulders , he flees , with the Scouts in hot pursuit . 36 11 `` Charge '' `` Totsugeki '' ( 突撃 ) Hiroyuki Tanaka Yasuhiro Akamatsu Hiroshi Seko June 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 10 ) July 15 , 2017 As the Armored Titan flees , Ymir removes Christa from her mouth and exits her Titan Form in order to explain her actions to Christa . She claims she is doing this only to save herself , as she believes that by handing Christa over to those outside the Walls she will be granted amnesty , though in secret is trying to save her . Their conversation is interrupted by attacks from the Scouts , who have caught up to the Armored Titan . Christa convinces Ymir not to intervene as Mikasa desperately throws herself at Bertholdt to save Eren , only to be foiled when the Armored Titan surrounds the two with his hands . The rest of the 104th Trainees catch up with Mikasa and attempt to reason with Bertholdt to give up Eren but he refuses , distraughtly professing he and Reiner have done too much harm to let their mission be a failure . Hannes then orders them to scatter when he sees them charging straight towards a group of Titans baited by Erwin . As the Armored Titan is attacked by the arriving Titans , Erwin orders a charge but is carried away in the mouth of a Titan . Reiner , realizing he has no choice but to use his arms to defend himself , releases Eren and Bertholdt , but Mikasa is severely wounded by a Titan while trying to save Eren . Desperate , Armin distracts Bertholdt by infuriating him with the revelation that Annie was captured , allowing an opening for Erwin - now missing an arm - to cut Eren free of Bertholdt , allowing the injured Mikasa to finally rescue him . As the Scouts retreat , Connie and Sasha retrieve Christa and explain that Ymir is lying as she would never harm her . The retreat is hampered by the Armored Titan , who begins to throw Titans at the group , successfully knocking Eren and Mikasa off their horse . Helpless , they hear an approaching Titan and turn to face it , coming face - to - face with the same Titan that ate Eren 's mother . 37 12 `` Scream '' `` Sakebi '' ( 叫び ) Satonobu Kikuchi Takayuki Hirao Tetsurō Araki Yoshihide Ibata Yasuko Kobayashi June 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 17 ) July 22 , 2017 With the Scouts in a losing battle as more Titans thrown by the Armored Titan surround their position , Eren tries but fails to transform and is forced to watch Hannes get killed protecting Mikasa and him from the Smiling Titan . Despairing , Mikasa comforts Eren and thanks him for always being there for her . Rekindling his spirit by vowing to protect Mikasa , Eren throws a punch at the Smiling Titan , activating an unknown power within him that suddenly causes the non-sentient Titans to attack and kill it , avenging both his mother and Hannes . Ymir realizes Reiner and Bertholdt want Eren because he possesses the `` Coordinate '' , the ability to control other Titans . The survivors escape after Eren causes the Titans to stop the Armored Titan . Feeling guilty for them , Ymir decides to leave Historia , believing she will be safe within the Walls , and saves Reiner and Bertholdt , letting them take her back to their hometown so they wo n't come back empty - handed . A week after the Wall Rose incident , Hange gives her report to Levi , Erwin and Pyxis , revealing the Titans that appeared within Wall Rose were in fact the people of Connie 's village , shocked by her theory that all Titans were once human . Remembering how many died to rescue him , Eren vows to use his new power to help humanity , while Erwin is determined to learn more of the truth behind the Titans . Elsewhere , the Beast Titan looks out from atop Wall Maria as a mysterious blonde man with glasses emerges from its back uttering the words , `` not just yet '' . Special episodes ( edit ) Ova episodes ( edit ) For the No Regrets OVAs , see Attack on Titan : No Regrets . The following bonus original video animation episodes were released alongside select volumes of the manga . No . Title Original air date 3.5 `` Ilse 's Notebook : Memoirs of a Recon Corps Member '' `` Iruze no Techō - Aru Chōsa Heidan'in no Shuki - '' ( イルゼ の 手帳 ― ある 調査 兵 団員 の 手記 ― ) December 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) In the year 850 , whilst Eren and the others are in training , the Recon Corps go on a mission , with Hange deciding to pursue a Titan spotted in the forest in the hopes she can capture it . Curiously , as Hange gets the Titan to chase after her , it suddenly retreats to the forest . Hange follows it to the center of the forest , where she finds it banging its head against a certain tree . The Titan turns hostile when Hange gets close to it , but Levi and the others arrive and kill it , much to Hange 's dismay . Upon inspecting the scene , they discover the decapitated body of Ilse Langnar , a soldier from the 34th Recon Corps division , resting inside of the tree , and find a notebook belonging to her lying on the ground . The notebook details Ilse 's records , as she escaped on foot after her squad was killed by Titans . She eventually became cornered by a Titan , but instead of killing her right away , it started to speak to her in the human language , calling her `` Ymir '' . Ilse attempted to communicate with the Titan , but it inevitably became hostile again and bit off her head , curiously choosing not to devour her body but instead rest it inside the tree . Having read through all of Ilse 's notes , Hange uses the notebook as leverage to convince Erwin to approve of operations to capture Titans alive and study them , before returning Ilse 's belongings to her grief - stricken family . 3.25 `` The Sudden Visitor : The Torturous Curse of Youth '' `` Totsuzen no Raihōsha - Sainamareru Seishun no Noroi - '' ( 突然 の 来訪 者 ― 苛ま れる 青春 の 呪い ― ) April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) In the year 849 , Jean returns home after two years in training . After Jean gets into a dispute with Sasha following a training exercise , Commander Pyxis suggests they settle things in a cooking contest . With Armin and Annie joining Jean 's team and Connie and Reiner teaming up with Sasha , the two groups head into the forest in search of a notorious giant boar to use as meat . Sasha 's group come across the boar first and engage it in battle , with Sasha managing to kill it and claim it for her group . Later , after Jean is visited by his mother , shouting at her when he feels she is embarrassing him , he concocts a plan to steal some quality beef from the office so he can beat Sasha , but Armin and Annie refuse to help him . After inevitably giving up on his plan , Jean opens a lunchbox his mother left him containing an omelette , remembering all the times his mother stood by him . The cooking contest soon takes place , with Sasha presenting a prime boar steak whilst Jean presents a humble omelette . Although wowed by the taste of the steak , Pyxis declares Jean the winner as he showed more skill in cooking . Content with his victory , Jean considers paying a visit to his mother . 3.75 `` Distress '' `` Konnan '' ( 困難 ) August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) In the year 848 , the recruits are split into two groups for a wilderness exercise to learn how to sustain themselves in times of peace . Marco has trouble leading his group due to the arrogance of both Eren and Jean . Meanwhile , Mikasa 's group learns of the presence of a gang of thieves , who managed to steal their maneuver gear . That night , the thieves ambush Eren 's group , taking Krista hostage along with their equipment . Putting aside their petty squabbles in order to rescue her , the group discover the thieves ' hideout , using each of their talents to come up with a plan to ambush them . After Eren and Jean manage to recover the group 's maneuver equipment and put a stop to the thieves ' wagons , the thieves hold Krista at knifepoint , but she is rescued by the arrival of Mikasa and Annie after Armin had signalled for help . As the thieves are arrested , with no casualties taken , Armin wonders if the thieves ' attack was part of the exercise all along . Bonus shorts ( edit ) Chibi Theater : Fly , Cadets , Fly ! ( ち み キャラ 劇場 と んで け ! 訓練 兵団 , Chimi Kyara Gekijō -- Tondeke ! Kunren Heidan ) is a series of flash animated gag shorts included with the Blu - ray Disc / DVD releases , featuring the characters in chibi form based on designs by Yuupon . No . Title Original air date 1 `` Day 01 / Day 02 '' `` Ichinichime / Futsukame '' ( 01 日 目 / 02 日 目 ) July 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 17 ) Eren has trouble getting to school on time , before he and Armin find themselves in the nurse 's office . 2 `` Day 03 / Day 04 '' `` Mikkame / Yokkame '' ( 03 日 目 / 04 日 目 ) August 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 21 ) Eren tries to make a strong impression before his instructor , whilst Jean becomes jealous of Eren 's closeness with Mikasa . 3 `` Day 05 / Day 06 / Day 07 '' `` Itsukame / Muikame / Nanokame '' ( 05 日 目 / 06 日 目 / 07 日 目 ) September 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 18 ) Sasha is accused of a crime she did n't commit , whilst Armin finds a rather dubious book . Later , Eren and Mikasa try to learn about the Titan 's weakness . 4 `` Day 08 / Day 09 / Day 10 '' `` Yōkame / Kokonokame / Tōkame '' ( 8 日 目 / 9 日 目 / 10 日 目 ) October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) Eren accidentally stumbles into the classroom as the girls were taking off their clothes , Mikasa competes against Ymir for Eren 's pudding , Krista and Ymir discuss who they should spend the day with . 5 `` Day 11 / Day 12 / Day 13 '' `` Jūichinichime / Jūninichime / Jūsannichime '' ( 11 日 目 / 12 日 目 / 13 日 目 ) November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) Eren attempts to improve his body by following Reiner 's every move , Bertolt tries to improve his confidence , Mikasa and Annie compete to see who can inflict more pain on Eren . 6 `` Day 14 / Day 15 / Day 16 '' `` Jūyokkame / Jūgonichime / Jūrokunichime '' ( 14 日 目 / 15 日 目 / 16 日 目 ) December 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 18 ) Connie and Sasha attempt to prank Shadis , Eren decides to shave his hair , Armin tutors Eren , Sasha , and Connie when they failed their test . 7 `` Day 17 / Day 18 / Day 19 '' `` Jūshichinichime / Jūhachinichime / Jūkunichime '' ( 17 日 目 / 18 日 目 / 19 日 目 ) January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) Eren struggles to balance himself on the Three Dimensional Maneuver Gear , Jean gets lost during training , Marco sneaks into the Girl 's Dormitory to return a lost pink bag . 8 `` Day 20 / Day 21 / Day 22 '' `` Nijūnichime / Nijūichinichime / Nijūninichime '' ( 20 日 目 / 21 日 目 / 22 日 目 ) February 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 19 ) Franz and Hannah try to help Eren reconcile with Mikasa after an argument , Mikasa tries to act on her feelings with Eren , and Hanji tries to communicate with a Titan . 9 `` Day 23 / Day 24 / Day 25 '' `` Nijūsannichime / Nijūyonnichime / Nijūgonichime '' ( 23 日 目 / 24 日 目 / 25 日 目 ) March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) Erwin tries to change his appearance to appeal to cadets , Levi analyzes himself from another 's point of view , and the graduation ceremony of the 104th Trainee Corps takes place . See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal List of Attack on Titan chapters List of Attack on Titan light novels Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Eren 's surname as Jaeger . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Mikasa 's surname as Ackermann . Jump up ^ The Funimation dub spells Armin 's surname as Arlelt . References ( edit ) Sources `` Japanese dates '' . Tokyo MX ( in Japanese ) . `` List of Attack on Titan episode titles '' . Shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . `` Attack of Titan Anime Episodes '' . Funimation . References ^ Jump up to : Ferreira , Mike ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Attack on Titan 's Netflix Debut Hit by Translation Woes '' . Anime Herald . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : 「 進撃 の 巨人 」 製作 委員 会 . `` 放送 情報 '' ( Broadcast Information ) . shingeki.tv ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` MBS 4 月 6 日 より 毎週 土曜 25 時 58 分 ~ ※ 4 月 13 日 は 26 時 10 分 ~ '' See rest of article for other broadcasting times . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Streams Attack on Titan TV Anime '' . Anime News Network . April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll to Stream `` Attack on Titan '' Anime `` . Crunchyroll. April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Plans Attack on Titan on Home Video in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan English Dub Premiere at Anime Boston '' . Funimation . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` FUNimation - Thank you all for your patience ! Attack on ... '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Opening CD Sells 129,000 in 1st Week '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan 2nd Season 's New Visual , Linked Horizon Song Revealed '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toonami Premieres Attack on Titan Season 2 on April 22 '' . Anime News Network . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Attack on Titan Season 2 Anime ( Updated ) '' . Anime News Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Season 3 coming in 2018 '' . IGN.com . IGN . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 作品 情報 ( シリーズ ) -- 進撃 の 巨人 attack on titan '' ( Work information ( series ) -- Attack on Titan ) . Media Arts Database ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Agency for Cultural Affairs . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` July 5th Line Up - Space Dandy Season 2 Premiere ! '' . Toonami Tumblr . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Know When to Watch - Schedule - Adult Swim '' . AdultSwim.com . Turner Broadcasting System . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ 進撃 の 巨人 Season2 ( Attack on Titan Season 2 ) ( in Japanese ) . Mainichi Broadcasting System . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack on Titan Manga 's 2nd Anime DVD Bundle Listed '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Attack on Titan on Funimation Attack on Titan on Crunchyroll ( hide ) Attack on Titan by Hajime Isayama Media Chapters Episodes Before the Fall Junior High Lost Girls No Regrets Spoof on Titan Harsh Mistress of the City Films Live - action film Video games Humanity in Chains Attack on Titan Related Characters Eren Yeager `` Jiyū e no Shingeki '' by Linked Horizon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Attack_on_Titan_episodes&oldid=797651576 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Attack on Titan Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 12 : 43 . 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"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [2][14]\nEnglish airdate\n\n\n1\n1\n\"To You, in 2000 Years: The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 1\"\n\"Ni-sen Nen-go no Kimi e -Shiganshina Kanraku (1)-\" (二千年後の君へ ―シガンシナ陥落①―) \nHiroyuki Tanaka\nTetsurō Araki\nYasuko Kobayashi\nApril 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)\nMay 3, 2014\n\n\nFor over a century, humans have been living in settlements surrounded by three gigantic walls, which prevent the Titans, giant humanoid creatures who eat humans, from entering. Young Eren Yeager, of the town of Shiganshina, wishes to see the outside world by joining the Survey Corps, as he likens living in the cities to livestock. Despite this, his adopted sister Mikasa Ackerman and their mother Carla Yeager are against him joining the Scouts. Even after seeing the Scouts return home with large casualties, Eren expresses his interest to join which impresses his father Grisha Yeager. After Eren and Mikasa rescue their friend Armin Arlert from a group of delinquents due to his views that the walls will not protect them forever, a Titan much taller than the walls (later named the Colossal Titan) suddenly appears and knocks down the gate to Shiganshina, which lies in the outer edge of Wall Maria), allowing smaller Titans to enter. As the town erupts into mass panic, Eren and Mikasa rush to their home to find their mother pinned under their collapsed house. Carla begs them to flee, but they refuse until the city guard Hannes arrives and takes them away. Eren watches in horror as the Smiling Titan eats Carla. \n\n\n2\n2\n\"That Day: The Fall of Shiganshina, Part 2\"\n\"Sono Hi -Shiganshina Kanraku (2)-\" (その日 ―シガンシナ陥落②―) \nMasashi Koizuka\nYasuko Kobayashi\nApril 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)\nMay 10, 2014\n\n\nHannes apologizes to Eren for not saving his mother, admitting he was afraid of the Titan and that both Eren and Mikasa are still weak children. Some of the Shiganshina townsfolk escape to the inner Wall Maria while the soldiers try to hold off the Titans. The soldiers try to close the gate, but one of the Titans (later named the Armored Titan) rams the gate, breaching inner Wall Maria, and causing those inside to retreat even further inside Wall Rose. Some time later, Eren has a strange dream in which his grieving father forcefully gives him an injection and his key before being woken up by Mikasa. Eren grows disgusted with the people of Wall Rose as the latter do not like sharing their food or homes with the refugees. During the next year, as a food shortage becomes apparent, the government orders the refugees to either work on the farms or fight to reclaim Wall Maria. About 250,000 people, 20% of the populace choose to fight but they are wiped out by the Titans. Eren vows revenge and joins the army along with Mikasa and Armin. \n\n\n3\n3\n\"A Dim Light Amid Despair: Humanity's Comeback, Part 1\"\n\"Zetsubō no Naka de Nibuku Hikaru -Jinrui no Saiki (1)-\" (絶望の中で鈍く光る ―人類の再起①―) \nKiyoshi Fukumoto\nHiroshi Seko\nApril 21, 2013 (2013-04-21)\nMay 17, 2014\n\n\nThe drill instructor Keith Shardis inspects the new recruits and provides a barrage of verbal insults. When he comes across Sasha Braus, who is eating a potato, he punishes her by having her run around the camp until sunset and not giving her any food or drink. Eren develops a rivalry with Jean Kirschtein, who desires a safe and easy position in the Military Police within the inner city walls. The recruits train on an Omni-directional Mobility Gear[1] apparatus, where they have to balance themselves while suspended on cables. After Eren has trouble balancing, he asks Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover for help and discover they too are among the few who have personally encountered Titans. The next day, Eren balances on the apparatus but falls, however Keith discovers that Eren's apparatus was defective and passes him after a retry with different equipment. \n\n\n4\n4\n\"The Night of the Closing Ceremony: Humanity's Comeback, Part 2\"\n\"Kaisan Shiki no Yoru -Jinrui no Saiki (2)-\" (解散式の夜 ―人類の再起②―) \nMakoto Bessho\nYasuko Kobayashi\nApril 28, 2013 (2013-04-28)\nMay 24, 2014\n\n\nFive years since Wall Maria fell, Keith evaluates the recruits for their strengths and weaknesses. After training in hand-to-hand combat with Reiner and Annie Leonhart, Eren learns later that night that Jean and several other recruits hope to join the Military Police to avoid having to fight Titans. On graduation day, Eren and Mikasa rank among the top ten of their class. They are eligible to join the Military Police, but Eren declines and announces that he is joining the Survey Corps on the front lines, leading Armin and Mikasa to join him. They are assigned to the Trost District, one of the cities which is at the outer edge of Wall Rose, where they discover other classmates have joined. The Colossal Titan appears and breaches the gate. Once Eren regains his composure, he takes command and orders a counterattack. \n\n\n5\n5\n\"First Battle: The Struggle for Trost, Part 1\"\n\"Uijin -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (1)-\" (初陣 ―トロスト区攻防戦①―) \nShinpei Ezaki\nHiroshi Seko\nMay 5, 2013 (2013-05-05)\nMay 31, 2014\n\n\nAs Eren attacks the Colossal Titan, it destroys the wall's cannons, revealing itself to be intelligent. As Eren prepares to attack its weak point, it inexplicably vanishes in a burst of steam. The Military Police scrambles to evacuate the people of the Trost District and set up defenses before the Titans enter the city. Eren calms Armin and Jean, who both start having nervous breakdowns due to the approaching Titans. Assigned by Commander Kitts Woerman of the Garrison to different squads, Mikasa helps with the evacuation while Eren and Armin provide backup at the front lines. Despite Mikasa's protest of wanting to stay and protect Eren, he convinces her to do her duty after promising her he will not die. With the Titans now in the city, Eren recalls his lessons that in order to kill a Titan, they must strike the nape of its neck. As Eren and Armin's squad attack, one by one their comrades are killed or eaten by the Titans, with Eren himself losing his left leg. Armin, paralyzed with fear upon seeing his comrades' fates, is picked up by a bearded Titan and almost swallowed. As Eren recalls his past, where he and Armin wished to see the world outside the walls, he manages to drag and toss Armin out of the Bearded Titan's mouth at the last moment. Eren reaches for Armin with his left arm out of the Bearded Titan's mouth, but the bearded Titan closes its jaws, severing Eren's arm and swallowing him. \n\n\n6\n6\n\"The World the Girl Saw: The Struggle for Trost, Part 2\"\n\"Shōjo ga Mita Sekai -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (2)-\" (少女が見た世界 ―トロスト区攻防戦②―) \nTomomi Ikeda\nHiroshi Seko\nMay 12, 2013 (2013-05-12)\nJune 7, 2014\n\n\nArmin awakens to find himself surrounded by Connie Springer, Krista Lenz and Ymir. When Armin breaks down in tears after Connie asks what happened to his squad, Ymir correctly deduces that they are all dead. As Armin heads back to the rear guard, he blames himself for being weak and not saving Eren. Meanwhile, a greedy merchant tries to force his cargo into the city's exit gate and refuses to allow the refugees to go first. As the crowd grows impatient, an Abnormal Titan suddenly approaches but is killed by Mikasa right before it can reach the crowd. When she realizes the merchant is the cause of the holdup at the gate, she threatens him into moving his cargo for the refugees. As she is thanked by a mother and daughter, Mikasa has a flashback. In the year 844, a year before the fall of Wall Maria, Mikasa is targeted by slave traders, who murder her parents in a struggle. After Grisha and Eren discover the dead bodies while making a visit, Grisha orders Eren to return home. Instead, Eren tracks down the slave traders to a nearby hut and kills two of them in an attempt to save Mikasa. However, the third slave trader appears and begins strangling Eren, who tells Mikasa to kill the man if she wants to live, which she does after overcoming her fear and gaining resolve. Eventually, the children are found by the Military Police. As Mikasa cries that she has no home to go back to, she is invited to live with Grisha and Eren, who gives her a red scarf to wear. Back in the present, Mikasa slays more Titans and goes to help the other squads evacuate. \n\n\n7\n7\n\"Small Blade: The Struggle for Trost, Part 3\"\n\"Chiisana Yaiba -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (3)-\" (小さな刃 ―トロスト区攻防戦③―) \nYuzuru Tachikawa\nHiroshi Seko\nMay 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)\nJune 14, 2014\n\n\nThe surviving squads, unable to reach the inner walls due to their Omni-directional Mobility Gears being low on gas, lose their fighting spirit as the nearby supply depot is overrun by Titans. Mikasa learns from Armin that his entire squad perished, including Eren. Seemingly unfazed, Mikasa rallies the others to reclaim the supply depot, and they are inspired to join her in the attack. Mikasa ends up running out of gas mid-air and falls into an alleyway, leading Jean to assume command. However, he loses his nerve when he sees some of his comrades being eaten by Titans. As a blonde Titan approaches Mikasa, she at first accepts her fate but instinctively starts fighting back after remembering Eren's words of perseverance. As she prepares to attack with her only remaining broken blade, another Titan appears behind her and brutally kills the blonde Titan, much to her confusion. Armin and Connie show up, and they are all shocked to see the Rogue Titan not only fighting other Titans, but also showing knowledge of their weak point and using hand-to-hand combat techniques, while completely ignoring the humans. Armin gives Mikasa his gas tanks and blades so that she can support the others at the supply depot. Mikasa, however, refuses to leave him behind and ponders on the Rogue Titan's strange behavior. \n\n\n8\n8\n\"I Can Hear His Heartbeat: The Struggle for Trost, Part 4\"\n\"Shinzō no Kodō ga Kikoeru -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (4)-\" (心臓の鼓動が聞こえる ―トロスト区攻防戦④―) \nSatonobu Kikuchi\nShinpei Ezaki\nTatsuma Minamikawa\nNoboru Takagi\nMay 26, 2013 (2013-05-26)\nJune 21, 2014\n\n\nWith the supply depot area swarming with Titans, Armin has the idea of using the Rogue Titan to defeat them. Mikasa and Connie agree with his plan and defeat the Titans attacking it, before rushing to the depot. Meanwhile, Jean and the others reach the supply depot despite suffering more casualties on the way, with Armin, Mikasa and Connie arriving soon after. Armin's plan works, but while the Rogue Titan is able to attract the enemies outside, seven smaller Titans remain in the fuel storage area. With their equipment out of fuel, Armin devises another plan. The survivors draw the Titans' attention to an elevator and shoot them in the eyes to blind them, while seven of them jump from the ceiling to finish them off. Sasha and Connie fail to kill their targets but are saved by Mikasa and Annie. Having successfully replenished their fuel, the soldiers prepare to retreat, but they see the Rogue Titan defeating all of the other Titans before collapsing, and much to their shock, watch Eren emerge from its body. Mikasa reaches Eren and cries upon confirming that he is alive, while Armin notices that his severed leg and arm have somehow regenerated as well. \n\n\n9\n9\n\"Whereabouts of His Left Arm: The Struggle for Trost, Part 5\"\n\"Hidariude no Yukue -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (5)-\" (左腕の行方 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑤―) \nYoshiyuki Fujiwara\nYasuko Kobayashi\nJune 2, 2013 (2013-06-02)\nJune 28, 2014\n\n\nCaptain Levi of the Survey Corps and his squad successfully retake a town from the Titans until they are called to an emergency at the Trost District as the Titans have invaded the city. It is revealed that when Eren was eaten and swallowed by the bearded Titan, he found himself in its stomach along with the bodies of its victims, one of whom was still alive. His rage at the Titans caused him to burst out of the bearded Titan's stomach by transforming into a Titan himself and going on a rampage against them. To Eren's confusion when regaining consciousness, Kitts's men aim their weapons at him. Although Eren's comrades saw him emerge from the Rogue Titan, they all agreed to keep it a secret and bring him back inside Wall Rose. However, Kitts also witnessed this and has his men corner Eren, but Armin and Mikasa defend him. Kitts accuses Eren of actually being a Titan in disguise, but Eren has no memories of becoming a Titan or how his limbs grew back. Even though Eren claims he is human, Kitts fearfully orders the cannons to fire on the three of them. As they try to escape, Eren recalls hazy memories of his father giving him an injection, telling him to reclaim Wall Maria and go to their home's basement with his key. In order to protect Mikasa and Armin from the cannons, Eren partially transforms himself into the Rogue Titan, sheltering them inside his ribs. \n\n\n10\n10\n\"Response: The Struggle for Trost, Part 6\"\n\"Kotaeru -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (6)-\" (応える ―トロスト区攻防戦⑥―) \nHiroyuki Tanaka\nHiroshi Seko\nJune 9, 2013 (2013-06-09)\nJuly 12, 2014[15]\n\n\nAfter partially transforming himself to protect Mikasa and Armin, Eren climbs out of the Titan to talk with the two regarding the basement in his former house and how he believes that it holds the secret to mankind's preservation and the key to destroying the Titans. Kitts is still afraid and once again orders the cannon to be loaded. Eren comes up with two plans of escape. The first is for him to transform into a Titan and run away on his own, forever criminalizing himself in the eyes of humanity. The second is to have Armin convince Kitts that Eren is an asset, not a danger. Armin has several flashbacks and comes to the realization that even though he is physically weak and cowardly, he can still defend his friends, and decides to try and talk their way out of being executed. Armin tentatively convinces Kitts, only to have him be overcome by fear and give the order to fire once more. The order is halted when Commander Dot Pyxis and his men intervene, sparing their lives. In return, Pyxis asks Eren if he will transform himself to block the gap in Wall Rose to prevent more Titans from getting in. Eren agrees, regardless of whether or not he will be able to control his Titan form. \n\n\n11\n11\n\"Idol: The Struggle for Trost, Part 7\"\n\"Gūzō -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (7)-\" (偶像 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑦―) \nKiyoshi Fukumoto\nHiroshi Seko\nJune 16, 2013 (2013-06-16)\nJuly 19, 2014\n\n\nAs Armin helps Pyxis's subordinates coordinate a plan, morale among the troops begin to drop, as some want to desert and be with their families. Pyxis silences everyone by reminding them that if they abandon this chance to finally win against the Titans, they will be subjecting their families to their terror, which convinces the troops to stay. Claiming that Eren is the result of a secret project to turn humans into Titans, Pyxis plans to have most of the troops gather at a far corner of the Trost District to lure most of the Titans away while Eren in Titan form carries the giant boulder to seal the hole. Along with Mikasa, Eren will be guarded during the mission by three of the best elites of the Garrison: Ian Dietrich, Rico Brzenska and Mitabi Jarnach. As they approach the giant boulder, Rico, who is doubtful of the mission's success and does not completely trust Eren, reminds him that many lives are at stake. Finally reaching the boulder, Eren transforms himself into a Titan, only to suddenly attack Mikasa. \n\n\n12\n12\n\"Wound: The Struggle for Trost, Part 8\"\n\"Kizu -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (8)-\" (傷 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑧―) \nShintaro Itoga\nNoboru Takagi\nJune 23, 2013 (2013-06-23)\nJuly 26, 2014\n\n\nMikasa tries to reason with Eren in Titan form, but to no avail. Eren continues his attack and accidentally incapacitates himself, slumping to the ground. The squad protecting Eren sends up a red flare to signal that the plan has failed, much to the dismay of the troops observing from the wall. As Armin heads toward Eren to investigate, the elite squadron argues and eventually agrees to protect Eren instead of abandoning him, still recognizing him as a valuable military asset. During the operation, Jean is separated from Connie and Annie after his Omni-directional Mobility Gear malfunctions, forcing him to hide from two Titans in a building. Armin reaches the unconscious Eren, but Mikasa calls to him, warning that he is in a dangerous state. Armin plunges his sword into the side of Eren's neck, which briefly awakens him. As Armin speaks to him of the outside world and reminds him of his promise to kill all the Titans, Eren leaves his dreamlike state and regains control. \n\n\n13\n13\n\"Primal Desire: The Struggle for Trost, Part 9\"\n\"Genshoteki Yokkyū -Torosuto-ku Kōbōsen (9)-\" (原初的欲求 ―トロスト区攻防戦⑨―) \nMasashi Koizuka\nNoboru Takagi\nJune 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)\nAugust 2, 2014\n\n\nJean manages to acquire another set of Omni-directional Mobility Gear from a dead soldier and escapes, thanks to Annie, Connie and Marco Bott distracting the Titans. With Eren in Titan form now fully awake and carrying the boulder towards the gate as planned, Ian orders everyone to protect Eren from the Titans at all costs, with many of them sacrificing their lives in the process. Eren finally blocks the open gate with the boulder, and a tearful Rico, the only remaining member of the elite squad, fires a yellow flare to signal that the operation was a success. As Armin tries to pull Eren from his Titan body, they are cornered by two Titans but are then saved by the timely arrival of Levi. With the gate finally sealed, the army eliminates all of the Titans remaining in the Trost District except two, which are captured for research. As the army counts their casualties, a shocked Jean finds Marco's dead and half-eaten body, Sasha's group is horrified to find a pile of corpses regurgitated from a Titan, and Annie mourns one of her dead comrades. Meanwhile, Eren is chained in a cell guarded by the Military Police, where he is visited by Levi and Commander Erwin Smith of the Survey Corps. After listening to his story and reasons for wanting the Titans dead, Levi allows Eren to join his squad under his command, though Eren is warned that Levi would personally kill him if he ever betrays the squad or loses control again. \n\n\n13.5\n13.5\n\"Since That Day\"\n\"Ano Hi kara\" (あの日から) \nHiroyuki Tanaka\n—\nJuly 7, 2013 (2013-07-07)\n—\n\n\nThis is a recap episode of the events during the first thirteen episodes. \n\n\n14\n14\n\"Can't Look Into His Eyes Yet: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 1[16]\"\n\"Mada Me o Mirenai -Hangeki Zen'ya (1)-\" (まだ目を見れない ―反撃前夜①―) \nKeisuke Onishi\nShinpei Ezaki\nYasuko Kobayashi\nJuly 14, 2013 (2013-07-14)\nAugust 9, 2014\n\n\nWhen word spreads about a Titan siding with humankind, the populace is divided over whether Eren is their savior or their end. Eren is brought to a military tribunal to be judged by Commander-in-Chief Darius Zackly, who will decide whether Eren should be given to the Military Police or the Survey Corps, both of whom have their own reasons for wanting him. The Military Police wants Eren killed as he is seen by them as a menace, while the Survey Corps wants to use him to retake Wall Maria. As both sides get into heated arguments over Eren's Titan powers, one of the merchants siding with the Military Police accuses Mikasa of being a Titan as well, much to Eren's anger. When Eren calls out the Military Police and their supporters for their cowardice, one of them prepares to shoot him, only for Levi to beat Eren down. Despite being brutally beaten, he does not transform into a Titan, which Levi uses to show to the court that the Survey Corps can control Eren, and proposes that he is to be made part of his squad. In the end, Zackly gives Eren to the Survey Corps where Erwin and Hange Zoë welcome him. As Eren is getting treatment for his wounds, they discover that he grew back a tooth knocked out during Levi's beating. \n\n\n15\n15\n\"Special Operations Squad: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 2\"\n\"Tokubetsu Sakusen-han -Hangeki Zen'ya (2)-\" (特別作戦班 ―反撃前夜②―) \nKiyoshi Fukumoto\nHiroshi Seko\nJuly 21, 2013 (2013-07-21)\nAugust 16, 2014\n\n\nLevi and his Special Operations Squad, composed of Petra Ral, Oluo Bozado, Eld Jinn and Gunther Schultz, who are all elites chosen by him, bring Eren to the old Survey Corps headquarters where Eren will learn to control his Titan's power under their watch. As Levi orders the castle to be cleaned, Petra assures Eren that despite his rude and harsh demeanor, Levi does care about the people under his command. Meanwhile, Erwin and Mike Zacharias discuss the new recruits joining the Survey Corps and how they must prove Eren's usefulness to Military Command within a month. While discussing his powers with Levi's squad, Hange arrives and asks Eren to help her in her experiments with the two Titans they have captured, which she named Sawney and Beane. Hange is revealed to have an obsession with Titans where she treats them like people despite the many times she puts herself in danger. During her all night talks with Eren, she reveals that the Titans need sunlight to survive and their bodies are disproportionately light despite their size. But the next day, the Survey Corps discover Sawney and Beane have been killed. As Hange mourns for them, the Survey Corps deduce that the culprit is a soldier who escaped using their Omni-directional Mobility Gear, which makes Eren wonder who their true enemy is. \n\n\n16\n16\n\"What Needs to be Done Now: Eve of the Counterattack, Part 3\"\n\"Ima, Nani o Subeki ka -Hangeki Zen'ya (3)-\" (今、何をすべきか ―反撃前夜③―) \nKeisuke Onishi\nYasushi Muroya\nYasuko Kobayashi\nJuly 28, 2013 (2013-07-28)\nAugust 23, 2014\n\n\nAs the recruits are investigated over Sawney and Beane's deaths, Annie, who will be joining the Military Police later, gives advice to Armin and Connie that it is their choice to decide on which branch of the military they join. The recruits from the 104th are later greeted by Commander Erwin at the 'Decision Ceremony', where he tells them that the goal of the Survey Corps's expedition the following month is to reclaim Shiganshina and find the secret hidden in Eren's home basement. After telling the recruits of the Survey Corps's high mortality rate during each expedition, Erwin tells the recruits that they may stay and join them or leave to join the other branches. Most recruits leave, but Jean joins the Survey Corps in honor of Marco with others joining him as well including Mikasa, Armin, Reiner, Bertolt, Connie, Sasha, Krista and Ymir, despite their fears. As the Survey Corps prepare themselves for the expedition, Eren is reunited with his friends and learns what happened to the others. Jean questions whether Eren can truly control his Titan powers as they are risking their lives for him. With everything ready, the Survey Corps begin their 57th Expedition beyond the walls. \n\n\n17\n17\n\"Female Titan: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 1\"\n\"Megata no Kyojin -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (1)-\" (女型の巨人 ―第57回壁外調査①―) \nDaisuke Tokudo\nMasashi Koizuka\nHiroshi Seko\nAugust 4, 2013 (2013-08-04)\nSeptember 6, 2014\n\n\nAs the expedition gets underway, the Survey Corps assemble into their 'Long-Range Scouting Formation' wherein the Scouts spread out around the main wagon train and report by flare gun if a Titan is nearby so the group can steer to avoid them and avoid conflict if possible. After Armin's squad manages to kill an Abnormal Titan, a Titan with a feminine body suddenly appears from the right flank at high speed. Much to Armin's shock, the Female Titan's body can withstand their blades and is intelligent enough to kill his seniors easily. The Female Titan captures Armin but after removing his hood and seeing his face, she leaves him alive and continues running. Armin is picked up by Reiner and Jean, who reveals that their right flank was wiped out by the Titans, which makes Armin realize it was the Female Titan's work and she is possibly another Titan Shifter like Eren. When the three of them give conflicting sources on where Eren is in the formation, they realize the Female Titan's target is Eren and they must stop her. Despite their failed attempts to attack, she leaves them and heads towards the centre. \n\n\n18\n18\n\"Forest of Giant Trees: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 2\"\n\"Kyodaiju no Mori -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (2)-\" (巨大樹の森 ―第57回壁外調査②―) \nHiroyuki Tanaka\nShin Wakabayashi\nHiroshi Seko\nAugust 11, 2013 (2013-08-11)\nSeptember 13, 2014\n\n\nArmin, Reiner and Jean are left stranded after their encounter with the Female Titan leaves them with only one horse, but they are soon saved by Krista, who arrives with extra horses. They wait for the order to withdraw, but to their surprise, they discover their operation is continuing albeit heading in a different direction. Meanwhile, news reaches the center group about their right flank being annihilated by the Female Titan as the latter continues to wreak havoc within the formation. Soon, the whole formation reaches the Forest of Giant Trees with only the center row entering it while the rest defend the forest from Titans. Eren realizes something is wrong when his squad has no idea what Erwin's orders are and what Levi is doing. As the Female Titan chases them at their heels, the squad desperately await Levi's command to attack, but Levi instead tells his squad to cover their ears as he fires his flare gun. \n\n\n19\n19\n\"Bite: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 3\"\n\"Kamitsuku -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (3)-\" (噛み付く ―第57回壁外調査③―) \nKiyoshi Fukumoto\nTomomi Ikeda\nNoboru Takagi\nAugust 18, 2013 (2013-08-18)\nSeptember 20, 2014\n\n\nLevi fires a noise round and tells the squad to keep moving forward. With more of the rearguard getting killed by the Female Titan, Eren begs his squad to let him fight, but they tell him to trust Levi's decision. As he considers turning himself into his Titan form, Levi tells him to choose to either rely on his own strength or believe in his squad mates. Eren starts remembering when Hange, Levi and his squad had him try to transform into a Titan for experimental purposes but was unable to. During a break when he tried to pick up a teaspoon, Eren suddenly partially transformed, much to the squad's shock. They almost attacked him but Levi ordered them to stand down. Hange deduced that Eren is able to transform into a Titan not by solely injuring himself but also due to his desire to fulfill his goals. The squad apologized to Eren and told him they should trust each other. Remembering this, Eren decides to trust his squad's plan. It is then revealed that Levi's squad is bait to lure the Female Titan into an ambush where Erwin and his men fire hundreds of grappling hooks at the Female Titan, trapping her. Levi leaves his squad to meet up with Erwin to find out the identity of the Female Titan. \n\n\n20\n20\n\"Erwin Smith: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 4\"\n\"Eruvin Sumisu -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (4)\" (エルヴィン・スミス ―第57回壁外調査④―) \nShintaro Itoga\nYasuko Kobayashi\nAugust 25, 2013 (2013-08-25)\nSeptember 27, 2014\n\n\nWith the Female Titan restrained, Erwin and Levi try to figure out its identity with no success as it is able to crystallize its skin to prevent them from cutting out the human inside. Armin, Jean and the rest of Levi's squad realize it was Erwin's plan to use Eren as bait to draw out the mole within the army who joined them after the Walls fell and only told his real plan to those who were part of the Survey Corps before the fall. Meanwhile, the others wonder about what is happening inside the forest, and Levi taunts the Female Titan, prompting her to give a loud scream that draws all Titans in the vicinity to her. Despite the Survey Corps's attempt to stop them, the Titans ignore the humans and eat the Female Titan's body in a frenzy, which makes Erwin call off the expedition. However, knowing that there is no confirmation that the mole has also been eaten by the Titans, Erwin orders Levi to regroup with his squad, while the mole, disguised as a cloaked Survey Corps member, attacks Levi's squad and kills Günther. \n\n\n21\n21\n\"Crushing Blow: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 5\"\n\"Tettsui -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (5)-\" (鉄槌 ―第57回壁外調査⑤―) \nHiroyuki Tanaka\nYasushi Muroya\nNoboru Takagi\nSeptember 1, 2013 (2013-09-01)\nOctober 4, 2014\n\n\nErwin tells Hange that it was a mistake to think all humans who can transform into Titans are like Eren since the Female Titan has unique abilities far beyond that of a novice, while elsewhere the mole transforms into the Female Titan and chases after Levi's squad. Armin theorizes the mole is someone who had seen Eren transform during the invasion of the Trost District. Eren wants to transform into his Titan form, but the squad tells him to trust in their skills and keep moving forward. Petra, Oluo and Eld manage to blind the Female Titan and attempt to cut off her arms and kill her. However, the Female Titan manages to quickly regenerate her right eye and kills the three. Seeing his comrades dead, a grieving Eren transforms into his Titan form, which gets Mikasa and Levi's attention. Believing his comrades and squad's death could have been avoided if he had transformed in the first place, Eren fights the Female Titan in a long battle. The Female Titan finally defeats Eren by taking off his head and swallowing his human body. Mikasa attempts to stop the Female Titan, but to no avail. She is later joined by Levi, who tells her to keep their distance, as the Female Titan is getting tired. \n\n\n22\n22\n\"Defeated: The 57th Exterior Scouting Mission, Part 6\"\n\"Haisha-tachi -Dai Gojū-Nana Kai Hekigai Chōsa (6)-\" (敗者達 ―第57回壁外調査⑥―) \nMakoto Bessho\nShinpei Ezaki\nNoboru Takagi\nSeptember 8, 2013 (2013-09-08)\nOctober 11, 2014\n\n\nLevi, who orders Mikasa to distract the Female Titan in order to get Eren back, successfully debilitates the Female Titan at high speeds, but he injures his leg in the process when saving Mikasa from the Female Titan after leaving herself vulnerable when attempting to finish off. Mikasa then goes with Levi, who retrieves Eren from inside the mouth of the Female Titan, leaving it badly wounded and slumped against a tree. The Survey Corps mournfully retrieve the corpses of their fallen comrades, with Erwin ordering that the lost corpses be reported missing in action. However, a Scout named Dieter retrieves the corpse of his friend Ivan against this direct order, which draws the attention of two Titans to the retreating Survey Corps. Mikasa kills one of the Titans to save Dieter, who loses both Ivan's corpse and his friend Jurgen. In order to outrun the remaining Titan, Levi reluctantly orders some of the corpses, including Petra's, be disposed of in order to lighten the wagon's load. Later, Eren wakes up from a dream of his past to find himself and the Survey Corps back at town, safely behind Wall Sina. He becomes angry upon hearing the townspeople berate the Survey Corps's ineptitude, until he sees a boy who admires their bravery, which sends him into tears. All the while, a shocked Levi is questioned by Petra's father over his daughter's whereabouts, who reveals that Petra planned on devoting her life to Levi. The townspeople also become enraged and upset at Erwin over the failure of the mission and the casualties that were sustained. As a result of the failed expedition, Erwin and his subordinates are summoned to the capital, where the final decision of Eren's custody will be made. \n\n\n23\n23\n\"Smile: Assault on Stohess, Part 1\"\n\"Hohoemi -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (1)-\" (微笑み ―ストヘス区急襲①―) \nHirokazu Yamada\nHiroshi Seko\nSeptember 15, 2013 (2013-09-15)\nOctober 18, 2014\n\n\nAnnie has a dream of being trained by her father before waking up. In the Stohess District of Wall Sina, the Military Police are ordered to escort the Survey Corps convoy once they enter the capital. The Military Police are shown to be lazy and corrupt; one of Annie's colleagues, Hitch Dreyse, reveals that she joined the police for that reason. Another colleague named Marlowe Freudenberg is disgusted, revealing he joined the Military Police so he could reform it to become a better organization, which Annie respects since he reminds her of Eren. After the convoy has entered the Stohess District, Annie is secretly called by Armin in the alleyways. Armin asks for her help, as he is helping Eren escape the capital, and the one riding in the convoy is actually Jean in disguise. Although refusing at first, she finally agrees after Armin begs again, believing she is a good person. Armin leads Eren, Mikasa and Annie to an underground tunnel. However, Annie refuses to enter as she has noticed Armin behaving strangely and hidden Scouts watching her. Armin finally reveals his suspicion that Annie is the Female Titan, noting that she used Marco's Omni-directional Mobility Gear to kill Sawney and Beane and that the Female Titan did not kill him during the last expedition. Eren and Armin beg Annie to prove them wrong by following them, but knowing her identity is exposed, Annie laughs sadly and tries to transform. Despite the Scouts' attempts to bind and gag her, she succeeds in transforming using the spike in her ring. \n\n\n24\n24\n\"Mercy: Assault on Stohess, Part 2\"\n\"Jihi -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (2)-\" (慈悲 ―ストヘス区急襲②―) \nAkitoshi Yokoyama\nHiroyuki Tanaka\nYasuko Kobayashi\nSeptember 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)\nOctober 25, 2014\n\n\nA few days before Eren is escorted to the capital, Erwin and Armin reveal to him they have a plan to capture the person they believe is the Female Titan and is shocked when they tell him it is Annie. Back in the present, Eren, Mikasa and Armin manage to escape a tunnel collapse while being hunted by Annie in Titan form. Eren tries to transform but is unable to, and Mikasa suspects that his feelings for Annie are preventing him to do so. When Eren is trapped in another tunnel collapse, Mikasa and Armin distract Annie away from Eren. Meanwhile, Commander Nile Dok of the Military Police demands an explanation from Erwin on what is happening as his men hold him at gunpoint. Mikasa and the rest of the Survey Corps distract and try to capture Annie, while Armin and Jean attempt to free Eren from the rubble. Armin tells Eren that he has to fight Annie as anyone who refuses to sacrifice can never change anything. As Eren thinks about what Armin said, he remembers his hatred for the Smiling Titan who killed his mother. Eren finally transforms into the Rogue Titan and charges at Annie in a rage, smashing into a cathedral. \n\n\n25\n25\n\"Wall: Assault on Stohess, Part 3\"\n\"Kabe -Sutohesu-ku Kyūshū (3)-\" (壁 ―ストヘス区急襲③―) \nDaisuke Tokudo\nMasashi Koizuka\nShintaro Itoga\nTetsurō Araki\nYasuko Kobayashi\nSeptember 29, 2013 (2013-09-29)\nNovember 1, 2014\n\n\nInside the cathedral, a group of worshipers are crushed to their deaths, leaving the surviving priest awestruck. Eren and Annie fight each other in their Titan forms throughout the Stohess District, causing destruction and civilian deaths while Hange orders her men to stand by before they capture Annie. Meanwhile, Erwin tells Nile that he will accept responsibility for the damage his plan has caused, for which Nile has Erwin arrested and orders the Military Police to help evacuate the civilians. After exchanging several blows, a berserk Eren completely overpowers Annie, who attempts to escape by climbing up Wall Sina. However, Mikasa cuts off Annie's fingers, sending her falling. As Annie falls, she remembers her father asking for forgiveness, telling her to hate the world and asking her to promise him she will come back home. When it appears Eren is about to eat Annie, he stops once he sees her crying, and her body starts encasing itself in crystal. As Eren recuperates, he admits to Mikasa, Armin and Jean that he allowed Annie to get herself encased. As Armin and Jean wonder if sacrificing their humanity to defeat the Titans is worth the price, Erwin attends a government inquiry, where he reveals that he kept his plans secret to prevent leaks. He further explains that despite the deaths and casualties of his plan and how they cannot get any information from Annie now that she is encased, she is proof there are humans that can turn into Titans living within the walls and he plans to find and use them to launch a counterattack against the Titans. In the end, Erwin's name is cleared, Eren stays with the Survey Corps, Annie is put under the Survey Corps's custody and the rest of the 104th Top Trainees go on their different missions. In the epilogue, a piece of Wall Sina crumbles, revealing the face of a Titan within the wall. \n\n"
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"June 7, 2014"
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-5168092432397841243 | 1958 FIFA World Cup | 1958 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1958 FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search 1958 FIFA World Cup Världsmästerskapet i Fotboll Sverige 1958 1958 FIFA World Cup official logo Tournament details Host country Sweden Dates 8 -- 29 June ( 22 days ) Teams 16 ( from 3 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 12 ( in 12 host cities ) Final positions Champions Brazil ( 1st title ) Runners - up Sweden Third place France Fourth place West Germany Tournament statistics Matches played 35 Goals scored 126 ( 3.6 per match ) Attendance 819,810 ( 23,423 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Just Fontaine ( 13 goals ) Best young player Pelé ← 1954 1962 → The 1958 FIFA World Cup , the sixth staging of the World Cup , was hosted by Sweden from 8 to 29 June . The tournament was won by Brazil , who beat Sweden 5 -- 2 in the final for their first title . The tournament is also notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17 - year - old Pelé . Contents ( hide ) 1 Host selection 2 Qualification 3 Format 4 Summary 5 Final 6 Venues 7 Match officials 8 Seeding 9 Squads 10 Results 10.1 Group stage 10.1. 1 Group 1 10.1. 1.1 Play - off 10.1. 2 Group 2 10.1. 3 Group 3 10.1. 3.1 Play - off 10.1. 4 Group 4 10.1. 4.1 Play - off 10.2 Knockout stage 10.2. 1 Quarter - finals 10.2. 2 Semi-finals 10.2. 3 Match for third place 10.2. 4 Final 11 Goalscorers 12 FIFA retrospective ranking 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Argentina , Chile , Mexico , and Sweden expressed interest in hosting the tournament . Swedish delegates lobbied other countries at the FIFA Congress held in Rio de Janeiro around the opening of the 1950 World Cup finals . Sweden was awarded the 1958 tournament unopposed on 23 June 1950 . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup qualification Qualifying countries and their results The hosts ( Sweden ) and the defending champions ( West Germany ) qualified automatically . Of the remaining 14 places , nine were allocated to Europe , three to South America , one to North / Central America , and one to Asia / Africa . This World Cup saw the entry and qualification of the Soviet Union for the first time , and the only qualification of all the United Kingdom 's Home Nations : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Aside from the main European zone matches , Wales , which finished second in its group behind Czechoslovakia , was drawn into a play - off with Israel after Israel won its group by default because its three opponents , Turkey , Indonesia and Sudan , refused to play . FIFA had imposed a rule that no team would qualify without playing at least one match , something that had happened in several previous World Cups . Wales won the play - off and qualified . On 8 February 1958 , in Solna , Lennart Hyland and Sven Jerring presented the results of the draw where the qualified teams were divided into four groups . Seeding was geographical rather than by team strength , with each group containing one western European team , one eastern European team , one of the four British teams that had qualified , and one from the Americas . This tournament saw the first , and , as of 2017 , the only , appearance of Wales at a World Cup finals , and the only time that England , Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland have qualified for the same tournament . It also marked the debuts of the Soviet Union and Northern Ireland . Argentina appeared for the first time since 1934 . This would be Paraguay 's last finals appearance until 1986 , Northern Ireland 's last until 1982 , and Austria 's last until 1978 . This FIFA World Cup finals remains the only occasion on which Italy failed to qualify ( Italy did not take part in the 1930 tournament but there was no qualification for that competition ) . Other teams that failed to qualify included Uruguay , Spain and Belgium . Format ( edit ) The format of the competition changed from 1954 : 16 teams still competed in four groups of four , but this time each team played each of the other teams in its group at least once , without extra time in the event of a draw . Two points were awarded for a win and one point for a draw . If the first two teams finished on equal points then goal average would decide who was placed first and second . As in 1954 , if the second and third placed teams finished on the same points , then there would be a play - off with the winner going through . If a play - off resulted in a draw , goal average from the group games would be used to determine who went through to the next round . If the goal averages were equal then lots would have been drawn . These arrangements had not been finalised by the time the tournament started and were still being debated as it progressed . Some teams complained that a play - off match , meaning three games in five days , was too much , and before the second round of group matches FIFA informed the teams that goal average would be used before resorting to a play - off . This was overturned when the Swedish Football Association complained , ostensibly that it was wrong to change the rules mid-tournament , but also because it wanted the extra revenue from playoff matches . This was the first time that goal average was available to separate teams in a World Cup . It was used to separate the teams finishing first and second in one of the groups . However all three playoffs finished with decisive results and so it was not needed to separate the teams involved in a tied playoff . Almost all the matches kicked off simultaneously in each of the three rounds of the group phase , as did the quarter - finals and semi-finals . The exceptions were Sweden 's three group matches , all of which were televised by Sveriges Radio ; these started at other times so Swedes could attend other matches without missing their own team 's . Apart from these , one match per round was televised , and relayed across Europe by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . Many Swedes bought their first television for the World Cup . The official ball was the `` Top - Star VMbollen 1958 '' model made by Sydsvenska Läder & Remfabriks AB ( aka `` Remmen '' or `` Sydläder '' ) in Ängelholm . It was chosen from 102 candidates in a blind test by four FIFA officials . Summary ( edit ) The official 1958 FIFA World Cup poster . In Group 4 , Pelé did not play until the last of Brazil 's group games , against the Soviet Union . He failed to score , but Brazil won the game 2 -- 0 ( much thanks to an impressive exhibition of dribbling prowess by his partner Garrincha ) and the group by two points . Previously , they had drawn 0 -- 0 with England in what was the first ever goalless game in World Cup history . Eventually , the Soviet Union and England went to a playoff game , in which Anatoli Ilyin scored in the 67th minute to knock England out , while Austria had already been eliminated . The English side had been weakened by the Munich air disaster earlier in the year , which killed three internationals on the books of Manchester United , including England 's young star Duncan Edwards . Playoffs were also needed in Group 1 ( Northern Ireland beat Czechoslovakia to join the defending champions West Germany in the quarter - finals ) and Group 3 ( Wales topped Hungary to advance with hosts Sweden ) . Hungary had become a spent force after their appearance in the final of the previous tournament . They had lost their best players two years before , when they fled in the wake of the failed uprising against the communist regime . In a rather restrictive sense , from the 1954 team , only goalkeeper Gyula Grosics , defender Jozsef Bozsik and forward Nándor Hidegkuti remained . In Group 2 , Scotland faced Yugoslavia , Paraguay , and France . France topped the group , with Just Fontaine netting six goals . Yugoslavia finished second , while Scotland came in last . The quarter - finals saw France 's Just Fontaine continue in similar form as in the group stage , managing another two goals as France triumphed over Northern Ireland . West Germany 's Helmut Rahn put them into the semi-finals with a single goal against Yugoslavia , while Sweden went trough at the expense of USSR . The other game in the quarter - finals saw Pelé score the only goal against Wales . In the semi-finals , Sweden continued their strong run as they defeated West Germany 3 -- 1 in a vicious game that saw the German player Erich Juskowiak sent off ( the first ever German player to be sent off in an international game ) and German veteran forward Fritz Walter injured , which further weakened the German team ( substitutes were first allowed in the 1970 FIFA World Cup ) . In the other semi-final , Brazil and France were tied 1 - 1 for much of the first half . However , 36 minutes into the game French captain and most experienced defender Robert Jonquet suffered broken leg in a clash with Vavá , and France was down to ten men for the rest of the game ( substitutions were not allowed back then ) . Brazil dominated the rest of the match , as a Pelé hat - trick gave them a 5 -- 2 victory . Fontaine of France added one goal to his impressive tally . The third place match saw Fontaine score four more goals as France defeated West Germany 6 -- 3 . This brought his total to 13 goals in one competition , a record that still stands . Final ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup Final The final was played in Solna , in the Råsunda Stadium ; 50,000 people watched as the Brazilians went a goal down after four minutes . However Vavá equalised shortly afterwards and then put them a goal ahead before half time . In the second half Pelé outshone everyone , notching up two goals , including the first one where he lobbed the ball over Bengt Gustavsson then followed it with a precise volley shot . Zagallo added a goal in between , and Sweden managed a consolation goal . The Final saw many records made in World Cup history that still stand as of 2014 . At age 17 , Pelé simultaneously became the youngest player to participate in , score , and win a World Cup Final . Conversely , Nils Liedholm became the oldest player to score in a World Cup Final at 35 years , 263 Days . This final had the highest number of goals scored by a winning team ( 5 ) , the highest number of total goals scored ( 7 ) , and together with the 1970 and 1998 finals shares the highest goal margin of difference ( 3 ) ; Brazil played in all those three finals . The game is also notable for many firsts in FIFA World Cup . With the exception of the 1950 FIFA World Cup final group stage , this marked the first time that a World Cup host reached the final without winning it . Additionally , the match marked the first time two nations from different continents ( Europe and South America ) met in a World Cup final . It also marks the first and only World Cup hosted in Europe not won by a European team ; a feat mirrored in 2014 where a World Cup hosted in the Americas was not won by a team from the Americas for the first time , with Germany beating Argentina 1 - 0 at the final . Venues ( edit ) Borås Eskilstuna Gothenburg Halmstad Helsingborg Malmö Norrköping Örebro Sandviken Stockholm Uddevalla Västerås A map showing the locations of the venues used at the 1958 FIFA World Cup A total of twelve cities throughout the central and southern parts of Sweden hosted the tournament . FIFA regulations required at least six stadiums to have a capacity of at least 20,000 . If Denmark had qualified , the organisers had planned to use the Idrætsparken in Copenhagen for Denmark 's group matches . The Idrætsparken was renovated in 1956 with this in mind , but Denmark lost out to England in qualification . When doubts arose about whether funding would be forthcoming for rebuilding the Ullevi and Malmö Stadion , the organisers considered stadiums in Copenhagen and Oslo as contingency measures . The Rasunda Stadium was expanded from 38,000 for the World Cup by building end stands . Organising committee chairman Holger Bergérus mortgaged his house to pay for this . The new Malmö Stadion was built for the World Cup , replacing the 1896 Malmö Stadion at a new site The Idrottsparken had 4,709 seats added for the World Cup . The Social Democratic municipal government refused to pay for this until the organisers threatened to select Folkungavallen in Linköping instead . At the Rimnersvallen , a stand from the smaller Oddevallen stadium was moved to Rimnersvallen for the World Cup . The crowd at Brazil v. Austria was estimated at 21,000 , with more looking in from the adjoining hillside . The most used stadium was the Rasunda Stadium in Stockholm , which hosted 8 matches including the final , followed by the Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg ( the biggest stadium used during the tournament ) , which hosted 7 matches . Solna ( Stockholm ) Gothenburg Malmö Helsingborg Råsunda Stadium Ullevi Stadium Malmö Stadion Olympia Capacity : 52,400 Capacity : 53,500 Capacity : 30,000 Capacity : 27,000 Eskilstuna Norrköping Sandviken Uddevalla Tunavallen Idrottsparken Jernvallen Rimnersvallen Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 17,778 Borås Halmstad Örebro Västerås Ryavallen Örjans Vall Eyravallen Arosvallen Capacity : 15,000 Capacity : 15,000 Capacity : 13,000 Capacity : 10,000 Match officials ( edit ) 22 match officials were assigned to the tournament to serve as referees and assistant referees . Europe Fritz Seipelt Lucien van Nuffel Martin Macko Carl Jørgensen Arthur Ellis Reginald Leafe Arne Eriksson Maurice Guigue István Zsolt Vincenzo Orlandini Jan Bronkhorst Joaquim Campos Jack Mowat Juan Garay Gardeazábal Sten Ahlner Raymond Wyssling Nikolai Latyshev Mervyn Griffiths Leo Lemesić South America Juan Brozzi José Maria Codesal Seeding ( edit ) Western European Pot Eastern European Pot British Pot Americas Pot Sweden West Germany Austria France Czechoslovakia Hungary Soviet Union Yugoslavia England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Argentina Brazil Mexico Paraguay The geographical basis of the seeding attracted criticism , especially from Austria , who were drawn against the teams considered strongest in each of the other three pots . Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1958 FIFA World Cup squads . The team of the tournament voted by journalists was as follows : Goalkeeper : Harry Gregg Defenders : Djalma Santos , Hilderaldo Bellini , Nílton Santos Midfielders : Yuriy Voynov , Horst Szymaniak Forwards : Garrincha , Didi , Raymond Kopa , Pelé , Lennart Skoglund Although Just Fontaine got more votes than any other forward , they were split between the left and right inside forward positions . Results ( edit ) Group stage ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) The West Germans , surprise world champions four years before , were still very strong , and fielded an exciting young forward in Uwe Seeler . But this time the Germans had to contend with a real powerhouse in Argentina 's team , competing for the first time since 1934 . In fact , many experts thought Argentina had a very realistic chance of winning the World Cup this time . Czechoslovakia was a fairly strong team with a rich football tradition , and was considered to be no walk - over for the Germans or the Argentinians , but nobody expected much from tiny Northern Ireland . But the Northern Irish had already shown that they could be a danger to anyone , by knocking out double world champions Italy in the qualifying tournament for the World Cup . In the end , the Northern Irish did pull off one of the biggest upsets in World Cup Finals history by qualifying for the quarter - finals , beating Czechoslovakia in a play - off . Finishing last in the group with a − 5 goal differential was a horrible blow for Argentina , and on the way home the Argentinian team met the wrath of several thousand angry football fans at Ezeiza Airport in Buenos Aires . Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts West Germany 0 7 5 1.40 Northern Ireland 5 0.80 Czechoslovakia 8 2.00 Argentina 0 5 10 0.50 Northern Ireland finished ahead of Czechoslovakia by winning a play - off Argentina v West Germany 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Argentina 1 -- 3 West Germany Corbatta 3 ' Report Rahn 32 ' , 79 ' Seeler 42 ' Malmö Stadion , Malmö Attendance : 31,156 Referee : Leafe ( England ) Argentina forgot to bring their change strip , and borrowed the yellow shirt of host team IFK Malmö . Northern Ireland v Czechoslovakia 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Northern Ireland 1 -- 0 Czechoslovakia Cush 21 ' Report Örjans Vall , Halmstad Attendance : 10,647 Referee : Seipelt ( Austria ) West Germany v Czechoslovakia 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) West Germany 2 -- 2 Czechoslovakia Schäfer 60 ' Rahn 71 ' Report Dvořák 24 ' ( pen . ) Zikán 42 ' Olympiastadion , Helsingborg Attendance : 25,000 Referee : Ellis ( England ) Argentina v Northern Ireland 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Northern Ireland Corbatta 37 ' ( pen . ) Menéndez 56 ' Avio 60 ' Report McParland 4 ' Örjans Vall , Halmstad Attendance : 14,174 Referee : Ahlner ( Sweden ) West Germany v Northern Ireland 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) West Germany 2 -- 2 Northern Ireland Rahn 20 ' Seeler 78 ' Report McParland 18 ' , 60 ' Malmö Stadion , Malmö Attendance : 21,990 Referee : Campos ( Portugal ) Czechoslovakia v Argentina 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Czechoslovakia 6 -- 1 Argentina Dvořák 8 ' Zikán 17 ' , 39 ' Feureisl 68 ' Hovorka 81 ' , 89 ' Report Corbatta 64 ' ( pen . ) Olympiastadion , Helsingborg Attendance : 16,418 Referee : Ellis ( England ) Play - off ( edit ) Northern Ireland v Czechoslovakia 17 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Northern Ireland 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia McParland 44 ' , 97 ' Report Zikán 18 ' Malmö Stadion , Malmö Attendance : 6,196 Referee : Guigue ( France ) Group 2 ( edit ) The second group saw the largest number of goals scored in a single group in the 1958 World Cup with 31 goals in total ( ~ 5.16 goals per game ) . Just Fontaine of France scored 6 of his 13 goals in the tournament , making him the tournament 's top scorer going into the quarter - finals . None of the teams in this group had been particularly successful at previous World Cups . France , despite having hosted the 1938 event , had not achieved any real World Cup success , Yugoslavia had not been able to replicate their semi-final success of 1930 and Paraguay and Scotland were considered underdogs during the tournament . France won the group ahead of Yugoslavia and would go on to finish third . Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts France 0 11 7 1.57 Yugoslavia 0 7 6 1.17 Paraguay 9 12 0.75 Scotland 0 6 0.67 France finished ahead of Yugoslavia on goal average France v Paraguay 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) France 7 -- 3 Paraguay Fontaine 24 ' , 30 ' , 67 ' Piantoni 52 ' Wisnieski 61 ' Kopa 70 ' Vincent 83 ' Report Amarilla 20 ' , 44 ' ( pen . ) Romero 50 ' Idrottsparken , Norrköping Attendance : 16,518 Referee : Gardeazabal ( Spain ) Yugoslavia v Scotland 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Yugoslavia 1 -- 1 Scotland Petaković 6 ' Report Murray 49 ' Arosvallen , Västerås Attendance : 9,591 Referee : Wyssling ( Switzerland ) Yugoslavia v France 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Yugoslavia 3 -- 2 France Petaković 16 ' Veselinović 63 ' , 88 ' Report Fontaine 4 ' , 85 ' Arosvallen , Västerås Attendance : 12,217 Referee : Benjamin Griffiths ( Wales ) Paraguay v Scotland 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Paraguay 3 -- 2 Scotland Agüero 4 ' Ré 45 ' Parodi 73 ' Report Mudie 24 ' Collins 74 ' Idrottsparken , Norrköping Attendance : 11,665 Referee : Orlandini ( Italy ) France v Scotland 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) France 2 -- 1 Scotland Kopa 22 ' Fontaine 44 ' Report Baird 58 ' Eyravallen , Örebro Attendance : 13,554 Referee : Brozzi ( Argentina ) Paraguay v Yugoslavia 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Paraguay 3 -- 3 Yugoslavia Parodi 20 ' Agüero 52 ' Romero 80 ' Report Ognjanović 18 ' Veselinović 21 ' Rajkov 73 ' Tunavallen , Eskilstuna Attendance : 13,103 Referee : Macko ( Czechoslovakia ) Group 3 ( edit ) The Swedish hosts could count themselves lucky in ending up in a rather weak group , which they proceeded to win fairly easily with their powerful workmanlike football . The group did of course include Hungary , which had been considered by far the best team in the world some years ago -- although the Hungarians could not beat West Germany in the final of the World Cup in 1954 . But the Hungarian team had been dealt a blow by the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 , after which star players like Sándor Kocsis and Ferenc Puskás left their homeland . Striker Nándor Hidegkuti was still playing , but he was by now 36 years old and nowhere near his former form . In spite of Hungary 's recent travails , everyone expected the Hungarian players to advance from their group . The success of Wales therefore was a great surprise , but the Welsh managed to draw all the group games and then beat the once - mighty Hungarians in a play - off match to decide which nation should follow Sweden into the knock - out stage . Had goal difference been the decider , Hungary would have gone through , as the Hungarians had a goal ratio 6 -- 3 compared to 2 -- 2 of Wales . As it was , Wales had the honour of meeting Brazil in the quarterfinals and becoming the recipient of young Pelé 's first World Cup goal . The 1 -- 1 draw between Wales and Mexico was the first point scored by Mexico in a World Cup . The match between Hungary and Wales in Sandviken became the northern-most World Cup match in history . Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts Sweden 0 5 5.00 5 Wales 0 0 1.00 Hungary 6 2.00 Mexico 0 8 0.13 Wales finished ahead of Hungary by winning a play - off Sweden v Mexico 8 June 1958 14 : 00 ( CET ) Sweden 3 -- 0 Mexico Simonsson 17 ' , 64 ' Liedholm 57 ' ( pen . ) Report Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 34,107 Referee : Latychev ( Soviet Union ) Hungary v Wales 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Hungary 1 -- 1 Wales Bozsik 5 ' Report J. Charles 27 ' Jernvallen , Sandviken Attendance : 15,343 Referee : Codesal ( Uruguay ) Mexico v Wales 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Mexico 1 -- 1 Wales Belmonte 89 ' Report I. Allchurch 32 ' Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 15,150 Referee : Lemesic ( Yugoslavia ) Sweden v Hungary 12 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Sweden 2 -- 1 Hungary Hamrin 34 ' , 55 ' Report Tichy 77 ' Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 38,850 Referee : Mowat ( Scotland ) Sweden v Wales 15 June 1958 14 : 00 ( CET ) Sweden 0 -- 0 Wales Report Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 30,287 Referee : Van Nuffel ( Belgium ) Hungary v Mexico 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Hungary 4 -- 0 Mexico Tichy 19 ' , 46 ' Sándor 54 ' Bencsics 69 ' Report Jernvallen , Sandviken Attendance : 13,300 Referee : Arne Eriksson ( Finland ) Play - off ( edit ) Wales v Hungary 17 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Wales 2 -- 1 Hungary I. Allchurch 55 ' Medwin 76 ' Report Tichy 33 ' Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 2,823 Referee : Latychev ( Soviet Union ) Group 4 ( edit ) In advance the experts considered the fourth group the toughest one in this World Cup . Notwithstanding the disappointments of the previous tournaments , Brazil were considered extremely powerful , as would indeed prove to be the case . The Soviet Union were the reigning Olympic champion and Austria had won the bronze medal in the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland , four years earlier . And although England , weakened by the loss of several players at the Munich air disaster , were not considered at their very best , they were still always a formidable team . In the end , this group had the highest average attendance , even higher than Group 3 with the host nation , Sweden . The quality of the football in this group did not quite live up to expectations , however . Only 15 goals were scored in the whole group , fewer than in any of the other groups . And when England and Brazil drew 0 -- 0 , it was the first time in World Cup history that a game ended with no goals . Brazil won the group without conceding a single goal . The teenage Pelé played Brazil 's last game against the Soviet Union . He did not score but drew wild reviews for his play . The Soviet Union , in their first World Cup , took second place . Team Pld GF GA GAv Pts Brazil 0 5 0 -- 5 Soviet Union 1.00 England 0 0 1.00 Austria 0 7 0.29 The Soviet Union finished ahead of England by winning a play - off Brazil v Austria 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Brazil 3 -- 0 Austria Altafini 37 ' , 85 ' Nílton Santos 50 ' Report Rimnersvallen , Uddevalla Attendance : 17,778 Referee : Guigue ( France ) Soviet Union v England 8 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Soviet Union 2 -- 2 England Simonyan 13 ' A. Ivanov 56 ' Report Kevan 66 ' Finney 85 ' ( pen . ) Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 49,348 Referee : Zsolt ( Hungary ) Brazil v England 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Brazil 0 -- 0 England Report Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 40,895 Referee : Dusch ( West Germany ) This was the first goalless draw in World Cup finals history . Soviet Union v Austria 11 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Soviet Union 2 -- 0 Austria Ilyin 15 ' V. Ivanov 62 ' Report Ryavallen , Borås Attendance : 21,239 Referee : Jorgensen ( Denmark ) England v Austria 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) England 2 -- 2 Austria Haynes 56 ' Kevan 74 ' Report Koller 15 ' Körner 71 ' Ryavallen , Borås Attendance : 15,872 Referee : Bronkhorst ( Netherlands ) Brazil v Soviet Union 15 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Vavá 3 ' , 77 ' Report Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 50,928 Referee : Guigue ( France ) Play - off ( edit ) Soviet Union v England 17 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Soviet Union 1 -- 0 England Ilyin 69 ' Report Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 23,182 Referee : Dusch ( West Germany ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 19 June -- Gothenburg Brazil 24 June -- Solna Wales 0 Brazil 5 19 June -- Norrköping France 2 France 29 June -- Solna Northern Ireland 0 Brazil 5 19 June -- Solna Sweden 2 Sweden 24 June -- Gothenburg Soviet Union 0 Sweden Third place 19 June -- Malmö West Germany 1 28 June -- Gothenburg West Germany France 6 Yugoslavia 0 West Germany 3 Quarter - finals ( edit ) Brazil v Wales 19 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Brazil 1 -- 0 Wales Pelé 66 ' Report Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 25,923 Referee : Seipelt ( Austria ) France v Northern Ireland 19 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) France 4 -- 0 Northern Ireland Wisnieski 44 ' Fontaine 55 ' , 63 ' Piantoni 68 ' Report Idrottsparken , Norrköping Attendance : 11,800 Referee : Gardeazabal ( Spain ) Sweden v Soviet Union 19 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Sweden 2 -- 0 Soviet Union Hamrin 49 ' Simonsson 88 ' Report Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 31,900 Referee : Leafe ( England ) West Germany v Yugoslavia 19 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) West Germany 1 -- 0 Yugoslavia Rahn 12 ' Report Malmö Stadion , Malmö Attendance : 20,055 Referee : Wyssling ( Switzerland ) Semi-finals ( edit ) Brazil v France 24 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Brazil 5 -- 2 France Vavá 2 ' Didi 39 ' Pelé 52 ' , 64 ' , 75 ' Report Fontaine 9 ' Piantoni 83 ' Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 27,100 Referee : Benjamin Griffiths ( Wales ) Sweden v West Germany 24 June 1958 19 : 00 ( CET ) Sweden 3 -- 1 West Germany Skoglund 32 ' Gren 81 ' Hamrin 88 ' Report Schäfer 24 ' Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 49,471 Referee : Zsolt ( Hungary ) Match for third place ( edit ) France v West Germany 28 June 1958 17 : 00 ( CET ) France 6 -- 3 West Germany Fontaine 16 ' , 36 ' , 78 ' , 89 ' Kopa 27 ' ( pen . ) Douis 50 ' Report Cieslarczyk 18 ' Rahn 52 ' Schäfer 84 ' Ullevi , Gothenburg Attendance : 32,483 Referee : Brozzi ( Argentina ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup Final Brazil v Sweden 29 June 1958 15 : 00 ( CET ) Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden Vavá 9 ' , 32 ' Pelé 55 ' , 90 ' Zagallo 68 ' Report Liedholm 4 ' Simonsson 80 ' Råsunda Stadium , Solna Attendance : 49,737 Referee : Maurice Guigue ( France ) Goalscorers ( edit ) With 13 goals , Just Fontaine was the top scorer in the tournament . As of 2017 , no player has ever scored more goals in a single FIFA World Cup Final stage . In total , 126 goals were scored by 60 different players , with none of them credited as own goal . 13 goals Just Fontaine 6 goals Pelé Helmut Rahn 5 goals Vavá Peter McParland 4 goals Zdeněk Zikán Lajos Tichy Kurt Hamrin Agne Simonsson 3 goals Omar Oreste Corbatta Raymond Kopa Roger Piantoni Hans Schäfer Todor Veselinović 2 goals José Altafini Milan Dvořák Václav Hovorka Derek Kevan Maryan Wisnieski Juan Bautista Agüero Florencio Amarilla José Parodi Jorge Lino Romero Aleksandr Ivanov Nils Liedholm Ivor Allchurch Uwe Seeler Aleksandar Petaković 1 goal Ludovico Avio Norberto Menéndez Karl Koller Alfred Körner Didi Nílton Santos Mário Zagallo Jiří Feureisl Tom Finney Johnny Haynes Yvon Douis Jean Vincent József Bencsics József Bozsik Károly Sándor Jaime Belmonte Wilbur Cush Cayetano Ré Sammy Baird Bobby Collins Jackie Mudie Jimmy Murray Anatoli Ilyin Valentin Ivanov Nikita Simonyan Gunnar Gren Lennart Skoglund John Charles Terry Medwin Hans Cieslarczyk Radivoje Ognjanović Zdravko Rajkov FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1958 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Brazil 6 5 0 16 + 12 11 Sweden 6 12 7 + 5 9 France 6 0 23 15 + 8 8 West Germany 6 12 14 − 2 6 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Wales 5 5 5 0 5 6 Soviet Union 5 5 6 − 1 5 7 Northern Ireland 5 6 10 − 4 5 8 Yugoslavia 7 7 0 Eliminated in the group stage 9 Czechoslovakia 9 6 + 3 10 Hungary 7 5 + 2 11 England 0 5 - 1 12 Paraguay 9 12 − 3 13 Argentina 0 5 10 − 5 14 Scotland 0 6 − 2 15 Austria 0 7 − 5 16 Mexico 0 8 − 7 See also ( edit ) Conspiracy 58 , a mockumentary conspiracy theory film claiming the 1958 World Cup never happened . References ( edit ) Norlin , Arne ( 2008 ) . 1958 : När Folkhemmet Fick Fotbolls - VM ( in Swedish ) . Malmö : Ross & Tegner . ISBN 978 - 91 - 976144 - 8 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : host announcement decision '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , p. 117 Jump up ^ Norlin , pp. 130 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Top Star 1958 '' . balones-oficiales.com . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Norlin , p. 23 Jump up ^ Norlin , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Norlin , p. 27 Jump up ^ Norlin , p. 30 Jump up ^ Norlin , p. 28 Jump up ^ Norlin , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Norlin , p. 273 Jump up ^ Mundo Deportivo , 23 June 1958 ; El Grafico , 27 June 1958 . Jump up ^ Norlin , p. 57 Jump up ^ Norlin , p. 88 Jump up ^ `` 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden TM '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` page 45 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 1958 . 1958 FIFA World Cup Sweden TM , FIFA.com Details at RSSSF 1958 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Squads 1958 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Sweden Third place France Fourth place West Germany Quarter - finals Northern Ireland Soviet Union Wales Yugoslavia Group stage Argentina Austria Czechoslovakia England Hungary Mexico Paraguay Scotland 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . VIAF : 230009820 GND : 5075397 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1958_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=796139215 '' Categories : 1958 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Sweden 1957 -- 58 in Swedish football 1958 in association football June 1958 sports events Sports competitions in Malmö Sports competitions in Gothenburg 1950s in Gothenburg 1950s in Malmö Sports competitions in Sandviken Sports competitions in Uddevalla Sports competitions in Eskilstuna Sports competitions in Västerås Sports competitions in Norrköping Sports competitions in Borås Sports competitions in Örebro Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2013 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 19 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the fifa world cup in 1958 | [
"The 1958 FIFA World Cup, the sixth staging of the World Cup, was hosted by Sweden from 8 to 29 June. The tournament was won by Brazil, who beat Sweden 5–2 in the final for their first title. The tournament is also notable for marking the debut on the world stage of a then largely unknown 17-year-old Pelé."
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6604183682166860103 | Catherine Linton | Catherine Linton - wikipedia Catherine Linton Jump to : navigation , search For her mother , married name Catherine Linton , see Catherine Earnshaw . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Catherine ( Cathy ) Linton Information Nickname ( s ) Cathy Family Edgar Linton ( father ) Cathy Earnshaw ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Linton Heathcliff Hareton Earnshaw Catherine Linton ( also known as `` Young Catherine '' or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw ) is a character in Emily Brontë 's novel Wuthering Heights . She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw , and , despite Heathcliff 's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family , she eventually marries her true love , Hareton Earnshaw , re-establishing long - lost equilibrium in the story . Story ( edit ) About eleven o'clock that night was born the Catherine you saw at Wuthering Heights : a puny , seven - months ' child ; and two hours after the mother died , having never recovered sufficient consciousness to miss Heathcliff , or know Edgar . -- Nelly Dean to Mr Lockwood in Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights Cathy is the only child of Catherine and Edgar . Her mother dies a few hours after giving premature birth to her , about half - way through the novel . Her father , Edgar , calls her `` Cathy '' for the most part , while Heathcliff refers to her as `` Catherine '' , because he called her mother `` Cathy '' as an expression of his immense affection and love for her . Cathy is a very curious and mischievous girl , and , at thirteen years of age , she seeks out Wuthering Heights , the house to which she is not allowed to travel because Heathcliff , Edgar 's enemy , resides there . On arrival she meets Hareton Earnshaw , the nephew of her mother . Nelly , who travels with her , insists that he is indeed her cousin , but Cathy , genuinely amazed at his coarse , uneducated language , his dirty clothes and his savage manner , insists that there is no way that it could be so . On her second visit , which Nelly desperately tries to prevent , Heathcliff meets her for the first time , greeting her with a warm and kindly matter , although we know that he blames her for the death of his soul mate , her mother . He tells Nelly that he means no harm ; he only wants Cathy and his own son , Linton , to fall in love and be married . As a result of his encouragement , Cathy and Linton grow close . When Nelly forbids Cathy from visiting Wuthering Heights and the bitter tyrant Heathcliff , they take to writing love letters to one another . It soon becomes apparent that Heathcliff 's plans for their marriage form part of his endeavour for revenge on Edgar and his daughter : Catherine will marry Linton , be it willingly or not . Nelly finds the childish love letters and burns them . Linton 's letters , it is implied , are so beautiful that they were most likely written by Heathcliff as a means of drawing Cathy to the Heights . ... yet with touches , here and there , which , I thought , were borrowed from a more experienced source . -- Nelly Dean in Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights , p213 The relationship sinks after Nelly 's discovery , but it later emerges , to Nelly 's considerable horror , that Cathy has been making more visits to Wuthering Heights in their stead . Edgar presently falls ill with distress , and Heathcliff keeps Cathy and Nelly at the Heights until Catherine finally agrees to marry Linton . Desperate to see her father once more before he dies , she consents , and her fate at Wuthering Heights is sealed . Edgar dies , kissing his daughter on the cheek , knowing that Thrushcross Grange , the Linton household , is now in the hands of his enemy . Linton , who does not at all resemble his father , but is in almost every way like his mother , falls ill as well and dies shortly after his marriage . Heathcliff forces him in his dying moments to bequeath everything to him , nothing to Catherine . As a result , it seems that Catherine , now cold and distant because of her understandable misery , is yet another character destined for an unhappy ending . Eventually , however , she and Hareton form an unlikely romance : after long having shrugged off his attempts at winning her affection , she begins to aid him in his education . Heathcliff sees the love between the two blossom and , probably because he has a grudging soft spot for Hareton , no longer takes pleasure in degrading them . Heathcliff begins to see Hareton as an adopted son , sharing a similar life of the poor stable boy robbed of his inheritance and love . He no longer stands between Hareton and Catherine , seeing it as now a pointless endeavour and essentially as revenge against himself , and the two are finally allowed to openly love each other . Heathcliff dies and is buried next to the elder Cathy . Catherine and Hareton make plans to marry on New Year 's Day , and to reside at Thrushcross Grange . Description ( edit ) Although she is Cathy Earnshaw 's daughter , she resembles her father more in looks , with golden ringlets and fair skin . The only qualities that she inherits from her mother are the beautiful `` Earnshaw eyes '' ( which also belong to her future husband , Hareton Earnshaw ) and her wayward , mischievous spirit . At first , Catherine is gentle and kind , but a bit snobbish because of her guarded and wealthy upbringing at the Grange ; however , when reduced to a life of misery at the Heights , she grows cold , distant , and dismissive of everyone around her . It is her romance with Hareton that re-establishes her bubbly personality . Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights Characters Heathcliff Catherine Earnshaw Edgar Linton Isabella Linton Hindley Earnshaw Nelly Dean Hareton Earnshaw Catherine Linton Lockwood Adaptations Film and TV 1920 film 1939 film 1954 film 1959 Australian TV play Dil Diya Dard Liya ( 1966 ) 1964 telenovela 1970 film 1976 telenovela 1978 TV serial 1979 telenovela Hurlevent 1988 film Emily Brontë 's Wuthering Heights ( 1992 ) 1998 film 2003 film 2009 TV serial 2011 film Stage 1951 Herrmann opera 1958 Floyd opera 1992 musical Heathcliff ( 1996 musical ) Related Location Cultural references Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Linton&oldid=788225236 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1847 Characters in Wuthering Heights Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from May 2009 All articles that may contain original research Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 06 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is catherine's true love in wuthering heights | [
"Catherine Linton (also known as \"Young Catherine\" or Cathy Linton and later as Catherine Heathcliff then as Catherine Earnshaw) is a character in Emily Brontë's novel Wuthering Heights. She is the daughter of Edgar Linton and Cathy Earnshaw, and, despite Heathcliff's attempts at exacting revenge on her for the indiscretions of her family, she eventually marries her true love, Hareton Earnshaw, re-establishing long-lost equilibrium in the story."
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"Hareton Earnshaw"
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-6062572780071468446 | Isaiah Thomas (basketball) | Isaiah Thomas ( basketball ) - wikipedia Isaiah Thomas ( basketball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the active basketball player . For the retired Hall of Fame player , see Isiah Thomas . For other people with similar names , see Isiah Thomas ( disambiguation ) . Isaiah Thomas Thomas with the Boston Celtics in 2017 No. 7 -- Los Angeles Lakers Position Point guard League NBA ( 1989 - 02 - 07 ) February 7 , 1989 ( age 29 ) Tacoma , Washington Nationality American Listed height 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) Listed weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Career information High school Curtis ( University Place , Washington ) South Kent School ( South Kent , Connecticut ) College Washington ( 2008 -- 2011 ) NBA draft 2011 / Round : 2 / Pick : 60th overall Selected by the Sacramento Kings Playing career 2011 -- present Career history 2011 -- 2014 Sacramento Kings 2014 -- 2015 Phoenix Suns 2015 -- 2017 Boston Celtics 2017 -- 2018 Cleveland Cavaliers 2018 -- present Los Angeles Lakers Career highlights and awards 2 × NBA All - Star ( 2016 , 2017 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 2017 ) NBA All - Rookie Second Team ( 2012 ) AP honorable mention All - American ( 2011 ) 2 × First - team All - Pac - 10 ( 2010 , 2011 ) Second - team All - Pac - 10 ( 2009 ) 2 × Pac - 10 Tournament MVP ( 2010 , 2011 ) No. 2 retired by Washington Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Isaiah Jamar Thomas ( born February 7 , 1989 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The 5 - foot - 9 - inch ( 1.75 m ) point guard played three years of college basketball for the Washington Huskies and was a three - time all - conference selection in the Pac - 10 . After electing to forgo his senior year in college , Thomas was selected by the Sacramento Kings with the final pick in the 2011 NBA draft . He spent three seasons with the Kings before joining the Phoenix Suns in 2014 . Thomas was traded to the Boston Celtics in February 2015 and went on to earn NBA All - Star nods in 2016 and 2017 , as well as All - NBA Team honors in 2017 after leading the Celtics to the first seed in the Eastern Conference . In August 2017 , he was dealt to the Cleveland Cavaliers , who traded him midseason to the Lakers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 3.1 College statistics 4 Professional career 4.1 Sacramento Kings ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 4.2 Phoenix Suns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) 4.3 Boston Celtics ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 4.3. 1 2014 -- 15 season 4.3. 2 2015 -- 16 season 4.3. 3 2016 -- 17 season 4.4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 4.5 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 5 NBA career statistics 5.1 Regular season 5.2 Playoffs 6 Personal life 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life Thomas was named after former Detroit Pistons Hall of Fame point guard Isiah Thomas when his father , James , bet his friend that his favorite team , the Los Angeles Lakers , would defeat the Pistons in the 1989 NBA Finals ( which the Pistons won in a four - game sweep ) . Even though the younger Thomas ended up being born months before the Finals took place , James had already warmed to the name . However , his mother , Tina Baldtrip , insisted on spelling it Isaiah , as she desired a biblical name . He was born and raised in Tacoma , Washington . As a child , he had the nicknames `` Bighead '' ( or Head ) from his father and `` Zeke '' from his mother , after the other Isiah Thomas 's nickname . High School career Thomas attended Curtis Senior High School in University Place , Washington , through 11th grade , and then transferred to South Kent School in South Kent , Connecticut , to repeat the 11th grade because of academic deficiencies . He graduated from South Kent School in 2008 . At Curtis , Thomas averaged 31.2 points as a junior . He called a news briefing on April 20 , 2006 to announce his intention to sign with the University of Washington . US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Isaiah Thomas PG South Kent , Connecticut South Kent School 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m ) 170 lb ( 77 kg ) Apr 19 , 2006 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : ESPN grade : 76 Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 2 ( PG ) ; 22 ( school ) Rivals : 14 ( PG ) ; 92 ( national ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2008 Washington Basketball Commitment List '' . Rivals.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` 2008 Washington College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` Washington Huskies 2008 Player Commits '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . `` 2008 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . College career Thomas with the Washington Huskies in 2011 Thomas received blessings from Nate Robinson , the former Washington Huskies star , to wear his No. 2 jersey . In an exhibition game against Western Washington , Thomas scored 27 points on 9 - of - 12 field goals . He scored a season - high 27 points in an 81 -- 67 home win over Morgan State on December 30 , 2008 . This bettered his previous high of 19 points scored in a 74 -- 51 blowout over Florida International on November 20 . Thomas made an immediate impact upon arrival for the Washington Huskies during the 2008 -- 09 season as he averaged 15.5 points , 2.6 assists , and 3.0 rebounds per game as a true freshman . He was named Pac - 10 Freshman of the Year . As a sophomore , the scoring output continued as he raised his averages to 16.9 points , 3.2 assists and 3.9 rebounds per game . He was selected first team All - Pac - 10 . Thomas was again named first team All - Pac - 10 in his junior year . On March 12 , 2011 Thomas scored 28 points and hit a game - winning buzzer beater in overtime to lead the Huskies to victory over Arizona in the championship game of the Pac - 10 tournament . He was among the final ten candidates for the Bob Cousy Award in his junior season . On March 31 , 2011 , Thomas declared for the NBA draft , forgoing his final year of college eligibility . College statistics Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2008 -- 09 Washington 35 34 28.4 . 418 . 291 . 686 3.0 2.6 1.1 . 1 15.5 2009 -- 10 Washington 35 35 31.1 . 415 . 327 . 732 3.9 3.2 1.1 . 1 16.9 2010 -- 11 Washington 35 35 31.9 . 445 . 349 . 719 3.5 6.1 1.3 . 1 16.8 Career 105 104 30.5 . 426 . 322 . 736 3.5 4.0 . 1 16.4 Professional career Sacramento Kings ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Thomas with the Sacramento Kings in 2013 Before the 2011 NBA draft , Thomas participated in his own pre-draft documentary entitled `` Road To The NBA - The Isaiah Thomas Story '' . Thomas was drafted as the 60th pick by the Sacramento Kings in the second round of the 2011 NBA draft . He was the final pick in the draft . On February 19 , 2012 , Thomas recorded his first double - double with 23 points and 11 assists against the Cleveland Cavaliers . On March 1 , 2012 , Thomas was named the February Western Conference NBA Rookie of the Month after averaging 12.2 points and 4.4 assists per game in February . This was the first time someone who was picked last in the NBA draft won the Rookie of the Month award . On April 2 , 2012 Thomas was once again named Western Conference NBA Rookie of the Month after averaging 13.6 points and 4.9 assists per game in the month of March . Thomas was also named to the NBA All - Rookie Second Team and finished seventh in NBA Rookie of the Year voting . On January 19 , 2014 , Thomas scored a then career - high 38 points in a loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder . Five days later , he tied this total against the Indiana Pacers . On March 18 , 2014 , he recorded his first career triple - double with 24 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds in a 117 -- 111 overtime win over the Washington Wizards ; giving him status as the shortest player to ever record a triple - double in the NBA . During the 2013 -- 14 season , Thomas joined the likes of Calvin Murphy ( twice ) , Dana Barros , Damon Stoudamire , and Michael Adams as the only players under 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) tall to average over 20 points per game and 6 assists per game in a season . Thomas was immensely popular during his three seasons in Sacramento . His support and frequent appearances at City Council meetings during the Kings ' relocation saga endeared him to fans . Phoenix Suns ( 2014 -- 2015 ) On July 12 , 2014 , Thomas was acquired by the Phoenix Suns in a sign - and - trade deal that also sent the rights of Alex Oriakhi to the Kings . On August 14 , 2014 , Thomas underwent a successful arthroscopy of his left wrist , for an injury he sustained in the previous season . He went on to make his debut for the Suns in the team 's season - opener against the Los Angeles Lakers . He recorded 23 points , 3 assists and 1 rebound in an 119 -- 99 win . In the Suns ' next game on October 31 , Thomas again recorded 23 points in a 94 -- 89 win over the San Antonio Spurs , becoming just the fourth Sun , joining Tom Chambers , A.C. Green , and Tom Gugliotta , to score at least 23 points in his first two games with the team . After missing eight games with an ankle injury , Thomas returned to action on December 12 as he scored 10 points in the Suns ' 103 -- 105 loss to the Detroit Pistons . On January 21 , 2015 , He recorded a season - high 27 points off the bench in an 118 -- 113 victory over the Portland Trail Blazers . On February 5 , Thomas was announced as a contestant for the NBA Skills Challenge , making him the shortest contestant to ever participate in the event . Boston Celtics ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 2014 -- 15 season On February 19 , 2015 , Thomas was traded to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Marcus Thornton and a 2016 first - round pick . Three days later , he made his debut for the Celtics in a 118 -- 111 overtime loss to the Los Angeles Lakers , scoring 21 points off the bench . On March 2 , 2015 , he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , February 23 through Sunday , March 1 . He later missed eight games throughout March with a bruised lower back . On April 8 , 2015 , he scored a season - high 34 points in a 113 -- 103 win over the Detroit Pistons . He subsequently earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for games played Monday , April 6 through Sunday , April 12 . In his first career playoff game on April 19 , Thomas recorded 22 points and 10 assists in a first - round Game 1 loss to the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Celtics went on to lose to the Cavaliers in a four - game clean sweep , as Thomas averaged 17.5 points and 7.0 assists per game over the series . As a result of his sixth - man role with both Phoenix and Boston in 2014 -- 15 , Thomas finished second in the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award voting with 324 points , including 33 first - place votes . 2015 -- 16 season On December 16 , 2015 , Thomas tied his then career high of 38 points in a 119 -- 116 loss to the Detroit Pistons . On January 28 , 2016 , he was named an Eastern Conference All - Star reserve for the 2016 NBA All - Star Game . Thomas became the lowest draft pick to be named an All - Star since the NBA draft was reduced to two rounds in 1989 . He also became just the ninth player under 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) to be named an All - Star , while also tying Calvin Murphy as the shortest player to be selected for the All - Star Game . On February 8 , 2016 , he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , February 1 through Sunday , February 7 . Thomas led the Celtics to a 4 -- 0 week , including a road victory against the Eastern Conference - leading Cleveland Cavaliers , and averaged 20.3 points ( 12th in the East ) , 7.0 assists ( tied for fourth in the conference ) and 4.5 rebounds . With the Celtics down 2 -- 0 to the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the 2016 playoffs , Thomas scored a then career - high 42 points in Game 3 in Boston to lift the Celtics to a 111 -- 103 win . He became just the ninth Celtic to score 40 points in a playoff game . With 28 points in Game 4 , Thomas helped the Celtics even the series at 2 -- 2 with a 104 -- 95 overtime win . However , the Celtics went on to lose the series 4 -- 2 . 2016 -- 17 season Thomas attacking the basket in January 2017 Over the first 21 games of the 2016 -- 17 season , Thomas scored 20 points or more in every contest but one . After returning from a four - game absence in early December with a groin strain , Thomas continued to put up big numbers . On December 20 , he scored a then career - high 44 points , including 36 after halftime , in a 112 -- 109 overtime win over the Memphis Grizzlies . He also matched his career best for three - pointers , going 7 - of - 10 from outside the arc . He subsequently earned Eastern Conference Player of the Week honors for games played Monday , December 19 through Sunday , December 25 . On December 30 against Miami , he scored 29 of his career - high 52 points in the fourth quarter , setting a franchise record for points in a period and leading Boston to a 117 -- 114 victory over the Heat . Thomas hit six of his nine three - pointers in the fourth and broke the franchise record of 24 points in a quarter set by Larry Bird in 1983 and matched by Todd Day in 1995 . Thomas ' 52 points was the fourth - highest scoring total in Celtics history -- Bird holds the record with 60 points in March 1985 . On January 3 , 2017 , Thomas recorded 29 points and a career - high 15 assists in a 115 -- 104 win over the Utah Jazz . On January 21 , he had a 41 - point effort in a 127 -- 123 overtime loss to the Portland Trail Blazers , marking his 14th 30 - plus point game of the season . On January 26 , he was named an Eastern Conference All - Star reserve for the 2017 NBA All - Star Game . Thomas averaged 32.9 points in January , marking the third - highest monthly average in team history -- Paul Pierce averaged 33.5 in February 2006 , and Larry Bird averaged 33.1 points in February 1988 . On February 2 , he was named Eastern Conference Player of the Month for January . He led the NBA in scoring ( 32.9 ppg ) and tied for fifth in the East in assists ( 6.9 apg ) for the month as the Celtics went 10 -- 4 to take over first place in the Atlantic Division . On February 15 , he scored 33 points in a 116 -- 108 win over the Philadelphia 76ers . It was his 40th straight 20 - point game , tying the team record set by John Havlicek during the 1971 -- 72 season . The following day , he had 29 points in a 104 -- 103 loss to the Chicago Bulls , going 8 for 18 from the field in his 41st straight game with at least 20 points , breaking Havlicek 's team record . With just 19 points against the Atlanta Hawks on February 27 , Thomas ' franchise - record streak of consecutive 20 - point games ended at 43 . It was just the second time this season he did not register at least 20 points in a game . On March 12 against Chicago , Thomas hit his 200th three - point shot of the season , becoming the third Celtics player all - time to reach that mark along with Antoine Walker and Paul Pierce . With 32 points against the Milwaukee Bucks on March 29 , Thomas became just the sixth Celtic ever to score 2,000 points in a single season . He also extended his streak with at least one three - pointer to a franchise - best 50 straight games . Thomas led the Celtics to a first - round win over the Chicago Bulls in a haze after learning the day before the series began that his younger sister , Chyna Thomas , had died in a car accident outside of his native Tacoma , Washington . After defeating the Bulls 4 -- 2 , he flew cross-country to attend her funeral . He returned to Boston for Game 1 of the Eastern Conference semifinals and had 33 points and nine assists in helping the Celtics defeat the Washington Wizards 123 -- 111 . In Game 2 against Washington , Thomas scored 53 points -- the second - highest total in Celtics playoff history -- to help Boston win 129 -- 119 in overtime and take a 2 -- 0 lead in the series . He became just the fifth Celtic to score 50 or more points in a postseason game , missing John Havlicek 's team record by one point . In Game 7 against Washington , Thomas scored 29 points and had 12 assists to help the Celtics advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2012 with a 115 -- 105 win and a 4 -- 3 series victory . After losing the first two games of the conference finals to the Cleveland Cavaliers , Thomas was ruled out for the remainder of the postseason with a hip injury . Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) On August 22 , 2017 , Thomas was traded , along with Jae Crowder , Ante Žižić , and the Brooklyn Nets ' unprotected 2018 first - round draft pick , to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving . However , during the post-trade physical examination by Cleveland staff , concerns were raised about the health of Thomas ' previously injured hip . As a result , eight days after the deal was announced , the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second - round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade . It was later reported that Thomas had been playing with a number of secondary issues in his hip , such as a loss of cartilage and some arthritis , for a number of seasons . On September 25 , 2017 , the Cavaliers deemed him a possibility of playing by the end of the year . On December 21 , 2017 , Thomas scrimmaged with the Canton Charge of the NBA G League and dressed for the first time since joining the Cavaliers , suiting up but not playing against the Chicago Bulls . On January 2 , 2018 , Thomas made his long - awaited debut for the Cavaliers , scoring 17 points in 19 minutes off the bench in a 127 -- 110 win over the Portland Trail Blazers . A day later , Thomas returned to TD Garden . Although he did not play in the Cavaliers ' 102 -- 88 loss to the Celtics , Thomas received a standing ovation from the Celtics ' fans . On January 6 , he had 19 points and four assists in his second appearance and first start of the season in a 131 -- 127 win over the Orlando Magic . On January 20 , he scored a season - high 24 points in a 148 -- 124 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder . Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) On February 8 , 2018 , the Cavaliers traded Thomas , Channing Frye and a 2018 first - round draft pick to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr . In his debut for the Lakers two days later , Thomas scored 22 points off the bench in a 130 -- 123 loss to the Dallas Mavericks . On February 14 , in his second game with the Lakers , Thomas was ejected in the first quarter after an altercation with the New Orleans Pelicans ' point guard Rajon Rondo . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2011 -- 12 Sacramento 65 37 25.5 . 448 . 379 . 832 2.6 4.1 . 8 . 1 11.5 2012 -- 13 Sacramento 79 62 26.9 . 440 . 358 . 882 2.0 4.0 . 8 . 0 13.9 2013 -- 14 Sacramento 72 54 34.7 . 453 . 349 . 850 2.9 6.3 1.3 . 1 20.3 2014 -- 15 Phoenix 46 25.7 . 426 . 391 . 872 2.4 3.7 1.0 . 1 15.2 2014 -- 15 Boston 21 0 26.0 . 411 . 345 . 861 2.1 5.4 . 6 . 0 19.0 2015 -- 16 Boston 82 79 32.2 . 428 . 359 . 871 3.0 6.2 1.1 . 1 22.2 2016 -- 17 Boston 76 76 33.8 . 463 . 379 . 909 2.7 5.9 . 9 . 2 28.9 2017 -- 18 Cleveland 15 14 27.1 . 361 . 253 . 868 2.1 4.5 . 6 . 1 14.7 Career 456 323 30.0 . 441 . 363 . 875 2.6 5.1 1.0 . 1 19.0 All - Star 0 18.4 . 423 . 333 1.000 1.7 1.8 . 5 0 14.8 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2015 Boston 0 29.8 . 333 . 167 . 969 3.0 7.0 . 8 . 0 17.5 2016 Boston 6 6 36.7 . 395 . 283 . 809 3.0 5.0 . 7 . 8 24.2 2017 Boston 15 15 34.7 . 425 . 333 . 820 3.1 6.7 . 9 . 1 23.3 Career 25 21 34.4 . 406 . 302 . 842 3.1 6.3 . 8 . 3 22.6 Personal life Thomas 's sister , Chyna , died in a one - car accident on Interstate 5 in Federal Way , Washington on April 15 , 2017 . See also List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history References Jump up ^ Torre , Pablo S. ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` The Name of the Game '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( February 15 , 2012 ) . `` Knicks fans boo Isaiah Thomas '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miles , Todd ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas has a new home in Tacoma : His own basketball court '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Little Man , Big Shots '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Huskies -- Isaiah Thomas ready to play basketball for Huskies '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis ' Isaiah Thomas likely to choose UW '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Huskies -- UW Men 's Basketball -- No. 2 man Isaiah Thomas expects big returns '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Morgan State vs. Washington -- Game Recap -- December 30 , 2008 -- ESPN '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Biography '' . GoHuskies.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BASKETBALL HALL OF FAME ANNOUNCES FINAL TEN CANDIDATES FOR 2011 BOB COUSY AWARD '' ( PDF ) . Bob Cousy Award . February 7 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sports Now '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Allen , Percy ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Husky Men 's Basketball Blog Road To The NBA -- The Isaiah Thomas Story '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland 's Kyrie Irving and Sacramento 's Isaiah Thomas Named Rookies of the Month '' . March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Named NBA Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March '' . sacramentokings.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shiller , Drew . `` Thompson named to All - Rookie First Team , Thomas to Second Team '' . csnbayarea.com . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kings at Thunder '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizards at Kings '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coughenour , Jim ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` New Phoenix Suns PG Isaiah Thomas provides bang for the buck '' . Bright Side Of The Sun . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Voisin , Ailene ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Celtics ' Isaiah Thomas gets the last laugh '' . sacbee.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Complete Sign - and - Trade for Isaiah Thomas '' . NBA.com . Phoenix Suns . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Thomas Undergoes Successful Procedure '' . Phoenix Suns . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers at Suns '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas helps Suns surge past Spurs '' . Times Colonist . Glacier Community Media . The Sports Network . October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons at Suns '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas to Compete in 2015 Skills Challenge '' . Phoenix Suns . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Thomas From Phoenix '' . NBA.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers stop 7 - game losing streak with OT win over Celtics '' . NBA.com . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . March 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cox , Zack ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas To Return For Celtics Vs. Heat After Eight - Game Absence '' . NESN.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics eliminate Pistons from race , 113 -- 103 '' . NBA.com. April 8 , 2015 . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Big 3 '' lead Cavaliers past Celtics 113 -- 100 in Game 1 `` . NBA.com. April 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors ' Lou Williams wins 2014 -- 15 Kia NBA Sixth Man Award '' . NBA.com. April 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caldwell - Pope scores 31 points , Pistons beat Celtics 119 -- 116 '' . NBA.com . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Amico , Marc ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` No Debate : Isaiah Thomas is an All - Star '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Forsberg , Chris ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Celtics guard Isaiah Thomas earns first All - Star nod '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Named Eastern Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 42 , lifts Celtics over Hawks 111 -- 103 in Game 3 '' . NBA.com. April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics beat Hawks 104 -- 95 in OT , series tied 2 -- 2 '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas 2016 -- 17 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 26 points to lead Celtics over Hornets , 96 -- 88 '' . ESPN.com . December 16 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores career - high 44 , Celtics beat Grizzlies in OT '' . ESPN.com . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas , Russell Westbrook named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas scores 52 for Celtics in 117 -- 114 win over Miami '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas ' 29 points , 15 assists send Celtics past Jazz 115 -- 104 '' . ESPN.com . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lillard , McCollum carry Portland to OT win over Boston '' . ESPN.com . January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Lang ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Warriors , Cavaliers dominate selections for NBA All - Star 2017 as reserves are revealed '' . NBA.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 41 for Celtics in 113 -- 109 win over Pistons '' . ESPN.com . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Curry and Durant named players of month for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 33 , Celtics hold off late push by 76ers '' . ESPN.com . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Butler lifts Bulls to 104 -- 103 victory over Celtics '' . ESPN.com . February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks prevail 114 -- 98 in scrappy showdown with Celtics '' . ESPN.com . February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas has 22 , does wave , Celtics hand Bulls 5th loss in row '' . ESPN.com . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bucks fend off late Celtics rally in 103 -- 100 win '' . ESPN.com . March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas ' 33 , Celtics ' 3s too much for Wizards in 123 -- 111 win '' . ESPN.com. April 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas scores 53 , Celtics beat Wizards 129 -- 119 in OT '' . ESPN.com . May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics power past Wizards in Game 7 , 115 -- 105 '' . ESPN.com . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Isaiah Thomas Ruled Out for Remainder of Playoffs '' . NBA.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Acquire Four - Time All - Star Kyrie Irving '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 27 , 2017 ) . `` Cleveland Cavaliers plan to seek additional compensation from Boston Celtics '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Cavs add 2nd - round pick from Celtics to complete Kyrie Irving - Isaiah Thomas trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Jason ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Lloyd : So few answers raise even more questions about Isaiah Thomas ' health '' . theathletic.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cavaliers expect Isaiah Thomas to play by January '' . NBA.com . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron , Cavs win 12th straight at home , 115 - 112 over Bulls '' . ESPN.com . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Cavaliers guard Isaiah Thomas in uniform vs. Bulls '' . NBA.com . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas has smashing debut as Cavs down Trail Blazers 127 - 110 '' . ESPN.com . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas gets standing O , all ' good ' with Ainge '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James assist short of triple - double in Cavs ' win '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` George scores 36 , Thunder blast LeBron , Cavs 148 - 124 '' . ESPN.com . January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Acquire Isaiah Thomas , Channing Frye in Trade with Cleveland '' . NBA.com . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nowitzki , Mavs spoil Thomas debut in 130 - 123 win over Lakers '' . ESPN.com . February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Owens , Jason ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas : Rajon Rondo brought up Boston beef before scuffle , dual ejections '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sailor , Craig ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` NBA star Isaiah Thomas ' sister killed in Federal Way accident on I - 5 '' . The News Tribune . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Isaiah Thomas ( basketball ) . Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com University of Washington bio Los Angeles Lakers current roster 0 Kuzma 1 Caldwell - Pope 2 Ball 3 Brewer 4 Caruso ( TW ) 5 Hart 7 Thomas 9 Deng 10 Ennis 11 Lopez 12 Frye 14 Ingram 23 Payton ( TW ) 30 Randle 31 Bryant 40 Zubac Head coach : Walton Assistant coaches : Buechler Keefe Madsen Mermuys Moser Murray Owens Robertson Shaw 2011 NBA draft First round Kyrie Irving Derrick Williams Enes Kanter Tristan Thompson Jonas Valančiūnas Jan Veselý Bismack Biyombo Brandon Knight Kemba Walker Jimmer Fredette Klay Thompson Alec Burks Markieff Morris Marcus Morris Kawhi Leonard Nikola Vučević Iman Shumpert Chris Singleton Tobias Harris Donatas Motiejūnas Nolan Smith Kenneth Faried Nikola Mirotić Reggie Jackson MarShon Brooks Jordan Hamilton JaJuan Johnson Norris Cole Cory Joseph Jimmy Butler Second round Bojan Bogdanović Justin Harper Kyle Singler Shelvin Mack Tyler Honeycutt Jordan Williams Trey Thompkins Chandler Parsons Jeremy Tyler Jon Leuer Darius Morris Dāvis Bertāns Malcolm Lee Charles Jenkins Josh Harrellson Andrew Goudelock Travis Leslie Keith Benson Josh Selby Lavoy Allen Jon Diebler Vernon Macklin DeAndre Liggins Milan Mačvan E'Twaun Moore Chukwudiebere Maduabum Tanguy Ngombo Ater Majok Ádám Hanga Isaiah Thomas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isaiah_Thomas_(basketball)&oldid=826817844 '' Categories : 1989 births Living people African - American basketball players American men 's basketball players Basketball players from Washington ( state ) Boston Celtics players Cleveland Cavaliers players Los Angeles Lakers players National Basketball Association All - Stars Phoenix Suns players Point guards Sacramento Kings draft picks Sacramento Kings players South Kent School alumni Sportspeople from Tacoma , Washington Washington Huskies men 's basketball players Hidden categories : Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 February 2018 , at 04 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did isaiah thomas go to the cavs | [
"On August 22, 2017, Thomas was traded, along with Jae Crowder, Ante Žižić, and the Brooklyn Nets' unprotected 2018 first-round draft pick, to the Cleveland Cavaliers in exchange for Kyrie Irving.[59] However, during the post-trade physical examination by Cleveland staff, concerns were raised about the health of Thomas' previously injured hip.[60] As a result, eight days after the deal was announced, the Celtics agreed to send the Cavaliers a 2020 second-round draft pick via the Miami Heat to complete the trade.[61] It was later reported that Thomas had been playing with a number of secondary issues in his hip, such as a loss of cartilage and some arthritis, for a number of seasons.[62] On September 25, 2017, the Cavaliers deemed him a possibility of playing by the end of the year.[63] On December 21, 2017, Thomas scrimmaged with the Canton Charge of the NBA G League and dressed for the first time since joining the Cavaliers, suiting up but not playing against the Chicago Bulls.[64][65] On January 2, 2018, Thomas made his long-awaited debut for the Cavaliers, scoring 17 points in 19 minutes off the bench in a 127–110 win over the Portland Trail Blazers.[66] A day later, Thomas returned to TD Garden.[67] Although he did not play in the Cavaliers' 102–88 loss to the Celtics, Thomas received a standing ovation from the Celtics' fans.[67] On January 6, he had 19 points and four assists in his second appearance and first start of the season in a 131–127 win over the Orlando Magic.[68] On January 20, he scored a season-high 24 points in a 148–124 loss to the Oklahoma City Thunder.[69]"
] | [
"August 22, 2017"
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5286603374327496790 | Notre Dame Fighting Irish football | Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football - wikipedia Notre Dame Fighting Irish Football Notre Dame Fighting Irish 2018 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team First season 1887 ( 1887 ) Athletic director Jack Swarbrick Head coach Brian Kelly 9th season , 72 -- 34 (. 679 ) Other staff Chip Long ( OC ) Clark Lea ( DC ) Brian Polian ( ST ) Stadium Notre Dame Stadium ( Renovated 2015 ) ( Capacity : 77,622 ) Year built 1930 Field surface Natural grass ( 1930 -- 2013 ) FieldTurf ( 2014 -- present ) Location Notre Dame , Indiana NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Independent All - time record 890 -- 324 -- 42 (. 725 ) Bowl record 18 -- 18 (. 500 ) Claimed nat'l titles 11 ( 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 11 Rivalries Michigan Wolverines ( rivalry ) Michigan State Spartans ( rivalry ) Navy Midshipmen ( rivalry ) USC Trojans ( rivalry ) Heisman winners 7 John Huarte , Paul Hornung , John Lattner , Leon Hart , Johnny Lujack , Angelo Bertelli , Tim Brown Consensus All - Americans 101 Current uniform Colors Blue and Gold Fight song Victory March Mascot Notre Dame Leprechaun Marching band Band of the Fighting Irish Outfitter Under Armour Website www.und.com The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame , Indiana . The team is currently coached by Brian Kelly and plays its home games at the campus 's Notre Dame Stadium , which has a capacity of 77,622 . Notre Dame is one of six schools that competes as an Independent at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision level ; however , they play five games a year against opponents from the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , which Notre Dame is a member of in all other sports except ice hockey . Notre Dame is one of the most iconic and successful programs in college football . The school claims 11 national championships , but the NCAA recognizes the school with 13 . Moreover , Notre Dame has 21 national championships recognized by all major selectors ; this is tied with Alabama for the most in the FBS . Notre Dame and Ohio State share the record of seven Heisman Trophy winners , but Notre Dame leads Ohio State by the number of individual winners . Notre Dame has produced 101 consensus All - Americans , 34 unanimous All - Americans , 52 members of the College Football Hall of Fame , and 13 members of the NFL Hall of Fame , all NCAA records . Notre Dame has had 495 players selected in the NFL Draft , second only to USC . All Notre Dame home games have been televised by NBC since 1991 , and Notre Dame is the only school to have such a contract . It was the only independent program to be part of the Bowl Championship Series coalition and its guaranteed payout , and it has one of the largest , most widespread fan bases in college football . These factors help make Notre Dame one of the most financially valuable football programs in the country , which allows the school to remain an independent . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1887 -- 1917 ) 1.2 Knute Rockne era ( 1918 -- 1930 ) 1.3 Heartley Anderson ( 1931 -- 1933 ) 1.4 Elmer Layden ( 1934 -- 1940 ) 1.5 Frank Leahy era ( 1941 -- 1953 ) 1.6 Terry Brennan ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 1.7 Joe Kuharich ( 1959 -- 1963 ) 1.8 Ara Parseghian era ( 1964 -- 1974 ) 1.9 Dan Devine ( 1975 -- 1980 ) 1.10 Gerry Faust ( 1981 -- 1985 ) 1.11 Lou Holtz era ( 1986 -- 1996 ) 1.12 Bob Davie ( 1997 -- 2001 ) 1.12. 1 George O'Leary controversy 1.13 Tyrone Willingham ( 2002 -- 2004 ) 1.14 Charlie Weis ( 2005 -- 2009 ) 1.15 Brian Kelly ( 2010 -- present ) 2 Championships and distinctions 2.1 National championships 2.2 Appearances in the final Associated Press poll 2.3 Team Awards 2.4 Distinctions 2.5 Number one vs. number two 2.6 Historic games 3 All - time records 3.1 Season records 3.2 In - State NCAA Division I record 3.3 Coaching records 3.4 Bowl games 3.5 Shamrock Series 4 Players and coaches 4.1 Heisman Trophy 4.2 Other National Award Winners 4.3 Coaching Awards 4.4 Team Awards 4.5 College Football Hall of Fame 5 Current roster 6 Current coaching staff 7 Uniforms 8 Facilities 8.1 Notre Dame Stadium 8.2 Cartier Field 8.3 Guglielmino Athletics Complex 9 Rivalries 9.1 USC Trojans 9.2 Navy Midshipmen 9.3 Michigan Wolverines 9.4 Michigan State Spartans 10 Game day traditions 11 Irish in the NFL 11.1 Pro Football Hall of Fame 11.2 Current NFL players 12 Media 12.1 Television 12.1. 1 Current broadcast team 12.2 Radio 12.2. 1 Current broadcast team 12.2. 2 Former commentators 13 Future schedules 13.1 2019 13.2 2020 13.3 2021 13.4 2022 13.5 2023 13.6 2024 13.7 2025 13.8 2026 13.9 2027 13.10 2028 13.11 2029 14 References 15 External links History Main article : History of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football See also : List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons Early history ( 1887 -- 1917 ) 1913 squad , with Captain Knute Rockne holding ball Football did not have an auspicious beginning at the University of Notre Dame . In their inaugural game on November 23 , 1887 , the Irish lost to Michigan by a score of 8 -- 0 . Their first win came in the final game of the 1888 season when the Irish defeated Harvard Prep School of Chicago by a score of 20 -- 0 . At the end of the 1888 season they had a record of 1 -- 3 with all three losses being at the hands of Michigan by a combined score of 43 -- 9 . Between 1887 and 1899 Notre Dame compiled a record of 31 wins , 15 losses , and four ties against a diverse variety of opponents ranging from local high school teams to other universities . In 1894 , James L. Morison was hired as Notre Dame 's first head football coach . Notre Dame took a significant step toward respectability , prominence , and stability when they hired Morison . He wrote an acquaintance after his first day on the job : `` I arrived here ( Notre Dame ) this morning and found about as green a set of football players that ever donned a uniform ... They want to smoke , and when I told them that they would have to run and get up some wind , they thought I was rubbing it in on them . `` One big , strong cuss remarked that it was too much like work . Well , maybe you think I did n't give him hell ! I bet you a hundred no one ever makes a remark like that again . '' Morrison had been hired for $40 plus expenses for two weeks . In 1908 , the win over Franklin saw end Fay Wood catch the first touchdown pass in Notre Dame history . Notre Dame continued its success near the turn of the century and achieved their first victory over Michigan in 1909 by the score of 11 -- 3 after which Michigan refused to play Notre Dame again for 33 years . By the end of the 1912 season they had amassed a record of 108 wins , 31 losses , and 13 ties . Rockne running for a touchdown against Army , 1913 . Jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917 . During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins , five losses , and one tie . This period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalry with Michigan State . In 1913 , Notre Dame burst into the national consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest . In an effort to gain respect for a regionally successful but small - time Midwestern football program , Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas , Penn State , and Army . On November 1 , 1913 , the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35 -- 13 in a game played at West Point . Led by quarterback Gus Dorais and end Knute Rockne -- who was soon to be legendary coach -- the Notre Dame team attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful running game but also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais to Rockne . This game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass . Prior to this contest , receivers would come to a full - stop and wait on the ball to come to them , but in this contest , Dorais threw to Rockne in stride , changing the forward pass from a seldom - used play into the dominant ball - moving strategy that it is today . Knute Rockne era ( 1918 -- 1930 ) Coach Rockne Irish assistant Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918 . Under Rockne , the Irish would post a record of 105 wins , 12 losses , and five ties . The 105 wins account for 12.3 % of all wins in Notre Dame football history . During his 13 years , the Irish won three national championships , had five undefeated seasons , won the Rose Bowl in 1925 , and produced players such as George Gipp and the `` Four Horsemen '' . Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (. 881 ) in NCAA Division I / FBS football history . Rockne 's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7 -- 2 -- 2 scheme . Rockne took over in the war - torn season of 1918 and posted a 3 -- 1 -- 2 record ; he lost only to the Michigan Agricultural Aggies . He made his coaching debut on September 28 , 1918 , against Case Tech in Cleveland , Ohio and earned a 26 -- 6 victory . Leonard Bahan , George Gipp , and Curly Lambeau were in the backfield . With Gipp , Rockne had an ideal handler of the forward pass . The 1919 team had Rockne handle the line and Gus Dorais handle the backfield . The team went undefeated and won the national championship . George Gipp , `` The Gipper '' Gipp died at age 25 on December 14 , 1920 , just two weeks after Walter Camp elected him as Notre Dame 's first All - American . Gipp likely contracted strep throat and pneumonia while giving punting lessons after his final game on November 20 against Northwestern . Since antibiotics were not available in the 1920s , treatment options for such infections were limited and they could be fatal even to young , healthy individuals . Rockne was speaking to Gipper on his hospital bed when he was purported to have delivered the famous , `` Win one for the Gipper '' line . Roger Kiley John Mohardt led the 1921 Notre Dame team to a 10 -- 1 record with 781 rushing yards , 995 passing yards , 12 rushing touchdowns , and nine passing touchdowns . Grantland Rice wrote that `` Mohardt could throw the ball to within a foot or two of any given space '' and noted that the 1921 Notre Dame team `` was the first team we know of to build its attack around a forward passing game , rather than use a forward passing game as a mere aid to the running game . '' Mohardt had both Eddie Anderson and Roger Kiley at end to receive his passes . The national champion 1924 team included the `` Four Horsemen '' backfield of Harry Stuhldreher , Don Miller , Jim Crowley , and Elmer Layden . The line was known as the `` Seven Mules '' . The Irish capped an undefeated , 10 -- 0 season with a victory over Stanford in the Rose Bowl . The 1926 team beat Army and was led by Christie Flanagan . For all his success , Rockne also made what an Associated Press writer called `` one of the greatest coaching blunders in history . '' Instead of coaching his team against Carnegie Tech , Rockne traveled to Chicago for the Army -- Navy Game to `` write newspaper articles about it , as well as select an All - America football team . '' Carnegie Tech used the coach 's absence as motivation for a 19 -- 0 win ; the upset likely cost the Irish a chance for a national title . The 1928 team lost to national champion Georgia Tech . `` I sat at Grant Field and saw a magnificent Notre Dame team suddenly recoil before the furious pounding of one man -- Peter Pund , '' said Rockne . `` Nobody could stop him . I counted 20 scoring plays that this man ruined . '' Among the events that occurred during Rockne 's tenure none may be more famous than the Rockne 's Win one for the Gipper speech . Army came into the 1928 matchup undefeated and was the clear favorite . Notre Dame , on the other hand , was having their worst season under Rockne 's leadership and entered the game with a 4 -- 2 record . At the end of the half Army was leading and looked to be in command of the game . Rockne entered the locker room and gave his account of Gipp 's final words : `` I 've got to go , Rock . It 's all right . I 'm not afraid . Some time , Rock , when the team is up against it , when things are going wrong and the breaks are beating the boys , tell them to go in there with all they 've got and win just one for the Gipper . I do n't know where I 'll be then , Rock . But I 'll know about it , and I 'll be happy . '' The speech inspired the team and they went on to upset Army and win the game 12 -- 6 . The 1929 and 1930 teams both went undefeated , winning national championships , and the 1930 team was led by the likes of Frank Carideo , Joe Savoldi , Marchy Schwartz and Marty Brill . It featured the first and only example of all four members of a backfield being named to an All - American team during the same season . The 1929 team played all of its games on the road while the new Notre Dame Stadium was being built . In 1930 , `` Jumping Joe '' Savoldi scored the first Notre Dame touchdown in the new stadium on a 98 - yard kickoff return . Savoldi is also known as `` the first hero in the lore of Notre Dame 's Stadium '' based on scoring three touchdowns in the official stadium dedication game against Navy the following week . Rockne coached his last game on December 14 , 1930 , when he led a group of Notre Dame all - stars against the New York Giants in New York City . The game raised funds for the Mayor 's Relief Committee for the unemployed and needy of the city . 50,000 fans turned out to see the reunited `` Four Horsemen '' along with players from Rockne 's other championship teams take the field against the pros . On March 31 , 1931 , Rockne died at age 43 in the crash of a Transcontinental & Western Air airliner in Kansas ; he was on his way to help in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame . The crash site is located in a remote expanse of Kansas known as the Flint Hills and now features a Rockne Memorial . As Notre Dame 's head coach from 1918 to 1930 , Rockne posted what has remained for decades the all - time highest winning percentage (. 881 ) for a football coach in the NCAA 's flagship FBS division . During his 13 - year tenure as head coach of the Fighting Irish , Rockne collected 105 victories , 12 losses , 5 ties and 3 national championships . Rockne also coached Notre Dame to 5 undefeated and untied seasons . Heartley Anderson ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Through game broadcasts during the Golden Age of Radio , Notre Dame football gained a nationwide following of `` subway alumni '' , Catholics who became fans whether or not they attended the university . Former Saint Louis head coach Heartley `` Hunk '' Anderson was promoted from assistant coach and took the helm of the Irish after Knute Rockne 's death , leading them to a record of 16 wins , nine losses , and two ties . Anderson was a former Irish player under Rockne and was serving as an assistant coach at the time of Rockne 's death . Anderson resigned as Irish head coach after the 1933 season to accept the position of head football coach at NC State . Notre Dame finished 6 -- 2 -- 1 in 1931 . The Irish began the season with a 25 -- 0 win over Indiana , Notre Dame tied Northwestern in the season 's second game . Anderson 's squad then demolished Drake by a score of 63 -- 0 . After defeating Pittsburgh by a score of 25 -- 12 , the Fighting Irish shut out their next three opponents ; Carnegie Mellon , Pennsylvania and Navy . The Irish lost a heartbreaker by a score of 16 -- 14 to USC on November 21 that snapped the Irish 's 26 - game non-losing streak . Army shut out the Irish by a score of 12 -- 0 on November 28 to finish the Irish 's season . The Irish went 7 -- 2 in 1932 . Anderson 's team began with three blowout victories ; 73 -- 0 over Haskell , 62 -- 0 over Drake and 42 -- 0 over Carnegie Mellon . The Irish then faced Pittsburgh in front of a then - record crowd of 62,000 , losing by a score of 12 -- 0 . Notre Dame bounced back to win its next four ; 24 -- 6 over Kansas , 21 -- 0 over Northwestern , 12 -- 0 over Navy and 21 -- 0 over Army in front of a new record crowd on 80,000 . Anderson 's Irish closed the season on a sour note , losing to USC by a score of 13 -- 0 . 1933 was a tough year for the Irish as they finished with a 3 -- 5 -- 2 record . Notre Dame began the season in a scoreless tie with Kansas . After defeating Indiana by a score of 12 -- 2 , ND suffered a four - game losing streak , failing to score a point in all four losses to Carnegie Tartan , Pittsburgh , Navy. and Purdue . Notre Dame ended the losing streak by defeating Northwestern by a score of 7 -- 0 . The Fighting Irish closed the season with a 19 -- 0 loss to USC and a 13 -- 12 win over Army . Elmer Layden ( 1934 -- 1940 ) Anderson was replaced by Elmer Layden , who was one of Rockne 's `` Four Horsemen '' in the 1920s . After graduating , Layden played professional football for one year and then began a coaching career . The Irish posted a record of 47 wins , 13 losses , and three ties in seven years under Layden , the most successful record of a Notre Dame coach not to win a national championship . He left Notre Dame after the 1940 season to become Commissioner of the National Football League . Layden 's 1935 squad posted one of the greatest wins in school history by rallying to defeat Ohio State by a score of 18 -- 13 . His 1938 team finished 8 -- 1 , losing only to USC in the season finale . This loss cost them a possible consensus national championship , but the team was named national champion by the Dickinson System . Like Rockne before him , Layden was a goodwill ambassador for Notre Dame during his time as head coach . He was able to schedule a home - and - home series with Michigan after meeting with Fielding H. Yost , healing a rift between the two schools . The two teams had not met since 1909 , when , after eight straight losses to the Wolverines , the Irish posted their first win . They were scheduled to meet again in 1910 , but Michigan canceled the game and refused to play the Irish again . By the time they met again in 1943 , Layden had left Notre Dame and Frank Leahy had taken his place . Unlike the easygoing Layden , Leahy was intense , and after the Irish had thrashed Michigan by a score of 35 -- 12 in 1943 , Wolverine coach and athletic director Fritz Crisler never scheduled the Irish again . Frank Leahy era ( 1941 -- 1953 ) Coach Leahy Boston College head coach Frank Leahy was hired by Notre Dame to take over for Layden in 1941 , and was another former Irish player who played during the Rockne era . After graduating from Notre Dame , Leahy held several coaching positions , including line coach of the `` Seven Blocks of Granite '' of Fordham University that helped that team win all but two of their games between 1935 and 1937 . He then coached the Boston College Eagles to a win in the 1941 Sugar Bowl and a share of the national championship . His move to Notre Dame began a new period of gridiron success for the Irish , and ensured Leahy 's place among the winningest coaches in the history of college football . Leahy coached the team for 11 seasons , from 1941 to 1943 and 1946 to 1953 . He has the second highest winning percentage (. 864 ) of any college coach in history . He led the Irish to a record of 87 wins , 11 losses , and nine ties including 39 consecutive games without a loss ( 37 -- 0 -- 2 ) , four national championships , and six undefeated seasons . A fifth national championship was lost because of a 1953 tie against Iowa , in a game that featured 1953 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lattner that caused a minor scandal at the time , when it appeared that some Irish players had faked injuries to stop the clock , leading some to nickname those players the `` Fainting Irish '' . From 1944 to 1945 , Leahy served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and was honorably discharged as a Captain . Edward McKeever , Leahy 's assistant coach , became interim head coach when Leahy left for the Navy . During his one year at the helm ( 1944 ) the Irish managed 8 wins and 2 losses . McKeever left Notre Dame in 1945 to take over as head coach of Cornell . He was replaced by Hugh Devore for the 1945 season who led the Irish to a 7 -- 2 -- 1 record . Leahy retired in 1954 reportedly due to health issues . Perhaps the best example of this occurred during the Georgia Tech game in 1953 . Leahy fell ill during the game , which led to him collapsing during halftime . The situation was so dire that a priest was called in to give Leahy the last rites . However , Leahy recovered , and the consequent diagnosis was that he was suffering from nervous tension and pancreatitis . Terry Brennan ( 1954 -- 1958 ) The departure of Frank Leahy ushered in a downward slope in Notre Dame 's performance , referred to in various circles as a period of de-emphasis. 25 - year old assistant coach Terry Brennan was hired as Frank Leahy 's successor as the Notre Dame head coach in 1954 and would stay until 1958 . When asked if he thought he was too young to be a head coach at the age of 25 , Brennan replied , `` Oh , I do n't know . I 'll be 26 in a few months . '' He departed with a total of 32 wins and 18 losses . But note : the 32 wins included 17 in 1954 and 1955 . From 1956 to 1958 his record was 15 -- 15 . Brennan was a former player under Leahy and before joining the Irish had coached the Mount Carmel High School team in Chicago and later the freshman squad and assistant at Notre Dame . His first two seasons the Irish were ranked fourth and ninth respectively . It was the 1956 season that began to darken his reputation , for it became one of the most dismal in the team 's history and saw them finish the season with a mere two wins , including losses to Michigan State , Oklahoma , and Iowa . One bright spot in the 1956 season was the awarding of the Heisman Trophy to Paul Hornung , who would go on to a legendary NFL career with the Green Bay Packers . To date , Hornung is the only Heisman winner to win the award while playing for a team that had a losing record . The Irish would recover the following season , posting a record of 7 -- 3 and including in their wins a stunning upset of Oklahoma , in Norman , Oklahoma , that ended the Sooners ' still - standing record of 47 consecutive wins . In Brennan 's final season , though , the Irish finished 6 -- 4 . Brennan was fired in mid-December . Brennan 's tenure can only be properly framed with the understanding that in a time of zero scholarship limitations in college football , Notre Dame 's administration inexplicably began a process of deemphasizing football , severely cutting scholarships and hindering Brennan from building a roster of any meaningful depth . Joe Kuharich ( 1959 -- 1963 ) Former San Francisco , Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins head coach Joe Kuharich took the head coaching position at Notre Dame in 1959 , realizing a longtime ambition to return to his alma mater . He had earlier been courted by Notre Dame after the 1956 season , after the Irish finished 2 -- 8 , but before he had a chance to accept an offer , Terry Brennan was given a reprieve . He brought a professional touch to Irish football , putting shamrocks on the players ' helmets and shoulder stripes on their jerseys . Kuharich compiled a 17 -- 23 record over four non-winning seasons and remains to this day the only coach ever to have an overall losing record at Notre Dame . Included was a school - record eight - game losing streak in 1960 , a year in which the Irish finished 2 -- 8 . It was one of the worst stretches in program history . The consensus opinion was that Kuharich never made the adjustment from pro football to college football , attempting to use complicated pro coaching techniques with collegiate players , and never adapted to the limited substitution rules in effect at the time , having big , immobile linemen playing both ways in an era where smaller , quicker players were preferred . He often said , `` You win some and you lose some '' , and seemed perfectly content finishing 5 -- 5 every year . This did not sit well with the Irish faithful , who expected Notre Dame to beat everybody . When the pressure of winning became too much to bear , Kuharich resigned in the spring of 1963 and assumed the post of supervisor of NFL officials . Because it was so late in the spring , Hugh Devore was named head coach for the 1963 season while the search for a permanent replacement was being conducted . The players that he recruited came to within 93 seconds of an undefeated season and a national championship in 1964 under first - year coach Ara Parseghian . Despite his unsuccessful Notre Dame tenure , Kuharich remains the only Irish coach to post back - to - back shutouts over their greatest rival , the University of Southern California Trojans in 1960 ( 17 -- 0 ) and 1961 ( 30 -- 0 ) . Kuharich was involved in a game whose controversial ending resulted in a rule change still in effect today . In 1961 , Notre Dame faced Syracuse at home and trailed , 15 -- 14 , with three seconds left to play . A desperation 56 - yard field goal attempt fell short as time ran out , and Syracuse appeared to have won the game . But the Orangemen were penalized 15 yards for roughing the placekick holder , and given a second chance with no time showing on the clock , Notre Dame kicker Joe Perkowski drilled a 41 - yard field goal for a 17 -- 15 Irish victory . Syracuse immediately cried foul , claiming that under the existing rules , the second kick should not have been allowed because time had expired . It never was clear whether the officials had erred in allowing the extra play , and the Irish victory was permitted to stand . As a result of this game , the rule was clarified to state that a half can not end on an accepted defensive foul -- consistent with the officials ' ruling in this game . Ara Parseghian era ( 1964 -- 1974 ) Ara Parseghian Statue , dedicated September 22 , 2007 In 1964 , Ara Parseghian left his job as the Northwestern head football coach when he was hired to take over the coaching duties at Notre Dame . He immediately brought the team back to a level of success in Irish football history that was comparable only to Rockne and Leahy . These three coaches have an 80 % or greater winning percentage while at Notre Dame -- Rockne at . 881 , Leahy at . 864 , and Parseghian at . 836 . Parseghian 's teams never won fewer than seven nor lost more than three games during the ten game regular seasons of the era . In his first year , the Irish improved their record to 9 -- 1 , but they lost the national championship in the last game of the season at USC when Craig Fertig connected with a touchdown pass to Rod Sherman . Parseghian earned coach of the year honors from the American Football Coaches Association , the Football Writers Association , and The Sporting News , as well as several others , and a cover story in Time magazine . Parseghian was also named coach of the year by several selectors in his national championship years of 1966 and 1973 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1980 . It was under Parseghian as well that Notre Dame lifted its 40 - plus year - old `` no bowl games '' policy , beginning with the season of 1969 , after which the Irish played the No. 1 Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic , losing in the final minutes in a closely contested game . The following year , Parseghian 's 9 -- 1 squad ended Texas ' Southwest Conference record 30 - game winning streak in the 1971 Cotton Bowl . During his eleven - year career , the Irish amassed a record of 95 -- 17 -- 4 and captured two national championships as well as the MacArthur Bowl in 1964 . The Irish also had undefeated seasons in 1966 and 1973 , had three major bowl wins in five appearances , and produced one Heisman Trophy winner ( John Huarte in 1964 ) . In 1971 , Cliff Brown became the first African - American quarterback to start a game for the program . Due to health issues , Parseghian was forced to retire from coaching after the 1974 season . Dan Devine ( 1975 -- 1980 ) Coach Devine Dan Devine was hired to take over as head coach upon Parseghian 's departure from Notre Dame in 1975 . Devine was already a highly successful coach and had led Arizona State , Missouri , and the NFL 's Green Bay Packers . Devine had been a leading candidate for the head coaching job at Notre Dame in 1964 , when Ara Parseghian was hired . When approached for the job following Parseghian 's resignation , Devine accepted immediately , joking that it was probably the shortest job interview in history . When he arrived at Notre Dame he already had a college coaching record of 120 wins , 40 losses , and eight ties and had led his teams to victory in four bowl games . At Notre Dame he would lead the Irish to 53 wins , 16 losses , and a tie as well as three bowl victories . His lasting achievement came midway through this run , when Notre Dame won the 1977 national championship , led by junior quarterback Joe Montana . The championship season climaxed with a 38 -- 10 win in the 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic over previously top - ranked Texas , led by Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell . The win vaulted the Irish from fifth to first in the polls . Earlier in the season , before the annual game against USC , played at home on October 22 , Devine changed the team 's jerseys from navy blue & white to kelly green & gold , later known as the `` green jersey game '' resulting in a 49 -- 19 victory over the Trojans . The Irish continued to wear green for the rest of Devine 's tenure at the school . Like Joe Kuharich before him , Devine was involved in a game while at Notre Dame whose ending resulted in a rule change still in effect today . On September 15 , 1979 , the Irish faced the Michigan Wolverines in Ann Arbor in their season opener . With six seconds remaining , Michigan lined up for a game - winning field goal attempt . Notre Dame linebacker Bob Crable climbed up onto the back of opposing long snapper Mike Trgovac and was able to block the kick , preserving a 12 -- 10 Irish victory . A new rule was implemented the following season that prohibited this tactic . Because he had the unenviable task of following a legend , Devine came under heavy scrutiny while at Notre Dame and it was felt that he was never fully embraced by the Notre Dame community , despite winning a national championship . After a 5 -- 2 start in his first season , rumors of incompetence were circulated and that Devine would be dismissed and replaced by Don Shula or even Ara Parseghian ( who went so far as to say he would not return to Notre Dame under any circumstances ) . Even on the day of the 1977 USC game , `` Dump Devine '' bumper stickers were being sold outside Notre Dame Stadium . He also had the notoriety of losing to his old program , a shocking 3 -- 0 loss to the Tigers at South Bend in 1978 . On August 15 , 1980 , Devine announced that he would be leaving Notre Dame at the end of season , saying he wanted to be able to spend more time with his wife . He moved back to Arizona and became a fundraiser for Arizona State University 's Sun Devil Foundation . In 1985 , he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame , and then returned to his old school at Missouri seven years later as athletic director to help navigate the school through financial troubles . Devine was inducted into the inaugural class of the University of Minnesota Duluth Athletic Hall of Fame in 1991 . Gerry Faust ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Gerry Faust was hired to replace Devine in 1981 . Prior to Notre Dame , Faust had been one of the more successful high school football coaches in the country . As coach of Moeller High School in Cincinnati he amassed a 174 -- 17 -- 2 record over 19 seasons . Many of his players had gone on to play for Notre Dame ; indeed , when he arrived in South Bend , he was reunited with nine of his former players from Moeller . Despite his success in the high school ranks , Faust 's success at Notre Dame was mixed and his record mediocre at best . In his first season , the Irish finished 5 -- 6 . In Faust 's second season , Notre Dame improved slightly to 6 -- 4 -- 1 . The most successful years under Faust were the 1983 and 1984 campaigns where the Irish finished 7 -- 5 and made trips to the Liberty Bowl and Aloha Bowl respectively . His final record at Notre Dame was 30 -- 26 -- 1 . To avoid being fired , Faust resigned at the end of the 1985 season , following fan cries of `` Oust Faust '' . He announced his resignation prior to the final game of the year , where Notre Dame suffered a humiliating 58 -- 7 loss at Miami ; Allen Pinkett scored the Irish TD . Faust proceeded to take over as head coach at Akron . Lou Holtz era ( 1986 -- 1996 ) Coach Holtz Lou Holtz had 17 years of head coaching experience by the time he was hired to lead the Irish . He had previously been head coach of William & Mary , North Carolina State , the NFL 's New York Jets , Arkansas , and Minnesota . Holtz began in 1986 where his predecessor left off in 1985 , finishing with an identical record of 5 wins and 6 losses . However , unlike the 1985 squad , which was generally outcoached and outplayed , Holtz 's 1986 edition was competitive in nearly every game , losing five out of those six games by a combined total of 14 points . That would be his only losing season as he posted a record of 95 -- 24 -- 2 over the next ten seasons adding up to a 100 -- 30 -- 2 record overall . In 1987 , Holtz led the Irish to an 8 -- 4 record . Notre Dame 's best player was star wide receiver Tim Brown , who would win the Heisman Trophy that season and is Notre Dame 's seventh and last Heisman winner to date . The season began with the Irish defeating # 9 Michigan in Ann Arbor , Michigan by a score of 26 -- 7 . The next week , the Irish defeated # 17 Michigan State by a score of 31 -- 8 . After defeating Purdue , the Irish lost to Pittsburgh and lost starting quarterback Terry Andrysiak to injury during the game . With sophomore quarterback Tony Rice under center , the Irish reeled off five straight wins , beginning with Air Force , then USC , Navy , Boston College and # 10 Alabama . Notre Dame would then lose their last three to close the season , starting with Penn State , then # 2 Miami and Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl . In contrast to Faust , Holtz was well known as a master motivator and a strict disciplinarian . The tone was set with Holtz 's first meeting with his team as Irish head coach in 1986 , immediately demanding his players sit up straight in their chairs and look him in the eye as he spoke . He displayed the latter trait in spades when two of his top contributing players showed up late for dinner right before the then top - ranked Irish played second - ranked USC in the final regular season game of 1988 . In a controversial move , coach Lou Holtz took his 10 -- 0 Irish squad to Los Angeles without stars Ricky Watters and Tony Brooks , who he suspended for disciplinary reasons . This was not the first time these players had gotten into trouble and the players had been warned there would be serious consequences if it happened again . His move was vindicated when the Irish defeated USC anyway . Holtz was named national coach of the year ( Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award ) in 1988 , the same season he took Notre Dame to an upset of No. 1 Miami in the Catholics vs. Convicts series and a win over No. 3 West Virginia in the Fiesta Bowl , thus capturing the national championship . The Irish finished a perfect 12 -- 0 in 1988 , its last undefeated season and national championship to date . Occasionally , despite his lack of success with the N.Y. Jets , he was rumored to be leaving Notre Dame for the NFL . Following a 6 -- 10 season in 1990 and an 8 -- 8 showing in 1991 , the Minnesota Vikings were rumored to replace Jerry Burns with Holtz . However , Holtz denied these rumors each of those two seasons . Holtz remained at Notre Dame ; the Vikings , meanwhile , hired Dennis Green to replace the retired Jerry Burns . Holtz nearly replaced Green five years later after retiring from Notre Dame . The 1988 national champion Fighting Irish visited President Ronald Reagan in the White House in January 1989 . In 1989 , Holtz led the Irish to a 12 -- 1 record . The Irish began the season in the Kickoff Classic game in East Rutherford , New Jersey against Virginia . The Irish won by a score of 36 -- 13 . Next , top - ranked Notre Dame defeated # 2 Michigan by a score of 24 -- 19 . That was followed by wins over Michigan State , Purdue , Stanford , # 17 Air Force , # 9 USC , # 7 Pittsburgh , Navy , SMU and # 17 Penn State . The Irish would lose to # 7 Miami the following week , ending Notre Dame 's 23 - game winning streak . Holtz would lead the Irish to a victory in the Orange Bowl over # 1 Colorado to end the season . Holtz led the Fighting Irish to a 9 -- 3 record in 1990 . The season began with a # 1 ranking and a victory over # 4 Michigan by a score of 28 -- 24 . The Irish defeated # 24 Michigan State the following week then beat Purdue . The Irish would suffer its first defeat of the season the next week , losing to Stanford by a score of 36 -- 31 . The Irish would rebound to post five consecutive wins , defeating Air Force , # 2 Miami , Pittsburgh , Navy and # 9 Tennessee . After losing 24 -- 21 to # 22 Penn State , the Irish defeated USC by a score of 10 -- 6 in the regular season finale . The Irish would get a rematch with Colorado in the Orange Bowl but would lose by a score of 10 -- 9 . The Fighting Irish would go 10 -- 3 in 1991 . After defeating Indiana to open the season , the Irish lost to # 4 Michigan by a score of 24 -- 14 . The Irish won their next seven , defeating Michigan State , Purdue , Stanford , # 12 Pittsburgh , Air Force , USC and Navy . The Irish would suffer a defeat to # 13 Tennessee at home , blowing a 24 - point lead to lose by a score of 35 -- 34 . Notre Dame would then lose back - to - back games for the first time since 1987 when they lost to unranked Penn State , their first loss to an unranked opponent also since 1987 . The Irish would close out the regular season with a victory over Hawaii by a score of 48 -- 42 . The Irish would receive a berth in the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans , Louisiana , where they defeated Florida by a score of 39 -- 28 . In 1992 , Notre Dame finished 10 -- 1 -- 1 . After defeating Northwestern to start the season , the Fighting Irish tied # 5 Michigan , their first tie of the Holtz era . After defeating Michigan State and Purdue , the Irish lost to # 19 Stanford by a score of 33 -- 16 . Notre Dame would win out for the rest of the season , defeating Pittsburgh , BYU , Navy , # 9 Boston College , # 21 Penn State , # 23 USC and the Cotton Bowl against # 3 Texas A&M . The Irish would enjoy another successful season in 1993 , finishing the season at 11 -- 1 . After scoring 27 points in wins over Northwestern and # 2 Michigan to start the season , the Irish defeated Michigan State , Purdue , Pittsburgh , BYU , USC , Navy and # 1 Florida State . However , a loss to # 12 Boston College on a game - winning field goal as time expired by a score of 41 -- 39 ended the Irish 's national championship aspirations . The Irish would face a rematch with # 6 Texas A&M in the Cotton Bowl to finish the season , a game the Irish won by a score of 24 -- 21 . In 1994 , Holtz led Notre Dame to a 6 -- 5 -- 1 record , the Irish 's worst record since Holtz 's first season in 1986 . The Irish would begin by defeating Northwestern but would lose to # 5 Michigan by a score of 26 -- 24 . The Irish defeated Michigan State the following week by a score of 21 -- 20 . After wins over Purdue and Stanford , the Irish would lose three of their next four to drop out of the rankings for the first time since 1986 . After beating Navy , the Fighting Irish lost to # 6 Florida State by a score of 23 -- 16 . After beating Air Force , Notre Dame tied USC and lost to # 5 Colorado in the Fiesta Bowl by a score of 41 -- 24 . The Irish would improve to 9 -- 3 in 1995 . Despite getting upset by Northwestern to begin the season , the Irish won their next three , defeating Purdue , Vanderbilt ( a game in which Coach Holtz missed because of a health issue and defensive coordinator Bob Davie filled in as head coach for the game ) , and # 10 Texas . After losing to # 6 Ohio State , the Irish reeled off six straight wins , defeating # 15 Washington , Army , # 5 USC , Boston College , Navy and Air Force . The Irish finished the 1995 campaign by losing to # 8 Florida State in the Orange Bowl . Lou Holtz 's last season at Notre Dame in 1996 resulted in an 8 -- 3 record . After defeating Vanderbilt , Purdue and # 8 Texas , the Irish lost to # 4 Ohio State . Notre Dame would finish the season with a win over # 16 Washington , a loss to Air Force in overtime , a win over Navy , a win over Boston College , a win over Pittsburgh , a win over Rutgers and an overtime loss to USC , snapping the Irish 's 13 - game non-losing streak against the Trojans . Holtz 's option offense , which helped catapult Notre Dame to many victories in the late 1980s and early 1990s , also helped rack up impressive recruiting classes . During the 1989 season , Holtz had the following future NFL players on offense : QB Rick Mirer , RB Ricky Watters , RB Anthony Johnson , RB Rodney Culver , RB Dorsey Levens , and WR Raghib Ismail . In 1990 , he added RB Jeff Burris ( who would later move to Safety ) , FB Jerome Bettis and TE Irv Smith . 1991 saw the additions of RB Reggie Brooks and FB Ray Zellars. 1992 saw the addition of WR Derrick Mayes . For 1993 , he added FB Marc Edwards . In 1995 , he added RB Autry Denson . From the 1987 -- 1991 NFL Drafts , there were 33 Notre Dame players selected . From the 1992 -- 1995 NFL Drafts , there were 32 Notre Dame players selected . Overall , Holtz took Notre Dame to one undefeated season , nine consecutive New Year 's Day bowl games , and top 10 finishes in the AP poll in five seasons . Holtz retired from Notre Dame following the 1996 season , but would unretire in 1999 to accept the head coaching position at South Carolina where he would serve until the completion of the 2004 season . Bob Davie ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Coach Davie Bob Davie , who had been Holtz 's defensive coordinator from 1994 to 1996 , was promoted to head coach when Holtz retired . Davie , who turned down a head coaching offer from Purdue to accept the Irish 's head coaching position , was a well - respected defensive mind who had also served as defensive coordinator at Tulane and Texas A&M . Davie had also filled in as head coach for one game during the 1995 season when Lou Holtz was dealing with a health issue . One of his first major decisions was to fire long - time offensive line coach Joe Moore , who then successfully sued the university for age discrimination . On Davie 's watch , the team suffered three bowl game losses ( 1997 Independence Bowl , 1999 Gator Bowl , and 2001 Fiesta Bowl ) , and it failed to qualify for a bowl game in two others ( 1999 and 2001 ) . The highlight of Davie 's tenure was a 36 -- 20 upset win in 1998 over # 5 Michigan , the defending national champions . Davie 's Irish also posted a 25 -- 24 home victory over USC in 1999 . Davie nearly defeated top ranked Nebraska in 2000 , with the Irish comeback bid falling short in overtime 27 -- 24 . The aforementioned 2001 Fiesta Bowl was Notre Dame 's first invitation to the Bowl Championship Series . The Irish lost by 32 points to Oregon State , but would finish No. 15 in the AP Poll , Davie 's highest ranking as head coach . The 2001 squad was awarded the American Football Coaches Association Achievement Award for its 100 % graduation rate . On December 17 , 1999 , Notre Dame was placed on probation by the NCAA for the only time in its history . The association 's Committee on Infractions found two series of violations . The New York Times reported `` the main one involved the actions of a booster , Kimberly Dunbar , who lavished gifts on football players with money she later pleaded guilty to embezzling . '' In the second series of events , a football player was accused of trying to sell several complimentary game tickets and of using others as repayment of a loan . The player was also said `` to have been romantically involved with a woman ( not Dunbar ) , a part - time tutor at the university , who wrote a term paper for another player for a small fee and provided players with meals , lodging and gifts . '' The Dunbar violation began while Lou Holtz was head coach : `` According to the NCAA committee report , Dunbar , the woman at the center of the more serious violations , had become romantically involved with several Notre Dame football players from June 1995 to January 1998 and had a child with one , Jarvis Edison . '' Notre Dame was placed on probation for two years and lost one of its 85 football scholarships each year in what the Times termed `` minor '' penalties . Following the 1998 season , the team fell into a pattern of frustrating inconsistency and alternated between successful and mediocre seasons . Despite Davie 's rocky tenure , new athletic director Kevin White gave the coach a contract extension following the Fiesta Bowl - capped 2000 season , then saw the team start 0 -- 3 in 2001 -- the first such start in school history . Disappointed by the on - field results , coupled with the Joe Moore and Kim Dunbar scandals , the administration decided to dismiss Davie after the 2001 season . His final record at Notre Dame was 35 -- 25 . After departing Notre Dame , Davie accepted an offer from ESPN to serve as a play - by - play broadcast college football analyst , a position he would hold for ten years before New Mexico hired him to be their head football coach in December 2011 . George O'Leary controversy On December 9 , 2001 , Notre Dame hired George O'Leary , the head coach at Georgia Tech , to replace Davie . However , while researching a `` local boy done good '' story on O'Leary , ( Manchester ) Union Leader reporter Jim Fennell uncovered misrepresentations in O'Leary's resume that had influenced the administration 's decision to hire him . The resulting media scandal embarrassed Notre Dame officials , and tainted O'Leary ; he resigned five days later , before coaching a single practice , recruiting a single player , or hiring a single assistant coach . O'Leary's tenure is the shortest of any head coach in FBS history . O'Leary would go on to become the head football coach at the University of Central Florida . Tyrone Willingham ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Once again in need of a new head coach , the school turned to Tyrone Willingham , the head coach at Stanford . Willingham 's hiring made him the first African American head coach in Notre Dame football history . Bringing a feeling of change and excitement to campus , Willingham led the 2002 squad to a 10 -- 2 regular season record , including an 8 -- 0 start with wins over # 7 Michigan and # 11 Florida State , and a No. 4 ranking . This great early start , however , would be the lone highlight of Willingham 's tenure , as Notre Dame finished the year with a heart - breaking loss to Boston College , then lopsided losses to USC and North Carolina State in the Gator Bowl . The program faltered over the next two seasons under Willingham , compiling an 11 -- 12 record . During this time , Notre Dame lost a game by at least 30 points on five occasions . Furthermore , Willingham 's 2004 recruiting class was judged by analysts to be the worst at Notre Dame in more than two decades . Citing Notre Dame 's third consecutive four - touchdown loss to arch - rival USC compounded by another year of sub-par recruiting efforts , the Willingham era ended on November 30 , 2004 ( after the conclusion of the 2004 season ) when the university chose to terminate him and pay out the remainder of Willingham 's six - year contract . Willingham would n't be unemployed for long , however , as he would accept the head coaching position at Washington two weeks after he was fired by the Irish . Charlie Weis ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Coach Weis After Willingham 's firing , Notre Dame initially pursued Utah head coach Urban Meyer , who had been an Irish assistant from 1996 -- 2000 . After Meyer accepted the Florida head coaching position and turned down the Irish , Charlie Weis left the NFL 's New England Patriots , where he won three Super Bowls as offensive coordinator , to become head football coach for the Irish beginning with the 2005 season . Weis ' hiring as the Irish 's 30th head football coach made him the first Notre Dame graduate to hold the football head coaching position on a full - fledged basis since Joe Kuharich ( a 1938 Notre Dame graduate ) . In his inaugural season he led Notre Dame to a record of 9 -- 3 , including an appearance in the Fiesta Bowl , where they were defeated by the Ohio State Buckeyes 34 -- 20 . In the first half of the first game ( against Pittsburgh ) , Notre Dame had gained more offensive yards than it had in five games combined , during the previous season . On September 25 , Weis and the Irish traveled to Seattle , Washington to face Washington and former head coach Tyrone Willingham , who was hired by the Huskies to be their head coach two weeks after getting fired at Notre Dame . The Irish won by a score of 36 -- 17 . Quarterback Brady Quinn would go on to break numerous team passing records that season and rise to the national spotlight , by holding 35 Notre Dame records as well as becoming a top Heisman Trophy contender . Wide receiver Jeff Samardzija would be the team 's leading receiver and would go on to a successful career in Major League Baseball as a pitcher for the San Francisco Giants . Tight end Anthony Fasano would be another key offensive player during the 2005 season who would go on to an NFL career with the Dallas Cowboys , Miami Dolphins , Kansas City Chiefs and Tennessee Titans . During the 2005 season , Notre Dame signed Weis to a big raise and ten - year contract extension that was set to keep the coach in South Bend through the 2015 season . Weis and the Irish went into the 2006 season with a No. 2 preseason ranking in the ESPN / Coaches Poll . They finished the regular season with a 10 -- 2 record , losing only to Michigan and USC . Notre Dame accepted a bid to the 2007 Sugar Bowl , losing to LSU 41 -- 14 . This marked their ninth consecutive post-season loss , the longest drought in NCAA history . As a result , Notre Dame dropped to No. 17 in the final rankings . In the wake of a graduating class that sent eleven players to the NFL , the 2007 season ( 3 -- 9 ) included various negative milestones : the most losses in a single year ( 9 ) ; two of the ten worst losses ever ( 38 -- 0 losses to both Michigan and USC ) ; and the first 6 - game losing streak for home games . The Naval Academy recorded their first win over the Irish since 1963 , breaking the NCAA - record 43 - game streak . In 2008 , the Irish started 4 -- 1 , but completed the regular season with a 6 -- 6 record , including a 24 -- 23 home loss to Syracuse , the first time that Notre Dame had fallen to an eight - loss team . Quarterback Jimmy Clausen would be the team 's star player , completing over 60 % of his passes his sophomore season in 2008 . Despite speculation the university might fire Weis , it was announced he would remain head coach . Weis 's Notre Dame squad ended the season breaking the Irish 's NCAA record nine - game bowl losing streak by beating Hawaii , 49 -- 21 , in the Hawaii Bowl . After the 2008 season , offensive coordinator Mike Haywood left to accept the head coaching position at Miami ( OH ) . Instead of hiring a replacement , Weis elected to assume offensive coordinator duties himself , which included calling the plays . Charlie Weis entered the 2009 season with the expectation from the Notre Dame administration that his team would be in position to compete for a BCS Bowl berth . Notre Dame started the first part of the season 4 -- 2 , with close losses to Michigan and USC . Many of their wins were also close , aside from a 35 -- 0 victory over Nevada and a 40 -- 14 defeat of Washington State . Sitting at 6 -- 2 , however , Notre Dame lost a close game at Notre Dame Stadium to Navy , 23 -- 21 . This loss was the second to Navy in the last three years , and would be the first loss in a four - game losing streak to finish the season . The following week , Notre Dame lost to # 8 Pittsburgh , then lost to UConn at home in double overtime on senior day . The Irish lost to Stanford the last week of the season by a score of 45 -- 38 . Quarterback Jimmy Clausen and wide receiver Golden Tate would forgo their senior seasons and enter the NFL Draft . Weis was fired on November 30 , 2009 , exactly five years after his predecessor . According to Weis ' buyout , he was to be paid $6 million then $2.05 million annually until the contract ran out in December 2015 for a total of about $19 million . During that time , Weis made more money annually not to coach the Irish than his successor , Brian Kelly , made to coach the team . After leaving Notre Dame , Weis would serve as offensive coordinator for the NFL 's Kansas City Chiefs in 2010 as well as Florida under Will Muschamp in 2011 before accepting the head coaching position at Kansas in December 2011 . His hiring made him the fifth consecutive former Notre Dame head coach ( sixth counting George O'Leary ) to be hired as head coach by another FBS school ; joining Gerry Faust ( Akron ) , Lou Holtz ( South Carolina ) , Bob Davie ( New Mexico ) and Tyrone Willingham ( Washington ) . O'Leary was hired by Central Florida . Brian Kelly ( 2010 -- present ) Coach Kelly Brian Kelly became the 31st head coach of the Fighting Irish on December 10 , 2009 , after coaching Cincinnati to a 12 -- 0 record and BCS bowl - game berth , but he left the team before the bowl game . In his first season , Kelly led the Fighting Irish to an 8 -- 5 record . Tragedy struck early in the season when Declan Sullivan , a junior working for the athletic department , died while filming a practice on a scissor lift in dangerously high winds . Dayne Crist started the season at quarterback but was injured for a second consecutive year , this time in the Tulsa game , which the Irish lost . Kelly turned to freshman quarterback Tommy Rees , who led the Irish to victories in the last three games against No. 14 Utah , Army in Yankee Stadium , and breaking an eight - year losing streak to USC in the LA Coliseum . Kelly guided the Irish to a 33 -- 17 win over Miami ( FL ) in the 2010 Sun Bowl to finish 2010 with an 8 -- 5 record . With senior wide out Michael Floyd returning for his senior season and an outstanding recruiting class that included several highly touted defensive linemen , Kelly and the Irish looked to improve on their 8 -- 5 record from the prior year . However , an early season upset to a Skip Holtz - led South Florida team , and a last second loss to Michigan in Ann Arbor left the Irish at 0 -- 2 to start the season . The Irish bounced back to beat # 15 Michigan State and had two 4 - game winning - streaks , with the only loss during that stretch coming at the hands of USC . The Irish also broke Navy 's 2 - game winning streak over Notre Dame ( 2009 -- 10 ) . Notre Dame finished the season with an 8 -- 4 record but lost 18 -- 14 to Florida State in the 2011 Champs Sports Bowl , concluding the 2011 campaign with and 8 -- 5 record overall , identical to the 2010 season . In the team 's losses , multiple turnovers from the quarterback position were often the culprit , and as a whole turnovers at critical times in the game often derailed potential Irish comebacks . After the 2011 season , offensive coordinator Charley Molnar left ND to accept the head coaching position at UMass . Safeties coach and recruiting coordinator Chuck Martin would move over to the offensive side of the ball as Molnar 's replacement running the offense . On September 12 , 2012 , during the football program 's 125th season , Notre Dame announced that it would leave the Big East Conference for the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , excluding the football and hockey programs . This move became official on July 1 , 2013 , in time for the fall sports to compete within the ACC conference . While the Fighting Irish football team will remain an FBS independent , it has agreed to play five games per season against ACC teams starting with the 2014 football season , as the schedule allows . In return , Notre Dame will become eligible to participate in the ACC 's sub-BCS level bowl arrangements . On November 18 , 2012 , Notre Dame was ranked No. 1 in the nation in both the AP and Coaches ' polls after reaching 11 -- 0 during the regular season for the first time since 1993 , also ranking No. 1 in the BCS standings for the first time in the 14 - year history of the selection system . After defeating the University of Southern California Trojans on November 24 , 2012 , Notre Dame concluded its first 12 -- 0 regular season , and on December 2 , 2012 , the Irish were formally named to appear in the BCS National Championship Game for the first time in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game . In that game , on January 7 , 2013 , the Irish lost to Alabama 42 -- 14 . Coming off the previous year 's national title game appearance , the Fighting Irish were dealt a blow when 2012 starting quarterback , Everett Golson , was suspended from the University due to an academic violation . Senior Tommy Rees then took over . Notre Dame 's 2013 season ended with a record of 9 -- 4 and a victory over Rutgers in the Pinstripe Bowl . Notre Dame finished No. 20 in the AP poll . After the 2013 season , offensive coordinator Chuck Martin left ND to accept the head coaching position at Miami ( OH ) , marking the second assistant coach to leave Kelly 's staff to accept an FBS head coaching job . Mike Denbrock was promoted from wide receivers coach to offensive coordinator to replace Martin . The 2014 season started off with 6 straight victories and a # 5 national ranking heading into a showdown with # 2 Florida State in Tallahassee , Florida . FSU won that game 31 -- 27 , on a controversial offensive pass interference call that brought back a last second Notre Dame touchdown . The Fighting Irish bounced back with a win against Navy before dropping their final 4 games of the season . They did win the Music City Bowl by defeating the LSU Tigers and finished the season at an 8 -- 5 record . After the 2014 season , the Irish again changed offensive coordinators , as Mike Denbrock stepped down from the position due to prostate cancer and returned to coaching the team 's receivers . The 2015 Fighting Irish began its season with another new offensive coordinator , Mike Sanford Jr . That year 's squad is arguably the most explosive offense that Brian Kelly has coached at Notre Dame . During the regular season , the Irish were one of twenty - one schools in the country to average 200 or more passing yards and rushing yards per game . The Irish had fourteen plays of over 50 yards during the season , which ranked 13th in the country and was a school record . They also had two touchdowns of over 90 yards , ( a 91 - yard touchdown run by C.J. Prosise and a 98 - yard touchdown run by Josh Adams ) . The Irish only had two in the previous 126 years of Notre Dame football . The running game was dominant . The 5.76 yards per carry were fifth in the country . They finished the regular season averaging 34 points per game , including a 62 - point effort against UMass , the most points in a game since 1996 . The Irish finished their 2015 season with a 10 -- 3 record , a ranking of # 11 in the AP and # 12 in the Coaches ' Poll and a Fiesta Bowl appearance , a loss to Ohio State . The 2016 season ended with a 4 -- 8 record , Brian Kelly 's worst win / loss record at Notre Dame up to that point . The tone for the season was set early , with a heartbreaking double overtime loss to Texas in the season opener . On September 24 , Notre Dame lost to Duke by a score of 38 -- 35 . Just 4 games into the season , Brian Kelly fired defensive coordinator Brian VanGorder . Mike Elko was hired from Wake Forest as VanGorder 's replacement . After a sloppy 10 -- 3 loss to NC State in Raleigh , North Carolina during messy conditions due to Hurricane Matthew , Kelly publicly called out his starting center over `` poor snapping and atrocious play '' . At the end of the season , starting quarterback DeShone Kizer declared for the NFL Draft and backup quarterback Malik Zaire announced he would be transferring in the winter after graduation . Offensive coordinator Mike Sanford Jr. left the ND staff after the season to accept the head coaching position at Western Kentucky , making him the third Irish OC under Kelly to accept an FBS head coaching position . Chip Long was hired from Memphis as his replacement . Mike Denbrock also departed the Notre Dame staff , accepting the offensive coordinator position at Cincinnati under new head coach Luke Fickell . Amidst speculation that Kelly 's job was in jeopardy and that Kelly was looking to leave Notre Dame , athletics director Jack Swarbrick announced that Kelly would return for the 2017 season . The 2017 season ended with a 10 - 3 record , and a win in the Citrus Bowl over LSU . On the surface , this was one of Kelly 's strongest seasons at ND . An early one - point loss to # 2 Georgia set the tone for the first half of the season . The tough running of running back Josh Adams behind an experienced and talented offensive line allowed Notre Dame to string together 6 consecutive 20 + point victories against solid competition like # 11 USC and # 14 NC State . But it all came crashing down when # 3 Notre Dame visited # 7 Miami in South Florida on Nov 7 , 2017 . An embarrassing 41 - 8 loss effectively ended the Irish hopes of a playoff run . They went on to struggle in final games to Navy ( W 24 - 17 ) and Stanford ( L 20 - 38 ) . The strong start and disappointing finish made for mixed feeling among Irish fans after a horrific 2016 season . Championships and distinctions National championships Notre Dame has won eight wire service ( AP or Coaches ' ) national championships , second most ever in the post-1936 poll era . Notre Dame claims national championships in an additional three seasons before the major poll era , for a total of 11 . Notre Dame , however , is often credited with 13 consensus national championships in total . The 1938 and 1953 seasons are part of the reason for the discrepancy . In the 1938 season , 8 -- 1 Notre Dame was awarded the national championship by the Dickinson System , while Texas Christian ( which finished 11 -- 0 ) was awarded the championship by the Associated Press . In the 1953 season , an undefeated Notre Dame team ( 9 -- 0 -- 1 ) was named national champion by every major selector except the AP and UPI ( Coaches ' ) polls , where the Irish finished second in both to 10 -- 1 Maryland . As Notre Dame has a policy of only recognizing AP and Coaches ' Poll national championships post-1936 , the school does not officially recognize the 1938 and 1953 national championships . The NCAA does not list 1938 and 1953 but does recognize 1919 and 1964 , making Notre Dame a national champion selection in thirteen seasons : 1919 , 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1949 , 1964 , 1966 , 1973 , 1977 , 1988 . Notre Dame has been voted national champion by at least one selector in an additional nine seasons : 1920 , 1927 , 1938 , 1953 , 1967 , 1970 , 1989 , 1993 , and 2012 In short , Notre Dame has 3 National Champions selected by the Coaches ' Poll ( 1950 - ) and 8 selected by the AP Poll ( 1936 - ) . The program claims 11 championships , the NCAA recognizes them with 13 , and they 've been selected National Champions 21 times by all NCAA recognized `` major selectors . '' The following is a list of Notre Dame 's 11 claimed national championships : Year Coach Selector Record Bowl 1924 Knute Rockne Helms , CFRA , NCF 10 -- 0 Won Rose 1929 Knute Rockne Helms , CFRA , NCF 9 -- 0 -- 1930 Knute Rockne Helms , CFRA , NCF 10 -- 0 -- 1943 Frank Leahy AP 9 -- 1 -- 1946 Frank Leahy AP 8 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1947 Frank Leahy AP 9 -- 0 -- 1949 Frank Leahy AP 10 -- 0 -- 1966 Ara Parseghian AP , Coaches ' 9 -- 0 -- 1 -- 1973 Ara Parseghian AP 11 -- 0 Won Sugar 1977 Dan Devine AP , Coaches ' 11 -- 1 Won Cotton 1988 Lou Holtz AP , Coaches ' 12 -- 0 Won Fiesta National Championships 11 Appearances in the final Associated Press poll Notre Dame has made 715 appearances in the Associated Press poll over 71 seasons . Notre Dame has spent 496 weeks in the Top 10 , 277 weeks in the Top 5 , and 95 weeks at No. 1 . Notre Dame has finished the year ranked in the final Associated Press poll of the season 49 times : Year Ranking Record 1936 8 6 -- 2 1937 9 6 -- 2 -- 1 1938 5 8 -- 1 1939 13 7 -- 2 1941 8 -- 0 -- 1 1942 6 7 -- 2 -- 1 1943 9 -- 1 1944 9 8 -- 2 1945 9 7 -- 2 -- 1 1946 8 -- 0 -- 1 Year Ranking Record 1947 9 -- 0 1948 9 -- 0 1949 9 -- 0 1952 7 -- 2 -- 1 1953 8 -- 0 -- 1 1954 8 -- 1 1955 9 8 -- 2 1957 10 6 -- 3 1958 17 6 -- 4 1959 17 5 -- 5 Year Ranking Record 1964 9 -- 1 1965 9 7 -- 2 -- 1 1966 9 -- 0 -- 1 1967 5 8 -- 2 1968 5 7 -- 2 -- 1 1969 5 8 -- 2 -- 1 1970 10 -- 1 1971 13 8 -- 2 1972 14 8 -- 3 1973 11 -- 0 Year Ranking Record 6 10 -- 2 1976 12 9 -- 3 1977 11 -- 1 1978 7 9 -- 3 1980 9 9 -- 2 -- 1 17 8 -- 4 1988 12 -- 0 1989 12 -- 1 1990 6 9 -- 3 1991 13 10 -- 3 Year Ranking Record 1992 10 -- 1 -- 1 1993 11 -- 1 1995 11 9 -- 3 19 8 -- 3 1998 22 9 -- 3 2000 15 9 -- 3 2002 17 10 -- 3 2005 9 9 -- 3 2006 17 10 -- 3 2012 0 -- 1 Year Ranking Record 2013 20 0 - 4 2015 11 10 -- 3 2017 11 10 -- 3 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 -- -- -- 0 -- 0 Team Awards Grantland Rice Trophy Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1973 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1977 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1988 The Joe Moore Award Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 2017 Distinctions As of 2017 , Notre Dame has the second highest winning percentage in NCAA Division I-A ( FBS ) history (. 729 ) ( minimum 100 + years playing football ) . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has produced the most players drafted into the National Football League of any program in the country . As of the 2015 NFL draft , 487 players have been drafted . As of 2017 , Notre Dame is second in wins among Division I-A / FBS programs ( 906 ) , trailing Michigan ( 943 ) . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has the fewest losses of any NCAA Division I program ( 304 ) that has been playing football for 100 + years . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has 106 winning seasons in 126 years of football , and only 13 losing seasons . The football program has the most individual Heisman Trophy winners at seven ( Ohio State has seven Heisman Trophies that were won by six players ) . As of 2014 , Notre Dame has produced more 1st Team All - Americans ( 188 ) , consensus All - Americans ( 81 players on 99 selections ) and unanimous All - Americans ( 33 ) in football than any other college program . Notre Dame is represented by 48 players and coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame , the most of any university . 12 former players are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame , tied with USC . Helped by its status as a highly regarded academic institution ( ranked 19th by U.S. News & World Report ) , Notre Dame is second only to Nebraska in Academic All - Americans ( 43 ) . Since 1962 , Notre Dame has graduated 98.74 % of its football players in four years . As of 2006 , only 13 football players in this time have left Notre Dame without finishing their degree requirements . Also of note is the 90 % graduation rate of ND 's African American players ( only Navy and Boston College have higher African American graduation rates ) . Notre Dame holds the NCAA record for Most consecutive wins over one opponent , beating the US Naval Academy ( USNA ) 43 times in a row before falling to them in 2007 . The football program is also known for ending the Oklahoma Sooners ' NCAA record winning streak of 47 games in 1957 . Coincidentally , Oklahoma 's 28 -- 21 loss to Notre Dame to open the 1953 season was the last loss before the beginning of the streak . Notre Dame has had 13 undefeated seasons and 11 others with at most one loss or tie . Notre Dame is 3 -- 3 -- 1 in games where the national title winners from the previous two years have met in a regular season game . There have only been 13 of these games played in college football history . Notre Dame has played in 7 of the 13 games : 1945 -- Army def . Notre Dame 48 -- 0 1947 -- Notre Dame def . Army 27 -- 7 1968 -- Notre Dame tie USC 21 -- 21 1974 -- USC def . Notre Dame 55 -- 24 1978 -- Notre Dame def . Pitt 26 -- 17 1989 -- Miami def . Notre Dame 27 -- 10 1990 -- Notre Dame def . Miami 29 -- 20 Notre Dame is one of only three out of the current 124 Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) teams to have never played a Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly Division I - AA ) team since the divisions were created in 1978 . The other two are UCLA and USC . Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision , the other being Boston College . Number one vs. number two Notre Dame has participated in ten `` # 1 vs # 2 '' matchups since the AP poll began in 1936 . They have a record of 5 -- 3 -- 2 in such games , with a 4 -- 1 -- 1 record as the No. 1 team in such matchups . Here 's a list of such games : Date # 1 Team # 2 Team Outcome October 9 , 1943 Notre Dame Michigan W 35 -- 14 November 20 , 1943 Notre Dame Iowa Pre-Flight W 14 -- 13 November 10 , 1945 Army Notre Dame L 48 -- 0 November 9 , 1946 Army Notre Dame T 0 -- 0 November 19 , 1966 Notre Dame Michigan State T 10 -- 10 September 28 , 1968 Purdue Notre Dame L 37 -- 22 November 26 , 1988 Notre Dame Southern California W 27 -- 10 September 16 , 1989 Notre Dame Michigan W 24 -- 19 November 13 , 1993 Florida State Notre Dame W 31 -- 24 January 7 , 2013 Notre Dame Alabama L 42 -- 14 Historic games Notre Dame has played in many regular season games that have been widely regarded by both the media and sports historians as historic or famous games . Notre Dame has played in many games labeled as `` game of the century '' games as well as several No. 1 vs No. 2 matchups , It has also participated in several games that ended record streaks in college football . The games listed are widely regarded as of historical importance to the game of college football and are written about by sports historians and make many sportswriters ' lists . 1913 Notre Dame vs. Army ( `` The Forward Pass '' ) 1935 Notre Dame vs. Ohio State ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 1946 Army vs. Notre Dame ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 1957 Notre Dame vs. Oklahoma ( End of Oklahoma 's NCAA record 47 game win streak ) 1966 Notre Dame vs. Michigan St. ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 1988 Miami vs. Notre Dame ( Catholics vs. Convicts ) 1993 Florida St. vs. Notre Dame ( `` Game of the Century '' ) 2005 USC vs. Notre Dame ( `` Bush Push '' game ) 2007 Navy vs. Notre Dame ( Navy ends 43 - year losing streak to Notre Dame , the longest in NCAA history between annual opponents ) Notre Dame has also played in several bowl games considered by many sportswriters to be among the best bowl games played : 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Texas 1973 Sugar Bowl vs. Alabama 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Houston ( Chicken soup game ) All - time records Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football series records Season records Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football seasons Notre Dame 's all - time record after September 1st , 2018 , stands at 907 wins , 324 losses , and 42 ties . The winning percentage of . 729 is 1st All - Time . Its 907 wins are second only behind Michigan , while its 324 losses are tied with Ohio State as the second lowest of any college programs that have been playing football for 100 years or more , behind Oklahoma 's 323 . In - State NCAA Division I record Team Record Percentage Streak First Meeting Last Meeting Ball State 1 -- 0 1.000 Won 1 2018 2018 Indiana 23 -- 5 -- 1 . 810 Won 6 1898 1991 Indiana State 0 -- 0 -- -- -- -- Purdue 58 -- 25 -- 2 . 694 Won 7 1899 2014 Valparaiso 1 -- 0 1.000 Won 1 1920 1920 Overall Record 82 -- 30 -- 3 Coaching records Years Coach Seasons Wins Losses Ties Pct . 1887 -- 89 , 1892 -- 93 None 5 7 . 625 1894 J.L. Morison . 700 1895 H.G. Hadden 0 . 750 1896 -- 98 Frank E. Hering 12 6 . 658 1899 James McWeeney 6 . 650 1900 -- 01 Pat O'Dea 14 . 750 1902 -- 03 James F. Faragher 14 . 843 1904 Red Salmon 5 0 . 625 1905 Henry J. McGlew 5 0 . 556 1906 -- 07 Thomas A. Barry 12 . 893 1908 Victor M. Place 8 0 . 889 1909 -- 10 Shorty Longman 11 . 857 1911 -- 12 Jack Marks 13 0 . 933 1913 -- 17 Jesse Harper 5 34 5 . 863 1918 -- 30 Knute Rockne 13 105 12 5 . 881 1931 -- 33 Hunk Anderson 16 9 . 630 1934 -- 40 Elmer Layden 7 47 13 . 770 1941 -- 43 , 1946 -- 53 Frank Leahy 11 87 11 9 . 855 1944 Ed McKeever 8 0 . 800 1945 , 1963 Hugh Devore 9 9 . 500 1954 -- 58 Terry Brennan 5 32 18 0 . 640 1959 -- 62 Joe Kuharich 17 23 0 . 425 1964 -- 74 Ara Parseghian 11 95 17 . 836 1975 -- 80 Dan Devine 6 53 16 . 764 1981 -- 85 Gerry Faust 5 30 26 . 535 1986 -- 96 Lou Holtz 11 100 30 . 765 1997 -- 01 Bob Davie 5 35 25 -- . 583 2001 * George O'Leary 0 0 0 -- -- 2002 -- 04 Tyrone Willingham 21 15 -- . 583 2004 † Kent Baer 0 0 -- . 000 2005 -- 09 Charlie Weis 5 35 27 -- . 565 2010 -- present Brian Kelly 8 48 34 -- . 585 Totals Coaches Seasons Wins Losses Ties Pct . 1887 -- 2017 31 129 906 324 42 . 729 * George O'Leary did not coach a single practice or game , resigning five days after being hired for misrepresenting his academic credentials . † Kent Baer served as interim head coach for one game at the 2004 Insight Bowl after Tyrone Willingham was fired . Bowl games Notre Dame has made 35 Bowl appearances , winning 17 and losing 18 . After an initial appearance in a postseason contest in the 1925 Rose Bowl , the Fighting Irish refused to participate in bowl games for more than four decades ; writers like Dan Jenkins have speculated that Notre Dame might have gone to as many as twenty bowl games during the self - imposed forty - five - year hiatus . It has played in the BCS National Championship Game ( 1 loss ) , Rose Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Cotton Bowl Classic ( 5 wins , 2 losses ) , the Orange Bowl ( 2 wins , 3 losses ) , the Sugar Bowl ( 2 wins , 2 losses ) , the Gator Bowl ( 1 win , 2 losses ) , the Liberty Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Aloha Bowl ( 1 loss ) , the Fiesta Bowl ( 1 win , 4 losses ) , the Independence Bowl ( 1 loss ) , the Insight Bowl ( 1 loss ) , Hawaii Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Sun Bowl ( 1 win ) , the Pinstripe Bowl ( 1 win ) and the Citrus Bowl ( 1 win ) . From 1994 to the 2006 football seasons , Notre Dame lost 9 consecutive bowl games , tied with Northwestern University for the most in NCAA history . That streak ended with a 49 -- 21 win over Hawaii in the 2008 Hawaii Bowl . In the process , Notre Dame scored its highest point total in post-season play . The record of 9 consecutive bowl losses was later tied by Northwestern in 2011 , then that streak was snapped a year later . Date Bowl W / L Opponent PF PA January 1 , 1925 Rose Bowl Stanford 27 10 January 1 , 1970 Cotton Bowl Classic # 1 Texas 17 21 January 1 , 1971 Cotton Bowl Classic # 1 Texas 24 11 January 1 , 1973 Orange Bowl # 9 Nebraska 6 40 December 31 , 1973 Sugar Bowl # 1 Alabama 24 23 January 1 , 1975 Orange Bowl # 2 Alabama 13 11 December 27 , 1976 Gator Bowl # 20 Penn State 20 9 January 2 , 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic # 1 Texas 38 10 January 1 , 1979 Cotton Bowl Classic Houston 35 34 January 1 , 1981 Sugar Bowl # 1 Georgia 10 17 December 29 , 1983 Liberty Bowl Boston College 19 18 December 29 , 1984 Aloha Bowl # 10 SMU 20 27 January 1 , 1988 Cotton Bowl Classic Texas A&M 10 35 January 2 , 1989 Fiesta Bowl # 3 West Virginia 34 21 January 1 , 1990 Orange Bowl Colorado 21 6 January 1 , 1991 Orange Bowl # 1 Colorado 9 10 January 1 , 1992 Sugar Bowl # 3 Florida 39 28 January 1 , 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic # 3 Texas A&M 28 January 1 , 1994 Cotton Bowl Classic # 6 Texas A&M 24 21 January 2 , 1995 Fiesta Bowl # 5 Colorado 24 41 January 1 , 1996 Orange Bowl # 8 Florida State 26 31 December 28 , 1997 Independence Bowl # 15 LSU 9 27 January 1 , 1999 Gator Bowl # 12 Georgia Tech 28 35 January 1 , 2001 Fiesta Bowl # 5 Oregon State 9 41 January 1 , 2003 Gator Bowl # 17 North Carolina State 6 28 December 28 , 2004 Insight Bowl Oregon State 21 38 January 2 , 2006 Fiesta Bowl # 4 Ohio State 20 34 January 3 , 2007 Sugar Bowl # 4 LSU 14 41 December 24 , 2008 Hawaii Bowl Hawaii 49 21 December 31 , 2010 Sun Bowl Miami ( FL ) 33 17 December 29 , 2011 Champs Sports Bowl # 25 Florida State 14 18 January 7 , 2013 BCS National Championship # 2 Alabama 14 42 December 28 , 2013 Pinstripe Bowl ( Vacated ) Rutgers 29 16 December 30 , 2014 Music City Bowl # 23 LSU 31 28 January 1 , 2016 Fiesta Bowl # 7 Ohio State 28 44 January 1 , 2018 Citrus Bowl # 17 LSU 21 17 Total 36 Bowl Games 18 -- 18 765 858 Shamrock Series Between 2009 -- 2016 , Notre Dame has hosted an annual off - site home football game known as the Shamrock Series . The series promotes Notre Dame 's athletic and academic brand , and has brought the Fighting Irish to San Antonio , New York , Greater Washington , D.C. , Chicago , Indianapolis , Boston and the Dallas / Fort Worth metroplex . Prior to the 2012 season , Notre Dame Athletic Director Jack Swarbrick announced at a news conference of plans to continue the series through 2016 . He confirmed after his news conference that New York is expected to fall in that rotation and then continue to be the one consistently repeating venue for Shamrock Series games . The Shamrock Series was not held in 2017 . One of the unique aspects of the Shamrock Series is its inclusion of academic and other non-football activities in the area of that year 's host city the days and hours leading up to the game , which include pep rallies , drummers ' circles , and academic lectures . Date Time Opponent Rank Site TV Result Attendance October 31 , 2009 7 : 30 pm vs. Washington State No. 25 Alamodome San Antonio , TX NBC W 40 -- 14 53,407 November 20 , 2010 7 : 00 pm vs. Army Yankee Stadium Bronx , NY NBC W 27 -- 3 54,251 November 12 , 2011 7 : 30 pm vs. Maryland FedExField Landover , MD NBC W 45 -- 21 70,251 October 6 , 2012 7 : 30 pm vs. Miami ( FL ) No. 10 Soldier Field Chicago , IL NBC W 41 -- 3 62,871 October 5 , 2013 7 : 30 pm vs. No. 22 Arizona State AT&T Stadium Arlington , TX NBC W 37 -- 34 66,690 September 13 , 2014 7 : 30 pm vs. Purdue No. 11 Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , IN NBC W 30 -- 14 56,832 November 21 , 2015 7 : 30 pm vs. Boston College No. 5 Fenway Park Boston , MA NBCSN W 19 -- 16 38,686 November 12 , 2016 3 : 30 pm vs. Army Alamodome San Antonio , TX NBC W 44 -- 6 45,762 * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from AP Poll released prior to game . All times are in Eastern Time . Players and Coaches See also : Notre Dame starting quarterbacks , Fighting Irish football players , and Notre Dame Fighting Irish football statistical leaders Heisman Trophy See also : Heisman Trophy Seven Notre Dame football players have won the Heisman Trophy , more than any other university ( Ohio State has 7 trophies won by 6 players ; USC has 6 trophies , following Reggie Bush 's forfeit of the 2005 award due to NCAA violations ) . Heisman Trophy Winners Year Name Position 1943 Angelo Bertelli QB 1947 Johnny Lujack QB 1949 Leon Hart End 1953 Johnny Lattner HB 1956 Paul Hornung OB 1964 John Huarte QB Tim Brown WR Heisman Voting : 1938 -- Whitney Beinor , 9th 1943 -- Angelo Bertelli , 1st , Creighton Miller , 4th , Jim White , 9th 1944 -- Bob Kelly , 6th 1945 -- Frank Dancewicz , 6th 1947 -- Johnny Lujack , 1st 1949 -- Leon Hart , 1st , Bob Williams , 5th , Emil Sitko , 8th 1950 -- Bob Williams , 6th 1953 -- Johnny Lattner , 1st 1954 -- Ralph Guglielmi , 4th 1956 -- Paul Hornung , 1st 1958 -- Nick Pietrosante , 10th 1959 -- Monty Stickles , 9th 1964 -- John Huarte , 1st , Jack Snow , 5th 1965 -- Bill Wolski , 11th 1966 -- Nick Eddy , 3rd , Terry Hanratty , 6th 1967 -- Terry Hanratty , 9th 1968 -- Terry Hanratty , 3rd 1969 -- Mike McCoy , 6th 1970 -- Joe Theismann , 2nd 1971 -- Walt Patulski , 9th 1974 -- Tom Clements , 4th 1975 -- Steve Niehaus , 12th 1977 -- Ken MacAfee , 3rd , Ross Browner , 5th 1979 -- Vagas Ferguson , 5th 1983 -- Allen Pinkett , 16th 1985 -- Allen Pinkett , 8th 1987 -- Tim Brown , 1st 1989 -- Tony Rice , 4th , Raghib Ismail , tie 10th 1990 -- Raghib Ismail , 2nd 1992 -- Reggie Brooks , 5th 2005 -- Brady Quinn , 4th 2006 -- Brady Quinn , 3rd 2009 -- Golden Tate , 10th 2012 -- Manti Te'o , 2nd Other National Award Winners Maxwell Award Leon Hart -- 1949 Johnny Lattner -- 1952 , 1953 Jim Lynch -- 1966 Ross Browner -- 1977 Brady Quinn -- 2006 Manti Te'o -- 2012 Walter Camp Award Ken MacAfee -- 1977 Tim Brown -- 1987 Raghib Ismail -- 1990 Manti Te'o -- 2012 Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award Tony Rice -- 1989 Brady Quinn -- 2006 Sammy Baugh Trophy Terry Hanratty -- 1967 Brady Quinn -- 2005 Biletnikoff Award Golden Tate -- 2009 John Mackey Award Tyler Eifert -- 2012 Dick Butkus Award Manti Te'o -- 2012 Jaylon Smith -- 2015 Chuck Bednarik Award Manti Te'o -- 2012 Lombardi Award Walt Patulski -- 1971 Ross Browner -- 1977 Chris Zorich -- 1990 Aaron Taylor -- 1993 Manti Te'o -- 2012 Lott IMPACT Trophy Manti Te'o -- 2012 Bronko Nagurski Trophy Manti Te'o -- 2012 Outland Trophy George Connor -- 1946 Bill Fischer -- 1948 Ross Browner -- 1976 AT&T ESPN All - America Player Brady Quinn -- 2006 The Jim Parker Trophy Aaron Taylor -- 1993 The Jack Tatum Trophy Bobby Taylor -- 1994 Chic Harley Award Paul Hornung -- 1956 The Kellen Moore Award Rick Mirer -- 1992 Polynesian Player of the Year Award Ronnie Stanley -- 2015 Ozzie Newsome Award Tyler Eifert -- 2011 Coaching Awards Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award Ara Parseghian -- 1964 Lou Holtz -- 1988 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award Ara Parseghian -- 1964 Lou Holtz -- 1988 Charlie Weis -- 2005 Brian Kelly -- 2012 Home Depot Coach of the Year Award Tyrone Willingham -- 2002 Brian Kelly -- 2012 Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award Brian Kelly -- 2012 Liberty Mutual Coach of the Year Award Brian Kelly -- 2012 Associated Press Coach of the Year Award Brian Kelly -- 2012 Sporting News Coach of the Year Ara Parseghian -- 1966 Lou Holtz -- 1988 Brian Kelly -- 2012 George Munger Award Tyrone Willingham -- 2002 The Woody Hayes Trophy Lou Holtz -- 1988 Broyles Award Bob Diaco -- 2012 Team Awards Grantland Rice Trophy Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1964 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1973 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1977 Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 1988 Joe Moore Award Notre Dame Fighting Irish -- 2017 College Football Hall of Fame See also : College Football Hall of Fame Forty - five former Notre Dame players and 6 coaches have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame , located in Atlanta , Georgia . Notre Dame leads all universities in players inducted . Name Position Year Inducted Hunk Anderson Guard Angelo Bertelli Quarterback 1972 Tim Brown Wide Receiver 2009 Ross Browner Defensive End 1999 Jack Cannon Guard 1965 Frank Carideo Quarterback 1954 Dave Casper Tight End 2012 George Connor Tackle 1963 Bob Crable Linebacker 2017 Jim Crowley Halfback 1966 Zygmont Czarobski Tackle 1977 Dan Devine Coach 1985 Bob Dove End 2000 Ray Eichenlaub Fullback 1972 Bill Fischer Tackle / Guard Thom Gatewood End 2015 George Gipp Halfback 1951 Jerry Groom Center 1994 Ralph Guglielmi Quarterback 2001 Jesse Harper Coach 1994 Leon Hart End 1973 Frank `` Nordy '' Hoffman Guard 1978 Lou Holtz Coach 2008 Paul Hornung Quarterback 1985 John Huarte Quarterback 2005 Johnny Lattner Halfback 1979 Elmer Layden Fullback 1951 Frank Leahy Coach 1970 Johnny Lujack Quarterback 1960 Jim Lynch Linebacker 1992 Ken MacAfee Tight End 1997 Jim Martin End / Tackle 1995 Bert Metzger Guard 1982 Creighton Miller Halfback 1976 Don Miller Halfback 1970 Edgar Miller Tackle 1966 Fred Miller Tackle 1985 Wayne Millner End 1990 Alan Page Defensive End 1993 Ara Parseghian Coach 1980 Knute Rockne Coach 1951 Louis Salmon Fullback 1971 Marchy Schwartz Halfback Bill Shakespeare Halfback Emil `` Red '' Sitko Halfback / Fullback 1984 John `` Clipper '' Smith Guard Harry Stuhldreher Quarterback 1958 Joe Theismann Quarterback 2003 Adam Walsh Center 1968 Bob Williams Quarterback 1988 Tommy Yarr Center Chris Zorich Defensive Tackle 2007 Current roster Main article : 2017 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team Current coaching staff Name Position Brian Kelly Head Coach Brian Polian Recruiting Coordinator / Special Teams Coordinator Jeff Quinn Offensive Line Coach Chip Long Offensive Coordinator / Tight Ends Mike Elston Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line Autry Denson Running Backs Todd Lyght Pat and Jana Eilers Family Defensive Backs DelVaughn Alexander Wide Receivers Clark Lea Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Tom Rees Quarterbacks Matt Balis Director of Football Strength and Conditioning Uniforms The team in their current home uniforms Notre Dame 's home jersey is navy blue with white numerals , gold outlining , and a small interlocking `` ND '' logo on each sleeve . The away jersey is white with navy numerals , gold outlining , and the interlocking `` ND '' on the sleeves . In recent years , neither jersey included the player 's name on the back , but names were included during the Dan Devine and Gerry Faust eras . However , for the Irish 's Hawai'i Bowl appearance in 2008 vs. the University of Hawai'i , Notre Dame once again wore last names on their jerseys . Gold pants , with a small ND logo just below the left waist , are worn with both home and away jerseys . Former quarterback Brady Quinn in the current away uniform Notre Dame 's helmets are solid gold with gray facemasks , the gold being emblematic of the University 's famed `` Golden Dome . '' Notre Dame 's tradition for the team 's student managers to spray - paint the team 's helmets prior to each game ended in 2011 when the football equipment staff , along with Notre Dame Athletics Director Jack Swarbrick and head coach Brian Kelly outsourced the painting process to Hydro Graphics Inc . Over the years , Notre Dame has occasionally worn green instead of blue as its home jersey , sometimes adopting the jersey for an entire season -- or more -- at a time . Currently , Notre Dame reserves its green jerseys for `` special '' occasions . Often on such occasions , the Irish will take the field for warmups dressed in blue , only to switch to green when they go back to the locker room before kickoff . This tradition was started by Dan Devine in 1977 before the USC game . Notre Dame has also been known to switch jerseys at halftime , as during the 1985 USC game , and in the loss to Nile Kinnick - led Iowa in 1939 , although this was to help avoid confusion between their navy uniforms and Iowa 's black ones . The current design of the jersey is kelly green with gold numbers and white outlining . For the 2006 Army game , Coach Charlie Weis broke out the Green jerseys as a reward to his senior players , as well finally ending the string of losses by the Irish when wearing green . Notre Dame wore throwback green jerseys in 2007 against USC in honor of the 30th anniversary of the 1977 National Championship team . On at least one occasion ( 1992 Sugar Bowl ) Notre Dame has worn an away variant of the jersey : a white jersey with green numbers . Champion supplied football jerseys for The University of Notre Dame for over 50 years until they switched to Adidas in 2001 . On July 1 , 2014 , the University of Notre Dame Athletic department will begin wearing uniforms and footwear supplied by Under Armour . Former tight end Tyler Eifert . During Gerry Faust 's tenure ( 1981 -- 85 ) , Notre Dame 's blue jerseys switched from the traditional navy to royal blue with gold and white stripes on the sleeves . The navy blue jerseys returned in 1984 . No uniform numbers have been retired by Notre Dame . Upon being issued a number , each player is given a card which lists some of the more famous players who have worn that particular number . Number 3 is perhaps the most famous number in Irish football history , having been worn by Ralph Guglielmi , George Izo , Daryle Lamonica , Coley O'Brien , Joe Montana , Michael Floyd , Rick Mirer and Ron Powlus , among others . Number 5 is also notable , as it is the only number to be worn by one of the Four Horsemen ( Elmer Layden ) a Heisman Trophy Winner ( Paul Hornung ) and a National Title winning Quarterback ( Terry Hanratty ) . Number 7 has been worn by such Irish greats as 1964 Heisman Trophy winner John Huarte , 1970 Heisman runner - up Joe Theismann , Steve Beuerlein , Jimmy Clausen and Jarious Jackson . In 2011 , both Michigan and Notre Dame wore throwback uniforms in their game against each other . For the Shamrock Series games Notre Dame and their outfitters have announced that the school will wear specially - designed helmets , jerseys , and pants . Facilities Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame Stadium on game day , with student section and band Main article : Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame Stadium is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team . Located on the southeast part of the university 's campus in Notre Dame , Indiana and with a seating capacity of 77,622 , Notre Dame Stadium is one of the most renowned venues in college football . The Sporting News ranks Notre Dame Stadium as # 2 on its list of `` College Football Cathedrals '' . and the stadium experience evokes a more traditional feel . Notre Dame Stadium is used for football related activities and for Commencement ( since 2010 ) . Notre Dame Stadium had no permanent lighting until the expansion project in 1997 . NBC paid for the lighting as they have televised all Notre Dame home football games since 1991 . On April 12 , 2014 , it was announced during the annual Blue - Gold Spring Game that a FieldTurf synthetic surface would replace the grass field after the 2014 Commencement Weekend . In November 2014 the University of Notre Dame embarked on a $400 million stadium expansion called the Crossroads Campus Project . The project is expected to be completed by August 2017 . Cartier field Main article : Cartier Field Cartier Field was the original playing field of the Fighting Irish . In 1930 , it was replaced by Notre Dame Stadium , due to the growing popularity of ND football . Notre Dame 's practice facility still bears the Cartier Field name . Most ND practices take place on Cartier Field . Guglielmino Athletics complex Known by fans as `` the Gug '' ( pronounced `` goog '' ) , the Guglielmino Athletics Complex is Notre Dame 's new athletics complex . The Gug houses the football offices , a weight room , and practice week locker rooms for the football team . The Gug is utilized by all Notre Dame athletes . The complex was underwritten by Don F. Guglielmino and his family . Rivalries Main article : Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalries The First Jeweled Shillelagh , awarded to the winner of the annual USC vs. Notre Dame game . Notre Dame has rivalries with several universities . Although the Fighting Irish competes as an Independent , they play a more national schedule and have frequently scheduled opponents . USC , Michigan , Michigan State , Pitt , and Navy are among Notre Dame 's oldest rivals . USC Trojans Main article : Notre Dame -- USC football rivalry USC is Notre Dame 's primary rival . The rivalry has produced more national titles , Heisman trophies , and All - Americans than any other . It is considered one of the most important rivalries in college football , and is often called the greatest rivalry not dictated by conference , affiliation , or geography . Other than during World War II , the teams have played each other since 1926 . Notre Dame leads the series 46 -- 36 -- 5 . Navy midshipmen Main article : Navy -- Notre Dame football rivalry Navy and Notre Dame have one of the longest continuous series in college football , having played 83 games without interruption since 1927 . Notre Dame had a 43 - game win streak during this time frame , the longest in Division 1 - A football , which ended in 2007 . Navy won three of four consecutive meetings in 2007 , 2009 , and 2010 . Notre Dame has won in 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 and 2015 . Navy won in 2016 . Notre Dame won in 2017 . Michigan Wolverines Main article : Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan is considered Notre Dame 's first and oldest rivalry , first meeting back in 1887 , although the two teams did not play each other for many years . The series has been quite frequent in the near past since the rivalry was reunited beginning in 1978 . It is heightened by the two schools ' competition for all - time win percentage , which Michigan leads again since 2016 . The most recent meeting in 2014 was won by Notre Dame 31 -- 0 in South Bend . Michigan leads the all - time series 24 -- 17 -- 1 , with 6 of the Wolverine victories coming before 1900 . Since the first 8 games , which were perceived as `` exhibitions , '' Notre Dame leads the series 17 - 16 - 1 . Throughout the 20th century , Notre Dame truly ascended to the top school in college football , superseding Michigan . In this time , Notre Dame has won 8 service wire poll while Michigan has only won 2 . This changing of the guard has fuelled the bitterness between the two schools . The rivalry is further heightened due to the fact that in the 20th century Michigan attempted to blackball Notre Dame from competing in the sport ; this has often been attributed to native racism from Michigan 's head coach Fielding Yost . This exclusion from the Big Ten , however , has attributed greatly to Notre Dame 's conference independence and national branding . This rivalry stopped during the 2014 season when Notre Dame shut out Michigan for the first time in the rivalry 's history . Shortly before the 2012 game , the Associated Press reported that Notre Dame had exercised a three - year out clause in their series contract . This series was the first casualty of Notre Dame 's future arrangement with the Atlantic Coast Conference , under which the Fighting Irish will play five games per season against ACC opponents once the school joins the ACC in all sports except for football and hockey in 2014 . In 2016 , Michigan announced that the rivalry will resume for two consecutive seasons , in 2018 and 2019 . Michigan State Spartans Main article : Michigan State -- Notre Dame football rivalry The Michigan State Spartans are one of Notre Dame 's most important rivals with the two teams playing for the Megaphone Trophy . Notre Dame holds an all - time 48 -- 28 -- 1 series winning margin . The one tie was the Game of the Century , one of the greatest college football games ever played . The Spartans ' 28 victories over Notre Dame are second-most of any school after USC . The Megaphone Trophy series record is 32 -- 26 -- 1 in favor of Notre Dame . Michigan State won the Megaphone Trophy in 2010 after beating the Irish 34 -- 31 in East Lansing on an overtime fake field goal play known as `` Little Giants '' . In 2011 , the Irish reclaimed the trophy with a 31 -- 13 victory in which they led all the way . Game Day traditions See also : Band of the Fighting Irish The band playing in a pre-game ceremony before a football game Due to its long and storied history , Notre Dame football boasts many traditions unique to Notre Dame . Some of these are : The tradition of having 23.9 karat gold in the helmet paint continues , with the painting process provided by Hydro Graphics , Inc. and no longer by student managers . The gold particles that are used on the helmet were collected from the re-gilding on the Notre Dame dome in 2007 . During the 2011 season , however , a new helmet paint scheme was introduced ; while retaining the basic gold helmet and grey facemask look , the `` new '' gold is much more reflective than the `` old '' ; there have already been several variations of this new `` gold chrome '' look , including `` brick '' and `` fish - scale '' texturing . Formerly , prior to the start of the game , the team attended mass in semi-formal attire at the Sacred Heart Basilica . At the conclusion of mass , fans formed a line that the team walked through from the chapel to the stadium . However , in 2011 the team changed its movements prior the game , instead taking buses back to The Gug for final meetings . In 2013 , Mass was moved to Friday night ; as a result , the walk now originates from the Gug . Team raising their helmets to the student section after a win ( or loss ) Coming out of the locker room , players slap the famous `` Play Like a Champion Today '' sign . Between the third and fourth quarters of home games , the Notre Dame Marching Band plays the finale to the 1812 Overture , as the crowd reacts with synchronized waving of arms , with their fingers in the shape of a `` K '' for Kelly . ( `` W '' for both Weis and Willingham and `` L '' for Lou Holtz ) Since 1960 , Sergeant Tim McCarthy for the Indiana State Police has read out a driving safety announcement to the crowd during the fourth quarter . When Sergeant McCarthy begins his announcement , the crowd goes silent to hear his message , which invariably ends with a pun . Sergeant McCarthy retired from this duty in the 2015 season after 55 years of fan - favorite messages . He was honored on the field on September 26 , 2015 , to deliver his last in - person address , in which he repeated the same announcement he did on his first gameday . At the conclusion of every home game , the team turns to the student section to salute them by raising their helmets in the air . They do this after a win or after a loss . Then , the band plays the Alma Mater , `` Notre Dame , Our Mother '' . Those who stay link arms and sing the lyrics . Irish in the NFL Irish in the NFL NFL Draft Selections Total selected : 495 First picks in draft : 5 1st Round : 65 NFL Achievements In the Super Bowl : 49 Won the Super Bowl : 40 Hall of Famers : 13 Since the NFL began drafting players in 1936 , 495 Notre Dame football players have been selected by NFL teams . Additionally , Notre Dame has had 65 players selected in the first round of the NFL draft , including five overall number one picks . Of the 46 Super Bowls competed , only 14 teams have won the event without an Irish player on the roster . Looking at both participating team rosters , there have only been five Super Bowls that did not feature at least one former Notre Dame player on either team 's roster -- Denver vs. Atlanta , 1999 ; Dallas vs. Buffalo , 1994 ; Washington vs. Denver , 1988 ; Dallas vs. Denver , 1978 ; and Baltimore vs. Dallas , 1971 . Eleven former players have won multiple Super Bowls : Mark Bavaro , Rocky Bleier , Nick Buoniconti , Eric Dorsey , Dave Duerson , David Givens , Terry Hanratty , Bob Kuechenberg , Joe Montana , Steve Sylvester and Justin Tuck . Pro Football Hall of Fame Thirteen former Notre Dame players / alumni have been inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame , ranking it 1st of all College Football Programs . 1963 : Curly Lambeau -- Green Bay Packers 1919 -- 49 1963 : John McNally * -- Milwaukee Badgers 1925 -- 1926 , Duluth Eskimos 1926 -- 1927 , Pottsville Maroons 1928 , Green Bay Packers 1929 -- 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , Pittsburgh Pirates ( Steelers ) 1934 , 1937 -- 1938 1964 : George Trafton -- Chicago Bears 1920 -- 32 1968 : Wayne Millner -- Boston and Washington Redskins 1936 -- 41 , 1945 1975 : George Connor -- Chicago Bears 1948 -- 55 1986 : Paul Hornung -- Green Bay Packers 1957 -- 62 , 1964 -- 66 1988 : Alan Page -- Minnesota Vikings 1967 -- 78 , Chicago Bears 1978 -- 81 2000 : Joe Montana -- San Francisco 49ers 1979 -- 92 , Kansas City Chiefs 1993 -- 94 2001 : Nick Buoniconti -- Boston Patriots 1962 -- 68 , Miami Dolphins 1969 -- 74 , 1976 2002 : Dave Casper -- Oakland Raiders 1974 -- 80 , Houston Oilers 1980 -- 83 , Minnesota Vikings 1983 2015 : Jerome Bettis -- Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams ( 1993 -- 1995 ) , Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1996 -- 2005 ) 2015 : Tim Brown -- Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders ( 1988 -- 2003 ) , Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2004 ) 2016 : Edward J. DeBartolo Jr . -- Former San Francisco 49ers Owner , received B.A. from Notre Dame , inducted into Pro Hall of Fame in 2016 as a Contributor . * McNally graduated from St. John 's ( MN ) , but started his career at Notre Dame and is listed as a hall of famer under both schools in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Current NFL players As of 1 May 2018 Name Year Debuted Position Team Sheldon Day 2016 DT San Francisco 49ers Tyler Eifert 2013 TE Cincinnati Bengals Matthias Farley 2016 Indianapolis Colts Will Fuller 2016 WR Houston Texans T.J. Jones 2012 WR Detroit Lions J.J. Jansen 2008 LS Carolina Panthers Deshone Kizer 2017 QB Green Bay Packers Ben Koyack 2015 TE Jacksonville Jaguars Nick Martin 2016 Houston Texans Zack Martin 2014 OG Dallas Cowboys Troy Niklas 2014 TE New England Patriots Romeo Okwara 2016 DE New York Giants James Onwualu 2017 LB Los Angeles Chargers C.J. Prosise 2016 RB Seattle Seahawks Theo Riddick 2013 RB Detroit Lions Kyle Rudolph 2011 TE Minnesota Vikings KeiVarae Russell 2016 CB Cincinnati Bengals Harrison Smith 2012 Minnesota Vikings Jaylon Smith 2016 OLB Dallas Cowboys Ronnie Stanley 2016 OT Baltimore Ravens John Sullivan 2008 Los Angeles Rams Golden Tate WR Detroit Lions Manti Te'o 2013 LB New Orleans Saints Stephon Tuitt 2014 DE Pittsburgh Steelers Sam Young OT Miami Dolphins Quenton Nelson 2018 OG Indianapolis Colts Mike McGlinchey 2018 OT San Francisco 49ers Durham Smythe 2018 TE Miami Dolphins Equanimeous St. Brown 2018 WR Green Bay Packers Nyles Morgan 2018 LB Chicago Bears Andrew Trumbetti 2018 DE Chicago Bears Media The Fighting Irish are unique among sports teams in the United States , as they are the only team , professional or college , to have all their games broadcast nationally on the radio , as well as the only team to have all of their home games broadcast nationally on television . Notre Dame famously left the College Football Association , a consortium that administered television broadcast rights on behalf of over 64 schools , in 1990 , in order to establish its own broadcasting deal with NBC . From 1968 to 2007 , Westwood One served as the official radio partner for the Irish , broadcasting their games for 40 consecutive years . Until the 2006 Air Force game , Notre Dame had a record 169 consecutive games broadcast nationally on either NBC , ABC , ESPN , or CBS . The 2006 ND vs. Air Force game was broadcast on CSTV , a college sports channel owned by CBS who had an exclusive contract with the Mountain West Conference , of which Air Force is a member . Television Main article : Notre Dame Football on NBC NBC has been televising Notre Dame Home football games since the 1991 season . The deal was considered to be a major coup for NBC , given the high popularity of Notre Dame football at the time . Notre Dame is the only FBS football team to have all of its home games televised exclusively by one television network . In addition to TV broadcasts , NBC also maintains several dedicated websites to ND football , and Notre Dame Central , which provides complete coverage , full game replays and commentary of the Notre Dame team . NBC 's television contract with Notre Dame was renewed in April 2013 and is set to continue through the 2025 football season . Current broadcast team Doug Flutie ( game analyst ) Mike Tirico ( play - by - play ) Radio Radio rights to the Fighting Irish are currently held by IMG Sports , who began a 10 - year deal with the team in 2008 . The new deal displaced its previous broadcast partner , Westwood One , who had broadcast Notre Dame football nationally on radio for 40 consecutive years ( after taking over from the Mutual Radio Network ) . Notre Dame ended its relationship with Westwood One at the conclusion of the 2007 football season citing financial reasons . IMG claims that the Notre Dame football broadcasts are carried by more affiliate stations than any other team ( professional or collegiate , and in ' any ' sport ) in North America . The game broadcasts are also carried on SiriusXM 's satellite radio and internet streaming services ( on the Catholic Channel ; two Catholic Channel hosts also produced a live broadcast from the official tailgate party prior to the 2017 USC game ) . Current broadcast team Don Criqui ( play - by - play ) -- 1974 -- 1976 , 2006 -- current Allen Pinkett ( color analyst ) Jeff Jeffers ( pre and post-game ) Former commentators Tony Roberts ( play - by - play ) -- 1980 -- 2005 Tom Pagna ( color analyst ) Pat Haden Ralph Guglielmi Lindsey Nelson Al Wester 1 Future Schedules Although the Notre Dame football program is not a full member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , it has an agreement to play an average of five ACC schools per season . In return Notre Dame has access to the non-College Football Playoff ACC bowl line - up . Notre Dame currently utilizes a format of six home games in South Bend , five away games , and one major metropolitan area neutral site `` Shamrock Series '' home game for scheduling . This includes preserving traditional yearly rivalries with USC , Stanford , and Navy , five rotating ACC opponents ( two away ACC games will coincide in even years with away games at Navy and three away ACC games will coincide in odd years with home games against Navy ) , two home and home series ( one home game and one away game ) , one one - time opponent home game , and the traveling `` Shamrock Series '' home game . 2019 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 2 ( Labor Day ) at Louisville Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY September 14 New Mexico Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 21 at Georgia Sanford Stadium Athens , GA September 28 Virginia Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 5 Bowling Green Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 12 USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 26 at Michigan Michigan Stadium Ann Arbor , MI November 2 Virginia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 9 at Duke Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC November 16 Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 23 Boston College Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 30 at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . The 2019 schedule was officially released on March 2 , 2017 . 2020 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result August 29 at Navy Aviva Stadium Dublin , Ireland September 12 Arkansas Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 19 Western Michigan Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 26 at Wake Forest Bank of America Stadium Charlotte , NC October 3 vs. Wisconsin Lambeau Field Green Bay , WI ( Shamrock Series ) NBC October 10 Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 16 at Pittsburgh Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA October 31 Duke Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 7 Clemson Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 14 at Georgia Tech Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta , GA November 21 Louisville Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 28 at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . The 2020 schedule was officially released on December 7 , 2017 . The neutral site game at Lambeau Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game . 2021 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 6 ( Labor Day ) at Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL September 11 Toledo Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 18 Purdue Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 25 vs. Wisconsin Soldier Field Chicago , IL ( Shamrock Series ) October 9 at Virginia Tech Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 13 at Virginia Scott Stadium Charlottesville , VA November 20 Georgia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 27 at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA North Carolina Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . An additional 1 non-ACC home game will be scheduled -- TBA . The neutral site game at Soldier Field has been designated the Shamrock Series game , although television rights are owned and operated by the Big Ten Network . 2022 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 3 at Ohio State Ohio Stadium Columbus , OH October 15 Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 26 at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA Boston College Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Clemson Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA at North Carolina Kenan Memorial Stadium Chapel Hill , NC TBA at Syracuse Carrier Dome Syracuse , NY All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 4 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2023 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 23 Ohio State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November 25 at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Pittsburgh Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Wake Forest Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Clemson Memorial Stadium Clemson , SC TBA at Duke Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC TBA at Louisville Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY TBA at North Carolina State Carter Finley Stadium Raleigh , NC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 2 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2024 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result August 31 at Texas A&M Kyle Field College Station , TX September 14 at Purdue Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN October Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 19 at Georgia Tech Bobby Dodd Stadium Atlanta , GA November 16 Virginia Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA Florida State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Miami Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2025 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 20 Purdue Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC September 27 Texas A&M Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC October 4 at Arkansas Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium Fayetteville , AR October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC November at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA NC State Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA Syracuse Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN NBC TBA at Boston College Alumni Stadium Chestnut Hill , MA TBA at Miami Hard Rock Stadium Miami Gardens , FL TBA at Pittsburgh Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : One additional non-ACC home game will be scheduled . 2026 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 26 at Purdue Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN October Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN October 17 Virginia Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN November at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA Louisville Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Syracuse Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA at Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL TBA at North Carolina Kenan Memorial Stadium Chapel Hill , NC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2027 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 4 Purdue Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN November at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Georgia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Virginia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA at Clemson Memorial Stadium Clemson , SC TBA at Duke Wallace Wade Stadium Durham , NC TBA at Wake Forest BB&T Field Winston Salem , NC All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC games will be scheduled ( 2 home and 1 away ) . 2028 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 2 Alabama Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN September 23 at Purdue Ross -- Ade Stadium West Lafayette , IN October Stanford Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN November at USC Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , CA TBA at Navy TBA TBA TBA Boston College Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Clemson Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Miami Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA at Pittsburgh Heinz Field Pittsburgh , PA TBA at Virginia Tech Lane Stadium Blacksburg , VA All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . 2029 Date Time Opponent Site TV Result September 1 at Alabama Bryant - Denny Stadium Tuscaloosa , AL October USC Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN November at Stanford Stanford Stadium Stanford , CA TBA Navy Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Georgia Tech Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA Wake Forest Notre Dame Stadium Notre Dame , IN TBA at Florida State Doak Campbell Stadium Tallahassee , FL TBA at North Carolina State Carter Finley Stadium Raleigh , NC TBA at Syracuse Carrier Dome Syracuse , NY All times are in Eastern Time . All dates , times , opponents , sites and TV are tentative and subject to change . TBA : An additional 3 non-ACC home games will be scheduled . References ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame Stadium '' . Notre Dame Fighting Irish . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football 2017 Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . University of Notre Dame . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . 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College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Heisman Trophy '' . Heisman.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Cliff Brown '' . Espn.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Tribune - Historical Newspapers '' . Archives.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Devine Dies At Age 77 '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pomarico , Frank ; Serafin , Raymond ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Ara 's Knights : Ara Parseghian and the Golden Era of Notre Dame Football '' . Triumph Books -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Russell , Marvin A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Linebacker in the Boardroom : Lessons in Life and Leadership '' . Marvin A. Russell -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Devine Coaching Record '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Devine led Notre Dame to national title '' . 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Jump up ^ `` 1983 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Faust Coaching Record '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hersch , Hank . `` Faust : From the Gipper to the Zippers '' . Si.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Even At Akron , Faust Is Faust '' . Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alfano , Peter ( April 4 , 1986 ) . `` Gerry Faust Starts Over With Akron '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lou Holtz Bio : : Notre Dame Football '' . Und.Com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results College Football at '' . Sports-reference.com . January 1 , 1970 . 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Jump up ^ Harvey , Randy ( January 2 , 1994 ) . `` Notre Dame Rallies for Victory , Then Awaits Its Fate in the Polls : Cotton Bowl : Holtz says Irish have rightful claim to the national title after they beat Texas A&M , 24 -- 21 , on a field goal by Pendergast with 2 : 17 to play '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` 1994 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , From Associated ( September 4 , 1994 ) . `` Powlus Leads Irish Past Northwestern : Notre Dame : The sophomore passes for 291 yards and four scores in 42 - 15 victory '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Wojciechowski , Gene ( September 11 , 1994 ) . `` Irish Get the Boot Yet Again : College football : Once - dismal Michigan kicker Remy Hamilton does the job this time in 26 - 24 victory '' -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ `` College Football -- Notre Dame Wins Game For Powlus To Forget '' . Nytimes.com . September 18 , 1994 . 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Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame bowls over 5th - ranked USC , 38 - 10 No. 17 Irish stay alive in bid for Alliance spot , hand Trojans first loss '' . Articles.baltimoresun.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame - Boston College Rivalry / / The Holy War '' . Uhnd.com . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Notre Dame Navy Football Rivalry / / UHND.com '' . Uhnd.com . October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` College Football : Notre Dame Downs Air Force : Nonconference : Irish backup quarterback Krug uses ground attack for a 44 - 14 victory '' . LA Times . Associated Press . November 19 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Bowl Championship Series - 1996 - Florida St. 31 , Notre Dame 26 '' . Espn.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 Notre Dame Fighting Irish Schedule and Results '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame 14 , Vanderbilt 7 '' . 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Jump up ^ Elizabeth Merrill ( May 11 , 1996 ) . `` Rodney Culver 's family keeps legacy alive through former players ' memories '' . Espn.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Packer Dorsey Levens enjoys , appreciates post-football second act '' . Espn.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raghib Ismail Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Burris Bio : : Notre Dame Football : : UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bettis was a great player , but also a quitter '' . SBNation.com . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now ? Irv Smith '' . Scout.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reggie Brooks Bio UND.COM : : The Official Site of Notre Dame Athletics '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Brady , James ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Notre Dame 's Kelly wins AP coach of the year '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Diaco Captures Broyles Award As Nation 's Top Assistant Coach '' . UND.cstv.com . December 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` College Football Hall of Famers '' . collegefootball.org . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Football Team to Wear Throwback Uniforms Against USC '' . cstv.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ND Archives : All - Time Roster '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting News College Football Cathedrals '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2001 . Retrieved January 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Ten Greatest College Football Rivalries '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Walters , John ( October 13 , 2005 ) . `` Does it get any better than this ? '' . si.com . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Marden , Keith ; Spellen , Mark Donovan , Jim ( 2001 ) . The Notre Dame Football Encyclopedia : The Ultimate Guide to America 's Favorite College Team . Citadel . pp. 232 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2108 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/history/football/fbs Jump up ^ http://www.herloyalsons.com/blog/2012/09/19/the-hand-that-rocks-the-cradle-why-we-hate-michigan/ Jump up ^ Fortune , Matt ( September 26 , 2012 ) . `` ND - Michigan to end after 2014 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike Celzic . The Biggest Game of Them All : Notre Dame , Michigan State and the Fall of 1966 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 75817 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gano , Rick ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Irish get first win , beat No. 15 Spartans 31 -- 13 '' . Associated Press . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Notre Dame Media Guide : Introduction Part I ( Page 10 -- Football Weekend at ND ) '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Traditions : Notre Dame Player Walk '' . Jump up ^ `` Father Thesing to serve as Notre Dame football team chaplain '' . Jump up ^ Katzmann , Kristy ( Fall 2000 ) . `` Tim McCarthy adds puns to football announcements : Football announcer punches it up '' . Notre Dame Magazine . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tim McCarthy to Deliver One Final Live Safety Message At Notre Dame - Massachusetts Football Game Saturday '' . Und.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame NFL Draft History by numbers '' . drafthistory.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Tuck Stars in Super Bowl Again As Giants Top Patriots For Second Time in Four Years '' . UND.cstv.com . February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by College '' . profootballhof.com . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame catches USC in Pro Football Hall of Famers '' . collegefootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John ( Blood ) McNally '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Football Travels to Notre Dame '' . goairforcefalcons.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` If Roberts has anything to say , he 'll rejoin Irish '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` N.D. - Air Force not on major network -- Notre Dame Central -- MSNBC.com '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MSNBC -- Notre Dame Central -- Stay Current with Notre Dame Football Scores , Schedule , Match - ups & Breaking News -- MSNBC.com Front Page '' . Nbcsports.msnbc.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Keith . `` Notre Dame and NBC Sports renew partnership '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame And ISP Join To Produce Football Radio Network '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I Get Caught in a Web of Lies ! '' . jenniferfulwiler.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Frank . `` Notre Dame to the ACC , football not included ... but football will have ACC feel to it '' . Yahoo ! sports . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Eric . `` Swarbrick offers updates on hot topics '' . South Bend Tribune . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Brian ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` With Chicago next , Notre Dame ' Shamrock Series ' games here to stay '' . ChicagoTribune.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lazerus , Mark . `` Notre Dame drops Michigan from football schedule '' . suntimes.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Allen . `` Observer Exclusive : Swarbrick discusses eventful fall semester '' . The Observer . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Swarbrick Press Conference Transcript -- Notre Dame Announces 2014 -- 2016 Schedules '' . und.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Release Football Schedules Through 2016 '' . nd.edu . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fortuna , Matt . `` ACC , Notre Dame announce opponents through 2025 '' . espn.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fortuna , Matt . `` Bob Davie 's return ? New Mexico to visit Notre Dame in ' 19 '' . espn.go.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame and Georgia to Play Pair of Football Games '' . und.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Huston , Chris . `` USC extends series with Notre Dame , adds BYU to future schedule '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Keith . `` It 's Official : Notre Dame - Michigan Set for 2018 , 2019 '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Did Notre Dame Schedule Itself Into a Problem in ' 18 / 19 ? '' . uhnd.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston College Series '' . gostanford.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Douglas . `` ND releases 2017 home game times and channels as well as the ' 18 , ' 19 schedules '' . Irish.nbcsports.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin 's Aviva Stadium To Host The 2020 Navy - Notre Dame Game '' . und.com . Retrieved 25 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame and Arkansas Set Two - Game Football Series '' . und.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Somogyi , Lou . `` Report : Notre Dame To Host Western Michigan In 2020 '' . notredame.rivals.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wake Forest football team to play Notre Dame in 2020 in Charlotte '' . TheCharlotteObserver.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame Schedules Wisconsin In 2020 & 2021 '' . und.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Notre Dame And Georgia Tech Agree To Schedule Change '' . NotreDame.Rivals.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Announces 2020 Football Schedule '' . und.com . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rittenberg , Adam . `` Notre Dame - Wisconsin matchups to be played at Lambeau Field , Soldier Field '' . espn.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toledo to Play at Notre Dame in 2021 '' . utrockets.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Winn , Andrew . `` Notre Dame Football : Irish Drop Game With Purdue Boilermakers , Add Two More '' . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Football Schedules '' . Hokiesports.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Future Football Schedules '' . VirginiaSports.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Future Football Opponents '' . Ramblinwreck.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy , Notre Dame to meet at Redskins ' home in 2014 '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame , Ohio State Reach Agreement for Football Games in 2022 and 2023 '' . und.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notre Dame , Texas A&M announce home - and - home for 2024 -- 25 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Future Football Opponents '' . Ramblinwreck.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Atlantic Coast Conference , Notre Dame Announce Future Football Matchups '' . theACC.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett . `` Notre Dame and Alabama schedule home - and - home college football series in 2028 and 2029 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sallee , Barrett . `` Notre Dame and Alabama schedule home - and - home college football series in 2028 and 2029 '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . 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"His lasting achievement came midway through this run, when Notre Dame won the 1977 national championship, led by junior quarterback Joe Montana.[200] The championship season climaxed with a 38–10 win in the 1978 Cotton Bowl Classic over previously top-ranked Texas, led by Heisman Trophy winner Earl Campbell.[201] The win vaulted the Irish from fifth to first in the polls. Earlier in the season, before the annual game against USC, played at home on October 22, Devine changed the team's jerseys from navy blue & white to kelly green & gold, later known as the \"green jersey game\" resulting in a 49–19 victory over the Trojans.[202] The Irish continued to wear green for the rest of Devine's tenure at the school.[202]\n"
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"1977"
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7545523089895528034 | Todd Haberkorn | Todd Haberkorn - wikipedia Todd Haberkorn Jump to : navigation , search Todd Haberkorn Haberkorn in 2015 Todd Michael Haberkorn ( 1982 - 08 - 16 ) August 16 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Arlington , Texas , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Other names Todd Stone Alma mater Southern Methodist University ( BFA ) Occupation Voice actor , ADR voice director Years active 1994 - Present Agent The Horne Agency VOX Inc . Children Website www.thehabertat.com Todd Michael Haberkorn ( born August 16 , 1982 ) is an American voice actor and director . He has provided voices for a number of English - language versions of Japanese anime series , as well as video games and cartoons . While he was working in theater , he joined Funimation as a voice actor , with some minor bits in Black Cat and Peach Girl . Since then he has voiced many main characters including Yamato Akitsuki in Suzuka , Kimihiro Watanuki in xxxHolic , and Tsukune Aono in Rosario + Vampire , Death The Kid in Soul Eater , Allen Walker in D. Gray - man , and Natsu Dragneel in Fairy Tail . He has worked in Texas and California as an actor , director , producer , and writer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Filmography 1.1 Anime 1.2 Animation 1.3 Films 1.4 Video games 1.5 Live - action 2 References 3 External links Filmography ( edit ) Anime ( edit ) List of voice performances in anime Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2004 AM Driver Jenath Dira 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Black Cat Flitt Morris 000000002006 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2006 Crayon Shin - chan The Flamer Funimation dub 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 2008 Claymore Raki ADR Director 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Peach Girl Additional Voices First roles 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 -- 08 School Rumble Kentaro Nara 2007 Beet the Vandel Buster Jikku 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Suzuka Yamato Akitsuki First major role 2007 Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle Kimihiro Watanuki 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Glass Fleet Magnus , others Assistant ADR Director 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 One Piece Kohza , Siam , Nero Funimation dub 000000002007 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2007 Mushishi Nagi Ep. 6 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Shuffle ! Itsuki Midoriba ADR Director ( Eps. 9 - 24 ) 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 xxxHolic Kimihiro Watanuki 000000002008 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2008 Sasami : Magical Girls Club Toshihiko `` Monta '' Saruta 2008 Ghost Hunt Kazuya Shibuya 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Kenichi : The Mightiest Disciple Haruo Niijima 2009 The Tower of Druaga series Jil 2009 -- present D. Gray - man Allen Walker Co-Assisstant ADR Director 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Baccano ! Firo Prochainezo 2009 Big Windup ! Yuichiro Tajima 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 Sgt . Frog Keroro 2009 Blassreiter Joseph Jobson Rin : Daughters of Mnemosyne Apos 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 2010 Eden of the East Jintaro Tsuji Initial D series Keisuke Takahashi Funimation dub 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Strike Witches Meyer 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Ouran High School Host Club Hikaru Hitachiin Sands of Destruction Kyrie Ilnis 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Soul Eater Death the Kid 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood Ling Yao 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Dragon Ball Z Kai Android 19 My Bride Is a Mermaid Nagasumi Michishio Hetalia : Axis Powers series Italy Sekirei series Hayato Mikogami 2011 Black Butler series Viscount Druitt 2011 Phantom : Requiem for the Phantom Atsushi Motegi 2011 Chrome Shelled Regios Layfon Wolfstein Alseif 2011 Baka and Test Kyoji Nemoto 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 -- present Fairy Tail Natsu Dragneel 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Chaos ; Head Takumi Nishijo Also in Chaos ; Child Episode 00 2011 Rosario + Vampire series Tsukune Aono 2012 Okami - san & Her Seven Companions Taro Urashima 2012 Shiki Masao Murasako 2012 Fractale Colin 2012 Shangri - La Soichiro Hata 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Nura : Rise of the Yokai Clan series Kubinashi As Todd Stone 2012 Aria the Scarlet Ammo Kinji Toyama Also in Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA 2012 C ( anime ) Kimimaro Yoga 000000002012 - 11 - 13 - 0000 2012 -- 14 Hellsing Ultimate Tom , Wild Geese , Vatican Officers As Todd Stone 2012 - 13 Shakugan No Shana series Khamsin Nbh'w Funimation dub 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Naruto Shippuden Animal Pain , Saiken / Six Tails , others 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Tenkai Knights Ceylan Jones / Tributon 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 B - Daman Crossfire Alba Cocodoro As Todd Stone 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Blood - C Dog / Kimihiro Watanuki 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Toriko Takimaru 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Accel World Crimson Kingbolt As Todd Stone 000000002013 - 07 - 12 - 0000 2013 K Project series Izumo Kusanagi 2013 Eureka Seven : AO Truth 2013 Future Diary Aru Akise 2013 Magi : The Labyrinth of Magic series Judar 2013 Good Luck Girl ! Momo'o Inugami 2013 Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero Phil Barnett 2013 Ikki Tousen : Great Guardians En'in Ep. 2 000000002014 - 07 - 14 - 0000 2014 -- 15 Kill la Kill Shiro Iori Also OVA 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Sushi Ninja Maguro 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Attack on Titan Marlo 2014 Code : Breaker Toki Fujiwara 2014 Knights of Sidonia series Norio Kunato 000000002014 - 11 - 11 - 0000 2014 -- 15 Sailor Moon Jadeite Viz dub 2015 Tokyo Ghoul series Ayato Kirishima 2015 Tokyo Ravens Shido Dairenji / Yashamaru 000000002015 - 05 - 29 - 0000 2015 The Disappearance of Nagato Yuki - chan Yukata Tamaru ( Ep. 8 ) Co-ADR Director 2015 Free ! - Iwatobi Swim Club series Haruka Nanase 2015 Aldnoah. Zero Trillam Eps. 1 - 3 000000002015 - 08 - 25 - 0000 2015 Fate / stay night : Unlimited Blade Works Assassin TV series 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Attack on Titan : Junior High Marlo Co-Assistant ADR Director 000000002015 - 11 - 20 - 0000 2015 -- 16 Sailor Moon Crystal Jadeite 2015 Daimidaler the Sound Robot Shouma Ameku 000000002015 - 12 - 18 - 0000 2015 Glitter Force Pop 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Snow White with the Red Hair Raj Schenazade 999999999999 - 99 - 99 - 0000 2016 Prince of Stride : Alternative Tomoe Yagami 2016 Dagashi Kashi Kokonotsu Shikada 2016 Grimgar of Fantasy and Ash Kikkawa 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Brothers Conflict Hikaru Asahina 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Ajin : Demi - Human Tosaki 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Shōnen Maid Keiichirō Shinozaki 2016 One Punch Man Drive Knight 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Danganronpa 3 : The End of Hope 's Peak Academy Teruteru Hanamura Also in the Hope Arc special 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Show By Rock ! ! # Deyan Ep. 7 2016 Aquarion Logos Akira Kaibuki 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Kuromukuro Tom Borden 2017 Dragon Ball Super Jaco the Galactic Patrolman 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Fūka Yamato Akitsuki 2017 Rio : Rainbow Gate ! Mr. Clark 2017 Gosick Wong Kai Ep. 13 2017 Samurai Warriors Takatora Todo 2017 Hunter × Hunter ( 2011 ) Genthru 2017 The Testament of Sister New Devil Takashi Hayase 2017 Glitter Force Doki Doki Additional Voices ADR Director 2017 The Ancient Magus ' Bride Lindenbaum 2017 Ai No Kusabi : The Space Between Iason Mink TBA Terra Formars Joseph Gustav Newton TBA Yamada - kun and the Seven Witches Toranosuke Miyamura 2018 B : The Beginning Jonathan , Quinn TBA Skip Beat ! Shinichi Ishibashi Eps. 10 - 12 Animation ( edit ) List of voice performances in animation Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 The Legend of Korra Baatar Jr . 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Sofia the First Elfonso , Additional Voices 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Lego Friends : Dolphin Cruise Ben 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 TOME : Terrain of Magical Expertise Bitshrum Eps. 12 - 15 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 - present Ever After High Sparrow Hood 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! Aiden , David 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Monster High : Haunted Porter Geiss 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Monster High : Boo York , Boo York Skeletal Mummy 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 - 17 Death Battle Tai Kamiya , Daxter , Spider - Man 2099 000000002017 - 01 - 28 - 0000 2017 Avengers : Ultron Revolution Haechi Ep . `` Civil War Part 2 : The Mighty Avengers '' Films ( edit ) List of voice performances in direct - to - video , television films and feature films Year Title Role Notes Source 000000002009 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2009 xxxHolic : A Midsummer Night 's Dream Kimihiro Watanuki 000000002010 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2010 Initial D: Third Stage Keisuke Takahashi Funimation dub 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Eden of the East the Movie : King of Eden Jintaro Tsuji 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Eden of the East the Movie : Paradise Lost Jintaro Tsuji 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Hetalia : Axis Powers -- Paint it White ! Italy 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 King of Thorn Walter 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Mass Effect : Paragon Lost Milque 2013 Blood - C : The Last Dark Kimihiro Watanuki 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Fairy Tail the Movie : Phoenix Priestess Natsu Dragneel 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 The Empire of Corpses Friday 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Kingsglaive : Final Fantasy XV Luche Lazarus 2017 Boruto : Naruto the Movie Shikadai Nara 000000002017 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2017 Shin Godzilla Rando Yaguchi Funimation dub 2017 In This Corner of the World Shusaku 2017 Fairy Tail : Dragon Cry Natsu Dragneel Video games ( edit ) List of voice performances in video games Year Title Role Notes Source 2008 Dragon Ball Z : Burst Limit Announcer 2008 Brothers in Arms : Hell 's Highway Sgt . Hartsock 2009 Case Closed : The Mirapolis Investigation Keith Kozlof 2009 Lux - Pain Ryo Unami 2009 Dragon Ball : Raging Blast Android 19 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Yun Lufia : Curse of the Sinistrals Maxim Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 Android 19 , Tarble Rune Factory 3 Micah 000000002011 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2011 Orcs Must Die ! Elf Archer 2011 Rune Factory : Tides of Destiny Bismark 2011 The Gunstringer Additional Voices 2011 Rage Jackals 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Borderlands 2 Moorin , Obnoxious Singer , Some Guy , Tran Cancelmo , Wilhelm , Wizard Simon 000000002012 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2012 Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Forest Law 2012 Kinect Star Wars Pod Racing Announcer 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Fire Emblem Awakening Morgan ( Male ) As Todd Stone 000000002013 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2013 Tales of Xillia Rowen J. Ilbert 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Z Android 19 2014 Earth Defense Force 2025 Various Soldiers 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Smite Vamana , Such Cold Skadi ( Doge ) 000000002014 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2014 Tales of Xillia 2 Rowen J. Ilbert 000000002015 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2015 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm Revolution Obito Uchiha ( Adult ) 2015 Shin Megami Tensei : Devil Survivor 2 Jungo Torii From Record Breaker 2016 Naruto Shippuden : Ultimate Ninja Storm 4 Shikadai Nara 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Cat Girl Without Salad Gunnar Crossbones , Chefinoff 2016 Ghostbusters Ghoul 000000002016 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2016 Dishonored 2 Middle Class Citizen 2017 Akiba 's Beat Kanon 2017 God Wars : Future Past Kintaro 2017 Danganronpa V3 : Killing Harmony Korekiyo Shinguji 2017 Club Penguin Island Gary the Gadget Guy , Herbert P. Bear , Shellbeard 2017 Fire Emblem Heroes Joshua , Siegbert Live - action ( edit ) List of acting performances in film and television Year Title Role Notes Source 2006 Barney & Friends Mr. Knickerbocker Video : `` Let 's Make Music '' / : Tryin ' on Dreams '' 2008 -- 09 Funimation Updates Host Webcasts 2011 Scream of the Banshee Otto 2013 Star Trek Continues Mr. Spock 2017 Shin Godzilla Rando Yaguchi Funimation dub References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Haberkorn voice over actor interview '' . Dailysingle.com . March 14 , 2012 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ Haberkorn announced his move to Los Angeles in the Fairy Tail episode 9 commentary . He occasionally returns to Texas for voice work . ^ Jump up to : `` Behind The Voice Actors - Todd Haberkorn '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Team Haberkorn . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Todd Stone '' . voice123.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voice Actor Todd Haberkorn -- SakuraCon 2008 Exclusive '' . Otaku Review.net. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Resumes : `` Todd Haberkorn resume '' . ActorsAccess.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` Todd Haberkorn '' . thehorneagency.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Shin-Chan/The-Flamer/ Jump up ^ Koulikov , Mikhail . `` Otakon 2008 - Funimation Entertainment '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Haberkorn interviews Claymore Cast Member Stephanie You '' . YouTube . Funimation. 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion of Pieta ( Part 1 ) '' . Claymore . Episode 21 . -- closing credits ^ Jump up to : Funimation dub credits Jump up ^ Toonami Preview of One Piece Jump up ^ Todd Haberkorn ( @ toddhaberkorn ) ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` I also directed it with @ leahrooo '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces Cast of Big Windup '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Soul Eater first four voice actors announced '' . Active Anime . August 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Announces English Dub Cast of Black Butler '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Announces English Dub Cast of Phantom ~ Requiem for the Phantom '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` ' Baka and Test -- Summon the Beasts ' Dub Cast Revealed '' . The Fandom Post . 2011 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Finnegan , Erin . `` Shelf Life - Making the Band '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rejection '' . Chaos ; Head . Episode 9 . -- closing credits Jump up ^ `` Rosario + Vampire English Dub Cast Announced '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Ōkami - san & Her Seven Companions Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Shiki English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Fractale English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Shangri - la English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Aria : The Scarlet Ammo 's English Dub Cast , Trailer Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals English Dub Cast For Valkyrie Drive : Mermaid , Aria the Scarlet Ammo AA Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals C - Control 's English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hellsing V '' . Hellsing Ultimate . Episode 5 . October 18 , 2014 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Hellsing VI '' . Hellsing Ultimate . Episode 6 . October 25 , 2014 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Hellsing VIII '' . Hellsing Ultimate . Episode 8 . November 8 , 2014 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Shakugan no Shana English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Invitation '' . Accel World . Episode 18 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Announces K TV Anime 's Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Dub Casts for Fujiko Mine , Eureka 7 AO , Michiko & Hatchin Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals High School DxD , Future Diary Dub Casts '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA Announces Magi - The Labyrinth of Magic Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` English Cast Announcement for Good Luck Girl ! '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Aesthetica of a Rogue Hero Dub Cast '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` All Warfare is Based on Deception '' . Ikki Tousen : Great Guardians . Season 3 . Episode 2 . Jump up ^ `` Erica Mendez , Carrie Keranen Star in Kill la Kill 's English Dub '' . Anime News Network . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smile : Assault on Stohess , Part 1 '' . Attack on Titan . Episode 23 . 2014 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Unveils Code : Breaker 's English Dub Cast , Trailer '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` ' Knights Of Sidonia ' Anime Dub Cast Revealed '' . The Fandom Post . 2014 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New Sailor Moon Dub Cast Revealed at Anime Expo '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Viz Media Reveals More English Dub Cast for Sailor Moon R Anime '' . April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Tokyo Ghoul √ A English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Guess Who 's Back ? ! Announcing The Disappearance of Nagato Yuki - chan English Dub Cast '' . funimation.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll Streams Free ! Iwatobi Swim Club Anime with English Dub '' . Anime News Network . December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Free ! Eternal Summer English Dub Casts Todd Haberkorn as Haru '' . Anime News Network . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA to Release 1st Aldnoah. Zero Season on BD , DVD with Dub , Sub '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex USA Details Fate / stay night UBW , Durarara ! ! 2xSho Release Details '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Broadcast Dub English Cast Announcement -- Attack on Titan Junior High ! - Funimation - Blog ! '' . Funimation - Blog ! . 2015 - 11 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the cast of Sailor Moon at Fan Expo in Toronto September 1st to the 4th '' . Sailor Moon News . Adam . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Unveils Daimidaler 's Dub Cast , Trailer , December 15 Date '' . Anime News Network . October 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ haberographer ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` And that 's a wrap on Pop in Glitter Force ! # Habercording ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Snow White with the Red Hair Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Tindle , Ricco Fajardo , Natalie Hoover Star in Prince of Stride English Broadcast Dub '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dagashi Kashi 's English Broadcast Dub Casts Todd Haberkorn , Tabitha Ray , Sara Ragsdale '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ McFarland , Mike ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Barbara is @ marchimark , Renji is @ ElCidRecords , Kikkawa is @ ToddHaberkorn , and Brittany is yours truly . # Grimgar '' . @ MikeMcFarlandVA . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Brothers Conflict English Cast Announcement - Funimation - Blog ! '' . Funimation - Blog ! . 2016 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Martin , Theron ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Ajin '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . The English dub is a strong effort anchored by veterans like Johnny Yong Bosch ( as Kei ) and Todd Haberkorn ( as Tosaki ) very fittingly - cast in key roles . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Dub Cast Announcement : Shonen Maid ! '' . Funimation . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Reveals One - Punch Man Dub Cast For Episodes 7 - 12 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Danganronpa 3 : Future Arc , Despair Arc 's English Dubs Previewed in Videos '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glass , Caitlin ( 17 December 2016 ) . `` Almost forgot ! New cast members join ep 7 of # ShowByRock season 2 ! Give it up for @ ToddHaberkorn @ supersasquatch @ snoweyes & @ AttackonTysonpic.twitter.com/5j8UAhIOsc '' . @ caitlinsvoice . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals Aquarion Logos Anime 's English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kuromukuro Dub Cast ( For Both Seasons 1 & 2 ) '' . Reddit.com . Retrieved Nov 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crunchyroll , Funimation to Stream Interviews with Monster Girls , ACCA , Fuuka , Chaos ; Child Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Full `` Rio : Rainbow Gate ! '' English Dub Cast Announced `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Gosick English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Reveals English Dub Cast For Samurai Warriors Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . mobile.twitter.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` October 2017 Home Video Releases - Funimation - Blog ! '' . Funimation - Blog ! . 2017 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ HaberTweets TM ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) . `` A show that I was honored to work on from the directing and voicing side of is finally coming out ! The cast was ... '' @ ToddHaberkorn . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Fall 2017 English Dub Cast Updates '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Blasters , Media ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) . `` As promised , here is a preview clip & cast announcement for your RTs & shares ! @ ToddHaberkorn will be playing Iason Mink , and Darren Mitchell is the voice of Riki ! Street Date is 12 / 19 / 2018 # ainokusabi # dub # anime # VOpic.twitter.com/QyUaLJ1U8W '' . @ Media_Blasters . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Viz Media Reveals English Dub Cast for Terraformars Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Terra Formars Blu - ray / DVD '' . www.rightstufanime.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ vizmedia ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) , Terraformars , Set 1 - Official English Clip , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Funimation Announces Yamada - kun and the Seven Witches English Dub Cast '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Yamada - kun & The Seven Witches the Complete Series Combo Home Video Release Date ( Jan 9 , 2018 ) '' . www.funimation.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) , Yamada - Kun The Complete Series - Coming Soon , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : B : The Beginning Anime 's English Dub Cast Revealed '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 5 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Skip Beat ! Dub Cast Adds Todd Haberkorn , 2 Others '' . Anime Herald . 2016 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` After All These Years '' . The Legend of Korra . Season 4 . Episode 1 . October 3 , 2014 . Nick.com . Jump up ^ `` Sofia in Elvenmoor '' . Sofia the First . Season 3 . Episode 10 . November 13 , 2015 . Disney Junior . Jump up ^ `` Fan TV - Find where to watch - Lego Friends : Dolphin Cruise ( 2013 ) '' . fan.tv . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Terrain of Magical Expertise - ChrisNiosi.com '' . chrisniosi.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scary Christmas '' . Be Cool , Scooby - Doo ! . Season 1 . Episode 15 . December 10 , 2015 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Civil War Part 2 : The Mighty Avengers '' . Avengers : Ultron Revolution . Season 3 . Episode 24 . January 28 , 2017 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Project Itoh 's ' The Empire of Corpses ' -- Cast + Trailer ! '' . Funimation . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/movies/Kingsglaive-Final-Fantasy-XV/side-by-side/ Jump up ^ `` Shin Godzilla Comes To Blu - ray in August ! '' . Funimation . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Films , Funimation . `` In This Corner Of The World Funimation Films '' . www.funimationfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Films , Funimation . `` Fairy Tail : Dragon Cry Funimation Films '' . www.funimationfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Borderlands 2 Manual ( PDF ) . Steam . Valve Corporation . p. 31 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Haberkorn 's role in Earth Defense Force 2025 : @ NaokiKashima ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` @ ToddHaberkorn Heyyyyyy , I think I heard your voice in Earth Defense Force 2025 . Did you do some soldier voices ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Todd Haberkorn ( @ ToddHaberkorn ) ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` @ NaokiKashima :) ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ HaberTweets TM ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Bam : ) '' . @ ToddHaberkorn . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Club Penguin Island '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ ( BlueFlame ) , Carolyn ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Well Hello @ ToddHaberkorn coming back into fire emblem ! Glad to hear you again ! pic.twitter.com/WsvheeB6iw '' . Twitter.com/ @ Sikamarutwin . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ FUNimation Update : September . September 2 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ FUNimation Update Quickie : October 20 , 2008 . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ FUNimation Update : December 2008 . December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Vic Mignogna Directing Star Trek Continues '' . Star Trek Continues ( Press release ) . Washington , D.C. : Farragut Films . March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Todd Haberkorn . Todd Haberkorn on IMDb Todd Haberkorn at Behind The Voice Actors Todd Haberkorn convention appearances on AnimeCons.com Todd Haberkorn at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Todd Haberkorn at CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Todd_Haberkorn&oldid=813692924 '' Categories : Male actors from Texas American people of Vietnamese descent American male voice actors Voice directors Living people People from Arlington , Texas Southern Methodist University alumni Male actors of Vietnamese descent Male actors from Dallas People from Dallas People from Los Angeles Male actors from Los Angeles 21st - century American male actors American male video game actors American male television actors American male film actors 1982 births Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Use mdy dates from January 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the english voice actor for natsu | [
"Todd Michael Haberkorn (born August 16, 1982) is an American voice actor and director. He has provided voices for a number of English-language versions of Japanese anime series, as well as video games and cartoons. While he was working in theater, he joined Funimation as a voice actor, with some minor bits in Black Cat and Peach Girl.[5] Since then he has voiced many main characters including Yamato Akitsuki in Suzuka, Kimihiro Watanuki in xxxHolic, and Tsukune Aono in Rosario + Vampire, Death The Kid in Soul Eater, Allen Walker in D.Gray-man, and Natsu Dragneel in Fairy Tail.[6] He has worked in Texas and California as an actor, director, producer, and writer."
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"Todd Michael Haberkorn"
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-2878213498858985154 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 | Surface mining Control and reclamation Act of 1977 - wikipedia Surface mining Control and reclamation Act of 1977 Jump to : navigation , search Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 Long title An Act to provide for the cooperation between the Secretary of the Interior and the States with respect to the regulation of surface coal mining operations , and the acquisition and reclamation of abandoned mines , and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) SMCRA Enacted by the 95th United States Congress Effective August 3 , 1977 Citations Public law 95 - 87 Statutes at Large 91 Stat. 445 Codification Titles amended 30 U.S.C. : Mineral Lands and Mining U.S.C. sections created 30 U.S.C. ch. 25 § 1201 et seq . Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 2 by Morris K. Udall ( D - AZ ) on January 31 , 1977 Committee consideration by House Interior and Insular Affairs , Senate Energy and Natural Resources Passed the Senate on May 20 , 1977 ( 57 - 8 , in lieu of S. 7 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on July 12 , 1977 ; agreed to by the Senate on July 20 , 1977 ( 85 - 8 ) and by the House on July 21 , 1977 ( 325 - 68 ) Signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on August 3 , 1977 Sign at Indian Head Mine , near Beulah , ND . Photo : Chuck Meyers , OSM . The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 ( SMCRA ) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States . SMCRA created two programs : one for regulating active coal mines and a second for reclaiming abandoned mine lands . SMCRA also created the Office of Surface Mining , an agency within the Department of the Interior , to promulgate regulations , to fund state regulatory and reclamation efforts , and to ensure consistency among state regulatory programs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Passage 1.1 Regulatory program 1.2 Reclamation program 1.3 State / federal relationship 1.4 Self - bonding 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Passage ( edit ) SMCRA grew out of a concern about the environmental effects of strip mining . Coal had been mined in the United States since the 1740s , but surface mining did not become widespread until the 1930s . At the end of that decade , states began to enact the first laws regulating the coal mining industry : West Virginia in 1939 , Indiana in 1941 , Illinois in 1943 , and Pennsylvania in 1945 . Despite those laws , the great demand for coal during World War II led to coal being mined with little regard for environmental consequences . After the war , states continued to enact and expand regulatory programs , some of which required mining permits or the posting of bonds to ensure that the land could be reclaimed after mining was complete . But these state laws were largely unsuccessful at stemming the environmental impacts of surface mining . One problem was that the law varied from state to state , enabling mining operations to relocate to states where regulations were less strict . Meanwhile , surface mining became increasingly common : in 1963 just 33 percent of American coal came from surface mines ; by 1973 that figure reached 60 percent . In 1974 and 1975 Congress sent mining regulation bills to President Gerald Ford , but he vetoed them out of concern that they would harm the coal industry , increase inflation , and restrict the energy supply . As Jimmy Carter campaigned in Appalachia in 1976 , he promised to sign those bills . Congress sent him a bill that was even more stringent than those vetoed by Ford , and President Carter signed it into law on August 3 , 1977 . Regulatory program ( edit ) The regulation of active mines under SMCRA has five major components : Blasting a coal seam in Gillette , WY . This single explosion loosened half a million tons of coal , but also harmed many miners in the process . Photo : Chuck Meyers , OSM . Standards of Performance . SMCRA and its implementing regulations set environmental standards that mines must follow while operating , and achieve when reclaiming mined land . Permitting . SMCRA requires that companies obtain permits before conducting surface mining . Permit applications must describe what the premining environmental conditions and land use are , what the proposed mining and reclamation will be , how the mine will meet the SMCRA performance standards , and how the land will be used after reclamation is complete . This information is intended to help the government determine whether to allow the mine and set requirements in the permit that will protect the environment . Bonding . SMCRA requires that mining companies post a bond sufficient to cover the cost of reclaiming the site . This is meant to ensure that the mining site will be reclaimed even if the company goes out of business or fails to clean up the land for some other reason . The bond is not released until the mining site has been fully reclaimed and the government has ( after five years in the East and ten years in the West ) found that the reclamation was successful . Inspection and Enforcement . SMCRA gives government regulators the authority to inspect mining operations , and to punish companies that violate SMCRA or an equivalent state statute . Inspectors can issue `` notices of violation , '' which require operators to correct problems within a certain amount of time ; levy fines ; or order that mining cease . Land Restrictions . SMCRA prohibits surface mining altogether on certain lands , such as in National Parks and wilderness areas . It also allows citizens to challenge proposed surface mining operations on the ground that they will cause too much environmental harm . Reclamation program ( edit ) SMCRA created an Abandoned Mine Land ( AML ) fund to pay for the cleanup of mine lands abandoned before the passage of the statute in 1977 . The law was amended in 1990 to allow funds to be spent on the reclamation of mines abandoned after 1977 . The fund is financed by a tax of 31.5 cents per ton for surface mined coal , 15 cents per ton for coal mined underground , and 10 cents per ton for lignite. 80 % of AML fees are distributed to states with an approved reclamation program ( see below ) to fund reclamation activities . The remaining 20 % are used by OSM to respond to emergencies such as landslides , land subsidence , and fires , and to carry out high priority cleanups in states without approved programs . States with approved programs can also use AML funds to set up programs to insure homeowners against land subsidence caused by underground mining . State / federal relationship ( edit ) In Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association , Inc. , 452 U.S. 264 ( 1981 ) the Supreme Court of the United States found the SMCRA does not violate the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Like most environmental statutes passed in the 1960s and 1970s , SMCRA uses a cooperative federalism approach under which states are expected to take the lead in regulation while the federal government oversees their efforts . Under SMCRA , the federal government can approve a program , which gives the state the authority to regulate mining operations , if the state demonstrates that it has a law that is at least as strict as SMCRA , and that they have a regulatory agency with the wherewithal to operate the program . Currently , most coal - mining states have approved programs . Those states issue their own permits , inspect their mines , and take enforcement action themselves when necessary . In the two states without approved programs ( Tennessee and Washington ) and on Indian Reservations , the Office of Surface Mining performs those functions . The federal government is required to regulate surface coal mining on federal lands ( which include 60 percent of the coal reserves in the West ) , but can enter into cooperative agreements with states with approved programs . Self - bonding ( edit ) Many states do not require large mining companies to post a surety bond for the costs of mine reclamation . Instead , these companies can hold their own assets as `` self - bonding '' . The bankruptcy of large coal mining companies may imperil the $3.7 billion state regulators have allowed in self - bonding . For example , shortly before it declared bankruptcy Peabody Energy held $1.47 billion in self - bonding liabilities , including $900.5 million in Wyoming alone . See also ( edit ) Mine closure planning Mine reclamation References ( edit ) 25th Anniversary of the Surface Mining Law : A report on the protection and restoration of the nation 's land and water resources under the Surface Mining Law , Office of Surface Mining , 2003 . Available at OSM website . Green , Edward . State and Federal Roles Under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 , 21 S. Ill . U.L.J. 531 ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ `` About OSMRE - Who We Are '' . www.osmre.gov . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy Conner , Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association and Hodel v. Indiana , 10 Ecology L.Q. ( 1982 ) . Jump up ^ The Editorial Board ( 15 April 2016 ) . `` The Lessons of a Coal Giant 's Collapse '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jahshan , Amanda ( 26 February 2016 ) . `` Bankruptcies in Coal Country put Self - Bonding in Spotlight '' . The Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dylan ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Coal : Mine cleanup concerns spike as industry sputters '' . Greenwire . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Loh , Tim ( 17 February 2016 ) . `` The $1.47 Billion Problem Threatening Peabody 's Finances '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 17 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Text of SMCRA , 30 U.S.C. § § 1201 -- 1328 . SMCRA regulations , 30 CFR Part 700 et seq . Office of Surface Mining homepage Providing for Consideration Of The Bill ( H.R. 2824 ) to Amend the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 to Stop the Ongoing Waste by the Department of the Interior of Taxpayer Resources and Implement the Final Rule on Excess Spoil , Mining Waste , and Buffers for Perennial and Intermittent Streams , and for Other Purposes ; Providing for Consideration of the Bill ( H.R. 2641 ) to Provide for Improved Coordination of Agency Actions in the Preparation and Adoption of Environmental Documents for Permitting Determinations , and for Other Purposes ; and Providing for Consideration of Motions to Suspend the Rules : Report ( To Accompany H. Res. 501 ) United States environmental law Supreme Court decisions Missouri v. Holland ( 1920 ) Sierra Club v. Morton ( 1972 ) United States v. SCRAP ( 1973 ) Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( 1978 ) Vermont Yankee v. NRDC ( 1978 ) Hughes v. Oklahoma ( 1979 ) Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 1992 ) United States v. Bestfoods ( 1998 ) Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services ( 2000 ) SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers ( 2001 ) Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen ( 2004 ) Rapanos v. United States ( 2006 ) Massachusetts v. EPA ( 2007 ) National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife ( 2007 ) Coeur Alaska , Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council ( 2009 ) Major federal legislation and treaties Rivers and Harbors Act ( 1899 ) Lacey Act ( 1900 ) Weeks Act ( 1911 ) North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 ( 1911 ) Migratory Bird Treaty Act ( 1918 ) Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ( 1934 ) Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act ( 1954 ) Clean Air Act ( 1963 , 1970 ) National Environmental Policy Act ( 1970 ) Clean Water Act ( 1972 ) Federal Insecticide , Fungicide , and Rodenticide Act ( 1972 ) Noise Control Act ( 1972 ) Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) Safe Drinking Water Act ( 1974 ) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act ( 1976 ) Toxic Substances Control Act ( 1976 ) Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act ( 1977 ) CERCLA ( Superfund ) ( 1980 ) Emergency Planning and Community Right - to - Know Act ( 1986 ) Emergency Wetlands Resources Act ( 1986 ) Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act ( 2016 ) Federal agencies Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Council on Environmental Quality Office of Surface Mining United States Environmental Protection Agency United States Fish and Wildlife Service Regulations and concepts Best available technology Citizen suit Discharge Monitoring Report Effluent guidelines Environmental crime Environmental impact statement Environmental justice National Ambient Air Quality Standards National Priorities List New Source Performance Standard Not - To - Exceed ( NTE ) Right to know Total maximum daily load Toxicity category rating Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977&oldid=820711378 '' Categories : 1977 in the environment 1977 in law 1977 events in the United States 95th United States Congress Coal mining in the United States Mining law and governance Surface mines in the United States United States federal environmental legislation Coal mining in Appalachia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 January 2018 , at 04 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the surface mining control and reclamation act written | [
"The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) is the primary federal law that regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the United States."
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"1977"
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-6699236320544027337 | Article One of the United States Constitution | Article one of the United States Constitution - wikipedia Article one of the United States Constitution Jump to : navigation , search Wikisource has original text related to this article : Article 1 of the United States Constitution This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government , the United States Congress . The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Section 1 : Legislative power vested in Congress 2 Section 2 : House of Representatives 2.1 Clause 1 : Composition and election of Members 2.2 Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members 2.3 Clause 3 : Apportionment of Representatives and taxes 2.4 Clause 4 : Vacancies 2.5 Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; Impeachment 3 Section 3 : Senate 3.1 Clause 1 : Composition ; Election of Senators 3.2 Clause 2 : Classification of Senators ; Vacancies 3.3 Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators 3.4 Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate 3.5 Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers 3.6 Clause 6 : Trial of Impeachment 3.7 Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; Punishment on conviction 4 Section 4 : Congressional elections 4.1 Clause 1 : Time , place , and manner of holding 4.2 Clause 2 : Sessions of Congress 5 Section 5 : Procedure 5.1 Clause 1 : Qualifications of Members 5.2 Clause 2 : Rules 5.3 Clause 3 : Record of proceedings 5.4 Clause 4 : Adjournment 6 Section 6 : Compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office 6.1 Clause 1 : Compensation and legal protection 6.2 Clause 2 : Independence from the executive 7 Section 7 : Bills 7.1 Clause 1 : Bills of revenue 7.2 Clause 2 : From bill to law 7.3 Clause 3 : Presidential veto 8 Section 8 : Powers of Congress 8.1 Enumerated powers 8.2 Commerce Clause 8.3 Other powers of Congress 8.4 Necessary and Proper clause 9 Section 9 : Limits on Congress 9.1 Slave trade 9.2 Civil and legal protections 9.3 Apportionment of direct taxes 9.4 Titles of nobility 10 Section 10 : Limits on the States 10.1 Clause 1 : Contracts Clause 10.2 Clause 2 : Import - Export Clause 10.3 Clause 3 : Compact Clause 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Section 1 : legislative power vested in Congress ( edit ) Main article : Vesting Clauses Opening of the 112th Congress , House of Representatives chamber , January 5 , 2011 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States , which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives . Section 1 is a vesting clause that bestows federal legislative power exclusively to Congress . Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III . The former confers executive power upon the President alone , and the latter grants judicial power solely to the federal judiciary . These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government . This separation of powers , by which each department may exercise only its own constitutional powers and no others , is fundamental to the idea of a limited government accountable to the people . The separation of powers principle is particularly noteworthy in regard to the Congress . The Constitution declares that the Congress may exercise only those legislative powers `` herein granted '' within Article I ( as later limited by the Tenth Amendment ) . It also , by implied extension , prohibits Congress from delegating its legislative authority to either of the other branches of government , a rule known as the nondelegation doctrine . However , the Supreme Court has ruled that Congress does have latitude to delegate regulatory powers to executive agencies as long as it provides an `` intelligible principle '' which governs the agency 's exercise of the delegated regulatory authority . That the power assigned to each branch must remain with that branch , and may be expressed only by that branch , is central to the theory . The nondelegation doctrine is primarily used now as a way of interpreting a congressional delegation of authority narrowly , in that the courts presume Congress intended only to delegate that which it certainly could have , unless it clearly demonstrates it intended to `` test the waters '' of what the courts would allow it to do . Although not specifically mentioned in the Constitution , Congress has also long asserted the power to investigate and the power to compel cooperation with an investigation . The Supreme Court has affirmed these powers as an implication of Congress 's power to legislate . Since the power to investigate is an aspect of Congress 's power to legislate , it is as broad as Congress 's powers to legislate . However , it is also limited to inquiries that are `` in aid of the legislative function ; '' Congress may not `` expose for the sake of exposure . '' It is uncontroversial that a proper subject of Congress 's investigation power is the operations of the federal government , but Congress 's ability to compel the submission of documents or testimony from the President or his subordinates is often - discussed and sometimes controversial ( see executive privilege ) , although not often litigated . As a practical matter , the limitation of Congress 's ability to investigate only for a proper purpose ( `` in aid of '' its legislative powers ) functions as a limit on Congress 's ability to investigate the private affairs of individual citizens ; matters that simply demand action by another branch of government , without implicating an issue of public policy necessitating legislation by Congress , must be left to those branches due to the doctrine of separation of powers . The courts are highly deferential to Congress 's exercise of its investigation powers , however . Congress has the power to investigate that which it could regulate , and the courts have interpreted Congress 's regulatory powers broadly since the Great Depression . Section 2 : House of Representatives ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition and election of members ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . Section Two provides for the election of the House of Representatives every second year . Since Representatives are to be `` chosen ... by the People , '' State Governors are not allowed to appoint temporary replacements when vacancies occur in a state 's delegation to the House of Representatives ; instead , the Governor of the state is required by clause 4 to issue a writ of election calling a special election to fill the vacancy . At the time of its creation , the Constitution did not explicitly give citizens an inherent right to vote . Rather , it provided that those qualified to vote in elections for the largest chamber of a state 's legislature may vote in Congressional ( House of Representatives ) elections . Since the Civil War , several constitutional amendments have been enacted that have curbed the states ' broad powers to set voter qualification standards . Though never enforced , clause 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that `` when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , Representatives in Congress , the Executive and Judicial officers of a State , or the members of the Legislature thereof , is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State , being twenty - one years of age , and citizens of the United States , or in any way abridged , except for participation in rebellion , or other crime , the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty - one years of age in such State . '' The Fifteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race , color , or previous condition of servitude . The Nineteenth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex . The Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax . The Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens , eighteen years of age or older , to vote on account of age . Moreover , since the Supreme Court has recognized voting as a fundamental right , the Equal Protection Clause places very tight limitations ( albeit with uncertain limits ) on the states ' ability to define voter qualifications ; it is fair to say that qualifications beyond citizenship , residency , and age are usually questionable . In the 1960s , the Supreme Court started to view voting as a fundamental right covered by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In a dissenting opinion of a 1964 Supreme Court case involving reapportionment in the Alabama state legislature , Associate Justice John Marshall Harlan II included Minor in a list of past decisions about voting and apportionment which were no longer being followed . In Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) , the Supreme Court held that the Qualifications clause did not prevent Congress from overriding state - imposed minimum age restrictions for voters in Congressional elections . Since clause 3 provides that Members of the House of Representatives are apportioned state - by - state and that each state is guaranteed at least one Representative , exact population equality between all districts is not guaranteed and , in fact , is currently impossible , because while the size of the House of Representatives is fixed at 435 , several states had less than 1 / 435 of the national population at the time of the last reapportionment in 2010 . However , the Supreme Court has interpreted the provision of Clause One that Representatives shall be elected `` by the People '' to mean that , in those states with more than one member of the House of Representatives , each congressional election district within the state must have nearly identical populations . Clause 2 : qualifications of members ( edit ) No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years , and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen . The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives : A Representative must be at least 25 years old , must be an inhabitant of the state in which he or she is elected , and must have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years . There is no requirement that a Representative reside within the district in which he or she represents ; although this is usually the case , there have been occasional exceptions . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a house of Congress exercising its Section 5 authority to `` judge ... the ... qualifications of its own members '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section 4 authority to prescribe the `` times , places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives . '' The Supreme Court , as well as other federal courts , have repeatedly barred states from additional restrictions , such as imposing term limits on members of Congress , allowing members of Congress to be subject to recall elections , or requiring that Representatives live in the congressional district in which they represent . A 2002 Congressional Research Service report also found that no state could implement a qualification that a Representative not be a convicted felon or incarcerated . However , the United States Supreme Court has ruled that certain ballot access requirements , such as filing fees and submitting a certain number of valid petition signatures do not constitute additional qualifications and thus few Constitutional restrictions exist as to how harsh ballot access laws can be . Clause 3 : apportionment of Representatives and taxes ( edit ) Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union , according to their respective Numbers , which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons , including those bound to Service for a Term of Years , and excluding Indians not taxed , three fifths of all other Persons . The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States , and within every subsequent Term of ten Years , in such Manner as they shall by Law direct . The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made , the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse ( sic ) three , Massachusetts eight , Rhode - Island and Providence Plantations one , Connecticut five , New - York six , New Jersey four , Pennsylvania eight , Delaware one , Maryland six , Virginia ten , North Carolina five , South Carolina five , and Georgia three . After much debate , the framers of the Constitution decided to make population the basis of apportioning the seats in the House of Representatives and the tax liability among the states . To facilitate this , the Constitution mandates that a census be conducted every ten years to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole and establishes a rule for who shall be counted or excluded from the count . As the new form of government would become operational prior to the completion of a national census , the Constitution also provides for a temporary apportionment of seats . Originally , the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was ascertained by adding to the whole number of free Persons , three - fifths the number of all other Persons ( i.e. slaves ) , but excluding non-taxed Native Americans . This Constitutional rule , known as the three - fifths compromise , was a compromise between Southern and Northern states in which three - fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes and for the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives and of taxes among the states . It was , according to Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story ( writing in 1833 ) , a `` matter of compromise and concession , confessedly unequal in its operation , but a necessary sacrifice to that spirit of conciliation , which was indispensable to the union of states having a great diversity of interests , and physical condition , and political institutions '' . Following the completion of each census , Congress is empowered to use the aggregate population in all the states ( according to the prevailing Constitutional rule for determining population ) to determine the relative population of each state to the population of the whole , and , based on its calculations , to establish the appropriate size of the House and to allocate a particular number of representatives to each state according to its share of the national population . Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929 , a constant 435 House seats have been apportioned among the states according to each census , and determining the size of the House is not presently part of the apportionment process . With one exception , the apportionment of 1842 , the House of Representatives had been enlarged by various degrees from sixty - five members in 1788 to 435 members by 1913 . The determination of size was made based on the aggregate national population , so long as the size of the House did not exceed 1 member for every 30,000 of the country 's total population nor the size of any state 's delegation exceed 1 for every 30,000 of that state 's population . With the size of the House still fixed at 435 , the current ratio , as of the 2010 Census , is around 1 Representative : 700,000 Citizens . Although the first sentence in this clause originally concerned apportionment of both House seats and taxes among the several states , the Fourteenth Amendment sentence that replaced it in 1868 mentioned only the apportionment of House seats . Even so , the constraint placed upon Congress 's taxation power remained , as the restriction was reiterated in Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 . The amount of direct taxes that could be collected by the federal government from the people in any State would still be tied directly to that state 's share of the national population . Due to this restriction , application of the income tax to income derived from real estate and specifically income in the form of dividends from personal property ownership such as stock shares was found to be unconstitutional because it was not apportioned among the states ; that is to say , there was no guarantee that a State with 10 % of the country 's population paid 10 % of those income taxes collected , because Congress had not fixed an amount of money to be raised and apportioned it between the States according to their respective shares of the national population . To permit the levying of such an income tax , Congress proposed and the states ratified the Sixteenth Amendment , which removed the restriction by specifically providing that Congress could levy a tax on income `` from whatever source derived '' without it being apportioned among the States or otherwise based on a State 's share of the national population . Clause 4 : vacancies ( edit ) When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State , the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies . Section two , Clause four , provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives , it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement , but the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling . Moreover , the State Governor may not appoint a temporary replacement , but must instead arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy . The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid . Clause 5 : Speaker and other officers ; impeachment ( edit ) The House of Representatives shall chuse ( sic ) their Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment . Section Two further provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers . Though the Constitution does not mandate it , every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives . The Speaker rarely presides over routine House sessions , choosing instead to deputize a junior member to accomplish the task . Finally , Section Two grants to the House of Representatives the sole power of impeachment . Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision , the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the `` sole '' power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense . This power , which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury , has been used only rarely . The House has begun impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789 , and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result , including : two Presidents ( Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton ) , one Cabinet Secretary ( William W. Belknap ) , one Senator ( William Blount ) , one Supreme Court Associate Justice ( Samuel Chase ) , and fourteen federal judges . The Constitution does not specify how impeachment proceedings are to be initiated . Until the early 20th century , a House member could rise and propose an impeachment , which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation . Presently , it is the House Judiciary Committee that initiates the process and then , after investigating the allegations , prepares recommendations for the whole House 's consideration . If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution , the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of `` managers , '' whom the House subsequently approves by resolution . These Representatives subsequently become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate ( see Section 3 , Clause 6 below ) . Section 3 : Senate ( edit ) Clause 1 : composition ; election of Senators ( edit ) Gilded Age monopolies could no longer control the U.S. Senate ( left ) by corrupting state legislatures ( right ) . The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , chosen by the Legislature thereof , for six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote . The first Clause of Section Three provides that each state is entitled to have two Senators , who would be elected by its state legislature ( now by the people of each state ) , serve for staggered six - year terms , and have one vote each . By these provisions , the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states . This clause has been superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , ratified in 1913 , which , in part , provides as amended , that The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . Article Five specifies the means by which the Constitution of the United States can be amended . It ends by temporarily shielding three Article I clauses from being amended . This clause is among them . ( The others are first and fourth clauses in Section 9 . ) Article Five provides that `` no State , without its Consent , shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . Thus , no individual state may have its individual representation in the Senate adjusted without its consent . That is to say , an amendment that changed this clause to provide that all states would get only one Senator ( or three Senators , or any other number ) could become valid as part of the Constitution if ratified by three - fourths of the states ; however , one that provided for some basis of representation other than strict numerical equality ( for example , population , wealth , or land area ) , would require the unanimous consent of all the states . Denying the states their intended role as joint partners in the federal government by abolishing their equality in the Senate would , according to Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase ( in Texas v. White ) , destroy the grounding of the Union . This Article V provision has been employed by those opposed to contemplated constitutional amendments that would grant the District of Columbia full representation in the Congress without also granting it statehood . Their argument is that an amendment that would allow a non-state district to have two Senators would deprive the states of their equal suffrage in the Senate and would therefore require unanimous ratification by all the states . Whether unanimous consent of the 50 states would be required for such an amendment to become operative remains an unanswered political question . Clause 2 : classification of Senators ; vacancies ( edit ) Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election , they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes . The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year , of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year , and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year , so that one third may be chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation , or otherwise , during the Recess of the Legislature of any State , the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature , which shall then fill such Vacancies . After the first group of Senators was elected to the First Congress ( 1789 -- 1791 ) , the Senators were divided into three `` classes '' as nearly equal in size as possible , as required by this section . This was done in May 1789 by lot . It was also decided that each state 's Senators would be assigned to two different classes . Those Senators grouped in the first class had their term expire after only two years ; those Senators in the second class had their term expire after only four years , instead of six . After this , all Senators from those States have been elected to six - year terms , and as new States have joined the Union , their Senate seats have been assigned to two of the three classes , maintaining each grouping as nearly equal in size as possible . In this way , election is staggered ; approximately one - third of the Senate is up for re-election every two years , but the entire body is never up for re-election in the same year ( as contrasted with the House , where its entire membership is up for re-election every 2 years ) . As originally established , Senators were elected by the Legislature of the State they represented in the Senate . If a senator died , resigned , or was expelled , the legislature of the state would appoint a replacement to serve out the remainder of the senator 's term . If the State Legislature was not in session , its Governor could appoint a temporary replacement to serve until the legislature could elect a permanent replacement . This was superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment , which provided for the Popular Election of Senators , instead of their appointment by the State Legislature . In a nod to the less populist nature of the Senate , the Amendment tracks the vacancy procedures for the House of Representatives in requiring that the Governor call a special election to fill the vacancy , but ( unlike in the House ) it vests in the State Legislature the authority to allow the Governor to appoint a temporary replacement until the special election is held . Note , however , that under the original Constitution , the Governors of the states were expressly allowed by the Constitution to make temporary appointments . The current system , under the Seventeenth Amendment , allows Governors to appoint a replacement only if their state legislature has previously decided to allow the Governor to do so ; otherwise , the seat must remain vacant until the special election is held to fill the seat , as in the case of a vacancy in the House . Clause 3 : qualifications of Senators ( edit ) No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years , and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States , and who shall not , when elected , be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen . A Senator must be at least 30 years of age , must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected , and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election . The Supreme Court has interpreted the Qualifications Clause as an exclusive list of qualifications that can not be supplemented by a House of Congress exercising its Section . 5 . authority to `` Judge ... the ... Qualifications of its own Members , '' or by a state in its exercise of its Section . 4 . authority to prescribe the `` Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , ... '' Clause 4 : Vice President as President of Senate ( edit ) See also : List of tie - breaking votes cast by Vice Presidents of the United States The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no Vote , unless they be equally divided . Section Three provides that the Vice President is the President of the Senate . Excepting the duty to receive the tally of electoral votes for President , this is the only regular responsibility assigned to the office of the Vice President by the Constitution . When serving in this capacity , the Vice President , who is not a member of the Senate , may cast tie - breaking votes . Early in the nation 's history , Vice Presidents frequently presided over the Senate . In modern times , the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated . Through January 24th , 2018 , a tie - breaking vote has been cast 263 times by 36 different Vice Presidents . Clause 5 : President pro tempore and other officers ( edit ) Republican Senator Orrin Hatch of Utah , current President pro tempore of the United States Senate The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other Officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the Absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the Office of the President of the United States . Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate , a Senator elected to the post by the Senate , to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President . Although the Constitutional text seems to suggest to the contrary , the Senate 's current practice is to elect a full - time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress , as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President 's absence . Since World War II , the senior ( longest serving ) member of the majority party has filled this position . As is true of the Speaker of the House , the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator , but by convention , a senator is always chosen . Clause 6 : trial of impeachment ( edit ) The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments . When sitting for that Purpose , they shall be on Oath or Affirmation . When the President of the United States is tried , the Chief Justice shall preside : And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present . Clause Six grants to the Senate the sole power to try impeachments and spells out the basic procedures for impeachment trials . The Supreme Court has interpreted this clause to mean that the Senate has exclusive and unreviewable authority to determine what constitutes an adequate impeachment trial . Of the nineteen federal officials formally impeached by the House of Representatives , eleven were acquitted and seven were convicted by the Senate . On one occasion ( in the case of Senator William Blount ) the Senate declined to hold a trial , asserting that it had no jurisdiction over its own members . The impeachment trial of President Clinton in 1999 , Chief Justice William Rehnquist presiding . The constitution 's framers vested the Senate with this power for several reasons . First , they believed Senators would be better educated , more virtuous , and more high - minded than Members of the House of Representatives and thus uniquely able to decide responsibly the most difficult of political questions . Second , they believed that the Senate , being a numerous body , would be well suited to handle the procedural demands of an impeachment trial , in which it , unlike judges and the judiciary system , would `` never be tied down by such strict rules , either in the delineation of the offense by the prosecutor , or in the construction of it by judges , as in the common cases serve to limit the discretion of courts in favor of personal security . '' ( Alexander Hamilton , The Federalist No. 65 ) . There are three Constitutionally mandated requirements for impeachment trials . The provision that Senators must sit on oath or affirmation was designed to impress upon them the extreme seriousness of the occasion . The stipulation that the Chief Justice is to preside over presidential impeachment trials underscores the solemnity of the occasion and aims to avoid the possible conflict of interest of a Vice President 's presiding over the proceeding for the removal of the one official standing between him ( or her ) and the presidency . The specification that a two - thirds supermajority vote of those Senators present is necessary in order to convict designed to facilitate serious deliberation and to make removal possible only through a consensus that cuts across factional divisions . Clause 7 : Judgment in cases of impeachment ; punishment on conviction ( edit ) Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office , and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor , Trust or Profit under the United States : but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment , Trial , Judgment and Punishment , according to Law . If any officer is convicted on impeachment , he or she is immediately removed from office , and may be barred from holding any public office in the future . No other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding , but the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges . Section 4 : congressional elections ( edit ) Clause 1 : time , place , and manner of holding ( edit ) The Times , Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives , shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations , except as to the Places of chusing ( sic ) Senators . The purpose of this clause is twofold . First , it makes clear the division of responsibility with respect to the conduct of the election of federal Senators and Representatives . That responsibility lies primarily with the states and secondarily with Congress . Second , the clause lodges the power to regulate elections in the respective legislative branches of the states and the federal government , not with the executive or judicial . As authorized by this clause , Congress has set a uniform date for federal elections : the Tuesday following the first Monday in November . Presently , as there are no on - point federal regulations , the states retain the authority to regulate the dates on which other aspects of the election process are held ( registration , primary elections , etc . ) and where elections will be held . As for regulating the `` manner '' of elections , the Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean `` matters like notices , registration , supervision of voting , protection of voters , prevention of fraud and corrupt practices , counting of votes , duties of inspectors and canvassers , and making and publication of election returns . '' The Supreme Court has held that States may not exercise their power to determine the `` manner '' of holding elections to impose term limits on their congressional delegation . One of the most significant ways that each state regulates the `` manner '' of elections is through their power to draw electoral districts . Although in theory Congress could draw the district map for each State , it has not exercised this level of oversight . Congress has , however , required the States to conform to certain practices when drawing districts . States are currently required to use a single - member district scheme , whereby the State is divided into as many election districts for Representatives in the House of Representatives as the size of its representation in that body ( that is to say , Representatives can not be elected at - large from the whole State unless the State has only one Representative in the House , nor can districts elect more than 1 Representative ) . The Supreme Court has interpreted `` by the Legislature thereof '' to include voters using the initiative process , in those state whose constitutions provide it , to create an independent redistricting commission . Congress first exercised its power to regulate elections nation - wide 1842 , when the 27th Congress passed a law requiring the election of Representatives by districts . In subsequent years , Congress expanded on the requirements , successively adding contiguity , compactness , and substantial equality of population to the districting requirements . These standards were all later deleted in the Reapportionment Act of 1929 . Congress subsequently reinstated the requirement that districts be composed of contiguous territory , be `` compact , '' and have equal populations within each State . Congress has allowed those requirements to lapse , but the Supreme Court has re-imposed the population requirement on the States under the Equal Protection Clause and is suspicious of districts that do not meet the other `` traditional '' districting criteria of compactness and contiguity . In 1866 , Congress legislated a remedy for a situation under which deadlocks in state legislatures over the election of Senators were creating vacancies in the office . The act required the two houses of each legislature to meet in joint session on a specified day and to meet every day thereafter until a Senator was selected . The first comprehensive federal statute dealing with elections was adopted in 1870 as a means of enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment 's guarantee against racial discrimination in granting suffrage rights . Under the Enforcement Act of 1870 , and subsequent laws , false registration , bribery , voting without legal right , making false returns of votes cast , interference in any manner with officers of election , and the neglect by any such officer of any duty required by state or federal law were made federal offenses . Provision was made for the appointment by federal judges of persons to attend at places of registration and at elections with authority to challenge any person proposing to register or vote unlawfully , to witness the counting of votes , and to identify by their signatures the registration of voters and election tally sheets . Beginning with the Tillman Act of 1907 , Congress has imposed a growing number of restrictions on elections and campaign financing . The most significant piece of legislation has been the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act . It was this legislation that was at issue in the Supreme Court 's seminal decision , Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 ) , which , in the face of a First Amendment challenge , set the ground rules for campaign finance legislation , generally disallowing restrictions on expenditures by candidates , but permitting restrictions on contributions by individuals and corporations . In addition to statutory constraints , Congress and the States have altered the electoral process through amending the Constitution ( first in the above mentioned Fifteenth Amendment ) . The Seventeenth Amendment altered the manner of conducting the elections of Senators ; establishing that they are to be elected by the people of the states . Also , the Nineteenth Amendment prohibits any U.S. citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex ; the Twenty - fourth Amendment prohibits both Congress and the states from conditioning the right to vote in federal elections on payment of a poll tax or other types of tax ; and the Twenty - sixth Amendment prohibits the states and the federal government from using age as a reason for denying the right to vote to U.S. citizens who are at least eighteen years old . Clause 2 : sessions of Congress ( edit ) The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year , and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December , unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day . Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet . By doing so , the Constitution empowers Congress to meet , whether or not the President called it into session . Article II , Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses ( or either of them ) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people . Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary , for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually . Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature , and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date . A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings . Finally , Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department . Although this clause provides that the annual meeting was to be on the first Monday in December , the government established by the 1787 Constitution did not begin operations until March 4 , 1789 . As the 1st Congress held its initial meeting on March 4 , that became the date on which new representatives and senators took office in subsequent years . Therefore , every other year , although a new Congress was elected in November , it did not come into office until the following March , with a `` lame duck '' session convening in the interim . This practice was altered in 1933 following ratification of the Twentieth Amendment , which states ( in Section 2 ) that , `` The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year , and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January , unless they shall by law appoint a different day '' . This change virtually eliminated the necessity of there being a lame duck session of Congress . Section 5 : procedure ( edit ) Clause 1 : qualifications of members ( edit ) Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections , Returns and Qualifications of its own Members , and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day , and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members , in such Manner , and under such Penalties as each House may provide . Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business ; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members . In practice , the quorum requirement is all but ignored . A quorum is assumed to be present unless a quorum call , requested by a member , proves otherwise . Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum ; more often , they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic . Sometimes , unqualified individuals have been admitted to Congress . For instance , the Senate once admitted John Henry Eaton , a twenty - eight - year - old , in 1818 ( the admission was inadvertent , as Eaton 's birth date was unclear at the time ) . In 1934 , a twenty - nine - year - old , Rush Holt , was elected to the Senate ; he agreed to wait six months , until his thirtieth birthday , to take the oath . The Senate ruled in that case that the age requirement applied as of the date of the taking of the oath , not the date of election . Clause 2 : rules ( edit ) Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings , punish its Members for disorderly Behavior , and , with the Concurrence of two thirds , expel a member . Each House can determine its own Rules ( assuming a quorum is present ) , and may punish any of its members . A two - thirds vote is necessary to expel a member . Section 5 , Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules , leaving details to the respective chambers . Clause 3 : record of proceedings ( edit ) Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings , and from time to time publish the same , excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall , at the desire of one fifth of those present , be entered on the Journal . Each House must keep and publish a Journal , though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret . The decisions of the House -- not the words spoken during debates -- are recorded in the Journal ; if one - fifth of those present ( assuming a quorum is present ) request it , the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered . Clause 4 : adjournment ( edit ) Neither House , during the Session of Congress , shall , without the Consent of the other , adjourn for more than three days , nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting . Neither House may adjourn , without the consent of the other , for more than three days . Often , a House will hold pro forma sessions every three days ; such sessions are merely held to fulfill the constitutional requirement , and not to conduct business . Furthermore , neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses ( the Capitol ) , without the consent of the other House . Section 6 : compensation , privileges , and restrictions on holding civil office ( edit ) Clause 1 : compensation and legal Protection ( edit ) Main article : Speech or Debate Clause The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services , to be ascertained by Law , and paid out of the Treasury of the United States . They shall in all Cases , except Treason , Felony and Breach of the Peace , be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses , and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in either House , they shall not be questioned in any other Place . Senators and Representatives set their own compensation . Under the Twenty - seventh Amendment , any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election . Members of both Houses have certain privileges , based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament . Members attending , going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest , except for treason , felony or breach of the peace . One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander occurring during Congressional debate , nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution . The latter was affirmed when Mike Gravel published over 4,000 pages of the Pentagon Papers in the Congressional Record , which might have otherwise been a criminal offense . This clause has also been interpreted in Gravel v. United States , 408 U.S. 606 ( 1972 ) to provide protection to aides and staff of sitting members of Congress , so long as their activities relate to legislative matters . Clause 2 : independence from the executive ( edit ) Main article : Ineligibility Clause See also : Saxbe fix No Senator or Representative shall , during the Time for which he was elected , be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States , which shall have been created , or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no Person holding any Office under the United States , shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office . Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch . This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress . It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament , where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament . Furthermore , Senators and Representatives can not resign to take newly created or higher - paying political positions ; rather , they must wait until the conclusion of the term for which they were elected . If Congress increases the salary of a particular officer , it may later reduce that salary to permit an individual to resign from Congress and take that position ( known as the Saxbe fix ) . The effects of the clause were discussed in 1937 , when Senator Hugo Black was appointed an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court with some time left in his Senate term . Just prior to the appointment , Congress had increased the pension available to Justices retiring at the age of seventy . It was therefore suggested by some that the office 's emolument had been increased during Black 's Senatorial term , and that therefore Black could not take office as a Justice . The response , however , was that Black was fifty - one years old , and would not receive the increased pension until at least 19 years later , long after his Senate term had expired . Section 7 : bills ( edit ) Clause 1 : bills of revenue ( edit ) Main article : Bills of Revenue All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills . This establishes the method for making Acts of Congress that involve taxation . Accordingly , any bill may originate in either House of Congress , except for a revenue bill , which may originate only in the House of Representatives . In practice , the Senate sometimes circumvents this requirement by substituting the text of a revenue bill previously passed by the House with a substitute text . Either House may amend any bill , including revenue and appropriation bills . This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons . This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people , although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills . The clause was part of the Great Compromise between small and large states ; the large states were unhappy with the lopsided power of small states in the Senate , and so the clause theoretically offsets the unrepresentative nature of the Senate , and compensates the large states for allowing equal voting rights to Senators from small states . Clause 2 : from bill to law ( edit ) Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate , shall , before it become a Law , be presented to the President of the United States ; If he approve he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it , with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated , who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal , and proceed to reconsider it . If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill , it shall be sent , together with the Objections , to the other House , by which it shall likewise be reconsidered , and if approved by two thirds of that House , it shall become a Law . But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays , and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively . If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days ( Sundays excepted ) after it shall have been presented to him , the Same shall be a Law , in like Manner as if he had signed it , unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return , in which Case it shall not be a Law . This clause is known as the Presentment Clause . Before a bill becomes law , it must be presented to the President , who has ten days ( excluding Sundays ) to act upon it . If the President signs the bill , it becomes law . If he disapproves of the bill , he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections . This procedure has become known as the veto , although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One . The bill does not then become law unless both Houses , by two - thirds votes , override the veto . If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten - day limit , the bill becomes law , unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime , thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated . In the latter case , the President , by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session , exercises a `` pocket veto '' , which Congress may not override . In the former case , where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned , there is no common name for the practice , but recent scholarship has termed it a `` default enactment . '' What exactly constitutes an adjournment for the purposes of the pocket veto has been unclear . In the Pocket Veto Case ( 1929 ) , the Supreme Court held that `` the determinative question in reference to an ' adjournment ' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment , such as an adjournment of the first session , but whether it is one that ' prevents ' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed . '' Since neither House of Congress was in session , the President could not return the bill to one of them , thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto . In Wright v. United States ( 1938 ) , however , the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto . In such cases , the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill . Clause 3 : presidential veto ( edit ) Every Order , Resolution , or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary ( except on a question of Adjournment ) shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the Same shall take Effect , shall be approved by him , or being disapproved by him , shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives , according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill . In 1996 , Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act , which permitted the President , at the time of the signing of the bill , to rescind certain expenditures . The Congress could disapprove the cancellation and reinstate the funds . The President could veto the disapproval , but the Congress , by a two - thirds vote in each House , could override the veto . In the case Clinton v. City of New York , the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause . First , the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President , thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine . Second , the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven , which state , `` if he approve ( the bill ) he shall sign it , but if not he shall return it . '' Thus , the President may sign the bill , veto it , or do nothing , but he may not amend the bill and then sign it . Every bill , order , resolution , or vote that must be passed by both Houses , except on a question of adjournment , must be presented to the President before becoming law . However , to propose a constitutional amendment , two - thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification , without any consideration by the President , as prescribed in Article V . Some Presidents have made very extensive use of the veto , while others have not used it at all . Grover Cleveland , for instance , vetoed over four hundred bills during his first term in office ; Congress overrode only two of those vetoes . Meanwhile , seven Presidents have never used the veto power . There have been 2,560 vetoes , including pocket vetoes . Section 8 : powers of Congress ( edit ) Enumerated powers ( edit ) Newly naturalized citizen , Albert Einstein received his certificate of the United States of America citizenship from Judge Phillip Forman . Main article : Enumerated powers Congress 's legislative powers are enumerated in Section Eight : The Congress shall have power To lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts and Excises , to pay the Debts and provide for the common defence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties , Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization , and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States ; To coin Money , regulate the Value thereof , and of foreign Coin , and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts , by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas , and Offenses against the Law of Nations ; To declare War , grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal , and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; To raise and support Armies , but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; To provide and maintain a Navy ; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces ; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union , suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever , over such District ( not exceeding ten Miles square ) as may , by Cession of particular States , and the Acceptance of Congress , become the Seat of the Government of the United States , and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be , for the Erection of Forts , Magazines , Arsenals , dock - Yards , and other needful Buildings ; -- And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Congress 's `` power of the purse '' authorizes taxing citizens , spending money , and minting coins . Many powers of Congress have been interpreted broadly . Most notably , the Taxing and Spending , Interstate Commerce , and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress . Congress may lay and collect taxes for the `` common defense '' or `` general welfare '' of the United States . The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined `` general welfare , '' leaving the political question to Congress . In United States v. Butler ( 1936 ) , the Court for the first time construed the clause . The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat ; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury , but were rather specially earmarked for farmers . The Court struck down the tax , ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to `` matters of national , as distinguished from local , welfare '' . Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause ; for instance , the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause . Congress has the power to borrow money on the credit of the United States . In 1871 , when deciding Knox v. Lee , the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts . Whenever Congress borrows money , it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement . However , such agreements are only `` binding on the conscience of the sovereign '' , as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment . The Necessary and Proper Clause , as well as the Commerce and General Welfare Clauses have been interpreted so broadly that to this day , the Federal Government of the United States exercises many powers that are not expressly delegated by the States in the Federal Government by the Constitution , like the different social programs of the American Welfare State . However , James Madison , who wrote much of the Constitution , disagrees that Congress exercises powers that are not expressly granted in the Constitution ; Madison , when he held the Office of President of the United States , exercised his Veto power against the Federal Public Works Bill of 1817 , calling it Unconstitutional , since to him , the Federal Government does not have the power to build infrastructure . To the House of Representatives of the United States : Having considered the bill this day presented to me entitled `` An act to set apart and pledge certain funds for internal improvements , '' and which sets apart and pledges funds `` for constructing roads and canals , and improving the navigation of water courses , in order to facilitate , promote , and give security to internal commerce among the several States , and to render more easy and less expensive the means and provisions for the common defense , '' I am constrained by the insuperable difficulty I feel in reconciling the bill with the Constitution of the United States to return it with that objection to the House of Representatives , in which it originated . The legislative powers vested in Congress are specified and enumerated in the eighth section of the first article of the Constitution , and it does not appear that the power proposed to be exercised by the bill is among the enumerated powers , or that it falls by any just interpretation with the power to make laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution those or other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States . `` The power to regulate commerce among the several States '' can not include a power to construct roads and canals , and to improve the navigation of water courses in order to facilitate , promote , and secure such commerce without a latitude of construction departing from the ordinary import of the terms strengthened by the known inconveniences which doubtless led to the grant of this remedial power to Congress . -- James Madison , 4th President of the United States , Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 . Commerce Clause ( edit ) Chief Justice John Marshall established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause . Main article : Commerce Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations , and among the several States , and with the Indian Tribes ; The Supreme Court has seldom restrained the use of the commerce clause for widely varying purposes . The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden , decided by a unanimous Court in 1824 . The case involved conflicting federal and state laws : Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River , while the other , Aaron Ogden , had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York . Ogden contended that `` commerce '' included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation . Chief Justice John Marshall rejected this notion . Marshall suggested that `` commerce '' included navigation of goods , and that it `` must have been contemplated '' by the Framers . Marshall added that Congress 's power over commerce `` is complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution '' . The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , when a laissez - faire attitude dominated the Court . In United States v. E.C. Knight Company ( 1895 ) , the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act , which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation 's economy . The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods , even if they were later shipped to other states . Chief Justice Melville Fuller wrote , `` commerce succeeds to manufacture , and is not a part of it . '' The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause . In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States , ( 1935 ) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry , declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry , which had `` come to a permanent rest within the State . '' As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it , `` so far as the poultry here in question is concerned , the flow of interstate commerce has ceased . '' Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress 's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s . In 1937 , the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez - faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause , when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company , that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 ( commonly known as the Wagner Act ) was constitutional . The legislation under scrutiny , prevented employers from engaging in `` unfair labor practices '' such as firing workers for joining unions . In sustaining this act , the Court , signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall , that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce . This new attitude became firmly set into place in 1942 . In Wickard v. Filburn , the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production ( in this instance , home - grown wheat for private consumption ) that was consumed purely intrastate , because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause . This decision marked the beginning of the Court 's total deference to Congress ' claims of Commerce Clause powers , which lasted into the 1990s . United States v. Lopez ( 1995 ) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause . The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause , the power was limited , and did not extend so far from `` commerce '' as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns , especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale . In a later case , United States v. Morrison ( 2000 ) , the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect . In contrast to these rulings , the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn . In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home - grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes . The court held that , as with the agricultural production in the earlier case , home - grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce . Other powers of Congress ( edit ) Congress authorizes defense spending such as the purchase of the USS Bon Homme Richard . Congress may establish uniform laws relating to naturalization and bankruptcy . It may also coin money , regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters . Congress may fix the standards of weights and measures . Furthermore , Congress may establish post offices and post roads ( the roads , however , need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail ) . Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration . Section eight , clause eight of Article One , known as the Copyright Clause , is the only instance of the word `` right '' used in the original constitution ( though the word does appear in several Amendments ) . Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited , the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft ( 2003 ) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright ; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for . Courts inferior to the Supreme Court may be established by Congress . Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces . Under the War Powers Clause , only Congress may declare war , but in several cases it has , without declaring war , granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts . Five wars have been declared in United States ' history : the War of 1812 , the Mexican -- American War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II . Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war . Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal . Congress may establish and support the armed forces , but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years . This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army , beyond civilian control , during peacetime . Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias , but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel . Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces . Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever - increasing measure of involvement in this process , the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress 's exclusive hold on this power ( e.g. Burns v. Wilson , 346 U.S. 137 ( 1953 ) ) . Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes : the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice , and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases , known collectively as the Feres Doctrine . Congress has the exclusive right to legislate `` in all cases whatsoever '' for the nation 's capital , the District of Columbia . Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia . Nevertheless , Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible , to overturn any legislation by the city government , and technically to revoke the city government at any time . Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings . Necessary and proper Clause ( edit ) Main article : Necessary and Proper Clause The Congress shall have Power ( ... ) To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers , and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States , or in any Department or Officer thereof . Finally , Congress has the power to do whatever is `` necessary and proper '' to carry out its enumerated powers and , crucially , all others vested in it . This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a `` substantial effect '' on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however , Thomas Jefferson , in the Kentucky Resolutions , supported by James Madison , maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate , and that the only penal powers were for treason , counterfeiting , piracy and felony on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations . The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly , thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation . The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , which involved the establishment of a national bank . Alexander Hamilton , in advocating the creation of the bank , argued that there was `` a more or less direct '' relationship between the bank and `` the powers of collecting taxes , borrowing money , regulating trade between the states , and raising and maintaining fleets and navies '' . Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress 's powers `` can all be carried into execution without a national bank . A bank therefore is not necessary , and consequently not authorized by this phrase '' . Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with the former interpretation . Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress 's powers `` would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind '' . Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the `` minor ingredients '' of the powers of Congress , Marshall `` deduced '' that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the `` great outlines '' of the general welfare , commerce and other clauses . Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause , Congress has sweepingly broad powers ( known as implied powers ) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution . However , the Congress can not enact laws solely on the implied powers , any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers . Section 9 : limits on Congress ( edit ) The ninth section of Article One places limits on Congress ' powers : The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit , shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight , but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation , not exceeding ten dollars for each Person . The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it . No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed . No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be laid , unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken . No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State . No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : nor shall Vessels bound to , or from , one State , be obliged to enter , clear , or pay Duties in another . No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury , but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time . No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State . Slave trade ( edit ) U.S. brig Perry confronting the slave ship Martha off Ambriz on June 6 , 1850 The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808 . Congress could however , levy a per capita duty of up to ten Spanish milled dollars for each slave imported into the country . This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V , where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 . On March 2 , 1807 , Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States , which went into effect January 1 , 1808 , the first day permitted by the Constitution . Civil and legal protections ( edit ) A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention . The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable . The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended `` unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it '' . In Ex parte Milligan ( 1866 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful , but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating . A bill of attainder is a law by which a person is immediately convicted without trial . An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively , punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done . The ex post facto clause does not apply to civil matters . Apportionment of direct taxes ( edit ) Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations . This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V. In 1913 , the 16th Amendment exempted all income taxes from this clause . This overcame the ruling in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. that the income tax could only be applied to regular income and could not be applied to dividends and capital gains . Furthermore , no tax may be imposed on exports from any state . Congress may not , by revenue or commerce legislation , give preference to ports of one state over those of another ; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another . All funds belonging to the Treasury may not be withdrawn except according to law . Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money . The Constitution requires that a regular statement of such expenditures be published . Titles of Nobility ( edit ) Main article : Title of Nobility Clause The Title of Nobility Clause prohibits Congress from granting any title of nobility . In addition , it specifies that no civil officer may accept , without the consent of Congress , any gift , payment , office or title from a foreign ruler or state . Emoluments were a profound concern of the Founders . However , a U.S. citizen may receive foreign office before or after their period of public service . Section 10 : limits on the States ( edit ) Clause 1 : contracts Clause ( edit ) Further information : Contract Clause and Bills of Credit No State shall enter into any Treaty , Alliance , or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder , ex post facto Law , or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts , or grant any Title of Nobility . States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government : they may not enter into treaties , alliances or confederations , grant letters of marque or reprisal , coin money or issue bills of credit ( such as currency ) . Furthermore , no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts , which expressly forbids any state government ( but not the federal government ) from `` making a tender '' ( i.e. , authorizing something that may be offered in payment ) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation , unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver ( or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins , as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank ) . Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress . In Federalist no . 44 , Madison explains that `` it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin , prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin . Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin , there might be as many different currencies as States ; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded '' . Moreover , the states may not pass bills of attainder , enact ex post facto laws , impair the obligation of contracts , or grant titles of nobility . The Contract Clause was the subject of much contentious litigation in the 19th century . It was first interpreted by the Supreme Court in 1810 , when Fletcher v. Peck was decided . The case involved the Yazoo land scandal , in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices . The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature . Following elections , the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators . The validity of the annulment of the sale was questioned in the Supreme Court . In writing for a unanimous court , Chief Justice John Marshall asked , `` What is a contract ? '' His answer was : `` a compact between two or more parties '' . Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature , though fraught with corruption , was a valid `` contract '' . He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land , since doing so would impair the obligations of contract . The definition of a contract propounded by Chief Justice Marshall was not as simple as it may seem . In 1819 , the Court considered whether a corporate charter could be construed as a contract . The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College , which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III . The Charter created a board of twelve trustees for the governance of the College . In 1815 , however , New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board 's membership to twenty - one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College . The Court , including Marshall , ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter , which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred `` vested rights '' on the trustees . The Marshall Court determined another dispute in Sturges v. Crowninshield . The case involved a debt that was contracted in early 1811 . Later in that year , the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law , under which the debt was later discharged . The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt , and therefore violated the Constitution . In Ogden v. Saunders ( 1827 ) , however , the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law . State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898 . Clause 2 : import - export Clause ( edit ) Main article : Import - Export Clause No State shall , without the Consent of the Congress , lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports , except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it 's ( sic ) inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts , laid by any State on Imports or Exports , shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul ( sic ) of the Congress . Still more powers are prohibited of the states . States may not , without the consent of Congress , tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws ( which may be revised by Congress ) . The net revenue of the tax is paid not to the state , but to the federal Treasury . Clause 3 : Compact Clause ( edit ) No State shall , without the Consent of Congress , lay any Duty of Tonnage , keep Troops , or Ships of War in time of Peace , enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State , or with a foreign Power , or engage in War , unless actually invaded , or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay . Under the Compact Clause , states may not , without the consent of Congress , keep troops or armies during times of peace . They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states , nor engage in war unless invaded . States may , however , organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . ( Article I , Section 8 , enumerated powers of Congress . ) The National Guard , whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by 10 U.S.C. § 311 , fulfill this function , as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under 32 U.S.C. § 109 . The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies . Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval . After the American Revolutionary War , the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or `` any cause whatever '' . The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for `` any treaty or alliance '' in which a state was one of the parties . There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact . In Virginia v. Tennessee , 148 U.S. 503 ( 1893 ) , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress . ( One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself , it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport . ) According to the Court , the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is `` directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States , which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States '' . The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the hand - written engrossed copy of the Constitution maintained in the National Archives , the British spelling `` defence '' is used in Article One , Section 8 ( See the National Archives transcription and the Archives ' image of the engrossed document . Webpages retrieved on 24 October 2009 . ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Atkins v. United States , 556 F. 2d 1028 , 1062 ( Ct . Cl. 1977 ) ( `` The purpose of the ( Vesting C ) lause is to locate the central source of legislative authority in Congress , rather than the Executive or the Judiciary . '' ) , abrogated on other grounds by INS v. Chadha , 462 U.S. 919 ( 1983 ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. v. United States , 276 U.S. 394 , 406 ( 1928 ) ( `` Our Federal Constitution ... divide ( s ) the governmental power into three branches . The first is the legislative , the second is the executive , and the third is the judicial , and the rule is that in the actual administration of the government Congress ... should exercise the legislative power , the President ... the executive power , and the courts or the judiciary the judicial power ... '' ) Jump up ^ See United States v. Lopez , 514 U.S. 549 , 592 ( 1995 ) ( `` ( Certain ) comments of Hamilton and others about federal power reflected the well - known truth that the new Government would have only the limited and enumerated powers found in the Constitution ... Even before the passage of the Tenth Amendment , it was apparent that Congress would possess only those powers ' herein granted ' by the rest of the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Touby v. United States , 500 U.S. 160 , 165 ( 1991 ) ( `` From th ( e language of this section of the Constitution ) the Court has derived the nondelegation doctrine : that Congress may not constitutionally delegate its legislative power to another branch of Government . '' ) . Jump up ^ See J.W. Hampton , Jr. , & Co. , 276 U.S. at 409 ( `` If Congress shall lay down by legislative act an intelligible principle to which the person or body authorized to ( administer a statutory scheme ) is directed to conform , such legislative action is not a forbidden delegation of legislative power . '' ) . Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Douglas H. `` Essays on Article I : Legislative Vesting Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Mistretta v. United States , 488 U.S. 361 , 373 n. 7 ( 1989 ) ( nondelegation doctrine takes the form of `` giving narrow constructions to statutory delegations that might otherwise be thought to be unconstitutional '' ) . Jump up ^ UAW v. Occupational Health & Safety Admin. , 938 F. 2d 1310 , 1317 ( D.C. Cir. 1991 ) ( `` In effect ( the nondelegation doctrine as a principle of statutory interpretation is used by the courts to ) require a clear statement by Congress that it intended to test the constitutional waters . '' ) ; cf . Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Fla . Gulf Coast Bldg . & Constr . Trades Council , 485 U.S. 568 , 575 ( 1988 ) ( `` ( W ) here an otherwise acceptable construction of a statute would raise serious constitutional problems , the Court will construe the statute to avoid such problems unless such constrjkalbd suction is plainly contrary to the intent of Congress ... This approach not only reflects the prudential concern that constitutional issues not be needlessly confronted , but also recognizes that Congress , like this Court , is bound by and swears an oath to uphold the Constitution . The courts will therefore not lightly assume that Congress intended to infringe constitutionally protected liberties or usurp power constitutionally forbidden it . '' ( citing NLRB v. Catholic Bishop , 440 U.S. 490 , 499 -- 501 , 504 ( 1979 ) , and Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden , 112 U.S. 261 ( 1884 ) ) ) ; United States v. Bass , 404 U.S. 336 , 349 ( 1971 ) ( `` ( U ) nless Congress conveys its purpose clearly , it will not be deemed to have significantly changed the federal - state balance . '' ) . Jump up ^ Barenblatt v. United States , 360 U.S. 109 , 111 ( 1959 ) ( `` The power of inquiry has been employed by Congress throughout our history , over the whole range of the national interests concerning which Congress might legislate or decide upon due investigation not to legislate ; it has similarly been utilized in determining what to appropriate from the national purse , or whether to appropriate . '' ) ; e.g. , 3 Annals of Congress 490 -- 94 ( 1792 ) ( House committee appointed to investigate the defeat of Gen. St. Clair by Indians empowered to `` call for such persons , papers , and records , as may be necessary to assist their inquiries . '' ) . Jump up ^ See McGrain v. Daugherty , 273 U.S. 135 , 174 -- 75 ( 1927 ) ( `` ( T ) he power of inquiry - with process to enforce it - is an essential and appropriate auxiliary to the legislative function . It was so regarded and employed in American Legislatures before the Constitution was framed and ratified ... A legislative body can not legislate wisely or effectively in the absence of information respecting the conditions which the legislation is intended to affect or change ; and where the legislative body does not itself possess the requisite information - which not infrequently is true - recourse must be had to others who do possess it . Experience has taught that mere requests for such information often are unavailing , and also that information which is volunteered is not always accurate or complete ; so some means of compulsion are essential to obtain what is needed . All this was true before and when the Constitution was framed and adopted . In that period the power of inquiry , with enforcing process , was regarded and employed as a necessary and appropriate attribute of the power to legislate - indeed , was treated as inhering in it . Thus there is ample warrant for thinking ... that the constitutional provisions which commit the legislative function to the two houses are intended to include this attribute to the end that the function may be effectively exercised . '' ) . ^ Jump up to : See Watkins v. United States , 354 U.S. 178 , 187 ( 1957 ) ( `` The power of the Congress to conduct investigations is inherent in the legislative process . That power is broad . It encompasses inquiries concerning the administration of existing laws as well as proposed or possibly needed statutes . It includes surveys of defects in our social , economic or political system for the purpose of enabling the Congress to remedy them . It comprehends probes into departments of the Federal Government to expose corruption , inefficiency or waste . '' ) ; Barenblatt , 360 U.S. at 111 ( `` The scope of the power of inquiry ... is as penetrating and far - reaching as the potential power to enact and appropriate under the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kilbourn v. Thompson , 103 U.S. 168 , 189 ( 1881 ) . Jump up ^ Watkins , 354 U.S. at 200 . Jump up ^ See McGrain , 273 U.S. at 170 ( `` ( N ) either house of Congress possesses a ' general power of making inquiry into the private affairs of the citizen ' ; ... the power actually possessed is limited to inquiries relating to matters of which the particular house ' has jurisdiction ' and in respect of which it rightfully may take other action ; ( and ) if the inquiry relates to ' a matter wherein relief or redress could be had only by a judicial proceeding ' it is not within the range of this power , but must be left to the courts , conformably to the constitutional separation of governmental powers ... '' ( quoting Kilbourne , 103 U.S. at 193 ) ) ; see also Sinclair v. United States , 279 U.S. 263 , 295 ( 1929 ) ( `` Congress is without authority to compel disclosures for the purpose of aiding the prosecution of pending suits ... '' ) , overruled on other grounds by United States v. Gaudin , 515 U.S. 506 ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Minor v. Happersett , 88 U.S. ( 21 Wall . ) 162 , 178 ( 1875 ) ( `` ( T ) he Constitution of the United States does not confer the right of suffrage upon any one ... '' ) . Jump up ^ See Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 561 -- 62 ( 1964 ) ( `` Undoubtedly , the right of suffrage is a fundamental matter in a free and democratic society . '' ) ; Yick Wo v. Hopkins , 118 U.S. 356 , 370 ( 1886 ) ( `` ( Voting ) is regarded as a fundamental political right , because preservative of all rights . '' ) . Jump up ^ See ' Kramer v. Union Free Sch . Dist . No. 15 , 395 U.S. 621 , 626 -- 27 ( 1969 ) ( `` No less rigid an examination ( than close scrutiny ) is applicable to statutes denying the franchise to citizens who are otherwise qualified by residence and age . Statutes granting the franchise to residents on a selective basis always pose the danger of denying some citizens any effective voice in the governmental affairs which substantially affect their lives . '' ) ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ Briffault , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` The Contested Right to Vote '' . Michigan Law Review . 100 : 1521 -- 1522 . Jump up ^ Reynolds v. Sims , 377 U.S. 533 , 612 ( 1964 ) . Jump up ^ Oregon v. Mitchell , 400 U.S. 112 ( 1970 ) . ^ Jump up to : Wesberry v. Sanders , 376 U.S. 1 , 7 -- 9 , 14 ( 1964 ) ( `` ( C ) onstrued in its historical context , the command ... that Representatives be chosen ' by the People of the several States ' means that as nearly as is practicable one man 's vote in a congressional election is to be worth as much as another 's ... The history of the Constitution ... reveals that those who framed the Constitution meant that ... it was population which was to be the basis of the House of Representatives ... It would defeat the principle solemnly embodied in the Great Compromise - equal representation in the House for equal numbers of people - for us to hold that , within the States , legislatures may draw the lines of congressional districts in such a way as to give some voters a greater voice in choosing a Congressman than others . '' ) ; e.g. , White v. Weiser , 412 U.S. 783 ( 1973 ) ( striking down Texas districting plan with a population deviation between the largest and smallest district of 4.13 % of the population of an `` ideal '' district ) ; see Kirkpatrick v. Preisler , 394 U.S. 526 , 530 -- 31 ( 1969 ) ( `` ( T ) he State ( must ) make a good - faith effort to achieve precise mathematical equality . Unless population variances among congressional districts are shown to have resulted despite such effort , the State must justify each variance , no matter how small ... We can see no nonarbitrary way to pick a cutoff point at which population variances suddenly become de minimis ... Equal representation for equal numbers of people is a principle designed to prevent debasement of voting power and diminution of access to elected representatives . Toleration of even small deviations detracts from these purposes . '' ) ; see also Karcher v. Daggett , 462 U.S. 725 ( 1983 ) ( invalidating a New Jersey congressional districting plan where the deviation between the largest and smallest districts was less than the Census 's margin of error , when the state could offer no acceptable explanation for the differences ) ; Vieth v. Pennsylvania , 195 F. Supp . 2d 672 ( M.D. Pa. 2002 ) ( total deviation of 19 people from largest to smallest district ( 646,380 to 646,361 ) struck down since alternatives with smaller deviations were available ) ; Hastert v. State Bd. of Elections , 777 F. Supp. 634 ( N.D. Ill . 1991 ) ( court selected districting plan where 18 of 20 districts contained 571,530 people and the other two had 571,531 ) . Jump up ^ E.g. , 17 Annals of Cong. 870 -- 902 , 904 -- 20 , 927 -- 47 , 949 -- 50 , 1059 -- 61 , 1231 -- 33 , 1234 -- 38 ( 1807 ) ( House seated William McCreery despite him not satisfying Maryland law requiring Representatives to reside in their district ) . ^ Jump up to : See Powell v. McCormack , 395 U.S. 486 , 550 ( 1969 ) ( invalidating House 's decision not to seat a Member accused of misuse of funds ) ( `` ( I ) n judging the qualifications of its members Congress is limited to the standing qualifications prescribed in the Constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Exon v. Tiemann , 279 F. Supp. 609 , 613 ( D. Neb . 1968 ) ( `` There being no such requirement in the Constitution itself , a state can not require that a Representative live in the District from which he was nominated . '' ) ; State ex rel . Chavez v. Evans , 446 P. 2d 445 , 448 ( N.M. 1968 ) ( `` ( The New Mexico statute , ) by requiring that each candidate for representative in Congress be a resident of and a qualified elector of the district in which he seeks office , adds additional qualifications to becoming a candidate for that office ... ( W ) e must hold the provisions of the Federal Constitution prevail and that this statute unconstitutionally adds additional qualifications . '' ) ; Hellman v. Collier , 141 A. 2d 908 , 912 ( Md. 1958 ) ( same ) ; cf . U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) ( state may not impose term limits on its congressional delegation ) . ^ Jump up to : See U.S. Term Limits , Inc. , 514 U.S. at 783 ( invalidating provision in the Arkansas Constitution imposing term limits on the State 's congressional delegation ) ( `` Allowing individual States to adopt their own qualifications for congressional service ( , such as term limitations , ) would be inconsistent with the Framers ' vision of a uniform National Legislature representing the people of the United States . If the qualifications set forth in the text of the Constitution are to be changed , that text must be amended . '' ) ; see also Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 ( 2001 ) ( invaliding a Missouri constitutional term providing for labels printed on the election ballot next to the names of candidates who had not pledged to support term limits ) . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Candidacy , Incarceration , and the Constitution 's Inhabitancy Qualification '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . August 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Joseph Story , Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 630 -- 35 , 641 -- 47 , 673 -- 80 '' . The Founder 's Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . 2000 . p. § 677 . Jump up ^ Cf . Prigg v. Pennsylvania , 41 U.S. ( 16 Pet . ) 539 , 619 ( 1842 ) ( dictum ) ( `` ( Congress ) has , on various occasions , exercised powers which were necessary and proper as means to carry into effect rights expressly given , and duties expressly enjoined thereby . The end being required , it has been deemed a just and necessary implication , that the means to accomplish it are given also ; or , in other words , that the power flows as a necessary means to accomplish the end . Thus , for example , although the constitution has declared , that representatives shall be apportioned among the states according to their respective federal numbers ; and for this purpose , it has expressly authorized congress , by law , to provide for an enumeration of the population every ten years ; yet the power to apportion representatives , after this enumeration is made , is nowhere found among the express powers given to congress , but it has always been acted upon , as irresistibly flowing from the duty positively enjoined by the constitution . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Whelan v. Cuomo , 415 F. Supp. 251 , 256 ( E.D.N.Y. 1976 ) ( `` The historical record of the Constitutional Convention supports several conclusions ( , ) ... ( including that ) Congress was given considerable flexibility in determining the actual number of representatives so long as the total did not exceed one representative for every 30,000 inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See 3 Annals of Cong. 539 ( 1792 ) ( President Washington 's veto of apportionment legislation that would not have exceeded a national average of 1 for every 30,000 inhabitants , but did exceed that ratio for some states ) ; see also U.S. Dep 't of Commerce v. Montana ( Montana II ) , 503 U.S. 442 , 449 -- 50 ( Congress 's response to Washington 's veto was enacting legislation providing for 1 representative per 33,000 of the national population , which avoided exceeding 1 per 30,000 in those states ) . Jump up ^ The United States Code only indirectly provides for a House with 435 members . After each decennial census , the President must submit to Congress a statement `` showing the whole number of Persons in each State '' and , based on this population figure , the number of Representatives the State would have received in the 83rd Congress ( 1951 -- 53 ) . 2 U.S.C. § 2a ( a ) ( 2006 ) . Each State then receives as many representatives in the House as the President 's report provides , until the next decennial census . Id . § 2a ( b ) . The size of the House of Representatives in the 83rd Congress was 435 . Thus , the United States Code currently does not expressly use the number `` 435 , '' but instead ties the current size of the House to the `` then existing number of Representatives '' in the 83rd Congress , which was fixed at 435 by legislation that is now omitted from the United States Code . Compare 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1926 ) ( `` ( A ) fter the third day of March , nineteen hundred and thirteen , the House of Representatives shall be composed of four hundred and thirty - five members . '' ) with 2 U.S.C. § 2 ( 1934 ) ( section omitted ) . It has been omitted from every subsequent edition of the United States Code , through the present edition ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , 157 U.S. 429 , modified on rehearing , 158 U.S. 601 ( 1895 ) , superseded by U.S. Const . amend . XVI , as recognized in Brushaber v. Union Pac . R.R. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) , and overruled on other grounds by South Carolina v. Baker , 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cf. 1 Asher C. Hinds , Hinds ' Precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States § 187 , at 113 ( 1907 ) ( `` The Speaker is always a Member of the House ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Cf . Nixon v. United States , 506 U.S. 224 ( 1993 ) ( construing the Senate 's `` sole power '' to `` try all impeachments '' to mean that the Senate 's impeachment procedures are left to its discretion and concluding generally that Congress 's impeachment powers are outside judicial review ) . ^ Jump up to : Presser , Stephen B. `` Essay on Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph . `` Essays on Article I : Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Rossum , Ralph Rossum . `` Essays on Article V : Prohibition on Amendment : Equal Suffrage in the Senate '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Tie Votes '' . United States Senate . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Since 1789 , 258 tie - breaking votes have been cast . Jump up ^ Senate Historical Office , President Pro Tempore , http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/President_Pro_Tempore.htm . Jump up ^ See Nixon , 506 U.S. at 230 -- 31 , 233 -- 36 ( holding that the Senate 's sole power to try impeachments made its judgment conclusive as to what constituted an adequate impeachment trial ) ( `` We think that the word ' sole ' is of considerable significance . Indeed , the word ' sole ' appears only one other time in the Constitution - with respect to the House of Representatives ' `` sole Power of Impeachment . '' The commonsense meaning of the word ' sole ' is that the Senate alone shall have authority to determine whether an individual should be acquitted or convicted . The dictionary definition bears this out ... The history and contemporary understanding of the impeachment provisions support our reading of the constitutional language ... ( T ) he Judiciary , and the Supreme Court in particular , were not chosen to have any role in impeachments ... ( J ) udicial review would be inconsistent with the Framers ' insistence that our system be one of checks and balances ... Judicial involvement in impeachment proceedings , even if only for purposes of judicial review , is counterintuitive because it would eviscerate the ' important constitutional check ' placed on the Judiciary by the Framers . ( It would be an improper reading of the Constitution to ) place final reviewing authority with respect to impeachments in the hands of the same body that the impeachment process is meant to regulate ... In addition to the textual commitment argument , ... the lack of finality and the difficulty of fashioning relief counsel against justiciability ... ( O ) pening the door of judicial review to the procedures used by the Senate in trying impeachments would ' expose the political life of the country to months , or perhaps years , of chaos . ' '' ( citations omitted ) ) . Jump up ^ Impeachment History . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gerhardt , Michael J. `` Essay on Trial of Impeachment '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cf . Ritter v. United States , 84 Ct . Cl. 293 , 300 ( 1936 ) ( `` While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment , it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare . '' ) ; Staff of H. Comm . on the Judiciary , 93d Cong. , Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 ( Comm . Print 1974 ) ( `` The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment ; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government . '' ( citation omitted ) ) , reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler , Deschler 's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives , H.R. Doc . No. 94 ‒ 661 ch. 14 , app . at 2269 ( 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Peacock , Anthony . `` Essays on Article I : Election Regulations '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ See Foster v. Love , 522 U.S. 67 , 69 , 71 n. 2 ( 1997 ) ( `` The ( Elections ) Clause is a default provision ; it invests the States with responsibility for the mechanics of congressional elections , but only so far as Congress declines to preempt state legislative choices . Thus it is well settled that the Elections Clause grants Congress ' the power to override state regulations ' by establishing uniform rules for federal elections , binding on the States . ' ( T ) he regulations made by Congress are paramount to those made by the State legislature ; and if they conflict therewith , the latter , so far as the conflict extends , ceases to be operative . ' The Clause gives Congress ' comprehensive ' authority to regulate the details of elections , including the power to impose ' the numerous requirements as to procedure and safeguards which experience shows are necessary in order to enforce the fundamental right involved . ' Congressional authority extends not only to general elections , but also to any ' primary election which involves a necessary step in the choice of candidates for election as representatives in Congress . ' ) ( citations omitted ) ; United States v. Manning , 215 F. Supp. 272 , 284 ( W.D. La . 1963 ) ( '' ' ( T ) he manner of holding elections ' ... must be read as referring to the entire electoral process , from the first step of registering to the last step , the State 's promulgation of honest returns. `` ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 7 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November '' as the date for electing Representatives ) ; id. § 1 ( elections for Senators to be held on same date as elections for Representatives ) ; see also 3 U.S.C. § 1 ( 2006 ) ( prescribing `` Tuesday next after the first Monday in November '' as the date for electing presidential Electors ) . Jump up ^ Cook v. Gralike , 531 U.S. 510 , 523 -- 24 ( 2001 ) ( internal quotation marks and citation omitted ) . Jump up ^ See Vieth v. Jubelirer , 541 U.S. 267 , 275 ( 2004 ) ( plurality opinion ) ( `` Article I , § 4 , while leaving in state legislatures the initial power to draw districts for federal elections , permitted Congress to ' make or alter ' those districts if it wished . '' ) . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission ( 576 U.S. __ ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation , Centennial Edition , Interim Edition : Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 26 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2013 . pp. 127 -- 128 . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 3 ( 1934 ) ( `` In each State entitled under this apportionment to more than one Representative , ... ( such Representatives ) shall be elected by districts composed of a contiguous and compact territory , and containing as nearly as practicable an equal number of inhabitants . '' ) . Jump up ^ See Wood v. Broom , 287 U.S. 1 ( 1932 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Shaw v. Reno , 509 U.S. 630 , 642 ( 1993 ) ( `` ( L ) egislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting , without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification , '' is subject to strict scrutiny . ) . Jump up ^ Forte , David F. `` Essays on Article I : Meetings of Congress Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Jump up ^ `` March 4 : A forgotten huge day in American history '' . Philadelphia : National Constitution Center . March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rushing , J. Taylor ( October 1 , 2008 ) . `` Senate easily passes bailout '' . The Senate 's action was a dramatic and rare move that circumvented a constitutional requirement that tax legislation must originate in the House Jump up ^ Mulligan , John E. ( October 2 , 2008 ) . `` Kennedy 's unintended role in history '' . The Providence Journal . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Once the Senate added those provisions to the rescue bill , it qualified as a tax bill , which the upper chamber is constitutionally prohibited from originating . To get around the Constitution , the leaders turned to the time - honored stratagem of finding a live but dormant House bill -- ( Patrick ) Kennedy 's mental - health parity bill -- to use as a shell . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erik and Monaghan , Henry . The Taxing Power : a Reference Guide to the United States Constitution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 170 ( 2005 ) ... ISBN 0 - 313 - 31229 - X Jump up ^ See Ross Wilson , A Third Way : The Presidential Non-Signing Statement , http://ssrn.com/abstract=1593862 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Reference Home > Statistics & Lists > Vetoes by President George W. Bush '' . Senate.gov . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ See e.g. Perry v. United States , 294 U.S. 330 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` James Madison - Veto of federal public works bill of March 3 , 1817 '' . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Novak , Michael ( 1996 ) . The fire of invention , the fuel of interest : On intellectual property . Washington D.C. : The American Enterprise Institute Press . Jump up ^ Calder v. Bull , 3 U.S. 386 , 399 - 400 ( 1798 ) . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ; Weisberg , Jacob ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` What Are Impeachable Offenses ? '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Juilliard v. Greenman , 110 U.S. 421 , 446 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Definition of tender as noun , in Merriam - Webster . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Any '' financial obligation would de facto include financial obligations owed either by or to the state ; see definition of `` any '' as noun ( 5 ) , in Merriam - Webster Jump up ^ 262 U.S. 649 , 659 ( 1923 ) . See also Gwin v. Breedlove , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 29 , 38 ( 1844 ) ; and Griffin v. Thompson , 43 U.S. ( 2 How . ) 244 ( 1844 ) . Jump up ^ Madison , James Federalist Papers No. 44 Jump up ^ Tribe , Laurence ( 2000 ) . American Constitutional Law . West Publishing Company . pp. 649 -- 51 . ISBN 1 - 56662 - 714 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brody , Michael ( February 17 , 2013 ) . `` Circumventing the Electoral College : Why the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Survives Constitutional Scrutiny Under the Compact Clause '' . Legislation and Policy Brief . Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law . 5 ( 1 ) : 40ff . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Irons , Peter H. ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Penguin . External links ( edit ) Davis , Z. ( 2001 ) . `` Presidential Vetoes , 1989 -- 2000 . '' Kilman , J. & Costello , G. ( Eds ) . ( 2000 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis and Interpretation . s CRS Annotated Constitution : Article 1 `` Resources Regarding the Origination Clause '' ( from TIFIS ) National Cable Satellite Corporation . ( 2003 ) . `` Capitol Questions . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | according to the us constitution who has the authority to create an army | [
"Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces. Under the War Powers Clause, only Congress may declare war, but in several cases it has, without declaring war, granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts. Five wars have been declared in United States' history: the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II. Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war. Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal. Congress may establish and support the armed forces, but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years. This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army, beyond civilian control, during peacetime. Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias, but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel. Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces. Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever-increasing measure of involvement in this process, the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress's exclusive hold on this power (e.g. Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137 (1953)). Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes: the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice, and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases, known collectively as the Feres Doctrine."
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"Congress"
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-2517746422945030097 | Wonder Woman (TV series) | Wonder Woman ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Wonder Woman ( TV series ) Wonder Woman First season title card Genre Science fantasy Action Adventure Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Developed by Douglas S. Cramer Stanley Ralph Ross Starring Lynda Carter Lyle Waggoner Beatrice Colen ( season 1 ) Richard Eastham ( season 1 ) Norman Burton ( season 2 ) Saundra Sharp ( season 2 ) Theme music composer Charles Fox ( music ) Norman Gimbel ( lyrics ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 59 + movie pilot ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Douglas S. Cramer Wilford Lloyd Baumes Producer ( s ) Bruce Lansbury ( supervising producer , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Charles B. Fitzsimons Mark Rodgers Running time 42 -- 51 minutes Production company ( s ) The Douglas S. Cramer Co . Bruce Lansbury Productions , Ltd . Warner Bros. Television DC Comics Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network ABC ( pilot + season 1 ) CBS ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Original release November 7 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 07 ) -- September 11 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 11 ) Wonder Woman , known from seasons 2 and 3 as The New Adventures of Wonder Woman , is an American television series based on the DC Comics comic book superhero of the same name . The show stars Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman / Diana Prince and Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor Sr. & Jr . It originally aired for three seasons from 1975 to 1979 . The show 's first season aired on ABC and is set in the 1940s during World War II . The second and third seasons aired on CBS and are set in the 1970s , with the title changed to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman , and a complete change of cast other than Carter and Waggoner . Waggoner 's character was changed to Steve Trevor Jr. , the son of his original character . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Notable guest stars 3 Plot 3.1 Pilot 3.1. 1 Synopsis 3.2 Season 1 3.3 Season 2 3.4 Season 3 4 Wonder Woman ' 77 Comic 5 Legacy 6 Reruns 7 Home video releases 8 Merchandising 9 Possible animated film 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) Wonder Woman refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975 - 1979 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name . The 1974 television film called Wonder Woman directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby , was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC . Ratings were described as `` respectable but not exactly wondrous , '' and ABC did not pick up the pilot . Instead , Warner Bros. and ABC developed the 1975 television series , Wonder Woman , that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston , turning away from the 1968 -- 72 era that had influenced the pilot . Wonder Woman , which premiered in 1975 , starred Lynda Carter and eventually led to the full series . Crosby would later claim that she was offered the chance to reprise the role in that series . Cast and characters ( edit ) Lynda Carter as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman This version of the character is exclusive to the continuity of the TV series Wonder Woman and is an adaptation of Diana Prince / Wonder Woman . The original character was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter and first appeared in All - Star Comics # 8 . Beatrice Colen as Etta Candy ( season 1 ) General Phil Blankenship 's secretary . She is there to provide comic relief . Richard Eastham as General Philip Blankenship ( season 1 ) He works for the War Department during the early years of World War II . In 1942 , he worked with his subordinate Colonel Steve Trevor in an ongoing effort to prevent Nazi cells from infiltrating the United States and threatening the nation 's security . Blankenship also kept in close contact with Steve 's colleagues Diana Prince and Etta Candy . Blankenship never knew that Yeoman Prince was also Wonder Woman . Lyle Waggoner as Steve Trevor The original character was created by William Moulton Marston and Harry G. Peter and first appeared in All - Star Comics # 8 . The details surrounding the death of Steve Trevor remains largely unknown . What is known is that Steve died some time prior to 1977 . Debra Winger as Drusilla / Wonder Girl Born as the second daughter of Hippolyta , Queen of the Amazons , Drusilla grew up on Paradise Island along with her older sister , Princess Diana . After her sister left the island , she quickly became the finest archer and rider of the Amazons . When Hippolyta felt it was time for her elder daughter to return to the island , Drusilla was sent to America to urge her return . Reluctant to leave , Diana decided to show her younger sister of the need for Wonder Woman in the outside world . As part of this she convinced Drusilla to pose as Diana Prince 's teenage sister for a few days . During this time she accompanied General Blankenship on a car trip . They were attacked by Nazi spies who abducted the general and left her behind . Unable to contact her sister , she decided to go after the spies herself and transformed into Wonder Girl . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Christine Belford as Baroness Von Gunther Gary Burghoff as Alan in `` The Man Who Would n't Tell '' Bradford Dillman as Arthur Deal III / Thor Dick Gautier as Count Cagliosto in `` Diana 's Disappearing Act '' Lynda Day George as Fausta Grables Bob Hastings as the Gatekeeper in `` The Pied Piper '' Russell Johnson as the Colonel in `` Disco Devil '' Carolyn Jones as Queen Hippolyta in `` Feminum Mystique : Parts 1 & 2 '' , & `` Wonder Woman in Hollywood '' Cloris Leachman as Queen Hippolyta Gavin MacLeod as Mr. Ellsworth Roddy McDowall as Henry Roberts Eve Plumb as Elena in `` The Pied Piper '' Robert Reed as the Falcon in `` The Pluto File '' Barry Van Dyke as Freddy in `` Wonder Woman in Hollywood '' Plot ( edit ) Pilot ( edit ) See also : List of Wonder Woman episodes Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman Despite the muted ratings of the earlier Cathy Lee Crosby television pilot , ABC still felt a Wonder Woman series had potential , and within a year another pilot was in production . Keen to make a distinction from the last pilot , producers gave the pilot the rather paradoxical title The New Original Wonder Woman . Scripting duties were given to Stanley Ralph Ross , who was instructed to be more faithful to the comic book and to create a subtle `` high comedy . '' Ross set the pilot in World War II , the era in which the original comic book began . After an intensive talent search , Lynda Carter , who had had a handful of minor acting roles and had been the 1972 Miss World USA and a Bob Hope USO cast member , was chosen for the lead role . For the role of Steve Trevor , the producers chose Lyle Waggoner , despite his dark brown , almost - black , hair not matching the comic 's blond Trevor , who at the time was better known as a comedic actor after several years co-starring in The Carol Burnett Show . He was also known to Ross as having been one of the leading candidates to play Batman a decade earlier , but instead Adam West was signed . Waggoner was also considered a pin - up hunk , having done a semi-nude pictorial in the first issue of Playgirl . Although the pilot followed the original comic book closely , in particular the aspect of Wonder Woman joining the military under the name Diana Prince , a number of elements were dropped . It mainly omitted Diana 's origin , including her birth on Paradise Island . The comic book Diana obtains the credentials of a look - alike nurse . Although the pilot shows Diana briefly as a nurse at one point , Diana takes on the identity of a Navy Yeoman Petty Officer First Class . One change , which was later to become synonymous with the show , was the transformation of Diana Prince into Wonder Woman by spinning . During the filming of the pilot , producers were trying to figure out a way to show how Diana Prince became Wonder Woman , when Carter suggested that she do a spin . Unlike the earlier pilot , the comic - book origins of the character were emphasized by the retention of the character 's traditional uniform ( the design of which was interpreted and executed by Donald Lee Feld , credited as `` Donfeld '' ) with the original setting and through the use of comic book elements . The series 's title sequence was animated in the form of a series of comic book panels featuring Wonder Woman performing a variety of heroic feats . Within the show , location and exposition were handled through comic book - style text panels . Transitions between scenes and commercial breaks were marked by animated starburst sequences . Synopsis ( edit ) In early 1942 , during the Second World War , American pilot Major Steve Trevor ( Waggoner ) bails out during an air battle over the Bermuda Triangle , location of Paradise Island . The island is home to the Amazons : beautiful , ageless women with great strength , agility , and intelligence . Amazon princess Diana ( Carter ) rescues the handsome unconscious Trevor and helps nurse him back to health . Her mother , the Amazon queen ( Cloris Leachman ; succeeded by Carolyn Jones and Beatrice Straight in later episodes ) , decrees that Olympic - style games shall be held to select one Amazon to return Trevor back to America . But she forbids her own daughter Diana , the princess , to participate . Diana states that since she is not allowed to participate , she does not want to be present for the games and will take a retreat to the other side of the island . The games are held with participants wearing masks and numbers , shown as Roman numerals in triangles on white sleeveless short tunic - dresses . Among the contestants is a blonde Amazon . During the events , the blonde Amazon shows exceptional skills and she ties for first with another Amazon . To break the deadlock , the `` bullets and bracelets '' event is decided as the tiebreaker , wherein each of the women takes turns shooting at the other ; the one being shot at must deflect the bullets with her bulletproof bracelets . The blond woman wins the event , superficially injuring her opponent 's arm . When she is pronounced the winner , she removes her mask and wig and reveals that she is Diana . Her mother , though initially shocked , relents and allows her to go to America . Diana 's uniform as Wonder Woman , designed by Queen Hippolyta , features emblems of America , the land to which she will be returning Steve Trevor . A golden belt will be the source of her strength and power while away from Paradise Island . She has her bullet - deflecting bracelets and also receives a golden lasso which is unbreakable and forces people to obey and tell the truth when bound with it . As shown later in flashback , Hippolyta also teaches Diana how to transform her clothes magically into the uniform . Diana , as Wonder Woman , flies to Washington , D.C. in an invisible plane . After dropping Trevor off at a hospital , the heroine stumbles upon a bank robbery , which she stops . A theatrical agent who sees her in action offers to help make her bullets and bracelets act a stage attraction . Diana is hesitant , but needing money in this new society , she agrees . Meanwhile , Trevor 's civilian secretary Marcia ( Stella Stevens ) is a double agent for the Nazi Fifth Columnists . She seeks to aid top spies in killing Trevor and opposing this new threat , Wonder Woman . Her first attempt is arranging for an accomplice to fire a machine gun at Wonder Woman during her stage act . Later , as spy activities increase , Trevor leaves the hospital but gets in a fight and is captured , prompting his `` nurse '' Diana to come to his rescue . Wonder Woman defeats Marcia in an extended fight sequence in the War Department . Having defeated Marcia , Wonder Woman thwarts a Nazi pilot who had plans to bomb the Brooklyn Navy Yard by using her invisible plane , and she rescues Trevor . With Marcia and the spy ring defeated , the film closes as Trevor and Brigadier General Blankenship talk about Trevor 's new secretary whom Blankenship selected not only for her outstanding clerical test scores , but her decidedly plain appearance in contrast to Marcia : the bespectacled Yeoman First Class Diana Prince USNR ( WR ) , Wonder Woman in disguise . Season 1 ( edit ) The pilot film aired on November 7 , 1975 , was a ratings success , and ABC quickly authorized the production of two one - hour specials which aired in April 1976 . These three productions would later be considered part of the show 's first season . The episodes scored strong ratings , and ABC ordered an additional 11 episodes for the new 1976 -- 77 TV season . The network began airing the episodes every few weeks apart at the beginning of the TV season in September 1976 . After mid-December 1976 , episodes aired on a weekly basis until mid-February 1977 . A few cast changes were made between the specials and the series . Former Happy Days recurring actress Beatrice Colen joined the cast as Corporal Etta Candy WAAC , General Blankenship 's secretary , thereby providing YN1 Prince with a subordinate . Three episodes featured Debra Winger as Diana 's younger sister , Drusilla , a.k.a. Wonder Girl , in one of her earliest acting roles . One of the most memorable aspects of the show that was developed during the first season was the transformation sequence that changed Diana Prince into her superheroine alter ego . The sequence in the original specials employed a slow fade between two synchronized shots , both filmed with an overcranked camera to create a slow motion effect . A twirling Diana Prince 's hair would fall loose as the shot transitioned to a twirling Wonder Woman holding her Diana clothes , which she would stow nearby in a closet or locker . ( How she changes back to Diana is never shown , although presumably she must return to the location to retrieve her clothes . ) To ensure both segments transitioned smoothly the camera was locked off ( secured in place ) while Carter 's clothing , make - up , and hair was altered between identities , a process Carter said on a DVD commentary typically took about 45 minutes . The spinning transformation was later incorporated into the comics and into animated appearances such as Justice League Unlimited . ( Prior to the series in which Carter starred , the transformation was depicted in the comics by way of Diana spinning her magic lasso around her body , with the lasso changing her clothes , or by simply changing at super-human speed . ) The iconic explosion overlay most associated with the TV show was introduced after the third episode to mask the cut point between the Diana and Wonder Woman clips , meaning they no longer needed to be perfectly aligned . This allowed them to be shot without a locked off camera at more convenient points in the production schedule , when Carter was already in the appropriate costume . The slow motion aspect of the sequence was dropped , and Wonder Woman was no longer left holding her Diana Prince clothes . A thunderclap sound effect accompanied the explosion effect ; both the explosion flash and its sound are apparently non-diegetic ( only heard by the audience , not within the narrative world ) , as demonstrated by Diana changing unnoticed in a dormitory of sleeping women , in adjoining office spaces , etc . Generally the audience never sees Wonder Woman change back to Diana Prince , although there is one occasion when it is almost shown : Wonder Woman reveals her secret identity to her little sister Drusilla by slowly turning on the spot , but the actual moment of transformation is masked by a cut - away reaction shot of Drusilla ( no thunderclap was heard ) . During season one , Wonder Woman has the ability to impersonate anyone 's voice , which came in handy over the telephone . She did not use this ability during seasons two and three . The series began at a time when violence on television was under intense scrutiny . As a result , Wonder Woman was less frequently seen punching or kicking people the way she did in the early episodes . She would usually be shown pushing and throwing enemies or using creativity to get them to somehow knock themselves out ( such as jumping high into the air to cause pursuers to collide ) . Despite the wartime setting , she almost never resorted to deadly force . The only exception occurs in the pilot episode when she sinks a German U-boat by crashing an airplane into it , presumably killing everyone aboard . Wonder Woman herself was occasionally overpowered by chloroform and poison gas , but she always came back in the second half of the show to save the day . In some episodes , her enemies learn the secret of her superhuman strength -- her magic belt -- and temporarily steal it , leaving her with average human strength . Her indestructible lasso and bracelets were stolen or taken away in one episode ( leaving her defenseless against gunfire ) , but Wonder Woman recovered them by the end of the episode . ( In the comics , Wonder Woman 's bracelets were welded onto her forearms , and she would lose most of her strength if men were to join them forcibly with metal . ) Season 2 establishes that Wonder Woman remained active from 1942 to 1945 and was honored by Franklin D. Roosevelt for her work against Axis attacks . Season 2 ( edit ) Despite good ratings for the series , ABC stalled on picking up the show for a second season . This was because Wonder Woman was a period piece , being set in the 1940s , which made the set , clothing , automobiles , etc. more expensive to produce . While ABC had not yet committed , the show 's production company Warner Bros. listened to an offer from rival network CBS . While ABC continued to make up its mind , CBS agreed to pick up the series on condition that the setting be changed from World War II ( the 1940s ) to the modern day ( the 1970s ) . Changing the title to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman , the series was moved away from international intrigue to a more conventional police / detective action - type show that was more common in the 1970s . Princess Diana , aging slowly because of her Amazon nature , returns from Paradise Island after a 35 - year absence ( looking virtually the same ) to become an agent with the Inter-Agency Defense Command ( IADC ) , a CIA / FBI - type organization fighting crime , espionage , and the occasional alien invasion . Strictly speaking , Lynda Carter was the only cast member whose character continued into the second and third seasons ( aside from a brief cameo appearance of Major Trevor ( Lyle Waggoner ) in Diana 's flashback when she first encountered his son and a framed photograph of him seen on the younger Trevor 's office credenza in season 3 ) . The original Steve Trevor was revealed to have risen to the rank of major general and died in the 35 - year interim between the first and second seasons , although Lyle Waggoner remained with the series , portraying Trevor 's son , Steve Jr . As a child , Steve Jr. had heard his late father 's stories of adventures with Wonder Woman during World War II . It is essentially confirmed in the second season première that his father never introduced him to Wonder Woman and that he had never even seen her photographed . It is similarly implied that he and YN1 Diana Prince were unaware of each other . Diana is taken aback by the younger Steve 's existence , implying that his father had never spoken of the boy to either Wonder Woman or YN1 Prince . This was particularly striking when she spoke to Steve Jr. about knowing his father well , from the j - shaped burn scar on his right shoulder , to the 20mm shell casing that he used as a paperweight . Despite ( or perhaps because of ) the fact that Wonder Woman had fallen in love with the first Steve Trevor , the producers chose to drop any suggestion that Steve Jr. and Wonder Woman were anything more than good friends . Indeed , when an impostor posing as Steve Jr. attempted to seduce Diana , she made it quite clear that she had no sexual interest in him . Executive producer Douglas S. Cramer noted the difficulties in maintaining long - term romantic tension between leads , because the resolution of that romantic tension often results in the cancellation of the series . Since Waggoner returned in a technically new role , Diana 's mother Hippolyta was the only other first season character to be seen or mentioned , though she was played by a new actress , Beatrice Straight , succeeding Carolyn Jones and Cloris Leachman in the role . The post-war fates of General Phil Blankenship , Etta Candy , and Drusilla / Wonder Girl were never revealed . Diana , Steve and Joe Atkinson ( Norman Burton ) , a weathered IADC agent , received their orders from a `` Charlie 's Angels - like '' character who is heard but never seen . Diana and Steve would go out and work the field while Joe assisted from the office . The Atkinson character was dropped after the ninth episode of this season , and Steve was given a promotion , becoming IADC Director , and Diana 's boss , in the process . This promotion for Steve Trevor meant that Lyle Waggoner was seen less in subsequent episodes for the remainder of the series ' run . In this season , the computer IRAC ( Information Retrieval Associative Computer ) , more informally known as `` Ira , '' was introduced : its first appearance is in season 2 , episode 1 , where Diana introduces her Diana Prince identity into its records , over IRAC 's protests . Ira was the IADC 's super-intelligent computer , who deduces that Diana Prince is really Wonder Woman , although he never shares this information with anyone , except Diana herself . Saundra Sharp joined the cast as Eve , Steve 's assistant ( the job held by Diana at the start of the season ) . Towards the end of the season , in the episode `` IRAC is Missing , '' a small mobile robot called Rover was added for comic relief . An offshoot of IRAC who performs duties such as delivering coffee and sorting mail , Rover speaks with a high - pitched voice , occasionally makes `` Beep Beep '' sounds and , like IRAC , is aware that Wonder Woman 's secret identity is Diana Prince . The theme song was re-written to remove references to the Axis , reflecting the series ' new present - day setting , and the action depicted in the opening 's animated comic book panels was similarly updated . Beginning with the episode `` The Man Who Made Volcanoes , '' the opening title sequence was changed again to an instrumental and more traditional `` action scenes '' opening . The animated stars used before and after commercial breaks were dropped . The producers of Wonder Woman generally maintained her no - kill policy , although there were exceptions : In the episode `` Anschluss ' 77 '' she is forced to destroy a clone of Adolf Hitler . Another episode made reference to a villain who was believed drowned following a previous unseen encounter with Diana / Wonder Woman . Unlike in the first season , Wonder Woman 's sources of power ( magic belt , bracelets , golden lasso ) were never removed from her and stolen by villains during the two years the series was set in the 1970s . Other changes in season two included a slight redesign ( again by Donald Lee Feld , still credited as `` Donfeld '' ) of Wonder Woman 's uniform . The bustier was more flexible , featured less gold metal in the eagle wings in favor of red cloth background , and was cut lower to highlight Carter 's décolletage and cleavage . The star - spangled bottoms were cut higher in the thighs , with the number of stars reduced , stopping below her hips , and rearranged in a more symmetrical starburst pattern . The bracelets changed from dull silver - grey to bright gold , and were noticeably smaller and thinner . Her tiara , appearing unchanged when on Wonder Woman 's head , would flatten to become a boomerang , and its ruby star functioned as a communications link to Paradise Island and her mother the queen . Feld also introduced multiple new variants on Wonder Woman 's uniform beginning in season two . She still wore the red - white - and - blue cape for special events or appearances from the first season , but without the skirt . ( This variant could be described as Wonder Woman 's `` full - dress uniform . '' ) A diving uniform was introduced -- this consisted of a navy - blue lycra body suit with matching gloves , gold bracelets , flat boots , and a flexible tiara ; this was featured whenever aquatic activity was required . The same uniform , with low - heeled boots and a gold helmet , was used to ride motorcycles . At first , Wonder Woman would switch to these newer uniforms by performing an extended spin in which she first changed from her Diana Prince clothes to Wonder Woman 's standard uniform , then continued to spin until a second light explosion occurred and she would appear in one of the newer variants . However , this extended spin device was dropped for expediency and Diana was then able to change into any of Wonder Woman 's uniforms in a single change . Wonder Woman 's invisible plane appeared a couple of times in season two , and not at all in season three . The plane 's shape was updated with the change in temporal setting , losing the rounded fuselage and modestly curved wings evocative of a World War II - era pursuit - fighter , in favor of a dart - like , delta winged jet . Season 3 ( edit ) With the beginning of the third season , further changes were made to target the show at a teenage audience . The title theme was re-recorded again to give it a disco beat , the use of the robot ' Rover ' was increased for comic effect , and episodes began to revolve around topical subjects like skateboarding , roller coasters and the environment . ( Feld also gave Wonder Woman a `` skate - boarder 's '' uniform , which was also capable of use for training in any `` extreme sport '' in which she participated . ) Teenagers or young adults were commonly used as main characters in the plot lines . Eve disappeared from the cast although she is mentioned once or twice . Episodes during this season showed Diana on assignments by herself far more often ( particularly outside of Washington DC ) , and Steve Trevor had become Diana 's boss and was seen less . Wonder Woman was also allowed to become a bit more physical in the third season and could now be seen throwing the occasional punch or kicking . The writers also came up with several unusual ways for Diana to execute her spinning transformation , the most notable instances occurring in the episode `` Stolen Faces '' in which Diana makes the change while falling off a tall building , and the season two episode `` The Pied Piper '' in which she changes while strapped into a spinning chair . Diana also exhibited other powers , particularly in the episode `` The Deadly Dolphin , '' in which she is shown communicating telepathically with animals ( reminiscent of the `` mental radio '' from the comics , which was never shown on the series ) and generating bursts of an unknown form of energy to scare away a killer shark . In the final episode produced , the writers attempted a `` relaunch '' of sorts by having Diana reassigned to the Los Angeles bureau of IADC with a new supporting cast . Though done in anticipation of a fourth season , the revamp was seen for only a single episode ( `` The Man Who Could Not Die '' ) , which set up an assortment of new supporting characters . These included Dale Hawthorn , Diana 's new IADC boss , Bret Cassiday ( Bob Seagren ) , a genetically enhanced man who was indestructible ( the titular character of the episode ) , as well as a streetwise youngster named T. Burton Phipps III who inexplicably is allowed to hang out at the IADC . Also added to the cast was a chimpanzee who , like Bret , is also indestructible . This episode was actually the last to be produced and should have ended the third season , but was shown out of sequence with the two - parter `` The Phantom of the Roller Coaster . '' These final three episodes aired by themselves in August -- September 1979 , months after the broadcast of the rest of season three , creating a mini-season , though they remain grouped as part of season three as opposed to being considered an abbreviated fourth season . CBS ultimately decided to move The Incredible Hulk up to the Friday 8 : 00 hour from 9 : 00 to introduce the new series The Dukes of Hazzard , but no further episodes of Wonder Woman were produced due to the lack of new cast members for a fourth season and low ratings . After her first musical television special , Carter gave up the role to focus more on her musical career . Wonder Woman ' 77 comic ( edit ) In October 2014 , DC announced an ongoing comic book series set in the Lynda Carter TV series continuity . The comic was written by Marc Andreyko . It was first published as digital chapters on DC Comics ' website . Wonder Woman ' 77 Special # 1 was published in May 2015 . A second Wonder Woman ' 77 Special collecting further digital first chapters was published in September 2015. . A third special was published in April 2016 . Wonder Woman teams up with Jaime Sommers in the crossover title Wonder Woman ' 77 Meets the Bionic Woman . Wonder Woman teams up with Batman in the crossover team up Batman ' 66 Meets Wonder Woman ' 77 writing by both Andreyko and Jeff Parker . Legacy ( edit ) This portrayal of the character strongly influenced the Wonder Woman comics . Most notably , the ballerina - style spinning transformation was incorporated into the comics . The spin has also been used in the animated television programs Super Friends and Justice League Unlimited . Reruns ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reruns of Wonder Woman aired in syndication during the 1980s . It also aired on FX and Sci - Fi Channel in the 1990s and early 2000s . Beginning on December 28 , 2013 , the show airs Saturday evenings on the classic TV network Me - TV . In the UK , the series has been syndicated on several channels . In 2006 , Living broadcast the show every weekend as part of `` Hangover TV '' . As of 2015 , the series is shown on The Horror Channel and can also be seen on the MeTV network . Home Video releases ( edit ) Columbia House with Warner Home Video released the series on VHS videotapes through their Wonder Woman : The Collector 's Edition series from the late 1990s - early 2000s , which was only available through mail order subscriptions . Each volume contained two episodes . The Season Two episodes `` The Pied Piper '' and `` Flight To Oblivion , '' however , were not included on the VHS releases . Warner Home Video has released all three seasons of Wonder Woman on DVD in various regions , both separately and in a collected edition . DVD name Eps . Release date Details The Complete 1st Season 14 June 29 , 2004 All 14 episodes ( including the pilot ) with commentary by Lynda Carter and executive producer Douglas S. Cramer ; new documentary retrospective The Complete 2nd Season 22 March 1 , 2005 21 episodes plus a feature - length season premiere ; Bonus documentary : `` Revolutionizing a Classic : From Comic Book to Television '' The Complete 3rd Season 24 June 7 , 2005 Audio commentary by Carter on `` My Teenage Idol is Missing '' ; featurette : `` Wonder Woman : The Ultimate Feminist Icon '' ; The initial Region 1 release included a bonus DVD containing the first episode of the Captain Marvel television series Shazam ! , `` The Joy Riders '' The Complete Collection 60 November 6 , 2007 Pilot with commentary by Lynda Carter and executive producer Douglas S. Cramer ; new documentary retrospective ; Bonus documentary : `` Revolutionizing a Classic : From Comic Book to Television '' ; Audio commentary by Carter on `` My Teenage Idol is Missing '' ; featurette : `` Wonder Woman : The Ultimate Feminist Icon '' The pilot episode is included as a bonus feature on the February 23 , 2010 Blu - ray release of Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths . The complete series has been remastered in high definition and transformed to a more modern 16 : 9 widescreen format . This version is available for purchase on iTunes . Merchandising ( edit ) Mego Corporation released a line of dolls in 1976 to correspond with the TV series . The boxes originally featured Lynda Carter as Wonder Woman on the front flap . However , in 1977 , her image on the box was dropped and the line was revamped with only the Wonder Woman doll being featured and revised . The Mego dolls included Wonder Woman , Diana Prince , Queen Hippolyta , Nubia , and Steve Trevor . The line also included separate fashion outfits for Diana Prince that were released in Canada . Various playsets were also created but were not released for sale . DC Direct ( which creates merchandise for DC Comics ) released a Wonder Woman statue in 2007 which is based upon the image created by Lynda Carter . In 2015 , Hallmark released a Wonder Woman Christmas ornament bearing the likeness of Lynda Carter that also plays the intro to the television theme song . In July 2016 , prior to Comic - Con International , the New York Times ran a story about Dynamite Entertainment . In it , best - selling author Andy Mangels was revealed to be writing a prestigious new intercompany crossover mini-series for the company , in conjunction with DC Comics : Wonder Woman ' 77 Meets The Bionic Woman , bringing together the Lynda Carter television character with Lindsay Wagner 's fellow 1970s television super-heroine . The series was released in December 2016 . Possible animated film ( edit ) After the success of Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders , animated film based on the Batman TV series of the 1960s , Warner Bros. had stated that their executives are considering to make an animated film based on the classic Wonder Woman TV series , with Lynda Carter reprising her role by voicing the character ; along with an animated adaptation of the comic series Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B19qk6ywPaM Wonder Woman S03 DVD Extras The Ultimate Feminist Icon Jump up ^ Gary Westfahl , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy , vol. 3 : Themes , Works , and Wonders . Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( November 7 , 1975 ) . `` Wonder Woman Tries Comeback '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Jump up ^ Joby , Tom ( 1980 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Cathy Crosby turns down ' Wonder Woman ' offer '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Pendergast , Tom and Sara ( 2002 ) . St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture , vol. 4 . St. James Press . p. 72 . ISBN 1 - 55862 - 404 - X . Jump up ^ Carter , Lynda . The New Original Wonder Woman commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` The Arboretum of Los Angeles County , 301 N. Baldwin Ave , in Arcadia , CA '' . TVLocations . Seeing Stars . ^ Jump up to : `` The Return of Wonder Woman '' . Wonder Woman . Season 2 . 1977 - 09 - 16 . CBS . Jump up ^ Cramer , Douglas S . The New Original Wonder Woman commentary ( DVD ) . Jump up ^ `` NYCC : DC Digital Adds `` Wonder Woman ' 77 , '' `` Mortal Kombat X '' & `` Fables : Wolf Among Us '' `` . Comic Book Resources . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gustines , George Gene . `` Dynamite Entertainment Taps ' 70s TV to Expand Lineup of Comics '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Alex Ross And Cat Staggs ' Covers For Wonder Woman ' 77 / Bionic Woman # 1 , Out In December '' . Bleeding Cool . Avatar Press . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman From 1970s to Meet 1960s Batman in DC Cross-Over Project '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . ^ Jump up to : Patterson , Stephen ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` Why Lynda Carter 's Wonder Woman Will Never Be Beaten '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Justice League - Crisis on Two Earths Announced for DVD and Blu - ray : Details , Extras , Box Art '' . TV Shows on DVD.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman 12 '' Gallery `` . Mego Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman - Wonder Wardrobe '' . Mego Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman Playsets '' . Mego Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` WB Possibly Planning Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles And Wonder Woman ' 77 Animated Films '' . 12 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( TV series ) . Television in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 1970s portal Wonder Woman ( TV series ) on IMDb New Original Wonder Woman ( 1975 pilot ) on IMDb Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Batman Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula von Gunther Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest / Count of Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) The Lies ( 2016 ) Year One ( 2016 ) The Truth ( 2017 ) Godwatch ( 2017 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wonder Woman 1984 Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Live - action television programs based on DC Comics TV series Current Arrow ( since 2012 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Supergirl ( since 2015 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Black Lightning ( since 2018 ) Krypton ( since 2018 ) Former Adventures of Superman ( 1952 -- 58 ) Batman ( 1966 -- 68 ) Shazam ! ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Secrets of Isis ( 1975 -- 77 ) Wonder Woman ( 1975 -- 79 ) Superboy ( 1988 -- 92 ) Swamp Thing ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Flash ( 1990 -- 91 ) Human Target ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 -- 97 ) Smallville ( 2001 -- 11 ) Birds of Prey ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Human Target ( 2010 -- 11 ) Constantine ( 2014 -- 15 ) Powerless ( 2017 ) Upcoming Titans ( 2018 ) The Boys ( 2019 ) Swamp Thing ( 2019 ) TV films Wonder Woman The New Original Wonder Woman Justice League of America TV specials Unsold pilots The Adventures of Superpup The Adventures of Superboy Global Frequency Aquaman Wonder Woman Scalped It 's a Bird ... It 's a Plane ... It 's Superman Legends of the Superheroes See also Arrowverse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)&oldid=850193088 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1975 American television series debuts 1979 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows American action television series American adventure television series American fantasy television series CBS network shows English - language television programs Nazis in fiction Superhero television programs Television series by Warner Bros. Television American television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in Washington , D.C. World War II television drama series Wonder Woman in other media World War II in television fiction Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 08 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the original wonder woman come out | [
"Wonder Woman refers to both a 1974 television film and a 1975-1979 television series based on the DC Comics character of the same name. The 1974 television film called Wonder Woman directed by Vincent McEveety and starring Cathy Lee Crosby, was a pilot for an intended television series being considered by ABC. Ratings were described as \"respectable but not exactly wondrous,\" and ABC did not pick up the pilot.[3] Instead, Warner Bros. and ABC developed the 1975 television series, Wonder Woman, that fit the more traditional presentation of the character as created by William Moulton Marston, turning away from the 1968–72 era that had influenced the pilot. Wonder Woman, which premiered in 1975, starred Lynda Carter and eventually led to the full series. Crosby would later claim that she was offered the chance to reprise the role in that series.[4]\n"
] | [
"1974"
] |
-846451974947139221 | The Dresden Dolls | The Dresden Dolls - wikipedia The Dresden Dolls Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see The Dresden Dolls ( album ) . For the 19th century doll , see dresden doll . The Dresden Dolls The Dresden Dolls : Amanda Palmer ( left ) and Brian Viglione ( right ) Background information Origin Boston , Massachusetts , US Genres Dark cabaret , piano rock , alternative rock , Indie rock Years active 2000 -- 2008 , 2010 -- present Labels Roadrunner Website www.dresdendolls.com Members Amanda Palmer Brian Viglione The Dresden Dolls is an American musical duo from Boston , Massachusetts . Formed in 2000 , the group consists of Amanda Palmer ( lead vocals and piano ; additional : keyboards , harmonica , ukulele ) and Brian Viglione ( drums and percussion ; additional : guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ) . The two describe their style as `` Brechtian punk cabaret '' , a phrase invented by Palmer because she was `` terrified '' that the press would invent a name that `` would involve the word gothic '' . The Dresden Dolls are part of an underground dark cabaret movement that started gaining momentum in the early 2000s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Band formation and name 1.2 Growing fame and performances 1.3 Tours , festivals , books , and theater 1.4 Hiatus 1.5 2010 reunion tour 1.6 2011 / 2012 tour 1.7 2015 2 Discography 3 Musical style and influences 4 Awards and honors 5 Bibliography 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links 8.1 Discography Career ( edit ) Band formation and name ( edit ) The Dresden Dolls , 2002 Photo by Kyle Cassidy The duo formed a week after Brian Viglione witnessed Amanda Palmer perform solo at a Halloween party in 2000 . Their live performances soon gained them a cult following . During these performances the two band members often wore dramatic make - up and fancy clothing that pushed their cabaret / theater aesthetic . They encourage fans to become involved at their shows , with the fans ' own stilt walking , living statues , fire breathers , and other performance art becoming an integral part of the show . The Dirty Business Brigade coordinated the fans ' performances . The band 's first name was Out of Arms . At some point , the name became The Dresden Dolls . The name , according to Palmer , was `` inspired by a combination of things , '' including the firebombing of Dresden , Germany and the porcelain dolls that were a hallmark of pre-war Dresden industry ; an early song of the same name by The Fall ; and a reference to the V.C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic , where the classically blond - haired and blue - eyed protagonists are called `` the Dresden dolls '' . The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture . Additionally , Palmer `` liked the parallel between Dresden ( destruction ) and Dolls ( innocence , delicacy ) , because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music , which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds . '' Growing fame and performances ( edit ) The duo was featured in a webcast performance at the 2002 Ig Nobel Prize ceremony in Cambridge , Massachusetts . After a self - promoted demo recorded and released in 2001 , their first release was the mostly live compilation A Is for Accident ( Important Records ) , followed in 2003 by a self - titled debut produced and recorded by Martin Bisi ( Swans , Sonic Youth ) at The Old American Can Factory in Gowanus , Brooklyn . The album features fellow Boston - area musicians Ad Frank ( guitar on `` Good Day '' ) and Shawn Setaro ( bass on `` Good Day , '' `` Gravity '' , and `` Jeep Song '' ) . Two songs off the album ranked in the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2004 : `` Girl Anachronism '' at number 30 and `` Coin - Operated Boy '' at number 12 . In 2003 they were crowned the winners of Boston 's long - running WBCN Rock & Roll Rumble . On October 6 , 2005 , The Dresden Dolls were interviewed by the subject of one of their songs , Christopher Lydon , on the radio show Open Source . Tours , Festivals , books , and theater ( edit ) The Dresden Dolls , 2002 In March 2005 , the duo supported Nine Inch Nails on tour . On June 5 , The Dresden Dolls hosted a free concert at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston . When a power outage unexpectedly delayed their performance , city streets became a temporary stage for some of the many performers ( living statues , stilt - walkers , and fire - breathers ) who had come from across the world to entertain audiences . The entire event -- concert and street performances -- was filmed and the resulting DVD , Live : In Paradise , was released in Europe on October 10 , 2005 and in North America on November 22 , shortly after the band 's fall 2005 tour . The Dresden Dolls ' second studio album , Yes , Virginia ... , was released on April 18 , 2006 . Over the summer of that year , the duo performed at South by Southwest , Bonnaroo , Britain 's Reading and Leeds Festivals , and Lollapalooza , in addition to touring with Panic ! at the Disco as their opening act . During the support tour , the band presented `` Fuck the Back Row -- A Night of Celluloid Vaudeville '' . The events consisted of screenings of short films from friends and fans , performances by local artists , and a solo show by Palmer who performed mostly cover songs inspired from film soundtracks . In June 2006 , The Dresden Dolls Companion was released by Amanda Palmer . The book contains a history of the band and their first album -- The Dresden Dolls -- as well as a partial autobiography . The book also contains the lyrics , sheet music , and notes on each song on the album , as well as a DVD featuring a 20 - minute interview with Palmer about the origins of the band and the first LP . The interview was conducted by a friend while Palmer compiled the artwork for the first LP . On August 16 , the East Providence Community Theatre in East Providence , Rhode Island premiered a full - length , fan - written jukebox musical , The Clockwork Waltz , featuring songs from The Dresden Dolls ' three albums . The show was encouraged by the band and their management . In December 2006 and January 2007 , the music of The Dresden Dolls was featured in an original production -- The Onion Cellar -- at the American Repertory Theatre 's Zero Arrow Theatre in Cambridge , Massachusetts . The play is co-authored by Amanda Palmer , from her original concept . On January 14 , 2007 , the duo took a temporary hiatus . Palmer worked on her solo album , Who Killed Amanda Palmer , while Brian Viglione toured with Boston - based HUMANWINE and other local Boston acts , along with touring with Jesse Malin and offering drum clinics . In June 2007 , they joined the True Colors Tour 2007 , including their debut in New York City 's Radio City Music Hall and their first review in the New York Times . On July 10 , 2007 , the DVD , Live at the Roundhouse , was released in the U.S. From December 27 , 2007 to January 13 , 2008 , their Winter Tour started at the Sixth & I Historic Synagogue in Washington , DC , and ending at The Norva in Norfolk , Virginia . On January 15 , 2008 , they entered the studio to record new material for their third studio album , No , Virginia ... Released on May 20 , 2008 , it is a collection of B - sides and rarities , along with new recordings of old favorites and cover songs that were previously only available as live versions . The album spawned the single , `` Night Reconnaissance '' . July 2008 saw the release of the second Dresden Dolls book , the Virginia Companion . It is a follow - up to the Dresden Dolls Companion , featuring the music and lyrics from the Yes , Virginia ... and No , Virginia ... albums . Hiatus ( edit ) In September 2008 , rumors began to circulate about the future of the whole band . Viglione confirmed that the band was on hiatus but emphasized that he and Palmer are on good terms and that they will get together again when it feels right for both of them . In late July and early August 2009 , a rumor began to spread that the band was `` reuniting for performances in 2010 '' but Palmer clarified in her blog on August 7 : `` There 's been a ton of press lately re-printing an old quote from an old interview that 's now blown up into a full - fledged press rumour that Brian and I have planned Dresden Dolls ' shows for 2010 . Not true . We are n't planning any shows . Sorry about that , blame the gossip whores . '' 2010 reunion tour ( edit ) In 2010 , a reunion tour to selected venues in the United States occurred . It started on Halloween in New York City and ended in San Francisco on New Year 's Eve . 2011 / 2012 tour ( edit ) The Dresden Dolls played a show in Mexico City on December 9 , 2011 . They had a tour of New Zealand and Australia in January 2012 , supported by The Jane Austen Argument in Australia , and Hera , House of Mountain and Princess Chelsea in New Zealand . 2015 ( edit ) On April 15 , 2015 , they had a show in New York to celebrate Record Store Day and promote the release of The Virginia Monologues . Discography ( edit ) Main article : The Dresden Dolls discography Demos EP The Dresden Dolls ( 2001 ) Studio albums The Dresden Dolls ( 2003 ) Yes , Virginia ... ( 2006 ) Live album A Is for Accident ( 2003 ) Compilation albums No , Virginia ... ( 2008 ) The Virginia Monologues ( 2015 ) Musical style and influences ( edit ) The Dresden Dolls are arguably the most commercially successful dark cabaret band , bringing more mainstream attention to the still fairly underground genre . Their piano and drum driven rock music , incorporated into alternative rock song structures with piano replacing the rhythm guitar , has seen them fall into the piano rock genre . In her influences , Palmer named Cyndi Lauper , Laurie Anderson , Kate Bush and Siouxsie Sioux . She was also inspired by the likes of Bauhaus , The Cure , The Legendary Pink Dots , Robyn Hitchcock and Nick Cave . Awards and honors ( edit ) 2005 : WFNX / Boston Phoenix Best Music Poll , Best Local Act and Best Local Album . Bibliography ( edit ) Palmer , Amanda ( 2006 ) . The Dresden Dolls Companion . New York : Eight Foot Music . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57560 - 888 - 4 . Palmer , Amanda ; Brian Viglione ( 2008 ) . The Dresden Dolls : The Virginia Companion . ( New York ) : Cherry Lane Music Company . ISBN 1 - 60378 - 079 - 3 . OCLC 232127008 . See also ( edit ) Book : The Dresden Dolls Black Tape for a Blue Girl Dark cabaret and List of dark cabaret artists Evelyn Evelyn The Art of Asking : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let People Help Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dresden Dolls '' . Roadrunner Records . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` FREE AT LAST , FREE AT LAST ( Dear Roadrunner Records ... ) '' . amandapalmer.net . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speer , Deborah ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` The Dresden Dolls '' . Pollstar . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dirty Business Brigade website '' . Thedirtybusinessbrigade.net . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ( 2011 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Brigade Faq '' . Theshadowbox.net . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 19 . Q : What is the Dresden Dolls Brigade ? A : The Dresden Dolls Brigade is our name for an ever - changing collection of performance artists who are an integral part of our live shows . Theater groups , visual artists , dancers , and all other sorts of off - kilter performing artists are invited to create living theater and art at the various rock clubs and theaters the band inhabits , night after night , around the world . These acts may take place in or outside of the club and may be static or roving . Some acts may take place on stage ( either in place of or in addition to the traditional `` opening local band '' ) and on rare occasions may be incorporated into the band 's set itself . Our aim is to make the experience for our audience more fun , authentic , interactive , and surreal . We seek out and encourage the expression of non-traditional arts , hoping the crowd goes home with the feeling of being immersed in a unique atmosphere ... walking away feeling like they were a part of our show -- not just watching one . We hope our audience will take away with them with a sense of awe and wonder , and the knowledge of artistic possibilities . Most importantly , it 's a wonderful way to give a stage to a local performance artist who might otherwise have no venue in which to showcase his or her unconventional talents . Jump up ^ `` Amandas Bio '' . Dresdendolls.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peck , Stacey ( n.d. ) . `` Undressing The Dresden Dolls '' . Newbury Comics . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Not - so - Nobel Laureates '' . ScienceNOW . Washington , DC : 2007 American Association for the Advancement of Science . 4 ( 3 ) . October 4 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ The Dresden Dolls album liner notes . Jump up ^ `` Hottest 100 2004 '' . Triple J. Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dresden Dolls '' . Open Source . October 6 , 2006 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill H. ( September 25 , 2005 ) . `` Update on The Dresden Dolls `` Paradise '' DVD Pre-Ord `` . theshadowbox.net . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ( September 8 , 2005 ) . `` Out of the Closet and into the Studio '' . dresdendolls.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Dresden Dolls ( November 27 , 2007 ) . `` Fuck the Back Row '' . dresdendolls.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ( June 2006 ) . The Dresden Dolls Companion . eight - foot music publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57560 - 888 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The Clockwork Waltz '' . eptheatre. oirg . August 2006 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . The Clockwork Waltz is an original concept and story , based on and including thirteen songs written by Boston - based punk cabaret duo The Dresden Dolls . The story is that of a school aged girl named Amanda , living with her overworked single mother , Jill . At first , Amanda seems like a typical girl with typical problems ... but a freak accident at her doctor 's office starts to turn her life upside - down , inside - out , and sideways . Jump up ^ `` THE ONION CELLAR '' . amrep.org . American Repertory Theatre . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Inside the small confines of the mysterious club The Onion Cellar , the internationally renowned rock duo The Dresden Dolls provides nightly entertainment while a series of stories unfold around them . As singer , songwriter , and keyboardist Amanda Palmer and drummer Brian Viglione play their songs , the Onion Cellar becomes a space where rock and roll meets cabaret with humor and humanity . Jump up ^ On The Download editors ; photo by Kelly Davidson ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Dresden Dolls take the ART '' . On The Download . The Phoenix Media / Communications Group . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . The Dresden Dolls are taking the world by storm . This punk cabaret duo from Boston are incredible musicians whose smart , personal , intricate songs and mesmerizing live performance have earned them a cult following . Now do n't tell anyone , but there 's a rumor that the Dolls may be appearing at a bizarre underground club somewhere in Cambridge -- an Onion Cellar , where the audience peel onions for emotional release , where you never quite know who 's sitting next to you , where your life could change forever . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` HUMANWINE website '' . Humanwine.org . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` True Colors Tour website '' . Truecolorstour.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chinen , Nate ; photos by Hiroyuki Ito ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` Power to the People ( and Some Pop Too ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . pp. B1 , B5 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved November 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Dresden Dolls Show History '' . Dresdendolls.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ; Brian Viglione ( July 2008 ) . Virginia Companion . Cherry Lane Music Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60378 - 079 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Dresden Dolls interview . YouTube.com . September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Hi , it 's Viggie here . I 'd like to clear this up once and for all , if I may . This video is not old . It was taken at our last show at the Lowlands Festival in Holland on August 18th . And yes , the band is done . Over . Kaput . As I said in the video , we may very well play some shows together someday , but we are not forging ahead with the Dolls anymore . We are both on good terms , the video just shows our two views points and I liked the editing , actually . They portrayed it very honestly . Much love , B Jump up ^ Brian Viglione ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Re : Brian wrote this on a youtube video yesterday ... '' theshadowbox.net . Retrieved September 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` russia , puppet - lynchings & church - tractors '' . amandapalmer.net . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amanda Palmer ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` THE DRESDEN DOLLS HALLOWEEN 10th ANNIVERSARY & FALL TOUR '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Dresden Dolls are Coming to Mexico City ! `` '' . amandapalmer.net . Amanda Palmer . October 17 , 2011 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 . The Dresden Dolls will be coming to Mexico City on December 9 , 2011 to play a night at Teatro Fru Fru . Jump up ^ The 59th Sound `` The Dresden Dolls , The Bedroom Philosopher , The Jane Austen Argument @ The Forum Melbourne '' , 1 August 2012 Jump up ^ HeraSings.com Jump up ^ `` The Dresden Dolls - Full webcast from Rough Trade / record store day '' . YouTube . Retrieved 7 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Alex Henderson . `` The Dresden Dolls '' . Allmusic . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Formed in 2001 , the Dresden Dolls have favored a most unlikely blend of alternative pop / rock , riot grrrl catharsis , and German cabaret Jump up ^ Jordan Harper ( May 5 , 2005 ) . `` Press Clippings '' . Riverfront Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Clearly , the Dolls are doing something right . Actually , they 're doing almost everything right , bringing cabaret theatrics back to piano rock and mixing crowd - pleasing angst with real songwriting Jump up ^ Stéphane Leguay . `` The Dresden Dolls '' . Premonition Magazine . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Amanda Palmer and Brian Viglione build and un-build a new form of piano - rock , sometimes burlesque ( Coin - Operated Boy ) , or full of adrenalin ( Girl Anachronism ) , sometimes perverse ( Missed Me ) or melancholic ( Truce ) . ^ Jump up to : Redfern , Mark ( 30 September 2006 ) . `` Peter Murphy of Bauhaus Meets Amanda Palmer of The Dresden Dolls '' . undertheradarmag.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Redfern , Mark ( 13 November 2006 ) . `` Q&A The Dresden Dolls '' . qromag.com . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Dresden Dolls '' . ThoughtWorthy Media , Inc . In the 2005 WFNX / Boston Phoenix Best Music Poll The Dresden Dolls won Best Local Act and Best Local Album . Amanda Palmer also won Best Female Vocalist . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dresden Dolls Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Dresden Dolls . Official website including lyrics and downloads Micheal Pope , Music Video Director Website Vermillion Lies Discography ( edit ) Detailed discography The Dresden Dolls discography at MusicBrainz The Dresden Dolls discography at Discogs The Dresden Dolls at AllMusic ( hide ) The Dresden Dolls Amanda Palmer Brian Viglione Studio albums The Dresden Dolls Yes , Virginia ... EPs The Dresden Dolls Live albums A Is for Accident Compilation albums No , Virginia ... The Virginia Monologues DVDs Live : In Paradise Live at the Roundhouse Singles `` Good Day '' `` Girl Anachronism '' `` Coin - Operated Boy '' `` Sing '' `` Backstabber '' `` Delilah '' `` Night Reconnaissance '' Books The Dresden Dolls Companion Virginia Companion Related articles Discography The Onion Cellar Dark cabaret Book : The Dresden Dolls Category : The Dresden Dolls VIAF : 168171335 ISNI : 0000 0001 1528 5158 GND : 10336779 - 2 BNF : cb146157739 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 107c7983 - 0728 - 46ea - 8550 - 77e698adf690 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dresden_Dolls&oldid=808800447 '' Categories : The Dresden Dolls Rock music duos Musical groups from Boston Dark cabaret musicians Alternative rock groups from Massachusetts Musical groups established in 2001 Massachusetts culture Roadrunner Records artists American musical duos Steampunk music Rock music groups from Massachusetts 2001 establishments in Massachusetts Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2015 Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Pages using div col with small parameter MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 07 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the dresden dolls get their name | [
"The band's first name was Out of Arms.[6] At some point, the name became The Dresden Dolls. The name, according to Palmer, was \"inspired by a combination of things,\" including the firebombing of Dresden, Germany and the porcelain dolls that were a hallmark of pre-war Dresden industry; an early song of the same name by The Fall; and a reference to the V. C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic, where the classically blond-haired and blue-eyed protagonists are called \"the Dresden dolls\". The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture. Additionally, Palmer \"liked the parallel between Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy), because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music, which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds.\"[7]",
"The band's first name was Out of Arms.[6] At some point, the name became The Dresden Dolls. The name, according to Palmer, was \"inspired by a combination of things,\" including the firebombing of Dresden, Germany and the porcelain dolls that were a hallmark of pre-war Dresden industry; an early song of the same name by The Fall; and a reference to the V. C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic, where the classically blond-haired and blue-eyed protagonists are called \"the Dresden dolls\". The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture. Additionally, Palmer \"liked the parallel between Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy), because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music, which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds.\"[7]",
"The band's first name was Out of Arms.[6] At some point, the name became The Dresden Dolls. The name, according to Palmer, was \"inspired by a combination of things,\" including the firebombing of Dresden, Germany and the porcelain dolls that were a hallmark of pre-war Dresden industry; an early song of the same name by The Fall; and a reference to the V. C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic, where the classically blond-haired and blue-eyed protagonists are called \"the Dresden dolls\". The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture. Additionally, Palmer \"liked the parallel between Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy), because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music, which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds.\"[7]",
"The band's first name was Out of Arms.[6] At some point, the name became The Dresden Dolls. The name, according to Palmer, was \"inspired by a combination of things,\" including the firebombing of Dresden, Germany and the porcelain dolls that were a hallmark of pre-war Dresden industry; an early song of the same name by The Fall; and a reference to the V. C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic, where the classically blond-haired and blue-eyed protagonists are called \"the Dresden dolls\". The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture. Additionally, Palmer \"liked the parallel between Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy), because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music, which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds.\"[7]",
"The band's first name was Out of Arms.[6] At some point, the name became The Dresden Dolls. The name, according to Palmer, was \"inspired by a combination of things,\" including the firebombing of Dresden, Germany and the porcelain dolls that were a hallmark of pre-war Dresden industry; an early song of the same name by The Fall; and a reference to the V. C. Andrews novel Flowers in the Attic, where the classically blond-haired and blue-eyed protagonists are called \"the Dresden dolls\". The name also evokes Weimar Germany and its cabaret culture. Additionally, Palmer \"liked the parallel between Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy), because it is very much in keeping with the dynamics of the music, which sometimes goes from a childlike whisper to a banshee scream within a few seconds.\"[7]"
] | [
"firebombing of Dresden, Germany",
"porcelain dolls",
"Flowers in the Attic",
"cabaret culture",
"Dresden (destruction) and Dolls (innocence, delicacy)"
] |
1248551347810209809 | Contagion (film) | Contagion ( film ) - wikipedia Contagion ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 1987 film , see Contagion ( 1987 film ) . Contagion Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Soderbergh Produced by Michael Shamberg Stacey Sher Gregory Jacobs Written by Scott Z . Burns Starring Marion Cotillard Matt Damon Laurence Fishburne Jude Law Gwyneth Paltrow Kate Winslet Music by Cliff Martinez Cinematography Peter Andrews Edited by Stephen Mirrione Production company Participant Media Imagenation Abu Dhabi Double Feature Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 03 ) ( Venice Film Festival ) September 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 09 ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States United Arab Emirates Language English Budget $60 million Box office $135.5 million Contagion is a 2011 American medical thriller - disaster film directed by Steven Soderbergh . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Marion Cotillard , Bryan Cranston , Matt Damon , Laurence Fishburne , Jude Law , Gwyneth Paltrow , Kate Winslet , and Jennifer Ehle . The plot of Contagion documents the spread of a virus transmitted by fomites , attempts by medical researchers and public health officials to identify and contain the disease , the loss of social order in a pandemic , and finally the introduction of a vaccine to halt its spread . To follow several interacting plot lines , the film makes use of the multi-narrative `` hyperlink cinema '' style , popularized in several of Soderbergh 's films . Soderbergh and screenwriter Scott Z . Burns had collaborated on The Informant ! ( 2009 ) . Following that film 's release , Burns brought up the idea of producing a medical thriller film depicting the rapid spread of a virus , which was inspired by various pandemics such as the 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2009 flu pandemic . To devise an accurate perception of a pandemic event , Burns consulted with representatives of the World Health Organization as well as noted medical experts such as W. Ian Lipkin and Lawrence `` Larry '' Brilliant . Principal photography started in Hong Kong in September 2010 , and continued in Chicago , Atlanta , London , Geneva , and San Francisco until February 2011 . Contagion premiered at the 68th Venice Film Festival in Venice , Italy on September 3 , 2011 , and went on general release on September 9 . The film was well received by critics , who praised the narratives and the performances of various actors and actresses . It was also well received by scientists , who praised its accuracy . Commercially , the film was a box office success . Budgeted at $60 million , Contagion attained $135 million in box office revenue during its theatrical run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characterizations 3 Production 3.1 Conception and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Soundtrack 4 Themes 5 Reception 5.1 Release and box office 5.2 Critical response 5.2. 1 Scientific accuracy 5.3 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Returning from a Hong Kong business trip , Beth Emhoff ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) has a layover in Chicago to rendezvous with a former lover before returning to her family in suburban Minneapolis . She appears to have contracted a cold during her trip . Her six - year - old son from a previous marriage , Clark , also becomes symptomatic and is sent home from school . Beth 's condition worsens and two days later she collapses with severe seizures . Her husband , Mitch ( Matt Damon ) , rushes her to the hospital , but she dies of an unknown cause . Mitch returns home and finds that Clark has also died from a similar infection . Mitch is placed in isolation but seems to be immune to the disease . He is released and returns home to his teenaged daughter Jory , who had been living with Mitch 's former wife and her husband and has decided to stay with Mitch since he 's now all alone . As more and more persons become infected with no cure in sight , they face decaying social order and rampant looting of stores and homes . Mitch is unsure if Jory has inherited his immunity and he struggles with the frustration of quarantine , his desire to protect his daughter and learning that his wife was unfaithful to him immediately prior to both her death and that of his stepson . In Atlanta , representatives of the Department of Homeland Security meet with Dr. Ellis Cheever ( Laurence Fishburne ) of the CDC and express fears that the disease is a bio weapon intended to cause terror over the Thanksgiving weekend . Dr. Cheever dispatches Dr. Erin Mears ( Kate Winslet ) , an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer , to Minneapolis to begin investigating . Mears traces the outbreak back to Emhoff while negotiating with local bureaucrats initially reluctant to commit resources for a proper public health response to the virus . Dr. Mears later becomes infected and dies . At the CDC , Dr. Ally Hextall ( Jennifer Ehle ) determines the virus is a mix of genetic material from pig and bat viruses . Work on a cure stalls because scientists can not discover a cell culture within which to grow the newly identified Meningoencephalitis Virus One ( MEV - 1 ) . UCSF professor Dr. Ian Sussman ( Elliott Gould ) violates orders from Cheever ( relayed through Hextall ) to destroy his samples , and identifies a usable MEV - 1 cell culture using bat cells . Hextall uses the breakthrough to work on a vaccine . Other scientists determine the virus is spread by fomites , with a basic reproduction number of four when the virus mutates , with projections of one in twelve of the population being infected , and a 25 - 30 % mortality rate . Conspiracy theorist Alan Krumwiede ( Jude Law ) posts videos about the virus on his popular blog . In one video , he shows himself sick and later claims he recovered using a homeopathic cure derived from forsythia . In a panic , people seeking forsythia overwhelm pharmacies , spreading and accelerating the contagion as the infected come into contact with healthy people . Krumwiede 's claims attract national attention . During a television interview he discloses that Dr. Cheever had secretly informed friends and family to leave Chicago just before the city was quarantined . Cheever is then informed the government will investigate and may charge him for leaking information . Later it is revealed Krumwiede had faked being infected by the virus in an attempt to increase profits for shareholders in companies producing and selling forsythia . Krumwiede is arrested for conspiracy and securities fraud , only to walk free when his many supporters successfully raise funds to provide for his bail . Using an attenuated virus Dr. Hextall identifies a possible vaccine . To cut out the lengthy time it would take to obtain informed consent from infected patients , Dr. Hextall inoculates herself with the experimental vaccine and immediately visits her gravely ill father ( Dan Flannery ) , who has been infected with MEV - 1 . The doctor does not contract MEV - 1 and the vaccine is declared a success . The vaccine 's production is rapidly increased , but due to limited production , the CDC awards vaccinations by lottery based on birth date . Inoculations take place for one full year until every survivor is vaccinated . First responders , doctors and others designated by the government are declared exempt from the lottery . Dr. Cheever gives his fast - tracked MEV - 1 vaccination to the son of Roger ( John Hawkes ) , a CDC janitor who had overheard Dr. Cheever 's phone call warning his girlfriend to leave Chicago . Dr. Leonora Orantes ( Marion Cotillard ) , a WHO epidemiologist , travels to Hong Kong to follow the Beth Emhoff lead . She collaborates with Sun Feng ( Chin Han ) and other local epidemiologists and public health officials ; they identify Emhoff as patient zero . As the virus spreads , Feng kidnaps Orantes to use her as leverage to obtain MEV - 1 vaccine doses for his village . Orantes spends months living with the villagers until the vaccine is announced . Feng exchanges Orantes for the vaccine doses . Her colleague mentions that the exchanged doses were placebos and Orantes rushes away to warn them . The death toll at least reached 2.5 million in the U.S. and 26 million worldwide . Dr. Hextall places samples of MEV - 1 in cryogenic storage , alongside samples of H1N1 and SARS . The source of the virus is revealed to viewers . A bulldozer ( coincidently , operating for the company Emhoff worked for ) knocks down a palm tree disturbing some bats , with one finding shelter and food in a banana tree . That bat then flies over a pig pen , dropping a chunk of banana from its mouth , which is then eaten by a piglet . Chinese chefs later collect pigs from the pen and take them to a Hong Kong casino . A chef is called away from his preparations of a piglet , and casually wipes his hands on his apron . The chef then shakes hands with Beth Emhoff , giving her the mix of bat and pig viruses that makes her patient zero and the origin of the MEV - 1 virus . Cast and characterizations ( edit ) Marion Cotillard as Dr. Leonora Orantes , an epidemiologist with the World Health Organisation Orantes ' main objective is to trace the origins of the MEV - 1 pathogen . Cotillard , a fan of Soderbergh 's work , first met with the director in Los Angeles , California . The French actress was enthralled with the script because she was `` very concerned about germs . I 've always been ... scared , in a way , by all of those disease ( s ) . So ... it was really something I was really interested . '' Soderbergh said that Orantes `` gets dropped into situations and has to deal with cultural as well as scientific issues that are sometimes at odds '' , and notes that she has a `` professional '' yet stubborn , `` remote '' , and `` dispassionate '' demeanor , though `` something happens to her in the course of the story that causes a significant emotional shift . '' Matt Damon , a frequent collaborator of Soderbergh 's , was chosen to portray Mitch Emhoff . Matt Damon as Mitch Emhoff Damon viewed his character as the embodiment of the `` everyman '' -- an individual that is seen as `` one of the human faces of the supervirus '' following his wife and stepson 's deaths . Soderbergh also noted Mitch 's `` common individual '' lack of medical and scientific knowledge , though keeping the situation dynamic and compelling was challenging for the director , as he was concerned that Emhoff would be a one - dimensional character . Soderbergh felt that Damon understood the concept and addressed the producers ' concerns . `` You never catch him acting '' , said Soderbergh . `` There 's no vanity , no self - consciousness in his performance ; it 's as if the cameras are n't there . '' Writer Scott Z . Burns sent him a copy of the script with a `` read this and then go wash your hands '' note attached to it . Damon recalled : `` I just really want to be in this movie . It was a terrific , riveting , really fast read and really exciting and really horrifying , but managed to be really touching . '' Laurence Fishburne as Dr. Ellis Cheever Soderbergh admired Fishburne 's ability to portray an emphatic and assertive figure in previous films . To Fishburne , Cheever was a `` smart '' , `` competent '' physician who often epitomized a `` voice of reason '' . Once he conferred with W. Ian Lipkin , a virologist and professor at Columbia University , the character 's complexities were nonexistent for the actor . Fishburne stated , `` The personal stuff that I have as Ellis Cheever was telling my fiancée , soon - to - be wife , Sanaa Lathan , to get out of town , to leave , to pack up , to not talk . That 's really easy . Any human being in that situation is going to do that , I think . '' Jude Law as Alan Krumwiede Krumwiede is an ardent conspiracy theorist who , according to Law , is the so - called index patient for `` what becomes a parallel epidemic of fear and panic '' . `` We definitely wanted him to have a messianic streak '' , said Soderbergh , whom Law talked to during the character 's creating process . The two men discussed the appearances and the behaviors of a typical anti-government conspiracy theorist . Producer Gregory Jacobs commented that `` what 's interesting is that you 're not really sure about him . Is the government really hiding something and does the herbal remedy he 's talking about really work ? I think we all suspect at one time or another that we 're not getting the whole truth , and in that sense Krumwiede represents the audience 's point of view . '' Gwyneth Paltrow as Elizabeth `` Beth '' Emhoff A `` working mom '' , as described by Paltrow , Elizabeth is the central figure in the detective process . Despite being among the virus ' first victims , Paltrow believed that Elizabeth was `` lucky '' , as she thought the disease 's survivors were being left to deal with the newly difficult conditions of everyday life , such as finding food and potable water . When on location in Hong Kong , Paltrow was instructed by Soderbergh to take photographs to be used in the film , and admitted she was apprehensive about the assignment . `` I was just another tourist taking pictures '' , she said , and added , `` I did feel a little pressure . When Steven Soderbergh gives you a photo assignment , you had better come back with something decent . '' Kate Winslet traveled to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , where she met with many of the employees to research her character . Kate Winslet as Dr. Erin Mears , an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer In researching her character , Winslet traveled to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in Atlanta , Georgia , where she consulted with current and former officers of the Epidemic Intelligence Service to receive insight on not only the daily life , but on the type of person qualified for the occupation . `` These are people who can be sent into war zones where there 's been an outbreak of a new virus . Fear is not an option . If they feel it , they learn to push it aside . '' Winslet felt that Mears was able to bring the epidemic `` down to the layman 's level '' so the viewer could comprehend the scope of it without the science dragging the story down . Jennifer Ehle as Dr. Ally Hextall , a research scientist with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Soderbergh had seen Ehle 's performance in Michael Clayton ( 2007 ) , though it was ultimately cut prior to the film 's release , and it prompted him to offer her a role in Contagion . He `` had known who Jennifer was for a long time , and this did n't take a lot of thought , honestly '' . Elliott Gould as Dr. Ian Sussman A research scientist at San Francisco university , Sussman identifies a cell culture capable of growing the virus . Chin Han as Sun Feng Han spoke of his character 's development : `` He starts off as a button - down , serious ... government official , and then as the movie progresses ... you find out a different side of him and his secret agenda . '' Bryan Cranston as Rear Admiral Lyle Haggerty , United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps John Hawkes as Roger , CDC custodian and acquaintance of Dr. Cheever Dan Flannery as Hextall 's father Anna Jacoby - Heron as Jory Emhoff , daughter of Mitch Emoff Josie Ho as Li Fai 's sister Sanaa Lathan as Aubrey Cheever , fiancée of Dr. Cheever Demetri Martin as Dr. David Eisenberg , CDC colleague of Dr. Hextall Armin Rohde as Damian Leopold , a WHO official Enrico Colantoni as Dennis French , a Department of Homeland Security official Larry Clarke as Dave , a Minnesota health official working with Dr. Mears Monique Gabriela Curnen as Lorraine Vasquez , a print journalist in San Francisco Amr Waked as Rafik Matt Motyka as Minnesota Body Burial Worker Production ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) There 's a scene in The Informant ! where Matt ( Damon ) is watching Scott Bakula 's character talk on the phone and Scott coughs on the phone , and there 's this whole rant that Matt goes off on of ' Oh , great , now what happens ? He gets sick and then I 'm going to get it , my kids are going to get it . ' I 've always been fascinated by transmissibility , so I said to Steven , ' I want to do an interesting thriller version of a pandemic movie ' and he said , ' Great ! Let 's do that instead . ' `` '' Scott Z . Burns . Concerted efforts to devise Contagion coincided with Burns ' collaboration with Soderbergh in The Informant ! ( 2009 ) . The duo had initially planned to create a biographical film on Leni Riefenstahl , a trailblazer in German cinema during the 1930s and a figure in the rise of the Nazi Party . Soderbergh later contacted Burns to cancel the project , as he thought that a film about Riefenstahl would struggle to attract an audience . Intrigued with the field of transmission , Burns suggested that they instead create a film that centered on a pandemic situation -- `` an interesting thriller version of a pandemic movie '' . His main objective was to construct a medical thriller that `` really felt like what could happen '' . Burns consulted with Lawrence `` Larry '' Brilliant , renowned for his work in eradicating smallpox , to develop an accurate perception of a pandemic event . He had seen one of Brilliant 's TED presentations , which he was fascinated by , and realized that `` the point of view of people within that field is n't ' If this is going to happen ' , it 's ' When is this going to happen ? ' '' Brilliant introduced Burns to another specialist , W. Ian Lipkin . With the aid of these physicians , the producers were able to obtain additional perspectives from representatives of the World Health Organization . Burns also met with the author of The Coming Plague , Laurie Garrett . Her 1995 book helped Burns consider a variety of potential plots for the film . He wanted to feature an official from the CDC , and ultimately decided to use an epidemiologist , since that role requires interacting with people while tracking the disease . Although he had done research on pandemics six months prior to the 2009 flu pandemic , the outbreak was `` really helpful '' to his studies , because it provided a glimpse of the societal apparatus following the onset stages of a pandemic . To him , it was not solely the virus itself that one had to be concerned about , but how society handles the situation . `` I saw them come to life '' , Burns said , `` and I saw issues about , ' Well , do you close the schools and if you close the schools , then who stays home with the kids ? And will everyone keep their kids at home ? ' Things happening online , which is where the Jude Law character came from , that there 's going to be information that comes out online where people want to be ahead of the curve , so some people will write things about anti-virals or different treatment protocols , and so there 's always going to be an information and that information also has sort of a viral pulse . '' Filming ( edit ) In conjunction with overseeing the directing process , Soderbergh functioned as a cinematographer for Contagion . The film was wholly shot using Red Digital Cinema Camera Company 's RED One MX digital camera , which uses ambient light and has a 4.5 K image resolution . Since he hoped for the premise to be authentic and `` as realistic as possible '' , Soderbergh opted not to film in the studio . `` There 's , to me , nothing more satisfying occasionally than making someplace look like someplace else on film and having nobody know the difference . '' For choosing cities , Soderbergh felt that they could n't `` go anywhere where one of our characters has n't been '' , since he wanted to portray an `` epic '' , yet `` intimate '' scenario . He explained , We ca n't cut to a city or a group of extras that we 've never been to that we do n't know personally . That was our rule . And that 's a pretty significant rule to adhere to in a movie in which you 're trying to give a sense of something that 's happening on a large scale , but we felt that all of the elements that we had issues with prior , when we see any kind of disaster film , we 're centered around that idea . Principal photography started in Hong Kong in September 2010 , and continued for approximately two weeks . Soderbergh was originally hoping to also film in mainland China , though Moviefone journalist David Ehrlich believed that permission from the Chinese government was unlikely to be forthcoming . Although producers also intended to establish a filming location in one of the many casinos in Macau , the Jumbo Floating Restaurant in Hong Kong 's Aberdeen Harbour was used instead for the casino setting , as filming within the vicinity of a gambling establishment is prohibited by law . To move the equipment for the casino scenes to the on - the - water location , producers hired a number of locals to carry out the task , as they were accustomed to `` using sampans like trucks '' . Additional locations included the Hong Kong International Airport , InterContinental Hong Kong , and the Princess Margaret Hospital . Some of Chicago 's landscape provided for the setting of Minneapolis and Atlanta . Principal photography relocated in the following month to Chicago , Illinois , which served as the nexus for production . Much of the cityscape and its surrounding suburbs were used to emulate Minneapolis , Minnesota , and Atlanta , Georgia , in addition to serving as backdrop for Chicago itself . Since principal photography occurred during the winter months , snowfall was a prerequisite in simulating a `` persistent coldness '' that encompassed `` a hypersensitive kind of glare '' . Within the city limits , filming locations were installed at the Shedd Aquarium , O'Hare International Airport , and the Midway Airport . Arguably the largest sets were at the General Jones Armory , which was converted into an infirmary , and a major location shoot occurred in Waukegan , where a portion of the Amstutz Expressway was used to simulate the Dan Ryan Expressway . Production also took place at Sherman Hospital in Elgin and Central Elementary School in Wilmette , and also in Downtown Western Springs , where the grocery store scene was filmed . Filming moved once again in January 2011 to the Druid Hills quadrant of Atlanta , which contains the headquarters of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . The restricted nature of the CDC campus meant that producers were only allowed to shoot exterior scenes of the area , as well as within the parking garage and reception area for the CDC 's museum onsite . Principal photography then proceeded into Atlanta 's central business district and Decatur , before advancing to London , Geneva , and lastly San Francisco , California , in the ensuing month . The San Francisco Film Commission charged filmmakers $300 per day for production within the city limits . In the North Beach and Potrero Hill sections of the city , production designer Howard Cummings scattered trash and discarded clothing on the ground to depict the rapid decline of civilization . For the Civic Center set , over 2,000 extras were sought for in background roles ; actors who were a part of the Screen Actors Guild were paid $139 per day , while nonunion workers received $64 per day for their work . Other filming locations were established at Golden Gate Park , Chinatown , and Candlestick Park ; it cost $60,000 to rent the football stadium for six days . Soundtrack ( edit ) Cliff Martinez composed the film 's soundtrack , which was his first score for Soderbergh since Solaris in 2002 . Given that the pacing of the music was one of Soderbergh 's biggest concerns , Martinez needed to maintain a brisk pace throughout the soundtrack , while also conveying fear and hope within the music . `` I tried to create the sound of anxiety . And at key , strategic moments I tried to use the music to conjure up the sense of tragedy and loss . '' Martinez incorporated orchestral elements , and fused them with the predominantly electronic sounds of the score . He noted that the `` sound palette for Contagion came by way of combining three very different approaches Steven went through as he was cutting the film . '' Martinez received a rough cut for the film in October 2010 , which contained music that was imbued with elements of The French Connection ( 1971 ) and Marathon Man ( 1976 ) . He `` loved '' those two soundtracks , and composed a few pieces in their style . A few months later , he acquired a new cut , which included music influenced by German electronic group Tangerine Dream . Toward the end , Soderbergh changed again and used contemporary soundtrack music that was `` more energetic and more rhythmic '' . Ultimately , Martinez used aspects of all three approaches : `` I reasoned that combining them would not only be effective but would give the score a style all its own . '' Themes ( edit ) An electron microscope image of the H1N1 influenza virus . The 2009 flu epidemic was a key influence on the creation of Contagion . An electron microscope image of the SARS virus . The 2003 SARS outbreak was also an inspiration and influence of Contagion . Steven Soderbergh was motivated to make an `` ultra-realistic '' film about the public health and scientific response to a pandemic . The movie touches on a variety of themes , including the factors which drive mass panic and collapse of social order , the scientific process for characterizing and containing a novel pathogen , balancing personal motives against professional responsibilities and rules in the face of an existential threat , the limitations and consequences of public health responses , and the pervasiveness of interpersonal connections which can serve as vectors to spread disease . Soderbergh acknowledged the salience of these post-apocalyptic themes is heightened by reactions to the September 11 attacks and Hurricane Katrina . The movie was intended to realistically convey the `` intense '' and `` unnerving '' social and scientific reactions to a pandemic . The recent real - life epidemics such as the 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2009 flu pandemic have been inspirations and influences in the film . The chain of contagion involving bats and pigs is reminiscent of the trail of the Nipah virus that originated in Malaysia in 1997 , which similarly involved the disturbance of a bat colony by deforestation . The film presents examples of crowd psychology and collective behavior which can lead to mass hysteria and the loss of social order . The bafflement , outrage , and helplessness associated with the lack of information , combined with new media such as blogs , allow conspiracy theorists like Krumwiede to spread disinformation and fear , which become dangerous contagions themselves . Dr. Cheever must balance the need for full disclosure but avoid a panic and allow the time to characterize and respond to an unknown virus . The movie indirectly critiques the greed , selfishness , and hypocrisy of isolated acts in contemporary culture and the unintended consequences they can have in the context of a pandemic . For example , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends social distancing by forcibly isolating the healthy to limit the spread of the disease , which stands in stark opposition to contemporary demands for social networking . Responding to the pandemic presents a paradox , as the contagiousness and lethality of the virus instills deep distrust of others but surviving and limiting the spread of the disease also requires individuals to work together . Against this existential threat and fraying social order , the film also explores how individual characters bend or break existing rules for both selfish and selfless reasons . Dr. Hextall violates protocols by testing a potential vaccine on herself , Dr. Sussman continues experiments on a cell line despite orders to destroy his samples , Dr. Cheever notifies his fiancé to leave the city before a public quarantine is imposed , Sun Feng kidnaps Dr. Orantes to secure vaccine supplies for his village , Dr. Mears continues her containment work despite contracting the virus , and Krumwiede is paid to use his blog to peddle snake oil cures so as to drive demand and profit for investors in Alternative Medicine . Soderbergh repeatedly uses the cinematographic style of lingering and focusing on the items and objects which are touched by the infected and become vectors ( fomites ) to infect other people . These objects link characters together and reinforce the multi-narrative hyperlink cinema style which Soderbergh developed in Traffic ( 2000 ) and Syriana ( 2005 ) , which he produced . The story also highlights examples of political cronyism ( a plane to evacuate Dr. Mears from Minneapolis is instead diverted to evacuate a Congressman ) , platitudes and rigid thinking ( public health officials consider postponing the closing of shopping malls until after the Thanksgiving shopping season ) , federal responders trying to navigate 50 separate state - level public health policies , and the heroism of Federal bureaucrats . Soderbergh does not use type - cast pharmaceutical executives or politicians as villains , but instead portrays bloggers such as Krumwiede in a negative light . Social media plays a role in Krumwiede 's accusations against Dr. Cheever and in Emhoff 's daughter 's attempts to carry on a relationship with her boyfriend through text messaging . Other responses in the movie , such as Emhoff 's appropriating a shotgun from a friend 's abandoned house to protect his home from looters , imposition of federal quarantines and curfews , the allocation of vaccines by lottery , inadequate federal preparation and responses , and use of bar - coded wristbands to identify the inoculated highlight the complex tensions between freedom and order in responding to a pandemic . Soderbergh uses Emhoff to illustrate the micro-effects of macro-level decisions . Reception ( edit ) Release and box Office ( edit ) Contagion premiered on September 3 , 2011 at the 68th Venice Film Festival in Venice , Italy , and a wider release followed on September 9 . In the United States and Canada , Contagion was shown in 3,222 theaters , of which 254 screenings occurred at IMAX venues . Various American commercial analysts anticipated that the film would have ticket sales of between $20 million and $25 million during its opening weekend , which it did , grossing $8 million on its first day , and $23.1 M for the entire weekend . Of that total , ten percent ( $2.3 M ) of the gross came from IMAX screenings . By outgrossing competitor The Help ( $8.7 M ) , Contagion became the highest - grossing film of the week . Demographically , the opening audience was evenly divided among gender , according to Warner Bros. , while eighty percent of spectators were of the age of 25 and over . Contagion did well the following weekend , generating a $14.5 M box office , but came in second to the re-release of The Lion King ( 1994 ) . The third week saw the box office drop by forty percent , for a total gross of $8.7 M. By the fourth week , Contagion had dropped to ninth place at the box office with $5 M , and the number of theaters narrowed to 2,744 . The film completed its theatrical run on December 15 , 2011 , at which point its total domestic gross was $75.6 M . Contagion made its international debut in six foreign markets the same weekend as its American release , including Italy , where it achieved $663,000 from 309 theaters . The first week saw Contagion acquire $2.1 M from 553 establishments -- a per - theater average of $3,797 . Foreign grosses for Contagion would remain relatively stagnant up until the weekend of October 14 -- 16 , 2011 , when the film expanded into several additional European markets . Out of the $3.9 M that was generated from 1,100 venues during that weekend , nearly 40 % of the gross originated from Spain , where the film earned $1.5 M from 325 theaters . With the growing expansion of the film in seven additional markets , the weekend of October 21 -- 23 , 2011 saw Contagion take in $9.8 M from 2,505 locations , increasing the international gross to $22.9 M. In the United Kingdom , one of the film 's significant international releases , Contagion opened in third place at the box office with $2.3 M from 398 theaters ; it subsequently garnered the highest debut gross of a Soderbergh film since Ocean 's Thirteen ( 2007 ) . International grosses for Contagion stand at $59.8 M . Critical response ( edit ) Contagion has received positive reviews by film commentators . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes sampled 237 reviewers and judged 84 % of the reviews to be positive . With a mean score of 7 / 10 , the site 's consensus stated , `` Tense , tightly plotted , and bolstered by a stellar cast , Contagion is an exceptionally smart -- and scary -- disaster movie . '' At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on the critiques from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 70 based on 38 reviews . The Guardian journalist Peter Bradshaw felt that Contagion blended well together as a film , although opined that Soderbergh was somewhat unsuccessful on channeling the fears , frights , and `` the massive sense of loss '' of `` ordinary people '' . To David Denby of The New Yorker , the `` brilliant '' film was `` serious , precise , frightening , '' and `` emotionally enveloping '' . Despite applauding Soderbergh for `` hopscotching '' tidily `` between the intimate and international '' , The Atlantic 's Christopher Orr was disappointed with the film 's detached and `` clinical '' disposition , which led him to conclude that Contagion should have gone with a more inflexible rationale , or a lesson `` beyond ' wash your hands often and hope you 're lucky ' . '' `` For all the craft that went into it , Contagion is ultimately beyond good or bad , beyond criticism . It just is , '' professed The Atlantic writer . Described as a `` smart '' and `` spooky '' installment , Manohla Dargis of The New York Times wrote , `` Mr. Soderbergh does n't milk your tears as things fall apart , but a passion that can feel like cold rage is inscribed in his images of men and women isolated in the frame , in the blurred point of view of the dying and in the insistent stillness of a visual style that seems like an exhortation to look . '' In regards to the story , Salon columnist Andrew O'Hehir avouched that the `` crisp '' and succinct narrative matched up to the `` beautifully composed '' visuals of the film . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter proclaimed that Soderbergh and Burns effectively created anxiety in the `` shrewd '' and `` unsensationalistic '' film without becoming exaggerated , a sentiment echoed by Jeanette Catsolis of NPR , who insisted that the duo `` weave multiple characters into a narrative that 's complex without being confusing , and intelligent without being baffling '' . Writing for The Village Voice , Karina Longworth thought that Contagion reflected the `` self - consciousness '' and `` experimentation '' of some of Soderbergh 's previous efforts , such as the Ocean 's trilogy and The Girlfriend Experience ( 2009 ) . The performances of multiple cast members were frequently mentioned in the reviews . Lou Lumenick of New York Post asserted that Ehle was `` outstanding '' , a view that was analogous to that of The Boston Globe journalist Wesley Morris , who praised not only Ehle 's performance , but the work of the `` undercard '' such as Cranston , Gould , and Colantoni , among others . Similarly , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Ehle the `` best in show '' . As Los Angeles Times ' Kenneth Turan summed up , `` Two - time Tony - winning actress Jennifer Ehle comes close to stealing the picture with this quietly yet quirkily empathetic performance . '' In regards to Law , The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Steven Rea stated that the actor portrayed the character with a `` nutty '' confidence ; Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle agreed with Rea 's thoughts . Damon provided the film 's `` relatable heart '' , according to Forrest Wickman of Slate , who concluded that even with her controlled performance , Winslet `` lives up to her head - of - the - class reputation even in an unusually small role '' . The character development of multiple characters produced varying response from critics . Contrary to Mitch 's stance as the main protagonist , Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post felt that Contagion `` treats him with an oddly clinical detachment '' . In particular Law 's character , Alan Krumwiede , attracted commentary from Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times , who wrote , `` The blogger subplot does n't interact clearly with the main story lines and functions mostly as an alarming but vague distraction . '' Scientific accuracy ( edit ) Ferris Jabr of New Scientist approved of Contagion for accurately portraying the `` successes and frustrations '' of science . Jabr cites story elements such as `` the fact that before researchers can study a virus , they need to figure out how to grow it in cell cultures in the lab , without the virus destroying all the cells '' as examples of accurate depictions of science . Carl Zimmer , a science commentator , praised the film , stating , `` It shows how reconstructing the course of an outbreak can provide crucial clues , such as how many people an infected person can give a virus to , how many of them get sick , and how many of them die . '' He also describes a conversation with the film 's scientific consultant , W. Ian Lipkin , in which Lipkin defended the rapid generation of a vaccine in the film . Zimmer wrote that `` Lipkin and his colleagues are now capable of figuring out how to trigger immune reactions to exotic viruses from animals in a matter of weeks , not months . And once they 've created a vaccine , they do n't have to use Eisenhower - era technology to manufacture it in bulk . '' Paul Offit , a pediatrician and vaccination expert , stated that `` typically when movies take on science , they tend to sacrifice the science in favor of drama . That was n't true here . '' Offit appreciated the film 's usage of concepts such as R and fomites , as well as the fictional strain 's origins , which was based on the Nipah virus . Home Media ( edit ) Contagion was released on DVD and Blu - ray in North America on January 3 , 2012 , and in the United Kingdom on March 5 , 2012 . In its first week of release , the film topped the DVD chart with 411,000 units sold for $6.16 million . That same week it sold 274,000 Blu - ray copies for $4.93 million , topping that chart as well . DVD sales dropped during the second week of release , with 193,000 units sold for $2.89 million . As of early July 2012 , Contagion had sold 802,535 copies in DVD , for $12.01 million in revenue . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion Video Interviews with Marion Cotillard , Laurence Fishburne , Kate Winslet and Jennifer Ehle '' . Dread Central . September 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion : Production Notes '' ( PDF ) . Visual Hollywood . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Passafuime , Rocco ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Matt Damon '' . The Cinema Source . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` CS Interview : Contagion Writer Scott Z . Burns '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Houx , Damon ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Interview : Steven Soderbergh , Matt Damon and Laurence Fishburne on Contagion '' . Screen Crave . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barclay , Eliza ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' : CDC Basks In Hollywood 's Admiring Take On Disease Detectives '' . Shots : NPR 's Health Blog . National Public Radio . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion Video Interviews with Matt Damon , Jude Law , Gwyneth Paltrow , Bryan Cranston And Chin Han '' . Dread Central . September 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jannard , Jim ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Reduser.net . Question : So , when it was all said and done , how much of the film was shot with the MX , and how much with the EPIC , Jim ? James Jannard : 100 % MX . And Steven called the grade . Jump up ^ Jenco , Melissa ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Soderbergh : Chicago area was ' beautiful and vibrant ' place to film ' Contagion ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Soderbergh to Shoot ' Contagion ' in Hong Kong '' . Moviefone . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' begins shooting in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Company . October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Moran , Dan ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` Helicopters will cruise Amstutz '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Brett , Jennifer ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Matt Damon , Jude Law movie `` Contagion '' filming at CDC `` . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Cox Enterprises . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kekler , Kamala ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' to complete SF filming with Candlestick extravaganza '' . The San Francisco Examiner . San Francisco Newspaper Company LLC . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Starstruck San Franciscans Screwing Up Contagion Filming In Civic Center '' . Bay City News . February 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kasman , Daniel ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Between Music and Sound Design : An Interview with Composer Cliff Martinez '' . MUBI . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zhuravsky , Mark ( October 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' & ' Drive ' Composer Talks Working With Soderbergh , Nicolas Winding Refn & Possibly Working On ' Only God Forgives ' '' . indieWire . Snagfilms . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Soderbergh Interview , Contagion '' . MoviesOnline . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Denby , David ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Call The Doctor '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Soderbergh Interview '' . UGO . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sawatsky ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Hendra and Nipah Virus '' . Animal Viruses : Molecular Biology . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 22 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lumenick , Lou ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Catch it ! '' . New York Post . News Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hehir , Andrew ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` A pandemic from which even Gwyneth is n't safe '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . ^ Jump up to : Ranier , Peter ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion : movie review '' . Christian Science Monitor . Christian Science Publishing Society . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Longworth , Karina ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Soderbergh Says We 're Killing Ourselves in Contagion '' . The Village Voice . Village Voice Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wickman , Forrest ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Soderbergh 's Contagion '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Contagion , the Most High - Minded Disaster Movie Ever Made '' . New York . New York Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion ( 2011 ) '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Wesley ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Review : Contagion '' . Boston Globe . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Soderbergh 's Contagion : Do n't Touch Gwyneth Paltrow ! '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Catsoulis , Jeannette ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' : When Person To Person Is A Bad Call '' . NPR . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Eric J. ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Venice Film Festival Day 6 : ' Tinker , Tailor ' Bows , Al Pacino Honored '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Amy ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' to eradicate ' The Help ' as top box - office draw '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Contagion ' Aims to Knock ' The Help ' Out of No. 1 Spot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Steven Soderbergh 's ' Contagion ' Winning Weekend Race '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Steven Soderbergh 's ' Contagion ' Wins Weekend with $23.1 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' tops weekend B.O. '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Contagion ' Catches On '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' The Lion King ' Roars Again , Capturing $29.3 Million '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( September 25 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Lion King ' Roars with $22.1 Mil in Surprise Upset Over Brad Pitt 's ' Moneyball ' and ' Dolphin Tale ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 2 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Dolphin Tale ' Swims to No. 1 in its Second Weekend with $14.2 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( September 11 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' The Smurfs ' Squeak Out Another Victory Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( October 16 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Real Steel ' Takes No. 1 For Second Straight Weekend '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Foreign Box Office : ' Paranormal Activity 3 ' Tops Soft Weekend Action Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Paranormal beats Contagion in UK ; Kevin starts strong '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion -- review '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Christopher ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` In ' Contagion , ' Many Actors but Only One Star : Disease '' . The Atlantic . Jay Leuf . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion : Venice Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Rolling Stone . Jann Wenner . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Word of Mouth : ' Contagion ' could really catch on '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Crisp , quick , star - laden saga of a deadly disease '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Gregory J. Osberg . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` ' Contagion ' review : Nothing to sneeze at '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( September 7 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion does n't skimp on science '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Contagion : A Dialogue '' . Slate . The Washington Post Company . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Offit , Paul ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Contagion , the Movie : An Expert Medical Review '' . Medscape . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contagion -- DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Howard ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Blu - ray review : Contagion ( Warner Bros . ) '' . Technology Tell . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales : New Releases are Spreading '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Overall Sales are in Remission '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DVD Sales : Moneyball Does n't Hit a Home Run , but gets a Solid Double '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Contagion ( film ) Official website Contagion on IMDb Contagion at Rotten Tomatoes Contagion at Metacritic Contagion at AllMovie Contagion at the TCM Movie Database Contagion at the American Film Institute Catalog Contagion at Box Office Mojo Contagion on IMFDB ( hide ) Steven Soderbergh filmography Films Directed 9012Live ( 1985 ) Sex , Lies , and Videotape ( 1989 ) Kafka ( 1991 ) King of the Hill ( 1993 ) The Underneath ( 1995 ) Schizopolis ( 1996 ) Gray 's Anatomy ( 1996 ) Out of Sight ( 1998 ) The Limey ( 1999 ) Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) Traffic ( 2000 ) Ocean 's Eleven ( 2001 ) Full Frontal ( 2002 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Eros ( 2004 ) Ocean 's Twelve ( 2004 ) Bubble ( 2005 ) The Good German ( 2006 ) Ocean 's Thirteen ( 2007 ) Che ( 2008 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( 2009 ) The Informant ! ( 2009 ) And Everything Is Going Fine ( 2010 ) Contagion ( 2011 ) Haywire ( 2012 ) Magic Mike ( 2012 ) Side Effects ( 2013 ) Behind the Candelabra ( 2013 ) Logan Lucky ( 2017 ) Unsane ( 2018 ) Produced The Daytrippers ( 1996 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Welcome to Collinwood ( 2002 ) Criminal ( 2004 ) The Jacket ( 2005 ) Solitary Man ( 2009 ) Ocean 's Eight ( 2018 ) Written Nightwatch ( 1997 ) Criminal ( 2004 ) Television series K Street ( 2003 ) The Knick ( 2014 -- 15 ) The Girlfriend Experience ( 2016 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contagion_(film)&oldid=797288808 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2010s thriller films 2010s drama films American thriller films American drama films American films Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Steven Soderbergh Films set in Atlanta Films set in Hong Kong Films set in Macau Films set in Minnesota Films set in San Francisco Films set in Switzerland Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Illinois Films set in the San Francisco Bay Area Films shot in Switzerland IMAX films Warner Bros. films Participant Media films Adultery in films Techno - thriller films Social media in fiction Film scores by Cliff Martinez Films produced by Gregory Jacobs Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 02 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is used to test experimental vaccines in contagion | [
"Using an attenuated virus Dr. Hextall identifies a possible vaccine. To cut out the lengthy time it would take to obtain informed consent from infected patients, Dr. Hextall inoculates herself with the experimental vaccine and immediately visits her gravely ill father (Dan Flannery), who has been infected with MEV-1. The doctor does not contract MEV-1 and the vaccine is declared a success."
] | [
"Dr. Hextall"
] |
1601134545623508825 | Penal Laws (Ireland) | Penal laws ( Ireland ) - wikipedia Penal laws ( Ireland ) Jump to : navigation , search ' Penal Laws ' redirects here . For the English equivalent , see Penal law ( British ) . In the island of Ireland , Penal Laws ( Irish : Na Péindlíthe ) were a series of laws imposed in an attempt to force Irish Roman Catholics and Protestant dissenters ( such as local Presbyterians ) to accept the reformed denomination as defined by the English state established Anglican Church and practised by members of the Irish state established Church of Ireland . All remaining penal laws were finally repealed by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stuart and Cromwellian rule 2 1660 -- 1693 3 Ascendancy rule 1691 -- 1778 4 The Catholic Committees 5 Gradual reform and emancipation 1778 -- 1869 5.1 Emancipation 5.2 Tithe reform 6 Government of Ireland Act 1920 7 Mentioned into the 20th century 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Primary sources 8.3 Secondary sources 9 External links Stuart and Cromwellian rule ( edit ) Main article : European wars of religion The Penal Laws were , according to Edmund Burke `` a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance , as well fitted for the oppression , impoverishment and degradation of a people , and the debasement in them of human nature itself , as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of man . '' Burke long counseled kinder relations by London with its American & Irish cousins , fearing that the punitive spirit fostered by the British was destroying English character , and would spur violent revolt . Initially , the dual monarchs of England and Ireland were cautious about applying the Penal Laws to Ireland because they needed the support of the Catholic upper classes to put down the Gaelic Irish rebellion in the Nine Years War ( 1594 -- 1603 ) . In addition , a significant section of the Catholic aristocracy was composed of Old English , who had traditionally been loyal to English rule in Ireland . However , the ascent of James VI of Scotland to both the English and Irish thrones as James I in 1603 and the eventual victory in the Nine Years War saw a series of coercive new laws put into force . In 1605 the ' Gunpowder Plot ' was planned by a group of English Catholics , who were disappointed in their hopes that James would relieve laws against Catholics . This provided a further impetus and justification for restrictive laws on Catholics in Ireland , Scotland and England . In 1607 the Flight of the Earls seeking Catholic help in Europe for a further revolt set the scene for a wholesale Plantation of Ulster by the Lowland Scots and Northern English . From 1607 , Catholics were barred from holding public office or serving in the Irish Army . This meant that the Irish Privy Council and the Lords Justice who , along with the Lord Deputy of Ireland , constituted the government of the country , would in future be Anglicans . In 1613 , the constituencies of the Irish House of Commons were altered to give plantation settlers a majority . In addition , Catholics in all three Kingdoms had to pay ' recusant fines ' for non-attendance at Anglican services . Catholic churches were transferred to the Anglican Church of Ireland . Catholic services , however , were generally tacitly tolerated as long as they were conducted in private . Catholic priests were also tolerated , but bishops were forced to operate clandestinely . In 1634 the issue of the `` Graces '' arose ; generous taxation for Charles I ( whose Queen Henrietta Maria was Catholic ) was supported by Irish Catholic landlords on the understanding that the laws would be reformed , but once the tax was passed , Charles ' viceroy refused two of the 51 Graces , and subsequent bills were blocked by the Catholic majority in the Irish House of Lords . Catholic resentment was a factor in starting the Irish Rebellion of 1641 and the establishment of Confederate Ireland from 1642 with Papal support , that was eventually put down in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in 1649 -- 53 . After the Act of Settlement in 1652 , Catholics were barred from membership in the Irish Parliament , and the major landholders had most of their lands confiscated under the Adventurers Act . They were also banned from living in towns for a short period . Catholic clergy were expelled from the country and were liable to instant execution when found . Many recusants had to worship in secret at gathering places ( such as Mass rocks ) in the countryside . In 1666 forty nine Catholics from hiding places in the woods in county Roscommon signed a letter in support of the Pope and protesting the loss of their ' due liberties ' . Seventeen Catholic martyrs from this period were beatified in 1992 . 1660 -- 1693 ( edit ) Much of this legislation was rescinded after the Restoration in Ireland by Charles II ( 1660 -- 1685 ) , under the Declaration of Breda in 1660 , in terms of worship and property - owning , but also the first Test Act became law from 1673 . Louis XIV of France increased Protestant paranoia in Europe when he expelled the Huguenots from France in 1685 . Following the flight from England to Ireland by James II caused by the English Glorious Revolution in 1688 , the decisions of the Catholic - majority Patriot Parliament of 1688 -- 9 in Dublin included a complete repeal of the 1650s land settlements . These were reversed after the largely Roman Catholic Jacobites that sided with King James then lost the Williamite war in Ireland in 1689 -- 91 . His opponents William III and Mary II were grandchildren of King Charles I , and so the war ultimately decided whether Catholic or Protestant Stuarts would reign . The war ended with the Treaty of Limerick agreed by Sarsfield and Ginkel in October 1691 . This provided in article 1 that : The Roman Catholics of this kingdom shall enjoy such privileges in the exercise of their religion as are consistent with the laws of Ireland , or as they did enjoy in the reign of king Charles the second : and their majesties , as soon as their affairs will permit them to summon a parliament in this kingdom , will endeavour to procure the said Roman Catholics such farther security in that particular , as may preserve them from any disturbance upon the account of their said religion . The quid pro quo to attain these privileges involved swearing an oath of loyalty to William and Mary . Many Catholics found this oath repugnant when the Papacy started to support the Jacobites in 1693 . A small number of Catholic landlords had sworn this loyalty oath in 1691 -- 3 and their families remained protected . Previous Jacobite garrison surrenders , particularly the agreement at Galway earlier in 1691 , specifically provided that the Catholic gentry of counties Galway and Mayo were protected from the property restrictions , though they would be excluded from direct involvement in politics . Articles 2 and 9 required that : 2 ... provided also , that no person whatsoever shall have or enjoy the benefit of this article , that shall neglect or refuse to take the oath of allegiance , made by act of parliament in England , in the first year of the reign of their present majesties , when thereunto required . 9 . The oath to be administered to such Roman Catholics as submit to their majesties ' government , shall be the oath abovesaid and no other . At the European level , this war was a part of the War of the Grand Alliance , in which the Holy See supported William III 's alliance against France , and on the news of the Battle of the Boyne a Te Deum was sung in thanksgiving at the Vatican . But from 1693 the Papacy changed its policy and supported James against William , and William 's policy also moved from a degree of toleration for Catholics to greater hostility . By then , King James was based in France at Saint Germain , and was supported politically and financially by Louis XIV , the long - standing enemy of William and Mary . Religion eventually became an issue in defining a notable family 's loyalty to the crown . Ascendancy rule 1691 -- 1778 ( edit ) With the defeat of Catholic attempts to regain power and lands in Ireland , a ruling class which became known later as the `` Protestant Ascendancy '' sought to ensure dominance with the passing of a number of laws to restrict the religious , political and economic activities of Catholics and Dissenters . Harsher laws were introduced for political reasons during the long War of the Spanish Succession that ended in 1714 . The son of James II , the `` Old Pretender '' , was recognised by the Holy See as the legitimate King of Britain and Ireland until his death in 1766 , and Catholics were obliged to support him . He also approved the appointments of all the Irish Catholic hierarchy , who were drawn from his most fervent supporters . These aspects provided the political basis for the new laws passed for several decades after 1695 . Interdicts faced by Catholics and Dissenters under the Penal Laws were : Exclusion of Catholics from most public offices ( since 1607 ) , Presbyterians were also barred from public office from 1707 . Ban on intermarriage with Protestants ; repealed 1778 Presbyterian marriages were not legally recognised by the state Catholics barred from holding firearms or serving in the armed forces ( rescinded by Militia Act of 1793 ) Bar from membership in either the Parliament of Ireland or the Parliament of England from 1652 ; rescinded 1662 -- 1691 ; renewed 1691 -- 1829 , applying to the successive parliaments of England ( to 1707 ) , Great Britain ( 1707 to 1800 ) , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1800 to 1829 ) . Disenfranchising Act 1728 , exclusion from voting until 1793 ; Exclusion from the legal professions and the judiciary ; repealed ( respectively ) 1793 and 1829 . Education Act 1695 -- ban on foreign education ; repealed 1782 . Bar to Catholics and Protestant Dissenters entering Trinity College Dublin ; repealed 1793 . On a death by a Catholic , his legatee could benefit by conversion to the Church of Ireland ; Popery Act -- Catholic inheritances of land were to be equally subdivided between all an owner 's sons with the exception that if the eldest son and heir converted to Protestantism that he would become the one and only tenant of estate and portions for other children not to exceed one third of the estate . This `` Gavelkind '' system had previously been abolished by 1600 . Ban on converting from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism on pain of Praemunire : forfeiting all property estates and legacy to the monarch of the time and remaining in prison at the monarch 's pleasure . In addition , forfeiting the monarch 's protection . No injury however atrocious could have any action brought against it or any reparation for such . Ban on Catholics buying land under a lease of more than 31 years ; repealed 1778 . Ban on custody of orphans being granted to Catholics on pain of 500 pounds that was to be donated to the Blue Coat hospital in Dublin . Ban on Catholics inheriting Protestant land Prohibition on Catholics owning a horse valued at over £ 5 ( to keep horses suitable for military activity out of the majority 's hands ) Roman Catholic lay priests had to register to preach under the Registration Act 1704 , but seminary priests and Bishops were not able to do so until 1778 When allowed , new Catholic churches were to be built from wood , not stone , and away from main roads . ' No person of the popish religion shall publicly or in private houses teach school , or instruct youth in learning within this realm ' upon pain of twenty pounds fine and three months in prison for every such offence . Repealed in 1782 . Any and all rewards not paid by the crown for alerting authorities of offences to be levied upon the Catholic populace within parish and county . Historians disagree on how rigorously these laws were enforced . The consensus view is that enforcement depended on the attitudes of local magistrates bringing or hearing particular cases ; some of whom were rigorous , others more liberal . The Catholic committees ( edit ) From 1758 , before the death of James III , ad - hoc groups of the remaining Catholic nobility and merchants worked towards repeal of the penal laws and an accommodation within the Hanoverian system . These were based locally on county lines . An earlier attempt in 1727 had met with strong opposition from the Jacobite movement , which resisted any negotiations with the Hanoverians , being usurpers . By 1760 eminent Catholics such as Lord Trimlestown , Lord Kenmare and Charles O'Conor of Belanagare persuaded the more liberal Protestants that they presented no political threat , and that reforms must follow . Events abroad in the 1760s , such as the outcome of the Seven Years war , the death of the Old Pretender ( 1766 ) , the emerging `` Age of Enlightenment '' , and the Suppression of the Society of Jesus by Europe 's Catholic monarchs , all seemed to confirm their position . Gradual reform and emancipation 1778 -- 1869 ( edit ) On the death of the `` Old Pretender '' in January 1766 the Holy See recognised the Hanoverian dynasty as legitimate , and so the main political basis for the laws was removed and the slow process of Catholic Emancipation began , with the repeal of some of the Penal Laws by the Catholic Relief Acts of 1771 , 1778 and 1793 . However , the long drawn - out pace of reform ensured that the question of religious discrimination dominated Irish life and was a constant source of division . In a show of goodwill , John Carpenter , titular Archbishop of Dublin , technically still an illegal position , was invited to join the Royal Dublin Society in 1773 . Visitors from abroad such as Arthur Young in the late 1770s also deplored the Penal laws as being contrary to the spirit of the Age of Enlightenment , and illogical as they were unenforced . In his Tour in Ireland ( 1780 ) , that was sponsored by many landlords , Young mentioned the laws twice : ... the cruel laws against the Roman Catholics of this country , remain the marks of illiberal barbarism . Why should not the industrious man have a spur to his industry , whatever be his religion ... ? Talking with Chief Baron Foster , Young commented : In conversation on the Popery laws , I expressed my surprise at their severity ; he said they were severe in the letter , but never executed ... His Lordship did justice to the merits of the Roman Catholics , by observing that they were in general a very sober , honest and industrious people . This ... brought to my mind an admirable expression of Mr Burke 's in the English House of Commons : Connivance is the relaxation of slavery , not the definition of Liberty . An Irish Act of 1774 allowed any subject of George III `` of whatever persuasion to testify their allegiance to him '' . The Quebec Act of 1774 was an encouragement outside Ireland , with the London parliament restoring religious rights in the main part of Canada , followed in Britain and Ireland by the Catholic Relief Act 1778 . Carlow College was established in 1782 . From 1782 reformist Irish Protestant politicians like Henry Grattan , JP Curran , William Ponsonby and Frederick Hervey , 4th Earl of Bristol ( a Protestant bishop ) , added their voices in support . In the English House of Commons Edmund Burke also helped , but was faced with anti-Catholic sentiment which exploded in the Gordon Riots of 1780 . Another reform Act of 1782 sponsored by Luke Gardiner removed the remaining limits on Catholics buying land and some petty restrictions such as owning a horse worth less than £ 5 . In 1792 William FitzGerald , 2nd Duke of Leinster , the eldest brother of Lord Edward Fitzgerald , founded the ' Association of the friends of liberty ' whose program sought Catholic members in the Irish House of Commons . They could not persuade most Protestant MPs to effect a bigger change than the Relief Act of 1793 , where Catholics were now allowed to buy freehold land , to become grand jurors and barristers , to study at Trinity College Dublin , and to vote if they held property with a rental value of at least £ 2 a year ( the so - called `` Forty - shilling freeholders '' ) . A majority of Irish MPs were still reluctant to reform , and the Irish 1793 Act had to be encouraged by the British government that had already passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 . Opposition to Catholic Relief ensured that when relief was granted it was often accompanied by what were seen to be unpleasant concessions to the system . Relief in 1793 was accompanied by a widely unpopular Militia Act which removed the ban on Catholics holding firearms to allow for their conscription into the militia , but not their admittance into the officer ranks . However , wealthier Catholics did not oppose this as it was further proof of their gradual inclusion into the establishment . An example was Daniel O'Connell who briefly joined the militia unit formed at the King 's Inns in the late 1790s . Pitt also encouraged a short - lived Catholic Irish Brigade . France declared war on Britain and Ireland in February 1793 and the war took priority over further reliefs . The French government opposed the Holy See from 1790 . Irish Catholic priests were trained in France , Belgium , and Spain , so the Prime Minister Pitt funded the establishment of St. Patrick 's seminary in Maynooth in 1795 . The French republican policies of `` Dechristianization '' in 1790 -- 1801 were often similar to Cromwell 's anti-Catholic policies in Ireland in the 1650s . The Presbyterian Church was granted the Regium Donum . In 1795 the new viceroy the earl of Fitzwilliam proposed full political emancipation , as suggested by Grattan , and a prelude to proposals for Parliamentary union . He was removed within weeks by the conservatives in the Irish administration . Many reformers despaired of peaceful change , particularly in the lack of Tithe reform , and this led on to instances of Catholic support for the abortive 1798 rebellion . During the rebellion the Irish Catholic bishops supported the government line . The subsequent passing of the Act of Union of 1801 was intended to include Catholic Emancipation , as power was moved from the hands of the Protestant Ascendancy to the London Parliament . This was agreed by most of the British Cabinet , including William Pitt , and they resigned when it was not effected . The personal opposition of George III ensured that no change would be forthcoming during his reign . Emancipation ( edit ) The political argument for emancipation to allow Catholic MPs to sit in parliament continued after the 1801 Act of Union , supported by liberal MPs such as Henry Grattan . Division arose over the `` veto '' , the issue whether the government could , or could not , veto the appointment of a bishop where he was approved by the Pope . In May 1823 , Daniel O'Connell launched the Catholic Association and campaigned for Catholic emancipation which was largely achieved in the Act of 1829 , primarily benefitting the middle classes . While this was seen as a late and overdue reform by Irish Catholics , Irish Dissenters had only just achieved the same status following the 1828 Test Act , Irish Jewish MPs were barred until 1858 and atheists until 1886 . The Act also allowed for Catholic judges and senior civil servants and state officials to be appointed . As with the election of MPs , those who benefitted were the better educated and richer Catholics . The same class took advantage of the reform of town and city corporations in the Act of 1840 and took part in local government . But for the majority of Irish Catholics living in the countryside , the cost of the tithing system had always been the main cause of complaint . Tithe reform ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The obligation by Catholics and other religious groups to pay tithes to the Protestant Church remained until its disestablishment by the Irish Church Act 1869 and Catholic Emancipation was quickly followed by a period of violent resistance known as the Tithe War . From 1840 tithes were no longer payable by tenants but by their landlords , who were allowed to increase rents to make up the difference . The Catholic Church became resurgent from the 1840s , uniting with the Protestant churches to oppose the integration of students of differing religion in the new primary or ' National ' schools , and in the 1850s a debate arose over whether some proposed universities should be mixed or just for Catholics . Government of Ireland Act 1920 ( edit ) Section 5 ( 2 ) of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 stated : Any existing enactment by which any penalty , disadvantage , or disability is imposed on account of religious belief or on a member of any religious order as such shall ... cease to have effect in Ireland . This did not affect the Act of Settlement 1701 , which prohibited Catholics and those married to Catholics from succeeding to the throne ; these were later repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( between 1920 and 2013 there was no Catholic heir to the throne ) . As a result of Sections 5 ( 2 ) and 37 ( 1 ) of the 1920 act , Roman Catholics once again became eligible to occupy the office of Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , the British monarch 's representative in Ireland . Within months of this legislation passing , Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent became in April 1921 the first Roman Catholic Lord Lieutenant of Ireland since the penal laws forbade such appointments in 1685 . Because of the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922 and the altered constitutional relationship between Ireland and the United Kingdom , FitzAlan was also the last Lord Lieutenant of Ireland . Mentioned into the 20th century ( edit ) The memory of the Penal laws remained as a strongly resonant cultural element in Irish Catholicism long after their reform , and they were seen as a social and legal nadir from which the bulk of the Irish population had eventually escaped . In May 1920 Seán T. O'Kelly sent a memorandum to Pope Benedict XV which included : The position of Irish Catholics is a cruel one . We are enslaved by a Protestant power . The penal laws against our religion are not yet abolished in full . The injurious social and economic results of these anti-Catholic laws will not be overcome for generations . To the present day we suffer political injury inside and outside of Ireland , simply and solely because we are practising Catholics . Sons of martyrs , we are known in every Masonic lodge and every anti-Catholic country as ' Papists ' , and par - excellence , the most devoted of all the children of the Holy See . In 1971 , responding to news of an importation of contraceptive devices from Northern Ireland that could not be sold in the Republic , Thomas Ryan , Bishop of Clonfert , said that `` ... never before , and certainly not since penal times was the Catholic heritage of Ireland subjected to so many insidious onslaughts on the pretext of conscience , civil rights and women 's liberation . '' References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Another example from 1713 is the elderly Father Connor Reynolds `` of Jamestown '' in the county of Leitrim exiled in Spain since 1681 , found hiding in a trunk on a fishing boat arriving at Dungarvan port and imprisoned at Waterford gaol . Primary sources ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fry , Peter ; Fiona Somerset Fry ( 1991 ) . A History of Ireland . Routledge . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 04888 - 0 . Jump up ^ T.A. Jackson , Ireland Her Own , Lawerence & Wishart , London , ISBN 0 - 85315 - 735 - 9 Jump up ^ Savage , John ( 1869 ) . Fenian Heroes and Martyrs . Patrick Donahoe . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Hanley 1961 . Jump up ^ Burke 1914 , pp. 173 . Jump up ^ Declaratory and Repeal Acts 1689 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Limerick , 1691 Jump up ^ Hedge schools Jump up ^ O Ciardha , Eamonn `` Ireland and the Jacobite Cause , 1685 -- 1766 '' ( Four Courts , Dublin 2004 ) pp. 241 -- 243 and 358 -- 363 ISBN 1 - 85182 - 805 - 2 Jump up ^ Text of the 1778 Act Jump up ^ O Ciardha Eamonn , op cit. , p. 365 Jump up ^ Maynooth Univ essay on Carpenter Jump up ^ Young A. Tour in Ireland London 1780 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Young A. Tour in Ireland London 1780 , p. 146 Jump up ^ Irish Act 1774 mentioned in 1911 Catholic encyclopedia Jump up ^ Text of 1782 Act Jump up ^ Text of the Act of 1793 Jump up ^ Text of the ACT FOR THE RELIEF OF HIS MAJESTY 'S ROMAN CATHOLIC SUBJECTS 1829 Jump up ^ Letter of May 1920 ; No. 35 NAI DFA ES Jump up ^ The Field day anthology of Irish writing : Irish women 's writing and traditions edited by Angela Bourke ; NYU Press 2002 , pp. 200 -- 201 Secondary sources ( edit ) Hanley , Gerald ( 1961 ) . `` Nicholas Mahon and 17th Century Roscommon '' . New England Historic Genealogical Society in Boston . Burke , William P ( 1914 ) . The Irish priests in the penal times ( 1660 - 1760 ) ( microform ) : from the state papers in H.M. Record Offices , Dublin and London , the Bodleian Library , and the British Museum ( PDF ) . ( S.l. : s.n. ) External links ( edit ) `` Background to the Statutes ; Religion : The Penal Laws '' . History of the Irish Parliament 1692 -- 1800 . Ulster Historical Foundation . Retrieved 9 October 2013 . Schaffer , M. Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` Laws In Ireland For The Suppression Of Popery commonly known as the Penal Laws '' . University of Minnesota Law School . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . 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disputed ) Mary I ( 1553 -- 58 ) & Philip jure uxoris ( 1554 -- 58 ) Elizabeth I ( 1558 -- 1603 ) James I ( 1603 -- 25 ) Charles I ( 1625 -- 49 ) Commonwealth ( 1649 -- 53 ) Oliver Cromwell ( 1653 -- 58 ) Richard Cromwell ( 1658 -- 59 ) Commonwealth ( 1659 -- 60 ) Charles II ( 1660 -- 85 ) James II ( 1685 -- 91 ) William III ( 1689 -- 1702 ) & Mary II ( 1689 -- 94 ) Anne ( 1702 -- 14 ) George I ( 1714 -- 27 ) George II ( 1727 -- 60 ) George III ( 1760 -- 1800 ) Ireland topics Republic of Ireland topics Northern Ireland topics History Timeline Prehistory Protohistory Early history Gaelic Ireland / Lordship of Ireland 800 -- 1169 1169 -- 1536 Kingdom of Ireland 1536 -- 1691 1691 -- 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1801 -- 1923 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 1922 Irish Free State ( 1922 -- 1937 ) Ireland ( since 1922 ) Events Battles of Tara / Glenmama / Clontarf Norman invasion Bruce campaign Black Death Tudor conquest Desmond Rebellions Spanish Armada Tyrone 's Rebellion Flight of the Earls Plantation of Ulster 1641 Rebellion / Confederate War Cromwellian conquest / Settlement of 1652 Williamite War Penal Laws First Great Famine 1798 Rebellion Act of Union ( 1800 ) 1803 Rebellion Tithe War Second Great Famine Land War Fenian Rising Dublin Lock - out Home Rule crisis Easter Rising War of Independence Anglo - Irish Treaty Civil War The Emergency IRA Northern Campaign IRA Border Campaign The Troubles Peace process Economy of the Republic of Ireland Celtic Tiger Post-2008 Irish economic downturn Post-2008 Irish banking crisis Other topics List of conflicts in Ireland List of Irish tribes List of High Kings Gaelic clothing and fashion List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland Geography Natural Climate Coastline Extreme points Fauna Islands Loughs Mountains Rivers list List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland / in Northern Ireland Human Architecture Notable buildings Tallest buildings and structures Cities Counties Demographics of the Republic of Ireland / of Northern Ireland Ports Provinces ROI -- UK border Towns Tourist attractions Transport Politics Ideologies Nationalism Republicanism Ulster loyalism Unionism Republic of Ireland Constitution Economy Education Foreign relations Government local Oireachtas parliament Dáil Éireann ( lower house ) Seanad Éireann ( upper house ) President Northern Ireland Assembly D'Hondt method Economy Education Government local Peace process Culture Cuisine Food List of dishes Barmbrack Boxty Champ Coddle Colcannon Drisheen Goody Skirts and kidneys Soda bread Stew Ulster fry Drinks Coffee Cream Guinness Mist Poitín Whiskey Dance Jig Sean - nós Set dancing Stepdance Festivals Imbolc Saint Patrick 's Day Bealtaine The Twelfth Lúnasa Rose of Tralee Samhain / Halloween Wren Day Languages Hiberno - English Irish Shelta Ulster Scots Literature Annals Fiction Gaeilge Poetry Theatre Triads Music Ballads Céilí Folk music session Instruments Rock music Traditional singing Mythology Cycles Fenian Mythological Ulster Aos Sí Echtrai Immrama Tuatha Dé Danann Legendary creatures People Anglo - Irish Gaels Gaelic Ireland Hiberno - Normans Irish diaspora List of Irish people Travellers Ulster Scots Sport Association football Camogie Gaelic football Gaelic handball Hurling Martial arts Road bowling Rounders Rugby union Symbols Brighid 's Cross Cláirseach County coats of arms Flags N. 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"From 1607, Catholics were barred from holding public office or serving in the Irish Army. This meant that the Irish Privy Council and the Lords Justice who, along with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, constituted the government of the country, would in future be Anglicans. In 1613, the constituencies of the Irish House of Commons were altered to give plantation settlers a majority. In addition, Catholics in all three Kingdoms had to pay 'recusant fines' for non-attendance at Anglican services. Catholic churches were transferred to the Anglican Church of Ireland. Catholic services, however, were generally tacitly tolerated as long as they were conducted in private. Catholic priests were also tolerated, but bishops were forced to operate clandestinely. In 1634 the issue of the \"Graces\" arose; generous taxation for Charles I (whose Queen Henrietta Maria was Catholic) was supported by Irish Catholic landlords on the understanding that the laws would be reformed, but once the tax was passed, Charles' viceroy refused two of the 51 Graces, and subsequent bills were blocked by the Catholic majority in the Irish House of Lords."
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"1607"
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-4845237481163163244 | Michael Myers (Halloween) | Michael Myers ( Halloween ) - wikipedia Michael Myers ( Halloween ) Jump to : navigation , search Michael Myers Halloween character Tyler Mane as Michael Myers in Halloween ( 2007 ) First appearance Halloween Created by John Carpenter Debra Hill Portrayed by Nick Castle Tony Moran ( unmasked ) Will Sandin ( child ) Dick Warlock George P. Wilbur Don Shanks Chris Durand Brad Loree Tyler Mane Daeg Faerch ( child ) Chase Wright Vanek ( child ) Information Classification Mass murderer Signature weapon Kitchen knife Location Haddonfield , Illinois Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films . He first appears in John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) as a young boy who murders his sister and then , fifteen years later , returns home to murder more teenagers . In the original Halloween , the adult Michael Myers , referred to as The Shape in the closing credits , was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film , with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes . The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films , as well as novels , multiple video games , and several comic books . The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series , except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films . Since Castle , Moran , and Wallace put on the mask in the original film , six people have stepped into the same role . Tyler Mane is the only actor to have portrayed Michael Myers in consecutive films , and one of only two actors to portray the character more than once . Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil , both directly in the films , by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films , as well as by random participants in a survey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.2 Literature 2 Characterization 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Appearances ( edit ) Michael Myers is the primary antagonist in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and had nothing to do with Michael Myers . Michael returned in the following film , Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers , with the title highlighting his revival . The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared : there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers . Films ( edit ) Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film , Halloween , although the masked character is credited as `` The Shape '' in the first two films . In the beginning of Halloween , a 6 - year - old Michael ( Will Sandin ) murders his teenage sister Judith ( Sandy Johnson ) on Halloween , 1963 . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Nick Castle ) escapes Smith 's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield , Illinois . He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) on Halloween , while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis ( Donald Pleasence ) attempts to track him down . Murdering her friends , Michael finally attacks Laurie , but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her . Loomis shoots Michael six times , before Michael falls over the house 's second - story balcony ledge ; when Loomis goes to check Michael 's body , he finds it missing . Michael returns in the sequel , Halloween II ( 1981 ) . The film picks up directly where the original ends , with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael . Michael ( Dick Warlock ) follows Laurie Strode ( Curtis ) to the local hospital , where he wanders the halls in search of her , killing security guards , doctors , and nurses that get in his way . Loomis learns that Laurie Strode is Michael 's younger sister , and rushes to the hospital to find them . He causes an explosion in the operating theater , allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames . Michael Myers does not appear in Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not include any story elements from the first two installments . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) picks the story up ten years after the events of Halloween II . Michael ( George P. Wilbur ) and Dr. Loomis are revealed to have survived the explosion , although Michael has been in a coma at the Ridgemont Federal Sanitarium for a decade . Michael wakes from his coma when he learns Laurie Strode has died , but also learns that she has a seven - year - old daughter , Jamie Lloyd ( Danielle Harris ) . Returning to Haddonfield , he causes a citywide blackout and massacres the town 's police force , before being shot down a mine shaft by the state police . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) begins immediately after the fourth film ends , with Michael Myers ( Donald L. Shanks ) escaping the mine shaft and being nursed back to health by a local hermit . The next year , Michael kills the hermit and returns to Haddonfield to find Jamie ( Harris ) again , chasing her through his childhood home in a trap set up by Loomis ( Pleasence ) . Michael is eventually captured and taken to the local police station , but an unseen figure kills the officers and frees him . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) takes place six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers ; both Jamie ( J.C. Brandy ) and Michael ( Wilbur ) have disappeared from Haddonfield . Jamie has been kidnapped and impregnated by the Cult of Thorn , led by Dr. Terence Wynn ( Mitchell Ryan ) , Loomis ' friend and colleague from Smith 's Grove . Wynn is revealed to have been manipulating Michael Myers all along , and was his mysterious savior in Halloween 5 . Michael kills Jamie , but not before she hides her infant , who is discovered and taken in by Tommy Doyle ( Paul Rudd ) . While trying to protect the baby from Michael and Wynn , Tommy learns that the cult may be the cause of Michael 's obsession with killing his entire family , in addition to his seemingly supernatural abilities . Ignoring the events of the previous three films , Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) establishes that Michael Myers ( Chris Durand ) has been missing since the explosion in 1978 . Laurie Strode ( Curtis ) has faked her death to escape her brother , and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John ( Josh Hartnett ) . On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting , Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress , and murders John 's friends . Getting her son to safety , Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael , and succeeds in decapitating him . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , which picks up three years after H20 , retcons Michael 's death , establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with . Michael ( Brad Loree ) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie ( Curtis ) and kills her . Returning to Haddonfield , he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home . Contestant Sara Moyer ( Bianca Kajlich ) and show producer Freddie Harris ( Busta Rhymes ) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage . A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie 's Halloween ( 2007 ) , a reboot of the franchise . The film follows the basic premise of the original film , with an increased focus on Michael 's childhood : ten - year - old Michael ( Daeg Faerch ) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) and his mother 's boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) , both of whom he later murders . During his time in Smith 's Grove , Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier - mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) . As an adult , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) . Laurie , however , is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self - defense . Zombie 's story is continued in the sequel , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year . Here , Michael ( Mane ) is presumed dead , but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) informs him that he must track Laurie ( Taylor - Compton ) down so that they can `` come home '' . In the film , Michael and Laurie have a mental link , with the two sharing visions of their mother . During the film 's climax , Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife . Literature ( edit ) Michael Myers made his literary debut in October 1979 when Curtis Richards released a novelization of the film . The book follows the events of the film , but includes references to the festival of Samhain . A prologue provides a possible explanation for Michael 's murderous impulses , telling the story of Enda , a disfigured Celtic teenager who butchers the Druid princess Deirdre and her lover as revenge for rejecting him ; the king subsequently has his shaman curse Enda 's soul to walk the earth reliving his crime for eternity . It is later revealed that Michael Myers suffers nightmares about Enda and Deirdre , as did Michael 's great - grandfather before shooting to death two people at a Halloween harvest dance in the 1890s . The novel shows Michael 's childhood in more detail ; his mother voices concern over her son 's anti-social behavior shortly before he murders Judith , and Dr. Loomis notices the boy 's effortless control and manipulation of the staff and patients at Smith 's Grove during his incarceration . Later in the story , Michael 's stalking of Laurie and her friends is depicted as more explicitly sexual than was apparent in the film , with several references to him having an erection . Michael returned to the world of literature with the 1981 adaptation of Halloween II written by Jack Martin ; it was published alongside the first film sequel , with the novel following the film events , with an additional victim , a reporter , added to the novel . The final novelization to feature Michael was Halloween IV , released October 1988 . The novel was written by Nicholas Grabowsky , and like the previous adaptations , follows the events of Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . Over a four - month period , Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke ; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke , with no direct continuity with the films . The first , released on 1 October 1997 , titled The Scream Factory , follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall , only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there . The Old Myers Place is the second novel , released 1 December 1997 , and focuses on Mary White , who moves into the Myers house with her family and takes up residence in Judith Myers ' former bedroom . Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends . O'Rourke's final novel , The Mad House , was released on 1 February 1998 . The Mad House features a young girl , Christine Ray , who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations ; they are currently headed to Smith Grove Mental Hospital . The crew is quickly confronted by Michael Myers . The character 's first break into comics came with a series of comics published by Brian Pulido 's Chaos ! Comics . The first , simply titled Halloween , was intended to be a one - issue special , but eventually two sequels spawned : Halloween II : The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III : The Devil 's Eyes . All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman , with Daniel Farrands -- writer for Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers -- assisting on the first issue ; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations . Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues , focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers . The first issue includes backstory on Michael 's childhood , while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20 . In 2003 , Michael appeared in the self - published comic One Good Scare , written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding . The main character in the comic is Lindsey Wallace , the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film . Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots , and away from the `` lumbering Jason - clone '' the film sequels had made him . On 25 July 2006 , as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror , the comic book Halloween : Autopsis was released . Written by Stefan Hutchinson and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas , the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers . As the photographer , Carter , follows Dr. Loomis ; he begins to take on Loomis 's obsession himself , until finally meeting Michael Myers in person , which results in his death . In 2008 , Devil 's Due Publishing began releasing more Halloween comic books , starting with a four issue mini series , titled Halloween : Nightdance . Written by Stefan Hutchinson , Nightdance takes place in Russellville , and follows Michael 's obsession with Lisa Thomas , a girl who reminds him of his sister Judith . Lisa is afraid of the dark after Michael trapped her in a basement for days , and years later , he starts sending her disturbing , childlike drawings and murdering those around her on Halloween . Meanwhile , Ryan Nichols is hunting Michael down after seeing him attack and kidnap his wife . In the end , Michael frames Ryan for the murders and buries Lisa alive . Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film ; Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa , just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween , before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her . Included in the Nightdance trade paperback is the short prose story Charlie , which features Charlie Bowles , a Russellville serial killer who taps into the same evil force which motivates Michael Myers . To celebrate the anniversary of the Halloween series , Devil 's Due released a one - shot comic entitled Halloween : 30 Years of Terror in August 2008 , written by Hutchinson . An anthology collection inspired by John Carpenter 's original film , Michael appears in various stories , tampering with Halloween candy , decapitating a beauty queen , tormenting Laurie Strode , and killing a school teacher . Characterization ( edit ) `` I met this six - year - old child with this blank , pale , emotionless face , and the blackest eyes ; the devil 's eyes ( ... ) I realized what was living behind that boy 's eyes was purely and simply ... evil . '' -- Loomis ' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter 's experience with a real life mental patient . A common characterization is that Michael Myers is evil . John Carpenter has described the character as `` almost a supernatural force - a force of nature . An evil force that 's loose , '' a force that is `` unkillable '' . Nicholas Rogers elaborates , `` Myers is depicted as a mythic , elusive bogeyman , one of superhuman strength who can not be killed by bullets , stab wounds , or fire . '' Carpenter 's inspiration for the `` evil '' that Michael would embody came when he was in college . While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky , Carpenter visited `` the most serious , mentally ill patients '' . Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years - old . The boy gave this `` schizophrenic stare '' , `` a real evil stare '' , which Carpenter found `` unsettling '' , `` creepy '' , and `` completely insane '' . Carpenter 's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the original film . Debra Hill has stated the scene where Michael kills the Wallaces ' German Shepherd was done to illustrate how he is `` really evil and deadly '' . The ending scene of Michael being shot six times , and then disappearing from the ground outside the house , was meant to terrify the imagination of the audience . Carpenter tried to keep the audience guessing as to who Michael Myers really is -- he is gone , and everywhere at the same time ; he is more than human ; he may be supernatural , and no one knows how he got that way . To Carpenter , keeping the audience guessing was better than explaining away the character with `` he 's cursed by some ... '' For Josh Hartnett , who portrayed John Tate in Halloween H20 , `` it 's that abstract , it 's easier for me to be afraid of it . You know , someone who just kind of appears and , you know ( mimics stabbing noise from Psycho ) instead of an actual human who you think you can talk to . And no remorse , it 's got no feelings , that 's the most frightening , definitely . '' Richard Schickel , film critic for TIME , felt Michael was `` irrational '' and `` really angry about something '' , having what Schickel referred to as `` a kind of primitive , obsessed intelligence '' . Schickel considered this the `` definition of a good monster '' , by making the character appear `` less than human '' , but having enough intelligence `` to be dangerous '' . `` Michael Myers is enduring because he 's pure evil . '' -- Steve Miner Dominique Othenin - Girard attempted to have audiences `` relate to ' Evil ' , to Michael Myers 's ' ill ' side '' . Girard wanted Michael to appear `` more human ( ... ) even vulnerable , with contradicting feelings inside of him '' . He illustrated these feelings with a scene where Michael removes his mask and sheds a tear . Girard explains , `` Again , to humanize him , to give him a tear . If Evil or in this case our boogeyman knows pain , or love or demonstrate a feeling of regrets ; he becomes even more scary to me if he pursues his malefic action . He shows an evil determination beyond his feelings . Dr. Loomis tries to reach his emotional side several times in ( Halloween 5 ) . He thinks he could cure Michael through his feelings . '' Daniel Farrands , writer of The Curse of Michael Myers , describes the character as a `` sexual deviant '' . According to him , the way Michael follows girls around and watches them contains a subtext of repressed sexuality . Farrands theorizes that , as a child , Michael became fixated on the murder of his sister Judith , and for his own twisted reasons felt the need to repeat that action over and over again , finding a sister - like figure in Laurie who excited him sexually . He also believes that by making Laurie Michael 's literal sister , the sequels took away from the simplicity and relatability of the original Halloween . Nevertheless , when writing Curse , Farrands was tasked with creating a mythology for Michael which defined his motives and why he could not be killed . He says , `` He ca n't just be a man anymore , he 's gone beyond that . He 's mythical . He 's supernatural . So , I took it from that standpoint that there 's something else driving him . A force that goes beyond that five senses that has infected this boy 's soul and now is driving him . '' As the script developed and more people became involved , Farrands admits that the film went too far in explaining Michael Myers and that he himself was not completely satisfied with the finished product . Michael does not speak in the films ; the first time audiences ever hear his voice is in the 2007 Rob Zombie reboot . Michael speaks as a child during the beginning of the film , but while in Smith 's Grove he stops talking completely . Rob Zombie originally planned to have the adult Michael speak to Laurie in the film 's finale , simply saying his childhood nickname for her , `` Boo '' . Zombie explained that this version was not used because he was afraid having the character talk at that point would demystify him too much , and because the act of Michael handing Laurie the photograph of them together was enough . Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween : Nightdance , writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character 's `` bizarre and dark sense of humor '' , as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend , and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them , such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her . Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael 's actions : `` see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men '' . He also suggests that Michael Myers ' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior , likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper , citing Myers as a `` product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles '' . Hutchinson describes Michael as a `` monster of abjection '' . When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie 's expansion on Michael 's family life , Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does `` ( reduces ) the character '' . That being said , Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie -- included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback -- and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years `` attuning himself to this force to the point where he is , as Loomis says , ' pure evil ' '' . Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character 's personality in John Carpenter 's 1978 film as `` a void '' , which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him . He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone ; a part people are afraid will one day `` snap and knife someone '' , which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen . He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as `` infused with a distilled and pure form of evil ... For Michael , he had to kill to find some inner peace . As he took his sister 's life , the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene . Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child . Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert ( sic ) and deranged . '' In 2005 , a study was conducted by the Media Psychology Lab of California State University , Los Angeles on the psychological appeal of movie monsters -- vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Jason Voorhees , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , the Alien , and the shark from Jaws -- which surveyed 1,166 people nationwide ( United States ) , with ages ranging from 16 to 91 . It was published in the Journal of Media Psychology . In the survey , Michael was considered to be the `` embodiment of pure evil '' ; when compared to the other characters , Michael Myers was rated the highest . Michael was characterized lending to the understanding of insanity , being ranked second to Hannibal Lecter in this category ; he also placed first as the character who shows audiences the `` dark side of human nature '' . He was rated second in the category `` monster enjoys killing '' by the participants , and believed to have `` superhuman strength '' . Michael was rated highest among the characters in the `` monster is an outcast '' category . John Carpenter , serving as an executive producer and creative consultant for the upcoming sequel to Halloween ( 1978 ) , expressed his disagreement with Rob Zombie 's portrayal of the lead slasher , `` I thought that he took away the mystique of the story by explaining too much about ( Michael Myers ) . I do n't care about that . He 's supposed to be a force of nature . He 's supposed to be almost supernatural . '' Co-writer Danny McBride felt that previous sequels had made Michael less scary by giving him an inhuman level of invulnerability , preferring to humanize the character : `` I think we 're just trying to strip it down and just take it back to what was so good about the original ... I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen . I think it 's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you 're taking the trash out as opposed to someone who ca n't be killed pursuing you . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In Robot Chicken 's nineteenth episode , `` That Hurts Me '' , Michael Myers ( voiced by Seth Green ) appears as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees , Ghostface , Freddy Krueger , Pinhead , and Leatherface . Myers is evicted from the house , and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers , and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase , `` I feel randy , baby , yeah ! '' He then proceeds to kill the host . Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer , starring Jennifer Love Hewitt , titled `` Horror Show '' . Here , a spirit communicates with Hewitt 's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased 's favorite horror movies , and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers . The Cold Case episode `` Bad Night '' has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who , after seeing Halloween in theatres , went on a killing spree dressed as Michael . Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie 's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto , released on 22 September 2009 . Michael Myers appears in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty : Ghosts , Onslaught , as a playable character . Myers also makes a playable appearance in the Halloween chapter of the video game Dead by Daylight , alongside Laurie Strode . In one of the various merchandises to feature the character , Michael Myers made his video game debut with the 1983 Atari video game Halloween . The game is rare to find , often being played on emulators . No characters from the films are specifically named , with the goal of the game focusing on the player , who is a babysitter , protecting children from a `` homicidal maniac ( who ) has escaped from a mental institution '' . Michael was one of several horror icons to be included in the 2009 version of Universal Studios Hollywood 's Halloween Horror Nights event , as a part of a maze entitled Halloween : The Life and Crimes of Michael Myers Pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Michael Myers out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry & Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Jamie Lee Curtis , Josh Hartnett , Adam Arkin , Steve Miner , and Richard Schickel ( 1998 ) . Unmasking the Horror ( Halloween H20 DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Dimension Films . ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen & Rachel Gordon ( 25 August 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Debra Hill ( writer ) and John Carpenter ( writer / director ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( 1978 film ) ( DVD ) . Falcon International Productions . Jump up ^ Debra Hill , John Carpenter ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 1981 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . Dino De Laurentiis Corporation . Jump up ^ Alan B. McElroy ( writer ) and Dwight H. Little ( 1988 ) . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Trancas International Films . Jump up ^ Michael Jacobs , Dominique Othenin - Girard , Shem Bitterman ( writers ) and Dominique Othenin - Girard ( director ) ( 1989 ) . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Magnum Pictures Inc . Jump up ^ Daniel Farrands ( writer ) and Joe Chappelle ( director ) ( 1995 ) . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Miramax Films . Jump up ^ Robert Zapia , Matt Greenberg ( writers ) and Steve Miner ( director ) ( 1998 ) . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Larry Brand , Sean Hood ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 2002 ) . Halloween : Resurrection ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 5 June 2006 ) . `` Zombie plots new mayhem for ' Halloween ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2007 ) . Halloween ( 2007 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2009 ) . Halloween II ( 2009 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . Jump up ^ Curtis Richards ( October 1979 ) . Halloween ( novel ) . Bantam Books . ISBN 0553132261 . Jump up ^ Jack Martin ( 1 November 1981 ) . Halloween II ( novel ) . Zebra Publishing . ISBN 089083864X . Jump up ^ Nicholas Grabowsky ( October 1988 ) . Halloween IV ( novel ) . Critics Choice Paperbacks / Lorevan Publishing . ISBN 1555472923 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kelly O'Rourke '' . Halloween Movies . 5 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 October 1997 ) . The Scream Factory ( Halloween , Book 1 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 157297298X . Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 December 1997 ) . The Old Myers Place ( Halloween , Book 2 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973412 . Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 February 1998 ) . The Mad House ( Halloween , Book 3 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973420 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween -- Michael Myers comic book titles '' . Movie Maniacs Comic Books . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews Stefan Hutchinson '' . Arrow in the Head . 28 November 2003 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Autopsis '' . Bloody Disgusting. 12 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , Stefan ( 2008 ) . Halloween : Nightdance . Chicago : Devil 's Due Publishing . ISBN 9781934692202 . ^ Jump up to : Newsarama ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Halloween in February : Hutchinson and Seeley on Halloween : Nightdance '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Hutchinson ( w ) , Daniel Zezelj , Jim Daly , Brett Weldele , Jeffrey Zornow , Lee Ferguson , Tim Seeley ( p ) , Nick Bell , Rob Buffalo , Jeffrey Zornow , Elizabeth John ( i ) . Halloween : 30 Years of Terror ( August 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Celebrating 30 Years of Halloween '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Debra Hill , Nick Castle , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Tommy Lee Wallace ( 2003 ) . A Cut Above the Rest ( Halloween : 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Anchor Bay . Jump up ^ Nicholas Rogers ( 31 October 2003 ) . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . Oxford University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0195168968 . Jump up ^ `` Dominique Othenin - Girard '' . Halloween Movies . 10 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Farrands interview '' . Icons of Fright. 2005 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( 2007 ) . Feature film commentary for Halloween ( 2007 film ) ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . Jump up ^ `` Rewriting Halloween : Interview with Comics Scribe Stefan Hutchinson '' . Cinema Crazed. 10 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE SHAPE '' . Dead by Daylight . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chichizola , Corey . `` John Carpenter 's Blunt Opinion On Rob Zombie 's Version Of Halloween '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # 262 : Danny McBride '' . Empire Film Podcast . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . Jump up ^ `` Buy Jennifer Love Hewitt 's ' Ghost Whisperer ' Wardrobe '' . Entertainment Tonight . 25 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Bray , Andrea Newman ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Bad Night '' . Cold Case . Season 3 . Episode 3 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` El Superbeasto Collides with Michael Myers '' . Dread Central . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . Jump up ^ . `` Onslaught '' . January 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Halloween Chapter - Dead by Daylight '' . Dead by Daylight . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Matt ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Halloween Atari video game '' . X-Entertainment . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mazes '' . Universal Studios Halloween Horror Nights . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . External links ( edit ) Halloween : Nightdance scribe Stefan Hutchinson interviewed at ComiXology.com Michael Myers on IMDb Official site of the Halloween series ( hide ) Halloween Films Halloween ( 1978 ) Halloween II ( 1981 ) Halloween III : Season of the Witch Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later Halloween : Resurrection Halloween ( 2007 ) Halloween II ( 2009 ) Characters Michael Myers Laurie Strode Samuel Loomis Jamie Lloyd Annie Brackett Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Myers_(Halloween)&oldid=811944586 '' Categories : Child characters in film Fictional characters from Illinois Fictional characters introduced in 1978 Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional hermits Fictional mass murderers Psychopathy in fiction Fictional rampage and spree killers Fictional sororicides Fictional victims of bullies Fictional victims of child abuse Halloween ( film series ) characters Horror film characters Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 23 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays michael myers in the halloween films | [
"Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films. He first appears in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) as a young boy who murders his sister and then, fifteen years later, returns home to murder more teenagers. In the original Halloween, the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books.",
"Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films. He first appears in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) as a young boy who murders his sister and then, fifteen years later, returns home to murder more teenagers. In the original Halloween, the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books.",
"Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films. He first appears in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) as a young boy who murders his sister and then, fifteen years later, returns home to murder more teenagers. In the original Halloween, the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books."
] | [
"Nick Castle",
"Tony Moran",
"Tommy Lee Wallace"
] |
5114040875245391663 | Second Battle of Panipat | Second battle of Panipat - Wikipedia Second battle of Panipat Jump to : navigation , search Second Battle of Panipat The defeat of Hemu , a c. 1590s painting by Kankar of the Second Battle of Panipat taken from the Akbarnama . Date November 5 , 1556 Location Panipat ( in present - day Haryana , India ) 29 ° 23 ′ N 76 ° 58 ′ E / 29.39 ° N 76.97 ° E / 29.39 ; 76.97 Result Decisive victory of the Mughal Empire Belligerents Mughal Empire Hemu Commanders and leaders Akbar Bairam Khan Ali Quli Khan Shaibani Sikandar Khan Uzbak Abdulla Khan Uzbak Husain Quli Beg Shah Quli Mahram Hemu † Ramya Shadi Khan Kakkar † Strength 10,000 cavalry 30,000 cavalry 500 war elephants The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5 , 1556 , between the forces of Hemu , the Hindu general and Chief Minister of Adil Shah Suri , and the army of the Mughal emperor , Akbar . Hemu had conquered Delhi a month earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Beg Khan at the Battle of Delhi and proclaimed himself Raja Vikramaditya . Akbar and his guardian , Bairam Khan , had immediately marched to Delhi to reclaim the city . The two armies clashed at Panipat not far from the site of the First Battle of Panipat of 1526 . Although Hemu had lost his artillery to the Mughals before the battle , his forces held the numerical superiority . However , Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow in the middle of the battle and fell unconscious . Seeing their leader going down , his army panicked and dispersed . Hemu was captured and subsequently beheaded . The battle ended in a decisive victory for Akbar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Formation 4 Battle 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References Background ( edit ) c. 1910s portrayal of Hemu Vikramaditya Humayun , the successor of Babur , the founder of the Mughal Empire , had lost his inheritance when he was chased out of India by Sher Shah Suri who established the Sur Empire in 1540 . Delhi and Agra fell into Sher Shah 's hands , but he died soon after in 1545 at Kalinjar . He was succeeded by his younger son , Islam Shah Suri , who was a capable ruler . However , upon his death in 1553 , the Sur Empire was caught up in a succession battle and was plagued by rebellion and the secession of provinces . Humayun made use of this discord to recapture what was lost and on 23 July 1555 , the Mughals defeated Sikandar Shah Suri and finally regained control over Delhi and Agra . Islam Shah 's rightful successor , his 12 - year - old son , Firoz Khan , had been murdered by his maternal uncle who had taken the throne as Adil Shah Suri . The new ruler was however , more interested in the pursuit of pleasure than in the affairs of his state . Those were largely left to Hemu , a Hindu from Rewari , who had risen from humble circumstances to become both Adil Shah 's Chief Minister as well as the general of the Suri army . He was in Bengal when Humayun died on 26 January 1556 . The Mughal emperor 's death provided an ideal opportunity to defeat the Mughals and reclaim lost territory . Hemu started a rapid march from Bengal and drove the Mughals out of Bayana , Etawah , Sambhal , Kalpi , and Narnaul . In Agra , the governor evacuated the city and fled without a fight upon hearing of Hemu 's impending invasion . In pursuit of the governor , Hemu reached Tughlaqabad , a village just outside Delhi where he ran into the forces of the Mughal governor of Delhi , Tardi Beg Khan , and defeated them in the Battle of Tughlaqabad . He took possession of Delhi after a day 's battle on 7 October 1556 and claimed royal status assuming the title of Vikramaditya ( or Bikramjit ) . Prelude ( edit ) On hearing the disastrous news from Tughlaqabad , Humayun 's successor , the 13 - year - old Akbar and his guardian Bairam Khan soon set off for Delhi . In a stroke of luck , Ali Quli Khan Shaibani ( later Khan - i - Zaman ) , who had been sent ahead with 10,000 - strong cavalry force , chanced upon Hemu 's artillery which was being transported under a weak guard . He was easily able to capture the entire train of artillery from the Afghans who abandoned the guns and fled without making a stand . This would prove to be a costly loss for Hemu . On 5 November 1556 , the Mughal army met Hemu 's army at the historic battlefield of Panipat . Akbar and Bairam Khan stayed in the rear , eight miles from the battleground . Formation ( edit ) The Mughal army was led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani with his 10,000 cavalry in the centre with Sikandar Khan Uzbak on the right and Abdulla Khan Uzbak towards the left . The vanguard was led by Husain Quli Beg and Shah Quli Mahram and included Bairam Khan 's detachment of Turks . Hemu 's army was numerically superior counting among its ranks a 30,000 - strong cavalry consisting of Rajput and Afghan horsemen and an elephant contingent numbering 500 . Each war elephant was protected by plate armour and mounted by musketeers and crossbowmen . Hemu led his army himself into battle , atop an elephant named Hawai . His left was led by his sister 's son , Ramya , and the right by Shadi Khan Kakkar . His army was an experienced and confident lot and Hemu had , by this time , been victorious in 22 battles for Adil Shah . In this battle however , Hemu had no artillery . Battle ( edit ) Two armies so collided That they struck fire out of water ; You 'd say the air was all crimsoned daggers , Their steel had all become solid rubies . Abu'l - Fazl , Akbarnama Hemu began the attack himself and loosed his elephants among the right and left wings of the Mughals . Those soldiers who were able to escape the rampage , rather than retreating , chose to veer to the sides and attack the flanks of Hemu 's cavalry , pelting them with their superior archery . The Mughal centre also advanced and took up a defensive position before a deep ravine . Neither Hemu 's elephant nor his horse units were able to cross the chasm to reach their opponents and were vulnerable to the projectile weapons being fired from the other side . Meanwhile , the Mughal cavalry on their swift mounts had made inroads into the Afghan ranks from the flanks as well as the rear and began targeting the elephants , either slashing at the legs of the great beasts or taking out their riders . Hemu was forced to pull back his elephants and the Afghan attack relented . Seeing the Afghan attack slackening , Ali Quli Khan led his cavalry out , circling around and falling upon the Afghan centre from the rear . Hemu , monitoring the battlefield from his howdah atop Hawai , immediately hurried to counter this charge . Even after seeing Shadi Khan Kakkar and another of his able lieutenants , Bhagwan Das , go down , he continued to lead counterattacks against the Mughals , running down any who challenged his elephants . It was a desperately contested battle but the advantage seemed to have tilted in favour of Hemu . Both the wings of the Mughal army had been driven back and Hemu moved his contingent of war elephants and cavalry forward to crush their centre . It was at this point that Hemu , possibly on the cusp of victory , was wounded when he was struck in the eye by a chance Mughal arrow and collapsed unconscious . Seeing him going down triggered a panic in his army which broke formation and fled . The battle was lost ; 5000 dead lay on the field of battle and many more were killed while fleeing . Aftermath ( edit ) The elephant carrying the wounded Hemu was captured and led to the Mughal camp . Bairam Khan asked the 13 - year - old Akbar to behead Hemu , but he refused to take the sword to a dying man . Akbar was persuaded to touch Hemu 's head with his sword after which Bairam Khan executed him . Hemu 's head was sent to Kabul while his body was gibbeted on a gate in Delhi . A minaret was subsequently constructed of the heads of the other dead . Hemu 's supporters would later erect a memorial for him at the spot in Panipat where he was beheaded . It is now known as Hemu 's Samadhi Sthal . With the passing of Hemu , Adil Shah 's fortunes also took a turn for the worse . He was defeated and killed by Khizr Khan , son of Muhammad Shah of Bengal , in April 1557 . The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu 's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies . See also ( edit ) First Battle of Panipat Third Battle of Panipat Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 1960 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Qanungo 1965 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra 2004 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar 1960 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Richards 1995 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar 1960 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Tripathi 1960 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar 1960 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Roy 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Chandra 2004 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 1960 , p. 68 : Chandra names Hemu 's nephew as Ramaiyya . Jump up ^ Abu'l - Fazl . `` Vol II , Chapter XI '' . Akbarnama . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 1960 , pp. 68 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Sarkar 1960 , p. 69 : According to Sarkar , the battle was still evenly matched when the random arrow found Hemu . ^ Jump up to : Tripathi 1960 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Chandra 2004 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ `` Hemu 's Samadhi Sthal '' . Haryana Tourism . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Places Of Interest / Hemu 's Samadhi Sthal '' . panipat.gov.in . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Tripathi 1960 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roy 2013 , p. 47 . References ( edit ) Sarkar , Jadunath ( 1960 ) . Military History of India . Orient Longmans . pp. 66 -- 69 . Tripathi , Ram Prasad ( 1960 ) . Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire ( 2nd ed . ) . pp. 158 -- 77 . Chandra , Satish ( 2004 ) . Medieval India : From Sultanate To The Mughals , Part II : Mughal Empire ( 1526 -- 1748 ) ( Third ed . ) . Har - Anand Publications . pp. 91 -- 93 . ISBN 9788124110669 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Qanungo , Kalika Ranjan ( 1965 ) . Sher Shah and his Times . Orient Longmans . pp. 448 -- 449 . Richards , John F. ( 1995 ) . The Mughal Empire ( The New Cambridge History of India ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 9780521566032 . Roy , Kaushik ( 2004 ) . India 's historic battles : from Alexander the Great to Kargil . Delhi : Permanent Black . pp. 68 -- 79 . ISBN 9788178241098 . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Roy , Kaushik ( 2013 ) . `` Fazl , Abul ( 1551 -- 1602 ) '' . In Coetzee , Daniel ; Eysturlid , Lee W. Philosophers of war : the evolution of history 's greatest military thinkers . Santa Barbara : Praeger . pp. 43 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 07033 - 4 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Mughal Empire Emperors Babur Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb ( Alamgir ) Muhammad Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I Jahandar Shah Farrukhsiyar Rafi ud - Darajat Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah Ahmad Shah Bahadur Alamgir II Shah Jahan III Shah Alam II Akbar II Bahadur Shah II Battles and conflicts Battle of Panipat ( 1526 ) Gujarat conquest Battle of Khanwa Battle of Ghaghra Siege of Sambhal Battle of Panipat ( 1556 ) Battle of Thanesar Siege of Chittorgarh Siege of Ranthambore Battle of Tukaroi Battle of Raj Mahal Battle of Haldighati Battle of Bhuchar Mori Siege of Kandahar Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1622 -- 23 ) Siege of Orchha Mughal -- Safavid War ( 1649 -- 53 ) Battle of Samugarh Battle of Khajwa Suppression of Tilpat rebellion Ahom -- Mughal conflicts Siege of Purandhar Tibet -- Ladakh -- Mughal War Mughal -- Maratha Wars Siege of Bijapur Siege of Jinji Child 's War Siege of Golconda Battle of Karnal Third Battle of Panipat Battle of Buxar Siege of Delhi Architecture Taj Mahal Gardens of Babur Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of Salim Chishti Humayun 's Tomb Red Fort Lahore Fort Jahangir Mahal Lalbagh Fort Akbar 's Tomb Agra Fort Chawk Mosque Shalimar Gardens Achabal Gardens Jahangir 's Tomb Bibi Ka Maqbara Badshahi Mosque Shahi Bridge Shah Jahan Mosque , Thatta Sheesh Mahal Sunehri Masjid Tipu Sultan Mosque Wazir Khan Mosque more Adversaries Ibrahim Lodi Rana Sanga Sher Shah Suri Hemu Maharana Pratap Malik Ambar Gokula Pratapaditya Shivaji Lachit Borphukan Khushal Khattak Sir Josiah Child Guru Gobind Singh Henry Every Bajirao I Nader Shah Hector Munro Provinces Bengal Subah Gujarat Subah See also Art Cuisine Culture Flag Gardens Language Military Painting Persians Tribe Weapons Timurid dynasty family tree Successor states Maratha Empire Rajput states Jats Sikh Empire Nawabs of Bengal Awadh Nizam of Hyderabad Carnatic Kingdom of Mysore Rohilkhand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Panipat&oldid=803794499 '' Categories : 1556 in India Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Battles involving the Mughal Empire Panipat History of Haryana Conflicts in 1556 Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 Use Indian English from January 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 17 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the second battle of panipat fought | [
"The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on November 5, 1556, between the forces of Hemu, the Hindu general and Chief Minister of Adil Shah Suri, and the army of the Mughal emperor, Akbar. Hemu had conquered Delhi a month earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Beg Khan at the Battle of Delhi and proclaimed himself Raja Vikramaditya. Akbar and his guardian, Bairam Khan, had immediately marched to Delhi to reclaim the city. The two armies clashed at Panipat not far from the site of the First Battle of Panipat of 1526."
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"November 5, 1556"
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3873568503830592218 | Trail of Tears | Trail of Tears - wikipedia Trail of Tears Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Trail of Tears ( disambiguation ) . Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears memorial monument at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota , Georgia , which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears Date 1831 -- 1850 Location Southeastern United States and Indian Territory , present - day Oklahoma Participants U.S. Government , U.S. Army , state militias , Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee , Muscogee , Seminole , Chickasaw , and Choctaw nations Outcome The forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement . Deaths Cherokee ( 4,000 ) Creek Seminole ( 3,000 in Second Seminole War -- 1835 -- 1842 ) Chickasaw ( 3,500 ) Choctaw ( 2,500 -- 6,000 ) The Trail of Tears was a series of forced relocations of Native American peoples from their ancestral homelands in the Southeastern United States , to areas to the west ( usually west of the Mississippi River ) that had been designated as Indian Territory . The forced relocations were carried out by government authorities following the passage of the Indian Removal Act in 1830 . The relocated peoples suffered from exposure , disease , and starvation while en route to their new designated reserve , and many died before reaching their destinations . The forced removals included members of the Cherokee , Muscogee ( Creek ) , Seminole , Chickasaw , Choctaw , and Ponca nations . The phrase `` Trail of Tears '' originates from a description of the removal of many Native American tribes , including the infamous Cherokee Nation relocation in 1838 . Between 1830 and 1850 , the Chickasaw , Choctaw , Creek , Seminole , and Cherokee people ( including mixed - race and black slaves who lived among them ) were forcibly removed from their traditional lands in the Southeastern United States , and relocated farther west . Those Native Americans who were relocated were forced to march to their destinations by state and local militias . The Cherokee removal in 1838 ( the last forced removal east of the Mississippi ) was brought on by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia in 1828 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush . Approximately 2,000 -- 8,000 of the 16,543 relocated Cherokee perished along the way . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 1.1 Jackson 's role 1.2 Terminology 2 Legal background 3 Choctaw removal 4 Seminole resistance 5 Creek dissolution 6 Chickasaw monetary removal 7 Cherokee forced relocation 7.1 Eastern Cherokee Restitution 8 Statistics 9 Landmarks and commerations 9.1 Trail of Tears outdoor historical drama , Unto These Hills 9.2 Commemorative medallion 9.3 In literature and oral history 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Documents 14 Documentary 15 External links Historical context ( edit ) Map of United States Indian Removal , 1830 -- 1838 . Oklahoma is depicted in light yellow - green . In 1830 , a group of Indians collectively referred to as the Five Civilized Tribes ( the Cherokee , Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee , and Seminole tribes ) were living as autonomous nations in what would be later called the American Deep South . The process of cultural transformation , as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox , was gaining momentum , especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw . American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast ; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands , while others wanted more land made available to white settlers . Although the effort was vehemently opposed by some , including U.S. Congressman Davy Crockett of Tennessee , President Andrew Jackson was able to gain Congressional passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which authorized the government to extinguish Indian title to lands in the Southeast . In 1831 , the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed , and their removal served as the model for all future relocations . After two wars , many Seminoles were removed in 1832 . The Creek removal followed in 1834 , the Chickasaw in 1837 , and lastly the Cherokee in 1838 . However , some managed to evade the removals and remained in their ancestral homelands ; some Choctaw are living in Mississippi , Creek in Alabama and Florida , Cherokee in North Carolina , and Seminole in Florida ; a small group had escaped into the Everglades and were never defeated by the United States government . A small number of non-Native Americans who lived with the tribes , including some of African descent ( some as slaves , and others as spouses or freedmen ) , also accompanied the Indians on the trek westward . By 1837 , 46,000 Indians from the southeastern states had been removed from their homelands , thereby opening 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) for predominantly white settlement . Prior to 1838 , the fixed boundaries of these autonomous tribal nations , comprising large areas of the United States , were subject to continual cession and annexation , in part due to pressure from squatters and the threat of military force in the newly declared U.S. territories -- federally administered regions whose boundaries supervened upon the Native treaty claims . As these territories became U.S. states , state governments sought to dissolve the boundaries of the Indian nations within their borders , which were independent of state jurisdiction , and to expropriate the land therein . These pressures were exacerbated by U.S. population growth and the expansion of slavery in the South , with the rapid development of cotton cultivation in the uplands following the invention of the cotton gin . Jackson 's role ( edit ) Andrew Jackson 's support for removal of Native Americans began at least a decade before his presidency . Indian removal was Jackson 's top legislative priority upon taking office . The removals , conducted under both Presidents Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , followed the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which provided the President with powers to exchange land with Native tribes and provide infrastructure improvements on the existing lands . The law also gave the president power to pay for transportation costs to the West , should tribes choose to relocate . The law did not , however , allow the President to force tribes to move West without a mutually agreed - upon treaty . Referring to the Indian Removal Act , Martin Van Buren , Jackson 's vice president and successor is quoted as saying `` There was no measure , in the whole course of ( Jackson 's ) administration , of which he was more exclusively the author than this . '' In the years following the Act , the Cherokee filed several lawsuits regarding conflicts with the state of Georgia . Some of these cases reached the Supreme Court , the most influential being Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) . Samuel Worcester and other non-Indians were convicted by Georgia law for residing in Cherokee territory in the state of Georgia without a license . Worcester was sentenced to prison for four years and appealed the ruling , arguing that this sentence violated treaties made between Indian nations and the United States federal government by imposing state laws on Cherokee lands . The Court ruled in Worcester 's favor , declaring that the Cherokee Nation was subject only to federal law and that the Supremacy Clause barred legislative interference by the state of Georgia . Chief Justice Marshall argued , `` The Cherokee nation , then , is a distinct community occupying its own territory in which the laws of Georgia can have no force . The whole intercourse between the United States and this Nation , is , by our constitution and laws , vested in the government of the United States . '' Andrew Jackson did not listen to the Supreme Court mandate barring Georgia from intruding on Cherokee lands . He feared that enforcement would lead to open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , which would compound the ongoing crisis in South Carolina and lead to a broader civil war . Instead , he vigorously negotiated a land exchange treaty with the Cherokee . Political opponents Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams , who supported the Worcester decision , were outraged by Jackson 's refusal to uphold Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote an account of Cherokee assimilation into the American culture , declaring his support of the Worcester decision . Jackson chose to continue with Indian removal , and negotiated The Treaty of New Echota , on December 29 , 1835 , which granted Cherokee Indians two years to move to Indian Territory ( modern Oklahoma ) . Only a fraction of the Cherokees left voluntarily . The U.S. government , with assistance from state militias , forced most of the remaining Cherokees west in 1838 . The Cherokees were temporarily remanded in camps in eastern Tennessee . In November , the Cherokee were broken into groups of around 1,000 each and began the journey west . They endured heavy rains , snow , and freezing temperatures . When the Cherokee negotiated the Treaty of New Echota , they exchanged all their land east of the Mississippi for land in modern Oklahoma and a $5 million payment from the federal government . Many Cherokee felt betrayed that their leadership accepted the deal , and over 16,000 Cherokee signed a petition to prevent the passage of the treaty . By the end of the decade in 1840 , tens of thousands of Cherokee and other tribes had been removed from their land east of the Mississippi River . The Creek , Choctaw , Seminole , and Chicksaw were also relocated under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 . One Choctaw leader portrayed the removal as `` A Trail of Tears and Deaths '' , a devastating event that removed most of the Native population of the southeastern United States from their traditional homelands . Terminology ( edit ) The latter forced relocations have sometimes been referred to as `` death marches '' , in particular with reference to the Cherokee march across the Midwest in 1838 , which occurred on a predominantly land route . Indians who had the means initially provided for their own removal . Contingents that were led by conductors from the U.S. Army included those led by Edward Deas , who was claimed to be a sympathizer for the Cherokee plight . The largest death toll from the Cherokee forced relocation comes from the period after the May 23 , 1838 deadline . This was at the point when the remaining Cherokee were rounded into camps and pressed into oversized detachments , often over 700 in size ( larger than the populations of Little Rock or Memphis at that time ) . Communicable diseases spread quickly through these closely quartered groups , killing many . These contingents were among the last to move , but following the same routes the others had taken ; the areas they were going through had been depleted of supplies due to the vast numbers that had gone before them . The marchers were subject to extortion and violence along the route . In addition , these final contingents were forced to set out during the hottest and coldest months of the year , killing many . Exposure to the elements , disease and starvation , harassment by local frontiersmen , and insufficient rations similarly killed up to one - third of the Choctaw and other nations on the march . There exists some debate among historians and the affected tribes as to whether the term `` Trail of Tears '' should be used to refer to the entire history of forced relocations from the United States east of the Mississippi into Indian Territory ( as was the stated U.S. policy ) , or to the Five Tribes described above , to the route of the land march specifically , or to specific marches in which the remaining holdouts from each area were rounded up . Legal background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The territorial boundaries claimed as sovereign and controlled by the Indian nations living in what were then known as the Indian Territories -- the portion of the early United States west of the Mississippi River not yet claimed or allotted to become Oklahoma -- were fixed and determined by national treaties with the United States federal government . These recognized the tribal governments as dependent but internally sovereign , or autonomous nations under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government . While retaining their tribal governance , which included a constitution or official council in tribes such as the Iroquois and Cherokee , many portions of the southeastern Indian nations had become partially or completely economically integrated into the economy of the region . This included the plantation economy in states such as Georgia , and the possession of slaves . These slaves were also forcibly relocated during the process of removal . A similar process had occurred earlier in the territories controlled by the Confederacy of the Six Nations in what is now upstate New York prior to the British invasion and subsequent U.S. annexation of the Iroquois nation . Under the history of U.S. treaty law , the territorial boundaries claimed by federally recognized tribes received the same status under which the Southeastern tribal claims were recognized ; until the following establishment of reservations of land , determined by the federal government , which were ceded to the remaining tribes by de jure treaty , in a process that often entailed forced relocation . The establishment of the Indian Territory and the extinguishment of Indian land claims east of the Mississippi anticipated the establishment of the U.S. Indian reservation system . It was imposed on remaining Indian lands later in the 19th century . The statutory argument for Indian sovereignty persisted until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , that ( e.g. ) the Cherokee were not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore not entitled to a hearing before the court . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the court re-established limited internal sovereignty under the sole jurisdiction of the federal government , in a ruling that both opposed the subsequent forced relocation and set the basis for modern U.S. case law . While the latter ruling was defied by Jackson , the actions of the Jackson administration were not isolated because state and federal officials had violated treaties without consequence , often attributed to military exigency , as the members of individual Indian nations were not automatically United States citizens and were rarely given standing in any U.S. court . Jackson 's involvement in what became known as the Trail of Tears can not be ignored . In a speech regarding Indian removal , Jackson said , `` It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites ; free them from the power of the States ; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions ; will retard the progress of decay , which is lessening their numbers , and perhaps cause them gradually , under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels , to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting , civilized , and Christian community . '' According to Jackson , the move would be nothing but beneficial for all parties . His point of view garnered support from many Americans , many of whom would benefit economically from the removal . This was compounded by the fact that while citizenship tests existed for Indians living in newly annexed areas before and after forced relocation , individual U.S. states did not recognize tribal land claims , only individual title under State law , and distinguished between the rights of white and non-white citizens , who often had limited standing in court ; and Indian removal was carried out under U.S. military jurisdiction , often by state militias . As a result , individual Indians who could prove U.S. citizenship were nevertheless displaced from newly annexed areas . The military actions and subsequent treaties enacted by Jackson 's and Martin Van Buren 's administrations pursuant to the 1830 law , which Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett had unsuccessfully voted against , are widely considered to have directly caused the expulsion or death of a substantial part of the Indian population then living in the southeastern United States . Choctaw Removal ( edit ) Main article : Choctaw Trail of Tears George W. Harkins , Choctaw chief The Choctaw nation occupied large portions of what are now the U.S. states of Alabama , Mississippi , and Louisiana . After a series of treaties starting in 1801 , the Choctaw nation was reduced to 11,000,000 acres ( 45,000 km ) . The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek ceded the remaining country to the United States and was ratified in early 1831 . The removals were only agreed to after a provision in the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek allowed some Choctaw to remain . The chief of the Choctaw tribe , George W. Harkins , wrote to the citizens of the United States before the removals were to commence : It is with considerable diffidence that I attempt to address the American people , knowing and feeling sensibly my incompetency ; and believing that your highly and well improved minds would not be well entertained by the address of a Choctaw . But having determined to emigrate west of the Mississippi river this fall , I have thought proper in bidding you farewell to make a few remarks expressive of my views , and the feelings that actuate me on the subject of our removal ... We as Choctaws rather chose to suffer and be free , than live under the degrading influence of laws , which our voice could not be heard in their formation . -- George W. Harkins , George W. Harkins to the American People United States Secretary of War Lewis Cass appointed George Gaines to manage the removals . Gaines decided to remove Choctaws in three phases starting in 1831 and ending in 1833 . The first was to begin on November 1 , 1831 with groups meeting at Memphis and Vicksburg . A harsh winter would batter the emigrants with flash floods , sleet , and snow . Initially the Choctaws were to be transported by wagon but floods halted them . With food running out , the residents of Vicksburg and Memphis were concerned . Five steamboats ( the Walter Scott , the Brandywine , the Reindeer , the Talma , and the Cleopatra ) would ferry Choctaws to their river - based destinations . The Memphis group traveled up the Arkansas for about 60 miles ( 100 km ) to Arkansas Post . There the temperature stayed below freezing for almost a week with the rivers clogged with ice , so there could be no travel for weeks . Food rationing consisted of a handful of boiled corn , one turnip , and two cups of heated water per day . Forty government wagons were sent to Arkansas Post to transport them to Little Rock . When they reached Little Rock , a Choctaw chief referred to their trek as a `` trail of tears and death '' . The Vicksburg group was led by an incompetent guide and was lost in the Lake Providence swamps . Alexis de Tocqueville , French political thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville , the French philosopher , witnessed the Choctaw removals while in Memphis , Tennessee in 1831 : In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction , something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu ; one could n't watch without feeling one 's heart wrung . The Indians were tranquil , but sombre and taciturn . There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country . `` To be free , '' he answered , could never get any other reason out of him . We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples . -- Alexis de Tocqueville , Democracy in America Nearly 17,000 Choctaws made the move to what would be called Indian Territory and then later Oklahoma . About 2,500 -- 6,000 died along the trail of tears . Approximately 5,000 -- 6,000 Choctaws remained in Mississippi in 1831 after the initial removal efforts . The Choctaws who chose to remain in newly formed Mississippi were subject to legal conflict , harassment , and intimidation . The Choctaws `` have had our habitations torn down and burned , our fences destroyed , cattle turned into our fields and we ourselves have been scourged , manacled , fettered and otherwise personally abused , until by such treatment some of our best men have died '' . The Choctaws in Mississippi were later reformed as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians and the removed Choctaws became the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma . The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty presented by the federal government . President Andrew Jackson wanted strong negotiations with the Choctaws in Mississippi , and the Choctaws seemed much more cooperative than Andrew Jackson had imagined . When commissioners and Choctaws came to negotiation agreements it was said the United States would bear the expense of moving their homes and that they had to be removed within two and a half years of the signed treaty . Seminole resistance ( edit ) Main article : Seminole Wars The U.S. acquired Florida from Spain via the Adams -- Onís Treaty and took possession in 1821 . In 1832 the Seminoles were called to a meeting at Payne 's Landing on the Ocklawaha River . The treaty negotiated called for the Seminoles to move west , if the land were found to be suitable . They were to be settled on the Creek reservation and become part of the Creek tribe , who considered them deserters ; some of the Seminoles had been derived from Creek bands but also from other tribes . Those among the tribe who once were members of Creek bands did not wish to move west to where they were certain that they would meet death for leaving the main band of Creek Indians . The delegation of seven chiefs who were to inspect the new reservation did not leave Florida until October 1832 . After touring the area for several months and conferring with the Creeks who had already settled there , the seven chiefs signed a statement on March 28 , 1833 that the new land was acceptable . Upon their return to Florida , however , most of the chiefs renounced the statement , claiming that they had not signed it , or that they had been forced to sign it , and in any case , that they did not have the power to decide for all the tribes and bands that resided on the reservation . The villages in the area of the Apalachicola River were more easily persuaded , however , and went west in 1834 . On December 28 , 1835 a group of Seminoles and blacks ambushed a U.S. Army company marching from Fort Brooke in Tampa to Fort King in Ocala , killing all but three of the 110 army troops . This came to be known as the Dade Massacre . Seminole warrior Tuko - see - mathla , 1834 As the realization that the Seminoles would resist relocation sank in , Florida began preparing for war . The St. Augustine Militia asked the War Department for the loan of 500 muskets . Five hundred volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. Richard K. Call . Indian war parties raided farms and settlements , and families fled to forts , large towns , or out of the territory altogether . A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train , killing eight of its guards and wounding six others . Most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later . Sugar plantations along the Atlantic coast south of St. Augustine were destroyed , with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles . Other warchiefs such as Halleck Tustenuggee , Jumper , and Black Seminoles Abraham and John Horse continued the Seminole resistance against the army . The war ended , after a full decade of fighting , in 1842 . The U.S. government is estimated to have spent about $20,000,000 on the war , at the time an astronomical sum , and equal to $507,172,414 today . Many Indians were forcibly exiled to Creek lands west of the Mississippi ; others retreated into the Everglades . In the end , the government gave up trying to subjugate the Seminole in their Everglades redoubts and left fewer than 500 Seminoles in peace . However , other scholars state that at least several hundred Seminoles remained in the Everglades after the Seminole Wars . As a result of the Seminole Wars , the surviving Seminole band of the Everglades claims to be the only federally recognized tribe which never relinquished sovereignty or signed a peace treaty with the United States . In general the American people tended to view the Indian resistance as unwarranted . An article published by the Virginia Enquirer on January 26 , 1836 , called the `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' , assigned all the blame for the violence that came from the Seminole 's resistance to the Seminoles themselves . The article accuses the Indians of not staying true to their word -- the promises they supposedly made in the treaties and negotiations from the Indian Removal Act . Creek dissolution ( edit ) Main article : Muscogee Selocta ( or Shelocta ) was a Muscogee chief who appealed to Andrew Jackson to reduce the demands for Creek lands at the signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson After the War of 1812 , some Muscogee leaders such as William McIntosh signed treaties that ceded more land to Georgia . The 1814 signing of the Treaty of Fort Jackson signaled the end for the Creek Nation and for all Indians in the South . Friendly Creek leaders , like Selocta and Big Warrior , addressed Sharp Knife ( the Indian nickname for Andrew Jackson ) and reminded him that they keep the peace . Nevertheless , Jackson retorted that they did not `` cut ( Tecumseh 's ) throat '' when they had the chance , so they must now cede Creek lands . Jackson also ignored Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent that restored sovereignty to Indians and their nations . Jackson opened this first peace session by faintly acknowledging the help of the friendly Creeks . That done , he turned to the Red Sticks and admonished them for listening to evil counsel . For their crime , he said , the entire Creek Nation must pay . He demanded the equivalent of all expenses incurred by the United States in prosecuting the war , which by his calculation came to 23,000,000 acres ( 93,000 km ) of land . -- Robert V. Remini , Andrew Jackson Eventually , the Creek Confederacy enacted a law that made further land cessions a capital offense . Nevertheless , on February 12 , 1825 , McIntosh and other chiefs signed the Treaty of Indian Springs , which gave up most of the remaining Creek lands in Georgia . After the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty , McIntosh was assassinated on May 13 , 1825 , by Creeks led by Menawa . The Creek National Council , led by Opothle Yohola , protested to the United States that the Treaty of Indian Springs was fraudulent . President John Quincy Adams was sympathetic , and eventually the treaty was nullified in a new agreement , the Treaty of Washington ( 1826 ) . The historian R. Douglas Hurt wrote : `` The Creeks had accomplished what no Indian nation had ever done or would do again -- achieve the annulment of a ratified treaty . '' However , Governor Troup of Georgia ignored the new treaty and began to forcibly remove the Indians under the terms of the earlier treaty . At first , President Adams attempted to intervene with federal troops , but Troup called out the militia , and Adams , fearful of a civil war , conceded . As he explained to his intimates , `` The Indians are not worth going to war over . '' Although the Creeks had been forced from Georgia , with many Lower Creeks moving to the Indian Territory , there were still about 20,000 Upper Creeks living in Alabama . However , the state moved to abolish tribal governments and extend state laws over the Creeks . Opothle Yohola appealed to the administration of President Andrew Jackson for protection from Alabama ; when none was forthcoming , the Treaty of Cusseta was signed on March 24 , 1832 , which divided up Creek lands into individual allotments . Creeks could either sell their allotments and receive funds to remove to the west , or stay in Alabama and submit to state laws . The Creeks were never given a fair chance to comply with the terms of the treaty , however . Rampant illegal settlement of their lands by Americans continued unabated with federal and state authorities unable or unwilling to do much to halt it . Further , as recently detailed by historian Billy Winn in his thorough chronicle of the events leading to removal , a variety of fraudulent schemes designed to cheat the Creeks out of their allotments , many of them organized by speculators operating out of Columbus , Georgia and Montgomery , Alabama , were perpetrated after the signing of the Treaty of Cusseta . A portion of the beleaguered Creeks , many desperately poor and feeling abused and oppressed by their American neighbors , struck back by carrying out occasional raids on area farms and committing other isolated acts of violence . Escalating tensions erupted into open war with the United States following the destruction of the village of Roanoke , Georgia , located along the Chattahoochee River on the boundary between Creek and American territory , in May 1836 . During the so - called `` Creek War of 1836 '' Secretary of War Lewis Cass dispatched General Winfield Scott to end the violence by forcibly removing the Creeks to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 it continued into 1835 and after as in 1836 over 15,000 Creeks were driven from their land for the last time . 3,500 of those 15,000 Creeks did not survive the trip to Oklahoma where they eventually settled . Chickasaw monetary Removal ( edit ) See also : Chickasaw Historic Marker in Marion , Arkansas , for the Trail of Tears Play media Fragment of the Trail of Tears still intact at Village Creek State Park , Arkansas ( 2010 ) The Chickasaw received financial compensation from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River . In 1836 , the Chickasaws had reached an agreement to purchase land from the previously removed Choctaws after a bitter five - year debate . They paid the Choctaws $530,000 ( equal to $11,810,970 today ) for the westernmost part of the Choctaw land . The first group of Chickasaws moved in 1836 and was led by John M. Millard . The Chickasaws gathered at Memphis on July 4 , 1836 , with all of their assets -- belongings , livestock , and slaves . Once across the Mississippi River , they followed routes previously established by the Choctaws and the Creeks . Once in Indian Territory , the Chickasaws merged with the Choctaw nation . Cherokee forced relocation ( edit ) Main article : Cherokee removal Cherokee Principal Chief John Ross , photographed before his death in 1866 By 1838 , about 2,000 Cherokee had voluntarily relocated from Georgia to Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma ) . Forcible removals began in May 1838 when General Winfield Scott received a final order from President Martin Van Buren to relocate the remaining Cherokees . Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died in the ensuing trek to Oklahoma . In the Cherokee language , the event is called nu na da ul tsun yi ( `` the place where they cried '' ) or nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i ( the trail where they cried ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears resulted from the enforcement of the Treaty of New Echota , an agreement signed under the provisions of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , which exchanged Indian land in the East for lands west of the Mississippi River , but which was never accepted by the elected tribal leadership or a majority of the Cherokee people . The sparsely inhabited Cherokee lands were highly attractive to Georgian farmers experiencing population pressure , and illegal settlements resulted . Long - simmering tensions between Georgia and the Cherokee Nation were brought to a crisis by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega , Georgia , in 1829 , resulting in the Georgia Gold Rush , the second gold rush in U.S. history . Hopeful gold speculators began trespassing on Cherokee lands , and pressure mounted to fulfill the Compact of 1802 in which the US Government promised to extinguish Indian land claims in the state of Georgia . When Georgia moved to extend state laws over Cherokee lands in 1830 , the matter went to the U.S. Supreme Court . In Cherokee Nation v. Georgia ( 1831 ) , the Marshall court ruled that the Cherokee Nation was not a sovereign and independent nation , and therefore refused to hear the case . However , in Worcester v. Georgia ( 1832 ) , the Court ruled that Georgia could not impose laws in Cherokee territory , since only the national government -- not state governments -- had authority in Indian affairs . Worcester v Georgia is associated with Andrew Jackson 's famous , though apocryphal , quote `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' In reality , this quote did not appear until 30 years after the incident and was first printed in a textbook authored by Jackson critic Horace Greeley . Elizabeth `` Betsy '' Brown Stephens ( 1903 ) , a Cherokee Indian who walked the Trail of Tears in 1838 Fearing open warfare between federal troops and the Georgia militia , Jackson decided not to enforce Cherokee claims against the state of Georgia . He was already embroiled in a constitutional crisis with South Carolina ( i.e. the nullification crisis ) and favored Cherokee relocation over civil war . With the Indian Removal Act of 1830 , the U.S. Congress had given Jackson authority to negotiate removal treaties , exchanging Indian land in the East for land west of the Mississippi River . Jackson used the dispute with Georgia to put pressure on the Cherokees to sign a removal treaty . The final treaty , passed in Congress by a single vote , and signed by President Andrew Jackson , was imposed by his successor President Martin Van Buren. Van Buren allowed Georgia , Tennessee , North Carolina , and Alabama an armed force of 7,000 militiamen , army regulars , and volunteers under General Winfield Scott to relocate about 13,000 Cherokees to Cleveland , Tennessee . After the initial roundup , the U.S. military oversaw the emigration to Oklahoma . Former Cherokee lands were immediately opened to settlement . Most of the deaths during the journey were caused by disease , malnutrition , and exposure during an unusually cold winter . In the winter of 1838 the Cherokee began the 1,000 - mile ( 1,600 km ) march with scant clothing and most on foot without shoes or moccasins . The march began in Red Clay , Tennessee , the location of the last Eastern capital of the Cherokee Nation . Because of the diseases , the Indians were not allowed to go into any towns or villages along the way ; many times this meant traveling much farther to go around them . After crossing Tennessee and Kentucky , they arrived at the Ohio River across from Golconda in southern Illinois about the 3rd of December 1838 . Here the starving Indians were charged a dollar a head ( equal to $22.98 today ) to cross the river on `` Berry 's Ferry '' which typically charged twelve cents , equal to $2.76 today . They were not allowed passage until the ferry had serviced all others wishing to cross and were forced to take shelter under `` Mantle Rock '' , a shelter bluff on the Kentucky side , until `` Berry had nothing better to do '' . Many died huddled together at Mantle Rock waiting to cross . Several Cherokee were murdered by locals . The Cherokee filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Government through the courthouse in Vienna , suing the government for $35 a head ( equal to $804.34 today ) to bury the murdered Cherokee . As they crossed southern Illinois , on December 26 , Martin Davis , Commissary Agent for Moses Daniel 's detachment , wrote : `` There is the coldest weather in Illinois I ever experienced anywhere . The streams are all frozen over something like 8 or 12 inches ( 20 or 30 cm ) thick . We are compelled to cut through the ice to get water for ourselves and animals . It snows here every two or three days at the fartherest . We are now camped in Mississippi ( River ) swamp 4 miles ( 6 km ) from the river , and there is no possible chance of crossing the river for the numerous quantity of ice that comes floating down the river every day . We have only traveled 65 miles ( 105 km ) on the last month , including the time spent at this place , which has been about three weeks . It is unknown when we shall cross the river ... '' A soldier from Georgia said : I fought through the War Between the States and have seen many men shot , but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew . -- Georgian soldier who participated in the removal A Trail of Tears map of Southern Illinois from the USDA -- U.S. Forest Service It eventually took almost three months to cross the 60 miles ( 97 kilometres ) on land between the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers . The trek through southern Illinois is where the Cherokee suffered most of their deaths . However a few years before forced removal , some Cherokee who opted to leave their homes voluntarily chose a water - based route through the Tennessee , Ohio and Mississippi rivers . It took only 21 days , but the Cherokee who were forcibly relocated were weary of water travel . Removed Cherokees initially settled near Tahlequah , Oklahoma . When signing the Treaty of New Echota in 1835 Major Ridge said `` I have signed my death warrant . '' The resulting political turmoil led to the killings of Major Ridge , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot ; of the leaders of the Treaty Party , only Stand Watie escaped death . The population of the Cherokee Nation eventually rebounded , and today the Cherokees are the largest American Indian group in the United States . There were some exceptions to removal . Approximately 100 Cherokees evaded the U.S. soldiers and lived off the land in Georgia and other states . Those Cherokees who lived on private , individually owned lands ( rather than communally owned tribal land ) were not subject to removal . In North Carolina , about 400 Cherokees , known as the Oconaluftee Cherokee , lived on land in the Great Smoky Mountains owned by a white man named William Holland Thomas ( who had been adopted by Cherokees as a boy ) , and were thus not subject to removal . Added to this were some 200 Cherokee from the Nantahala area allowed to stay in the Qualla Boundary after assisting the U.S. Army in hunting down and capturing the family of the old prophet , Tsali ( who faced a firing squad after capture ) . These North Carolina Cherokees became the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation . Eastern Cherokee restitution ( edit ) The United States Court of Claims ruled in favor of the Eastern Cherokee Tribe 's claim against the U.S. on May 18 , 1905 . This resulted in the appropriation of $1 million ( equal to $27,438,023.04 today ) to the Tribe 's eligible individuals and families . Interior Department employee Guion Miller created a list using several rolls and applications to verify tribal enrollment for the distribution of funds , known as the Guion Miller Roll . The applications received documented over 125,000 individuals ; the court approved more than 30,000 individuals to share in the funds . Statistics ( edit ) Nation Population east of the Mississippi before removal treaty Removal treaty & year signed Years of major emigration Total number emigrated or forcibly removed Number stayed in Southeast Deaths during removal Deaths from warfare Choctaw 19,554 + white citizens of the Choctaw Nation + 500 black slaves Dancing Rabbit Creek ( 1830 ) 1831 -- 1836 12,500 7,000 2,000 -- 4,000 + ( Cholera ) none Creek 22,700 + 900 black slaves Cusseta ( 1832 ) 1834 -- 1837 19,600 100s 3,500 ( disease after removal ) ? ( Second Creek War ) Chickasaw 4,914 + 1,156 black slaves Pontotoc Creek ( 1832 ) 1837 -- 1847 over 4,000 100s 500 -- 800 none Cherokee 21,500 + 2,000 black slaves New Echota ( 1835 ) 1836 -- 1838 20,000 + 2,000 slaves 1,000 2,000 -- 8,000 Seminole 5,000 + fugitive slaves Payne 's Landing ( 1832 ) 1832 -- 1842 2,833 250 500 700 ( Second Seminole War ) Landmarks and commerations ( edit ) Map of National Historic trails In 1987 , about 2,200 miles ( 3,500 km ) of trails were authorized by federal law to mark the removal of 17 detachments of the Cherokee people . Called the `` Trail of Tears National Historic Trail '' , it traverses portions of nine states and includes land and water routes . Trail of Tears outdoor Historical drama , Unto these Hills ( edit ) A historical drama based on the Trail of Tears , Unto These Hills written by Kermit Hunter , has sold over five million tickets for its performances since its opening on July 1 , 1950 , both touring and at the outdoor Mountainside Theater of the Cherokee Historical Association in Cherokee , North Carolina . Commemorative medallion ( edit ) Cherokee artist Troy Anderson was commissioned to design the Cherokee Trail of Tears Sesquicentennial Commemorative Medallion . The falling - tear medallion shows a seven - pointed star , the symbol of the seven clans of the Cherokees . In literature and oral history ( edit ) Family Stories From the Trail of Tears is a collection edited by Lorrie Montiero and transcribed by Grant Foreman , taken from the Indian - Pioneer History Collection Walking the Trail ( 1991 ) is a book by Jerry Ellis describing his 900 - mile walk retracing of the Trail of Tears in reverse See also ( edit ) Ethnic cleansing and forced migration , modern terms for the forced relocation of a people Expulsion of the Acadians Hopkinsville , Kentucky Long Walk of the Navajo , a later forced removal Native American genocide Population transfer Potawatomi Trail of Death Timeline of Cherokee removal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears - Native American History - HISTORY.com '' . History.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears '' . PBS . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Minges , Patrick ( 1998 ) . `` Beneath the Underdog : Race , Religion , and the Trail of Tears '' . US Data Repository . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian removal '' . PBS . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inskeep , Steve ( 2015 ) . Jacksonland : President Jackson , Cherokee Chief John Ross , and a Great American Land Grab . New York : Penguin Press . pp. 332 -- 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 556 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Stannard 1993 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . ^ Jump up to : Curtis , Nancy C. ( 1996 ) . Black Heritage Sites . United States : ALA Editions . p. 543 . ISBN 0 - 8389 - 0643 - 5 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0803287348 . Jump up ^ Ehle , John ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 9780307793836 . Jump up ^ Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : a nation betrayed : a narrative of travail and triumph , persecution and exile . Doubleday . p. 232 . ISBN 9780385067355 . Jump up ^ Perdue , Theda ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 2 ' Both White and Red ' '' . Mixed Blood Indians : Racial Construction in the Early South . The University of Georgia Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 2731 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian removal 1814 - 1858 '' . PBS . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jahoda , Gloria ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 - 1855 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anthony ( 2011 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 - 1848 . Jump up ^ Morris , Michael ( 2007 ) . `` Georgia and the Conversation over Indian Removal '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 91 ( 4 ) : 403 -- 423 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coates , Julia . Trail of Tears . `` Worcester v. Georgia '' . Oyez . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Miles , Edwin A ( November 1973 ) . `` After John Marshall 's Decision : Worcester v Georgia and the Nullification Crisis '' . The Journal of Southern History . Jump up ^ Cave , Alfred . `` Abuse of Power : Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 '' . Jump up ^ Frey , Rebecca Joyce ( 2009 ) . Genocide and International Justice . Infobase Publishing . pp. 128 -- 131 . ISBN 978 - 0816073108 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Emerson , Ralph Waldo . `` Letter to Martin Van Buren President of the United States 1836 '' . www.cherokee.org/ . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ River , Charles . The Trail of Tears : Forced Removal of Five Civilized Tribes . ^ Jump up to : `` Trail of Tears '' . History Channel . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Baird , David ( 1973 ) . `` The Choctaws Meet the Americans , 1783 to 1843 '' . The Choctaw People . United States : Indian Tribal Series . p. 36 . ASIN B000CIIGTW . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Joan ( 1996 ) . `` The Cherokee Home in the East '' . The Trail of Tears Across Missouri . University of Missouri Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1063 - 5 . Jump up ^ Groneman 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Harkins , George ( 1831 ) . `` 1831 - December - George W. Harkins to the American People '' . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2006 . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandra Faiman - Silva ( 1997 ) . Choctaws at the Crossroads . University of Nebraska Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0803269026 . Jump up ^ de Tocqueville , Alexis ( 1835 -- 1840 ) . `` Tocqueville and Beaumont on Race '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Satz , Ronald ( 1986 ) . `` The Mississippi Choctaw : From the Removal Treaty of the Federal Agency '' . In Samuel J. Wells and Roseanna Tuby . After Removal : The Choctaw in Mississippi . University Press of Mississippi . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Walter , Williams ( 1979 ) . `` Three Efforts at Development among the Choctaws of Mississippi '' . Southeastern Indians : Since the Removal Era . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . Jump up ^ Davis , Ethan . `` An Administrative Trail of Tears : Indian Removal '' . American Journal of Legal History 50 , no . 1 ( 2008 ) : 65 -- 68 . Accessed December 15 , 2014 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 83 - 85 . Jump up ^ Missall . pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Covington , James W. 1993 . The Seminoles of Florida . Gainesville , Florida : University Press of Florida . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 1196 - 5 . pp. 145 -- 6 . Morris , Theodore. 2004 . Florida 's Lost Tribes . Universities Press of Florida State Universities , p. 63 Prucha , Francis Paul . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Volume I. Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hostilities of the Seminoles '' . Enquirer ( Richmond , Virginia ) 26 Jan. 1836 : n . pag . Print . ^ Jump up to : Remini , Robert ( 1998 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Creek War : Victory '' . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . Vol. 1 . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801859115 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties . Oklahoma State University Library . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hurt , R. Douglas ( 2002 ) . The Indian Frontier , 1763 -- 1846 ( Histories of the American Frontier ) . Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1966 - 1 . Jump up ^ Oklahoma State University Library . `` Indian Affairs : Laws and Treaties . Vol. 2 , Treaties '' . Digital.library.okstate.edu . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Winn , William W . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 -- 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press , 2015 . 9780881465228 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Trail of Tears '' . www.cherokee.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Sarah H. ( 2011 ) . `` ' To Overawe the Indians and Give Confidence to the Whites ' : Preparations for the Removal of the Cherokee Nation from Georgia '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 95 ( 4 ) : 465 -- 497 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Remini , Andrew Jackson , p. 257 , Prucha , Great Father , p. 212 . Jump up ^ James Mooney . Myths of the Cherokee and Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Illinois General Assembly - HJR0142 . Jump up ^ Adams , Mattie Lorraine . Family Tree of Daniel and Rachel Davis . Duluth , Georgia : Claxton Printing Company , 1973 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` Invasion '' . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . Grove Press . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3680 - X . Jump up ^ `` The Trail of Tears in Southern Illinois '' ( PDF ) . US Forest Service . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rush , Linda ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Cherokee Nation in Southern Illinois '' . The Southern Illinoisan . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corlew , Robert Ewing ( 1990 ) . Tennessee : A Short History . University of Tennessee Press . p. 153 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 647 - 6 . Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians . `` Cherokee Heritage Trails '' . Museum of the Cherokee Indian . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Hooper , Ed . `` Chief John Ross '' . Tennessee History Magazine . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 American Indian Tribes for the United States : 1990 and 1980 '' . U.S. Bureau of the Census . August 1995 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Guion Miller Roll : Index to the Applications submitted for the Cherokee Roll . ISBN 978 - 1544972503 . Jump up ^ Grant Foreman ( 1972 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians . University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 47 , note 10 ( 1830 census ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 8 . Jump up ^ Several thousand more emigrated West from 1844 -- 49 ; Foreman , pp. 103 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Foreman , p. 111 ( 1832 census ) . Jump up ^ Remini 2001 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Russell Thornton ( 1 June 1992 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . University of Georgia Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Jump up ^ Thornton , Russell ( 1991 ) . `` The Demography of the Trail of Tears Period : A New Estimate of Cherokee Population Losses '' . In William L. Anderson . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . pp. 75 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Prucha , Francis Paul ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0803287348 . Jump up ^ Ehle , John ( 2011 - 06 - 08 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 9780307793836 . Jump up ^ Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee sunset : a nation betrayed : a narrative of travail and triumph , persecution and exile . Doubleday . p. 232 . ISBN 9780385067355 . ^ Jump up to : Francis Paul Prucha ( 1 January 1995 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . U of Nebraska Press . p. 233 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8734 - 8 . Jump up ^ Anthony Wallace ; Eric Foner ( July 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 1552 - 8 . Jump up ^ Francis Paul Prucha ( 1995 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . University of Nebraska Press . pp. 241 note 58 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8734 - 8 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . John Ehle ( 1989 ) . Trials of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . Anchor Books . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 23954 - 7 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . William L. Anderson ( 1992 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . University of Georgia Press . pp. 75 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trail of Tears : History & Culture '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Resources Division '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unto These Hills Drama - Cherokee Historical Association '' . www.cherokeehistorical.org . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokee Ancestry '' . www.aboutcherokee.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cherokees to Mark Anniversary of `` Trail of Tears '' to Oklahoma `` . News OK . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montiero , Lorrie & Foreman , Grant ( Transcriber ) . Family Stories From the Trail of Tears . American Native Press Archives and Sequoyah Research Center . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Anderson , William , ed. ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8203 - 1482 - 2 . Bealer , Alex W. ( 1996 ) ( 1972 ) . Only the Names Remain : The Cherokees and The Trail of Tears . Boston , Massachusetts : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 08519 - 9 . Carter , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Cherokee Sunset : A Nation Betrayed . New York : Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 06735 - 6 . Ehle , John ( 1989 ) ( 1988 ) . Trail of Tears : The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 0 - 385 - 23954 - 8 . Fitzgerald , David ; King , Duane ( 2008 ) . The Cherokee Trail of Tears . Portland , Oregon : Graphic Arts Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88240 - 752 - 4 . Foreman , Grant ( 1989 ) ( 1932 ) . Indian Removal : The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians ( 11 ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1172 - 0 . Gregg , Matthew T. and David M. Wishart . `` The price of Cherokee removal '' . Explorations in Economic History Volume 49 , Issue 4 , October 2012 , Pages 423 -- 442 Jahoda , Gloria ( 1995 ) ( 1975 ) . Trail of Tears : The Story of the American Indian Removal 1813 -- 1855 . Henry Holt & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 14677 - 4 . Mooney , James ( 2007 ) ( 1888 ) . King , Duane , ed . Myths of the Cherokee . New York : Barnes & Noble . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 8340 - 5 . Perdue , Theda ; Green , Michael ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311367 - 6 . Prucha , Francis ( 1984 ) . The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians . Lincoln , Nebraska : Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 3668 - 9 . Remini , Robert ( 2001 ) . Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 91025 - 2 . Wallace , Anthony ( 1993 ) . The Long , Bitter Trail : Andrew Jackson and the Indians ( Hardback ed . ) . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 6631 - 9 . Wilson , James ( 1998 ) . The Earth Shall Weep : A History of Native America . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3680 - 0 . Winn , William W. ( 2015 ) . The Triumph of the Ecunnau - Nuxulgee : Land Speculators , George M. Troup , State Rights , and the Removal of the Creek Indians from Georgia and Alabama , 1825 - 38 . Macon : Mercer University Press . 9780881465228 . Documents ( edit ) U.S. Senate ( April 15 -- 17 , 1830 ) . Cherokee Indian Removal Debate . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Scott , Winfield ( May 10 , 1838 ) . Winfield Scott 's Address to the Cherokee Nation . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Gen. Winfield Scott 's Order to U.S. Troops Assigned to the Cherokee Removal . Cherokee Agency . May 17 , 1838 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Documentary ( edit ) The Trail of Tears : Cherokee Legacy ( 2006 ) -- directed by Chip Richie ; narrated by James Earl Jones External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trail of Tears . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appeal of the Cherokee Nation Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Trail of Tears . Trail of Tears List - a report to the U.S. Senate Remote Sensing Technology to Understanding the Choctaw Removals Trail of Tears National Historic Trail ( U.S. National Park Service ) Trail of Tears Association The North Little Rock Site : Interpretive Contexts Chickasaw Seminole Tribe of Florida History : Indian Resistance and Removal Muscogee ( Creek ) Removal Cherokee Heritage Documentation Center Cherokee Nation Cultural Resource Center Trail of Tears - The Dream We Dreamed Cherokee Indian Removal , Encyclopedia of Alabama The Trail of Tears and the Forced Relocation of the Cherokee Nation , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Trail of Tears Roll , Access genealogy Maps of North America and the Trail of Tears ( omniatlas.com ) Trail of Tears historical marker Indian Removal Battles and military incidents ( chronologically ) Battle of Burnt Corn ( 1813 ) Fort Mims Massacre ( 1813 ) Battle of Horseshoe Bend ( 1814 ) Battle of Negro Fort ( 1816 ) Battle of Fowltown ( 1817 ) Scott Massacre ( 1817 ) Attack at Fort Hughes ( 1817 ) Battle of Ocheesee ( 1817 -- 1818 ) Seminole Wars Policies and laws Removal Act Termination Policy Georgia Land Lotteries Manifest destiny Worcester v. Georgia Removals ( chronologically ) Indian removals in Indiana Choctaw Trail of Tears ( 1831 -- 1833 ) Trail of Tears ( 1831 -- 1838 ) Cherokee removal ( 1836 -- 1839 ) Potawatomi Trail of Death ( 1838 ) Sandy Lake Tragedy ( 1850 ) Nome Cult Trail ( 1863 ) Long Walk of the Navajo ( 1864 ) Burt Lake burn - out ( 1900 ) American politicians and military officials John C. Calhoun Lewis Cass George Rockingham Gilmer Andrew Jackson Thomas Jefferson James Monroe Winfield Scott John Tipton David Wallace People who helped Indians or documented removals Robert C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did the trail of tears ended in what current state | [
"\nTrail of Tears\n\n\nThe Trail of Tears memorial monument at the New Echota Historic Site in New Echota, Georgia, which honors the 4,000 Cherokees who died on the Trail of Tears\n\n\n\nDate\n1831–1850\n\n\nLocation\nSoutheastern United States and Indian Territory, present-day Oklahoma\n\n\nParticipants\nU.S. Government, U.S. Army, state militias, Five Civilized Tribes of Cherokee, Muscogee, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations\n\n\nOutcome\nThe forced relocation of most of the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeastern United States to Indian Territory under the Indian Removal Act of 1830 signed by U.S. president Andrew Jackson clearing former Native American lands for white settlement.\n\n\nDeaths\n\nCherokee (4,000)\nCreek\nSeminole (3,000 in Second Seminole War – 1835–1842)\nChickasaw (3,500)\nChoctaw (2,500–6,000)\n\n"
] | [
"present-day Oklahoma"
] |
-4072993307879410789 | Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series, season 7) | Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 7 ) - wikipedia Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 7 ) . Hawaii Five - 0 ( season 7 ) Season 7 U.S. DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 25 Release Original network CBS Original release September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) -- May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes The seventh season of the CBS police procedural drama series Hawaii Five - 0 premiered on Friday September 23 , 2016 , and concluded on May 12 , 2017 . The season contained 25 episodes , and the series 's 150th episode . For the 2016 - 17 U.S. television season , the seventh season of Hawaii Five - 0 ranked # 15 with an average of 12.15 million viewers , and in the 18 -- 49 demographic ranked 43rd with a 1.8 / 7 Rating / Share . This season also marks the final appearances of Daniel Dae Kim and Grace Park as Chin Ho Kelly and Kono Kalakaua , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest stars 2 Episodes 3 Production 3.1 Masi Oka 's departure 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Alex O'Loughlin as Lieutenant Commander Steven `` Steve '' McGarrett , United States Navy Reserve Scott Caan as Detective Daniel `` Danny '' `` Danno '' Williams , Honolulu Police Department Daniel Dae Kim as Lieutenant Chin Ho Kelly , Honolulu Police Department Grace Park as Officer Kono Kalakaua , Honolulu Police Department Masi Oka as Dr. Max Bergman , Chief Medical Examiner ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) Chi McBride as Captain Lou Grover , Honolulu Police Department Jorge Garcia as Jerry Ortega Recurring ( edit ) Claire Forlani as Alicia Brown Julie Benz as Detective Abigail `` Abby '' Dunn , Honolulu Police Department Taylor Wily as Kamekona Tuopola Andrew Lawrence as Eric Russo Rosalind Chao as Keiko Mahoe , Governor of Hawaii Dennis Chun as Sgt . Duke Lukela Londyn Silzer as Sarah Waincroft Diaz Kimee Balmilero as Dr. Noelani Cunha Shawn Mokuahi Gurnett as Shawn `` Flippa '' Tuopola Teilor Grubbs as Grace Williams Zach Sulzbach as Charlie Williams Chosen Jacobs as Will Grover Duane Chapman as Duane `` Dog '' Chapman Al Harrington as Mamo Kahike Melanie Griffith as Clara Williams , Danny 's mother Ian Anthony Dale as Adam Noshimuri Willie Garson as Gerard Hirsch Sarah Carter as Lynn Downey Lili Simmons as Melissa Armstrong Elisabeth Röhm as Dr. Madison Gray Kekoa Kekumano as Nahele Huikala Shawn Thomsen as Officer Pua Guest stars ( edit ) Christine Lahti as Doris McGarrett Michelle Borth as Catherine Rollins Jack Lord voices by Cam Clarke Traci Togucha as Ailana Read , Child Social Services Faran Tahir as Lucky Morad Chris Vance as Harry Langford Jon Abrahams as Ben Halanu Victor Ortiz as Juan Diego Missy Peregrym as Bridget Williams , Danny 's sister Maximiliano Hernández as Agent Navarro Felix Solis as Jorge Moralez Jimmy Buffett as Frank Bama Adrian R'Mante as Alan Mayfield Max Gail as Bill Walker Samm Levine as Jeremy Holden Rob Huebel as Blake Stone Will Yun Lee as Sang Min Sooh Darius Rucker as Desmond Abati Mackenzie Aladjem as Moani Amosa Brandon Keener as Emilio Robert Gant as Thomas Stratham William Forsythe as Harry Brown Michelle Krusiec as Michelle Shioma Hal Holbrook as Leonard Patterson Michael Paul Chan as Captain Tanaka , HPD ( Ret . ) Dylan Bruno as Lee Campbell , head of Paladin Security Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 144 `` Makaukau ' oe e Pa'ani ? '' `` Ready to Play ? '' Bryan Spicer Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 701 10.22 As Steve McGarrett ( Alex O'Loughlin ) and Danny Williams ( Scott Caan ) recover from their transplant , a vigilante begins killing serial killers and leaves their bodies on Five - 0 property with ivory chess pieces in their mouths : the first is found inside Five - 0 Headquarters at Iolani Palace , and the second is found inside Lou Grover 's ( Chi McBride ) car . As Five - 0 searches for the killer , Steve must help the new governor , Mahoe ( Rosalind Chao ) quell the fear that Oahu is no longer safe . Jerry Ortega ( Jorge Garcia ) discovers the killer is a recent parolee who stole the chess pieces eight years previously . The killer , Pierre Shaw ( Jesse La Flair ) , escapes and leads Five - 0 on a parkour chase throughout the city . Steve is injured when attempting to give chase , leading the rest of the team to follow him and box him in a hotel . As Abby ( Julie Benz ) and HPD set up perimeter , Steve finally thanks Danny for saving his life . Kono Kalakaua ( Grace Park ) tracks Shaw to the roof , where the team follows . Shaw jumps and Danny yells for Steve not to follow . His warning is proven to be a life - saver : Shaw does n't make it to the other building and falls to his death . However , Steve returns home to discover another chess piece on his dining table , indicating the real mastermind is still at large and is taunting Steve . Meanwhile , Chin Ho Kelly ( Daniel Dae Kim ) learns that Sara 's aunt and uncle in Mexico are filing for adoption , and Chin starts contemplating fatherhood . This episode features a striking scene in the prologue - McGarrett visits the chapel within Tripler Army Medical Center and encounters an almost - ghostly appearing stranger with whom McGarrett strikes up conversation . The stranger obliquely references having worked for the Hawaii police many years earlier and when Steve begins doubting himself gives advice to McGarrett not to give up . The stranger deliberately resembles the original Steve McGarrett , Jack Lord , and is credited as Jack Lord in the episode 's closing credits . 145 `` No Ke Ali'i ' Wahine A Me Ka Aina '' `` For Queen and Country '' Sylvain White David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) 702 9.73 Following the events of `` Makaukau ' oe e Pa'ani ? '' , Steve and Danny visit retired FBI profiler Alicia Brown ( Claire Forlani ) to try and track down the mysterious vigilante . Alicia refuses to get involved , but is gradually roped in when Steve purposefully leaves the chess piece the killer left in his house . Meanwhile , a man steals diamonds from renowned billionaire Lucky Morad ( Faran Tahir ) . The girl he used to smuggle the diamonds out of Morad 's party is found dead the next morning . The team identifies the killer as Harry Langford ( Chris Vance ) , a rogue MI6 agent . Steve and Danny chase Langford and Steve manages to overpower him . Langford claims his going rogue was a cover , he did n't kill the girl , and he is tracking a contract bomber , El Hamadi , who bombed an embassy in Madrid in 2012 and is planning to use a cyber key known as the Greystone to plan a larger attack . Steve and Danny join Langford on the case as they track down Morad at a high - class party , where Kono lures him out to the patio . In a callback to the episode `` Ohana '' , Steve hangs Morad by his ankles off the building until he talks . Morad reveals he traded the Greystone to an associate of El Hamadi who fled to the Czech Republic . Steve and Danny go with Langford to Prague , and capture the contact , who under waterboarding torture , reveals what he knows . Chin , Kono , and Grover call and report that nuclear power plants all across Europe have lost control and are going to implode . El Hamadi will cause a disaster ten times worse than Chernobyl . At a nearby factory , Steve , Danny , and Langford kill the man coordinating the attack , but Langford sneaks away with the Greystone and travels to Pakistan to meet with El Hamadi , but Steve and Danny intercept him . Langford reveals that his wife was killed in the Madrid bombing in 2012 and is seeking revenge . Steve , Danny , and Langford coordinate a raid on the compound where El Hamadi is hiding , where they capture him . Langford struggles not to kill El Hamadi , who draws a concealed weapon , forcing Steve to shoot him . Steve , Danny , and Langford visit Langford 's wife 's grave in England and are then thanked by Queen Elizabeth II . 146 `` He Moho Hou '' `` New Player '' Bryan Spicer Peter M. Lenkov & Cyrus Nowrasteh October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 703 9.65 Alicia awakens in her bed to find another body with a chess piece in his mouth beside her . Forced to accept she 's now a part of the case , she officially joins Steve and Danny with the investigation . Meanwhile , the team hunts for a cartel boss whose soldiers are gunning for him . Kono reconnects with Rosie , an old surfing rival whose legs were amputated after she drove over an IED in Iraq . Alicia discovers that the detective who was investigating the three serial killers was actually murdered . At the end , Steve and Alicia visit the police psychologist , Dr. Madison Gray ( Elisabeth Röhm ) , who Detective Lau was seeing before he was killed , and discover she has a book entitled History of Medieval Chess , implying that she 's the serial killer . The episode ends with Kono and Rosie going surfing together . 147 `` Hu a'e ke ahi lanakila a Kamaile '' `` The Fire of Kamile Rises in Triumph '' Bronwen Hughes Peter M. Lenkov & Cyrus Nowrasteh October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 704 9.19 Following their meeting with Dr. Gray , Alicia is convinced that she is the killer , but Steve is more wary . Against his orders , Alicia breaks into Dr. Gray 's house and finds a chessboard with pieces missing identical to the pieces found with the serial killers . Steve arrives and is stabbed by Dr. Gray , who has already captured Alicia . While Steve drifts in and out of consciousness , Alicia and Dr. Gray play mind games with one another , revealing that Alicia 's daughter was pushed into a career in the FBI by her and was subsequently killed by a serial killer , and that Dr. Gray 's father sexually abused her as a child while forcing her to play chess . Eventually , Dr. Gray leaves and two infamous serial killers , Donald and Mallory Witten ( Danny Michael Mann & Lauren Letherer ) , take Steve and Alicia to a rocky outcrop , and throw them into a hole that the tide fills up . Alicia 's fear of drowning proves to be a challenge to overcome , but Steve manages to get them out safely . Meanwhile , the rest of Five - 0 begin searching for them , and Lou deduces that Dr. Gray is behind everything . Chin and Kono race to the outcrop and kill the martial killers . Elsewhere , Jerry reports to Chin that a possible red flag may have come up with Sara 's aunt and uncle , so Chin turns to Robert Coughlin ( Ingo Rademacher ) to run background . Lou , Steve , and Jerry discover Steve 's torched Silverado , done by Dr. Gray who then disappeared . She is later seen in disguise in Beverly Hills , California . Also , Lou meets his football hero , Otis Wilson of the 1985 Chicago Bears . 148 5 `` Ke Ku ' Ana '' `` The Stand '' Bobby Roth Jason Gavin & Derek Santos Olson October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) 705 9.51 The Five - 0 task force investigate a bulletproof bulldozer that crashed into a gun range and stole all the inventory . Later on , the suspect ( Brent Sexton ) instigates a hostage situation and demands to be put on the news to protest gun violence and it is up to McGarrett and Danny to talk him down . It is revealed that the suspect 's son was the perpetrator in a Virginia shooting that killed eight people . Elsewhere , Adam is released from prison after spending a year and asks Kono 's help to track down a fellow inmate 's daughter to make up with him . 149 6 `` Ka hale ho'okauwel '' `` House of Horrors '' Ron Underwood David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler October 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 28 ) 706 8.50 A psychic is apparently scared to death on Halloween , so Five - 0 investigates . Danny and Eric discover that the psychic 's claims ruined a lot of lives . Max finds a second victim , revealed to be an accomplice to the killer , the psychic 's assistant who killed the psychic and the accomplice . The assistant was a young woman who ran away from home and inadvertently caused her father 's death . She blamed her father 's death on the psychic , so she plotted to kill her . Max ( Masi Oka ) returns from Africa and reveals he married his girlfriend Sabrina . Meanwhile , Jerry babysits a grounded Grace and Charlie , which proves to be a challenge when Grace 's sour attitude spoils Jerry and Charlie 's anticipated trick - or - treating . Eventually , Jerry gets through to Grace , who dresses up and enjoys her evening with her brother . Elsewhere , Adam and Kono are kidnapped by a death cult , and are forced to escape with another victim through the woods to an abandoned house where they hold off the cult until HPD and Five - 0 arrive . 150 7 `` Ka makuahine a me ke keikikane '' `` Mother and Son '' Bryan Spicer Eric Guggenheim & David Wolkove November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 707 9.48 McGarrett 's date with Lynn ( Sarah Carter ) is interrupted when he receives a surprise visit from Catherine Rollins ( Michelle Borth ) , who informs him that his mother Doris ( Christine Lahti ) has been captured by the CIA in Morocco after her mission to free Wo Fat 's father ( George Cheung ) went sideways . McGarrett reluctantly goes to her aid , upset on the way she has disappeared the past few years and Chin , Kono , and Lou all go along to help him out . Meanwhile , Chin loses his appeal to keep Sara and is forced to let her move to Mexico to live with her aunt and uncle . Elsewhere , as a favor to Danny , Lou recruits his son Will to figure out who Grace is seeing . 151 8 `` Hana Komo Pae '' `` Rite of Passage '' Brad Tanenbaum Rob Hanning November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) 708 9.84 In an episode reminiscent of Die Hard , Danny chaperones Grace 's ( Teilor Grubbs ) Winter Formal , which turns deadly when an al - Qaeda splinter group storms the event looking to capture one of Will 's classmates named Jeremy Ramos ( Max Tepper ) , the son of a High Ranking Diplomat ( Clint Jung ) , in hopes of leveraging a trade for their captured leader . Danny reluctantly must work with Will ( Chosen Jacobs ) , whom he has just learned is Grace 's boyfriend , to save everyone . Meanwhile , Steve hosts a poker game . 152 9 `` Elua la ma Nowemapa '' `` Two Days in November '' Maja Vrvilo Sean Farina November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 709 10.09 A conspiracy theorist and a friend of Jerry 's is murdered after having discovered new information about the assassination of John F. Kennedy and the mystery behind it , that tells that JFK 's cabinet had planned the assassination . Five - 0 soon discover that there were more people behind the assassination than first thought . This later leads to Jerry telling the story of the Honolulu conference that took place on November 20 , 1963 . Meanwhile , Lou begins to have doubts about his son Will dating Danny 's daughter Grace . 153 10 `` Ka Luhi '' `` The Burden '' Carlos Bernard Helen Shang & Zoe Robyn December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 710 9.40 Five - 0 investigates a 10 year old cold case of a missing teenager ; when a boy ( Joey Luthman ) who is suffering from PTSD undergoes hypnosis and afterwards realizes he might have been a witness to the missing teen 's murder . Also on the episode , Danny 's sister Bridget ( Missy Peregrym ) comes to visit Oahu for a business conference . Not long after , Danny begins to suspect that she is getting a little `` too close '' to one of her co-workers . 154 11 `` Ka'ili Aku '' `` Snatchback '' Jennifer Lynch Matt Wheeler December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 711 9.46 It 's Christmas time and Five - 0 celebrates Chin 's birthday until he receives a call that his niece Sara has been kidnapped in Mexico by the Diego drug cartel and enlist the task force for their help to get her back . While , trying to rescue Sara , they found out that this was a revenge kidnap plan towards Five - 0 . Later on , Chin takes the matter into his hands and surrenders himself to the cartel in order to get Sara back leaving his life hanging in the balance . 155 12 `` Ka ' Aelike '' `` The Deal '' Joe Dante David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 712 10.10 After Chin is kidnapped by the Diego drug cartel , Five - 0 race against the clock to rescue him from being executed . Five - 0 reaches them in time and saves Chin 's life . Later on , Sara 's aunt and uncle suggest that Sara live with Chin due to the dangerous circumstances in Mexico , which he accepts . The episode transitions to a case involving murder which prompts Lou to go undercover as a car salesman . Meanwhile , McGarrett suspects that Max might leave Hawaii when he mentions possible coroner replacements and selling his house which leads to Max confiding to McGarrett that he is moving to Africa with Sabrina . 156 13 `` Ua ho'i ka ' opua i Awalua '' `` The Clouds Always Return to Awalua '' Jim Jost Cyrus Nowrasteh January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 713 9.69 Max begins to pack up his belongings with Jerry and begins to reminisce various times with Five - 0 and his life in Hawaii . Five - 0 also has a farewell party for Max . As the following , the team investigates the murder of a police officer found at a building explosion site . Note : This is the last episode to feature Masi Oka as a main cast member 157 14 `` Ka laina ma ke one '' `` Line in the Sand '' Peter Weller Sean O'Reilly January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 714 8.42 Five - 0 is dealt with an overbearing U.S. Marshall ( guest star Lou Diamond Phillips ) when they try to capture a person suspected in a murder investigation who crossed over the border to seek asylum . Meanwhile , McGarrett takes a road test after his drivers license expired over 7 years ago . 158 15 `` Ka Pa'ani Nui '' `` Big Game '' Bryan Spicer Helen Shang February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 715 9.81 Five - 0 investigates the murder of a diver who was suspected of doing illegal shark finning . They soon discover that the murder suspect is a former Nazi criminal when they discover that the victim has a tattoo symbolizing a holocaust concentration camp . Meanwhile , Kamekona enlists Five - 0 to get rid of his workers ( who are protesting for better pay and benefits ) . 159 16 `` Poniu I Ke Aloha '' `` Crazy In Love '' Jerry Levine David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 716 9.86 It 's Valentine 's Day and McGarrett treats his girlfriend Lynn to a romantic getaway . To his surprise , Danny also is on the same getaway with his girlfriend Melissa at the same hotel and decide to have a joint vacation . Things take a crazy turn when Danny loses his sunglasses and suspects a kid he antagonized on the beach . Meanwhile , Kono , Chin and Lou investigate a man murdered at a local nightclub after he took a class on how to pick up women . 160 17 `` Hahai i na pilikua nui '' `` Hunting Monsters '' Roderick Davis Rob Hanning February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 717 9.62 Alicia Brown gets baited when Dr. Madison Gray surrenders into HPD under the alias Lauren Parker with blood on her hands seemingly belonging to Brown . While the team does not believe that `` Parker '' has Dissociative Identity Disorder , Gray manages to get Alicia to break her out of jail , intent on killing both her and Sienna , her supposedly dead daughter to finish off the job . Meanwhile , Kamakona and Flippa open up a second food truck , that Kamakona does not approve of , and in the end , Gray confronts Alicia at the latter 's home . 161 18 `` E Malama Pono '' `` Handle with Care '' Eagle Egilsson Zoe Robyn February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 718 9.12 Sang Min tells McGarrett useful intelligence in finding the missing Uranium . After being kidnapped while investigating , henchmen set off the bomb and it 's up to McGarrett and Danny to deactivate it . Meanwhile , Danny reveals to McGarrett that he is considering retiring from the police force and opening a restaurant . 162 19 `` Puka ' ana '' `` Exodus '' Bronwen Hughes Eric Guggenheim March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) 719 9.20 McGarrett and Kono investigate the disappearance of a young girl who is suspected of being a victim of a sex trafficking ring which infuriates Kono who goes on a personal mission to track down the people responsible . Meanwhile , Chin and Lou investigate the murder of a member of a sober relief facility . Meanwhile , Danny visits his sister in New Jersey . 163 20 `` Huikau Na Makau A Ka Lawai'a '' `` The Fishhooks of the Fishers become Entangled '' Jerry Levine Matt Wheeler March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) 720 8.74 Five - 0 reunites with Private Intestigator Harry Brown ( guest star William Forsythe ) and help him investigate the kidnapping of the wife of a wealthy businessman who is holding a secret deeper than what he is explaining . Meanwhile , Danny 's ex-wife Rachel ( guest star Claire van der Boom ) drops a bombshell saying that she is getting a divorce from Stan and wants Danny 's help on how to tell the kids . 164 21 `` Ua Malo'o Ka Wai '' `` The Water is Dried Up '' Eagle Egilsson Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) 721 8.77 While investigating the deaths of ship boat Captains , McGarrett and Five - 0 are captured by Michelle Shioma and her criminal empire and are faced with death . With fearing something terrible happening , Jerry recruits the HPD to rescue them . As a thanks , Steve finally awards Jerry a badge . Meanwhile , Grover and his son travel to Chicago so Grover could testify against a string of dirty cops , and Grover learns the social consequences of turning on Clay Maxwell . 165 22 `` Waimaka ' Ele'ele '' `` Black Tears '' Bryan Spicer David Wolkove April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 722 8.49 Five - 0 investigates the death of one of the last survivors of the World War II USS Arizona ( BB - 39 ) tragedy , a veteran who was killed in a hit - and - run automobile accident . McGarrett soon discovers that the victim had connections to his grandfather , Ensign Steven McGarrett , who had served with the victim on the Arizona , and makes his best effort to catch the people responsible . While investigating the accident , Five - 0 learns that the hit and run drivers were fleeing a bank robbery . The robbers were former employees of Paladin Security , a private security company that was contracted by the DOD to work in Afghanistan . The firm 's contract was canceled after the deaths of several key civilians . Despite their military precision , the group 's multiple bank heists mysteriously only netted about $30,000 . Meanwhile , Adam starts a new job in construction and asks for Jerry 's help when he finds a bone fragment and thinks it might be a burial site . 166 23 `` Wehe ' ana '' `` Prelude '' Maja Vrvilo Helen Shang & Zoe Robyn April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) 723 8.06 Danny must protect a comatose witness from his last HPD case from seven years ago alongside his old HPD precinct boss , Captain Tanaka ( Ret . ) , while Steve and Five - 0 race to save their lives after discovering that the hit was ordered by the Ochoa cartel from season 1 . Flashbacks reveal the details of the case , including the fact that after losing the witness , Danny was put onto the John McGarrett murder case , leading to his meeting with Steve . 167 24 `` He ke'u na ka ' alae a Hin '' `` A Croaking By Hina 's Mudhen '' Krishna Rao Rob Hanning May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 725 8.01 The Five - 0 team are reluctant to believe McGarrett when he receives word about a major terrorist attack on Hawaii from an ex-terrorist who McGarrett captured 10 years ago . Meanwhile , Chin receives an offer to run his own task force that would move him to San Francisco . Also , Kono and Adam help Gerard Hirsch ( guest star Willie Garson ) to expand his crime scene cleaning business . 168 25 `` Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono '' `` The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness '' Bryan Spicer Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 724 8.22 Five - 0 band together to investigate an ongoing sex trafficking ring which continues to infuriate Kono . McGarrett risks his life to save the girls , causing Danny to further worry about Steve 's health . Chin struggles with the decision to leave Hawaii , and Kono makes a life - chancing decision . Note : This is the last episode to feature Daniel Dae Kim and Grace Park as main cast members Production ( edit ) On March 25 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a seventh season . On July 6 , 2016 , production began on the seventh season with a Traditional Hawaiian Blessing . Masi Oka 's departure ( edit ) On November 17 , 2016 , it was announced that Oka would be leaving the series after the thirteenth episode . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) List of live and DVR ratings ( show ) No Episode Air date 18 - 49 rating Viewers ( millions ) Weekly rank Live + 7 18 - 49 Live + 7 viewers ( millions ) `` Makaukau ' ce e Pa'ani ? '' 000000002016 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2016 1.4 10.22 # 17 N / A 13.45 `` No Ke Ali'i ' Wahine A Me Ka Aina '' 000000002016 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2016 1.3 9.73 # 16 N / A 12.76 `` He Moho Hou '' 000000002016 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2016 1.3 9.65 # 11 N / A 12.64 `` Hu a'e ke ahi lanakila a Kamaile '' 000000002016 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2016 1.2 9.19 # 16 N / A 12.00 5 `` Ke Ku ' Ana '' 000000002016 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2016 1.2 9.51 # 14 N / A 12.15 6 `` Ka Hale Ho'oakuweli '' 000000002016 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2016 1.0 8.50 # 22 N / A 11.31 7 `` Ka makuahine a me ke keikikane '' 000000002016 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2016 1.2 9.48 # 13 1.8 12.21 8 `` Hana Komo Pae '' 000000002016 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2016 1.4 9.84 # 11 N / A 12.41 9 `` Elua la ma Nowemapa '' 000000002016 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 , 2016 1.3 10.09 # 11 2.0 13.10 10 `` Ka Luhi '' 000000002016 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2016 1.2 9.40 # 13 1.8 12.53 11 `` Ka'ili Aku '' 000000002016 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2016 1.1 9.46 # 12 1.8 12.36 12 `` Ka ' Aelike '' 000000002017 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2017 1.3 10.10 # 8 2.0 13.21 13 `` Ua ho'i ka ' opua i Awalua '' 000000002017 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2017 1.2 9.69 # 7 1.9 12.76 14 `` Ka laina ma ke one '' 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 2017 1.0 8.42 # 12 1.7 11.35 15 `` Ka Pa'ani Nui '' 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2017 1.1 9.81 # 6 1.9 12.95 16 `` Poniu I Ke Aloha '' 000000002017 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2017 1.3 9.86 # 6 N / A 12.83 17 `` Hahai i na pilikua nui '' 000000002017 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2017 1.2 9.62 # 7 N / A 12.39 18 `` E Malama Pono '' 000000002017 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 2017 1.1 9.12 # 10 1.8 12.01 19 `` Puka ' ana '' 000000002017 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2017 1.1 9.20 # 11 1.7 12.23 20 `` Huikau Na Makau A Ka Lawai'a '' 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2017 1.0 8.74 # 13 1.7 11.57 21 `` Ua Malo'o Ka Wai '' 000000002017 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2017 1.0 8.77 # 12 1.6 11.62 22 `` Waimaka ' Ele'ele '' 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2017 1.0 8.49 # 7 1.6 11.31 23 `` Wehe ' ana '' 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2017 0.9 8.06 # 10 N / A N / A 24 `` He ke'u na ka ' alae a Hina '' 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2017 0.9 8.01 # 14 1.6 11.04 25 `` Ua Mau Ke Ea O Ka Aina I Ka Pono '' 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2017 1.0 8.22 # 12 1.7 11.00 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2016 Premiere Dates , Slates JonBenet Ramsey Limited Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Season Finale Airdates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' stars gather for blessing as new season begins '' . Star Advertiser . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ; Ryan , Maureen ( 30 June 2017 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park Exit ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ecumenicalnews.com/article/hawaii-five-0-season-7-premiere-spoilers-chess-piece-killer-to-be-revealed-in-episode-1-is-claire-forlanis-character-being-targeted-by-the-serial-killer/52131.htm Jump up ^ http://cartermatt.com/221662/hawaii-five-0-season-7-spoilers-continued-hunt-chess-piece-killer/ Jump up ^ Entertainment Weekly piece on Jack Lord CGI cameo ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` Friday final ratings : ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' MacGyver ' and ' Exorcist ' adjust down , ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Last Man Standing ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' MacGyver ' adjust down vs. World Series : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Last Man Standing ' adjusts up , all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Shark Tank , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Caught on Camera ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up , ' Emerald City ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dateline ' adjusts up , ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Vampire Diaries ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Shark Tank ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' Grimm ' adjust down , ' Vampire Diaries ' finale holds : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Man Standing ' finale adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank ' adjusts up , ' The Originals ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' First Dates ' and everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Shark Tank finale , ' 48 Hours : NCIS ' adjust up ; ' Originals ' and ' Reign ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and 9 more CBS veterans renewed ; no word on first - year shows '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Five - 0 : Masi Oka exiting after seven seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire , ' CBS , NBC lead premiere week : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick . `` Football , ' Empire ' and NBC lead week 2 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts more big DVR gains : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' breaks ' Empire ' streak , CBS wins week 3 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' suffers , but NBC still tops week 4 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' and NFL score in week 5 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` World Series gives FOX a huge week 6 boost : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` World Series carries FOX again in week 7 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , election night rule week 8 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and football week 9 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` NBC has a big week 12 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 13 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts another double - double in week 13 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` NBC rules the week 16 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings with NFL , Golden Globes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , then everything else : week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` CBS , NFL and ' Hunted ' dominate the week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl gives FOX a huge lift : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Grammys carry CBS to victory in week 21 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' leads quiet week 22 broadcast Top 25 , plus network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Faltering Oscars still sit atop the week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' NCIS ' top the week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Final Four , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead the week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` CBS and NCAA Championship score in week 29 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' is low , still tops week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' is No. 1 in week 32 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ABC and ' Big Bang Theory ' top the week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and NBC finish atop the week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes on IMDb List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes at TV.com List of Hawaii Five - 0 episodes at The Futon Critic Hawaii Five - 0 at epguides.com ( hide ) Hawaii Five - O and Hawaii Five - 0 Characters Wo Fat Steve McGarrett Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 -- 80 ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Other Episodes Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 Episodes `` Pilot '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_7)&oldid=808649000 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 06 : 27 . 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"Elisabeth Röhm"
] |
1383645403765873931 | Abby and Brittany Hensel | Abby and Brittany Hensel - wikipedia Abby and Brittany Hensel This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search Abby and Brittany Hensel Abigail Loraine Hensel Brittany Lee Hensel ( 1990 - 03 - 07 ) March 7 , 1990 ( age 27 ) New Germany , Minnesota Education Lutheran High School Bethel University Parent ( s ) Patty and Mike Hensel Relatives Dakota ( brother ) Morgan ( sister ) Abigail Loraine `` Abby '' Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel ( born March 7 , 1990 ) are American dicephalic parapagus twins ; in other words , they are conjoined twins , each of whom has a separate head , but whose bodies are joined . They are highly symmetric for conjoined twins , giving the appearance of having a single body without marked variation from normal proportions . In fact , several vital organs are doubled ; each twin has a separate heart , stomach , spine , pair of lungs , and spinal cord . Each twin controls her half of their body , operating one arm and one leg . As infants , the initial learning of physical processes that required bodily coordination , such as clapping , crawling , and walking , required the cooperation of both twins . While they can eat and write separately and simultaneously , activities such as running and swimming require them to coordinate and alternate their actions symmetrically . Other activities as diverse as brushing hair and driving a car require each twin to perform separate actions that coordinate with the other 's . Due to the curiosity that their condition generated , the twins ' progress as they were growing up was covered in a number of popular media , including Life magazine and The Oprah Winfrey Show . At the age of 16 , they gave an interview on The Learning Channel on December 17 , 2006 , in which they discussed aspects of their daily lives and plans for the future . They starred in their own reality series , Abby & Brittany , on TLC in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Physiology 2.1 Organ distribution 2.2 Separation 3 Adulthood 4 Media appearances 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) The twins were born in Carver County , Minnesota , to Patty , a registered nurse , and Mike Hensel , a carpenter and landscaper . They have a younger brother and sister . They were raised in New Germany , Minnesota , attended Lutheran High School in Mayer , and graduated from Bethel University in St. Paul in 2012 . Physiology ( edit ) The twins have a single body with separate heads and necks , a chest that is wider than normal , two arms , and two legs . At birth , they had a rudimentary arm between the bases of their necks attached to a shoulder blade at the back , being combined parts of Abby 's left arm and Brittany 's right arm . It was removed , leaving the shoulder blade . Abby 's head tilts laterally outward about 5 degrees to the right , while Brittany 's tilts laterally at about 15 degrees to the left , causing her to appear shorter even when seated . Brittany 's leg is in fact nearly two inches shorter than Abby 's and Brittany tends to stand and walk on tip - toe which has made her calf muscle significantly larger than Abby 's . The continued growth of Abby 's spine was surgically halted after Brittany prematurely stopped growing . At age 12 , they underwent surgery at Gillette Children 's Specialty Healthcare to correct scoliosis and to expand their chest cavity to prevent future difficulties with breathing . Each twin manages one side of their conjoined body . The sense of touch of each is restricted to her body half ; this shades off at the midsagittal plane such that there is a small amount of overlap at the midline . Stomach aches , however , are felt only by the twin on the opposite side . They are effective in cooperatively using their limbs when both hands or both legs are required . By coordinating their efforts , they are able to walk , run , swim , and ride a bicycle normally -- all tasks that they learned at a normal speed . Together , they can type on a computer keyboard at a normal speed and drive a car . However , their disparate heights ( Abby , 5 ft 2 in ( 1.57 m ) , is taller and longer of leg than Brittany , 4 ft 10 in ( 1.47 m ) ) led to difficulty in balancing a Segway , as shown in their 2012 reality series . Organ distribution ( edit ) The twins have individual organs in the upper part of their body , while most located at or below the level of the navel are shared , the exception being the spinal cord . 2 heads 2 spines merging at the coccyx and joined at the thorax by sections of ribs . Surgery was employed to correct scoliosis . 2 completely separate spinal cords 2 arms ( originally 3 , but rudimentary central arm was surgically removed , leaving central shoulder blade in place ) 1 broad ribcage with 2 highly fused sternums and traces of bridging ribs . Surgery was employed to expand the pleural cavities . 2 breasts 2 hearts in a shared circulatory system ( nutrition , respiration , medicine taken by either affects both ) 4 lungs with the medial lungs moderately fused , not involving Brittany 's upper right lobe ; three pleural cavities 1 diaphragm with well - coordinated involuntary breathing , slight central defect 2 stomachs 2 gallbladders 1 liver , enlarged and elongated right lobe Y - shaped small intestine , which experiences a slightly spastic double peristalsis at the juncture 1 large intestine ( one colon ) 3 kidneys : 2 left , 1 right 1 bladder 1 set of reproductive organs 2 separate half - sacrums , which converge distally 1 slightly broad pelvis 2 legs Separation ( edit ) Upon their birth , the twins ' parents decided not to attempt surgical separation after hearing from doctors that it was not likely that both would survive the operation . As they grew and learned to walk and develop other skills , their parents confirmed their decision against separation , arguing that the quality of life for the surviving twin or twins living separately would be less than their quality of life as conjoined beings . Adulthood ( edit ) The twins both successfully passed their driver 's license exams , both the written and driving tests . They had to take the tests twice , once for each twin . Abby controls the devices located to the right of the driver 's seat ; Brittany , those on the left . Together they control the steering wheel . They both graduated from high school in 2008 . They began college at Bethel University in Arden Hills , Minnesota , majoring in education . They had considered pursuing different concentrations within that major , but the volume of extra coursework was prohibitive . They graduated with Bachelor of Arts degrees in 2012 . In conversation , the twins are clearly distinct persons , with distinct likes and dislikes . Their preferences in food , clothing color , etc. , differ . Some of their clothes are altered by their seamstress so that they have two separate necklines in order to emphasize their individuality . They usually have separate meals , but sometimes share a single meal for the sake of convenience ( e.g. , each taking a bite of the same hamburger ) . Abby is better at mathematics , and Brittany at writing . For tasks such as responding to email , they type and respond as one , anticipating each other 's feelings with little verbal communication between them . In such cases as the latter , their choice of grammatical person is to use the first person singular out of habit when they agree , but when their responses do differ , they use their names in the third person singular . There is some concern about the twins ' continued good health , because only four known sets of conjoined twins who share an undivided torso and two legs have ever survived into adulthood , and most have congenital heart defects or other organ anomalies . None have shown up in their case . They intensely dislike being stared at or photographed by strangers while going about their private lives . In interviews for the Discovery Channel in 2006 , they , then 16 , said that they hoped to date , get married , and have children . They also stated that they hoped that by providing some information about themselves , they would be able to lead otherwise fairly typical social lives . Media appearances ( edit ) The twins appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show on April 8 and April 29 , 1996 . In April 1996 , they were featured on the cover of Life under the caption `` One Body , Two Souls '' , and their daily lifestyle was depicted in the corresponding article entitled `` The Hensels ' Summer '' . Life followed up with another story in September 1998 . In 2002 , they appeared in Joined for Life , a TV documentary by Advanced Medical Productions , distributed on the Discovery Health Channel and a 2003 follow - up , Joined at Birth . In 2003 , an updated story of them at age 11 ( filmed in 2001 ) was published in Time and again in Life . ABC TV also did a documentary called `` Joined For Life '' . In 2006 , Advanced Medical made another documentary , Joined for Life : Abby & Brittany turn 16 , that discusses their adolescence , school , social life , and activities such as getting their driver 's licenses . A UK television special followed in 2005 as part of the series Extraordinary People . They starred in the reality TV show Abby & Brittany that started in August 2012 . Abby and Brittany : Joined for Life was shown by the BBC in the UK in May 2013 , and covers the period from their finishing college to starting a part - time teaching job . Filmography ( edit ) Documentaries and other television appearances include : First aired Title Distributor Produced by April 8 , 1996 The Oprah Winfrey Show King World Productions Harpo Productions March 27 , 2003 Joined for Life Discovery Channel Advanced Medical Productions , American Broadcasting Company December 17 , 2006 Joined for Life : Abby and Brittany Turn 16 TLC Advanced Medical Productions February 19 , 2007 Extraordinary People : The Twins Who Share a Body Five ( UK ) One North August 28 , 2012 Abby & Brittany TLC References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Conjoined twins ' Abby & Brittany ' get their own reality show '' . Yahoo ! TV . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Abby Hensel , Brittany Hensel Reality Show : Conjoined Twins Star In TLC 's ' Abby And Brittany ' ^ Jump up to : Discussed in episode 3 of their reality series . Jump up ^ Discussed in episode 3 of their reality series Jump up ^ `` The Twins Who Share a Body '' . Mymultiplesclerosis.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wallis , Lucy . `` Living a conjoined life '' , BBC News , 24 April 2013 Jump up ^ Documented and discussed in episode 3 of their reality series . Jump up ^ `` Abigail and Brittany Hensel : an extraordinary bond Mail Online '' . London : Dailymail.co.uk. 2006 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Wallis , Claudia ( 1996 - 03 - 25 ) . `` The Most Intimate Bond '' . TIME . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Discussed in episode 4 of their reality series . Jump up ^ Documented in episode 4 of their reality series . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Kevin ( 2008 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Minnesota 's Abby and Brittany Hensel , conjoined twins , make Newsweek - Minneapolis News - The Blotter '' . Blogs.citypages.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Susanna Schrobsdorff ( 2008 - 02 - 23 ) . `` Reality 's Believe It or Not '' . Newsweek.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Joined for life - co-joined six - year - old Hensel twins share many body parts : includes a related article on a set of sextuplets - Cover Story Science World '' . Find Articles. 1996 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Joined For Life '' , Advanced Medical Productions , 2002 , accessed November 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Joined at Birth , Advanced Medical Productions , 2003 , accessed November 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` ABC TV Documentaries : Joined For Life '' . Abc.net.au. 2003 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Piccolo , Cynthia M. ( August 22 , 2004 ) . `` Article : Shared Lives : From the types of joining to separation surgeries , the issues around ( sic ) conjoined twins are varied and complex . - MedHunters '' . Medhunters.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hutchison , Rob . Joined for Life : Abby & Brittany turn 16 , Advanced Medical Productions , 2006 , accessed November 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Channel 5 ( UK TV ) television program Extraordinary People , 9 - 10 pm Wednesday 21 November 2007 Jump up ^ Abby and Brittany : Joined for Life , accessed 21 May 2013 Jump up ^ Joined for Life : Abby and Brittany Turn 16 Archived July 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . from Figure8Films.tv Jump up ^ Extraordinary People : The Twins Who Share a Body from YouTube External links ( edit ) Abby Hensel on IMDb Brittany Hensel on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abby_and_Brittany_Hensel&oldid=799738518 '' Categories : Bethel University ( Minnesota ) alumni Conjoined twins Living people People from Carver County , Minnesota Sibling duos Twin people from the United States 1990 births Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | girl with two heads who controls the body | [
"Abigail Loraine \"Abby\" Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel (born March 7, 1990) are American dicephalic parapagus twins; in other words, they are conjoined twins, each of whom has a separate head, but whose bodies are joined. They are highly symmetric for conjoined twins, giving the appearance of having a single body without marked variation from normal proportions. In fact, several vital organs are doubled; each twin has a separate heart, stomach, spine, pair of lungs, and spinal cord."
] | [
"Abigail Loraine \"Abby\" Hensel and Brittany Lee Hensel"
] |
-4062043123249327257 | Jarrod Saltalamacchia | Jarrod Saltalamacchia - wikipedia Jarrod Saltalamacchia Jump to : navigation , search Jarrod Saltalamacchia Saltalamacchia playing for the Detroit Tigers in 2016 Free agent Catcher / First baseman Born : ( 1985 - 05 - 02 ) May 2 , 1985 ( age 32 ) West Palm Beach , Florida Bats : Switch Throws : Right MLB debut May 2 , 2007 , for the Atlanta Braves MLB statistics ( through 2017 season ) Batting average . 233 Hits 662 Home runs 110 Runs batted in 381 Teams Atlanta Braves ( 2007 ) Texas Rangers ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Boston Red Sox ( 2010 -- 2013 ) Miami Marlins ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2015 ) Detroit Tigers ( 2016 ) Toronto Blue Jays ( 2017 ) Career highlights and awards World Series champion ( 2013 ) Jarrod Scott Saltalamacchia ( / ˌsɒltələˈmɑːkiə / ; born May 2 , 1985 ) is an American professional baseball catcher who is a free agent . He has played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Atlanta Braves , Texas Rangers , Boston Red Sox , Miami Marlins , Arizona Diamondbacks , Detroit Tigers , and Toronto Blue Jays . At 14 characters , his last name is the longest in Major League Baseball history . Saltalamacchia is Italian for `` jump over '' ( salta ) `` the thicket '' ( la macchia , Southern Italy dialectical term that refers to a kind of tall shrub ) . His nickname is Salty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Professional career 2.1 Atlanta Braves 2.2 Texas Rangers 2.3 Boston Red Sox 2.4 Miami Marlins 2.5 Arizona Diamondbacks 2.6 Detroit Tigers 2.7 Toronto Blue Jays 3 Personal life 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Born in West Palm Beach , Florida , Saltalamacchia attended Royal Palm Beach High School in Royal Palm Beach , Florida , graduating in 2003 . Saltalamacchia attended high school along with future Texas Rangers teammate Kason Gabbard , and the two were friends growing up . A standout , Saltalamacchia was a member of Team Florida USA and won gold with the team in the 2001 Junior Olympics . Professional career ( edit ) Atlanta Braves ( edit ) The Atlanta Braves selected Saltalamacchia in the first round ( 36 overall ) of the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft . In 2006 , Saltalamacchia had a breakout season for the Class A Myrtle Beach Pelicans , where the switch - hitting slugger hit . 314 with 35 doubles , 19 homers , and 81 runs batted in ( RBIs ) in 129 games . Saltalamacchia ranked 18th in Baseball America top 100 prospects in 2006 , and 36th the following year . Saltalamacchia batting for the Atlanta Braves in 2007 In the 2007 season , Saltalamacchia started at catcher for the Double - A Mississippi Braves . In 22 games played , he belted 7 home runs with a batting average of . 373 . On his 22nd birthday , he was called up to Atlanta to replace Brayan Peña on the roster and to fill in for Brian McCann , who re-injured his finger on May 1 , 2007 . Saltalamacchia 's call - up made him the new record - holder of the longest surname in Major League Baseball history , at 14 letters , breaking the record set by William Van Landingham ( or tying it , depending on whether one counts the space in the latter 's surname ) . On May 6 , 2007 , Saltalamacchia had the first hit of his major league career in the sixth inning against the Los Angeles Dodgers . In the seventh inning , with two outs and two men on base , Saltalamacchia got his first RBI , which also drove in the winning run for the Braves . On May 27 , 2007 , Saltalamacchia hit his first major league home run , a solo shot off Cole Hamels of the Philadelphia Phillies . On June 26 in a start at first base , Saltalamacchia had his first multi-home run game . Both blasts came batting right - handed off Washington Nationals pitcher Mike Bacsik . Because Saltalamacchia was `` blocked '' ( by McCann , who was recently signed to a large contract with Atlanta ) , he was the subject of much trade speculation within baseball , and was traded to the Texas Rangers on July 31 , 2007 , with Elvis Andrus , Neftalí Feliz , Matt Harrison , and Beau Jones for first baseman Mark Teixeira and reliever Ron Mahay . In 2007 , Saltalamacchia batted . 284 with 4 home runs and 12 RBIs in 47 games with Atlanta . Texas Rangers ( edit ) Upon joining the Rangers after being traded Saltalamacchia changed his number to 25 . In his first game with the Rangers on August 1 , 2007 , Saltalamacchia started at first base and drove in two runs . On August 22 , 2007 , Saltalamacchia had two home runs and seven RBIs in the historic 30 -- 3 rout of the Baltimore Orioles . In 46 games with the Rangers in 2007 , Saltamacchia batted . 251 , collecting seven home runs and 21 RBIs . On March 26 , 2008 , Saltalamacchia lost the starting catching job to Gerald Laird , and the Rangers chose to send him down to the minors to catch every day instead of sitting as the backup . However , Saltalamacchia was soon called up on April 25 , 2008 . Saltalamacchia during his tenure with the Texas Rangers in 2009 After the Rangers signed free agent Andruw Jones , Saltalamacchia gave up his number 25 to Jones and selected the number 21 . On April 25 , 2009 , Saltalamacchia struck out in his 28th consecutive game played , setting a new MLB strikeout streak record for a position player ( pitcher Bill Stoneman holds the all - time record with 37 games ) . Saltalamacchia 's streak started on July 23 , 2008 . Saltalamacchia suffered a shoulder injury on August 15 , 2009 and was placed on the disabled list . Saltalamacchia was placed on the disabled list after the second game of the 2010 season . On April 27 , 2010 , Saltalamacchia was removed from the DL and assigned to the Oklahoma City RedHawks . He has struggled with throwing the ball back to the pitcher . Boston Red Sox ( edit ) Saltalamacchia was traded to the Boston Red Sox just before the Major League Baseball trading deadline on July 31 , 2010 . The Rangers received minor league prospects Chris McGuiness , Román Méndez , a player to be named later ( Michael Thomas ) , and cash . He reported to the Pawtucket Red Sox of the Class AAA International League . Saltalamacchia was called up on August 11 after Kevin Cash went on the disabled list needing surgery in his left thumb , in September 2010 . In the 2011 season , Saltalamacchia was slated at the beginning of the year to be Boston 's primary catcher with veteran Jason Varitek taking the role as the backup . Out of the gate , he struggled defensively and showed weakness in the batter 's box . However , he showed improvement at the plate as the season progressed , hitting . 327 in the month of June . Despite his low average , Saltalamacchia showed decent power and finished out the year hitting . 235 /. 288 /. 450 with 16 HR , and 56 RBIs in 103 games played . Saltalamacchia playing for the Boston Red Sox in 2012 On January 15 , 2012 , Saltalamacchia avoided arbitration by signing a one - year , non-guaranteed contract worth $2.5 million with the Sox to be their starting catcher . Kelly Shoppach was his backup until being traded , making Ryan Lavarnway his backup catcher . On May 26 , 2012 , with one out in the ninth inning , Saltalamacchia hit a 2 - run walk - off home run off of Fernando Rodney to beat the Tampa Bay Rays . As the season progressed , Saltalamacchia was moved to 1st base as manager Bobby Valentine gave Ryan Lavarnway a look as the team 's starting catcher . Saltalamacchia finished the year batting . 222 /. 288 /. 454 with 25 HR , and 59 RBIs in a career high 121 games played . Saltalamacchia was the starting catcher in 2013 for the Red Sox , and David Ross and Ryan Lavarnway were his backups . He went 1 - 2 with 3 walks and a double on Opening Day against the Yankees . On October 13 , 2013 , Saltlamacchia hit a walk - off single , driving in Jonny Gomes to beat the Detroit Tigers 6 - 5 in the second game of the 2013 ALCS . Saltalamacchia was benched for the final three games of the 2013 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals in favor of David Ross following a series of defensive errors . Saltalamacchia appeared in 121 games in 2013 and hit . 273 / 338 /. 466 with 14 home runs , 65 RBIs , 68 runs and 40 doubles , becoming the thirteenth different catcher ever to have 40 doubles in a season . Following the 2013 season , the Red Sox declined to offer Saltalamacchia a qualifying offer , making him an unrestricted free agent . Miami Marlins ( edit ) On December 3 , 2013 , Saltalamacchia agreed to a three - year , $21 million contract with the Miami Marlins . The deal was finalized on December 6 . He was designated for assignment by the Marlins on April 27 , 2015 , and released on May 5 . Arizona Diamondbacks ( edit ) Saltalamacchia with the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2015 On May 7 , Saltalamacchia signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks . After reporting to extended spring training and then playing for the Reno Aces for a week , the Diamondbacks promoted him to the major leagues to replace Tuffy Gosewisch , who suffered a season - ending knee injury , as their starting catcher . Detroit Tigers ( edit ) On December 6 , 2015 , Saltalamacchia signed a one - year major league contract with the Detroit Tigers for the league minimum salary . The Miami Marlins are still paying the bulk of Saltalamacchia 's existing contract . On April 13 , 2016 , Saltalamacchia hit his 100th career home run , a grand slam off Arquimedes Caminero of the Pittsburgh Pirates . Saltalamacchia would finish the 2016 season with a . 171 batting average . Toronto Blue Jays ( edit ) On February 6 , 2017 , Saltalamacchia signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays that included an invitation to spring training . He made the Opening Day roster as the backup catcher to Russell Martin . On April 28 , Saltalamacchia was designated for assignment . He was released on May 3 , and signed a new minor league contract with Toronto on May 16 . He was assigned to the Triple - A Buffalo Bisons . On June 30 , Saltalamacchia was released from his minor league contract . Personal life ( edit ) Saltalamacchia is a Christian . Saltalamacchia and his former Rangers teammate Kason Gabbard were childhood friends . Both attended Royal Palm Beach High School and were traded to the Rangers from different teams on July 31 , 2007 . He is married to Ashley Saltalamacchia , who was a gym teacher at his high school during his time there . They started dating a year after he graduated and were married in the summer of 2005 . The couple have four daughters : Sidney , Hunter , Sloane and April . In August 2017 , Saltalamacchia has worked as a Red Sox studio analyst for New England Sports Network ( NESN ) , and made his debut as color commentator with play - by - play announcer Dave O'Brien during the August 20 , 2017 home game against the New York Yankees . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Glier , Ray ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A : Catching up with the longest name in baseball '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lundblad , Jeremy . `` Bee stumper : S-A-L-T-A-L-A-M-A-C-C-H-I-A - Boston Red Sox Blog - ESPN Boston '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Jarrod '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prospects : All - Time Top 100 Prospects '' . BaseballAmerica.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Bowman ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Saltalamacchia solid in debut '' . Braves.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Glier , Ray ( May 3 , 2007 ) . `` Man of letters : Saltalamacchia sets mark '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ T.R. Sullivan ( August 22 , 2007 ) . `` Rangers break record . '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ `` Laird named Rangers ' starting catcher , Saltalamacchia sent down '' . ESPN.com . March 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Andro ( April 25 , 2008 ) . `` JD confirms Saltalamacchia '' . Foul Territory . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://rangersblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2009/02/saltalamacchia-giving-up-jersey-number.html Archived June 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maldre , Matt ( May 15 , 2011 ) . `` Top ten longest strikeout streaks '' . 57hits.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Transactions texasrangers.com : Team '' . Texas.rangers.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bob Hersom ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` OKC catcher : just trying to play catch '' . okcredhawks.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Saltalamacchia nets Texas two prospects texasrangers.com : News '' . Texas.rangers.mlb.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox recall catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia from Triple - A Pawtucket ; place catcher Kevin Cash on 15 - day disabled list redsox.com : Official Info '' . Boston.redsox.mlb.com . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jarrod Saltalamacchia to have thumb surgery Tuesday -- ESPN Boston '' . Sports.espn.go.com . September 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Craig Calcaterra ( April 6 , 2011 ) . `` Jarrod Saltalamacchia has until June '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia , Red Sox agree on 1 - year contract '' . KSPR.com . Associated Press . January 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bradford , Rob ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Full Count '' Jarrod Saltalamacchia on Red Sox : ' It would be nice to have them call ' `` . WEEI - FM . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pouliot , Matthew ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Jarrod Saltalamacchia collects rare 40 - double season for catcher '' . NBC Sports . Jump up ^ Frisaro , Joe ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Marlins , Saltalamacchia reach three - year deal '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frisaro , Joe ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Marlins , Saltalamacchia complete three - year deal '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ Gleeman , Aaron ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Marlins did n't find a taker for Jarrod Saltalamachia , will release him '' . hardballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins release catcher Saltalamacchia '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Diamondbacks agree to minor league deal with Jarrod Saltalamacchia '' . azcentral . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks will ease Jarrod Saltalamacchia into everyday catcher duties '' . azcentral . June 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers sign catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia '' . Detroit News . December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jason ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` 100 grand : Salty 's milestone HR memorable '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jarrod Saltalamacchia Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Macklin , Oliver ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blue Jays sign Salty , extend spring invite '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davidi , Shi ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Blue Jays to part ways with Saltalamacchia , recall Maile '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Todd , Jeff ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Minor MLB Transactions : 5 / 3 / 17 '' . mlbtraderumors.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Jays sign Saltalamacchia to minor - league deal '' . Sportsnet . May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jarrod Saltalamacchia released by Buffalo Bisons '' . Sportsnet . June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forgiveness After the Boston Bombings '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gabbard tastes victory in home debut '' . texas.rangers.mlb.com . August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Fame finds slugger 's wife '' . AJC.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2006 . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jarrod Saltalamacchia . Official website Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) 2003 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Delmon Young Rickie Weeks Jr . Kyle Sleeth Tim Stauffer Chris Lubanski Ryan Harvey Nick Markakis Paul Maholm John Danks Ian Stewart Michael Aubrey Lastings Milledge Aaron Hill Ryan Wagner Brian Anderson Jeff Allison David Murphy Brad Snyder Conor Jackson Chad Cordero Matt Moses David Aardsma Brandon Wood Chad Billingsley Brad Sullivan Brian Snyder Eric Duncan Daric Barton Carlos Quentin Mitch Maier Adam Miller Matt Murton Omar Quintanilla Craig Whitaker Luis Atilano Jarrod Saltalamacchia Adam Jones Atlanta Braves first - round draft picks 1965 : Grant 1966 : Santorini 1967 : Finlay 1968 : Moore 1969 : Holbert 1970 : Broaddus 1971 : Duncan 1972 : Hanna 1973 : Rockett 1974 : Murphy 1975 : Young 1976 : Smith 1977 : Cole 1978 : Horner 1979 : Komminsk 1980 : Dayley , Acker 1981 : Roberts 1982 : Ward 1983 : None 1984 : Denson 1985 : Greene 1986 : Mercker 1987 : Lilliquist 1988 : Avery 1989 : Houston 1990 : C. Jones 1991 : Kelly 1992 : Arnold 1993 : None 1994 : Shumate 1995 : Hutchinson 1996 : Zapp , Marquis 1997 : Cameron 1998 : None 1999 : None 2000 : Wainwright , Thorman , K. Johnson , Herr 2001 : McBride , Burrus , Lewis 2002 : Francoeur , Meyer 2003 : Atilano , Saltalamacchia 2004 : None 2005 : Devine , B. Jones 2006 : C. Johnson , Rasmus , Evarts 2007 : Heyward , Gilmore 2008 : DeVall 2009 : Minor 2010 : Lipka 2011 : Gilmartin 2012 : Sims 2013 : Hursh 2014 : Davidson 2015 : Allard , Soroka 2016 : Anderson 2017 : Wright Boston Red Sox 2013 World Series champions 2 Jacoby Ellsbury 3 David Ross 5 Jonny Gomes 7 Stephen Drew 11 Clay Buchholz 12 Mike Napoli 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Will Middlebrooks 18 Shane Victorino 19 Koji Uehara ( ALCS MVP ) 22 Félix Doubront 29 Daniel Nava 31 Jon Lester 32 Craig Breslow 34 David Ortiz ( World Series MVP ) 36 Junichi Tazawa 37 Mike Carp 39 Jarrod Saltalamacchia 41 John Lackey 44 Jake Peavy 46 Ryan Dempster 50 Quintin Berry 56 Franklin Morales 67 Brandon Workman 72 Xander Bogaerts Manager 53 John Farrell Third base coach 13 Brian Butterfield Bench coach 17 Torey Lovullo Hitting coach 28 Greg Colbrunn First Base coach 43 Arnie Beyeler Pitching coach 47 Juan Nieves Assistant hitting coach 57 Vic Rodriguez Bullpen coach 58 Dana LeVangie Bullpen catcher 83 Brian Abraham Bullpen catcher 88 Alex Martinez Regular season American League Division Series American League Championship Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jarrod_Saltalamacchia&oldid=803460750 '' Categories : 1985 births American expatriate baseball players in Canada American people of Sicilian descent American people of Italian descent Arizona Diamondbacks players Atlanta Braves players Baseball players from Florida Boston Red Sox players Buffalo Bisons ( minor league ) players Detroit Tigers players Frisco RoughRiders players Gulf Coast Braves players Jupiter Hammerheads players Leones del Escogido players Living people Major League Baseball catchers Miami Marlins players Mississippi Braves players Myrtle Beach Pelicans players Oklahoma City RedHawks players Oklahoma RedHawks players Pawtucket Red Sox players Peoria Javelinas players Phoenix Desert Dogs players Rome Braves players Reno Aces players Sportspeople from Atlanta Sportspeople from West Palm Beach , Florida Texas Rangers players Toronto Blue Jays players Toros del Este players Boston Red Sox broadcasters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本 語 Polski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 17 : 47 . 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"At 14 characters, his last name is the longest in Major League Baseball history.[1] Saltalamacchia is Italian for \"jump over\" (salta) \"the thicket\" (la macchia, Southern Italy dialectical term that refers to a kind of tall shrub). His nickname is Salty.[2]"
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"Saltalamacchia"
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-4366270307273053705 | Battle of Antietam | Battle of Antietam - wikipedia Battle of Antietam Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Antietam ( disambiguation ) . Battle of Antietam Battle of Sharpsburg Part of the American Civil War The Battle of Antietam , by Kurz & Allison ( 1878 ) , depicting the scene of action at Burnside 's Bridge Date September 17 , 1862 ( 1862 - 09 - 17 ) Location Washington County , near Sharpsburg , Maryland 39 ° 28 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 41 '' W / 39.47333 ° N 77.74472 ° W / 39.47333 ; - 77.74472 Coordinates : 39 ° 28 ′ 24 '' N 77 ° 44 ′ 41 '' W / 39.47333 ° N 77.74472 ° W / 39.47333 ; - 77.74472 Result Tactically inconclusive ; Union strategic victory Emancipation Proclamation issued five days later Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders George B. McClellan Robert E. Lee Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of Northern Virginia Strength 87,164 38,000 `` engaged '' Casualties and losses 12,410 2,108 killed ; 9,549 wounded ; 753 captured / missing 10,316 1,567 killed ; 7,752 wounded ; 1,018 captured / missing ( hide ) Maryland Campaign Mile Hill Harpers Ferry Crampton 's Gap South Mountain Antietam Shepherdstown Chambersburg Raid Unison The Battle of Antietam / ænˈtiːtəm / , also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg , particularly in the Southern United States , was fought on September 17 , 1862 , between Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , near Sharpsburg , Maryland and Antietam Creek as part of the Maryland Campaign . It was the first field army -- level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil and is the bloodiest single - day battle in American history , with a combined tally of 22,717 dead , wounded , or missing . After pursuing the Confederate general Robert E. Lee into Maryland , Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan of the Union Army launched attacks against Lee 's army , in defensive positions behind Antietam Creek . At dawn on September 17 , Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's corps mounted a powerful assault on Lee 's left flank . Attacks and counterattacks swept across Miller 's Cornfield , and fighting swirled around the Dunker Church . Union assaults against the Sunken Road eventually pierced the Confederate center , but the Federal advantage was not followed up . In the afternoon , Union Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's corps entered the action , capturing a stone bridge over Antietam Creek and advancing against the Confederate right . At a crucial moment , Confederate Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill 's division arrived from Harpers Ferry and launched a surprise counterattack , driving back Burnside and ending the battle . Although outnumbered two - to - one , Lee committed his entire force , while McClellan sent in less than three - quarters of his army , enabling Lee to fight the Federals to a standstill . During the night , both armies consolidated their lines . In spite of crippling casualties , Lee continued to skirmish with McClellan throughout September 18 , while removing his battered army south of the Potomac River . Despite having superiority of numbers , McClellan 's attacks failed to achieve force concentration , which allowed Lee to counter by shifting forces and moving along interior lines to meet each challenge . Therefore , despite ample reserve forces that could have been deployed to exploit localized successes , McClellan failed to destroy Lee 's army . McClellan 's persistent but erroneous belief that he was outnumbered contributed to his cautiousness throughout the campaign . McClellan had halted Lee 's invasion of Maryland , but Lee was able to withdraw his army back to Virginia without interference from the cautious McClellan . McClellan 's refusal to pursue Lee 's army led to his removal from command by President Abraham Lincoln in November . Although the battle was tactically inconclusive , the Confederate troops had withdrawn first from the battlefield , making it a Union strategic victory . It was a sufficiently significant victory to give Lincoln the confidence to announce his Emancipation Proclamation , which discouraged the British and French governments from pursuing any potential plans to recognize the Confederacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background : Maryland Campaign 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Prelude to battle 3.1 Disposition of armies 3.2 Terrain and its consequences 4 Battle 4.1 Morning phase 4.1. 1 Cornfield 4.2 Midday phase 4.2. 1 Sunken Road : `` Bloody Lane '' 4.3 Afternoon phase 4.3. 1 `` Burnside 's Bridge '' 5 Aftermath 6 Battlefield preservation 7 Historic photographs and paintings 7.1 Mathew Brady 's gallery , `` The Dead of Antietam '' ( 1862 ) 7.2 Captain James Hope murals 7.3 Gallery 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Sources 11.1 Secondary sources 11.2 Primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background : Maryland Campaign Main article : Maryland Campaign Further information : Peninsula Campaign , Seven Days Battles , Northern Virginia Campaign , Second Battle of Bull Run , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War Maryland Campaign , actions September 3 to 15 , 1862 Confederate Union Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia -- about 55,000 men -- entered the state of Maryland on September 3 , 1862 , following their victory at Second Bull Run on August 30 . Emboldened by success , the Confederate leadership intended to take the war into enemy territory . Lee 's invasion of Maryland was intended to run simultaneously with an invasion of Kentucky by the armies of Braxton Bragg and Edmund Kirby Smith . It was also necessary for logistical reasons , as northern Virginia 's farms had been stripped bare of food . Based on events such as the Baltimore riots in the spring of 1861 and the fact that President Lincoln had to pass through the city in disguise en route to his inauguration , Confederate leaders assumed that Maryland would welcome the Confederate forces warmly . They sang the tune `` Maryland , My Maryland ! '' as they marched , but by the fall of 1862 pro-Union sentiment was winning out , especially in the western parts of the state . Civilians generally hid inside their houses as Lee 's army passed through their towns , or watched in cold silence , while the Army of the Potomac was cheered and encouraged . Some Confederate politicians , including President Jefferson Davis , believed that the prospect of foreign recognition would increase if the Confederacy won a military victory on Union soil ; such a victory might gain recognition and financial support from the United Kingdom and France , although there is no evidence that Lee thought the Confederacy should base its military plans on this possibility . While McClellan 's 87,000 - man Army of the Potomac was moving to intercept Lee , two Union soldiers ( Corporal Barton W. Mitchell and First Sergeant John M. Bloss of the 27th Indiana Volunteer Infantry ) discovered a mislaid copy of Lee 's detailed battle plans -- Special Order 191 -- wrapped around three cigars . The order indicated that Lee had divided his army and dispersed portions geographically ( to Harpers Ferry , West Virginia , and Hagerstown , Maryland ) , thus making each subject to isolation and defeat if McClellan could move quickly enough . McClellan waited about 18 hours before deciding to take advantage of this intelligence and reposition his forces , thus squandering an opportunity to defeat Lee decisively . There were two significant engagements in the Maryland campaign prior to the major battle of Antietam : Maj. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson 's capture of Harpers Ferry and McClellan 's assault through the Blue Ridge Mountains in the Battle of South Mountain . The former was significant because a large portion of Lee 's army was absent from the start of the battle of Antietam , attending to the surrender of the Union garrison ; the latter because stout Confederate defenses at two passes through the mountains delayed McClellan 's advance enough for Lee to concentrate the remainder of his army at Sharpsburg . Opposing forces Union Further information : Antietam Union order of battle Opposing army commanders Maj. Gen . George B. McClellan , Army of the Potomac ( USA ) Gen . Robert E. Lee , Army of Northern Virginia ( CSA ) Union corps commanders Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker ( I Corps ) Maj. Gen . Edwin V. Sumner ( II Corps ) Maj. Gen . Fitz John Porter ( V Corps ) Maj. Gen . William B. Franklin ( VI Corps ) Maj. Gen . Ambrose E. Burnside ( IX Corps ) Maj. Gen . Joseph K. Mansfield ( XII Corps ) Lincoln with McClellan and staff at the Grove Farm after the battle . Notable figures ( from left ) are 1 . Col. Delos Sackett ; 4 . Gen. George W. Morell ; 5 . Alexander S. Webb , Chief of Staff , V Corps ; 6 . McClellan ;. 8 . Dr. Jonathan Letterman ; 10 . Lincoln ; 11 . Henry J. Hunt ; 12 . Fitz John Porter ; 15 . Andrew A. Humphreys ; 16 . Capt . George Armstrong Custer . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan 's Army of the Potomac , bolstered by units absorbed from John Pope 's Army of Virginia , included six infantry corps . The I Corps , under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Abner Doubleday ( brigades of Col. Walter Phelps , Brig . Gens . Marsena R. Patrick and John Gibbon , and Lt. Col. J. William Hofmann ) . Brig. Gen. James B. Ricketts ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Abram Duryée , Col. William H. Christian , and Brig. Gen. George L. Hartsuff ) . Brig. Gen. George G. Meade ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Truman Seymour , Col. Albert Magilton and Lt. Col. Robert Anderson ) . The II Corps , under Maj. Gen. Edwin V. Sumner , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson ( brigades of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell , Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher , and Col. John R. Brooke ) . Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Willis A. Gorman , Oliver O. Howard , and Napoleon J.T. Dana ) . Brig. Gen. William H. French ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball , Col. Dwight Morris , and Brig. Gen. Max Weber ) . The V Corps , under Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. George W. Morell ( brigades of Col. James Barnes , Brig. Gen. Charles Griffin , and Col. T.B.W. Stockton ) . Brig. Gen. George Sykes ( brigades of Lt. Col. Robert C. Buchanan , Major Charles S. Lovell , and Col. Gouverneur K. Warren ) . Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys ( brigades of Brig. Gen. Erastus B. Tyler and Col. Peter H. Allabach ) . The VI Corps , under Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum ( brigades of Col. Alfred T.A. Torbert , Col. Joseph J. Bartlett , and Brig. Gen. John Newton ) . Maj. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Winfield S. Hancock and William T.H. Brooks and Col. William H. Irwin ) . A division from the IV Corps under Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Charles Devens , Jr. , Albion P. Howe , and John Cochran ) . The IX Corps , under Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside ( Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox exercised operational command during the battle ) , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Orlando B. Willcox ( brigades of Cols . Benjamin C. Christ and Thomas Welsh ) . Brig. Gen. Samuel D. Sturgis ( brigades of Brig . Gens . James Nagle and Edward Ferrero ) . Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman ( brigades of Cols . Harrison S. Fairchild and Edward Harland ) . Kanawha Division , under Col. Eliakim P. Scammon ( brigades of Cols . Hugh Ewing and George Crook ) . The XII Corps , under Maj. Gen. Joseph K. Mansfield , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Samuel W. Crawford and George H. Gordon ) . Brig. Gen. George S. Greene ( brigades of Lt. Col. Hector Tyndale , Col. Henry J. Stainrook , and Col. William B. Goodrich ) . The Cavalry Division of Brig. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton consisted of the brigades of Maj . Charles J. Whiting and Cols . John F. Farnsworth , Richard H. Rush , Andrew T. McReynolds , and Benjamin F. Davis . Confederate Confederate corps commanders Maj. Gen . James Longstreet ( I Corps ) Maj. Gen . Stonewall Jackson ( II Corps ) Maj. Gen . J.E.B. Stuart ( Cav . Corps ) Further information : Antietam Confederate order of battle General Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia was organized into two large infantry corps . The First Corps , under Maj. Gen. James Longstreet , consisted of the divisions of : Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Joseph B. Kershaw , Howell Cobb , Paul J. Semmes , and William Barksdale ) . Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson ( brigades of Cols . Alfred Cumming , W.A. Parham , and Carnot Posey , and Brig . Gens . Lewis Armistead , Roger A. Pryor , and Ambrose R. Wright ) . Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Robert A. Toombs , Thomas F. Drayton , Richard B. Garnett , James L. Kemper , and Cols . Joseph T. Walker and George T. Anderson ) . Brig. Gen. John G. Walker ( brigades of Colonel Van H. Manning and Brig. Gen. Robert Ransom , Jr . ) . Brig. Gen. John Bell Hood ( brigades of Cols . William T. Wofford and Evander M. Law ) . Independent brigade under Brig. Gen. Nathan G. `` Shanks '' Evans . The Second Corps , under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. `` Stonewall '' Jackson , consisted of the divisions of : Brig. Gen. Alexander R. Lawton ( brigades of Col. Marcellus Douglass , Brig. Gen. Jubal A. Early , Col. James A. Walker , and Brig. Gen. Harry T. Hays ) . Maj. Gen. A.P. Hill ( the Light Division -- brigades of Brig . Gens. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch , Maxcy Gregg , James J. Archer , and William Dorsey Pender , and Cols . John M. Brockenbrough and Edward L. Thomas ) . Brig. Gen. John R. Jones ( brigades of Cols . A.J. Grigsby , E.T.H. Warren , Bradley T. Johnson , and Brig. Gen. William E. Starke ) . Maj. Gen. D.H. Hill ( brigades of Brig . Gens . Roswell S. Ripley , Robert E. Rodes , Samuel Garland , Jr. , George B. Anderson , and Col. Alfred H. Colquitt ) . The remaining units were the Cavalry Corps , under Maj. Gen. J.E.B. Stuart , and the reserve artillery , commanded by Brig. Gen. William N. Pendleton . The Second Corps was organized with artillery attached to each division , in contrast to the First Corps , which reserved its artillery at the corps level . Prelude to battle Disposition of armies Battlefield of Antietam , situation September 15 to 16 , 1862 Overview of the Battle of Antietam Near the town of Sharpsburg , Lee deployed his available forces behind Antietam Creek along a low ridge , starting on September 15 . While it was an effective defensive position , it was not an impregnable one . The terrain provided excellent cover for infantrymen , with rail and stone fences , outcroppings of limestone , and little hollows and swales . The creek to their front was only a minor barrier , ranging from 60 to 100 feet ( 18 -- 30 m ) in width , and was fordable in places and crossed by three stone bridges each a mile ( 1.5 km ) apart . It was also a precarious position because the Confederate rear was blocked by the Potomac River and only a single crossing point , Boteler 's Ford at Shepherdstown , was nearby should retreat be necessary . ( The ford at Williamsport , Maryland , was 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest from Sharpsburg and had been used by Jackson in his march to Harpers Ferry . The disposition of Union forces during the battle made it impractical to consider retreating in that direction . ) And on September 15 , the force under Lee 's immediate command consisted of no more than 18,000 men , only a third the size of the Federal army . The first two Union divisions arrived on the afternoon of September 15 and the bulk of the remainder of the army late that evening . Although an immediate Union attack on the morning of September 16 would have had an overwhelming advantage in numbers , McClellan 's trademark caution and his belief that Lee had as many as 100,000 men at Sharpsburg caused him to delay his attack for a day . This gave the Confederates more time to prepare defensive positions and allowed Longstreet 's corps to arrive from Hagerstown and Jackson 's corps , minus A.P. Hill 's division , to arrive from Harpers Ferry . Jackson defended the left ( northern ) flank , anchored on the Potomac , Longstreet the right ( southern ) flank , anchored on the Antietam , a line that was about 4 miles ( 6 km ) long . ( As the battle progressed and Lee shifted units , these corps boundaries overlapped considerably . ) On the evening of September 16 , McClellan ordered Hooker 's I Corps to cross Antietam Creek and probe the enemy positions . Meade 's division cautiously attacked Hood 's troops near the East Woods . After darkness fell , artillery fire continued as McClellan positioned his troops for the next day 's fighting . McClellan 's plan was to overwhelm the enemy 's left flank . He arrived at this decision because of the configuration of bridges over the Antietam . The lower bridge ( which would soon be named Burnside Bridge ) was dominated by Confederate positions on the bluffs overlooking it . The middle bridge , on the road from Boonsboro , was subject to artillery fire from the heights near Sharpsburg . But the upper bridge was 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of the Confederate guns and could be crossed safely . McClellan planned to commit more than half his army to the assault , starting with two corps , supported by a third , and if necessary a fourth . He intended to launch a simultaneous diversionary attack against the Confederate right with a fifth corps , and he was prepared to strike the center with his reserves if either attack succeeded . The skirmish in the East Woods served to signal McClellan 's intentions to Lee , who prepared his defenses accordingly . He shifted men to his left flank and sent urgent messages to his two commanders who had not yet arrived on the battlefield : Lafayette McLaws with two divisions and A.P. Hill with one division . Terrain and its consequences McClellan 's plans were ill - coordinated and were executed poorly . He issued to each of his subordinate commanders only the orders for his own corps , not general orders describing the entire battle plan . The terrain of the battlefield made it difficult for those commanders to monitor events outside of their sectors , and McClellan 's headquarters were more than a mile in the rear ( at the Philip Pry house , east of the creek ) , making it difficult for him to control the separate corps . Therefore , the battle progressed the next day as essentially three separate , mostly uncoordinated battles : morning in the northern end of the battlefield , midday in the center , and afternoon in the south . This lack of coordination and concentration of McClellan 's forces almost completely nullified the two - to - one advantage the Union enjoyed and allowed Lee to shift his defensive forces to meet each offensive . Battle Morning phase Location : Northern end of the battlefield Assaults by the I Corps , 5 : 30 to 7 : 30 a.m. Cornfield The battle opened at dawn ( about 5 : 30 a.m. ) on September 17 with an attack down the Hagerstown Turnpike by the Union I Corps under Joseph Hooker . Hooker 's objective was the plateau on which sat the Dunker Church , a modest whitewashed building belonging to a local sect of German Baptists . Hooker had approximately 8,600 men , little more than the 7,700 defenders under Stonewall Jackson , and this slight disparity was more than offset by the Confederates ' strong defensive positions . Abner Doubleday 's division moved on Hooker 's right , James Ricketts 's moved on the left into the East Woods , and George Meade 's Pennsylvania Reserves division deployed in the center and slightly to the rear . Jackson 's defense consisted of the divisions under Alexander Lawton and John R. Jones in line from the West Woods , across the Turnpike , and along the southern end of Miller 's Cornfield . Four brigades were held in reserve inside the West Woods . As the first Union men emerged from the North Woods and into the Cornfield , an artillery duel erupted . Confederate fire was from the horse artillery batteries under Jeb Stuart to the west and four batteries under Col. Stephen D. Lee on the high ground across the pike from the Dunker Church to the south . Union return fire was from nine batteries on the ridge behind the North Woods and twenty 20 - pounder Parrott rifles , 2 miles ( 3 km ) east of Antietam Creek . The conflagration caused heavy casualties on both sides and was described by Col. Lee as `` artillery Hell . '' Seeing the glint of Confederate bayonets concealed in the Cornfield , Hooker halted his infantry and brought up four batteries of artillery , which fired shell and canister over the heads of the Federal infantry into the field . A savage battle began , with considerable melee action with rifle butts and bayonets due to short visibility in the corn . Officers rode about cursing and yelling orders no one could hear in the noise . Rifles became hot and fouled from too much firing ; the air was filled with a hail of bullets and shells . Dead Confederate soldiers from Starke 's Louisiana Brigade , on the Hagerstown Turnpike , north of the Dunker Church . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Meade 's 1st Brigade of Pennsylvanians , under Brig. Gen. Truman Seymour , began advancing through the East Woods and exchanged fire with Colonel James Walker 's brigade of Alabama , Georgia , and North Carolina troops . As Walker 's men forced Seymour 's back , aided by Lee 's artillery fire , Ricketts 's division entered the Cornfield , also to be torn up by artillery . Brig. Gen. Abram Duryée 's brigade marched directly into volleys from Colonel Marcellus Douglass 's Georgia brigade . Enduring heavy fire from a range of 250 yards ( 230 m ) and gaining no advantage because of a lack of reinforcements , Duryée ordered a withdrawal . The reinforcements that Duryée had expected -- brigades under Brig. Gen. George L. Hartsuff and Col. William A. Christian -- had difficulties reaching the scene . Hartsuff was wounded by a shell , and Christian dismounted and fled to the rear in terror . When the men were rallied and advanced into the Cornfield , they met the same artillery and infantry fire as their predecessors . As the superior Union numbers began to tell , the Louisiana `` Tiger '' Brigade under Harry Hays entered the fray and forced the Union men back to the East Woods . The casualties received by the 12th Massachusetts Infantry , 67 % , were the highest of any unit that day . The Tigers were beaten back eventually when the Federals brought up a battery of 3 - inch ordnance rifles and rolled them directly into the Cornfield , point - blank fire that slaughtered the Tigers , who lost 323 of their 500 men . ... the most deadly fire of the war . Rifles are shot to pieces in the hands of the soldiers , canteens and haversacks are riddled with bullets , the dead and wounded go down in scores . Captain Benjamin F. Cook of the 12th Massachusetts Infantry , on the attack by the Louisiana Tigers at the Cornfield While the Cornfield remained a bloody stalemate , Federal advances a few hundred yards to the west were more successful . Brig. Gen. John Gibbon 's 4th Brigade of Doubleday 's division ( recently named the Iron Brigade ) began advancing down and astride the turnpike , into the cornfield , and in the West Woods , pushing aside Jackson 's men . They were halted by a charge of 1,150 men from Starke 's brigade , leveling heavy fire from 30 yards ( 30 m ) away . The Confederate brigade withdrew after being exposed to fierce return fire from the Iron Brigade , and Starke was mortally wounded . The Union advance on the Dunker Church resumed and cut a large gap in Jackson 's defensive line , which teetered near collapse . Although the cost was steep , Hooker 's corps was making steady progress . Confederate reinforcements arrived just after 7 a.m. The divisions under McLaws and Richard H. Anderson arrived following a night march from Harpers Ferry . Around 7 : 15 , General Lee moved George T. Anderson 's Georgia brigade from the right flank of the army to aid Jackson . At 7 a.m. , Hood 's division of 2,300 men advanced through the West Woods and pushed the Union troops back through the Cornfield again . The Texans attacked with particular ferocity because as they were called from their reserve position they were forced to interrupt the first hot breakfast they had had in days . They were aided by three brigades of D.H. Hill 's division arriving from the Mumma Farm , southeast of the Cornfield , and by Jubal Early 's brigade , pushing through the West Woods from the Nicodemus Farm , where they had been supporting Jeb Stuart 's horse artillery . Some officers of the Iron Brigade rallied men around the artillery pieces of Battery B , 4th U.S. Artillery , and Gibbon himself saw to it that his previous unit did not lose a single caisson . Hood 's men bore the brunt of the fighting , however , and paid a heavy price -- 60 % casualties -- but they were able to prevent the defensive line from crumbling and held off the I Corps . When asked by a fellow officer where his division was , Hood replied , `` Dead on the field . '' Hooker 's men had also paid heavily but without achieving their objectives . After two hours and 2,500 casualties , they were back where they started . The Cornfield , an area about 250 yards ( 230 m ) deep and 400 yards ( 400 m ) wide , was a scene of indescribable destruction . It was estimated that the Cornfield changed hands no fewer than 15 times in the course of the morning . Major Rufus R. Dawes , who assumed command of Iron Brigade 's 6th Wisconsin Regiment during the battle , later compared the fighting around the Hagerstown Turnpike with the stone wall at Fredericksburg , Spotsylvania 's `` Bloody Angle '' , and the slaughter pen of Cold Harbor , insisting that `` the Antietam Turnpike surpassed them all in manifest evidence of slaughter . '' Hooker called for support from the 7,200 men of Mansfield 's XII Corps . ... every stalk of corn in the northern and greater part of the field was cut as closely as could have been done with a knife , and the ( Confederates ) slain lay in rows precisely as they had stood in their ranks a few moments before . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker Assaults by the XII Corps , 7 : 30 to 9 : 00 a.m. Half of Mansfield 's men were raw recruits , and Mansfield was also inexperienced , having taken command only two days before . Although he was a veteran of 40 years ' service , he had never led large numbers of soldiers in combat . Concerned that his men would bolt under fire , he marched them in a formation that was known as `` column of companies , closed in mass , '' a bunched - up formation in which a regiment was arrayed ten ranks deep instead of the normal two . As his men entered the East Woods , they presented an excellent artillery target , `` almost as good a target as a barn . '' Mansfield himself was shot in the chest and died the next day . Alpheus Williams assumed temporary command of the XII Corps . The new recruits of Mansfield 's 1st Division made no progress against Hood 's line , which was reinforced by brigades of D.H. Hill 's division under Colquitt and McRae . The 2nd Division of the XII Corps , under George Sears Greene , however , broke through McRae 's men , who fled under the mistaken belief that they were about to be trapped by a flanking attack . This breach of the line forced Hood and his men , outnumbered , to regroup in the West Woods , where they had started the day . Greene was able to reach the Dunker Church , Hooker 's original objective , and drove off Stephen Lee 's batteries . Federal forces held most of the ground to the east of the turnpike . Hooker attempted to gather the scattered remnants of his I Corps to continue the assault , but a Confederate sharpshooter spotted the general 's conspicuous white horse and shot Hooker through the foot . Command of his I Corps fell to General Meade , since Hooker 's senior subordinate , James B. Ricketts , had also been wounded . But with Hooker removed from the field , there was no general left with the authority to rally the men of the I and XII Corps . Greene 's men came under heavy fire from the West Woods and withdrew from the Dunker Church . The Dunker Church after September 17 , 1862 . Here , both Union and Confederate dead lie together on the field . In an effort to turn the Confederate left flank and relieve the pressure on Mansfield 's men , Sumner 's II Corps was ordered at 7 : 20 a.m. to send two divisions into battle . Sedgwick 's division of 5,400 men was the first to ford the Antietam , and they entered the East Woods with the intention of turning left and forcing the Confederates south into the assault of Ambrose Burnside 's IX Corps . But the plan went awry . They became separated from William H. French 's division , and at 9 a.m. Sumner , who was accompanying the division , launched the attack with an unusual battle formation -- the three brigades in three long lines , men side - by - side , with only 50 to 70 yards ( 60 m ) separating the lines . They were assaulted first by Confederate artillery and then from three sides by the divisions of Early , Walker , and McLaws , and in less than half an hour Sedgwick 's men were forced to retreat in great disorder to their starting point with over 2,200 casualties , including Sedgwick himself , who was taken out of action for several months by a wound . Sumner has been condemned by most historians for his `` reckless '' attack , his lack of coordination with the I and XII Corps headquarters , losing control of French 's division when he accompanied Sedgwick 's , failing to perform adequate reconnaissance prior to launching his attack , and selecting the unusual battle formation that was so effectively flanked by the Confederate counterattack . Historian M.V. Armstrong 's recent scholarship , however , has determined that Sumner did perform appropriate reconnaissance and his decision to attack where he did was justified by the information available to him . The final actions in the morning phase of the battle were around 10 a.m. , when two regiments of the XII Corps advanced , only to be confronted by the division of John G. Walker , newly arrived from the Confederate right . They fought in the area between the Cornfield in the West Woods , but soon Walker 's men were forced back by two brigades of Greene 's division , and the Federal troops seized some ground in the West Woods . The morning phase ended with casualties on both sides of almost 13,000 , including two Union corps commanders . Midday phase Location : Center of the Confederate line Sunken road : `` Bloody Lane '' Assaults by the XII and II Corps , 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. Sunken Road By midday , the action had shifted to the center of the Confederate line . Sumner had accompanied the morning attack of Sedgwick 's division , but another of his divisions , under French , lost contact with Sumner and Sedgwick and inexplicably headed south . Eager for an opportunity to see combat , French found skirmishers in his path and ordered his men forward . By this time , Sumner 's aide ( and son ) located French , described the terrible fighting in the West Woods and relayed an order for him to divert Confederate attention by attacking their center . French confronted D.H. Hill 's division . Hill commanded about 2,500 men , less than half the number under French , and three of his five brigades had been torn up during the morning combat . This sector of Longstreet 's line was theoretically the weakest . But Hill 's men were in a strong defensive position , atop a gradual ridge , in a sunken road worn down by years of wagon traffic , which formed a natural trench . French launched a series of brigade - sized assaults against Hill 's improvised breastworks at around 9 : 30 a.m. . The first brigade to attack , mostly inexperienced troops commanded by Brig. Gen. Max Weber , was quickly cut down by heavy rifle fire ; neither side deployed artillery at this point . The second attack , more raw recruits under Col. Dwight Morris , was also subjected to heavy fire but managed to beat back a counterattack by the Alabama Brigade of Robert Rodes . The third , under Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball , included three veteran regiments , but they also fell to fire from the sunken road . French 's division suffered 1,750 casualties ( of his 5,700 men ) in under an hour . Reinforcements were arriving on both sides , and by 10 : 30 a.m. Robert E. Lee sent his final reserve division -- some 3,400 men under Maj. Gen. Richard H. Anderson -- to bolster Hill 's line and extend it to the right , preparing an attack that would envelop French 's left flank . But at the same time , the 4,000 men of Maj. Gen. Israel B. Richardson 's division arrived on French 's left . This was the last of Sumner 's three divisions , which had been held up in the rear by McClellan as he organized his reserve forces . Richardson 's fresh troops struck the first blow . Leading off the fourth attack of the day against the sunken road was the Irish Brigade of Brig. Gen. Thomas F. Meagher . As they advanced with emerald green flags snapping in the breeze , a regimental chaplain , Father William Corby , rode back and forth across the front of the formation shouting words of conditional absolution prescribed by the Roman Catholic Church for those who were about to die . ( Corby would later perform a similar service at Gettysburg in 1863 . ) The mostly Irish immigrants lost 540 men to heavy volleys before they were ordered to withdraw . Gen. Richardson personally dispatched the brigade of Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell into battle around noon ( after being told that Caldwell was in the rear , behind a haystack ) , and finally the tide turned . Anderson 's Confederate division had been little help to the defenders after Gen. Anderson was wounded early in the fighting . Other key leaders were lost as well , including George B. Anderson ( no relation ; Anderson 's successor , Col. Charles C. Tew of the 2nd North Carolina , was killed minutes after assuming command ) and Col. John B. Gordon of the 6th Alabama . ( Gordon received 5 serious wounds in the fight , twice in his right leg , twice in the left arm , and once in the face . He lay unconscious , face down in his cap , and later told colleagues that he should have smothered in his own blood , except for the act of an unidentified Yankee , who had earlier shot a hole in his cap , which allowed the blood to drain . ) Rodes was wounded in the thigh but was still on the field . These losses contributed directly to the confusion of the following events . We were shooting them like sheep in a pen . If a bullet missed the mark at first it was liable to strike the further bank , angle back , and take them secondarily . Sergeant of the 61st New York As Caldwell 's brigade advanced around the right flank of the Confederates , Col. Francis C. Barlow and 350 men of the 61st and 64th New York saw a weak point in the line and seized a knoll commanding the sunken road . This allowed them to get enfilade fire into the Confederate line , turning it into a deadly trap . In attempting to wheel around to meet this threat , a command from Rodes was misunderstood by Lt. Col. James N. Lightfoot , who had succeeded the unconscious John Gordon . Lightfoot ordered his men to about - face and march away , an order that all five regiments of the brigade thought applied to them as well . Confederate troops streamed toward Sharpsburg , their line lost . The Bloody Lane in 2005 Confederate dead lie in the `` Bloody Lane '' after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . Richardson 's men were in hot pursuit when massed artillery hastily assembled by Gen. Longstreet drove them back . A counterattack with 200 men led by D.H. Hill got around the Federal left flank near the sunken road , and although they were driven back by a fierce charge of the 5th New Hampshire , this stemmed the collapse of the center . Reluctantly , Richardson ordered his division to fall back to north of the ridge facing the sunken road . His division lost about 1,000 men . Col. Barlow was severely wounded , and Richardson mortally wounded . Winfield S. Hancock assumed division command . Although Hancock would have an excellent future reputation as an aggressive division and corps commander , the unexpected change of command sapped the momentum of the Federal advance . The carnage from 9 : 30 a.m. to 1 : 00 p.m. on the sunken road gave it the name Bloody Lane , leaving about 5,600 casualties ( Union 3,000 , Confederate 2,600 ) along the 800 - yard ( 700 m ) road . And yet a great opportunity presented itself . If this broken sector of the Confederate line were exploited , Lee 's army would have been divided in half and possibly defeated . There were ample forces available to do so . There was a reserve of 3,500 cavalry and the 10,300 infantrymen of Gen. Porter 's V Corps , waiting near the middle bridge , a mile away . The VI Corps had just arrived with 12,000 men . Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin of the VI Corps was ready to exploit this breakthrough , but Sumner , the senior corps commander , ordered him not to advance . Franklin appealed to McClellan , who left his headquarters in the rear to hear both arguments but backed Sumner 's decision , ordering Franklin and Hancock to hold their positions . Later in the day , the commander of the other reserve unit near the center , the V Corps , Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter , heard recommendations from Maj. Gen. George Sykes , commanding his 2nd Division , that another attack be made in the center , an idea that intrigued McClellan . However , Porter is said to have told McClellan , `` Remember , General , I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic . '' McClellan demurred and another opportunity was lost . Afternoon phase Location : Southern end of the battlefield `` Burnside 's bridge '' Assaults by the IX Corps , 10 a.m. to 4 : 30 p.m. The action moved to the southern end of the battlefield . McClellan 's plan called for Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside and the IX Corps to conduct a diversionary attack in support of Hooker 's I Corps , hoping to draw Confederate attention away from the intended main attack in the north . However , Burnside was instructed to wait for explicit orders before launching his attack , and those orders did not reach him until 10 a.m. Burnside was strangely passive during preparations for the battle . He was disgruntled that McClellan had abandoned the previous arrangement of `` wing '' commanders reporting to him . Previously , Burnside had commanded a wing that included both the I and IX Corps and now he was responsible only for the IX Corps . Implicitly refusing to give up his higher authority , Burnside treated first Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno ( killed at South Mountain ) and then Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox of the Kanawha Division as the corps commander , funneling orders to the corps through him . Burnside had four divisions ( 12,500 troops ) and 50 guns east of Antietam Creek . Facing him was a force that had been greatly depleted by Lee 's movement of units to bolster the Confederate left flank . At dawn , the divisions of Brig . Gens . David R. Jones and John G. Walker stood in defense , but by 10 a.m. all of Walker 's men and Col. George T. Anderson 's Georgia brigade had been removed . Jones had only about 3,000 men and 12 guns available to meet Burnside . Four thin brigades guarded the ridges near Sharpsburg , primarily a low plateau known as Cemetery Hill . The remaining 400 men -- the 2nd and 20th Georgia regiments , under the command of Brig. Gen. Robert Toombs , with two artillery batteries -- defended Rohrbach 's Bridge , a three - span , 125 - foot ( 38 m ) stone structure that was the southernmost crossing of the Antietam . It would become known to history as Burnside 's Bridge because of the notoriety of the coming battle . The bridge was a difficult objective . The road leading to it ran parallel to the creek and was exposed to enemy fire . The bridge was dominated by a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) high wooded bluff on the west bank , strewn with boulders from an old quarry , making infantry and sharpshooter fire from good covered positions a dangerous impediment to crossing . Go and look at ( Burnside 's Bridge ) , and tell me if you do n't think Burnside and his corps might have executed a hop , skip , and jump and landed on the other side . One thing is certain , they might have waded it that day without getting their waist belts wet in any place . Confederate staff officer Henry Kyd Douglas Antietam Creek in this sector was seldom more than 50 feet ( 15 m ) wide , and several stretches were only waist deep and out of Confederate range . Burnside has been widely criticized for ignoring this fact . However , the commanding terrain across the sometimes shallow creek made crossing the water a comparatively easy part of a difficult problem . Burnside concentrated his plan instead on storming the bridge while simultaneously crossing a ford McClellan 's engineers had identified a half mile ( 1 km ) downstream , but when Burnside 's men reached it , they found the banks too high to negotiate . While Col. George Crook 's Ohio brigade prepared to attack the bridge with the support of Brig. Gen. Samuel Sturgis 's division , the rest of the Kanawha Division and Brig. Gen. Isaac Rodman 's division struggled through thick brush trying to locate Snavely 's Ford , 2 miles ( 3 km ) downstream , intending to flank the Confederates . Crook 's assault on the bridge was led by skirmishers from the 11th Connecticut , who were ordered to clear the bridge for the Ohioans to cross and assault the bluff . After receiving punishing fire for 15 minutes , the Connecticut men withdrew with 139 casualties , one - third of their strength , including their commander , Col. Henry W. Kingsbury , who was fatally wounded . Crook 's main assault went awry when his unfamiliarity with the terrain caused his men to reach the creek a quarter mile ( 400 m ) upstream from the bridge , where they exchanged volleys with Confederate skirmishers for the next few hours . While Rodman 's division was out of touch , slogging toward Snavely 's Ford , Burnside and Cox directed a second assault at the bridge by one of Sturgis 's brigades , led by the 2nd Maryland and 6th New Hampshire . They also fell prey to the Confederate sharpshooters and artillery , and their attack fell apart . By this time it was noon , and McClellan was losing patience . He sent a succession of couriers to motivate Burnside to move forward . He ordered one aide , `` Tell him if it costs 10,000 men he must go now . '' He increased the pressure by sending his inspector general , Col. Delos B. Sackett , to confront Burnside , who reacted indignantly : `` McClellan appears to think I am not trying my best to carry this bridge ; you are the third or fourth one who has been to me this morning with similar orders . '' The third attempt to take the bridge was at 12 : 30 p.m. by Sturgis 's other brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edward Ferrero . It was led by the 51st New York and the 51st Pennsylvania , who , with adequate artillery support and a promise that a recently canceled whiskey ration would be restored if they were successful , charged downhill and took up positions on the east bank . Maneuvering a captured light howitzer into position , they fired double canister down the bridge and got within 25 yards ( 23 m ) of the enemy . By 1 p.m. , Confederate ammunition was running low , and word reached Toombs that Rodman 's men were crossing Snavely 's Ford on their flank . He ordered a withdrawal . His Georgians had cost the Federals more than 500 casualties , giving up fewer than 160 themselves . And they had stalled Burnside 's assault on the southern flank for more than three hours . Charge of the 51st New York and 51st Pennsylvania across Burnside 's Bridge , by Edwin Forbes Battle of Antietam by Kurz and Allison Confederate guns on the hill above poured fire into the Union ranks at Burnside 's bridge . Photo taken just after the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . Union positions below the Confederates at Burnside Bridge Burnside Bridge in 2012 Burnside 's assault stalled again on its own . His officers had neglected to transport ammunition across the bridge , which was itself becoming a bottleneck for soldiers , artillery , and wagons . This represented another two - hour delay . Gen. Lee used this time to bolster his right flank . He ordered up every available artillery unit , although he made no attempt to strengthen D.R. Jones 's badly outnumbered force with infantry units from the left . Instead , he counted on the arrival of A.P. Hill 's Light Division , currently embarked on an exhausting 17 mile ( 27 km ) march from Harpers Ferry . By 2 p.m. , Hill 's men had reached Boteler 's Ford , and Hill was able to confer with the relieved Lee at 2 : 30 , who ordered him to bring up his men to the right of Jones . The Federals were completely unaware that 3,000 new men would be facing them . Burnside 's plan was to move around the weakened Confederate right flank , converge on Sharpsburg , and cut Lee 's army off from Boteler 's Ford , their only escape route across the Potomac . At 3 p.m. , Burnside left Sturgis 's division in reserve on the west bank and moved west with over 8,000 troops ( most of them fresh ) and 22 guns for close support . An initial assault led by the 79th New York `` Cameron Highlanders '' succeeded against Jones 's outnumbered division , which was pushed back past Cemetery Hill and to within 200 yards ( 200 m ) of Sharpsburg . Farther to the left , Rodman 's division advanced toward Harpers Ferry Road . Its lead brigade , under Col. Harrison Fairchild , containing several colorful Zouaves of the 9th New York , commanded by Col. Rush Hawkins , came under heavy shellfire from a dozen enemy guns mounted on a ridge to their front , but they kept pushing forward . There was panic in the streets of Sharpsburg , clogged with retreating Confederates . Of the five brigades in Jones 's division , only Toombs 's brigade was still intact , but he had only 700 men . A.P. Hill 's division arrived at 3 : 30 p.m. Hill divided his column , with two brigades moving southeast to guard his flank and the other three , about 2,000 men , moving to the right of Toombs 's brigade and preparing for a counterattack . At 3 : 40 p.m. , Brig. Gen. Maxcy Gregg 's brigade of South Carolinians attacked the 16th Connecticut on Rodman 's left flank in the cornfield of farmer John Otto . The Connecticut men had been in service for only three weeks , and their line disintegrated with 185 casualties . The 4th Rhode Island came up on the right , but they had poor visibility amid the high stalks of corn , and they were disoriented because many of the Confederates were wearing Union uniforms captured at Harpers Ferry . They also broke and ran , leaving the 8th Connecticut far out in advance and isolated . They were enveloped and driven down the hills toward Antietam Creek . A counterattack by regiments from the Kanawha Division fell short . The IX Corps had suffered casualties of about 20 % but still possessed twice the number of Confederates confronting them . Unnerved by the collapse of his flank , Burnside ordered his men all the way back to the west bank of the Antietam , where he urgently requested more men and guns . McClellan was able to provide just one battery . He said , `` I can do nothing more . I have no infantry . '' In fact , however , McClellan had two fresh corps in reserve , Porter 's V and Franklin 's VI , but he was too cautious , concerned he was greatly outnumbered and that a massive counterstrike by Lee was imminent . Burnside 's men spent the rest of the day guarding the bridge they had suffered so much to capture . Aftermath Confederate dead gathered for burial after the battle . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Photograph by Alexander Gardner of Lincoln and McClellan near the Antietam battlefield , October 3 , 1862 The battle was over by 5 : 30 p.m. On the morning of September 18 , Lee 's army prepared to defend against a Federal assault that never came . After an improvised truce for both sides to recover and exchange their wounded , Lee 's forces began withdrawing across the Potomac that evening to return to Virginia . Losses from the battle were heavy on both sides . The Union had 12,410 casualties with 2,108 dead . Confederate casualties were 10,316 with 1,546 dead . This represented 25 % of the Federal force and 31 % of the Confederate . Overall , both sides lost a combined total of 22,720 casualties in a single day , almost the same amount as the number of losses that had shocked the nation at the 2 - day Battle of Shiloh five months earlier . Of the other casualties , 1,910 Union and 1,550 Confederate troops died of their wounds soon after the battle , while 225 Union and 306 Confederate troops listed as missing were later confirmed as dead . Several generals died as a result of the battle , including Maj . Gens . Joseph K. Mansfield and Israel B. Richardson and Brig. Gen. Isaac P. Rodman on the Union side , and Brig . Gens. Lawrence O. Branch and William E. Starke on the Confederate side . Confederate Brig. Gen. George B. Anderson was shot in the ankle during the defense of the Bloody Lane . He survived the battle but died later in October after an amputation . The fighting on September 17 , 1862 , killed 7,650 American soldiers . More Americans died in battle on September 17 , 1862 , than on any other day in the nation 's military history . Antietam is sometimes cited as the bloodiest day in all of American history , but the deaths from the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 are significantly higher . The bloodiest battle in American history was Gettysburg , but its more than 46,000 casualties occurred over three days . Antietam ranks fifth in terms of total casualties in Civil War battles , falling behind Chickamauga , Chancellorsville , and Spotsylvania Court House . President Lincoln was disappointed in McClellan 's performance . He believed that McClellan 's overly cautious and poorly coordinated actions in the field had forced the battle to a draw rather than a crippling Confederate defeat . The president was even more astonished that from September 17 to October 26 , despite repeated entreaties from the War Department and the president himself , McClellan declined to pursue Lee across the Potomac , citing shortages of equipment and the fear of overextending his forces . General - in - Chief Henry W. Halleck wrote in his official report , `` The long inactivity of so large an army in the face of a defeated foe , and during the most favorable season for rapid movements and a vigorous campaign , was a matter of great disappointment and regret . '' Lincoln relieved McClellan of his command of the Army of the Potomac on November 5 , effectively ending the general 's military career . He was replaced on November 9 by General Burnside . External video Presentation by James McPherson on Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , September 11 , 2008 , C - SPAN Some students of history question the designation of `` strategic victory '' for the Union . After all , it can be argued that McClellan performed poorly in the campaign and the battle itself , and Lee displayed great generalship in holding his own in battle against an army that greatly outnumbered his . Casualties were comparable on both sides , although Lee lost a higher percentage of his army . Lee withdrew from the battlefield first , the technical definition of the tactical loser in a Civil War battle . However , in a strategic sense , despite being a tactical draw , Antietam is considered a turning point of the war and a victory for the Union because it ended Lee 's strategic campaign ( his first invasion of Union territory ) . American historian James M. McPherson summed up the importance of the Battle of Antietam in his book , Crossroads of Freedom : No other campaign and battle in the war had such momentous , multiple consequences as Antietam . In July 1863 the dual Union triumphs at Gettysburg and Vicksburg struck another blow that blunted a renewed Confederate offensive in the East and cut off the western third of the Confederacy from the rest . In September 1864 Sherman 's capture of Atlanta electrified the North and set the stage for the final drive to Union victory . These also were pivotal moments . But they would never have happened if the triple Confederate offensives in Mississippi , Kentucky , and most of all Maryland had not been defeated in the fall of 1862 . -- James M. McPherson , Crossroads of Freedom The results of Antietam also allowed President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamationon September 22 , which gave Confederate states until January 1 , 1863 to return or else lose their slaves . Although Lincoln had intended to do so earlier , he was advised by his Cabinet to make this announcement after a Union victory to avoid the perception that it was issued out of desperation . The Union victory and Lincoln 's proclamation played a considerable role in dissuading the governments of France and Britain from recognizing the Confederacy ; some suspected they were planning to do so in the aftermath of another Union defeat . When the issue of emancipation was linked to the progress of the war , neither government had the political will to oppose the United States , since it linked support to the Confederacy to support for slavery . Both countries had already abolished slavery , and the public would not have tolerated the government militarily supporting a sovereignty upholding the ideals of slavery . Battlefield preservation The battle is commemorated at Antietam National Battlefield . Conservation work undertaken by Antietam National Battlefield and private groups , has earned Antietam a reputation as one of the nation 's best preserved Civil War battlefields . Few visual intrusions mar the landscape , letting visitors experience the site nearly as it was in 1862 . Antietam was one of the first five Civil War battlefields preserved federally , receiving that distinction on August 30 , 1890 . The U.S. War Department also placed over 300 tablets at that time to mark the spots of individual regiments and of significant phases in the battle . The battlefield was transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1933 . The Antietam National Battlefield now consists of 2,743 acres , while the Civil War Trust has preserved 240 acres around the site . Historic photographs and paintings Mathew Brady 's gallery , `` the dead of Antietam '' ( 1862 ) In October 2012 , the National Museum of Civil War Medicine displayed 21 original Mathew Brady 1862 photographs documenting the Battle of Antietam . Brady is considered the father of photojournalism . He is known for his efforts to document the Civil War on a grand scale by bringing his photographic studio to the battlefields after receiving special permission from Lincoln in 1861 . On September 19 , 1862 , two days after the Battle of Antietam , Mathew Brady sent photographer Alexander Gardner and his assistant James Gibson to photograph the carnage . In October 1862 Brady displayed the photos by Gardner in an exhibition entitled `` The Dead of Antietam '' at Brady 's New York gallery . Many images in this presentation were graphic photographs of corpses , a presentation new to America . This was the first time that many Americans saw the realities of war in photographs as distinct from previous `` artists ' impressions '' . The New York Times published a review on October 20 , 1862 , describing how , `` Of all objects of horror one would think the battle - field should stand preeminent , that it should bear away the palm of repulsiveness . '' But crowds came to the gallery drawn by a `` terrible fascination '' to the images of mangled corpses which brought the reality of remote battle fields to New Yorkers . Viewers examined details using a magnifying glass . `` We would scarce choose to be in the gallery , when one of the women bending over them should recognize a husband , a son , or a brother in the still , lifeless lines of bodies , that lie ready for the gaping trenches . '' Captain James Hope murals Captain James Hope of the 2nd Vermont Infantry , a professional artist , painted five large murals based on battlefield scenes he had sketched during the Battle of Antietam . He had been assigned to sideline duties as a scout and mapmaker due to his injuries . The canvasses were exhibited in his gallery in Watkins Glen , New York , until his death in 1892 . He had prints made of these larger paintings and sold the reproductions . In the 1930s his work was damaged in a flood . The original murals were shown in a church for many years . In 1979 , the National Park Service purchased and restored them . They were featured in a 1984 Time - Life book entitled The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Gallery The images below include photographs by Alexander Gardner , who was employed by Mathew Brady and whose photographs were exhibited in Brady 's New York gallery in October 1862 , and the murals by Captain James Hope restored by the National Park Service . Confederate soldiers on the Antietam battlefield as they fell inside the fence on the Hagerstown road , September 1862 by Alexander Gardner Harper 's Weekly drawing of dead soldiers on Antietam battlefield , based on Gardner photograph Confederate horses lay dead and artillery caissons destroyed on Antietam battlefield Dead on Antietam battlefield Confederate dead at Bloody Lane , looking east from the north bank . Alexander Gardner photograph . Confederate dead at Bloody Lane , looking northeast from the south bank . Alexander Gardner photograph . `` Confederate soldier who after being wounded had evidently dragged himself to a little ravine on the hillside where he died '' . Photograph by Alexander Gardner . Federal burial party by Alexander Gardner Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield `` A Lonely Grave '' -- Federal grave at Antietam by Alexander Gardner Antietam Battlefield photograph by Alexander Gardner Artillery hell by Captain James Hope ( Dunker Church at the far left ) `` A Fateful Turn '' -- Late morning looking east toward the Roulette Farm by Captain James Hope `` The Aftermath at Bloody Lane '' by Captain James Hope `` Wasted Gallantry '' by Captain James Hope Burnside Bridge by Captain James Hope The Lutheran Church just east of Sharpsburg marks the extent of the Union offensive during the Battle of Antietam , 1862 . In popular culture The Battle of Antietam was featured at the beginning of the film Glory ( 1989 ) , directed by Edward Zwick and starring Matthew Broderick , Denzel Washington , Cary Elwes , and Morgan Freeman . The scene depicts the wounding of Captain Robert Gould Shaw of Massachusetts . In Hell on Wheels season 1 , episode 8 ( `` Derailed '' ) , the former Union Army lieutenant carries a Confederate saber that he took as a trophy at Antietam , which he termed a `` glorious victory '' . Cullen Bohannon , a former Confederate soldier , disagrees with the blue coat 's assessment of what Bohannon calls the Battle of Sharpsburg . The lieutenant , who was with the 51st from Pennsylvania , which stormed the Burnside Bridge , thought they had the Confederate soldiers running scared . Bohannon corrects him , explaining that the Confederate forces retreated from Burnside Bridge because they ran out of ammunition shooting Union Army soldiers , who kept lining up as if at a firing squad , to be shot like `` fish in a bloody barrel '' . The men 's animosity and opposing views of that skirmish reflect their differing philosophies and bode badly for the outcome of their shared mission in this episode . The Massachusetts - based ink manufacturer Noodler 's carries an ink called Antietam . The colour is a reddish brown . See also American Civil War portal List of American Civil War battles List of costliest American Civil War land battles Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1862 Armies in the American Civil War USS Antietam Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant References Jump up ^ NPS ; see the discussion of `` strategic victory '' in the Aftermath section . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 169 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 803 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Reports of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , U.S. Army , commanding the Army of the Potomac , of operations August 14 -- November 9 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , p. 67 ) . ^ Jump up to : Eicher , p. 363 , cites 75,500 Union troops . Sears , p. 173 , cites 75,000 Union troops , with an effective strength of 71,500 , with 300 guns ; on p. 296 , he states that the 12,401 Union casualties were 25 % of those who went into action and that McClellan committed `` barely 50,000 infantry and artillerymen to the contest '' ; p. 389 , he cites Confederate effective strength of `` just over 38,000 , '' including A.P. Hill 's division , which arrived in the afternoon . Priest , p. 343 , cites 87,164 men present in the Army of the Potomac , with 53,632 engaged , and 30,646 engaged in the Army of Northern Virginia . Luvaas and Nelson , p. 302 , cite 87,100 Union engaged , 51,800 Confederate . Harsh , Sounding the Shallows , pp. 201 -- 02 , analyzes the historiography of the figures , and shows that Ezra A. Carman ( a battlefield historian who influenced some of these sources ) used `` engaged '' figures ; the 38,000 excludes Pender 's and Field 's brigades , roughly half the artillery , and forces used to secure objectives behind the line . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 189 -- 204 . ^ Jump up to : Union : 12,410 total ( 2,108 killed ; 9,549 wounded ; 753 captured / missing ) ; Confederate : 10,316 total ( 1,546 killed ; 7,752 wounded ; 1,018 captured / missing ) according to Sears , pp. 294 -- 96 ; Cannan , p. 201 . Confederate casualties are estimates because reported figures include undifferentiated casualties at South Mountain and Shepherdstown ; Sears remarks that `` there is no doubt that a good many of the 1,771 men listed as missing were in fact dead , buried uncounted in unmarked graves where they fell . '' McPherson , p. 129 , gives ranges for the Confederate losses : 1,546 -- 2,700 dead , 7,752 -- 9,024 wounded . He states that more than 2,000 of the wounded on both sides died from their wounds . Priest , p. 343 , reports 12,882 Union casualties ( 2,157 killed , 9,716 wounded , 1,009 missing or captured ) and 11,530 Confederate ( 1,754 killed , 8,649 wounded , 1,127 missing or captured ) . Luvaas and Nelson , p. 302 , cite Union casualties of 12,469 ( 2,010 killed , 9,416 wounded , 1,043 missing or captured ) and 10,292 Confederate ( 1,567 killed , 8,725 wounded for September 14 -- 20 , plus approximately 2,000 missing or captured ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ NPS . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Eicher 2001 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Sears , p. 69 `` perhaps 50,000 '' . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2002 , pp. 110 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 359 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Welcher , pp. 786 -- 88 ; Eicher , p. 338 . Jump up ^ O.R. Series 1 , Vol . XIX part 2 ( S # 28 ) , p. 621 ; Luvaas and Nelson , pp. 294 -- 300 ; Esposito , map 67 ; Sears , pp. 366 -- 72 . Although most histories , including the Official Records , refer to these organizations as Corps , that designation was not formally made until November 6 , 1862 , after the Maryland Campaign . Longstreet 's unit was referred to as the Right Wing , Jackson 's the Left Wing , for most of 1862 . ( Gen. Lee referred in official correspondence to these as `` commands '' . See , for instance , Luvaas and Nelson , p. 4 . Lee used this term because a Confederate law forbade the creation of army corps . It had been intended as a states ' rights measure to ensure that governors would retain some control over the troops from their state , and Lee lobbied strongly for repeal of this law . ) Harsh , Sounding the Shallows , pp. 32 -- 90 , states that D.H. Hill was temporarily in command of a `` Center Wing '' with his own division commanded initially by Brig. Gen. Roswell S. Ripley , and the divisions of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws and Brig. Gen. John G. Walker . The other references list him strictly as a division commander . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 60 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 1983 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 164 , 175 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Harsh , Taken at the Flood , pp. 366 -- 67 Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 190 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey 1984 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , pp. 88 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , pp. 91 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dawes 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 79 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Armstrong 2002 , pp. 3 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , pp. 353 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2000 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 221 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Armstrong 2002 , pp. 39 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Wolff 2000 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 101 -- 03 . ^ Jump up to : Sears 1983 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 108 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , p. 94 . McClellan issued the order at 9 : 10 , after the repulse of Hooker 's and Mansfield 's assaults , having waited for the VI Corps to reach the battlefield and take up a reserve position . ^ Jump up to : Wolff 2000 , p. 64 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1940 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Eicher 2001 , pp. 359 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Tucker , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 264 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 266 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 132 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 291 -- 92 . ^ Jump up to : Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 297 , 306 -- 07 . Jump up ^ 10,291 Confederate casualties : 1,567 killed and 8,724 wounded for the entire Maryland Campaign . See : Official Records , Series I , Volume XIX , Part 1 , pp. 810 -- 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/anti/learn/historyculture/casualties.htm Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 194 , 206 , 254 , 287 , 290 . Jump up ^ `` Death Tolls for Battles of the 16th , 17th , 18th & 19th Centuries ( 1500 -- 1900 ) '' , citing the National Park Service . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , pp. 338 - 339 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 2002 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Sears 1983 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ `` Preservationists see victory at Antietam 150 years later '' . latimes . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Antietam Summary & Facts '' . Civilwar.org . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Horan , James D. ( December 12 , 1988 ) . Mathew Brady : Historian With a Camera . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 517 - 00104 - 7 . Jump up ^ Pritzker Jump up ^ Brady employed almost two dozen men , each of whom was given a traveling darkroom , to photograph scenes from the battle . There are hundreds of photos in the National Archives taken by Brady and his associates from numerous Civil War sites . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Brady Antietam Photography Exhibit From 1862 Recreated At National Museum of Civil War Medicine '' . Huffington Post . Keedysville , Maryland . October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brady 's Photographs : Pictures of the Dead at Antietam '' . New York : New York Times . October 20 , 1862 . Jump up ^ `` Hope paintings , Hope restored '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` James Hope ( 1818 / 19 -- 1892 ) Papers , 1854 -- 1983 ( bulk : 1856 -- 1872 ) MSA 529 & Size D '' ( PDF ) . Vermont Historical Society . Jump up ^ Bailey 1984 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 168 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Robert Kalasky , `` Military Images '' Volume XX , Number 6 May -- June 1999 , pp. 24 -- 29 . Jump up ^ The Union soldiers looking on were likely members of the 130th Pennsylvania , who were assigned burial detail Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 144 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Site identified by Frassanito , pp. 171 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Original description claimed `` Battlefield of Antietam on the Day of the Battle '' September 17 , 1862 ; however , see Frassanito , pp. 70 -- 73 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Civil War : 54th Massachusetts Regiment '' . Historynet.com . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Christopher ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` '' Glory '' Regiment Attacks Fort Wagner , 150 Years Ago `` . The History Channel . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://noodlersink.com/noodlers-ink-color/ink-colors-and-their-properties/ Sources Secondary sources Armstrong , Marion V. ( 2002 ) . Disaster in the West Woods : General Edwin V. Sumner and the II Corps at Antietam . Sharpsburg , MD : Western Maryland Interpretive Association . Bailey , Ronald H. ( 1984 ) . The Bloodiest Day : The Battle of Antietam . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4740 - 1 . Cannan , John . The Antietam Campaign : August -- September 1862 . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 938289 - 91 - 8 . Eicher , David J. ( 2001 ) . The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Frassanito , William A. Antietam : The Photographic Legacy of America 's Bloodiest Day . Gettysburg , PA : Thomas Publications , 1978 . ISBN 1 - 57747 - 005 - 2 . Harsh , Joseph L. Sounding the Shallows : A Confederate Companion for the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 641 - 8 . Harsh , Joseph L. Taken at the Flood : Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 631 - 0 . Jamieson , Perry D. Death in September : The Antietam Campaign . Abilene , TX : McWhiney Foundation Press , 1999 . ISBN 1 - 893114 - 07 - 4 . Kalasky , Robert . `` Union dead ... Confederate Dead ' . '' Military Images Magazine . Volume XX , Number 6 , May -- June 1999 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Luvaas , Jay , and Harold W. Nelson , eds . Guide to the Battle of Antietam . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0784 - 6 . McPherson , James M. ( 2002 ) . Crossroads of Freedom : Antietam , The Battle That Changed the Course of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513521 - 0 . Priest , John Michael . Antietam : The Soldiers ' Battle . New York : Oxford University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508466 - 7 . Sears , Stephen W. ( 1983 ) . Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 172 - X . Tucker , Phillip Thomas . Burnside 's Bridge : The Climactic Struggle of the 2nd and 20th Georgia at Antietam Creek . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0199 - 9 . Welcher , Frank J. The Union Army , 1861 -- 1865 Organization and Operations . Vol. 1 , The Eastern Theater . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 36453 - 1 . Wolff , Robert S. ( 2000 ) . `` The Antietam Campaign '' . In Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . National Park Service battle description Primary sources Dawes , Rufus R. ( 1999 ) ( 1890 ) . A Full Blown Yankee of the Iron Brigade : Service with the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 6618 - 9 . First published by E.R. Alderman and Sons . Douglas , Henry Kyd ( 1940 ) . I Rode with Stonewall : The War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson 's Staff . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 0337 - 5 . `` Brady 's Photographs : Pictures of the Dead at Antietam '' . New York : New York Times . October 20 , 1862 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 -- 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading Armstrong Marion V. , Jr . Unfurl Those Colors ! McClellan , Sumner , and the Second Army Corps in the Antietam Campaign . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 1600 - 6 . Ballard , Ted . Battle of Antietam : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2006 . OCLC 68192262 . Breeden , James O. `` Field Medicine at Antietam . '' Caduceus : A Humanities Journal for Medicine and the Health Sciences 10 # 1 ( 1994 ) : 8 -- 22 . Carman , Ezra Ayers . The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 . Vol. 1 , South Mountain . Edited by Thomas G. Clemens . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 81 - 4 . Carman , Ezra Ayers . The Maryland Campaign of September 1862 : Ezra A. Carman 's Definitive Account of the Union and Confederate Armies at Antietam . Edited by Joseph Pierro . New York : Routledge , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95628 - 5 . Catton , Bruce . `` Crisis at the Antietam . '' American Heritage 9 # 5 ( August 1958 ) : 54 -- 96 . Frassanito , William A. Antietam : The Photographic Legacy of America 's Bloodiest Day . New York : Scribner , 1978 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 15659 - 0 . Gallagher , Gary W. , ed . Antietam : Essays on the 1862 Maryland Campaign . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 400 - 8 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of Antietam : An Atlas of the Antietam ( Sharpsburg ) Campaign , including the Battle of South Mountain , September 2 -- 20 , 1862 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 086 - 6 . Jermann , Donald R. Antietam : The Lost Order . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing Co. , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 366 - 3 . Hartwig , D. Scott . To Antietam Creek : The Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0631 - 2 . Murfin , James V . The Gleam of Bayonets : The Battle of Antietam and the Maryland Campaign of 1862 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1965 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0990 - 8 . Perry D. Jamieson and Bradford A. Wineman , The Maryland and Fredericksburg Campaigns , 1862 -- 1863 . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2015 . CMH Pub 75 - 6 . Rawley , James A. ( 1966 ) . Turning Points of the Civil War . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . OCLC 44957745 . Reardon , Carol and Tom Vossler . A Field Guide to Antietam : Experiencing the Battlefield through Its History , Places , and People ( U of North Carolina Press , 2016 ) 347 pp . Slotkin , Richard . The Long Road to Antietam : How the Civil War Became a Revolution . New York : Liveright , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87140 - 411 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Antietam . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Antietam National Battlefield Park . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington County , Maryland . The Battle of Antietam : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Antietam National Battlefield Park Antietam on the Web Atlas of the battlefield of Antietam ( Library of Congress ) . Animated history of the Battle of Antietam Official Reports from Antietam Official Records : The Battle of Antietam ( Sharpsburg ) , `` the bloodiest day of the Civil War '' ( September 17 , 1862 ) USS Antietam Brotherswar.com The Battle of Antietam Maryland in the American Civil War Battles Maryland Campaign Battle of Antietam Battle of Boonsboro Battle of Crampton 's Gap Battle of Folck 's Mill Battle of Funkstown Battle of Hancock Battle of Monocacy Battle of South Mountain Battle of Williamsport Events Baltimore Riot of 1861 Ex parte Merryman Special Order 191 Maryland Constitution of 1864 Miscellaneous `` Maryland , My Maryland '' Museums Baltimore Civil War Museum National Museum of Civil War Medicine President Street Station Surratt House Museum USS Constellation People Maryland Civil War regiments Soldiers and civilians Places Antietam Battlefield Burnside 's Bridge Fort McHenry Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area Loudon Park Cemetery Monocacy Battlefield Point Lookout State Park Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. 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Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Antietam&oldid=816312607 '' Categories : 1862 in the United States Maryland Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Maryland Union victories of the American Civil War History of Washington County , Maryland Invasions of the United States 1862 in Maryland 1862 in the American Civil War September 1862 events Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when and where did the battle of antietam take place | [
"The Battle of Antietam /ænˈtiːtəm/, also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the Southern United States, was fought on September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek as part of the Maryland Campaign. It was the first field army–level engagement in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War to take place on Union soil and is the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with a combined tally of 22,717 dead, wounded, or missing.[8]"
] | [
"September 17, 1862, between Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and Union General George B. McClellan's Army of the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Maryland and Antietam Creek"
] |
-8123791753550002529 | Wonder (film) | Wonder ( film ) - wikipedia Wonder ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by Michael Beugg Dan Clark David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Jack Thorne Steve Conrad Stephen Chbosky Based on Wonder by R.J. Palacio Starring Julia Roberts Owen Wilson Jacob Tremblay Noah Jupe Izabela Vidovic Music by Marcelo Zarvos Cinematography Don Burgess Edited by Mark Livolsi Production company Lionsgate Mandeville Films Participant Media Walden Media TIK Films Distributed by Lionsgate Release date November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Wonder is an upcoming American family comedy - drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Steve Conrad based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio . The film stars Julia Roberts and Owen Wilson as the parents of a young boy , portrayed by Jacob Tremblay , who struggles to overcome a congenital facial deformity ( in the book , the condition resembles Treacher Collins syndrome ) , The film will be released on November 17 , 2017 , in the United States by Lionsgate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) August `` Auggie '' Pullman ( Jacob Tremblay ) is a young boy born with a facial deformity who has been in and out of hospitals for years . With the help of his mother , Isabel ( Julia Roberts ) , and his father , Nate ( Owen Wilson ) , he tries to fit in at a new school , Beecher Prep , and to show everyone he is just an ordinary kid and that beauty is not just on the outside . Cast ( edit ) Julia Roberts as Isabel Pullman , Auggie 's mother and Nate 's wife . Owen Wilson as Nate Pullman , Auggie 's father and Isabel 's husband . Jacob Tremblay as August `` Auggie '' Pullman , Isabel and Nate 's son who was born with a facial disfigurement . Mandy Patinkin as Mr. Tushman Crystal Lowe as Julian 's Mom Sonia Braga as Isabel 's Mother and Auggie 's grandmother Millie Davis as Summer Izabela Vidovic as Via Pullman , Auggie 's sister and Isabel and Nate 's daughter Danielle Rose Russell as Miranda Ali Liebert as Ms. Petosa Elle McKinnon as Charlotte Bryce Gheisar as Julian Laura Mozgovaya as Julian 's Sister Daveed Diggs as Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . Noah Jupe as Jack Will , Auggie 's best friend at school Kyle Harrison Breitkopf as Miles Gidget as Daisy William Dickinson as Eddie James Hughes as Henry Ty Consiglio as Amos Production ( edit ) On November 27 , 2012 , it was announced that Lionsgate was developing the feature film adaptation of R.J. Palacio 's debut novel Wonder , while in talks with John August to write the screenplay . Mandeville Films ' David Hoberman and Todd Lieberman would be producing the film . On May 8 , 2013 , Jack Thorne was hired to adapt the novel , while August , who was previously reported as writer , had departed from the project . In October 2014 , John Krokidas was reported to be directing the film , but in April 2015 , Paul King was hired to take the directing duties . Steven Conrad was writing the script at that time . On April 14 , 2016 , Jacob Tremblay was cast in the film to play the lead role as Auggie Pullman , while Julia Roberts was in talks to play Auggie 's mother . On May 5 , 2016 , Roberts was confirmed to play the mother , with Stephen Chbosky signed on to direct the film . On June 27 , 2016 , Owen Wilson had joined the film to play Auggie 's father . On July 11 , 2016 , newcomer Noah Jupe joined the film to play Auggie 's best friend at school . On July 15 , 2016 , Daveed Diggs was cast in the film to play Mr. Browne , an English teacher at the school . On August 19 , 2016 , Sonia Braga joined the cast of the film , portraying the role of Roberts ' character 's mother . Marcelo Zarvos composed the film 's score . Music ( edit ) Bea Miller composed a song entitled `` Brand New Eyes '' . It was released on August 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Wonder was scheduled to be released in the United States on April 7 , 2017 by Lionsgate . On February 13 , 2017 , it was announced that the release date for Wonder has been delayed to November 17 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Mask ( film ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WONDER '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mom hopes book donation will increase understanding of daughter 's condition '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Lionsgate lining up John August to adapt ' Wonder ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Lionsgate Taps Jack Thorne To Adapt R.J. Palacio Novel ' Wonder ' '' . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Kill Your Darlings ' Director to Helm YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Paddington ' Director Books Lionsgate 's YA Adaptation ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Room ' Star Jacob Tremblay in Talks for Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Ford , Rebecca ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Julia Roberts to Play Jacob Tremblay 's Mother in ' Wonder ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Owen Wilson to Co-Star With Julia Roberts in ' Wonder ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Night Manager ' Actor Joins Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Tony Winner Daveed Diggs Joins Lionsgate 's ' Wonder ' In First Post - ' Hamilton ' Film Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sonia Braga Playing Julia Roberts ' Mother in ' Wonder ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marcelo Zarvos to Score Steven Chbsoky 's ' Wonder ' '' . FilmMusicReporter . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts , Jacob Tremblay 's Wonder gets spring 2017 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . June 8 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First Look ! Julia Roberts and Jacob Tremblay Will Melt Your Heart in Wonder '' . People . August 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Roberts ' Drama ' Wonder ' Pushed to November '' . The Hollywood Reporter . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wonder on IMDb ( hide ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_(film)&oldid=808057964 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2017 films English - language films American films American drama films 2010s drama films Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films based on American novels Films based on children 's books Lions Gate Entertainment films Mandeville Films films Participant Media films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walden Media films Films shot in British Columbia Films about disability Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 16 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does wonder come out in the movies | [
"Wonder is an upcoming American family comedy-drama film directed by Stephen Chbosky and written by Steve Conrad based on the 2012 novel of the same name by R.J. Palacio. The film stars Julia Roberts and Owen Wilson as the parents of a young boy, portrayed by Jacob Tremblay, who struggles to overcome a congenital facial deformity (in the book, the condition resembles Treacher Collins syndrome),[3] The film will be released on November 17, 2017, in the United States by Lionsgate."
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"November 17, 2017"
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-4590223182320010324 | The Thanksgiving Song | The Thanksgiving song - Wikipedia The Thanksgiving song Jump to : navigation , search `` The Thanksgiving Song '' ( also known as `` Happy Thanksgiving '' ) is a song performed by Adam Sandler discussing Thanksgiving . The song was written by Sandler , Ian Maxtone - Graham and Robert Smigel . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Song details 3 Legacy 4 References History ( edit ) It was first performed during the Weekend Update segment of the season 18 episode of Saturday Night Live on November 21 , 1992 as a duet between Sandler and Weekend Update anchor Kevin Nealon ; it was originally intended to be a recurring Thanksgiving tradition with other cast members debuting their own original songs , but the next year , it was again Sandler , doing another version of the same song in the style of Bruce Springsteen . A live performance of the original song was recorded at The Strand in Redondo Beach , California on July 25 , 1993 . The version at The Strand was featured on Sandler 's debut album They 're All Gonna Laugh at You ! and was released as a single . Song details ( edit ) The song , which Sandler sings in a childlike , semi-falsetto voice , primarily revolves around the repetition of the word `` turkey '' in various two - line rhymes , many of which are non sequiturs ; for instance , `` Turkey with gravy and cranberries / Ca n't believe the Mets traded Darryl Strawberry ! '' Celebrity and pop culture references include : Betty Grable 50,000,000 Elvis Fans Ca n't Be Wrong Turkey - related drowsiness Jimmie Walker 's portrayal of J.J. Evans and his catch phrase `` Dyn - o - mite ! '' Darryl Strawberry 's departure from the New York Mets ( Sandler erroneously refers to Strawberry being traded ; in fact , Strawberry left as a free agent and signed with the Los Angeles Dodgers ) . Mike Tyson raping Desiree Washington Lake Winnipesaukee ( SNL version only ) Cheryl Tiegs posters ( 1993 recordings onward ; a reference to Sandler 's Canteen Boy character , who had a crush on Tiegs ) Sammy Davis , Jr. having only one eye Corduroy pants Mopeds Legacy ( edit ) The song is a predecessor to Sandler 's more popular holiday song , `` The Chanukah Song '' ( also co-written by Maxtone - Graham and Sandler ) . When `` The Chanukah Song '' became a hit on the rock charts ( and a minor hit on the Hot 100 ) in 1996 , `` The Thanksgiving Song '' was released as a follow - up the next year ; it too became a hit , charting at # 40 on the Adult Top 40 chart and # 29 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart in 1997 . The song continues to receive extensive radio airplay around Thanksgiving , on various formats , both with other holiday - themed songs and without . Various radio cuts remove or edit one verse which states `` my brother likes to masturbate with baby oil '' but it is otherwise identical to the live performance at The Strand . The edits also leave in a portion of the performance where Sandler has to stop in the middle of a song due to becoming distracted with the audience 's rhythmic clapping . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pollak , Steve ( 2010 - 11 - 16 ) . `` Thanksgiving songs : A guide '' . MNN.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 10 Pop Songs For Thanksgiving '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : NBC Productions ( 1993 ) . They 're All Gonna Laugh at You ! ( Booklet ) . Adam Sandler . Warner Bros. Records . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Sandler Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/tv/features/why-adam-sandlers-thanksgiving-song-is-a-holiday-classic-20141124 Adam Sandler Studio albums They 're All Gonna Laugh at You ! ( 1993 ) What the Hell Happened to Me ? ( 1996 ) What 's Your Name ? ( 1997 ) Stan and Judy 's Kid ( 1999 ) Shhh ... Do n't Tell ( 2004 ) Songs `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` The Chanukah Song '' Skits `` Gay Robot '' Related Filmography List of awards and nominations received by Adam Sandler Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix This 1990s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This comedy or humor related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Thanksgiving_Song&oldid=813366655 '' Categories : 1993 songs Adam Sandler songs Thanksgiving songs Songs written by Adam Sandler Novelty songs 1990s song stubs Comedy stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 08 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what year did adam sandler sing the thanksgiving song | [
"It was first performed during the Weekend Update segment of the season 18 episode of Saturday Night Live on November 21, 1992 as a duet between Sandler and Weekend Update anchor Kevin Nealon; it was originally intended to be a recurring Thanksgiving tradition with other cast members debuting their own original songs, but the next year, it was again Sandler, doing another version of the same song in the style of Bruce Springsteen. A live performance of the original song was recorded at The Strand in Redondo Beach, California on July 25, 1993.[3] The version at The Strand was featured on Sandler's debut album They're All Gonna Laugh at You! and was released as a single."
] | [
"November 21, 1992"
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3889066594529806542 | Rebecca Mader | Rebecca Mader - wikipedia Rebecca Mader Jump to : navigation , search Rebecca Mader Rebecca Mader , May 2017 Rebecca Leigh Mader ( 1977 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1977 ( age 41 ) Cambridge , England Occupation Actress , producer Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Joseph Arongino ( ? - 2008 ; div . ) Marcus Kayne ( m . 2016 ) Rebecca Leigh Mader ( born 24 April 1977 ) is an English actress , best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series Lost , and as Zelena , the Wicked Witch of the West , on ABC 's Once Upon a Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Mader was born in 1977 in Cambridge , England . She worked as a model in New York City for a year , appearing in adverts for L'Oréal , Colgate and Wella Hair . She began her television career on the ABC daytime soap operas All My Children as Morgan Gordon , and One Life to Live as Margaret Cochran . She also appeared on the soap opera Guiding Light in 2003 . Mader has made number of guest appearances on television shows . In 2006 , she had a series regular role of the short - lived Fox legal drama , Justice . In 2008 , Mader began starring as anthropologist Charlotte Lewis on ABC series Lost . She appeared in the show from 2008 to 2009 and in two episodes in 2010 . In 2011 she had a recurring role on No Ordinary Family , and in 2012 she made a guest starring appearance on the FOX science - fiction series Fringe , as Jessica Holt . Also in 2012 , Mader starred in the short - lived ABC comedy series Work It . In June 2013 , Mader made her stage debut in the role of Barrie in the one - act comedy The Third Date at the Hollywood Fringe Festival . In December 2013 , Mader was cast as Wicked Witch of the West , a new antagonist for the second half of the third season of Once Upon a Time ( in which Mader 's fellow Lost star Emilie De Ravin also starred ) . She also made guest appearances during the second half of season four and was later promoted to a series regular for seasons five and six . In May 2017 , Mader announced that she would not be returning for the seventh season of the show , due to a creative decision by the showrunners . However , in September 2017 , it was announced that Mader would be reprising her role as Zelena in a recurring capacity for the second half of the seventh season . Personal Life ( edit ) Mader 's first husband was businessman Joseph Arongino , whom she divorced in 2008 . On 29 December 2014 , Mader announced her engagement to producer Marcus Kayne . The two were married on 23 November 2016 . Filmography ( edit ) Mader in January 2015 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mimic 3 : Sentinel Carmen Direct - to - video Replay Belinda Brown Samantha : An American Girl Holiday Aunt Cornelia TV Film 2005 Hitch Uncredited Cameo 2006 Devil Wears Prada , The The Devil Wears Prada Jocelyn 2007 Great World of Sound Pam 2008 Rainbow Tribe , The The Rainbow Tribe Mrs. Murray 2009 Men Who Stare at Goats , The The Men Who Stare at Goats Debora Wilton Ceremony Esme Ball Big Bang , The The Big Bang Zooey Wigner 2011 Cougars , Inc . Mary 2013 Iron Man 3 Sweat shop agent 2014 It 's Gawd ! Holly Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Madigan Men Kim Episode : `` Bachelors '' Third Watch Mandy Episode : `` Exposing Faith '' 2003 All My Children Morgan Gordon Series regular , 17 episodes Fastlane Nicole Martin Episode : `` Monster '' Guiding Light Tony 's Mystery Woman 2 episodes One Life to Live Margaret Cochran Series regular 2005 Law & Order : Trial by Jury Melanie Ferris Episode : `` The Abominable Showman '' Stella Pretty Girl Episode : `` Meeting Girls '' Starved Puma Girl / Heather Episodes : `` Pilot '' , `` 3D '' 2006 Conviction Hannah Episode : `` Breakup '' Love Monkey Grace 3 episodes 2006 -- 07 Justice Alden Tuller Series regular , 13 episodes 2007 Mr. and Mrs. Smith Jordan TV pilot Private Practice Leslie Episodes : `` In Which We Meet Addison , a Nice Girl from Somewhere Else '' 2008 -- 09 ; 2010 Lost Charlotte Lewis Series regular , 17 episodes 2009 Ring of Deceit Madison Byrne TV film Law & Order : LA Rebecca Townley Episode : `` Pasadena '' 2011 Second City This Week Celebrity Guest Episode : `` Pilot '' No Ordinary Family Victoria Morrow 5 episodes Covert Affairs Franka Episode : `` Half a World Away '' Friends with Benefits Ariel Episode : `` The Benefit of Avoiding the Mindbanger '' Alphas Griffin Episode : `` Blind Spot '' 2012 Work It Grace Hudson Series regular , 13 episodes Fringe Jessica Holt Episodes : `` Brave New World : Part 1 '' , `` Brave New World : Part 2 '' White Collar Abigail Kincaid Episode : `` Honour Among Thieves '' 30 Rock Super Hot Lady Episode : `` My Whole Life Is Thunder '' 2013 Drop Dead Diva Mistress Robin Episode : `` Jane 's Secret Revealed '' 2014 Warehouse 13 Lisa Da Vinci Episode : `` Endless Terror '' Blue Bloods Tori Parsons Episode : `` Most Wanted '' 2014 -- 2018 Once Upon a Time Zelena Wicked Witch of the West Kelly West Recurring Role ( Seasons 3 - 4 , 7 ) Series regular ( Seasons 5 - 6 ) , 53 Episodes 2015 Hawaii Five - 0 Nicole Booth Episode : `` Ua'aihue '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2011 Aim High Miss Walker 4 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` England & Wales Births 1837 -- 2006 '' . FindMyPast.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 13 July 2011 . Birth year : 1977 Jump up ^ Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` IT 'S MY BIRTHDAY ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 13 September 2016 . Retrieved 12 September 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Rebecca Mader '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Rebecca Mader joins ' Goats ' herd '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Fringe Nabs Rebecca Mader , Jersey Housewives Season 4 Premiere Date and More '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Work It canceled canceled + renewed TV shows '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Third Date '' . Hollywood Fringe Festival . Archived from the original on 11 June 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' reveals Wicked Witch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time promotes Sean Maguire , Rebecca Mader to series regulars '' . Entertainment Weekly . 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Rebecca Mader Confirms She Wo n't Return '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Finn , Natalie ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Rebecca Mader Is Engaged ! Check Out the Once Upon a Time Star 's Dazzling Ring '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mader , Rebecca ( @ bexmader ) ( 29 December 2014 ) . `` It 's Official '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 29 December 2014 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Rebecca Mader ( @ bexmader ) ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` We are thrilled to announce that on the 23rd of Nov , Marc and I became Husband and Wife ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on 29 November 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rebecca Mader . Rebecca Mader on IMDb LCCN : no2009017580 VIAF : 78926312 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rebecca_Mader&oldid=841557373 '' Categories : English female models English film actresses English television actresses English soap opera actresses Living people English expatriates in the United States People from Cambridge Actresses from Cambridgeshire 1977 births Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2015 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the wicked witch of the west in once upon a time | [
"Rebecca Leigh Mader (born 24 April 1977)[1][2] is an English actress, best known for her roles as Charlotte Lewis in the ABC series Lost, and as Zelena, the Wicked Witch of the West, on ABC's Once Upon a Time."
] | [
"Rebecca Leigh Mader"
] |
2412753499000534238 | Dawn Steele | Dawn Steele - wikipedia Dawn Steele Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dawn Nolan Dawn Anne Steele ( 1975 - 12 - 11 ) 11 December 1975 ( age 41 ) Glasgow , Scotland Occupation Actress Notable work Playing Dr Annie Jandhu In River City Spouse ( s ) Paul Nolan ( 2017 ) Dawn Anne Nolan ( born 11 December 1975 in Glasgow ) is a Scottish actress best known for her portrayals of the characters Alexandra `` Lexie '' MacDonald from the BBC drama Monarch of the Glen , Alice Trevanion in the ITV drama series Wild at Heart and Dr Annie Jandhu in BBC Soap Opera River City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Education 3 Body of work 3.1 Theatre 3.2 Television 3.3 Film 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Dawn Nolan was born in Glasgow and moved to Milton of Campsie in 1982 , attended Kilsyth Academy from around 1987 -- 1993 and studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama ( RSAMD ) in Glasgow from 1994 -- 1998 , supporting her early career as a waitress in the Rogano Restaurant . She graduated with first class honours in July 1998 , and was the winner of the Silver Medal at the RSAMD in 1998 . Her most notable role was as Alexandra `` Lexie '' MacDonald in seasons one through six in the hit BBC drama Monarch of the Glen , between 1999 -- 2004 . In January 2005 , she appeared as new character Justine McManus in the second season of the BBC 's paranormal drama show Sea of Souls with Iain Robertson and Bill Paterson . Before she teamed up with Iain Robertson to work on Sea of Souls they had previously worked together on The Slab Boys and The Debt Collector . Shortly after , she appeared as a student on the BBC reality show Fame Academy in a second all - celebrity series in aid of the charity Comic Relief does Fame Academy . In January 2006 , Steele returned in the third season of Sea of Souls . In April 2007 she played Shazza in Simon Farquhar 's powerful Aberdonian drama Rainbow Kiss at the Royal Court Theatre in London 's West End . Reviews praised her performance as a promiscuous beautician who becomes the object of a lethal obsession . In 2002 Steele was voted the Most Eligible Woman in Scotland and followed this up in 2003 when she was voted the second most eligible woman in Scotland by readers of a Sunday newspaper . Nolan starred in a one - off BBC One comedy , Magnolia , which aired on 22 September 2006 . In November 2007 she made her pantomime debut as the Wicked Witch Carrion in Sleeping Beauty at the King 's Theatre , Glasgow . In 2009 she returned to TV screens in the fourth season of ITV 's Wild at Heart , playing a new character , Alice Collins , as the replacement for Amanda Holden who left the show after the third season . In the summer of 2009 , she guest presented STV 's daily lifestyle show The Hour for a week , alongside main anchor Stephen Jardine . In 2010 she returned once more as Alice for a 10 - episode run in the fifth season of the popular show Wild at Heart . She returned again for another 10 - episode run in the sixth season of Wild at Heart but as Alice Trevanion ; Alice and Danny got engaged at the end of season five . She was in episode 1 of the seventh season but was forced to abandon filming of the hit TV drama to return to Britain for the birth of her first child Coco with partner , Dear Green Place actor Paul Nolan . There will be no eighth season , but Dawn returned for the last ever episode , a two - hour special , which was shown on 30 December 2012 . She openly admitted to crying throughout the special 's six - week filming period . In 2011 , Agatha Christie Theatre Company 's national tour of the 1958 play Verdict starred Dawn Steele playing the part of Lisa Koletzky . In May 2012 she returned to the stage for the UK tour of Noël Coward 's Volcano as Melissa Littleton and which transferred to the West End in August . Dawn appeared in the BBC Crime Drama Case Histories which aired in June 2013 , playing the part of Charlotte McGill . In 2014 she appeared in the stage show of the Peter James novel , The Perfect Murder , playing the character Joan Smiley . In October 2015 Dawn joined the cast of the BBC1 Scotland Drama River City playing Dr Annie Jandhu . Education ( edit ) 1994 - 1998 Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama , Glasgow , BA Dramatic Studies ( Hons ) 1998 - Graduated First Class Honours 1998 - Winner of Silver Medal RSAMD Body of work ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) Production - Character Director Company The Perfect Murder - Joan Smiley Ian Talbot Volcano - Melissa Littleton Roy Marsden Thelma Holt & Bill Kenwright Verdict - Lisa Koletsky Joe Harmston Bill Kenwright Ltd Blackbird - Una David Grindley MJE Productions Tutti Frutti - Suzi Kettles Tony Cownie National Theatre of Scotland HOME Edinburgh Anthony Neilson National Theatre of Scotland The Slab Boys - Bernadette Philip Howard Traverse , Edinburgh Electra - Crysothemis Theatre Babel Medea - Gluake Theatre Babel Rainbow Kiss - Shazza Richard Wilson Royal Court Theatre Television ( edit ) Production - Character Director Company Comic Relief does Fame Academy Various BBC / Comic Relief / Endemol Sea of Souls - Justine McManus Various BBC Scotland The Bedtime Hour ( CBeebies ) BBC The Key - Mary David Blair BBC Monarch of the Glen ( 6 series ) - Lexie Various Ecosse Films / BBC Scotland Snoddy - Laura Colin Gilbert BBC Scotland Tinsel Town ( 2 series ) Various Raindog for BBC Highlander - War and Peace - Brynn Gaumont TV Haywire Peter Boyd MacLean BBC Split Second - Kathy David Blair BBC Rain Dog Pilot BBC Scotland In Search of the Unicorns BBC Dreams and Recollections Scottish Television Magnolia - Sheila Red Productions Wild at Heart - Alice Trevanion ITV Case Histories - Charlotte McGill BBC River City - Annie Jandhu BBC Scotland Film ( edit ) Production - Character Director Company Surveillance - Amy Paul Oremland Blue Blood with Fulcrum TV Tabloid TV - Tori David Blair Tabloid TV Productions Club le Monde - Jacqui Simon Rumley Club le Monde Films The Debt Collector - Barmaid Anthony Neilson Theatre Babel Gregory 's Two Girls - Jan Bill Forsyth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Kilsyth famous people '' . Paperclip.org.uk. 30 January 2004 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office - Monarch Of The Glen Dawn Steele '' . BBC . 26 August 2004 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Questions With ... Dawn Steele - - Interviews '' . Whatsonstage.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Press Office - Sea Of Souls series three Dawn Steele '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Smith ( 12 April 2006 ) . `` The Stage / Reviews / Rainbow Kiss '' . Thestage.co.uk . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland on Sunday - Scotsman.com '' . Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland on Sunday - Scotsman.com '' . Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com . Retrieved 18 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn Steele On Her Role As A Panto Witch '' . Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV star Dawn Steele on heading back to South Africa for safari drama '' . Scottish Daily Record and Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` dawn - steele - guest - hostess - of - emthe - hourem '' . November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' My baby was a real drama ' , says Wild At Heart actress Dawn as she was forced to abandon filming to give birth '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Case Histories '' . BBC . Retrieved 28 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Dawn Steele on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dawn_Steele&oldid=793309321 '' Categories : 1975 births Living people Actresses from Glasgow Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Scottish film actresses Scottish soap opera actresses Scottish stage actresses Scottish television actresses Fame Academy participants People from Milton of Campsie Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2013 BLP articles lacking sources from November 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Frysk Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2017 , at 23 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays lexi in monarch of the glen | [
"Dawn Anne Nolan (born 11 December 1975 in Glasgow) is a Scottish actress best known for her portrayals of the characters Alexandra \"Lexie\" MacDonald from the BBC drama Monarch of the Glen, Alice Trevanion in the ITV drama series Wild at Heart and Dr Annie Jandhu in BBC Soap Opera River City."
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"Dawn Anne Nolan"
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-1910218194362365577 | Motion Picture Association of America film rating system | Motion Picture Association of America film rating system - wikipedia Motion Picture Association of America film rating system Jump to : navigation , search The Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) film rating system is used in the United States and its territories to rate a film 's suitability for certain audiences based on its content . The MPAA rating system is a voluntary scheme that is not enforced by law ; films can be exhibited without a rating , although many theaters refuse to exhibit non-rated or NC - 17 rated films . Non-members of MPAA may also submit films for rating . Other media , such as television programs and video games , is rated by other entities such as the ESRB and the TV Parental Guidelines . The MPAA rating system is one of various motion picture rating systems that are used to help parents decide what films are appropriate for their children . It is administered by the Classification & Ratings Administration ( CARA ) , an independent division of the MPAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ratings 1.1 MPAA film ratings 1.2 Other labels 1.3 Advertising materials 1.4 Tennessee law 2 History 2.1 Replacement of Hays Code 2.2 From M to GP to PG 2.3 Addition of PG - 13 rating 2.4 X replaced by NC - 17 3 Rating explanations 4 Rating components 4.1 Violence 4.2 Language 4.3 Substance abuse 4.4 Nudity 4.5 Sexual content 5 Effects of ratings 5.1 Commercial viability of the NC - 17 rating 5.2 Issuance of `` R Cards '' 6 Criticisms 6.1 Emphasis on sex and language versus violence 6.2 Tougher standards for independent studios 6.3 Call for publicizing the standards 6.4 Accusation of `` ratings creep '' 6.5 Questions of relevance 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Ratings ( edit ) `` PG - 13 '' redirects here . For other uses , see PG - 13 ( disambiguation ) . MPAA film ratings ( edit ) Since the late 1990s , the MPAA film ratings have been as follows : Rating symbol Meaning G -- General Audiences All ages admitted . Nothing that would offend parents for viewing by children . PG -- Parental Guidance Suggested Some material may not be suitable for children . Parents urged to give `` parental guidance '' . May contain some material parents might not like for their young children . PG - 13 -- Parents Strongly Cautioned Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13 . Parents are urged to be cautious . Some material may be inappropriate for pre-teenagers . R -- Restricted Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian . Contains some adult material . Parents are urged to learn more about the film before taking their young children with them . NC - 17 -- Adults Only No One 17 and Under Admitted . Clearly adult . Children are not admitted . Other labels ( edit ) If a film has not been submitted for a rating or is an uncut version of a film that was submitted , the labels Not Rated ( NR ) or Unrated ( UR ) are often used . Uncut / extended versions of films that are labeled `` Unrated '' also contain warnings saying that the uncut version of the film contains content that differs from the theatrical release and might not be suitable for minors . If a film has not yet been assigned a final rating , the label This Film Is Not Yet Rated is used in trailers and television commercials . Advertising materials ( edit ) It has been suggested that Trailer ( promotion ) # MPAA rating cards for theatrical trailers be merged into this section . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2016 . The MPAA also rates film trailers , print advertising , posters , and other media used to promote a film . Green , yellow , or red title cards displayed before the start of a trailer indicate the trailer 's rating . Green : When the trailer accompanies another rated feature , the wording on the green title card states `` The following preview has been approved to accompany this feature . '' For trailers hosted on the internet , the wording has been slightly altered to `` The following preview has been approved for appropriate audiences . '' Yellow : A yellow title card exists solely for trailers hosted on the internet , with the wording stipulating `` The following preview has been approved only for age - appropriate internet users . '' The MPAA defines `` age - appropriate internet users '' as visitors to sites either frequented mainly by adults or accessible only between 9 : 00 p.m. and 4 : 00 a.m. The yellow card is reserved for trailers previewing films rated PG - 13 or stronger . Red : A red title card indicates that the trailer is restricted and when it accompanies another feature , the wording states `` The following restricted preview has been approved to accompany this feature only . '' For trailers hosted on the internet , the wording is tweaked to `` The following restricted preview has been approved for appropriate audiences . '' The red title card is reserved for trailers previewing R and NC - 17 rated films . Trailers hosted on the internet carrying a red title card require viewers to pass an age verification test which entails users aged 17 and older to match their names , birthdays and ZIP codes to public records on file . Tennessee law ( edit ) In 1989 , Tennessee enacted a law whereby patrons of an R - rated motion picture were not admitted unless they were at least 18 years old or accompanied by a parent , or an adult guardian . History ( edit ) Replacement of hays Code ( edit ) Jack Valenti , who had become president of the Motion Picture Association of America in May 1966 , deemed the Motion Picture Production Code -- in place since 1930 and rigorously enforced since 1934 -- as out of date and bearing `` the odious smell of censorship '' . Filmmakers were pushing at the boundaries of the Code , and Valenti cited examples such as Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? , which contained the expressions `` screw '' and `` hump the hostess '' ; and Blowup , which was denied Code approval due to nudity , resulting in the MPAA member studio releasing it through a subsidiary . He revised the Code to include the `` SMA '' ( Suggested for Mature Audiences ) advisory as a stopgap measure . To accommodate `` the irresistible force of creators determined to make ' their films ' '' , and to avoid `` the possible intrusion of government into the movie arena '' , he developed a set of advisory ratings which could be applied after a film was completed . On November 1 , 1968 , the voluntary MPAA film rating system took effect , with three organizations serving as its monitoring and guiding groups : the MPAA , the National Association of Theater Owners ( NATO ) , and the International Film Importers & Distributors of America ( IFIDA ) . The ratings used from 1968 to 1970 were : Rated G : Suggested for General Audiences Rated M : Suggested for Mature Audiences -- parental discretion advised Rated R : Restricted -- persons under 16 not admitted , unless accompanied by parent or adult guardian . Rated X : Persons Under 16 Not Admitted This content classification system originally was to have three ratings , with the intention of allowing parents to take their children to any film they chose . However , the National Association of Theater Owners urged the creation of an adults - only category , fearful of possible legal problems in local jurisdictions . The `` X '' rating was not an MPAA trademark and would not receive the MPAA seal ; any producer not submitting a film for MPAA rating could self - apply the `` X '' rating ( or any other symbol or description that was not an MPAA trademark ) . From M to GP to PG ( edit ) In 1970 the ages for `` R '' and `` X '' were raised from 16 to 17 . Also , due to confusion over whether `` M '' - rated films were suitable for children , `` M '' was renamed to `` GP '' ( for General audiences , Parental guidance suggested ) , and in 1971 the MPAA added the content advisory `` Some material not generally suitable for pre-teenagers '' . In 1972 , `` GP '' was revised to `` PG '' . The ratings used from 1970 to 1972 were : Rated G : All Ages Admitted -- General Audiences Rated GP : All Ages Admitted -- Parental Guidance Suggested ( Sometimes a disclaimer would say `` This film contains material which may not be suitable for pre-teenagers '' ) Rated R : Restricted -- Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian Rated X : No one under 17 admitted The ratings used from 1972 to 1984 were : Rated G : General Audiences -- All ages admitted Rated PG : Parental Guidance Suggested -- Some material may not be suitable for pre-teenagers Rated R : Restricted -- Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian . Rated X : No one under 17 admitted Addition of PG - 13 rating ( edit ) In the early 1980s complaints about violence and gore in films such as Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Gremlins , both of which received PG ratings , refocused attention on films seen by small children and pre-teens . According to author Filipa Antunes , this revealed the conundrum of a film which `` could not be recommended for all children but also could not be repudiated for all children uniformly , '' leading to speculation that the rating system 's scope , in particular its PG classification , `` no longer matched a notion of childhood most parents in America could agree on . '' Steven Spielberg , director of Temple of Doom and executive producer of Gremlins , suggested a new intermediate rating between `` PG '' and `` R '' . The `` PG - 13 '' rating was introduced in July 1984 , with the advisory `` Parents Are Strongly Cautioned to Give Special Guidance for Attendance of Children Under 13 -- Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Young Children '' . The first film to be released with this rating was the 1984 John Milius war film Red Dawn . In 1985 , the wording was simplified to `` Parents Strongly Cautioned -- Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Children Under 13 '' . Around the same time , the MPAA won a trademark infringement lawsuit against the producers and distributors of I Spit on Your Grave over a fraudulent application of its R rating to the uncut version of the film , and forced its member studios and several other home video distributors to put MPAA ratings on the packaging of MPAA - rated films via a settlement that would come into effect by fall that year . The ratings used from 1984 to 1990 were : Rated G : General Audiences -- all ages admitted Rated PG : Parental Guidance Suggested -- some material may not be suitable for children Rated PG - 13 : Parents Strongly Cautioned -- some material may be inappropriate for children under 13 Rated R : Restricted -- under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian Rated X : No one under 17 admitted X Replaced by NC - 17 ( edit ) In the rating system 's early years , `` X '' - rated films such as Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) and A Clockwork Orange ( 1971 ) were understood to be unsuitable for children , but non-pornographic and intended for the general public . However , pornographic films often self - applied the non-trademarked `` X '' rating , and it soon became synonymous with pornography in American culture . In late 1989 and early 1990 , two critically acclaimed art films featuring strong adult content , Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer and The Cook , the Thief , His Wife & Her Lover , were released . Neither film was approved for an MPAA rating , thus limiting their commercial distribution , and prompting criticism of the rating system 's lack of a designation for such films . In September 1990 , the MPAA introduced the rating `` NC - 17 '' ( `` No Children Under 17 Admitted '' ) . Henry & June -- previously to be assigned an `` X '' rating -- was the first film to receive the `` NC - 17 '' rating instead . Although films with an `` NC - 17 '' rating had more mainstream distribution opportunities than `` X '' - rated films , many theaters refused to screen them , most entertainment media did not accept advertising for them , and many large video outlets refused to stock them . In 1996 , the minimum age for `` NC - 17 '' films was raised to 18 , by rewording it to `` No One 17 and Under Admitted '' . The ratings used since 1990 are : Rated G : General Audiences -- all ages admitted Rated PG : Parental Guidance Suggested -- some material may not be suitable for children Rated PG - 13 : Parents Strongly Cautioned -- some material may be inappropriate for children under 13 Rated R : Restricted -- under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian Rated NC - 17 : No children under 17 admitted ( 1990 -- 1996 ) / No one 17 and under admitted ( 1996 -- present ) Rating explanations ( edit ) Since September 1990 , the MPAA has included brief explanations of why each film received an `` R '' rating , allowing parents to know what type of content the film contained . For example , some films ' explanations may read `` Strong Brutal Violence , Pervasive Language , Some Strong Sexual Content , and Drug Material '' . Around the late 1990s , the MPAA began applying rating explanations for `` PG '' , `` PG - 13 '' , and `` NC - 17 '' films as well . Rating components ( edit ) Violence ( edit ) Depictions of violence are generally restricted to PG and above . The violence in a PG rated film will not be intense , while violence that is both intense and persistent will generally require at least an R rating . Violence is not prohibited in G rated films , but if present will be minimal . Language ( edit ) Snippets of language that go `` beyond polite conversation '' are permitted in G rated films , but no stronger words are present . Profanity may be present in PG rated films , and use of one of the harsher `` sexually - derived words '' as an expletive will initially incur at least a PG - 13 rating . Multiple occurrences will usually incur an R rating as will the usage of such an expletive in a sexual context . Nevertheless , the ratings board may still award a PG - 13 rating passed by a two - thirds majority if they believe the language is justified by the context or by the manner in which the words are used . There are several exceptional cases in which PG - 13 rated films contain multiple occurrences of the word fuck : Adventures in Babysitting , where the word is used twice in the same scene ; The Hip Hop Project , which has seventeen uses ; Gunner Palace , a documentary of soldiers in the Second Gulf War , which has 42 uses of the word with two used sexually ; Bully , a 2011 documentary about bullying ; Philomena , released in November 2013 , which has two uses of the word ; and The Martian , which also has two uses of the word . Substance abuse ( edit ) See also : Product placement § Tobacco Drug use content is restricted to PG - 13 and above . An example of an otherwise PG film being assigned a PG - 13 rating for a drug reference ( momentary , along with brief language ) is Whale Rider . The film contained only mild profanity , but was rated PG - 13 because of a scene where drug paraphernalia were briefly visible . Critic Roger Ebert criticized the MPAA for the rating and called it `` a wild overreaction '' . In May 2007 , the MPAA announced that depictions of cigarette smoking would be considered in a film 's rating . Anti-smoking advocates stated that the child - friendly PG rating was inappropriate for the 2011 Nickelodeon - animated film Rango , which included over 60 depictions of characters smoking . Nudity ( edit ) Nudity is restricted to PG and above , and anything that constitutes more than brief nudity will require at least a PG - 13 rating . Nudity that is sexually oriented will generally require an R rating . As of 2010 , the MPAA has added a descriptor of `` male nudity '' to films featuring said content . Sexual content ( edit ) The MPAA does not have any explicit criteria for sexual content other than excluding sex scenes from G rated films . Effects of ratings ( edit ) Commercial viability of the NC - 17 rating ( edit ) In its initial years of use , few films with the NC - 17 rating were profitable . In 1995 , United Artists released the big - budget film Showgirls ( 1995 ) . It became the most widely distributed film with an NC - 17 rating ( showing in 1,388 cinemas simultaneously ) , but was a financial failure that grossed only 45 % of its $45 million budget . Some modest successes can be found among NC - 17 theatrical releases ; however , Fox Searchlight Pictures released the original NC - 17 - rated American edition of the European film The Dreamers ( 2003 ) in theaters in the United States , and later released both the original NC - 17 and the cut R - rated version on DVD . A Fox Searchlight spokesman said the NC - 17 rating did not give them much trouble in releasing this film ( they had no problem booking it , and only the Salt Lake City newspaper Deseret News refused to take the film 's ad ) , and Fox Searchlight was satisfied with this film 's United States box office result . Another notable exception is Bad Education ( 2004 ) , an NC - 17 foreign - language film which grossed $5.2 million in the United States theatrically ( a moderate success for a foreign - language film ) . As of March 2007 , according to Variety , MPAA chairman Dan Glickman had been made aware of the attempts to introduce a new rating , or find ways to reduce the stigma of the NC - 17 rating . Film studios have pressured the MPAA to retire the NC - 17 rating , because of its likely impact on their film 's box office revenue . During the controversy about the MPAA 's decision to give the film Blue Valentine ( 2010 ) an NC - 17 rating ( The Weinstein Company challenged this decision , and the MPAA ended up awarding the same cut an R rating on appeal ) , actor Ryan Gosling , who stars in the film , noted that NC - 17 films are not allowed wide advertisement and that , given the refusal of major cinema chains like AMC and Regal to show NC - 17 rated movies , many such films will never be accessible to people who live in markets that do not have art house theatres . Legal scholar Julie Hilden wrote that the MPAA has a `` masterpiece exception '' that it has made for films that would ordinarily earn an NC - 17 rating , if not for the broader artistic masterpiece that requires the violence depicted as a part of its message . She cites Saving Private Ryan , with its bloody depiction of the D - Day landings , as an example . This exception is troubling , Hilden argues , because it ignores context and perspective in evaluating other films and favors conventional films over edgier films that contribute newer and more interesting points to public discourse about violence . Issuance of `` R cards '' ( edit ) Starting in 2004 , GKC Theatres ( now AMC Theatres ) introduced `` R - Cards '' , which parents could obtain for their teenage children , under the age of 17 , to see R - rated films without adult accompaniment . The cards generated much controversy ; MPAA president Jack Valenti said in a news article : `` I think it distorts and ruptures the intent of this voluntary film ratings system . All R - rated films are not alike . '' John Fithian , the president of the National Association of Theatre Owners , also said that the cards can be harmful . He noted in a news article for the Christian Science Monitor that the R rating is `` broad enough to include relatively family - friendly fare such as Billy Elliot and Erin Brockovich ( which were both rated R for language ) along with films that push the extremes of violence , including Pulp Fiction and Kill Bill . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Emphasis on sex and language versus violence ( edit ) The film rating system has had a number of high - profile critics . Film critic Roger Ebert argued that the system places too much emphasis on sex , while allowing the portrayal of massive amounts of gruesome violence . The uneven emphasis on sex versus violence is echoed by other critics , including David Ansen , as well as many filmmakers . Moreover , Ebert argued that the rating system is geared toward looking at trivial aspects of the film ( such as the number of times a profane word is used ) rather than at the general theme of the film ( for example , if the film realistically depicts the consequences of sex and violence ) . He called for an A ( adults only ) rating , to indicate films high in violence or mature content that should not be marketed to teenagers , but do not have NC - 17 levels of sex . He also called for the NC - 17 rating to be removed and have the X rating revived . He felt that everyone understood what X-rated means , while fewer people understood what NC - 17 meant . He called for ratings A and X to identify whether an adult film is pornographic or not . MPAA chairman Dan Glickman has disputed these claims , stating that far more films are initially rated NC - 17 for violence than for sex , but that these are later edited by studios to receive an R rating . Despite this , an internal critic of the early workings of the ratings system is film critic and writer Stephen Farber , who was a CARA intern for six months during 1969 and 1970 . In The Movie Ratings Game , he documents a prejudice against sex in relation to violence . This Film Is Not Yet Rated also points out that four times as many films received an NC - 17 rating for sex than they did for violence according to the MPAA 's own website , further mentioning a bias against homosexual content compared to heterosexual content , particularly with regards to sex scenes . Filmmaker Darren Stein further insists that his tame teen comedy G.B.F. , which features multiple same - sex kisses but no intercourse , strong language , violence , or nudity , was `` rated R for being gay . '' The 2011 documentary Bully received an R rating for the profanity contained within the film , which prevented most of the intended audience , middle and high schoolers , from seeing the film . The film 's director , Lee Hirsch , has refused to recut the film , stating , `` I feel a responsibility as a filmmaker , as the person entrusted to tell ( these kids ' ) stories , to not water them down . '' A petition collected more than 200,000 signatures to change the film 's rating and a version with less profanity was finally given a PG - 13 rating . The same , however , could not be said about the 1995 teen drama Kids , which director Larry Clark wanted rated R so parents could take their kids to it for educational purposes , but the MPAA rated it NC - 17 due to its content of teen sex and turned down Clark 's appeal . The movie was then released unrated by Miramax ( under Shining Excalibur Films as Miramax , owned by Disney , hesitated to release it as an NC - 17 film ) . Tougher standards for independent studios ( edit ) Many critics of the MPAA system , especially independent distributors , have charged that major studios ' releases often receive more lenient treatment than independent films . The independent film Saints and Soldiers , which contains no nudity , almost no sex ( although , there is a scene in which a German soldier is about to rape a French woman ) , very little profanity , and a minimum of violence , was said to have been rated R for a single clip where a main character is shot and killed , and required modification of just that one scene to receive a PG - 13 rating . Eric Watson , producer of the independently - distributed , NC - 17 - rated Requiem for a Dream complained that the studios are paying the budget of the MPAA , which gives the studios leverage over the MPAA 's decisions . The comedy Scary Movie , released by Dimension Films , at the time a division of The Walt Disney Company , contained `` strong crude sexual humor , language , drug use and violence , '' including images of ejaculation and an erect penis , but was rated R , to the surprise of many reviewers and audiences ; by comparison , the comparatively tame porn spoof Orgazmo , an independent release by South Park creators Matt Stone and Trey Parker , contained `` explicit sexual content and dialogue '' and received an NC - 17 ( the only on - screen penis seen in the film is a dildo ) . As Parker and Stone did not have the money and the time to edit the film , it retained its NC - 17 rating . In contrast , Parker and Stone 's second feature film , South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut , was distributed by a major studio ( Paramount Pictures ) and , after multiple submissions and notes from the MPAA , received an R rating . Call for publicizing the standards ( edit ) Many critics of the system , both conservative and liberal , would like to see the MPAA ratings unveiled and the standards made public . The MPAA has consistently cited nationwide scientific polls ( conducted each year by the Opinion Research Corporation of Princeton , New Jersey ) , which show that parents find the ratings useful . Critics such as Matt Stone in Kirby Dick 's documentary This Film is not Yet Rated respond this proves only that parents find the ratings more useful than nothing at all . In the film , it is also discussed how the MPAA will not reveal any information about how or why certain decisions are made , and that the association will not even reveal to the filmmaker the specific scenes that need to be cut in order to get alternative rating . Accusation of `` ratings creep '' ( edit ) Although there has always been concern about the content of films , the MPAA has , in recent years , been accused of a `` ratings creep '' , whereby the films that fall into today 's ratings categories now contain more objectionable material than those that appeared in the same categories two decades earlier . A study put forward by the Harvard School of Public Health in 2004 concluded that there had been a significant increase in the level of profanity , sex and violence in films released between 1992 and 2003 . Kimberly Thompson , director of the study , stated : `` The findings demonstrate that ratings creep has occurred over the last decade and that today 's movies contain significantly more violence , sex , and profanity on average than movies of the same rating a decade ago . '' Questions of relevance ( edit ) Slashfilm.com managing editor David Chen wrote on the website : `` It 's time for more people to condemn the MPAA and their outrageous antics . We 're heading towards an age when we do n't need a mommy - like organization to dictate what our delicate sensibilities can and ca n't be exposed to . I deeply hope that the MPAA 's irrelevance is imminent . '' Chicago Tribune film critic Michael Phillips wrote that the MPAA ratings board `` has become foolish and irrelevant , and its members do not have my interests at heart , or yours . They 're too easy on violence yet bizarrely reactionary when it comes to nudity and language . '' See also ( edit ) United States portal Film portal Common Sense Media Entertainment Software Rating Board Film Advisory Board Parental Advisory Pink permits TV Parental Guidelines United States Conference of Catholic Bishops ' Office for Film and Broadcasting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rialto Cinemas ( 2012 ) . `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Rialto Cinemas . Rialto Cinemas TM . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Classification and Rating Rules '' ( PDF ) . Classification and Rating Administration . January 1 , 2010 . pp. 6 -- 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film Ratings '' . Motion Picture Association of America . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Advertising Administration Rules '' ( PDF ) . Motion Picture Association of America . January 1 , 2014 . pp. 21 -- 28 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbfinger , David M. ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` Attention , Web Surfers : The Following Film Trailer May Be Racy or Graphic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TN Law : 18 to buy R - rated movie tickets '' . Action News . Tennessee : WMC - TV . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : [email protected] ( snopes ) ( 25 May 1993 ) . `` Re : The MPAA '' . The Skeptic Tank . The Skeptic Tank . Retrieved 1 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Matthew ( 2014 ) . Roadshow ! : The Fall of Film Musicals in the 1960s . OUP USA . p. 183 . ISBN 9780199925674 . ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 2005 ) . The New Hollywood : From Bonnie and Clyde to Star Wars . Short Cuts Series . Columbia University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 85005 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland & Company . p. 316 . ISBN 9780786457403 . 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The Naked Truth : Why Hollywood Does n't Make X-rated Movies . Rutgers University Press . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4146 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in the Rating System '' . Motion Picture Association of America . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keith Coogan ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Keith Coogan , Star of Adventures in Babysitting and Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead , Indulges Our Nostalgia '' . Vulture.com ( Interview ) . Interview with Patti Greco . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hip Hop Project ' Rated PG - 13 , Despite 17 F - Words -- The Moviefone Blog '' . 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` SCREEN IT ! PARENTAL REVIEW : GUNNER PALACE '' . screenit.com. 2005 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tens of Thousands Sign Petition Urging MPAA to Overturn ' Bully 's ' R Rating '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . 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Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim ( 2012 ) . `` Greatest Box - Office Bombs , Disasters and Film Flops : The Most Notable Examples 1995 -- 2 '' . filmsite . AMC Network Entertainment LLC . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 20 April 2004 ) . `` NC - 17 comes out from hiding '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Education '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Foreign affairs '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MPAA Creating ' Hard - R ' , A More PC Version of NC - 17 '' . Bloody Disgusting . Bloody Disgusting LLC. 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Ryan ( 10 March 2007 ) . `` MPAA Wants New Rating For ' Hard R ' '' . Moviefone . AOL Inc . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( 8 December 2010 ) . `` Ryan Gosling Says NC - 17 Rating ' Stigmatizes ' ' Blue Valentine ' '' . MTV News . Viacom International Inc . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Hilden , Julie ( July 16 , 2007 ) . `` Free Speech and the Concept of `` Torture Porn '' : Why are Critics So Hostile to `` Hostel II '' ? `` . FindLaw 's Writ . Retrieved 22 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Barbara ( 2004 - 06 - 01 ) . `` ' R - Cards ' Let Teens See Racy Movies : Some in Industry Say Cards Defeat Purpose of Ratings '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Paulson , Amanda ( 2004 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Under 17 not admitted without R - card '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Roger Ebert thinks the MPAA 's ratings are useless '' . Time . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` The Passion of the Christ '' . Time . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` Getting Real About Movie Ratings '' . Time . Jump up ^ Cruz , Gilbert ( October 30 , 2008 ) . `` Happy 40th Birthday , Movie Ratings '' . Time . Jump up ^ Farber , Stephen ( 1972 ) . The Movie Rating Game ( Paperback ed . ) . Public Affairs Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8183 - 0181 - 0 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rich Juzwiak ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` G.B.F. Was Rated R for Being Gay '' . Gawker.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sandy Cohen ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Teenager petitions to change R rating for ' Bully ' '' . CBS News . CBS . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R rating stuns ' Saints ' makers '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Baggaley , Thomas . `` LDS Cinema Gets Better and Gets a Bum Rating '' . meridianmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Atschison , Doug . `` Separate and Unequal ? How the MPAA Rates Independent Films . '' The Best American Movie Writing 2001 . Ed . John Landis. 59 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Kirby Dick ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) . This Film is not Yet Rated ( Film ) . Jump up ^ Tobias , Patricia Eliot ( November 1999 ) . `` Who Put the Sin in Cinema ? '' . Written By . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2003 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greydanus , Steven D. ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` ' Ratings Creep ' -- or a Case of ' Once Bitten , Twice Shy ' ? '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Kimberly M. ; Yokota , Fumie ( 2004 ) . `` Violence , sex and profanity in films : correlation of movie ratings with content '' . MedGenMed. 6 ( 3 ) : 3 . PMC 1435631 . PMID 15520625 . Lay summary -- Harvard School of Public Health ( July 13 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Chen , David ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Why the MPAA Should Be Ashamed of Itself '' . slashfilm.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( November 4 , 2010 ) . `` There 's a word for the MPAA ... '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikidata has the property : MPAA film rating ( P1657 ) ( see uses ) Classification and Ratings Administration Official Website with ratings database MPAA Film Ratings website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system&oldid=799039549 '' Categories : Motion picture rating systems Motion Picture Association of America Film censorship in the United States Certification marks Cinema of the United States Cinema of Southern California Rating systems 1968 introductions 1968 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from September 2016 All articles to be merged Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 08 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what 1984 film had the first pg-13 rating | [
"In the early 1980s complaints about violence and gore in films such as Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and Gremlins, both of which received PG ratings, refocused attention on films seen by small children and pre-teens.[14] According to author Filipa Antunes, this revealed the conundrum of a film which \"could not be recommended for all children but also could not be repudiated for all children uniformly,\" leading to speculation that the rating system’s scope, in particular its PG classification, \"no longer matched a notion of childhood most parents in America could agree on.\"[15] Steven Spielberg, director of Temple of Doom and executive producer of Gremlins, suggested a new intermediate rating between \"PG\" and \"R\".[16] The \"PG-13\" rating was introduced in July 1984, with the advisory \"Parents Are Strongly Cautioned to Give Special Guidance for Attendance of Children Under 13 – Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Young Children\". The first film to be released with this rating was the 1984 John Milius war film Red Dawn.[17] In 1985, the wording was simplified to \"Parents Strongly Cautioned – Some Material May Be Inappropriate for Children Under 13\".[18] Around the same time, the MPAA won a trademark infringement lawsuit against the producers and distributors of I Spit on Your Grave over a fraudulent application of its R rating to the uncut version of the film,[19] and forced its member studios and several other home video distributors to put MPAA ratings on the packaging of MPAA-rated films via a settlement that would come into effect by fall that year.[20]"
] | [
"Red Dawn"
] |
-4153370692993620992 | Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution | Seventeenth Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Seventeenth Amendment to the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Seventeenth Amendment in the National Archives The Seventeenth Amendment ( Amendment XVII ) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states . The amendment supersedes Article I , § 3 , Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution , under which senators were elected by state legislatures . It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate , allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held . The amendment was proposed by the 62nd Congress in 1912 and adopted in 1913 upon being ratified by three - fourths ( 36 ) of the state legislatures . It was first implemented in special elections in Maryland ( November 1913 ) and Alabama ( May 1914 ) , then nationwide in the November 1914 election . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Background 2.1 Original composition 2.2 Issues 2.3 Calls for reform 3 Proposal and ratification 3.1 Proposal in Congress 3.2 Ratification by the states 4 Effect 4.1 Filling vacancies 4.2 First direct elections to the Senate 4.3 Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Text ( edit ) The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures . When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate , the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies : Provided , That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct . This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution . Background ( edit ) Original composition ( edit ) James Wilson , the only member of the Constitutional Convention who supported electing the United States Senate by popular vote . Originally , under Article I , § 3 , Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution , each state legislature elected its state 's senators for a six - year term . Each state , regardless of size , is entitled to two senators as part of the Connecticut Compromise between the small and large states . This contrasted with the House of Representatives , a body elected by popular vote , and was described as an uncontroversial decision ; at the time , James Wilson was the sole advocate of popularly electing the Senate and his proposal was defeated 10 -- 1 . There were many advantages to the original method of electing senators . Prior to the Constitution , a federal body was one where states effectively formed nothing more than permanent treaties , with citizens retaining their loyalty to their original state . However , under the new Constitution , the central government was granted substantially more power than before ; the election of senators by the states reassured Anti-federalists that there would be some protection against the swallowing up of states and their powers by the federal government , providing a check on the power of the federal government . Additionally , the longer terms and avoidance of popular election turned the Senate into a body that could `` temper '' the populism of the House . While the Representatives operated in a two - year direct election cycle , making them frequently accountable to their constituents , the senators could afford to `` take a more detached view of issues coming before Congress '' . State legislatures retained the theoretical right to `` instruct '' their senators to vote for or against proposals , thus giving the states both direct and indirect representation in the federal government . The Senate was part of a formal bicameralism , with the members of the Senate and House responsible to completely distinct constituencies ; this helped defeat the problem of the federal government being subject to `` special interests '' . Members of the Constitutional Convention considered the Senate to be parallel to the British House of Lords as an `` upper house '' , containing the `` better men '' of society , but improved upon as they would be conscientiously chosen by the upper houses of state republican legislatures for fixed terms , and not merely inherited for life as in the British system , subject to a monarch 's arbitrary expansion . It was hoped that they would provide abler deliberation and greater stability than the House of Representatives due to the senators ' status . Issues ( edit ) According to Judge Jay Bybee of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit , those in favor of popular elections for senators believed that two primary problems were caused by the original provisions : legislative corruption and electoral deadlocks . There was a sense that senatorial elections were `` bought and sold '' , changing hands for favors and sums of money rather than because of the competence of the candidate . Between 1857 and 1900 , the Senate investigated three elections over corruption . In 1900 , for example , William A. Clark had his election voided after the Senate concluded that he had bought votes in the Montana legislature . But analysts Bybee and Todd Zywicki believe this concern was largely unfounded ; there was a `` dearth of hard information '' on the subject . In more than a century of legislative elections of U.S. senators , only 10 cases were contested for allegations of impropriety . Electoral deadlocks were another issue . Because state legislatures were charged with deciding whom to appoint as senators , the system relied on their ability to agree . Some states could not , and thus delayed sending representatives to Congress ; in a few cases , the system broke down to the point where states completely lacked representation in the Senate . Deadlocks started to become an issue in the 1850s , with a deadlocked Indiana legislature allowing a Senate seat to sit vacant for two years . Between 1891 and 1905 , 46 elections were deadlocked across 20 states ; in one extreme example , a Senate seat for Delaware went unfilled from 1899 until 1903 . The business of holding elections also caused great disruption in the state legislatures , with a full third of the Oregon House of Representatives choosing not to swear the oath of office in 1897 due to a dispute over an open Senate seat . The result was that Oregon 's legislature was unable to pass legislation that year . Zywicki again argues that this was not a serious issue . Deadlocks were a problem , but they were the exception rather than the norm ; many legislatures did not deadlock over elections at all . Most of those that did in the 19th century were the newly admitted western states , which suffered from `` inexperienced legislatures and weak party discipline ... as western legislatures gained experience , deadlocks became less frequent . '' While Utah suffered from deadlocks in 1897 and 1899 , they became what Zywicki refers to as `` a good teaching experience , '' and Utah never again failed to elect senators . Another concern was that when deadlocks occurred , state legislatures were unable to conduct their other normal business ; James Christian Ure , writing in the South Texas Law Review , notes that this did not in fact occur . In a deadlock situation , state legislatures would deal with the matter by holding `` one vote at the beginning of the day -- then the legislators would continue with their normal affairs '' . State legislative elections were perceived to have become dominated by the business of picking senators . Senator John H. Mitchell noted that the Senate became the `` vital issue '' in all legislative campaigns , with the policy stances and qualifications of state legislative candidates ignored by voters who were more interested in the indirect Senate election . To remedy this , some state legislatures created `` advisory elections '' that served as de facto general elections , allowing legislative campaigns to focus on local issues . Calls for reform ( edit ) William Jennings Bryan , who campaigned for the popular election of U.S. Senators Calls for a constitutional amendment regarding Senate elections started in the early 19th century , with Henry R. Storrs in 1826 proposing an amendment to provide for popular election . Similar amendments were introduced in 1829 and 1855 , with the `` most prominent '' proponent being Andrew Johnson , who raised the issue in 1868 and considered the idea 's merits `` so palpable '' that no additional explanation was necessary . In the 1860s , there was a major Congressional dispute over the issue , with the House and Senate voting to veto the appointment of John P. Stockton to the Senate due to his approval by a plurality of the New Jersey Legislature rather than a majority . In reaction , the Congress passed a bill in July 1866 that required state legislatures to elect senators by an absolute majority . By the 1890s , support for the introduction of direct election for the Senate had substantially increased , and reformers worked on two fronts . On the first front , the Populist Party incorporated the direct election of senators into its Omaha Platform , adopted in 1892 . In 1908 , Oregon passed the first law that based the selection of U.S. senators on a popular vote . Oregon was soon followed by Nebraska . Proponents for popular election noted that ten states already had non-binding primaries for Senate candidates , in which the candidates would be voted on by the public , effectively serving as advisory referenda instructing state legislatures how to vote ; reformers campaigned for more states to introduce a similar method . William Randolph Hearst opened a nationwide popular readership for direct election of U.S. Senators in a 1906 series of articles using flamboyant language attacking `` The Treason of the Senate '' in his Cosmopolitan Magazine . David Graham Philips , one of the `` yellow journalists '' whom President Teddy Roosevelt called `` muckrakers '' , described Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island as the principal `` traitor '' among the `` scurvy lot '' in control of the Senate by theft , perjury , and bribes corrupting the state legislatures to gain election to the Senate . A few state legislatures began to petition the Congress for direct election of senators . By 1893 , the House had the two - thirds vote for just such an amendment . However , when the joint resolution reached the Senate , it failed from neglect , as it did again in 1900 , 1904 and 1908 ; each time the House approved the appropriate resolution , and each time it died in the Senate . On the second national legislative front , reformers worked toward a constitutional amendment , which was strongly supported in the House of Representatives but initially opposed by the Senate . Bybee notes that the state legislatures , which would lose power if the reforms went through , were supportive of the campaign . By 1910 , 31 state legislatures had passed resolutions calling for a constitutional amendment allowing direct election , and in the same year ten Republican senators who were opposed to reform were forced out of their seats , acting as a `` wake - up call to the Senate '' . Reformers included William Jennings Bryan , while opponents counted respected figures such as Elihu Root and George Frisbie Hoar among their number ; Root cared so strongly about the issue that after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment , he refused to stand for re ‐ election to the Senate . Bryan and the reformers argued for popular election through highlighting perceived flaws with the existing system , specifically corruption and electoral deadlocks , and through arousing populist sentiment . Most important was the populist argument ; that there was a need to `` Awaken , in the senators ... a more acute sense of responsibility to the people '' , which it was felt they lacked ; election through state legislatures was seen as an anachronism that was out of step with the wishes of the American people , and one that had led to the Senate becoming `` a sort of aristocratic body -- too far removed from the people , beyond their reach , and with no special interest in their welfare '' . The settlement of the West and continuing absorption of hundreds of thousands of immigrants expanded the sense of `` the people . '' Hoar replied that ' the people ' were both a less permanent and a less trusted body than state legislatures , and that moving the responsibility for the election of senators to them would see it passing into the hands of a body that `` ( lasted ) but a day '' before changing . Other counterarguments were that renowned senators could not have been elected directly , and that since a large number of senators had experience in the House , which was already directly elected , a constitutional amendment would be pointless . The reform was considered by opponents to threaten the rights and independence of the states , who were `` sovereign , entitled ... to have a separate branch of Congress ... to which they could send their ambassadors '' . This was countered by the argument that a change in the mode in which senators were elected would not change their responsibilities . The Senate freshman class of 1910 brought new hope to the reformers . Fourteen of the thirty newly elected senators had been elected through party primaries , which amounted to popular choice in their states . More than half of the states had some form of primary selection for the Senate . The Senate finally joined the House to submit the Seventeenth Amendment to the states for ratification , nearly ninety years after it first was presented to the Senate in 1826 . By 1912 , 239 political parties at both the state and national level had pledged some form of direct election , and 33 states had introduced the use of direct primaries . Twenty - seven states had called for a constitutional convention on the subject , with 31 states needed to reach the threshold ; Arizona and New Mexico each achieved statehood that year ( bringing the total number of states to 48 ) , and were expected to support the motion . Alabama and Wyoming , already states , had passed resolutions in favor of a convention without formally calling for one . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Proposal in Congress ( edit ) In 1911 , the House of Representatives passed House Joint Resolution 39 proposing a constitutional amendment for direct election of senators . The original resolution passed by the House contained the following clause : The times , places , and manner of holding elections for Senators shall be as prescribed in each State by the legislature thereof . This so - called `` race rider '' clause would have strengthened the powers of states over senatorial elections and to weakened those of Congress by overriding Congress 's power to override state laws affecting the manner of senatorial elections . Since the turn of the century , most blacks in the South , and many poor whites , had been disenfranchised by state legislatures passing constitutions with provisions that were discriminatory in practice . This meant that their millions of population had no political representation . Most of the South had one - party states . When the resolution came before the Senate , a substitute resolution , one without the rider , was proposed by Joseph L. Bristow of Kansas . It was adopted by a vote of 64 to 24 , with 4 not voting . Nearly a year later , the House accepted the change . The conference report that would become the Seventeenth Amendment was approved by the Senate 42 to 36 on April 12 , 1912 , and by the House 238 to 39 , with 110 not voting on May 13 , 1912 . Ratification by the states ( edit ) Having been passed by Congress , the amendment was sent to the states for ratification and was ratified by : Massachusetts -- May 22 , 1912 Arizona -- June 3 , 1912 Minnesota -- June 10 , 1912 New York -- January 15 , 1913 Kansas -- January 17 , 1913 Oregon -- January 23 , 1913 North Carolina -- January 25 , 1913 California -- January 28 , 1913 Michigan -- January 28 , 1913 Iowa -- January 30 , 1913 Montana -- January 30 , 1913 Idaho -- January 31 , 1913 West Virginia -- February 4 , 1913 Colorado -- February 5 , 1913 Nevada -- February 6 , 1913 Texas -- February 7 , 1913 Washington -- February 7 , 1913 Wyoming -- February 8 , 1913 Arkansas -- February 11 , 1913 Maine -- February 11 , 1913 Illinois -- February 13 , 1913 North Dakota -- February 14 , 1913 Wisconsin -- February 18 , 1913 Indiana -- February 19 , 1913 New Hampshire -- February 19 , 1913 Vermont -- February 19 , 1913 South Dakota -- February 19 , 1913 Oklahoma -- February 24 , 1913 Ohio -- February 25 , 1913 Missouri -- March 7 , 1913 New Mexico -- March 13 , 1913 Nebraska -- March 14 , 1913 New Jersey -- March 17 , 1913 Tennessee -- April 1 , 1913 Pennsylvania -- April 2 , 1913 Connecticut -- April 8 , 1913 With 36 states having ratified the Seventeenth Amendment , it was certified by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan on May 31 , 1913 , as part of the Constitution . The amendment has subsequently been ratified by : Louisiana -- June 11 , 1914 Alabama -- April 11 , 2002 Delaware -- July 1 , 2010 ( After rejecting the amendment on March 18 , 1913 ) Maryland -- April 1 , 2012 Rhode Island -- June 20 , 2014 The Utah legislature rejected the amendment on February 26 , 1913 . No action on the amendment has been completed by : Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Mississippi , South Carolina , or Virginia . Effect ( edit ) The Seventeenth Amendment altered the process for electing United States Senators and changed the way vacancies would be filled . Under the original constitutional provision , state legislatures filled vacancies when a Senator left office before the end of their term . The Seventeenth Amendment had a dramatic impact on the political composition of the U.S. Senate . Before the Supreme Court required `` one man , one vote '' in Reynolds v. Sims ( 1964 ) , malapportionment of state legislatures was common . For example , rural counties and cities could be given `` equal weight '' in the state legislatures , enabling one rural vote to equal 200 city votes . The malapportioned state legislatures would have given the Republicans control of the Senate in the 1916 Senate elections . With direct election , each vote represented equally , the Democrats retained control of the Senate . The reputation of corrupt and arbitrary state legislatures continued to decline as the Senate joined the House of Representatives implementing popular reforms . Judge Bybee has argued that the amendment led to complete `` ignominy '' for state legislatures without the props of a state - based check on Congress . Progressive measures were enacted to enable the federal government to supersede the discredited states repeatedly over decades . However , Schleiches argues that the separation of state legislatures and the Senate has had a beneficial effect on the states , as it has allowed state legislative campaigns to focus on local rather than national issues . New Deal legislation is another example of expanding federal regulation overruling the state legislatures promoting their local state interests in coal , oil , corn and cotton . Ure agrees , saying that not only is each Senator now free to ignore his state 's interests , Senators `` have incentive to use their advice - and - consent powers to install Supreme Court justices who are inclined to increase federal power at the expense of state sovereignty '' . Over the first half of the 20th century , with a popularly elected Senate confirming nominations , both Republican and Democratic , the Supreme Court began to apply the Bill of Rights to the states , overturning state laws whenever they harmed individual state citizens . Filling vacancies ( edit ) The Seventeenth Amendment says a state legislature may permit its governor to make temporary appointments , which last until a special election is held to fill the vacancy . As of 2009 , all but four states -- Massachusetts , Oregon , Wisconsin and Oklahoma -- permit such appointments . The Constitution does not set out how the temporary appointee is to be selected . The Seventeenth Amendment requires a governor to call a special election to fill the vacancy . First direct elections to the Senate ( edit ) Oklahoma , admitted to statehood in 1907 , chose a Senator by legislative election three times : twice in 1907 , when admitted , and once in 1908 . In 1912 , Oklahoma reelected Robert Owen by advisory popular vote . New Mexico , admitted to statehood in 1912 , chose only its first two Senators legislatively . Arizona , admitted to statehood in 1912 , chose its first two Senators by advisory popular vote . Alaska , and Hawaii , admitted to statehood in 1959 , have never chosen a U.S. Senator legislatively . The first direct elections to the Senate following the Seventeenth Amendment being adopted were : In Maryland on November 4 , 1913 : a class 1 special election due to a vacancy , for a term ending in 1917 . In Alabama on May 11 , 1914 : a class 3 special election due to a vacancy , for a term ending in 1915 . Nationwide in 1914 : All 32 class 3 senators , term 1915 -- 1921 Nationwide in 1916 : All 32 class 1 senators , term 1917 -- 1923 Nationwide in 1918 : All 32 class 2 senators , term 1919 -- 1925 Interpretation and advocacy for reform or repeal ( edit ) In Trinsey v. Pennsylvania ( 1991 ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit was faced with a situation where , following the death of Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania , Governor Bob Casey had provided for a replacement and for a special election that did not include a primary . A voter and prospective candidate , John S. Trinsey , Jr. , argued that the lack of a primary violated the Seventeenth Amendment and his right to vote under the Fourteenth Amendment . The Third Circuit rejected these arguments , ruling that the Seventeenth Amendment does not require primaries . Another subject of analysis is whether statutes restricting the authority of governors to appoint temporary replacements are constitutional . Vikram Amar , writing in the Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly , claims that Wyoming 's requirement that its governor fill a senatorial vacancy by nominating a person of the same party as the person who vacated that Senate seat violates the Seventeenth Amendment . This is based on the text of the Seventeenth Amendment , which states that `` the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments '' . The amendment only empowers the legislature to delegate the authority to the governor and , once that authority has been delegated , does not permit the legislature to intervene . The authority is to decide whether or not the governor shall have the power to appoint temporary senators , not in what fashion he should do so . Sanford Levinson , in his rebuttal to Amar , argues that rather than engaging in a textual interpretation , those examining the meaning of constitutional provisions should interpret them in the fashion that provides the most benefit , and that legislatures being able to restrict gubernatorial appointment authority provides a substantial benefit to the states . Due to the controversy over the effects of the Seventeenth Amendment , advocates have emerged to reform or repeal the amendment . Under President Barack Obama 's administration in 2009 , four sitting Democratic senators left the Senate for appointed executive branch positions : Barack Obama ( President ) , Joe Biden ( Vice President ) , Hillary Clinton ( Secretary of State ) , and Ken Salazar ( Secretary of the Interior ) . Controversies developed about the successor appointments made by Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich and New York Governor David Paterson . New interest was aroused in abolishing the provision for the Senate appointment by the governor . Accordingly , Senator Russ Feingold of Wisconsin and Representative David Dreier of California proposed an amendment to remove this power ; Senators John McCain and Dick Durbin became co-sponsors , as did Representative John Conyers . The Tea Party movement has been arguing for repealing the Seventeenth Amendment entirely , claiming that it would protect states ' rights and reduce the power of the federal government . On March 2 , 2016 , the Utah legislature approved Senate Joint Resolution No. 2 asking Congress to offer an amendment to the United States Constitution that would repeal the Seventeenth Amendment . John Daniel Davidson , a senior correspondent for The Federalist , wrote that the Seventeenth Amendment should be repealed , because the concerns leading to the amendment 's adoption do not apply today and that state legislatures would be less likely to reelect Senators as often as occurs under popular election . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States Amendments 11 -- 27 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 7 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 169 Jump up ^ Vile ( 2003 ) p. 404 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1013 Jump up ^ Riker ( 1955 ) p. 452 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 516 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 515 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1019 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 176 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 180 ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 538 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 539 ^ Jump up to : Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1022 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 541 Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of Senators '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 542 Jump up ^ Zywicki ( 1994 ) p. 1024 Jump up ^ Ure ( 2007 ) p. 286 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 543 ^ Jump up to : Schleicher , David ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` States ' Wrongs '' . Slate . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Stathis , Stephen W. ( 2009 ) . Landmark debates in Congress : from the Declaration of independence to the war in Iraq . CQ Press . p. 253 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87289 - 976 - 6 . OCLC 232129877 . ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 536 Jump up ^ Boyer , Paul S. ; Dubofsky , Melvyn ( 2001 ) . The Oxford companion to United States history . Oxford University Press . p. 612 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508209 - 8 . OCLC 185508759 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of Senators '' , United States Senate webpage , Origins and Development -- Institutional . ^ Jump up to : Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 537 Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil and Richard A. Baker , The American Senate : An Insider 's History 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536761 - 4 . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 544 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 545 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 546 Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil and Richard A. Baker , The American Senate : An Insider 's History 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536761 - 4 . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Rossum ( 1999 ) p. 708 Jump up ^ Rossum ( 1999 ) p. 710 Jump up ^ `` 17th Amendment : Direct Election of U.S. Senators '' . August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zachary Clopton & Steven E. Art , `` The Meaning of the Seventeenth Amendment and a Century of State Defiance '' , 107 Northwestern University Law Review 1181 ( 2013 ) , pp. 1191 - 1192 Jump up ^ `` 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution : Direct Election of U.S. Senators '' . August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. 49 . Jump up ^ POM - 309 , House Joint Resolution No. 12 , A joint resolution adopted by the Legislature of the State of Alabama relative to ratifying the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , Volume 148 Congressional Record page 18241 ( permanent , bound edition ) and page S9419 ( preliminary , soft - cover edition ) . September 26 , 2002 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Formally Ratifying the 17th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States Providing for the Popular Election of Senators to the United States Senate '' . State of Delaware . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Senate Joint Resolution 2 , April 1 , 2012 , retrieved April 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ House Joint Resolution 3 , April 1 , 2012 , retrieved April 29 , 2012 Jump up ^ Bills signing May 22 , 2012 ( PDF ) , May 22 , 2012 , retrieved May 23 , 2012 Jump up ^ At the time , Article XVI , Section 19 , of the Florida Constitution provided that `` No Convention nor Legislature of this State shall act upon any amendment of the Constitution of the United States proposed by Congress to the several States , unless such Convention or Legislature shall have been elected after such amendment is submitted . '' The first legislature elected after such submission did not meet until April 5 , 1913 . See Fla . Const. of 1885 , Art . III , § 2 . By that time , the amendment had been ratified by 35 states , and , as noted above , would be ratified by the 36th state on April 8 , 1913 , a circumstance which made any action by the Florida Legislature unnecessary . Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 552 . Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 552 . Similarly , he believes the Republican Revolution of 1994 would not have happened ; instead , the Democrats would have controlled 70 seats in the Senate to the Republicans ' 30 . See Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 553 Jump up ^ Bybee ( 1997 ) p. 535 . This was partially fueled by the Senators ; he wrote in the Northwestern University Law Review : Politics , like nature , abhorred a vacuum , so senators felt the pressure to do something , namely enact laws . Once senators were no longer accountable to and constrained by state legislatures , the maximizing function for senators was unrestrained ; senators almost always found in their own interest to procure federal legislation , even to the detriment of state control of traditional state functions . See Bybee , p. 536 . Jump up ^ Rossum ( 1999 ) p. 715 Jump up ^ Ure ( 2007 ) p. 288 Jump up ^ Kochan ( 2003 ) p. 1053 Donald J. Kochan , for an article in the Albany Law Review , analyzed the effect of the Seventeenth Amendment on Supreme Court decisions over the constitutionality of state legislation . He found a `` statistically significant difference '' in the number of cases holding state legislation unconstitutional before and after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment , with the number of holdings of unconstitutionality increasing sixfold . Besides the Seventeenth Amendment , decline in the influence of the states also followed economic changes . Zywicki observes that interest groups of all kinds began to focus efforts on the federal government , as national issues could not be directed by influencing only a few state legislatures of with Senators of the most seniority chairing the major committees . He attributes the rise in the strength of interest groups partially to the development of the U.S. economy on an interstate , national level . See Zywicki ( 1997 ) p. 215 . Ure also argues that the Seventeenth Amendment led to the rise of special interest groups to fill the void ; with citizens replacing state legislators as the Senate 's electorate , with citizens being less able to monitor the actions of their Senators , the Senate became more susceptible to pressure from interest groups , who in turn were more influential due to the centralization of power in the federal government ; an interest group no longer needed to lobby many state legislatures , and could instead focus its efforts on the federal government . See Ure ( 2007 ) p. 293 Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` Filling U.S. Senate Vacancies : Perspectives and Contemporary Developments '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Vile ( 2010 ) p. 197 ^ Jump up to : Dubin , Michael J. ( 1998 ) . United States Congressional elections , 1788 -- 1997 : the official results of the elections of the 1st through 105th Congresses . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0283 - 0 . Jump up ^ Trinsey v. Pennsylvania , 941 ( F. 2d 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Gold ( 1992 ) p. 202 Jump up ^ Novakovic ( 1992 ) p. 940 Jump up ^ Novakovic ( 1992 ) p. 945 Jump up ^ Amar ( 2008 ) p. 728 Jump up ^ Amar ( 2008 ) pp. 729 -- 30 Jump up ^ Levinson ( 2008 ) pp. 718 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Hulse , Carl ( March 10 , 2009 ) . `` New Idea on Capitol Hill : To Join Senate , Get Votes '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 7 -- A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to the election of Senators. , retrieved June 15 , 2014 Jump up ^ Firestone , David ( May 31 , 2010 ) . `` So You Still Want to Choose Your Senator ? '' . New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SJR002 '' . State of Utah . Jump up ^ John Daniel Davidson ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` To Avoid Debacles Like Roy Moore , Repeal The 17th Amendment '' . The Federalist . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Amar , Vikram David ( 2008 ) . `` Are Statutes Constraining Gubernatorial Power to Make Temporary Appointments to the United States Senate Constitutional Under the Seventeenth Amendment ? '' . Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . 35 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0094 - 5617 . SSRN 1103590 . Bybee , Jay S. ( 1997 ) . `` Ulysses at the Mast : Democracy , Federalism , and the Sirens ' Song of the Seventeenth Amendment '' . Northwestern University Law Review . Northwestern University School of Law . 91 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0029 - 3571 . Gold , Kevin M. ( 1992 ) . `` Trinsey v. Pennsylvania : State Discretion to Regulate United States Senate Vacancy '' . Widener Journal of Law and Public Policy . Widener University School of Law . 2 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1064 - 5012 . Hoebeke , Christopher Hyde ( 1995 ) . The road to mass democracy : original intent and the Seventeenth Amendment . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 217 - 4 . Kochan , Donald J. ( 2003 ) . `` State Laws and the Independent Judiciary : An Analysis of the Effects of the Seventeenth Amendment on the Number of Supreme Court Cases Holding State Laws Unconstitutional '' . Albany Law Review . 66 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0002 - 4678 . SSRN 907518 . Levinson , Sanford ( 2008 ) . `` Political Party and Senatorial Succession : A Response to Vikram Amar on How Best to Interpret the Seventeenth Amendment '' . Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly . University of California , Hastings College of the Law . 35 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0094 - 5617 . Novakovic , Michael B. ( 1992 ) . `` Constitutional Law : Filling Senate Vacancies '' . Villanova Law Review . Villanova University School of Law . 37 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0042 - 6229 . Riker , William H. ( 1955 ) . `` The Senate and American Federalism '' . American Political Science Review . American Political Science Association . 49 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0003 - 0554 . Rossum , Ralph A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Irony of Constitutional Democracy : Federalism , the Supreme Court , and the Seventeenth Amendment '' . San Diego Law Review . University of San Diego School of Law . 36 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0886 - 3210 . Tushnet , Mark ( 2010 ) . The Constitution of the United States of America : A Contextual Analysis . Hart Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84113 - 738 - 4 . Ure , James Christian ( 2007 ) . `` You Scratch My Back and I 'll Scratch Yours : Why the Federal Marriage Amendment Should Also Repeal the Seventeenth Amendment '' . South Texas Law Review . South Texas College of Law . 49 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1052 - 343X . Vile , John R. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of constitutional amendments , proposed amendments , and amending issues , 1789 -- 2002 ( 2nd ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 428 - 8 . Vile , John R. ( 2010 ) . A companion to the United States Constitution and its amendments ( 5th ed . ) . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38008 - 2 . Zywicki , Todd J. ( 1994 ) . `` Senators and Special Interests : A Public Choice Analysis of the Seventeenth Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Law Review . University of Oregon School of Law . 73 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0196 - 2043 . Zywicki , Todd J. ( 1997 ) . `` Beyond the Shell and Husk of History : The History of the Seventeenth Amendment and its Implications for Current Reform Proposals '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland State Law Review . Cleveland - Marshall College of Law . 45 ( 1 ) . ISSN 0009 - 8876 . Wendy J. Schiller and Charles Stewart III ( 2013 ) , The 100th Anniversary of the 17th Amendment : A Promise Unfulfilled ? , Issues in Governance Studies , Number 59 May 2013 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum VIAF : 178725478 LCCN : n97009349 GND : 4412670 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=819663344 '' Categories : 1913 in American law 1913 in American politics Amendments to the United States Constitution Federalism in the United States History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) History of voting rights in the United States Progressive Era in the United States United States Senate 1912 in American law 1912 in American politics Hidden categories : Articles lacking chronology / history sources Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Use mdy dates from November 2012 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 16 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who elected members of the senate before the 17th amendment | [
"The Seventeenth Amendment (Amendment XVII) to the United States Constitution established the popular election of United States Senators by the people of the states. The amendment supersedes Article I, §3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which senators were elected by state legislatures. It also alters the procedure for filling vacancies in the Senate, allowing for state legislatures to permit their governors to make temporary appointments until a special election can be held."
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"state legislatures"
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8667726412835310508 | Gun laws in Virginia | Gun laws in Virginia - wikipedia Gun laws in Virginia Jump to : navigation , search Location of Virginia in the United States Gun laws in Virginia regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary table 2 Overview 3 See also 4 External links 5 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long Guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes Permit to purchase required ? No No Firearm registration ? No No § 18.2 - 295 Fully - automatic firearms ( machine guns ) are required to be registered with the state police . Owner license required ? No No Proof of age and citizenship required for the purchase of `` assault weapons '' . Concealed carry permits required ? No Yes § 18.2 - 308 Virginia is a `` shall issue '' state for concealed carry . Permits are issued to non-residents and training is permitted online or in person . Open carry permitted ? Yes Yes § 15.2 - 915.2 § 18.2 - 287.4 § 18.2 - 282 Open carry is generally allowed without a permit for people 18 years of age and older . The following cities and counties have exceptions that disallow the open carry of `` assault weapons '' ( any firearm that is equipped with a magazine that will hold more than 20 rounds of ammunition or is designed by the manufacturer to accommodate a silencer or equipped with a folding stock ) or shotguns equipped with a magazine that holds more than 7 rounds : the Cities of Alexandria , Chesapeake , Fairfax , Falls Church , Newport News , Norfolk , Richmond , and Virginia Beach and in the Counties of Arlington , Fairfax , Henrico , Loudoun , and Prince William . These restrictions do not apply to valid concealed carry permit holders . Stated differently , you may open carry an assault weapon / shotgun with more than 7 rounds with a permit in the aforementioned locations , but do not need a permit to do so in any other locality in Virginia . For open carry in a vehicle , the firearm must be `` properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle '' ( ie glove box , center console , trunk , etc ) . The container / compartment does not have to be locked , the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger , and the firearm may be loaded . This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms `` at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises . '' Furthermore , a `` county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport , possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street , road , or highway within such locality . '' However , this does not `` apply to duly authorized law - enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties , nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business . '' In addition , a firearm may be considered `` open carry '' in a vehicle if the firearm is openly visible , though this is not as well established as the `` secured in a container / compartment '' rule . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes § 15.2 - 915 Virginia has state preemption for most but not all firearm laws . Assault weapon law ? Yes Yes § 18.2 - 308.2 : 2 § 18.2 - 308.2 : 01 § 18.2 - 308.7 Proof of age ( 18 + for long arms , 21 + for pistols ) and proof of citizenship ( or permanent residence license ) are required for the purchase of `` assault weapons '' . `` Assault weapons '' are defined as a semi-automatic , centerfire , firearm equipped with a folding stock , or equipped at the time with a magazine capable of holding more than 20 rounds , or capable of accommodating a silencer / suppressor . Magazine restriction ? No No § 18.2 - 287.4 § 18.2 - 282 . Magazines capable of holding more than 20 rounds are legal but , they make the firearm an `` assault weapon '' , subject to law accordingly . NFA weapons restricted ? No No § 18.2 - 308.8 § 18.2 - 308.5 § 18.2 - 295 Fully - automatic firearms ( machine guns ) must be registered with the state police . Plastic firearms and some destructive devices ( such as the striker 12 shotgun ) are prohibited outside law enforcement . SBS , SBR , AOWs , and suppressors are legal with NFA paperwork . Background checks required for private sales ? No No Gun laws in Virginia Constitution Constitution sections Article I , § 13 . Synopsis `` ( ... ) the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; ( ... ) '' Preemption and local regulation Preemption sections § 15.2 - 915. , § 15.2 -- 915.1. , § 15.2 -- 915.2. , § 15.2 -- 915.4. , § 15.2 - 914 . Synopsis Localities may regulate the transportation of a loaded rifle or shotgun , regulate the use of pneumatic guns , and the possession and storage of firearms by persons who provide child - care services . Registration Ownership registration sections § 18.2 -- 295 . Synopsis Machine guns must be registered with the Virginia State Police . Purchase registration No purchase registration Lost / stolen registration No lost / stolen registration Restricted or prohibited items Restricted firearms sections § 18.2 -- 308.8. , § 18.2 -- 308.5 . Synopsis Armsel Striker , also known as the Striker 12 , and similar shotguns are prohibited . Plastic firearms are prohibited . Restricted ammunition No restricted ammunition Restricted accessories No restricted accessories Restricted or prohibited places Restricted places sections § 18.2 -- 283. , AG Opinion 11 - 043 , § 18.2 -- 283.1. , § 18.2 -- 287.01. , § 18.2 -- 287.4. , § 18.2 -- 308.1. , 4VAC15 - 40 - 60. , 4VAC10 - 30 - 170. , 8VAC35 - 60 - 20 . GA JRC Rule , § 18.2 -- 308 . Synopsis Places of religious worship , without good and sufficient reason . The Attorney General has opined that personal protection constitutes a good and sufficient reason . Courthouses . Air carrier airport terminals . Certain high - capacity firearms in public places in certain counties and cities ; except certain persons . Public , private or religious elementary , middle or high schools and associated buildings , grounds , buses , and events ; except certain persons . On George Mason University property in academic buildings , administrative office buildings , student residence buildings , dining facilities , or while attending sporting , entertainment or educational events ; except police officers . Anywhere on a Virginia Commonwealth University campus , without the written authorization of the president of the university ; except persons whose duties lawfully require the possession of firearms . The Capitol and the General Assembly building ; except for members of the General Assembly , persons with concealed handgun permits , and law enforcement personnel . Private property where prohibited by the owner . Restricted or prohibited persons Underage persons sections § 18.2 -- 56.2. , § 18.2 -- 308.7 . Synopsis Persons under the age of 12 , except while supervised . Persons over the age of 12 , but under the age of 18 , except while supervised ; or unsupervised with parental and property owner permission . Alien persons sections § 18.2 -- 308.2 : 01 . Synopsis Persons who are not lawfully present in the United States may not possess , transport or carry any firearm . Persons who are not citizens or lawful permanent residents may not possess an `` assault firearm . '' Restricted persons sections § 18.2 -- 308.1 : 1. , § 18.2 -- 308.1 : 2. , § 18.2 -- 308.1 : 3. , § 18.2 -- 308.1 : 4 . Synopsis Persons acquitted by reason of insanity . Persons adjudicated legally incompetent , mentally incapacitated . Persons involuntarily admitted to a facility or ordered to mandatory outpatient treatment . Persons subject to protective orders . Convicted persons sections § 18.2 -- 290. , § 18.2 -- 308.1 : 5. , § 18.2 -- 308.2 . Synopsis Persons convicted of a crime of violence in any court of record may not possess a machine gun . Persons convicted of certain drug offenses ; for a period of five years . Persons who have been convicted of a felony , kidnapping , robbery by the threat or presentation of firearms , or rape . Manufacturing Manufacturing regulations sections § 18.2 -- 294. , § 18.2 -- 304. , § 18.2 -- 308.5 . Synopsis Manufacturers must keep a record of all machine guns , sawed - off rifles and sawed - off shotguns that they manufacture . Manufacturers are subject to police inspection of their stock of machine guns , sawed - off rifles , and sawed - off shotguns . It is unlawful to manufacture firearms containing less than 3.7 ounces of electromagnetically detectable metal in the barrel , slide , cylinder , frame or receiver . Sale , purchase , and transfer Dealer regulations sections § 18.2 -- 294. , § 18.2 -- 304. , § 18.2 -- 308.2 : 1. , § 18.2 -- 308.2 : 3 . § 18.2 -- 308.2 : 2. , Synopsis Dealers are subject to police inspection of their stock of machine guns , sawed - off rifles , and sawed - off shotguns . Dealers may not sell or otherwise furnish firearms to any person he knows is prohibited from possessing or transporting a firearm . Criminal background checks of employees of gun dealers are required before they may transfer firearms . Criminal history record information check required for the transfer of certain firearms . Non-residents may purchase rifle and shotguns only Private sale regulations sections § 18.2 -- 308.2 : 1. , § 18.2 -- 308.2 : 2 . Synopsis Private sellers may not sell or otherwise furnish firearms to any person he knows is prohibited from possessing or transporting a firearm . Private sellers may sell long guns and handguns . Transportation and carry Transportation restrictions sections § 15.2 -- 915.2. , § 18.2 -- 308 . Synopsis Localities may regulate the transportation of a loaded rifle or shotgun . Persons lawfully possessing a handgun may transport such handgun loaded and in a secure compartment in a vehicle or vessel . Open carry restrictions sections § 18.2 -- 308 . Synopsis There is no law against a law - abiding citizen openly carrying a firearm , therefore it is legal and no permit or license is required . `` Open carry '' is the carrying of a firearm that is not concealed . Virginia defines concealed as `` hidden from common observation '' and `` a weapon shall be deemed to be hidden from common observation when it is observable but is of such deceptive appearance as to disguise the weapon 's true nature . '' Concealed carry restrictions sections § 18.2 -- 308 , § 18.2 -- 308.012 Synopsis Only persons who hold certain positions , comply with certain rules or restrictions , and / or who have a Concealed Handgun Permit ( CHP ) may carry concealed handguns . Virginia issues a CHP to residents and non-residents . CHP applicants must provide proof of demonstrated competence with a handgun . Some persons are deemed disqualified from obtaining a CHP , even though they may lawfully possess and carry a firearm . Virginia maintains concealed handgun permit reciprocity with other States and recognizes some licenses from other States without a formal reciprocity agreement . The list of such states is maintained by the Virginia State Police . Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on - premises licensed restaurants and clubs , while carrying a concealed handgun , is prohibited . Openly carrying and consuming an alcoholic beverage is permitted . No person may carry a concealed handgun in a public place while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs . § 18.2 -- 308 , which regulates concealed weapons , shall not apply to any person while in his own place of abode or the curtilage thereof . Except as provided in subsection J1 , being `` under the influence '' , § 18.2 -- 308 shall not apply to : Any person while in his own place of business ; Any person who may lawfully possess a firearm and is carrying a handgun while in a personal , private motor vehicle or vessel and such handgun is secured in a container or compartment in the vehicle or vessel ; Certain current and retired law - enforcement officers and certain State employees . Overview ( edit ) The Constitution of Virginia protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms from government infringement . The Commonwealth of Virginia preempts local regulation of several aspects of firearms , though some local regulation is explicitly permitted . Virginia passed the Uniform Machine Gun Act , which was drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws . The only firearms in Virginia that are prohibited are the Armsel Striker , also known as the Striker 12 , similar shotguns , and any `` plastic firearms . '' Firearms must contain at least 3.7 ounces of electromagnetically detectable metal in the barrel , slide , cylinder , frame or receiver , and when subjected to x-ray machines , generate an image that accurately depicts their shape . For example , Glock pistols which have polymer frames and metal slides and barrels are legal . There are no magazine capacity limitations , except that a concealed handgun permit ( CHP ) is required in order to carry magazines with more than 20 rounds in some urban , public areas . Prohibited places include courthouses , air carrier terminals , schools , Capitol and General Assembly buildings ( open carrying only , members of the General Assembly and those with a valid CHP are permitted in the Capitol General Assembly buildings ) , and churches , though some exceptions apply , including a 2011 Attorney General opinion that personal protection constitutes good and sufficient reason to carry at a church . George Mason University , Virginia Commonwealth University , and Virginia Polytechnic University ( Virginia Tech ) currently possess rules that prohibit firearms on school property . A 2006 opinion issued by State Attorney General Robert F. McDonnell stated `` ... the governing boards of Virginia 's public colleges and universities may not impose a general prohibition on the carrying of concealed weapons by permitted individuals ... Pursuant to specific grants of statutory authority , however , it is my opinion that colleges and universities may regulate the conduct of students and employees to prohibit them from carrying concealed weapons on campus . '' In 2011 , the Virginia Supreme Court found that the language used by George Mason University ( GMU ) to `` ... not impose a total ban of weapons on campus . Rather , the regulation is tailored , restricting weapons only in those places where people congregate and are most vulnerable -- inside campus buildings and at campus events . Individuals may still carry or possess weapons on the open grounds of GMU , and in other places on campus not enumerated in the regulation . '' There are age restrictions on the possession of firearms and some people are prohibited from possessing firearms due to certain criminal convictions . Licensed dealers must have the Virginia State Police conduct a background check prior to completing the sale of certain firearms . Persons who are not in the business of selling firearms , but make occasional , private sales , are not required to perform a background check before selling their firearms . Before July 1 , 2012 , a person could not purchase more than one handgun per 30 - day period , though some exceptions applied ; most significantly , holders of valid Concealed Handgun Permits ( CHP ) from Virginia were exempt from this restriction . The bill that repealed the `` one - handgun - a-month law '' was signed into law by Governor Bob McDonnell on February 28 of that year . Open carry of a handgun without a permit is legal in Virginia at age 18 , withstanding other applicable laws . Concealed carry of a handgun is allowed for persons who hold a valid CHP ( concealed handgun permit ) , comply with certain restrictions , or who hold certain positions . Virginia shall issue a CHP to applicants 21 years of age or older , provided that they meet certain safety training requirements and do not have any disqualifying criminal convictions . Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on - premises licensed restaurants and clubs , while carrying a concealed handgun , is prohibited ; nor may any person carry a concealed handgun in a public place while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs . Any person permitted to carry a concealed firearm may not carry one in such manner in a public place while intoxicated . Possession of a firearm can compound the penalty for various other offenses , including illegal drug possession . Open carry while intoxicated is not addressed in the law and can presumed to be legal unless otherwise specified . There are some restrictions on the use of weapons . Brandishing a firearm is punishable by up to a year in jail . See also ( edit ) Law of Virginia External links ( edit ) `` '' Crimes Involving Health and Safety `` . Legislative Information System . Virginia General Assembly . `` Virginia Gun Laws Summary '' . National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action . March 2 , 2016 . Jouvenal , Justin ; Lamothe , Dan . `` Senior Navy official charged with pointing gun at men during argument '' . The Washington Post . July 19 , 2016 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gun Laws : Virginia '' . National Rifle Association -- Institute for Legislative Action . 2012 - 07 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia State Law Summary '' . Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. 2012 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General Opinion '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.vsp.state.va.us/Firearms_MachineGun.shtm Jump up ^ `` Virginia State Police Letter Confirming Legality of Open Carry '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia State Police -- Firearms Reciprocity / Recognition '' . Vsp.state.va.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Article I , Section 13 . Militia ; standing armies ; military subordinate to civil power '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation -- Firearm Regulation , by John Brabner - Smith '' . Saf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Note , 98 ( 1950 ) : 905 . F.J.K '' . Saf.org . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia § 18.2 -- 308.5 '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney General Opinion '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Virginia Supreme Court Rules Against Campus Carry '' . Concealedcampus.org. 2011 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Meola , Olympia ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` McDonnell signs repeal of one - gun - a-month law '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia § 18.2 -- 308.012 '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Virginia § 18.2 -- 308 '' . Law.lis.virginia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/senior-navy-official-charged-for-allegedly-pointing-gun-at-men-during-argument/2016/07/19/9b231ad4-4dc7-11e6-aa14-e0c1087f7583_story.html?wpisrc=nl_buzz&wpmm=1 ( hide ) Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Virginia&oldid=836566021 '' Categories : United States gun laws by state Virginia law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | age to get concealed carry permit in virginia | [
"Open carry of a handgun without a permit is legal in Virginia at age 18, withstanding other applicable laws. Concealed carry of a handgun is allowed for persons who hold a valid CHP (concealed handgun permit), comply with certain restrictions, or who hold certain positions. Virginia shall issue a CHP to applicants 21 years of age or older, provided that they meet certain safety training requirements and do not have any disqualifying criminal convictions. Consuming an alcoholic beverage in ABC on-premises licensed restaurants and clubs, while carrying a concealed handgun, is prohibited; nor may any person carry a concealed handgun in a public place while under the influence of alcohol or illegal drugs. Any person permitted to carry a concealed firearm may not carry one in such manner in a public place while intoxicated. Possession of a firearm can compound the penalty for various other offenses, including illegal drug possession. Open carry while intoxicated is not addressed in the law and can presumed to be legal unless otherwise specified.[14][1][2][15]"
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-4206112693481859812 | List of Girl Meets World episodes | List of girl Meets world episodes - wikipedia List of girl Meets world episodes Jump to : navigation , search Girl Meets World is an American comedy television series created by Michael Jacobs and April Kelly that aired on Disney Channel from June 27 , 2014 to January 20 , 2017 . The series is a spinoff of Boy Meets World and stars Rowan Blanchard , Ben Savage , Sabrina Carpenter , Peyton Meyer , August Maturo , Danielle Fishel , and Corey Fogelmanis . The series centers around the life of Riley and her friends and family , particularly their school life , in which Cory is their history teacher . Riley shares a strong relationship with her best friend Maya Hart , who assists her in learning to cope with the social and personal issues of adolescence . Several Boy Meets World cast members reprise their roles in the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Special ( 2015 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3 See also 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 20 June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) Special April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 30 May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 21 June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) While Corey Fogelmanis becomes listed as a main cast member later in the season , he is a guest star for thirteen episodes . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Girl Meets World '' John Whitesell Michael Jacobs June 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) 101 5.16 In her bedroom , Riley Matthews and her best friend , Maya Hart , try to sneak out her window to ride the subway , but are stopped by Riley 's parents , Cory and Topanga Matthews . Cory and Topanga give them the permission to ride the subway , but only if they make the world theirs , instead of their parents . On the subway , they meet a handsome boy named Lucas Friar , whom Riley immediately develops a crush on . In history class , Cory assigns the class to write an essay on something they would fight for . Riley and Maya decide to fight for no homework , which leads to accidentally setting off a fire alarm sprinkler . Riley winds up choosing to fight for friendship instead , and Cory and Topanga understand Riley is growing up and they need to be there for her . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Jackée as Evelyn Rand `` Girl Meets Boy '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs July 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) 102 3.23 When Cory 's plan to get his students to communicate face - to - face fails , he takes away their cell phones and assigns the class to prepare a discussion about whether technology has made people better . The whole class has trouble communicating , except for Maya , who is the only one in the class without a smartphone . The group goes to the library to do their research , where Riley and Lucas connect by talking about their interests and Maya discovers that she is a talented artist when given just a pencil and paper . When Riley tells Cory about her conversation with Lucas , he desperately tries to keep them apart and attempts to do so by returning their phones , once he realizes it was he who prompted these emotions into Riley . Cory gives Maya a smartphone , and says to use it to communicate to him if anything beautiful happens in Riley 's life . Cory also buys Maya an art kit , so she can express herself the way she wants to in life . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Danielle Kennedy as Librarian , Taylar Hollomon as Myzell `` Girl Meets Sneak Attack '' Joel Zwick Cindy Fang July 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 18 ) 104 2.64 Riley becomes jealous when a girl named Missy Bradford starts flirting with Lucas . Consequently , she enlists the help of Maya and Farkle to help her learn to grow up , in hopes that it will make her competition for Missy . After many failed attempts of flirting , Riley discovers that she should enjoy her own age and not hurry to grow up . Meanwhile , Auggie starts acting grown up to impress a girl down the hall named Ava , but Cory and Topanga are not ready for him to grow up yet . Riley tells Auggie that he should enjoy his age and not hurry to grow up either . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Olivia Stuck as Missy , Ava Kolker as Ava `` Girl Meets Father '' Joel Zwick Randi Barnes July 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 25 ) 106 3.28 Cory struggles with his emotions when Riley wants to attend her first school dance instead of continuing the tradition of the two of them riding the Coney Island Cyclone roller coaster , which they have done every year since Riley was young . Making matters worse , Cory agonizes over Maya 's quitting school after he gives her an F on a quiz . When both girls tell him there is nothing more he can teach them , Cory feels he has lost them , though Topanga assures him that his intentions are good , and he will never give up on those he cares about . He asks Maya to sit down and talk , and shows her that she actually knew all of the answers on the quiz . Cory advises Maya to have confidence in herself , and that she does not need to act as if she does not care . Cory then chaperones the school dance and for the last dance , he chooses to do a father - daughter dance with both Riley and Maya . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Sari Arambulo as Allison 5 5 `` Girl Meets the Truth '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) 103 2.79 After Riley lies to Farkle that he did a good job in the school play of Romeo and Juliet , Maya tells her that she needs to learn to tell the truth , even if it means hurting others . Soon after , Maya begins wearing a gold locket . When Maya refuses to tell Riley the truth about where it came from , Riley assumes she stole it , which leads to Maya feeling hurt . After Riley finally tells Farkle he was bad in the school play , he thanks her with an unwanted kiss . Soon after , Lucas comes in and tells Riley that Farkle did not steal his first kiss moment with Riley , because his moment will come . Maya admits that she took the locket from a lost and found , and returns the locket to the little girl to whom it belonged . Meanwhile , Topanga antagonizes Cory after he insults her cooking . Guest star : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle 6 6 `` Girl Meets Popular '' Jon Rosenbaum Jeff Menell August 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) 111 2.42 Riley gets invited to her first boy - girl party , and expects this to be her ticket to popularity , only to find that it is a `` geek party '' . When Riley realizes that she is adored by the nerds , she decides to become their `` queen '' . By doing so , she reinvents herself to make her something that she is not , only to be popular . Meanwhile , Topanga is knowingly on the wrong side of a case , and channels her inner - former self for motivation to do the right thing . Special guest star : Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Svorski Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Willie Garson as Harrison Miller , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Mekai Curtis as Shumpert , Nathaniel James Potvin as Academic Top Half Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar Note : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter was featured via archive footage in a flashback sequence from the Boy Meets World episode `` Cory 's Alternative Friends '' . 7 7 `` Girl Meets Maya 's Mother '' John Whitesell Matthew Nelson August 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 15 ) 112 4.08 Riley and Maya 's art teacher , Ms. Kossal , comments on Maya 's art work and suggests she show it at the upcoming art fair . On career day , Stuart Minkus , Farkle 's father , visits their school and a battle ensues between him and Topanga . Maya 's mother , Katy Hart , fails to show up until the next day to Maya 's embarrassment , and reveals she is a waitress but aspires to become an actress . When Riley suggests that Katy attend the art fair to see her daughter 's art work , Katy fails to appear again . Riley learns that Katy is afraid of embarrassing Maya ; in response , Katy gives Riley a tuna melt from the diner because she knows Riley will give it to Maya , because it is her favorite . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Lee Norris as Minkus , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal 8 8 `` Girl Meets Smackle '' Ben Savage Teresa Kale September 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 12 ) 118 2.38 Isadora Smackle , a debate champion from a rival school , seeks the affection of her nemesis , Farkle , but he does not share in that feeling . Smackle turns to Riley and Maya to make her beautiful , but Farkle thinks the makeover is an attempt to get an edge on the upcoming debate on beauty . Even with Lucas joining the debate team to help him out , Farkle soon realizes from Smackle how wrong it is to assume . Smackle quickly realizes that Farkle loves Riley and Maya for who they are and not because they are beautiful . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest star : Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Nathaniel James Potvin as Academic Top Half 9 9 `` Girl Meets 1961 '' Rider Strong Matthew Nelson September 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 19 ) 114 2.47 Cory 's teaching about the 1960s fails to inspire Riley , Maya , Lucas and Farkle , so he assigns his class a project to research their ancestors of the time . Riley finds out about her great - grandmother Rosie McGee who kept a journal and always saw good in other people . Lucas discovers his great - grandfather Merlin Scoggins was a country singer . Farkle 's research points him to the manager of Greenwich Village 's Café Hey , named Ginsburg , his great - grandfather . He discovers that his grandfather photographed Rosie , Merlin , and a blonde named May Clutterbucket , a young woman whom Maya reluctantly reveals she is related to , because May gave up on things . The four realize they had ancestors who all met that one afternoon , and what they learn about their 1960s counterparts resparks their interest in history . When recording in her journal that May intends to travel to Topanga Canyon , Rosie opines that it is a nice name for something one loves ; implying that , 20 years later , Rhiannon named her daughter Topanga as a result of Rosie 's encounter with May . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 10 10 `` Girl Meets Crazy Hat '' Joel Zwick Lauren Otero September 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 26 ) 107 2.50 Cory splits the class up into two fake companies . The two companies run on completely different principles , one on customer happiness and one on profits . Riley and Maya meet a businesswoman on the subway , who they first assume is a crazy lady , but when she visits them in class , they discover that she has a building named after her . The girls then make a real company , and learn that helping people is better than profits . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Jackée as Evelyn Rand , Ava Kolker as Ava 11 11 `` Girl Meets World of Terror '' Joel Zwick Teresa Kale October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) 108 2.23 On Halloween , everyone must confront their greatest fears . Farkle must play baseball in gym class despite being terrified of the ball . Riley goes to a sleepover at Maya 's house despite Maya constantly pointing out that Riley has never stayed for a full night before . Meanwhile , Auggie confronts the monster under his bed . In the end , they all realize that what they are afraid of may not be so frightening after all . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Charlotte Rae as Gammy Hart , Michael D. Roberts as Coach Gleason , Nicolas Bechtel as Monster Under the Bed 12 12 `` Girl Meets the Forgotten '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell October 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) 117 2.61 In an effort to teach his students to remember `` the forgotten '' , Cory assigns Riley , Maya , Lucas and Farkle their school service elective when they show a lack of respect for lunch norms . The girls are assigned cafeteria duty and work with Geralyn Thompson , the cafeteria director , while the boys receive janitorial duty and work with janitor Harley Keiner . The four friends quickly learn that these jobs are less than glamorous , and those who do the work every day are not appreciated . After a week of experiencing these jobs , the four become more appreciative . Riley realizes this lesson about the forgotten also extends to home , and thanks her parents for caring for her and Auggie . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Sonya Eddy as Geralyn Thompson Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 13 13 `` Girl Meets Flaws '' Joel Zwick Mark Blutman October 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 17 ) 116 2.11 Graduation and Awards Night is coming up , and Riley is shocked that she has not been nominated for any awards while her friends have . When Farkle is not present to receive his award , everyone becomes concerned because he never misses class . Suspecting that Farkle is skipping class , Riley , Maya , and Lucas learn that Farkle is being bullied by another student named Billy Ross . To help Farkle , Riley comes up with the idea to have everyone write a label on their forehead , describing their `` flaw '' , and Billy is the only one without a label . After the group confronts Billy over his flaw , he allows Farkle to imprint his label and apologizes to him . The group learns that everybody has something that makes them unique , and these qualities should be respected . On Awards Night , Lucas wins the Athlete Award , Maya wins the `` Griff Hawkins Totally Cool '' Award , and Riley wins the Spirit Award . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Zachary Mitchell as Billy Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 14 14 `` Girl Meets Friendship '' John Whitesell Mark Blutman November 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 21 ) 109 2.21 Cory teaches about government as the election for seventh - grade student council nears . Farkle , Riley and Lucas decide to run , but under different forms of government : Farkle as a dictator , Riley as a princess , and Lucas as a president . Soon , their friendship is put to the test when Maya begins revealing secrets from Lucas ' private life , including that Lucas misses his previous home in Texas . Riley strongly disagrees with Maya 's intentions , and in the end , before the election result is announced , Riley and Maya show a video featuring two of Lucas ' friends from Texas , to emphasize the importance of their friendship . Meanwhile , Auggie 's difficulty sleeping worries Topanga . They quickly realize that he is not sleeping because he wants both of his parents to be there to tuck him in at night , but they both work . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Aramis Knight as Brandon , Ricky Garcia as Asher 15 15 `` Girl Meets Brother '' John Whitesell Randi Barnes & Cindy Fang & Teresa Kale & Lauren Otero November 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) 105 2.42 On Cory and Topanga 's 15th anniversary , Auggie needs a babysitter so his parents can have a date night . Meanwhile , Riley is encouraged by Maya to rebel against her parents so they treat her more like an adult . When Riley comes home and says she wants a later curfew , and should be treated more like an adult , Auggie suggests that Riley could babysit him . When Cory and Topanga are unable to get on the subway , they decide to return home to spy on the kids . They find Maya has come over and Auggie and Riley are arguing , because Auggie wants to play with Riley who wants to watch TV . Cory and Topanga sneak into the apartment and watch to see if Riley can make it up to Auggie . Special guest star : Herbie Hancock as himself Guest star : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 16 16 `` Girl Meets Home for the Holidays '' John Whitesell Jeff Menell December 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 05 ) 113 2.49 Cory 's parents , his teenage brother Joshua , and his best friend Shawn Hunter visit for Christmas . Topanga tries to make the perfect holiday dinner to satisfy the guests , especially her mother - in - law . Maya develops a crush on Joshua , while Riley wants to know why Shawn avoids her every time he visits . He admits that after she was born , he felt left behind because his best friend started a family , so he decided to leave New York City . Riley later has Shawn discuss his feelings with her father , and Cory encourages Shawn to find someone and `` begin '' his life . Riley then puts Shawn and Maya together to figure out their life problems , causing Shawn and Maya to realize how much they are like each other . Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , William Russ as Alan Matthews , Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 17 17 `` Girl Meets Game Night '' Michael Kelly Cindy Fang & Lauren Otero & Randi Barnes January 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 09 ) 115 2.64 Family Game Night is a monthly tradition at the Matthews ' apartment , and Cory , Topanga , Riley and Auggie are set to play , with Auggie inviting a special family member , Uncle Josh . Riley 's friends - first attitude gets her into deep trouble , when she invites Maya , Lucas and Farkle to the occasion . Ava eventually shows up as well and takes part in the game with Auggie . Cory stresses the importance of family with the game night , but is agitated over the four extra guests . Maya , on the other hand , is delighted over Josh being there ; he decides to emcee the game after she gets too close . As the game progresses , it becomes evident how the friends interfere . Later , Riley has a chance to win , but realizing from Maya the value of simply playing with her family , she decides to go with the longer version of the game , where even the friends prove to be valuable in getting through it . The group discovers the `` long game '' actually is a game which parallels life . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews 18 18 `` Girl Meets Master Plan '' Jon Rosenbaum Michael Jacobs January 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 16 ) 119 2.71 It is Maya 's fourteenth birthday , and Riley and the others have something special planned when Shawn comes to visit . They want to set Shawn up with Maya 's mother . When Maya hears this , she dislikes the idea because she thinks her mom just drives men away and fears this will happen to Shawn . This changes though when Shawn urges Katy to reveal the truth of what happened with Maya 's father . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 19 19 `` Girl Meets Farkle 's Choice '' John Whitesell Mark Blutman February 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 06 ) 110 2.25 Farkle is nominated for a Buggie Award , and is faced with the dilemma of taking either Riley or Maya with him to the ceremony . After he goes on a date with both of them , the girls compete in an attempt to influence him . When it reaches the point which they are fighting over him , Farkle chooses to attend the award show alone because he does not want to see them fight , yet both girls are hurt by his decision . In the end , Riley and Maya show up at the ceremony to support their friend . As for the award itself , Farkle finishes second to Smackle . Meanwhile , Topanga starts a children 's book club ; with Ava and her mother Judy in attendance , and Topanga finally sees where Ava has picked up her attitude and manners . Special guest star : Jane Lynch as herself Guest stars : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle , Ava Kolker as Ava , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Reagan Pasternak as Judy Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 20 20 `` Girl Meets First Date '' Rider Strong Susan Estelle Jansen March 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 27 ) 120 2.28 Cory embraces the idea of `` first love '' at the end of the school year , until he realizes Riley is among those experiencing it with Lucas . As Cory desperately tries to keep them apart , Lucas decides he wants to go about things right by asking Cory and Topanga for their blessing to date their daughter . Feeling that Riley is too young to be dating , Cory agrees to the date on the condition that it is a double date , with Maya and Farkle accompanying the two . Meanwhile , Auggie and Ava quickly get `` engaged '' and then `` married '' , but Topanga escorts the `` bride '' out of the Matthews ' apartment . Uncle Josh also pays a visit with plans to attend a pre-college program at NYU all summer . He takes an interest in a tour guide from the university , but being three years older than him , she turns him down . Maya understands what he is going through after experiencing same rejection from him . After Josh leaves the train that Riley , Maya , Farkle , and Lucas are going to their dates on , Riley sees how sad Maya is and Lucas notices too , telling Riley to go comfort her . After , Maya pushes Riley into Lucas ' lap , paralleling the scene in the first episode . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Samantha Boscarino as Sophie Miller Special ( 2015 ) ( edit ) This episode aired between the first and second season as part of Disney Channel 's `` What the What '' special event and is not classified as an episode from either season despite being filmed during season two . No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` Girl Meets Demolition '' `` Girl Meets What the What '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell April 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) 207 2.08 Riley and Maya want money to buy clothes , so they go to Demolition , an accessory store , to buy new outfits . The cashier , Aubrey , manipulates the two girls into giving away all their clothes . Riley sees a pretty dress and becomes obsessed over it , so she decides to use a $500 emergency credit card Topanga gave her to buy it , despite Maya 's urging not to . The girls tell Cory what happened and demands to speak to Aubrey , but when he does , she brainwashes him into thinking he looks like Justin Timberlake and he ends up being scammed into buying an expensive outfit . Topanga gets irritated from the circumstance ; Cory then tells Topanga they all spend $1,200 worth of clothes . Enraged , Topanga goes down to Demolition to tell the owners that Aubrey scammed her daughter and husband into buying extravagant items . The owners turn out to be Aubrey 's parents , who are delighted that she scammed someone into giving her money . Later , Aubrey gets a phone call from Evelyn Rand saying she wants the dress Aubrey sold to Riley back for $2,500 , but Aubrey insists on $4,000 . Evelyn arrives and teaches Aubrey a valuable life lesson , causing Aubrey to turn over a new leaf . At the end of the episode , Aubrey goes up to the Matthews apartment , asking Riley and Maya to teach her how to be a better person . Special guest star : Debby Ryan as Aubrey Guest stars : Jackée as Evelyn Rand , Stephanie Erb as Hillary , David Starzyk as Ron Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar , Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus Note : This episode is not considered a part of season one , but instead a special episode that was a part of Disney 's `` What the What Weekend '' . Additionally , Disney calls the episode `` Girl Meets What the What '' to tie into the programming event , but the show 's writers and other sources refer to it as `` Girl Meets Demolition '' . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Girl Meets Gravity '' Rider Strong Randi Barnes May 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 11 ) 201 2.05 Riley , Maya , Lucas , and Farkle start their first day of the eighth grade at John Quincy Adams Middle School . After the girls startle their new teacher Mr. Martinez with their rudeness , he quits and Cory replaces him . Riley and Maya then decide to transfer classes , desiring to have a different teacher than Cory . They quickly discover that their new history teacher is very strict , and forces the girls to be separated against their wishes . They also notice that their new classmates are almost identical in both appearance and personalities to Riley , Maya , Farkle and Lucas . The girls later transfer back to Cory 's classroom and restore normalcy . However , the girls are still restless , feeling like their parents are always `` circling '' around them like planets . Riley talks about the Sun , Earth and the Earth 's orbit throughout the episode , and in the end , it is revealed Mrs. Svorski , the former owner of the bakery , has died and Riley was speaking at her funeral . Special guest stars : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny , Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Svorski Guest stars : Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Delon de Metz as Mr. Martinez , Senta Moses as Alterna - Cory Note : Corey Fogelmanis is added to the main title sequence . 23 `` Girl Meets the New World '' Joel Zwick Teresa Kale May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 208 2.14 Maya begins to pressure Riley to find out what happened on her date with Lucas . Their classmates at school know that Riley and Lucas kissed , and begin pressuring the two to tell everyone if they are dating . Later on , Riley and Lucas confirm they are dating , telling Cory and Topanga about their kiss , which Cory is shocked about . Things become awkward , and even though Riley and Lucas have strong feelings for each other , they decide to break up and remain friends . Meanwhile , Maya and Farkle get `` engaged '' and then `` married '' . Elsewhere , Topanga becomes frustrated while trying to teach Auggie 's new friend that his name is Dewey , but he thinks his name is pronounced `` Doy '' . Guest star : Cooper Friedman as Dewey 24 `` Girl Meets the Secret of Life '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Mark Blutman May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 202 2.60 One of Lucas 's friends from Texas , Zay Babineaux , transfers to John Adams , and alludes to the fact that Lucas acted quite differently back in Texas . This causes Riley significant distress , and she begins to worry that Lucas may not be the right boyfriend for her . After discovering Lucas was expelled from his previous school , a parallel discussion begins in which Cory asks his students what the secret of life is . To further the conversation for the next class , Cory assigns the students to wash a car together and claims by doing so , they will find the secret of life . A disagreement regarding Lucas 's personality in Texas starts after the friends begin spraying each other with water . After they finish washing the car , Zay runs into a bully and Lucas attempts to help his friend out as Riley and Maya watch . Lucas threatens the bully away , and reveals to Riley that the reason he was expelled is because his temper got the best of him when Zay was in trouble . Through Cory 's lesson , the friends then realize that whatever Lucas 's personality was before he came to New York does not matter , as they have all changed him for the better . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Shak Ghacha as Joey Ricciardella 25 `` Girl Meets Pluto '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 203 2.36 Riley is shocked when Maya tells her that Pluto is no longer considered a planet . Cory asks his students how they think they will be remembered in history , and he suggests creating a class time capsule . Cory then remembers the time capsule that he , Topanga , and Shawn buried fifteen years ago in Philadelphia , causing him to elatedly go out and buy shovels so they can dig it up . Maya and Riley go to Philadelphia with Cory , Topanga , and Shawn to dig up the time capsule in Mr. Feeny 's yard . Shawn reveals his contribution to the time capsule was the contents of his ex-girlfriend Angela 's purse , causing Maya to believe that Shawn does not actually love her mother as she had hoped . Shawn reassures her , telling Maya that he will always be there for her if she needs it . Later , the friends fill their own time capsule with various things that signify importance to them , including Riley 's pluto ball , Farkle 's orange turtleneck and Lucas 's transfer slip . Maya asks her friends to leave so she can put in her contribution , which is a picture of Shawn and her mother together with her on her 14th birthday . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 26 5 `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Michael Jacobs May 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 15 ) 204 2.20 Riley and Maya get into a huge argument which threatens their friendship . The feud prompts Cory to call on his older brother Eric to mediate , recalling his people skills in settling a feud when they were in college . After Eric arrives at the Matthews ' apartment , he listens to the girls , and Maya reveals a comment Lucas made about her height , which Riley decided to agree with rather than considering how hurtful the comment was to her friend . Eric is later a guest in Cory 's class , and he gathers the students just outside the classroom , where Riley and Maya further discuss their problem . It turns out the other students , including Farkle , Lucas and Zay , are dealing with similar issues for their age . Eric shows them that what they are going through is normal , and they should be supportive of each other even with these issues . Guest stars : Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux 27 6 `` Girl Meets the Tell - Tale - Tot '' Ben Savage Teresa Kale June 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 05 ) 205 2.19 Uncle Josh visits Cory and his family again , with great news about being accepted into NYU , to Maya 's delight . There is a welcoming party for Josh at a friend 's dormitory at the university , which Maya is determined to attend . It starts late at night , so Maya pretends to have a sleepover at Riley 's with plans to sneak out . Though Riley knows it is wrong , she decides to accompany Maya , and the two devise a scheme so that Riley 's parents are unaware that they are at this party . Auggie later unfoils the scheme , but keeps quiet . While Riley enjoys her first taste of college life , Maya regrets being there when she sees Josh speaking with other girls and realizes she is not in their league . Josh is startled to see Riley and Maya , and takes the two home after trying to set things straight regarding Maya 's feelings for him . Riley ends up grounded for two weeks for sneaking out , and Auggie is grounded for one week , for not speaking up about his sister . Guest stars : Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Madison McLaughlin as Jasmine , Cynthy Wu as Charlotte , Tajh Bellow as Andrew Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar Note : `` Tell - Tale - Tot '' is in reference to Edgar Allan Poe 's story `` The Tell - Tale Heart '' , which Cory teaches his class in this episode , with a large tater tot representing one 's conscience . 28 7 `` Girl Meets Rules '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Randi Barnes June 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) 211 2.04 Cory gives his entire class detention . While Cory is out of the classroom , the class splits into two separate groups , one led by Riley and the other by Maya . Rileytown represents order and structure ; the quieter students stay with Riley in the classroom . Maya 's group , which represents chaos and rebellion , walks out . Lucas and Farkle follow the rebels and join Mayaville . Each group eventually realizes how much they need the other group to balance things , and Riley and Maya similarly discover how much they need each other . Guest stars : Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern 29 8 `` Girl Meets Hurricane '' William Russ Matthew Nelson June 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 19 ) 209 2.07 After giving Maya `` fatherly advice '' about her needing to dress differently , Shawn buys her a whole new wardrobe of clothes , as a gift from both him and Katy . This gives Maya hope that her mother and Shawn will grow closer . Maya holds on to that hope even when Shawn 's old girlfriend Angela pays a visit . As the two catch up on their past , Angela and Shawn realize what they had for each other has prepared them for what is happening in their lives right now . Angela , already married for four years to a military man , looks to Shawn for advice on starting a family and asks him whether she will be a good mother . She also notices Maya and Katy , and wants Shawn to pursue a relationship with Katy . Later , Katy asks Shawn out on a date , and after receiving further advice from his late father Chet who appears to him for the big moment , Shawn accepts . Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Trina McGee as Angela Moore , Blake Clark as Chet Hunter 30 9 `` Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels Goes to Washington '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Mark Blutman July 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 10 ) 210 2.09 Cory 's students argue that the election is not relevant to their generation because they are unable to vote or influence the events . Quickly after , Eric bursts into the classroom and announces he has been nominated to run for New York senator . Eric explains to the Matthews Family that a man came up to him and claimed he was the only person who could beat his opponent , Senator Graham , though he later discovers he was purposefully chosen by someone who works for his opponent to make Senator Graham look good . Eric decides to use his opponent 's lack of empathy to his advantage , and bases his campaign speech on how he could make the election relevant to everyone , including children , rather than picking on the little guy . At the campaign speech , a man whom Eric met earlier at Topanga 's reveals himself to be Tommy , a little boy that Eric fostered and considered adopting when he was in college . Due to his fantastic speech , Eric wins the election and attempts to become closer to Tommy once again . Guest stars : Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Nicholas Hormann as Senator Graham , Lamont Thompson as Zachary T. Wolff , J.B. Gaynor as TJ Murphy Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 31 10 `` Girl Meets the New Teacher '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs July 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 17 ) 212 2.37 When Riley 's English teacher retires , a new teacher named Harper Burgess takes his place . She has an unconventional teaching style that inspires the students , especially Maya , but soon gets in trouble with Principal Yancy for using The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller as subject matter . When Cory stands up to defend this new teacher , his job is placed in jeopardy as well . Jonathan Turner is called in to see if she is worthy of being kept as a teacher . He mentions that he taught X-Men to his class , and in regard to To Kill a Mockingbird , mentions that her dad named her Harper Lee Burgess , after the author of the novel . Harper Burgess is kept on as a teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School , and continues to use her unconventional teaching style to inspire students . Guest stars : Anthony Tyler Quinn as Mr. Turner , Tania Gunadi as Harper Burgess , Stuart Pankin as Principal Yancy 32 11 `` Girl Meets Fish '' Michael A . Joseph David J. Jacobs & Michael Jacobs July 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 24 ) 121 2.19 When it is Riley 's turn to take care of the class fish , she discovers it is dead . Auggie suspects foul play and investigates the matter . As Riley and Maya pay a visit to Phil 's fish store for a replacement , the rest of the class is gathered at Riley 's apartment for questioning . Farkle , the last to care for the fish , is the first in the hot seat and admits to replacing the fish several times , due to each one dying in separate mishaps . Maya and Lucas are then questioned , only to discover they too replaced the fish multiple times on their watch . In fact , each of the students replaced the fish during their turns to care for it . As for the fish Riley was to look after , it is revealed Auggie fed graham crackers to the fish right before it was handed to Riley , causing it to die . Though the case is solved , Auggie feels awful that he killed the fish , but Riley forgives him and allows him to care for its replacement . The entire class then visits Phil 's fish store for a new class fish , and they hope it will live a long life with proper care . Also starring : Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava , Hugh Dane as Phil Note : This episode was filmed during the first season , but was held back and later aired during the second season for Disney Channel 's `` Whodunit ? '' special event . Corey Fogelmanis is credited as `` also starring '' after the episode 's opening credits sequence since it is the season one opening , even though he is in the season two opening credits . 33 12 `` Girl Meets Yearbook '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale August 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) 214 2.33 When Riley and Farkle dislike what their school yearbook says about them , they decide to change their personalities because they believe students are making fun of their quirkiness . Farkle , who is unique enough to have his own category in the yearbook , transforms into a regular guy named Donnie Barnes . Riley becomes increasingly uncomfortable when she is voted the person who would be `` most likely to smile themselves to death . '' It is also learned that the entirety of their class views Maya and Lucas as boyfriend and girlfriend , despite the two being completely unaware of where the idea came from . Unable to deal with how other people view her , Riley assumes a morose alter - ego named Morosha M. Black . Riley 's change deeply affects Maya , who in turn seeks to become her best friend and emulate her . Lucas is not pleased about these changes in his friends , who are letting what others say affect them , and he wants them to be themselves again . Cory 's history lesson about Iceland and Greenland , and how people settled in Greenland because of its name , then perished , serves as a reminder to the class not to be misguided by what others say . Guest star : Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 34 13 `` Girl Meets Semi-Formal '' Joel Zwick Will Friedle August 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 14 ) 216 2.20 Riley is forced to examine her relationship with Lucas when another boy named Charlie Gardner asks her to a big semi-formal dance . Charlie asks Riley on a date and seems like the perfect date to Riley , but Lucas assumes he and Riley were going together . Meanwhile , newly elected Senator Eric reunites with his old friend Jack Hunter when he comes to Eric , on behalf of a large corporation that wants to build a pipeline . Eric recognizes that Jack has lost his way , and tries to save his friend by showing him a simpler way of life , which leads to him meeting Riley at the semi-formal dance . Maya and Lucas dance together and share an awkward moment when Lucas denies that they are dancing , fumbling over his words , which Maya questions . Riley dances with Farkle and Charlie while still confused of her true feelings . Special guest star : Sheppard as themselves Guest stars : Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Matthew Lawrence as Jack Hunter , Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner , Phil Morris as Agent LaChance Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 35 14 `` Girl Meets Creativity '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Matthew Nelson August 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 21 ) 218 2.26 The group learns that the school 's art programs are being canceled due to budget cuts , and Lucas inspires the group to try and save art class , which Maya is passionate about . Though Maya is skeptical to step up against authority , she is eventually convinced with Riley 's help to fight for what she believes in . With Cory 's assistance , the girls reach out to Superintendent Turner , who says that he is not in favor of cutting arts either , but claims the school 's budget is very limited . Still not satisfied with Turner 's answer , Maya and her friends go to the school board meeting and show the board members how taking away the arts actually will affect students . After a creative demonstration by the five friends , the school board agrees to think differently about how important the arts are , while also making the promise that they will work out the budget cuts without cutting any art programs . Guest stars : Diana Maria Riva as Chairperson Sanchez , Anthony Tyler Quinn as Mr. Turner , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal 36 15 `` Girl Meets Farkle '' `` Girl Meets I Am Farkle '' Willie Garson Mark Blutman September 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 11 ) 217 1.85 Results of a school IQ test show Farkle to be a genius , and the Minkuses hold a party for their son at Topanga 's . Isadora Smackle comes to the party and invites Farkle to transfer to Einstein Academy . Later , additional tests identify that Farkle may have Asperger 's syndrome , a form of autism . Though in disbelief at first , Riley , Maya and Lucas help their friend understand the symptoms , one of which is a difficulty understanding love . Farkle tries to explore that by hanging out with Smackle , who shows compassion when he tells her he may have Asperger 's . Smackle later decides to observe Farkle in Cory 's class , and after Farkle confirms he does not have Asperger 's , she feels uncomfortable but realizes he belongs around his friends rather than at Einstein Academy . Seeing how Smackle interacts with everyone , including how she feels being hugged , Riley and Maya deduce she has Asperger 's , and Smackle tells them she was diagnosed with it at the age of five . Farkle shows the same compassion Smackle showed him after discovering this . Guest stars : Lee Norris as Minkus , Kristanna Loken as Jennifer Bassett Minkus , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Cyrina Fiallo as Ms. Oben Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 37 16 `` Girl Meets Cory and Topanga '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs September 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 18 ) 220 2.42 Riley wonders how she will positively impact the world , and feels she will never be as `` perfect '' as her parents . In exploring this question , she and Maya talk to a nun at an orphanage and a clown at the circus , but Riley is reminded about being in her parents ' shadow when she sees them contributing at those places . Maya suggests Riley tell some stories she remembers about her parents ' young days , and the two see Cory and Topanga at their age . As Riley sees a little of both of her parents in her , and their quirks , she is reminded by the younger Topanga that she is unique . Guest stars : Ken Hudson Campbell as Jingles the Clown , Diona Reasonover as Sister Mary Beth 38 17 `` Girl Meets Rileytown '' Michael A . Joseph Lauren Otero September 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 25 ) 223 2.62 Maya describes Riley 's place of uniqueness as `` Rileytown '' , but mere mention of that word causes Riley to become irate and call Maya a `` bully '' . At the same time , the two girls and the rest of Cory 's class learn how to resolve conflicts . With the Aaron Burr - Alexander Hamilton conflict as the class example , Riley decides to challenge Maya to a duel , and they carry it out at Topanga 's , using ice cream as their weaponry . After Maya backs out , Riley ice - creams her . Maya becomes aware that something is wrong with Riley , and Farkle , recalling when he was bullied , thinks someone is bullying Riley . Maya talks to Riley and wants her to open up about what is going on . Riley explains that she is being bullied by someone sending her threatening text messages , and that the term `` Rileytown '' caused her to feel different and humiliated , causing her to take it out on Maya . Farkle , Lucas , and Zay come to talk to her as well , saying she can come to them if something is bothering her , which is further discussed in her father 's class . The bully has been taking videos of Riley at school which include Riley giving herself `` award ceremonies '' every Friday , and threatens to send the rest of the school those videos . To confront her unseen bully , Riley shows she is not ashamed of her quirky personality by performing one of her award ceremonies in front of the whole school . The unseen bully realizes that she can no longer damage Riley 's confidence and runs away . Guest star : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 39 18 `` Girl Meets World of Terror 2 '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) 215 2.38 Auggie , along with Doy and Ava , narrates the `` Second Annual Scary Time Theater '' which highlights three separate Halloween tales . In the first segment , Riley and Maya both dress up as flapper girls per the suggestion of a ghost whom resides in the bay window . The ghost explains to Riley and Maya that she remains in the bay window because it used to be hers , and she wants the subsequent owners to enjoy the space as much as she did . Riley and Maya struggle to get the ghost out of the bay window , until the ghost mispronounces Doy 's name and he lets out an ear - piercing scream , causing the ghost to leave the window . In the second segment , Riley and Maya inadvertently find the ghost again in a haunted house , and attempt to help her friend , Tessie , become friendly again . The girls are unable to help Tessie and run away in terror . Finally , Riley and Maya believe that Doy has turned them into cartoon characters , though they later discover it the ghost once again , using her magic to influence them . After one last time of watching the girls , the ghost finally decides that it is time to move on , because the girls appreciate the bay window 's true power . Special guest stars : Ross Lynch as Austin Moon , Laura Marano as Ally Dawson Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cooper Friedman as Doy , Brittany Ross as Ghost Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar , Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus 40 19 `` Girl Meets Rah Rah '' Joel Zwick Randi Barnes October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) 222 3.31 After years of failing to make the cheerleading squad , Riley is determined to get on the squad this time , but Coach Kelly shows little faith in her and expects her to quit . Maya , Lucas , Farkle , and Zay attend the tryouts to support her , though even they have their doubts of her succeeding . Riley manages to get through the three days of tryouts , even with the mistakes and injuries , but when she is finally cut , she is faced with deciding whether to give up on cheerleading . While Cory worries about his daughter 's desire to become a cheerleader , as her teacher , he encourages her to continue pursuing something she is passionate about . Despite Coach Kelly not placing her on the squad initially , Riley 's spirit and persistence pay off . Guest stars : Perez Hilton as himself , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Jennifer Hasty as Coach Kelly , Courtney Schwartz as Samantha , Savannah Winters as Jenkins , Jacqueline A. Benoit as Nurse 41 20 `` Girl Meets Texas : Part 1 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Michael Jacobs & Matthew Nelson October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) 224 2.94 Riley and Maya learn that Lucas failed a sheep - riding contest years ago and mistakenly enter him in a bull - riding contest in Texas . When it is revealed how dangerous the event is , Riley tries to convince Lucas to go through with it . However , Maya is completely opposed to the idea and begs him not to participate . This results in Riley realizing Maya 's true feelings for Lucas . Guest stars : M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Tahmus Rounds as Cletis , Madison Mason as McCullough Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews , Danielle Fishel as Topanga Matthews 42 21 `` Girl Meets Texas : Part 2 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Matthew Nelson & Michael Jacobs October 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 17 ) 225 2.88 The group spends their first night out in Texas . Zay reunites with his old flame , Vanessa , thanks to Riley and Maya . Meanwhile , Riley begins to understand that Maya had stepped back for the sake of their friendship , and Riley tells Lucas about Maya 's feelings . Lucas pressures Maya to say whether she likes him or not . She denies it , but as she does , Lucas surprises her by trying to kiss her , causing tension and confusion between the two about their true feelings for each other . Special guest stars : Maddie & Tae as themselves Guest stars : M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Chandler Kinney as Vanessa Absent : Ben Savage as Cory Matthews , August Maturo as Auggie Matthews , Danielle Fishel as Topanga Matthews 43 22 `` Girl Meets Texas : Part 3 '' Ben Savage Michael Jacobs & Matthew Nelson October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) 227 3.12 Riley has convinced herself that she and Lucas are like brother and sister , in order to give Maya a chance to understand how she really feels about him . Now , Maya and Lucas can not communicate , mirroring Riley and Lucas ' awkwardness when they were dating . Whilst Maya and Lucas are finding it difficult to take a step forward in their relationship until Maya resumes her teasing behavior , which makes Lucas happy . Riley is pursued by Charlie Gardner and she agrees to date him . In the end , Farkle helps Riley realize she still likes Lucas , and they share a long conversation at Topanga 's which results in a hug . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner 44 23 `` Girl Meets the Forgiveness Project '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) 221 2.51 When Cory comes up with the idea of a forgiveness project , everyone expresses their feelings on paper to someone they wish to forgive . Riley writes to Auggie and Lucas and Zay write to Farkle , while Maya decides to write to her father , Kermit , who appears at Topanga 's after receiving Maya 's letter . That comes as a shock to Katy , but Maya wants to give Kermit a chance to be part of her life again after he failed to be for the last nine years . As Maya and the rest of Cory 's class miss the point of forgiveness , Cory explains to them that they need to give those they are forgiving an opportunity to show remorse for their wrongdoing before the assignment can even begin . Riley , Lucas , and Zay have little difficulty in forgiving , while Maya 's situation is a different story . Kermit explains to her why he left her and her mother and started a different family . Maya understands what her father did and is no longer angry with him , but she can not forgive him . She tearfully confesses to Cory she failed the assignment , but Cory says he did not expect her to reconcile with her father right away , if ever . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , David Thomas Jenkins as Kermit , Carlos Antonio as Howie 45 24 `` Girl Meets Belief '' Joel Zwick Jeff Menell November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) 213 2.15 After Maya finds money just outside Cory 's classroom , she wants to buy ice cream with it , but Riley tells her it is not her money . As they go into class , Cory has the class look at each other 's beliefs ; he assigns Riley and Maya to report about Thomas Jefferson , and Lucas and Farkle to report about Joan of Arc . The assignment creates tension among the four because of their differing beliefs , causing them to switch partners . Maya takes a brief break from Riley , because Riley pressures her to believe in something . While the four continue to work on the assignment and discuss their beliefs in Riley 's bedroom , Cory gives them insight about why their beliefs are different , and tells them listening to others helps to form their beliefs . What the four learn about Jefferson and Joan of Arc also influences what they believe . Farkle realizes some things are not scientifically explained , such as his friendships for which he is grateful . Maya tries praying after discovering Riley believes in God , and gives back the money she found earlier . Riley and Lucas question why they need each other , since they are not challenged or learning from each other . Meanwhile , Auggie prays Mrs. Svorski is not alone in heaven by talking to her . 46 25 `` Girl Meets the New Year '' Joel Zwick Mark Blutman December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 229 2.07 When Harper teaches about Jane Austen 's Sense and Sensibility in English class , Riley and Maya soon realize their similarities to the novel 's two main characters . Having seen the movie adaptation , Charlie shares with the class that a relationship must have both sense and sensibility to work . Riley is inspired by the novel to host a New Year 's Eve party for all of her friends from school . Meanwhile , Farkle continues to be frustrated with Riley for not telling Lucas how she truly feels about him ; Farkle gives her until midnight on New Year 's Eve to do so , or he will . During his class , Cory teaches the importance of friendship and growth , and how without proper care , feelings can ruin them . At the party , Charlie and the group play a couples game , in which Maya and Lucas are partners . Riley , Maya , and Lucas become uncomfortable as the game progresses . Riley ends the game on her turn and brings everyone up to the roof , minutes before the new year begins . On the rooftop , Riley asks Farkle for more time to confess her true feelings , but he refuses as he does not want lies to cause further damage . Wanting to be with Riley at midnight , Charlie tries to show he cares about her . Riley tells him while that makes sense , a good relationship needs to have sensibility as well , leaving the two alone on separate sides of the roof . Maya , still confused about her feelings , tells Lucas that she wants to start off the new year being nice to him and that she is glad they will be together at midnight . He grins and says that makes up for everything . When the clock strikes midnight , Riley tries to escape just as Farkle yells out the truth , causing Maya and Lucas to be dismayed by the revelation . Everyone leaves except for Riley , Maya , and Lucas . The three sit alone on a bench , confused . Guest stars : Tania Gunadi as Harper Burgess , Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle 47 26 `` Girl Meets STEM '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale January 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 08 ) 219 1.62 For the mid-term science experiment , Mr. Norton has Riley and her classmates examine a solution by placing a mystery marble into clear liquid , with one person of each boy - girl team dropping the marble and the other working out the scientific calculations . When Riley sees it is only the girls who are putting the marbles into the liquid and leaving the boys to do the science , she is offended and refuses to follow that trend . She gathers the girls into her bedroom to discuss why this is happening , and makes them realize they are not seeing their potential . She also confronts Farkle , her science experiment partner , about his perceived stereotyping of girls ; he takes the blame and apologizes to Riley for not allowing her to pursue her interest in science . While the marble - liquid solution is simply sludge , there is a bigger picture to the experiment which Riley has already figured out . She presents her finding to Mr. Norton , who informs the class it is at their age that girls begin to lose interest in the STEM subjects . The rest of the class can not see their partners due to the beaker of sludge in their way , but Riley and Farkle can see each other crystal clear , because they worked together equally to complete the science . Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Jeff Doucette as Mr. Norton 48 27 `` Girl Meets Money '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Aaron Jacobs & Jeff Menell January 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 22 ) 226 2.20 As Cory teaches his class about the value of money , and Stuart makes a risky investment on new technology for Minkus International , Farkle becomes concerned about being poor . He quickly starts seeing there is greater value to his friendships and family than money and material things can give . Cory goes further into his money lesson by emphasizing there is a large part of the world that is less fortunate , revealing a greater `` secret of life '' : kindness and charity toward others . Cory challenges the class to come up with ideas for using money to help those in need , but this prompts Farkle to leave class immediately and to talk to his father about their relationship and his company 's purpose , saying he needs to do more for the rest of the world . Because of the heartfelt conversation , Stuart begins a charitable organization and looks to give away money for a charitable cause . With help from NBA owner Mark Cuban , Stuart , Cory and Topanga listen to Riley , Lucas , Maya and Farkle about how they would help the less fortunate . Ultimately , on Farkle 's request , Stuart and Mark invest on Maya , who lives in need and appreciates all she has been given . Meanwhile , Auggie worries about his father when he does not receive his whole allowance , but learns the importance of Cory 's contributions as a teacher , despite being paid less than Topanga . Guest stars : Mark Cuban as Mark Cuban , Lee Norris as Minkus 49 28 `` Girl Meets Commonism '' Danielle Fishel Joshua Jacobs & Michael Jacobs February 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 12 ) 206 1.75 Riley and Lucas are two members on the school honor board , which is to decide a case involving Maya and Farkle . Riley , who finds out Maya cheated off Farkle on a test , wants them off the hook for the sake of their friendship , but Lucas disagrees , as does Cory , who oversees the honor board . When Cory 's class learns about communism , Riley defends Maya 's cheating as a form of sharing and feels there is nothing wrong with what she did . The girls and Farkle start embracing the ideals of communism , and disregard their individuality . As Maya and Farkle 's fate is being determined by the honor board , Riley sides with them , and Topanga represents them , but it is revealed that Farkle was not the only one helping Maya to cheat , but Riley as well . After Cory hands back a test where everyone has received excellent scores , but Riley , Maya and Farkle end up with an `` average '' grade , the three realize the importance of being individuals . Meanwhile , Auggie is wondering what to do with his life , but things backfire when he decides to be a lawyer and defend Frankie , the class bully . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Michelle Page as Mrs. Ducksberry , Sanai Victoria as Emma Weathersby 50 29 `` Girl Meets the Bay Window '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs February 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 19 ) 228 1.70 With high school around the corner , Riley decides to change her bedroom bay window and leave her childhood years behind , but Maya objects because of what the bay window has meant to both of them . She also feels reluctant to move on to this next phase of their lives . The girls reflect on when they first became friends , as well as when they first met Farkle , and the two talk to their younger selves about how much they have changed since . In the redecorated bay window , Riley and Maya see themselves as young adults preparing to move away , leaving the bay window behind as both the young and current versions of Riley and Maya watch . Guest stars : Mariah Buzolin as Adult Riley , Ruby Lewis as Adult Maya , Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley , Ivy George as Young Maya , Michael Wilder as Young Farkle Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 51 30 `` Girl Meets Legacy '' Joel Zwick Randi Barnes March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) 230 1.70 Riley and Maya have not discussed their feelings for Lucas since the new year , so he decides to simply stay friends with them for the sake of not hurting either girl . As Cory teaches his class one last time , the group feels that Cory has not given them enough instruction to move forward to high school . Cory admits to being wrong about not allowing them to feel as a natural part of their changing , but sees how much his class has learned while in middle school . For the final lesson , he challenges them to leave a lasting mark for future John Quincy Adams students to remember them by , prompting them to dedicate a new bench in the school hallway . As they graduate and leave middle school behind , they decide for their class prank to steal their school mascot , which shocks Cory . It turns out it is Cory . Through Riley 's call to Superintendent Turner and a heavily - supported petition , Cory is allowed to transfer schools so he can continue to teach Riley and her friends in high school . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Lee Norris as Minkus , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Jeff Doucette as Mr. Norton , Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Girl Meets High School : Part One '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs June 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 03 ) 301 1.89 The first day at Abigail Adams High School is a new adventure for Riley , Maya , Lucas , Farkle , Zay , and Smackle . The six quickly learn they are no longer leaders , as three seniors -- Thor , Francesca , and Nikki -- confine them to a small section of the school known as the `` hole '' . Although Riley believes the seniors are teaching them a lesson and puts her faith in them , the group feels unimportant in their new school , unable to navigate through it without the older students in their way . Cory , also struggling with his first day in high school as a teacher , informs the group that they are in a bigger world now , but teaches them they need to stick together in exploring it . Unfortunately , a frustrated Lucas gets upset with Riley over where her loyalties stand and he , Farkle , Zay and Smackle decide to go their own way without Riley or Maya . Meanwhile , Ava worries about her parents fighting and needs comforting from Cory , Topanga , and Auggie after her father leaves . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Luke Benward as Thor , Claudia Lee as Francesca , Ashley Argota as Nikki , Katie Sarife as Marly , Gianna Lepera as Sofia 53 `` Girl Meets High School : Part Two '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson June 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 05 ) 302 2.23 After Lucas and Zay try out for the football team , and Farkle and Smackle seek admission into the intellects club , they realize they are not as strong or smart as the rest of them . The four realize even more they abandoned Riley and Maya for their first days of high school . Riley and Maya discover the real reason Thor , Francesca and Nikki put them and their friends in the `` hole '' : for the sake of their friendship , so they would not go through the same thing as Thor , Francesca and Nikki 's group of friends when beginning high school . Cory teaches his class about how the patriots stuck together for worthy causes like protecting their land , even if massacre was the end result , and the group takes it to heart . Lucas , Farkle , Zay and Smackle make up with Riley and Maya , and they all vow to stick together through the challenges of high school . Meanwhile , Auggie helps Ava deal with her parents ' splitting up by introducing her to his imaginary friend , but Ava begins to value her real friendship with Auggie . Guest stars : Billy Gardell as Coach Bobby Campagnola , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Luke Benward as Thor , Claudia Lee as Francesca , Ashley Argota as Nikki , Katie Sarife as Marly 54 `` Girl Meets Jexica '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Mackenzie Yeager June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 303 1.53 Riley is afraid what other students will think about her when she joins the Abigail Adams High School social network with her friends . She develops an alter ego by creating a profile with the name Jexica , who shares all of Riley 's interests and later becomes massively popular at school . After Lucas asks Jexica to become part of his group of friends , Riley comes to school dressed as Jexica but sees many other students dressed as her , too . Jexica 's popularity subsequently tumbles , and Riley finds out that Lucas actually knew she was Jexica all the time . In the end , Riley learns she should not be afraid to express herself on the Internet , regardless of what other people might think ; it only matters what her friends think because they are the ones who really care about her . Meanwhile , Auggie receives an e-mail from a `` prince '' claiming to be his friend and offering him a large sum of money , which leads Cory and Topanga to talk to him about trusting people on the Internet . When Auggie later receives an e-mail from Ava who is London and needs money , he feels he needs to help because they are friends . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Emily Robinson as Amy 55 `` Girl Meets Permanent Record '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale June 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 17 ) 304 1.63 Riley receives a D on her first test in Spanish class , while Maya earns an A and is proud of her rare accomplishment . When Riley hears that a permanent record is kept beginning in high school and how she performed in middle school does not matter , she worries about the impact of her low grade on her future . Cory and Topanga have always known Riley to be a good student , but after talking to her Spanish teacher , Señora Feinstein - Chang , they realize Riley is presented with a new challenge and needs to work on becoming better . Señora Feinstein - Chang assures Riley the D is only one grade and what she does on her next test matters more toward gauging her progress , as does all of her past work , her true `` permanent record '' . After she studies extensively , and demonstrates to Señora Feinstein - Chang in class that she can speak Spanish better , Riley earns an A − on the next Spanish test . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Anahi Bustillos as Señora Feinstein - Chang 56 5 `` Girl Meets Triangle '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs June 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) 305 2.13 When Riley and Maya see other girls in school going through their break - up phase , they meet Sage , with whom they share that they like the same boy . Sage tells them they need to make a decision about him , and Farkle and Zay similarly tell Lucas he needs to choose between Riley and Maya . Meanwhile , Maya struggles with her first painting for her new art teacher , Mr. Jackson , as he questions her about what her work is saying , what influences are behind it , and more importantly , who she is . Riley also wonders since she is no longer seeing the rebellious side of her best friend . Maya denies that she has changed , but after Mr. Jackson shows Maya her painting from a different perspective , she realizes how much Riley and her parents have influenced her . As she has become more like Riley , Maya is in need of finding her true self and asks Riley for help , so they go out in search of that . Around the same time , Lucas comes to the Matthews ' apartment ready to reveal his decision about Riley and Maya to them , only to discover they are not there , so Cory , Topanga , and Katy urge him to share this news . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Aaron Lazar as Mr. Jackson , Diamond White as Sage Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 57 6 `` Girl Meets Upstate '' Joel Zwick Mark Blutman July 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) 306 1.73 Riley and Maya visit Shawn at his place in upstate New York . When he hears that Maya has lost a part of herself due to Riley 's influence , Shawn tells the girls how he was similarly affected by Cory , and like Maya , he wants to find his edgy side again . Knowing the girls are with Shawn , Cory comes for a visit as well and sees Shawn is angry at him for changing him too much . Cory reminds Shawn about his quality of `` reckless spontaneity '' to help him through his crisis . This also helps Riley to find Maya , as they head back to the city , to their art classroom at school , where Maya expresses her anger at Riley through a painting . It escalates into a paint fight , which Mr. Jackson walks in on ; he notices Maya 's painting and sees a greater artistic voice in her . Meanwhile , Lucas remains quiet about his choice of Riley or Maya and sits in Riley 's bay window until the girls return , but when he finds out Maya has not been herself lately , the three decide to wait until they know who they are first . Shawn , on the other hand , having rediscovered himself , proposes to Katy , and she accepts . Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Aaron Lazar as Mr. Jackson Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 58 7 `` Girl Meets True Maya '' Danielle Fishel Matthew Nelson July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) 307 1.82 Riley is hoping for Maya 's rebellious side to return when Maya reveals she is about to do something big and bad . When the fire alarm goes off at school and money goes missing at Topanga 's , though , the group is surprised Maya is not behind those . Maya is still learning what she has become and visits a park she went to when she was younger , bringing with her a hammer , a brick and some paint . At the park , she confronts two girls from her past , Carla and Renee , who are anticipating to see her vandalize the park , but they do not see the same Maya they knew before . Still , Maya gets caught by Officer James , who brings her back to the Matthews ' apartment and charges her with vandalism . When he shows the group what she did , it becomes clearer that Riley has changed Maya for the better , and Officer James is willing to let the matter go as long as Maya does not get into trouble again . Guest stars : Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Cooper Friedman as Doy , Reginald VelJohnson as Officer James , Mia Xitlali as Carla , Kylee Russell as Renee 59 8 `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge Part 1 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Teresa Kale July 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) 312 2.20 Cory takes his class on a field trip to Mount Sun Lodge to experience nature . Riley is aware of her father 's past there and knows why he avoids anything about skiing , but Cory , who is running the nature club at the lodge , hopes history will not repeat . He is chaperoning the trip with his brother Josh , to Maya 's delight , and Topanga . As soon as the group arrives , Riley hurts her foot after falling off the bus , which causes her to miss the hiking trip , but she is content to sit by a bay window at the lodge . As she witnesses the changing season through an autumn leaf that falls on her lap , and after she has given Maya time to find herself , Riley wants the love triangle involving her , Maya and Lucas resolved . The girls imagine their lives with Lucas , with both scenarios playing out to catastrophic endings as the girl left out affects the other 's relationship . The three realize it will continue to take time to make this huge decision . Meanwhile , a young male employee arrives in the lodge and sees Riley at the window . The two begin to talk , including what they see outside . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Curran Walters as Evan 60 9 `` Girl Meets Ski Lodge Part 2 '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Aaron Jacobs July 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) 313 1.78 As a new day begins at Mount Sun Lodge , Riley is in shock after staying awake all night talking to Evan , the young employee who saw her sitting by the window and tells her he wants to be a Sherpa someday . After everyone becomes aware of Evan , an insecure Lucas finds himself sorting through his feelings for both Riley and Maya , while Riley gains more insight about why Maya became more like her . Evan has the group participate in a game using a book Cory remembers from his high school trip to the ski lodge . Evan 's question , a different one from what Cory faced , has the group exploring what makes a meaningful relationship . Soon afterward , Maya engages in a serious conversation with Josh , where her true feelings for him -- and for Lucas -- come out . Josh confesses that he is willing to wait and see what happens with him and Maya . She then talks to Lucas and wants him to tell Riley that he loves her . Lucas does and reveals that he has indeed chosen Riley , while she tells Lucas he has always been her choice . As the ski lodge trip ends , Evan has a friendly greeting from his mother for Cory , which does not please Topanga . Meanwhile , back home , Riley considers Maya her `` extraordinary relationship '' , because Maya protected her from Lucas until knowing he was the right one for her . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Curran Walters as Evan Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 61 10 `` Girl Meets I Do '' Ben Savage Mark Blutman August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) 311 2.06 With Shawn and Katy 's wedding approaching , Maya becomes anxious over whether they should be getting married . Her insecurities stem from her father leaving , especially the effect it had on her mother , and she does not want her mother to go through that same experience again with Shawn . She challenges Shawn to prove beyond words that he is ready to be with her mother and nothing will go wrong with their marriage . While Shawn can not guarantee that their marriage will be perfect , he and Katy are willing to take the leap of faith by believing they are right for each other . As the two exchange their vows on the rooftop above the Matthews ' apartment , Maya is willing to do the same . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar , Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus 62 11 `` Girl Meets Sassy Haltertop '' `` Girl Meets the Real World '' Ben Savage Joshua Jacobs August 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) 309 1.56 Cory has his class explore whether people are naturally good or evil , but only Riley is given the assignment of debating the question from the evil point of view . Because of Riley 's optimistic and innocent view of the world , and her inability to see how people could possibly be evil , Maya helps her with the assignment by showing her the world 's problems in the news . It helps Riley prepare for her debate , but in delving into her evil side , she takes it too far when she impulsively eats Zay 's cookie and is in no hurry to apologize for her action . Meanwhile , after hearing about the condition of New York 's beaches from Riley and Maya , Auggie decides he wants to clean up the beach and Topanga takes him . Auggie realizes he can not do the whole task alone but is assured he is making a difference by doing his part . Riley , too , realizes she is making a difference by doing good in the world despite being more in touch with her evil side for the class debate . She apologizes to Zay for what she did and helps a friend , Two Shoes Louie , toward his cause . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Justin Dray as Two Shoes Louie 63 12 `` Girl Meets Bear '' Robin Bronner Mackenzie Yeager August 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 26 ) 315 1.86 As Maya looks forward to a special offer going on at Paco 's Tacos , and she and Riley are prepared to head over there , Riley discovers her teddy bear is missing . Despite having no face for more than three years because of Auggie , the bear still holds a great deal of sentimental value for Riley . This leads to a frantic search throughout the Matthews apartment , while Maya becomes completely frustrated over having no tacos to enjoy . During the search , Auggie comes across the silver boxing gloves necklace Alan gave to Cory in the Boy Meets World episode `` Kid Gloves '' , which Cory thought was lost forever ; he later gives the necklace to Auggie , hoping he will hold on to it . Otherwise , the search turns out nothing on the missing bear , and Riley eventually comes to terms with the loss . Afterward , the group finally gets to enjoy some tacos , and Riley gives Maya a bobblehead she was wanting all along from Paco 's Tacos . Meanwhile , Zay expresses his appreciation to Maya for being a friend when he first came to New York and hopes she will continue to be there for him , even though Maya is seeking someday to be with Josh . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley , Ivy George as Young Maya , Ocean Maturo as Young Auggie 64 13 `` Girl Meets the Great Lady of New York '' Rider Strong & Shiloh Strong Jeff Menell September 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) 310 1.42 For cultural week at school , Cory has the class report on their heritage . At first , the reports are superficial , so Cory challenges the class to do deeper research on where they come from . The group learns about each other 's stories and those from people at the booths of the school 's cultural fair . Not everyone 's heritage is a complete or a pleasant story , and Farkle has an incredibly difficult time researching his . Aside from saying he had relatives from Denmark , he stays silent about his story . When he finally opens up -- revealing only one of those relatives , his great - grandfather , survived World War II -- his friends understand how difficult it was for him to talk about it . Meanwhile , Auggie makes a new friend , Raffi , who is from Cuba . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Andrew Ortega as Raffi 65 14 `` Girl Meets She Do n't Like Me '' Michael A . Joseph Jeff Menell September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 308 1.77 When Riley extends her friendship to a girl in school , she is crushed after the girl rejects her by simply saying she does not like her . It takes a while for Riley to realize she can not control things , which her family and friends are constantly stressing to her . She asks her father to take over her health class because she is uncomfortable with how her health instructor , Mr. Fanucci , teaches , and it becomes a mess for Cory when he has to take Fanucci 's place . When Mr. Fanucci takes back the health class , Riley has accepted she can not control anything , but he clarifies to Riley and the rest of the class that they have control over their own minds and bodies , including the way they react and think to situations they are presented with . When Riley confronts the girl from the beginning of the episode again , Riley lets her know that she likes her anyway . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Brian Scolaro as Mr. Fanucci 66 15 `` Girl Meets World of Terror 3 '' Michael A . Joseph Joshua Jacobs October 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 14 ) 317 1.73 When Cory 's class decides they are too old for Halloween , and they consider their change in attitude over the holiday as nothing major , Cory reminds the class about the consequences even that one small change can have on people . Auggie appears as a ghost to describe a different world , where Riley and Maya had never met to become friends , Lucas is by himself all the time , Farkle and Smackle are no more than archnemeses , and Ava and Doy are hanging out because there is no Auggie . Also , Cory is teaching history as simply names and dates , but Riley believes history is more and relaying that to her father eventually affects his teaching . Cory 's secret of life message , people change people , enters into the alternate world as everyone 's interactions start transforming them , including Riley and Maya becoming friends , and Auggie coming into existence . Guest stars : Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Cooper Friedman as Doy , Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley , Ivy George as Young Maya 67 16 `` Girl Meets Her Monster '' Danielle Fishel Ibrahim Ashmawey & Danielle Fishel November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) 316 1.61 Riley and Maya devote a whole weekend to watching every episode of their favorite TV show , Red Planet Diaries , before its finale airs . They have a few more episodes left to watch when Topanga reminds them of their obligations , including school . When Riley fails to show up at the bakery after school to help her mother and continues watching the TV show instead , Topanga grounds her and takes away her media privileges . Riley feels she is `` entitled '' to make her own decisions and stands up to her mother , but she ends up moving out and living with Maya . She eventually returns home and apologizes to her mother for hurting and disobeying her . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Sarah Carpenter as Sarah 68 17 `` Girl Meets Hollyworld '' Ben Savage Mackenzie Yeager November 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 18 ) 318 1.21 Maya has kidnapped a famous international actress , Anastasia Boulangerie , and tells Riley she did so because she is trying to get her mother a role in a movie where she plays herself , but for which Anastasia is auditioning . The girls find out from Katy that Anastasia , whose real name is Bobbie Jo Thibodeaux , is her best friend from their youth in Arkansas and that they have lost touch since Anastasia became famous . Meanwhile , Sarah 's father , director DW Preminger , is casting for that movie , written by his daughter . After Katy auditions for her eponymous role , Anastasia persuades Preminger to give Katy the part . As for the other roles in the movie , Riley , Maya , Lucas , Farkle and Zay are hoping to land the parts related to them , but Preminger rejects them all . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Stephanie Lemelin as Anastasia Boulangerie , Sarah Carpenter as Sarah Absent : August Maturo as Auggie Matthews 69 18 `` Girl Meets a Christmas Maya '' Ben Savage Teresa Kale December 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) 314 1.20 Maya 's mood about Christmas turns sour knowing it is the first one after her mother and Shawn got married , and she does not want Shawn to see how she and her mother have celebrated before . To boost Maya 's spirits , Riley puts together a play based on A Christmas Carol which she calls `` A Christmas Maya '' . It is revealed from Maya 's past that while her mother could not afford to give her toys for Christmas , she gave her a more enduring present in allowing her to go to school with Riley and to make other friends . The play also has a part about Shawn 's past , to give Maya a better understanding about her future with him . Meanwhile , the group dreads Riley 's annual Secret Santa , because past gift exchanges have always turned out disastrous , and it is no different with the latest gift exchange , until the meaning behind each gift is explained to its recipient . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle Absent : Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar 70 19 `` World Meets Girl '' Joel Zwick Matthew Nelson & Geralyn Ricciardella January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 321 1.45 In this special episode , the cast gives the viewers a look behind the scenes of the show . They introduce the writers and crew of the show and give a tour of the studio , the costume and prop departments , and their off - screen school . Later , live audience members take part in a question and answer session with the cast and crew . Bloopers of the show are shown in front of the audience and the cast . Throughout the episode , clips of previous episodes are shown , as well as video messages from fans of the show , all around the world . Fans are chosen in pairs of best friends to sit in the bay window set and discuss what they mean to each other . Near the end of the episode , Ben and Danielle reflect on their experience being on the show . In an emotional moment , Rowan and Sabrina sit in the bay window and remember their first time meeting each other . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Robert Koch as Audience warm - up 71 20 `` Girl Meets Sweet Sixteen '' Danielle Fishel Michael Jacobs January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 319 1.36 Riley wants to celebrate her `` Sweet Sixteen '' early , which gives Cory an idea for an assignment when he teaches the class about one 's personal landmarks . He wants them to think about what will happen in their junior year of high school . Riley feels confident that she and Maya will stay friends for the rest of their lives , and that they will never leave each other , but she becomes worried after realizing the future may lead to the rest of her friends going their separate ways after high school . When Riley decides she will attend the same college as Maya just to stay together , Topanga advises the two that such an arrangement may not work , even though she gave up going to Yale to be with Cory . The class presentations reveal that Farkle and Smackle , Lucas and Zay , and Riley and Maya will still be together in two years . After class , Riley and Maya want to celebrate their lasting friendship at the Matthews ' place , just as Topanga shares news that she has been named a partner for the London office of her law firm , which threatens to separate the two girls . Guest stars : Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle 72 21 `` Girl Meets Goodbye '' Joel Zwick Michael Jacobs January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 320 1.64 Cory finally teaches his class the lesson which highlights Belgium 's independence in 1831 , which he has purposely held off for a long time , and it carries a profound message for Cory 's class when Riley and Maya await Topanga 's decision regarding whether the Matthews family will leave New York . Meanwhile , Topanga needs guidance with her decision and gathers her family and close friends into the Matthews ' home for advice . During the reunion , Shawn surprises Maya with the papers to adopt her , and Auggie , worried he will be replaced when he discovers he has two Aunt Morgans , learns from them that even though he is the youngest , he is still a vital part of his family . As Riley and her friends gather at Topanga 's , the reality sets in that she is leaving , so they prepare to say goodbye . Auggie and Ava do the same . After reflecting quietly at her bakery , Topanga reveals to her family she is staying in New York , as she is reminded of how Riley 's bay window is a place for her huge decisions , a place Topanga never had growing up , and also is reminded of how much she loves running the bakery . As she speaks , she realizes that her bakery is her `` bay window '' . Cory is then reminded of what he said to Josh when he was younger , at the end of Boy Meets World , about a big world out there , and it resonates with Riley . She and Maya vow to stay friends for the rest of their lives , no matter what the world has in store for them . Special guest star : William Daniels as Mr. Feeny Guest stars : Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter , Will Friedle as Eric Matthews , Amir Mitchell - Townes as Zay Babineaux , Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern , Cecilia Balagot as Smackle , Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart , Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews , William Russ as Alan Matthews , Betsy Randle as Amy Matthews , Lee Norris as Stuart Minkus , Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner , Anthony Tyler Quinn as Jonathan Turner , Lily Nicksay as Morgan Matthews ( One ) , Lindsay Ridgeway as Morgan Matthews ( Two ) See also ( edit ) List of Girl Meets World characters References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Girl Meets World Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic . ^ Jump up to : `` Girl Meets World '' . Zap2it . ^ Jump up to : From the United States Copyright Office catalog : `` Public Catalog - Copyright Catalog ( 1978 to present ) - Basic Search ( search : `` Disney Girl Meets World '' ) `` . United States Copyright Office . ^ Jump up to : `` Girl Meets World Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday 's Cable Ratings '' . The Futon Critic . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sara Bibel ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . August 18 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 9.12. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 22 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 9.19. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 9.26. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Thursday Cable Originals : 10.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 10.10. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 10.17. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . 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Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Girl Meets World Sets Week - Long Season 2 Premiere for May '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Friday Cable Originals : 4.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets World Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 5.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Tuesday Cable Originals : 5.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Wednesday Cable Originals : 5.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Thursday Cable Originals : 5.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steve Baron ( May 18 , 2015 ) . `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 6.5. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 6.12. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 6.19. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 7.10. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 7.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 7.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 8.7. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 8.14. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 8.21. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 9.11. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 9.18. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( September 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 9.25. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . 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Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 12.4. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.19. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Meets World Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.3. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals : 6.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.10. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.17. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 6.24. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 7.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . 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Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 1.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Girl_Meets_World_episodes&oldid=841339539 '' Categories : Lists of American children 's television series episodes Lists of American comedy television series episodes Lists of Disney Channel television series episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Magyar Polski Português Română 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 07 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes in girl meets world season 2 | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle [1][2]\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date [1][2]\nProd.\ncode [3][1][27]\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n22\n1\n\"Girl Meets Gravity\"\nRider Strong\nRandi Barnes\nMay 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)\n201\n2.05[28]\n\n\n\nRiley, Maya, Lucas, and Farkle start their first day of the eighth grade at John Quincy Adams Middle School. After the girls startle their new teacher Mr. Martinez with their rudeness, he quits and Cory replaces him. Riley and Maya then decide to transfer classes, desiring to have a different teacher than Cory. They quickly discover that their new history teacher is very strict, and forces the girls to be separated against their wishes. They also notice that their new classmates are almost identical in both appearance and personalities to Riley, Maya, Farkle and Lucas. The girls later transfer back to Cory's classroom and restore normalcy. However, the girls are still restless, feeling like their parents are always \"circling\" around them like planets. Riley talks about the Sun, Earth and the Earth's orbit throughout the episode, and in the end, it is revealed Mrs. Svorski, the former owner of the bakery, has died and Riley was speaking at her funeral.\nSpecial guest stars: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny, Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Svorski\nGuest stars: Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Delon de Metz as Mr. Martinez, Senta Moses as Alterna-Cory\nNote: Corey Fogelmanis is added to the main title sequence.\n\n\n23\n2\n\"Girl Meets the New World\"\nJoel Zwick\nTeresa Kale\nMay 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)\n208\n2.14[29]\n\n\n\nMaya begins to pressure Riley to find out what happened on her date with Lucas. Their classmates at school know that Riley and Lucas kissed, and begin pressuring the two to tell everyone if they are dating. Later on, Riley and Lucas confirm they are dating, telling Cory and Topanga about their kiss, which Cory is shocked about. Things become awkward, and even though Riley and Lucas have strong feelings for each other, they decide to break up and remain friends. Meanwhile, Maya and Farkle get \"engaged\" and then \"married\". Elsewhere, Topanga becomes frustrated while trying to teach Auggie's new friend that his name is Dewey, but he thinks his name is pronounced \"Doy\".\nGuest star: Cooper Friedman as Dewey\n\n\n24\n3\n\"Girl Meets the Secret of Life\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nMark Blutman\nMay 13, 2015 (2015-05-13)\n202\n2.60[30]\n\n\n\nOne of Lucas's friends from Texas, Zay Babineaux, transfers to John Adams, and alludes to the fact that Lucas acted quite differently back in Texas. This causes Riley significant distress, and she begins to worry that Lucas may not be the right boyfriend for her. After discovering Lucas was expelled from his previous school, a parallel discussion begins in which Cory asks his students what the secret of life is. To further the conversation for the next class, Cory assigns the students to wash a car together and claims by doing so, they will find the secret of life. A disagreement regarding Lucas's personality in Texas starts after the friends begin spraying each other with water. After they finish washing the car, Zay runs into a bully and Lucas attempts to help his friend out as Riley and Maya watch. Lucas threatens the bully away, and reveals to Riley that the reason he was expelled is because his temper got the best of him when Zay was in trouble. Through Cory's lesson, the friends then realize that whatever Lucas's personality was before he came to New York does not matter, as they have all changed him for the better.\nGuest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Shak Ghacha as Joey Ricciardella\n\n\n25\n4\n\"Girl Meets Pluto\"\nJoel Zwick\nMatthew Nelson\nMay 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)\n203\n2.36[31]\n\n\n\nRiley is shocked when Maya tells her that Pluto is no longer considered a planet. Cory asks his students how they think they will be remembered in history, and he suggests creating a class time capsule. Cory then remembers the time capsule that he, Topanga, and Shawn buried fifteen years ago in Philadelphia, causing him to elatedly go out and buy shovels so they can dig it up. Maya and Riley go to Philadelphia with Cory, Topanga, and Shawn to dig up the time capsule in Mr. Feeny's yard. Shawn reveals his contribution to the time capsule was the contents of his ex-girlfriend Angela's purse, causing Maya to believe that Shawn does not actually love her mother as she had hoped. Shawn reassures her, telling Maya that he will always be there for her if she needs it. Later, the friends fill their own time capsule with various things that signify importance to them, including Riley's pluto ball, Farkle's orange turtleneck and Lucas's transfer slip. Maya asks her friends to leave so she can put in her contribution, which is a picture of Shawn and her mother together with her on her 14th birthday.\nSpecial guest star: William Daniels as Mr. Feeny\nGuest stars: Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n26\n5\n\"Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nMichael Jacobs\nMay 15, 2015 (2015-05-15)\n204\n2.20[32]\n\n\n\nRiley and Maya get into a huge argument which threatens their friendship. The feud prompts Cory to call on his older brother Eric to mediate, recalling his people skills in settling a feud when they were in college. After Eric arrives at the Matthews' apartment, he listens to the girls, and Maya reveals a comment Lucas made about her height, which Riley decided to agree with rather than considering how hurtful the comment was to her friend. Eric is later a guest in Cory's class, and he gathers the students just outside the classroom, where Riley and Maya further discuss their problem. It turns out the other students, including Farkle, Lucas and Zay, are dealing with similar issues for their age. Eric shows them that what they are going through is normal, and they should be supportive of each other even with these issues.\nGuest stars: Will Friedle as Eric Matthews, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux\n\n\n27\n6\n\"Girl Meets the Tell-Tale-Tot\"\nBen Savage\nTeresa Kale\nJune 5, 2015 (2015-06-05)\n205\n2.19[33]\n\n\n\nUncle Josh visits Cory and his family again, with great news about being accepted into NYU, to Maya's delight. There is a welcoming party for Josh at a friend's dormitory at the university, which Maya is determined to attend. It starts late at night, so Maya pretends to have a sleepover at Riley's with plans to sneak out. Though Riley knows it is wrong, she decides to accompany Maya, and the two devise a scheme so that Riley's parents are unaware that they are at this party. Auggie later unfoils the scheme, but keeps quiet. While Riley enjoys her first taste of college life, Maya regrets being there when she sees Josh speaking with other girls and realizes she is not in their league. Josh is startled to see Riley and Maya, and takes the two home after trying to set things straight regarding Maya's feelings for him. Riley ends up grounded for two weeks for sneaking out, and Auggie is grounded for one week, for not speaking up about his sister.\nGuest stars: Uriah Shelton as Joshua Matthews, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Madison McLaughlin as Jasmine, Cynthy Wu as Charlotte, Tajh Bellow as Andrew\nAbsent: Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar\nNote: \"Tell-Tale-Tot\" is in reference to Edgar Allan Poe's story \"The Tell-Tale Heart\", which Cory teaches his class in this episode, with a large tater tot representing one's conscience.\n\n\n28\n7\n\"Girl Meets Rules\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nRandi Barnes\nJune 12, 2015 (2015-06-12)\n211\n2.04[34]\n\n\n\nCory gives his entire class detention. While Cory is out of the classroom, the class splits into two separate groups, one led by Riley and the other by Maya. Rileytown represents order and structure; the quieter students stay with Riley in the classroom. Maya's group, which represents chaos and rebellion, walks out. Lucas and Farkle follow the rebels and join Mayaville. Each group eventually realizes how much they need the other group to balance things, and Riley and Maya similarly discover how much they need each other.\nGuest stars: Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner, Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern\n\n\n29\n8\n\"Girl Meets Hurricane\"\nWilliam Russ\nMatthew Nelson\nJune 19, 2015 (2015-06-19)\n209\n2.07[35]\n\n\n\nAfter giving Maya \"fatherly advice\" about her needing to dress differently, Shawn buys her a whole new wardrobe of clothes, as a gift from both him and Katy. This gives Maya hope that her mother and Shawn will grow closer. Maya holds on to that hope even when Shawn's old girlfriend Angela pays a visit. As the two catch up on their past, Angela and Shawn realize what they had for each other has prepared them for what is happening in their lives right now. Angela, already married for four years to a military man, looks to Shawn for advice on starting a family and asks him whether she will be a good mother. She also notices Maya and Katy, and wants Shawn to pursue a relationship with Katy. Later, Katy asks Shawn out on a date, and after receiving further advice from his late father Chet who appears to him for the big moment, Shawn accepts.\nGuest stars: Rider Strong as Shawn Hunter, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Trina McGee as Angela Moore, Blake Clark as Chet Hunter\n\n\n30\n9\n\"Girl Meets Mr. Squirrels Goes to Washington\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nMark Blutman\nJuly 10, 2015 (2015-07-10)\n210\n2.09[36]\n\n\n\nCory's students argue that the election is not relevant to their generation because they are unable to vote or influence the events. Quickly after, Eric bursts into the classroom and announces he has been nominated to run for New York senator. Eric explains to the Matthews Family that a man came up to him and claimed he was the only person who could beat his opponent, Senator Graham, though he later discovers he was purposefully chosen by someone who works for his opponent to make Senator Graham look good. Eric decides to use his opponent's lack of empathy to his advantage, and bases his campaign speech on how he could make the election relevant to everyone, including children, rather than picking on the little guy. At the campaign speech, a man whom Eric met earlier at Topanga's reveals himself to be Tommy, a little boy that Eric fostered and considered adopting when he was in college. Due to his fantastic speech, Eric wins the election and attempts to become closer to Tommy once again.\nGuest stars: Will Friedle as Eric Matthews, Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner, Nicholas Hormann as Senator Graham, Lamont Thompson as Zachary T. Wolff, J.B. Gaynor as TJ Murphy\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n31\n10\n\"Girl Meets the New Teacher\"\nJoel Zwick\nMichael Jacobs\nJuly 17, 2015 (2015-07-17)\n212\n2.37[37]\n\n\n\nWhen Riley's English teacher retires, a new teacher named Harper Burgess takes his place. She has an unconventional teaching style that inspires the students, especially Maya, but soon gets in trouble with Principal Yancy for using The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller as subject matter. When Cory stands up to defend this new teacher, his job is placed in jeopardy as well. Jonathan Turner is called in to see if she is worthy of being kept as a teacher. He mentions that he taught X-Men to his class, and in regard to To Kill a Mockingbird, mentions that her dad named her Harper Lee Burgess, after the author of the novel. Harper Burgess is kept on as a teacher at John Quincy Adams Middle School, and continues to use her unconventional teaching style to inspire students.\nGuest stars: Anthony Tyler Quinn as Mr. Turner, Tania Gunadi as Harper Burgess, Stuart Pankin as Principal Yancy\n\n\n32\n11\n\"Girl Meets Fish\"\nMichael A. Joseph\nDavid J. Jacobs & Michael Jacobs\nJuly 24, 2015 (2015-07-24)\n121\n2.19[38]\n\n\n\nWhen it is Riley's turn to take care of the class fish, she discovers it is dead. Auggie suspects foul play and investigates the matter. As Riley and Maya pay a visit to Phil's fish store for a replacement, the rest of the class is gathered at Riley's apartment for questioning. Farkle, the last to care for the fish, is the first in the hot seat and admits to replacing the fish several times, due to each one dying in separate mishaps. Maya and Lucas are then questioned, only to discover they too replaced the fish multiple times on their watch. In fact, each of the students replaced the fish during their turns to care for it. As for the fish Riley was to look after, it is revealed Auggie fed graham crackers to the fish right before it was handed to Riley, causing it to die. Though the case is solved, Auggie feels awful that he killed the fish, but Riley forgives him and allows him to care for its replacement. The entire class then visits Phil's fish store for a new class fish, and they hope it will live a long life with proper care.\nAlso starring: Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle\nGuest stars: Ava Kolker as Ava, Hugh Dane as Phil\nNote: This episode was filmed during the first season, but was held back and later aired during the second season for Disney Channel's \"Whodunit?\" special event. Corey Fogelmanis is credited as \"also starring\" after the episode's opening credits sequence since it is the season one opening, even though he is in the season two opening credits.\n\n\n33\n12\n\"Girl Meets Yearbook\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nTeresa Kale\nAugust 7, 2015 (2015-08-07)\n214\n2.33[39]\n\n\n\nWhen Riley and Farkle dislike what their school yearbook says about them, they decide to change their personalities because they believe students are making fun of their quirkiness. Farkle, who is unique enough to have his own category in the yearbook, transforms into a regular guy named Donnie Barnes. Riley becomes increasingly uncomfortable when she is voted the person who would be \"most likely to smile themselves to death.\" It is also learned that the entirety of their class views Maya and Lucas as boyfriend and girlfriend, despite the two being completely unaware of where the idea came from. Unable to deal with how other people view her, Riley assumes a morose alter-ego named Morosha M. Black. Riley's change deeply affects Maya, who in turn seeks to become her best friend and emulate her. Lucas is not pleased about these changes in his friends, who are letting what others say affect them, and he wants them to be themselves again. Cory's history lesson about Iceland and Greenland, and how people settled in Greenland because of its name, then perished, serves as a reminder to the class not to be misguided by what others say.\nGuest star: Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n34\n13\n\"Girl Meets Semi-Formal\"\nJoel Zwick\nWill Friedle\nAugust 14, 2015 (2015-08-14)\n216\n2.20[40]\n\n\n\nRiley is forced to examine her relationship with Lucas when another boy named Charlie Gardner asks her to a big semi-formal dance. Charlie asks Riley on a date and seems like the perfect date to Riley, but Lucas assumes he and Riley were going together. Meanwhile, newly elected Senator Eric reunites with his old friend Jack Hunter when he comes to Eric, on behalf of a large corporation that wants to build a pipeline. Eric recognizes that Jack has lost his way, and tries to save his friend by showing him a simpler way of life, which leads to him meeting Riley at the semi-formal dance. Maya and Lucas dance together and share an awkward moment when Lucas denies that they are dancing, fumbling over his words, which Maya questions. Riley dances with Farkle and Charlie while still confused of her true feelings.\nSpecial guest star: Sheppard as themselves\nGuest stars: Will Friedle as Eric Matthews, Matthew Lawrence as Jack Hunter, Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner, Phil Morris as Agent LaChance\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n35\n14\n\"Girl Meets Creativity\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nMatthew Nelson\nAugust 21, 2015 (2015-08-21)\n218\n2.26[41]\n\n\n\nThe group learns that the school's art programs are being canceled due to budget cuts, and Lucas inspires the group to try and save art class, which Maya is passionate about. Though Maya is skeptical to step up against authority, she is eventually convinced with Riley's help to fight for what she believes in. With Cory's assistance, the girls reach out to Superintendent Turner, who says that he is not in favor of cutting arts either, but claims the school's budget is very limited. Still not satisfied with Turner's answer, Maya and her friends go to the school board meeting and show the board members how taking away the arts actually will affect students. After a creative demonstration by the five friends, the school board agrees to think differently about how important the arts are, while also making the promise that they will work out the budget cuts without cutting any art programs.\nGuest stars: Diana Maria Riva as Chairperson Sanchez, Anthony Tyler Quinn as Mr. Turner, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal\n\n\n36\n15\n\"Girl Meets Farkle\"\n\"Girl Meets I Am Farkle\"\nWillie Garson\nMark Blutman\nSeptember 11, 2015 (2015-09-11)\n217\n1.85[42]\n\n\n\nResults of a school IQ test show Farkle to be a genius, and the Minkuses hold a party for their son at Topanga's. Isadora Smackle comes to the party and invites Farkle to transfer to Einstein Academy. Later, additional tests identify that Farkle may have Asperger's syndrome, a form of autism. Though in disbelief at first, Riley, Maya and Lucas help their friend understand the symptoms, one of which is a difficulty understanding love. Farkle tries to explore that by hanging out with Smackle, who shows compassion when he tells her he may have Asperger's. Smackle later decides to observe Farkle in Cory's class, and after Farkle confirms he does not have Asperger's, she feels uncomfortable but realizes he belongs around his friends rather than at Einstein Academy. Seeing how Smackle interacts with everyone, including how she feels being hugged, Riley and Maya deduce she has Asperger's, and Smackle tells them she was diagnosed with it at the age of five. Farkle shows the same compassion Smackle showed him after discovering this.\nGuest stars: Lee Norris as Minkus, Kristanna Loken as Jennifer Bassett Minkus, Cecilia Balagot as Smackle, Cyrina Fiallo as Ms. Oben\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n37\n16\n\"Girl Meets Cory and Topanga\"\nBen Savage\nJoshua Jacobs\nSeptember 18, 2015 (2015-09-18)\n220\n2.42[43]\n\n\n\nRiley wonders how she will positively impact the world, and feels she will never be as \"perfect\" as her parents. In exploring this question, she and Maya talk to a nun at an orphanage and a clown at the circus, but Riley is reminded about being in her parents' shadow when she sees them contributing at those places. Maya suggests Riley tell some stories she remembers about her parents' young days, and the two see Cory and Topanga at their age. As Riley sees a little of both of her parents in her, and their quirks, she is reminded by the younger Topanga that she is unique.\nGuest stars: Ken Hudson Campbell as Jingles the Clown, Diona Reasonover as Sister Mary Beth\n\n\n38\n17\n\"Girl Meets Rileytown\"\nMichael A. Joseph\nLauren Otero\nSeptember 25, 2015 (2015-09-25)\n223\n2.62[44]\n\n\n\nMaya describes Riley's place of uniqueness as \"Rileytown\", but mere mention of that word causes Riley to become irate and call Maya a \"bully\". At the same time, the two girls and the rest of Cory's class learn how to resolve conflicts. With the Aaron Burr-Alexander Hamilton conflict as the class example, Riley decides to challenge Maya to a duel, and they carry it out at Topanga's, using ice cream as their weaponry. After Maya backs out, Riley ice-creams her. Maya becomes aware that something is wrong with Riley, and Farkle, recalling when he was bullied, thinks someone is bullying Riley. Maya talks to Riley and wants her to open up about what is going on. Riley explains that she is being bullied by someone sending her threatening text messages, and that the term \"Rileytown\" caused her to feel different and humiliated, causing her to take it out on Maya. Farkle, Lucas, and Zay come to talk to her as well, saying she can come to them if something is bothering her, which is further discussed in her father's class. The bully has been taking videos of Riley at school which include Riley giving herself \"award ceremonies\" every Friday, and threatens to send the rest of the school those videos. To confront her unseen bully, Riley shows she is not ashamed of her quirky personality by performing one of her award ceremonies in front of the whole school. The unseen bully realizes that she can no longer damage Riley's confidence and runs away.\nGuest star: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n39\n18\n\"Girl Meets World of Terror 2\"\nJoel Zwick\nJeff Menell\nOctober 2, 2015 (2015-10-02)\n215\n2.38[45]\n\n\n\nAuggie, along with Doy and Ava, narrates the \"Second Annual Scary Time Theater\" which highlights three separate Halloween tales. In the first segment, Riley and Maya both dress up as flapper girls per the suggestion of a ghost whom resides in the bay window. The ghost explains to Riley and Maya that she remains in the bay window because it used to be hers, and she wants the subsequent owners to enjoy the space as much as she did. Riley and Maya struggle to get the ghost out of the bay window, until the ghost mispronounces Doy's name and he lets out an ear-piercing scream, causing the ghost to leave the window. In the second segment, Riley and Maya inadvertently find the ghost again in a haunted house, and attempt to help her friend, Tessie, become friendly again. The girls are unable to help Tessie and run away in terror. Finally, Riley and Maya believe that Doy has turned them into cartoon characters, though they later discover it the ghost once again, using her magic to influence them. After one last time of watching the girls, the ghost finally decides that it is time to move on, because the girls appreciate the bay window's true power.\nSpecial guest stars: Ross Lynch as Austin Moon, Laura Marano as Ally Dawson\nGuest stars: Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern, Cooper Friedman as Doy, Brittany Ross as Ghost\nAbsent: Peyton Meyer as Lucas Friar, Corey Fogelmanis as Farkle Minkus\n\n\n40\n19\n\"Girl Meets Rah Rah\"\nJoel Zwick\nRandi Barnes\nOctober 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)\n222\n3.31[46]\n\n\n\nAfter years of failing to make the cheerleading squad, Riley is determined to get on the squad this time, but Coach Kelly shows little faith in her and expects her to quit. Maya, Lucas, Farkle, and Zay attend the tryouts to support her, though even they have their doubts of her succeeding. Riley manages to get through the three days of tryouts, even with the mistakes and injuries, but when she is finally cut, she is faced with deciding whether to give up on cheerleading. While Cory worries about his daughter's desire to become a cheerleader, as her teacher, he encourages her to continue pursuing something she is passionate about. Despite Coach Kelly not placing her on the squad initially, Riley's spirit and persistence pay off.\nGuest stars: Perez Hilton as himself, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Jennifer Hasty as Coach Kelly, Courtney Schwartz as Samantha, Savannah Winters as Jenkins, Jacqueline A. Benoit as Nurse\n\n\n41\n20\n\"Girl Meets Texas: Part 1\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nMichael Jacobs & Matthew Nelson\nOctober 16, 2015 (2015-10-16)\n224\n2.94[47]\n\n\n\nRiley and Maya learn that Lucas failed a sheep-riding contest years ago and mistakenly enter him in a bull-riding contest in Texas. When it is revealed how dangerous the event is, Riley tries to convince Lucas to go through with it. However, Maya is completely opposed to the idea and begs him not to participate. This results in Riley realizing Maya's true feelings for Lucas.\nGuest stars: M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Tahmus Rounds as Cletis, Madison Mason as McCullough\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews, Danielle Fishel as Topanga Matthews\n\n\n42\n21\n\"Girl Meets Texas: Part 2\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nMatthew Nelson & Michael Jacobs\nOctober 17, 2015 (2015-10-17)\n225\n2.88[48]\n\n\n\nThe group spends their first night out in Texas. Zay reunites with his old flame, Vanessa, thanks to Riley and Maya. Meanwhile, Riley begins to understand that Maya had stepped back for the sake of their friendship, and Riley tells Lucas about Maya's feelings. Lucas pressures Maya to say whether she likes him or not. She denies it, but as she does, Lucas surprises her by trying to kiss her, causing tension and confusion between the two about their true feelings for each other.\nSpecial guest stars: Maddie & Tae as themselves\nGuest stars: M.C. Gainey as Pappy Joe, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Chandler Kinney as Vanessa\nAbsent: Ben Savage as Cory Matthews, August Maturo as Auggie Matthews, Danielle Fishel as Topanga Matthews\n\n\n43\n22\n\"Girl Meets Texas: Part 3\"\nBen Savage\nMichael Jacobs & Matthew Nelson\nOctober 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)\n227\n3.12[49]\n\n\n\nRiley has convinced herself that she and Lucas are like brother and sister, in order to give Maya a chance to understand how she really feels about him. Now, Maya and Lucas cannot communicate, mirroring Riley and Lucas' awkwardness when they were dating. Whilst Maya and Lucas are finding it difficult to take a step forward in their relationship until Maya resumes her teasing behavior, which makes Lucas happy. Riley is pursued by Charlie Gardner and she agrees to date him. In the end, Farkle helps Riley realize she still likes Lucas, and they share a long conversation at Topanga's which results in a hug.\nGuest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner\n\n\n44\n23\n\"Girl Meets the Forgiveness Project\"\nJoel Zwick\nMatthew Nelson\nNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)\n221\n2.51[50]\n\n\n\nWhen Cory comes up with the idea of a forgiveness project, everyone expresses their feelings on paper to someone they wish to forgive. Riley writes to Auggie and Lucas and Zay write to Farkle, while Maya decides to write to her father, Kermit, who appears at Topanga's after receiving Maya's letter. That comes as a shock to Katy, but Maya wants to give Kermit a chance to be part of her life again after he failed to be for the last nine years. As Maya and the rest of Cory's class miss the point of forgiveness, Cory explains to them that they need to give those they are forgiving an opportunity to show remorse for their wrongdoing before the assignment can even begin. Riley, Lucas, and Zay have little difficulty in forgiving, while Maya's situation is a different story. Kermit explains to her why he left her and her mother and started a different family. Maya understands what her father did and is no longer angry with him, but she cannot forgive him. She tearfully confesses to Cory she failed the assignment, but Cory says he did not expect her to reconcile with her father right away, if ever.\nGuest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, David Thomas Jenkins as Kermit, Carlos Antonio as Howie\n\n\n45\n24\n\"Girl Meets Belief\"\nJoel Zwick\nJeff Menell\nNovember 13, 2015 (2015-11-13)\n213\n2.15[51]\n\n\nAfter Maya finds money just outside Cory's classroom, she wants to buy ice cream with it, but Riley tells her it is not her money. As they go into class, Cory has the class look at each other's beliefs; he assigns Riley and Maya to report about Thomas Jefferson, and Lucas and Farkle to report about Joan of Arc. The assignment creates tension among the four because of their differing beliefs, causing them to switch partners. Maya takes a brief break from Riley, because Riley pressures her to believe in something. While the four continue to work on the assignment and discuss their beliefs in Riley's bedroom, Cory gives them insight about why their beliefs are different, and tells them listening to others helps to form their beliefs. What the four learn about Jefferson and Joan of Arc also influences what they believe. Farkle realizes some things are not scientifically explained, such as his friendships for which he is grateful. Maya tries praying after discovering Riley believes in God, and gives back the money she found earlier. Riley and Lucas question why they need each other, since they are not challenged or learning from each other. Meanwhile, Auggie prays Mrs. Svorski is not alone in heaven by talking to her.\n\n\n46\n25\n\"Girl Meets the New Year\"\nJoel Zwick\nMark Blutman\nDecember 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)\n229\n2.07[52]\n\n\n\nWhen Harper teaches about Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility in English class, Riley and Maya soon realize their similarities to the novel's two main characters. Having seen the movie adaptation, Charlie shares with the class that a relationship must have both sense and sensibility to work. Riley is inspired by the novel to host a New Year's Eve party for all of her friends from school. Meanwhile, Farkle continues to be frustrated with Riley for not telling Lucas how she truly feels about him; Farkle gives her until midnight on New Year's Eve to do so, or he will. During his class, Cory teaches the importance of friendship and growth, and how without proper care, feelings can ruin them. At the party, Charlie and the group play a couples game, in which Maya and Lucas are partners. Riley, Maya, and Lucas become uncomfortable as the game progresses. Riley ends the game on her turn and brings everyone up to the roof, minutes before the new year begins. On the rooftop, Riley asks Farkle for more time to confess her true feelings, but he refuses as he does not want lies to cause further damage. Wanting to be with Riley at midnight, Charlie tries to show he cares about her. Riley tells him while that makes sense, a good relationship needs to have sensibility as well, leaving the two alone on separate sides of the roof. Maya, still confused about her feelings, tells Lucas that she wants to start off the new year being nice to him and that she is glad they will be together at midnight. He grins and says that makes up for everything. When the clock strikes midnight, Riley tries to escape just as Farkle yells out the truth, causing Maya and Lucas to be dismayed by the revelation. Everyone leaves except for Riley, Maya, and Lucas. The three sit alone on a bench, confused.\nGuest stars: Tania Gunadi as Harper Burgess, Tanner Buchanan as Charlie Gardner, Cecilia Balagot as Smackle\n\n\n47\n26\n\"Girl Meets STEM\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nTeresa Kale\nJanuary 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)\n219\n1.62[53]\n\n\n\nFor the mid-term science experiment, Mr. Norton has Riley and her classmates examine a solution by placing a mystery marble into clear liquid, with one person of each boy-girl team dropping the marble and the other working out the scientific calculations. When Riley sees it is only the girls who are putting the marbles into the liquid and leaving the boys to do the science, she is offended and refuses to follow that trend. She gathers the girls into her bedroom to discuss why this is happening, and makes them realize they are not seeing their potential. She also confronts Farkle, her science experiment partner, about his perceived stereotyping of girls; he takes the blame and apologizes to Riley for not allowing her to pursue her interest in science. While the marble-liquid solution is simply sludge, there is a bigger picture to the experiment which Riley has already figured out. She presents her finding to Mr. Norton, who informs the class it is at their age that girls begin to lose interest in the STEM subjects. The rest of the class cannot see their partners due to the beaker of sludge in their way, but Riley and Farkle can see each other crystal clear, because they worked together equally to complete the science.\nGuest stars: Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern, Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Jeff Doucette as Mr. Norton\n\n\n48\n27\n\"Girl Meets Money\"\nRider Strong & Shiloh Strong\nAaron Jacobs & Jeff Menell\nJanuary 22, 2016 (2016-01-22)\n226\n2.20[54]\n\n\n\nAs Cory teaches his class about the value of money, and Stuart makes a risky investment on new technology for Minkus International, Farkle becomes concerned about being poor. He quickly starts seeing there is greater value to his friendships and family than money and material things can give. Cory goes further into his money lesson by emphasizing there is a large part of the world that is less fortunate, revealing a greater \"secret of life\": kindness and charity toward others. Cory challenges the class to come up with ideas for using money to help those in need, but this prompts Farkle to leave class immediately and to talk to his father about their relationship and his company's purpose, saying he needs to do more for the rest of the world. Because of the heartfelt conversation, Stuart begins a charitable organization and looks to give away money for a charitable cause. With help from NBA owner Mark Cuban, Stuart, Cory and Topanga listen to Riley, Lucas, Maya and Farkle about how they would help the less fortunate. Ultimately, on Farkle's request, Stuart and Mark invest on Maya, who lives in need and appreciates all she has been given. Meanwhile, Auggie worries about his father when he does not receive his whole allowance, but learns the importance of Cory's contributions as a teacher, despite being paid less than Topanga.\nGuest stars: Mark Cuban as Mark Cuban, Lee Norris as Minkus\n\n\n49\n28\n\"Girl Meets Commonism\"\nDanielle Fishel\nJoshua Jacobs & Michael Jacobs\nFebruary 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)\n206\n1.75[55]\n\n\n\nRiley and Lucas are two members on the school honor board, which is to decide a case involving Maya and Farkle. Riley, who finds out Maya cheated off Farkle on a test, wants them off the hook for the sake of their friendship, but Lucas disagrees, as does Cory, who oversees the honor board. When Cory's class learns about communism, Riley defends Maya's cheating as a form of sharing and feels there is nothing wrong with what she did. The girls and Farkle start embracing the ideals of communism, and disregard their individuality. As Maya and Farkle's fate is being determined by the honor board, Riley sides with them, and Topanga represents them, but it is revealed that Farkle was not the only one helping Maya to cheat, but Riley as well. After Cory hands back a test where everyone has received excellent scores, but Riley, Maya and Farkle end up with an \"average\" grade, the three realize the importance of being individuals. Meanwhile, Auggie is wondering what to do with his life, but things backfire when he decides to be a lawyer and defend Frankie, the class bully.\nGuest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Ava Kolker as Ava Morgenstern, Michelle Page as Mrs. Ducksberry, Sanai Victoria as Emma Weathersby\n\n\n50\n29\n\"Girl Meets the Bay Window\"\nBen Savage\nJoshua Jacobs\nFebruary 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)\n228\n1.70[56]\n\n\n\nWith high school around the corner, Riley decides to change her bedroom bay window and leave her childhood years behind, but Maya objects because of what the bay window has meant to both of them. She also feels reluctant to move on to this next phase of their lives. The girls reflect on when they first became friends, as well as when they first met Farkle, and the two talk to their younger selves about how much they have changed since. In the redecorated bay window, Riley and Maya see themselves as young adults preparing to move away, leaving the bay window behind as both the young and current versions of Riley and Maya watch.\nGuest stars: Mariah Buzolin as Adult Riley, Ruby Lewis as Adult Maya, Lindsey Lamer as Young Riley, Ivy George as Young Maya, Michael Wilder as Young Farkle\nAbsent: August Maturo as Auggie Matthews\n\n\n51\n30\n\"Girl Meets Legacy\"\nJoel Zwick\nRandi Barnes\nMarch 11, 2016 (2016-03-11)\n230\n1.70[57]\n\n\n\nRiley and Maya have not discussed their feelings for Lucas since the new year, so he decides to simply stay friends with them for the sake of not hurting either girl. As Cory teaches his class one last time, the group feels that Cory has not given them enough instruction to move forward to high school. Cory admits to being wrong about not allowing them to feel as a natural part of their changing, but sees how much his class has learned while in middle school. For the final lesson, he challenges them to leave a lasting mark for future John Quincy Adams students to remember them by, prompting them to dedicate a new bench in the school hallway. As they graduate and leave middle school behind, they decide for their class prank to steal their school mascot, which shocks Cory. It turns out it is Cory. Through Riley's call to Superintendent Turner and a heavily-supported petition, Cory is allowed to transfer schools so he can continue to teach Riley and her friends in high school.\nGuest stars: Amir Mitchell-Townes as Zay Babineaux, Lee Norris as Minkus, Cheryl Texiera as Katy Hart, Danny McNulty as Harley Keiner, Jeff Doucette as Mr. Norton, Aisha Kabia as Ms. Kossal\n\n"
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-124096077985686927 | Australian two-cent coin | Australian two - cent coin - Wikipedia Australian two - cent coin Jump to : navigation , search Two cents Australia Value 0.02 AUD Mass 5.20 g Diameter 21.59 mm Edge Plain Composition 97 % copper 2.5 % zinc 0.5 % tin Years of minting 1966 -- 1991 Obverse Design Queen Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia Designer Raphael Maklouf Design date 1985 Reverse Design Frill - necked lizard ( Chlamydosaurus kingii ) Designer Stuart Devlin Design date 1966 The Australian two - cent coin was introduced in 1966 and was the coin of the second - lowest denomination until it was withdrawn from circulation in 1992 ( along with the one - cent piece ) . It is still counted as legal tender , but is subject to some restrictions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 3 References 4 Sources History ( edit ) The coin entered circulation on 14 February 1966 . In its first year of minting the coin was manufactured at three different mints : 145.2 million at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra , 66.6 million at the Melbourne Mint and 217.7 million at the Perth Mint . The only year that the coins were minted outside Australia was 1981 , when 70.8 million were struck at the British Royal Mint in Llantrisant , Wales , in addition to 97.4 million from Canberra and 81.8 million from Perth . No two cent coins were struck in 1986 or 1987 and the last year of minting was 1989 . From 1966 until 1984 the obverse featured the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin . It was changed in 1985 to a version by Raphael Maklouf , which remained until its demonetisation in 1992 . The decision to remove it was confirmed in the Treasurer 's budget speech of 21 August 1991 . The move was due to inflation reducing its value , and the high cost of bronze . Around the same time other countries removed their bronze coins -- New Zealand removed its one and two cent coins in 1990 , while the United Kingdom and Ireland turned their bronze one and two pence coins into copper - plated steel . After removal from circulation , some of the coins were melted down to make bronze medals for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . Features ( edit ) The reverse side of the coin featured the image of a Frill - necked lizard ( Chlamydosaurus kingii ) , a reptile native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea . The image was designed by Stuart Devlin , who designed the reverses of all Australian decimal coins introduced in 1966 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reserve Bank of Australia Jump up ^ Royal Australian Mint Jump up ^ `` Two cents '' . Ramint.gov.au . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Coin Types from Australia '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Press Release from the Royal Australian Mint 7 June 2000 Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Sources ( edit ) Ian W. Pitt , ed. ( 2000 ) . Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values ( 19th ed . ) . Chippendale , N.S.W. : Renniks Publications . ISBN 0 - 9585574 - 4 - 6 . Prospect Stamps and Coins Preceded by Denomination Created Two Cents ( Australian ) 1966 -- 1991 Succeeded by Denomination Abolished ( hide ) Australian currency Decimal coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c ( round ) $1 $2 Coins of the $ Commemorative coins Decimal notes $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 Banknotes of the $ Pre-decimal coins ⁄ d 1d 3d 6d 1s 2s 5s Pre - £ coins Coins of the £ Pre-decimal notes 5s 10s £ 1 £ 5 £ 10 £ 20 £ 50 £ 100 £ 1000 Mints Sydney Mint ( 1855 -- 1926 ) Melbourne Mint ( 1872 -- 1967 ) Perth Mint ( 1899 -- ) Royal Australian Mint ( 1965 -- ) Topics Australian dollar Australian pound ( obsolete ) Banknotes of the Australian pound ( obsolete ) Note Printing Australia Pound sterling ( obsolete ) Reserve Bank of Australia This coin - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Australia - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_two-cent_coin&oldid=781773327 '' Categories : Decimal coins of Australia Two - cent coins Coin stubs Australia stubs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use Australian English from December 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Coin article with no obverse image All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2017 , at 04 : 24 . About Wikipedia | when did 1 and 2 cent coins stop | [
"The Australian two-cent coin was introduced in 1966 and was the coin of the second-lowest denomination until it was withdrawn from circulation in 1992 (along with the one-cent piece). It is still counted as legal tender, but is subject to some restrictions.[1][2]"
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4867748387331924908 | The Price Is Right (U.S. game show) | The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia The Price Is Right ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the current version of the series . For the overall franchise , see The Price Is Right . For the original version , see The Price Is Right ( 1956 U.S. game show ) . For other uses , see The Price Is Right ( disambiguation ) . `` Come on down ! '' redirects here . For other uses , see Come on down ! ( disambiguation ) . The Price Is Right Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Mark Goodson Bill Todman Directed by Marc Breslow ( 1972 -- 86 ) Paul Alter ( 1986 -- 2001 ) Bart Eskander ( 2000 -- 09 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2009 -- 11 ) Michael Dimich ( 2011 -- 12 ) Ryan Polito ( 2012 -- 13 ) Adam Sandler ( 2013 -- present ) Presented by Bob Barker ( 1972 -- 2007 ) Drew Carey ( 2007 -- present ) Nighttime : Dennis James ( 1972 -- 77 ) Bob Barker ( 1977 -- 80 ) Tom Kennedy ( 1985 -- 86 ) Narrated by Johnny Olson ( 1972 -- 85 ) Rod Roddy ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Rich Fields ( 2004 -- 10 ) George Gray ( 2011 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Edd Kalehoff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 46 No. of episodes 8,000 ( as of April 7 , 2014 ) Nighttime ( 1972 -- 80 ) : 300 Nighttime ( 1985 -- 86 ) : 170 Production Location ( s ) CBS Television City Running time 38 -- 48 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) 22 -- 26 minutes ( 1972 -- 75 ; 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Production company ( s ) Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions ( 1972 -- 84 ) Price Productions ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ; 1972 -- 94 ) Mark Goodson Productions ( 1984 -- 2007 ) All American Television ( 1996 -- 98 ) Pearson Television ( 1999 -- 2002 ) FremantleMedia ( 2002 -- present ) in association with CBS Distributor FremantleMedia for CBS Viacom Enterprises ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ) The Television Program Source ( 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Release Original network CBS Syndicated ( 1972 -- 80 Nighttime ; 1985 -- 86 Nighttime ) Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1972 -- 2008 ) HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1972 -- 88 ) CBS StereoSound ( 1988 -- 97 ) Digital Stereo ( 1997 -- 2013 ) 5.1 Surround ( 2013 -- present ) Original release September 4 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 04 ) -- present Nighttime : September 10 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 10 ) -- September 13 , 1980 ( 1980 - 09 - 13 ) ( weekly ) September 9 , 1985 ( 1985 - 09 - 09 ) -- September 5 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 05 ) ( daily ) Chronology Preceded by The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) Related shows The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) External links Website Production website The Price Is Right is an American television game show created by Bob Stewart , Mark Goodson and Bill Todman . The show revolves around contestants competing by identifying accurate pricing of merchandise to win cash and prizes . Contestants are selected from the studio audience when the announcer states the show 's famous catchphrase , `` Come on down ! '' The program premiered on September 4 , 1972 on CBS . Bob Barker was the series ' longest - running host from its 1972 debut until his retirement in June 2007 , when Drew Carey took over . Barker was accompanied by a series of announcers , beginning with Johnny Olson , followed by Rod Roddy and then Rich Fields . In April 2011 , George Gray became the announcer . The show has used several models , most notably Anitra Ford , Janice Pennington , Dian Parkinson , Holly Hallstrom and Kathleen Bradley . While retaining some elements of the original version of the show , the 1972 version has added many new distinctive gameplay elements . The Price Is Right has aired over 8,000 episodes since its debut and is one of the longest - running network series in United States television history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named The Price Is Right the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The show 's 46th season premiered on September 18 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 One Bid 1.2 Pricing games 1.3 Showcase Showdown 1.4 The Showcase 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Announcers 2.3 Models 2.4 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Audience and contestant selection 3.2 Taping 3.3 Production company 4 Broadcast history 4.1 Syndicated productions 4.1. 1 1972 -- 1980 4.1. 2 1985 -- 86 4.1. 3 The New Price Is Right 4.2 CBS primetime specials and series 4.3 Gameshow Marathon 5 Reality web show spinoffs 5.1 Road to Price 5.2 The Price is Right Male Model Search 6 Documentary film 7 Prizes 7.1 Automobiles 7.2 Winnings records 8 Reception 8.1 Awards 8.2 Critical reaction 9 Controversy 9.1 Lawsuits 9.2 Plinko board incident 9.3 40th anniversary 10 Merchandise 10.1 DVD release 10.2 Board games 10.3 Computer and electronic games 10.4 Slot machines 10.5 Scratch - off tickets 10.6 Live casino game 11 References 11.1 Works cited 12 External links Gameplay ( edit ) The gameplay of the show consists of four distinct competition elements , in which nine preliminary contestants ( or six , depending on the episode 's running time ) are eventually narrowed to two finalists who compete in the game 's final element , the `` Showcase '' . One bid ( edit ) At the beginning of the show , four contestants are called from the audience by the announcer to take a spot in the front row behind bidding podiums , which are embedded into the front edge of the stage . This area is known as `` Contestants ' Row '' . The announcer shouts `` Come on down ! '' after calling each selected contestant 's name , a phrase which has become a trademark of the show . The four contestants in Contestants ' Row compete in a bidding round to determine which contestant will play the next pricing game ( the round is known as `` One Bid , '' which gets its name and format from one of two types of bidding rounds that existed on the 1950s version of the show ) . A prize is shown and each contestant gives a single bid for the item . In the first One - Bid game of each episode , bidding begins with the contestant on the viewer 's left - to - right . In subsequent One - Bid rounds , the order of bidding still moves from the viewer 's left - to - right , but it begins with the contestant most recently called down . Contestants are instructed to bid in whole dollars since the retail price of the item is rounded to the nearest dollar and another contestant 's bid can not be duplicated . If a contestant thinks the others have overbid , he or she bids $1 on the item . The contestant whose bid is closest to the actual retail price of the prize without going over wins that prize and gets to play the subsequent pricing game . If all four contestants overbid , several short buzzer tones sound , the lowest bid is announced and the bids are erased . The host then instructs the contestants to re-bid below the lowest previous bid . If a contestant bids the actual retail price , a bell rings and the contestant wins a cash bonus in addition to the prize . From the introduction of the bonus in 1977 until 1998 , the `` perfect bid '' bonus was $100 ; it was permanently increased to the current $500 in 1998 . On The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular , the bonus was $1,000 . After each pricing game except the final one , another contestant is called to `` come on down '' to fill the spot of the contestant that won the previous round . The newest contestant bids first in each One Bid round . Contestants who fail to win a One Bid round -- thus never making it onstage to play a pricing game -- receive consolation prizes , currently $300 , often sponsored by companies revealed by the announcer near the end of the show , before the Showcase . Pricing games ( edit ) See also : List of The Price Is Right pricing games After winning the One Bid , the contestant joins the host onstage for the opportunity to win additional prizes or cash by playing a pricing game . After the pricing game ends , a new contestant is selected for Contestants ' Row and the process is repeated . Six pricing games are played on each hour - long episode ; three games per episode were played in the original half - hour format . Pricing game formats vary widely , ranging from simple dilemma games in which a contestant chooses one of two options to win to complex games of chance or skill in which guessing prices increases the odds of winning . On a typical hour - long episode , two games are played for a car , one game is played for a cash prize and the other three games offer expensive household merchandise or trips . Usually , at least one of the six games involves the pricing of grocery items , while another usually involves smaller prizes that can be used to win a larger prize package . Originally , five pricing games were in the rotation . Since then , more games have been created and added to the rotation and , starting with the 60 - minute expansion in 1975 , the rate at which games premiered increased . Some pricing games were eventually discontinued , while others have been a mainstay since the show 's debut in 1972 . As of 2017 , the rotation is among 77 games . On the 1994 syndicated version hosted by Doug Davidson , the rules of several games were modified and other aesthetic changes were made . Notably , the grocery products used in some games on the daytime version were replaced by small merchandise prizes , generally valued at less than $100 . Beginning in 2008 , episodes of The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular featured rule changes to some pricing games which rewarded a $1 million bonus to the contestant if specific goals were achieved while playing the pricing game . Showcase Showdown ( edit ) `` Showcase Showdown '' redirects here . For the band , see Showcase Showdown ( band ) . Since the show 's expansion to 60 minutes in 1975 , each episode features two playings of the Showcase Showdown , occurring after the third and sixth pricing games . Each playing features the three contestants who played the preceding pricing games spinning `` The Big Wheel '' to determine who advances to the Showcase , the show 's finale . The contestants play in the order of the value of his or her winnings thus far ( including the One Bid ) , with the contestant who has won the most spinning last . The wheel contains 20 sections showing values from 5 ¢ to $1.00 , in increments of five cents . Contestants are allowed a maximum of two spins . The first contestant spins the wheel and may choose to stop with his or her score or spin again , adding the value of the second spin to their first . The second contestant then spins the wheel and tries to match or beat the leader 's score ; if he or she fails to do so , the contestant must spin again . If the second contestant 's first spin matches or beats the score of the first contestant , he or she has the option of stopping or spinning again . The third contestant then spins ; if his or her score is less than the leader then he or she will be required to spin again . In the event the second or third contestant 's first spin ties the score of the leader , he or she will be given the option of spinning again as an alternative to entering a `` spin - off '' as described below . If their total score of any contestant is less than that of the current leader , is beaten by the score of any subsequent contestant , or over $1.00 , the contestant is eliminated from the game . The contestant whose score is nearest to $1.00 without going over advances to the Showcase at the end of the episode . Any spin that fails to make at least one complete revolution does not count ; the contestant is given the opportunity to spin again , and if the contestant has visible difficulty in physically performing the task , the host can assist them . If the first two contestants both spin twice and go over $1.00 , the last contestant automatically advances to the Showcase and is given only one spin to determine their score ; this is to ensure that a contestant advances to the showcase , avoiding a potential `` triple over '' scenario in which no one would advance . Any contestant whose score equals $1.00 ( from either the first spin or the sum of two spins ) receives a $1,000 bonus and , since December 1978 , is allowed a bonus spin . The contestant wins an additional $10,000 for landing on either 5 ¢ or 15 ¢ ( which are adjacent to the $1.00 space and painted green ) , or an additional $25,000 for landing on $1.00 . From December 1978 to September 22 , 2008 , the bonuses were $5,000 and $10,000 for landing on a green section and the $1.00 , respectively . If the wheel stops on any other amount or fails to make at least one revolution , the contestant wins no more money . The wheel is positioned on 5 ¢ prior to the bonus spin so that it can not land on a winning prize without making a complete revolution . Two or more contestants who are tied with the leading score compete in a `` spin - off '' . Each contestant is allowed one additional spin and the contestant with the higher score advances to the Showcase . Multiple spin - offs are played until the tie is broken . Those who hit $1.00 in their spin - off spin still get $1,000 and a bonus spin . If two or more contestants tie with a score of $1.00 , their bonus spins also determine their spin - off score . Only the spin - off score , not any bonus money won , determines which contestant moves on to the Showcase ; thus , a person who wins the $10,000 bonus for landing on 15 ¢ would still lose the spin - off if their opponent lands on 20 ¢ or more . A tie in a bonus spin spin - off means the ensuing second spin - off will be spun with no bonuses available . Each spin must make one complete revolution in order to qualify . If a player 's bonus spin spin - off does not make a complete revolution , the contestant must spin again , and the spin will be scored as in a second round of a spin - off ( no bonuses ) . The Showcase ( edit ) At the end of the episode , the two contestants with the highest winnings , or since 1975 on hour - long episodes , the two Showcase Showdown winners , advance to the Showcase . A `` showcase '' of prizes ( currently two or three prizes ) is presented and the top winner has the option of placing a bid on the total value of the showcase or passing the showcase to the runner - up , who is then required to bid . A second showcase is then presented and the contestant who had not bid on the first showcase makes his or her bid . Unlike the One Bid , the contestant bidding on the second showcase may bid the same amount as their opponent on the first showcase , since the two contestants are bidding on different prize packages . The contestant who has bid nearer to the price of their own showcase without going over wins the prizes in his or her showcase . Any contestant who overbids is disqualified regardless of their opponent 's result . A double overbid results in neither contestant winning a showcase . Since 1974 , any contestant who comes within a specified amount from the actual retail price of their own showcase without going over wins both showcases . Until 1998 , the amount was less than $100 . In 1998 , it became the current $250 or less . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Bob Barker ( host from September 1972 to June 2007 ) Drew Carey ( host since October 2007 ) Bob Barker began hosting The Price Is Right on September 4 , 1972 and completed a 35 - year tenure on June 15 , 2007 . Barker was hired as host while still hosting the stunt comedy show Truth or Consequences . His retirement coincided with his 50th year as a television host . His final show aired on June 15 , 2007 and was repeated in primetime , leading into the network 's coverage of the 34th Daytime Emmy Awards . In addition to hosting , Barker became Executive Producer of the show in March 1988 when Frank Wayne died and continued as such until his retirement , gaining significant creative control over the series between 2000 and his 2007 retirement . He also was responsible for creating several of the show 's pricing games , as well as launching The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime spin - off . Reruns of Barker 's final season were aired throughout the summer from the Monday after his final show ( June 18 , 2007 ) until the Friday before Drew Carey 's debut as host ( October 12 , 2007 ) , when the season 35 finale was re-aired . During his time as host , Barker missed only one taping of four episodes ; Dennis James , then hosting the syndicated nighttime version of the show , filled in for him on these shows in December 1974 . After he became a noted animal rights advocate in 1981 shortly after the death of his wife Dorothy Jo , Barker signed off each broadcast , informing viewers with the public service message , `` Help control the pet population : have your pets spayed or neutered . '' Carey continued the tradition upon becoming the new host . On October 31 , 2006 , Barker announced that he would retire from the show at the end of season 35 . In March 2007 , CBS and FremantleMedia began a search for the next host of the show . Carey , who was hosting Power of 10 at the time , was chosen and , in a July 23 , 2007 interview on Late Show with David Letterman , made the announcement . Carey 's first show aired October 15 , 2007 . Barker has made several guest appearances since Carey took over as host : on the April 16 , 2009 episode to promote his autobiography , Priceless Memories ; on the December 12 , 2013 , as part of `` Pet Adoption Week '' that coincided with his 90th birthday ; and on the episode which aired on April Fools ' Day in 2015 , hosting the first One Bid and pricing game as part of April Fool 's Day . The 2013 April Fools ' show featured Carey and announcer George Gray modeling the prizes while the show 's models performed hosting and announcing duties for the day . On the April Fools ' Day episode in 2014 , Craig Ferguson , Carey 's former castmate from The Drew Carey Show , and Shadoe Stevens hosted and announced , swapping places with Carey and Gray respectively , who performed the same roles on the previous night 's episode of The Late Late Show . Announcers ( edit ) Johnny Olson , the announcer for many Goodson - Todman shows of the era , was the program 's original announcer until his death in October 1985 . Olson was replaced by Rod Roddy in February 1986 , who remained with the program until shortly before his death in October 2003 . Los Angeles meteorologist Rich Fields took over as the announcer in April 2004 and stayed on until the end of season 38 in August 2010 . Following a change of direction and a search for an announcer with more experience in improvisational comedy , veteran TV host George Gray was confirmed as the show 's current announcer on the April 18 , 2011 episode . During periods in which a permanent announcer was not filling the role , a number of announcers auditioned for the position . In addition to Roddy , Gene Wood , Rich Jeffries , and Bob Hilton auditioned to replace Olson . Former Family Feud announcer Burton Richardson , Paul Boland , and former Supermarket Sweep announcer Randy West substituted for Roddy during his illnesses . In addition to West and Richardson , Daniel Rosen , Art Sanders , Roger Rose , Don Bishop and current Wheel of Fortune announcer Jim Thornton also auditioned for the role eventually filled by Fields . Richardson substituted for Fields while he recovered from laryngitis in December 2006 . In addition to Gray , TV host JD Roberto , comedians Jeff B. Davis , Brad Sherwood , and David H. Lawrence XVII , and actor / comedian Steve White also auditioned for the role . Models ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right models To help display its many prizes , the show has featured several models who were known , during Barker 's time on the show , as `` Barker 's Beauties '' . Some longer - tenured Barker 's Beauties included Kathleen Bradley ( 1990 -- 2000 ) , Holly Hallstrom ( 1977 -- 1995 ) , Dian Parkinson ( 1975 -- 1993 ) , and Janice Pennington ( 1972 -- 2000 ) . Pennington and Bradley were both dismissed from the program in 2000 , allegedly because they had given testimony on Hallstrom 's behalf in the wrongful termination litigation she pursued against Barker and the show . Following the departures of Nikki Ziering , Heather Kozar and Claudia Jordan in the 2000s , producers decided to use a rotating cast of models ( up to ten ) until the middle of season 37 , after which the show reverted to five regular models . Since March 2008 , the models include Rachel Reynolds , Amber Lancaster and Gwendolyn Osbourne ( who left in 2017 ) ; Manuela Arbeláez joined the cast in April 2009 , replacing Brandi Sherwood and James O'Halloran joined the cast in December 2014 . Carey does not use a collective name for the models , but refers to them by name , hoping that the models will be able to use the show as a `` springboard '' to further their careers . In a change from previous policy , the models appearing on a given episode are named individually in the show 's credits and are formally referred as `` The Price Is Right models '' when collectively grouped at events . Since season 37 , the show often uses a guest model for certain prizes , often crossing over from another CBS property or come courtesy of the company providing the prize . Some such models have been male , especially for musical instruments , tools , trucks and motorcycles , and used in guest appearances during the Showcase . Owing to the traditionally female demographic of daytime television shows , along with the pregnancies of Reynolds and Osbourne , CBS announced that the game show would add a male model for a week during season 41 , fitting with other countries with the franchise that have used an occasional male model . The show held an internet search for the man in an online competition that featured Mike Richards , the show 's executive producer , Reynolds , Lancaster , Osbourne and Arbeláez serving as judges and mentors during the web series , narrated by Gray . Viewers selected the winner in October 2012 . On October 5 , 2012 , CBS announced that the winner of the male model online competition was Rob Wilson of Boston , Massachusetts . Wilson appeared as a model on episodes through April 15 , 2014 . This contest was scheduled to be repeated in 2014 , with auditions taking place during the FIFA World Cup break between May and July 2014 . On December 8 , 2014 , CBS announced that the winner of the second male model online competition was James O'Halloran . Production staff ( edit ) The game show production team of Mark Goodson and Bill Todman was responsible for producing the original as well as the revival versions of the game show . Goodson - Todman staffer Bob Stewart is credited with creating the original version of The Price Is Right . Roger Dobkowitz was the producer from 1984 to 2008 , having worked with the program as a production staffer since the show 's debut after graduating from San Francisco State University . Occasionally , Dobkowitz appeared on - camera when answering a question posed by the host , usually relating to the show 's history or records . When he left the show at the end of season 36 , Variety reported that it was unclear whether he was retiring or was fired , although Carey indicated in a later interview with Esquire that Dobkowitz was fired . As of 2011 , the show uses multiple producers , all long - time staffers . Adam Sandler ( not to be confused with the actor ) is the producer and director of the show . Stan Blits , who joined the show in 1980 and Sue MacIntyre are the co-producers . Kathy Greco joined the show in 1975 and became producer in 2008 ; she announced her retirement October 8 , 2010 on the show 's website , effective at the end of the December 2010 tapings . Her last episode as producer , which aired January 27 , 2011 , featured a theme in tribute to her . The show 's official website featured a series of videos including an interview with Greco as a tribute to her 35 years in the days leading up to her final episode . Frank Wayne , a Goodson - Todman staffer since the 1950s , was the original executive producer of the CBS version of the show . Barker assumed that role after Wayne 's death in March 1988 , as previously stated . Previous producers have included Jay Wolpert , Barbara Hunter and Phil Wayne Rossi ( Wayne 's son ) . Michael Dimich assumed the director 's chair in June 2011 . Marc Breslow , Paul Alter , Bart Eskander and Rich DiPirro each served long stints previously as director . Former associate directors Andrew Felsher and Fred Witten , as well as technical director Glenn Koch , have directed episodes strictly on a fill - in basis . Sandler began directing episodes in 2012 , and became the official director in 2013 . Aside from Barker , the show 's production staff remained intact after Carey became host . FremantleMedia executive Syd Vinnedge was named the program 's new executive producer , with Richards becoming co-executive producer after Dobkowitz 's departure . Richards was a candidate to replace Barker as host in 2007 , before Carey was ultimately chosen . Richards succeeded Vinnedge as executive producer when the 2009 -- 10 season started , with Tracy Verna Soiseth joining Richards as co-executive producer in 2010 . Vinnedge remains credited as an executive consultant to the show . Production ( edit ) Audience and contestant selection ( edit ) Many audience members arrive early on the day of a taping , and often camp out the night before to attend . Most have already received tickets for that day 's show , although some hope to get same - day tickets . Audience members are then given the iconic name tags with a temporary identification number , which is also written on the person 's ticket . A Social Security Number ( or some national I.D. number for non-U.S. audience members ) is also required to be submitted . Audience members are eventually brought through in groups of twelve for brief interviews with the production staff . Contrary to popular belief , contestant names are not chosen at random ; rather , the interviews determine possible selections for the nine contestants per taping from among the pool of approximately 325 audience members . Since 1988 , the minimum age for audience members has been 18 ; prior to 1988 , teenagers and children as young as 12 were present in the audience . With few exceptions , anyone at least 18 years old who attends a taping of the show has the potential to become a contestant . Those ineligible include current candidates for political office , employees of CBS Corporation or its affiliates , RTL Group or any firm involved in offering prizes for the show . Contestants who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year or either two other game shows or any version of The Price Is Right itself within the past ten years are also ineligible . The show 's staff alerts potential contestants -- in person , on the show 's website and on the tickets themselves -- to dress in `` street clothes '' and not to wear costumes , such as those used to attract attention on Let 's Make a Deal , another show that featured contestants selected from the audience . Those who have attended tapings in June 2008 noted that producers disallowed audience members from wearing fake eyeglasses designed to look similar to those worn by Carey , a restriction that has since been relaxed . Instead , contestants will often wear shirts with hand - decorated slogans . Members of the Armed Forces are often in uniform . Cell phones , tape recorders , backpacks , price lists and portable electronic devices are not allowed in the studio . Prospective contestants obtain tickets by contacting a third - party ticketing operator via the show 's website , which is promoted on - air during the broadcast . Prior to 2011 , ticketing was directly through CBS , originally via mail , with online ticket access added in 2005 . The mail practice ended after CBS began outsourcing ticketing to the third - party operator . Occasionally , episodes are taped with special audience restrictions . For Memorial Day in 1991 , an episode was taped with an audience composed entirely of those who had served in the Armed Forces . Similar primetime episodes were taped in 2002 , honoring each branch of the United States military and a sixth episode honoring police officers and firefighters . An annual military episode has been taped starting Season 38 in 2008 , originally on Veteran 's Day , but moved in Season 41 ( 2013 ) to Independence Day , features an all - military audience , a Marine band playing the winner 's service anthem , and contestants being called by rank . The 2008 episode contained a unique rule in which each One Bid featured one contestant from the Army , Navy , Air Force and Marines , and One Bid winners also won a $1,000 gift card . As each contestant won his / her way onstage , he / she was replaced by a member of the same branch of service . Most civilian attendees were retired or disabled veterans or family members of military . The 2009 version eliminated the service member from the same branch replacing another after advancing from Contestants ' Row rule . Additionally , members from the United States Coast Guard were invited to the show . Beginning in 2009 , some episodes have featured special themes with two contestants competing as teams , such as married or engaged couples for Valentine 's Day and the `` Ultimate Wedding Shower '' episode . There have also been episodes with children who are minors ( normally not allowed to compete ) teamed with a parent ( for Mother 's Day and Father 's Day ) or grandparent ( for Grandparents Day ) , as well as teen drivers and students for `` Ultimate Spring Break '' and `` Back to School '' . In these cases the adult player ( not the minor ) must make all final decisions in the game play , such as when calling numbers or prices . Taping ( edit ) Except for the 30th Anniversary Special , which was taped at Harrah 's Rio in Las Vegas , Nevada , The Price Is Right has been taped in Studio 33 in CBS Television City in Hollywood , California for its entire run . The studio , which is also used for other television productions , was renamed the Bob Barker Studio in the host 's honor on the ceremonial 5,000 th episode taped in March 1998 . When Carey became host , there was talk of the show traveling in the future . The program is usually produced in about an hour , although if there is a guest involved , some tapings will last longer because of question and answer sessions by the audience and the guest , which the host usually moderates . Two episodes are usually taped each day , normally with three taping days per week ( Monday through Wednesday , with one episode taped at 12 : 00 pm and another at 4 : 00 pm ) . The program is taped in advance of its airdate . For example , the show broadcast on February 28 , 2008 was taped on January 16 . As with many other shows that start production in the summer , the lead time varies during the season , as many as fifteen weeks to as little as one day . The audience is entertained by the announcer before taping begins and in case of guests , the guest will answer questions from the audience . After the taping session , there is a drawing for a door prize . On some episodes , all members of the audience receive a prize from a sponsor or celebrity guest ; those prizes are usually mentioned in the Showcase ( such as a complimentary slice of Papa John 's Pizza , an NHL Winter Classic game puck , a couples ' gift box from Hershey 's or a book authored by a guest ) . Television and Internet viewers have also been directed to the show 's official website to enter a drawing for a similar prize offered to all viewers or another prize related to the special offer ( such as the Rock of Ages signed CD ) . Some episodes are taped `` out - of - order '' so that a specific episode will air after other episodes have aired . Notably , the Christmas Week episodes are usually taped in early December outside of the regular rotation . An episode may be taped out - of - order if a prize package reflects a trip to an event that is taking place close to the date that episode will air ( primarily with CBS properties such as the Academy of Country Music Awards , NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship , and various NFL on CBS games , most notably Super Bowl games airing on CBS since Carey took over , but other games are offered ) . Other episodes may be aired out - of - order because of game - related incidents or situations beyond the network 's control . Most episodes which have aired out of order have occurred when the show is taped far in advance , but in the time between the show taping and its airdate , a natural disaster took place at the trip venue . This happened in June 2005 with episodes that featured trips to New Orleans ( which was later struck by Hurricane Katrina ) , with airdates moved to May and June 2006 and again in April 2010 with episodes that featured trips to Nashville , Tennessee ( due to the May 2010 Tennessee floods ) , with airdates moved to September 2010 . Production company ( edit ) The version of the series that began in 1972 was originally `` A Mark Goodson -- Bill Todman Production '' in association with CBS . After Todman died in July 1979 , the unit became known as simply Mark Goodson Productions and was announced as such on The Price Is Right from 1984 to June 2007 . Today , the series is produced by FremantleMedia and copyrighted by The Price Is Right Productions , Inc. , a joint venture of RTL Group and CBS . For the sake of tradition and through special permission from RTL 's subsidiary FremantleMedia , the show continued to use the Mark Goodson Productions name , logo and announcement at the end of each episode until Barker 's retirement , even after FremantleMedia purchased and absorbed the Goodson - Todman holdings . The show is now credited as a FremantleMedia production . Broadcast history ( edit ) The Price Is Right premiered on September 4 , 1972 at 10 : 30 am ET ( 9 : 30 CT ) on CBS , one of three game shows to debut that day , the other two being The Joker 's Wild at 10 : 00 am ET and Gambit at 11 : 00 am ET . The show was first billed as The New Price Is Right to distinguish itself from the earlier / original version ( 1956 -- 65 ) hosted by Bill Cullen , but it proved so popular in its own right that , in June 1973 , the producers decided to drop the word `` New '' from its title . On March 26 , 1973 , CBS moved The Price Is Right to 3 : 00 pm ET , pairing it with Match Game as part of what became the highest - rated pairing in daytime . The show remained in that time slot until August 11 , 1975 when it permanently returned to the morning lineup at 10 : 30am ET . During one week ( September 8 -- 12 , 1975 ) , the show bumped Gambit off as it experimented with sixty - minute episodes . The result of the experiment led to the permanent expansion on November 3 , 1975 , moving its start time to 10 : 00 am EST . On March 7 , 1977 , The Price Is Right moved back to 10 : 30am and remained there until April 23 , 1979 , when it assumed its 11 : 00 am EST slot , where it has been since then . The format of the show has since remained virtually unchanged . New pricing games are generally added each year , while others are removed . In addition , prizes and pricing games have kept pace with inflation , with games originally designed for four - digit prices of prizes ( most often cars ) to be adjusted to allow for five - digit prices . While the set has been redesigned and upgraded , the show maintained a similar aesthetic element from its premiere in 1972 . In season 36 , CBS began offering full episodes of the show available for free viewing on the network 's website . The show also began broadcasting in high definition with The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular primetime specials ( the normal daytime version continued to air in 4 : 3 standard definition ) . The show made the full transition to HD broadcasts beginning with season 37 . During the weeks of September 28 , 2009 , September 20 and October 4 , 2010 , two new episodes aired each weekday on CBS . In 2009 , the additional episodes filled a gap between the cancellation of the daytime drama Guiding Light and the debut of Let 's Make a Deal . In 2010 , the extra episodes aired between the cancellation of As the World Turns and the debut of The Talk . The intervening week offered a second episode of Let 's Make a Deal . The 2009 second episode aired in the time slot vacated by Guiding Light at 10 : 00 am or 3 : 00 pm ET / PT , depending on the affiliate 's choice . In 2010 , the second episode aired in the former As the World Turns time slot , at 2 : 00 pm ET / PT . Syndicated Productions ( edit ) Three syndicated versions of The Price Is Right have aired . The first two followed the same format as the half - hour daytime version but were intended to air on most stations in the early evening in the pre-prime time slot , and as such they were referred by the announcer as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' 1972 -- 1980 ( edit ) A weekly syndicated version debuted the week after the daytime show and continued to air until September 1980 . It was distributed by Viacom Enterprises , which had started as the syndication arm of CBS . When Mark Goodson devised the revival of Price for the 1972 -- 73 season , it was intended for a nighttime broadcast under new rules for early - prime syndication and Goodson named Dennis James to host the show . ( When CBS commissioned a new daily daytime version , Goodson also wanted James to host the show , but CBS wanted Barker , who was hosting Truth or Consequences at the time , to take it . Barker offered to compromise by hosting The Joker 's Wild , but CBS again insisted Barker host Price instead . ) James eventually hosted a taping day ( four half - hour episodes ) of the daytime show in December 1974 when Barker fell ill and was unable to participate in the episode tapings . The two versions were largely similar at the beginning , as both were called The New Price Is Right . Some games had rule differences because of the larger budget and less commercial time on the nighttime show ; for example , Double Prices was played for two prizes instead of one . This version retained the 1972 half - hour format for its entire run and never adopted the daytime show 's Double Showcase rule or the Showcase Showdown added to the daytime format when it expanded to an hour in 1975 . The word `` New '' was dropped from the program 's name starting in the second season , being titled simply The Price Is Right ( as the daytime show was by this time as well ) from that point onward , and was often referred to on the air as `` the nighttime Price Is Right . '' In most of the U.S. , stations carried the syndicated Price as one of several weekly programs aired in one of the time slots in the hour before prime time which were created by the 1971 FCC Prime Time Access Rule . Though the nighttime version originally had higher ratings , by 1975 , the ratings started to drop . After the fifth nighttime season in 1977 , when the contract with NBC 's owned and operated stations ended , James ' contract was not renewed . CBS ' owned and operated stations picked the show up and the decision was made to hire Barker , whose Truth or Consequences was taped two years ahead and had stopped production in 1975 . The series taped its 300th and final episode on March 12 , 1980 and was canceled after weekly syndicated game shows had fallen out of popularity in favor of daily offerings ( such as Family Feud , which expanded to daily syndication the same year The Nighttime Price Is Right ended ) . With a run of eight seasons , it was one of the longest - running weekly syndicated game shows of the era and the longest - running regularly scheduled prime - time version of Price ( the 1957 -- 1964 run was seven seasons ) . 1985 -- 86 ( edit ) Five years later , veteran host Tom Kennedy starred in a new daily syndicated version , which also used the traditional half - hour format and was syndicated by The Television Program Source . Like the previous syndicated series , this version had a slightly larger budget than its daytime counterpart . A perfect bid during the One - Bids won that contestant a $500 bonus ( compared to $100 awarded on the daytime show during the same period ) ; this bonus would permanently carry over to the daytime show in 1998 . This version used the same models as the daytime show as well as announcer Johnny Olson , who as noted above died during the season . Unlike the daytime series , which employed a series of guest announcers until a permanent replacement was decided upon , the syndicated series brought Gene Wood in to fill in for Olson . When the daytime series decided on Rod Roddy as the permanent replacement for Olson , he took over the syndicated series from Wood as well . Like its predecessor , this syndicated edition of Price was intended to be aired in the Prime Time Access slots on local stations . However , local stations found themselves bombarded with game shows and other series looking for spots on stations in an increasingly crowded market . This often resulted in shows like Price airing anywhere that they could be fit into a station 's programming lineup , such as in the early morning period or in late - night slots . As a consequence , the show would not be able to find its intended audience and the ratings reports would reflect this . Price was no exception , as many of the stations that bought the series placed it in these less desirable slots and the show could not find a foothold against the popular shows of the day , such as the runaway success of the syndicated Wheel of Fortune . Compared to some of the other shows on the market during this period , Price was a modest success , but it did not meet the very high expectations stations and producers had for the series . As a result , the show was not renewed beyond its first season . A total of 170 episodes were produced , and they aired in first - run from September 9 , 1985 to May 30 , 1986 . During the six years it held the rights to Price , the Kennedy version is the only one of the three syndicated versions that was rerun by GSN . The new Price Is Right ( edit ) Main article : The New Price Is Right ( 1994 game show ) Eight years after the cancellation of Kennedy 's Price Is Right , a new syndicated version premiered on September 12 , 1994 , hosted by Doug Davidson and distributed by Paramount Domestic Television . This series featured several significant changes : eliminating Contestants ' Row , a different format for the Showcase Showdown , a Showcase featuring only one contestant , a completely different set and a much larger budget ( even when compared to the two previous syndicated runs ) that gave contestants the potential to win up to five times what they could win on the daytime show . However , this version found even more trouble finding an audience than the two previous syndicated series did and ended its run on January 27 , 1995 , after only 16 weeks of first - run shows . Several stylistic elements of this series , as well as many of its music cues , were later integrated into both the daytime version and nighttime specials . CBS primetime specials and series ( edit ) CBS attempted to break NBC 's dominance of Thursday night prime time by The Cosby Show and Family Ties with a six - episode summer series , The Price Is Right Special , beginning in August 1986 . On August 23 , 1996 , CBS aired an hour - long 25th Anniversary Special , using the half - hour gameplay format and featuring a number of retrospective clips . The 30th Anniversary Special was recorded at Harrah 's Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas and aired on January 31 , 2002 . This one - time road trip enticed 5,000 potential contestants to line up for 900 available tickets , causing an incident that left one person injured . A second six - episode primetime series saluting various branches of the United States armed forces , police officers and firefighters aired during the summer of 2002 , as a tribute to the heroes of the terrorist attacks of 2001 . During the series The Price Is Right Salutes , spinning $1.00 in a bonus spin during the Showcase Showdown was worth $100,000 instead of the usual $10,000 . The success of the primetime series , which aired mostly in the summer , along with the rise of `` million dollar '' game shows , led to CBS launching another primetime series in 2003 , titled The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . The 2007 -- 08 Writers Guild of America strike and original success in the Nielsen ratings led CBS to commission ten more episodes of the primetime series . This series introduced set changes as the show was broadcast in high definition television for the first time and the set used for these episodes ( except for the black floor ) was moved to the daytime show in 2008 . On the primetime series , larger and more expensive prizes were generally offered than on the daytime show . The Showcase frequently offered multiple or very - expensive cars . In the first sixteen $1,000,000 Spectaculars all hosted by Barker , the payoff for landing on the $1.00 during a bonus spin in the Showcase Showdown was increased to $1 million . Beginning with the seventh special , if nobody had received a bonus spin in either Showcase Showdown , the winner of the Showcase received one bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . If both contestants overbid , an audience member was chosen at random to spin the wheel . This rule was later changed so that in the event of a double overbid , the contestant who overbid by the lower amount received the bonus spin for a chance at $1 million . The million - dollar spin was eliminated in 2008 , and instead contestants were given two ways to winning the prize . One pricing game per episode was selected as a `` million - dollar game '' , with a secondary objective needing to be met in order for the contestant to win the money . Contestants were also awarded the million dollar bonus if they managed to win both Showcases , and the range the players had to come within was initially increased to $1,000 , then reduced to $500 . This format lasted one season ( 2008 ) , which was made as replacement programming . On February 12 , 2016 , CBS announced that it would air three primetime Price is Right specials themed around its reality show franchises The Amazing Race , Big Brother , and Survivor along with the appearance of their respective hosts from all three franchises Phil Keoghan , Julie Chen and Jeff Probst . The episodes featured fans of the three programs playing alongside past participants from them . The specials were filmed in March 2016 , and aired over three consecutive nights , May 23 -- 25 , 2016 . Gameshow Marathon ( edit ) On May 31 , 2006 , The Price Is Right was featured on the series Gameshow Marathon , one of seven classic game shows hosted by talk show host and actress Ricki Lake . This version combined aspects of the Barker and Davidson versions with the celebrity contestants playing three pricing games , followed by a Showcase Showdown where the two contestants with the highest scores moved on to the Showcase . The winner of the Showcase also earned a spot in Finalists ' Row . This version was announced by Fields and taped in Studio 46 . It also marked the first Price Is Right episode directed by DiPirro , who replaced Eskander as the director on the daytime show in January 2009 . Reality web show spinoffs ( edit ) Road to Price ( edit ) Road to Price is a six episode reality documentary show aired on the now - defunct CBS Innertube from September 20 to 27 in 2006 . The program featured nine teenage boys driving to Los Angeles in a refurbished mini-school bus as they leave their hometown of Merrimack , New Hampshire in order to be on The Price is Right . The episode of The Price is Right featuring the cast aired September 27 , 2006 . The Price Is Right male model search ( edit ) Five episodes aired on their official website priceisright.com from October 27 to November 11 , 2014 . The series was created in order to replace the first male Price model Rob Wilson as he pursued an acting career in the online version of the ABC daytime soap opera All My Children . During the webisode series , hopeful contestants attempt to be selected as the next male model . Judges included Mike Richards , Manuela Arbeláez , Amber Lancaster , Gwendolyn Osborne - Smith , Rachel Reynolds , Rob Wilson and former Miss America Shanna Moakler . The three finalists appeared on the CBS daytime talk show The Talk . Online voting determined the winner , and James O'Halloran became the newest cast member . He began appearing with the episode which aired December 15 , 2014 . Documentary film ( edit ) Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much was released on October 13 , 2017 and was directed by CJ Wallis and was produced by FortyFPS Productions and MK Ultra Productions , this documentary explores how contestant Ted Slauson became adept at memorizing the prices of the prizes and products on the show since its inception in 1972 by culminating with Slauson helping a contestant bid perfectly on a showcase in 2008 which resulted in one of the biggest controversies in game show history that was covered by Time , Esquire , TMZ and more . It also featured guest appearances by Bob Barker , Roger Dobkowitz , Kevin Pollak and Drew Carey . Prizes ( edit ) As of November 2009 , the show had given away approximately $250 million in cash and prizes . Furs have not been offered as prizes since Barker 's tenure as host ( although wool and leather are now permitted ) . Several Barker - imposed prohibitions have been lifted since his departure , such as offering products made of leather or leather seats in vehicles and showing simulated meat props on barbecues and in ovens . The show has also offered couture clothing and accessories , featuring designers such as Coach Inc. , Louis Vuitton and Limited Brands in an attempt to attract a younger demographic , as well as backyard play equipment such as JumpSport Trampolines and electronics such as smartphones , personal computer systems , video game systems and entertainment centers . Other prizes which have frequently appeared on the show since its beginnings include automobiles , furniture , trips and cash . The most expensive prize offered on this version of the show was a Ferrari 458 Italia Spider sports car , priced at $285,716 , that appeared on the April 25 , 2013 episode during `` Big Money Week '' . The prize was offered during the 3 Strikes pricing game . Prior to this , the most expensive prize was a Tesla Roadster ( 2008 ) ( valued at $112,845 ) , featured on the April 22 , 2010 episode in the pricing game Golden Road . Automobiles ( edit ) Since the show 's debut , automobiles have been a signature prize on The Price Is Right . Most hour - long episodes have two pricing games that are each played for an automobile and in most episodes ( although not all ) , at least one showcase will include an automobile . For special episodes , such as the 5,000 th episode , there will often be more cars offered . From 1991 to 2008 , almost all automobiles offered on the show were made by companies based in the United States , specifically Detroit 's Big Three ( although cars made by these companies ' foreign subsidiaries or in a joint - venture with a foreign company were also offered during this era ) . The move was made by Barker , in his capacity as executive producer , as a sign of patriotism during the first Iraq war in 1991 and as a show of support to the American car industry , which was particularly struggling at that time . When Chrysler merged with German automaker Daimler - Benz in 1998 to form Daimler Chrysler AG ( now simply Daimler AG after Chrysler split from the automaker ; Chrysler is now controlled by Italian automaker Fiat ) , the foreign ownership of Chrysler did not affect carrying any Chrysler - related models . Since Barker 's retirement , cars made by foreign companies have been offered , most notably Honda , which has several factories throughout Ohio ( the home state of Carey and former announcer Fields ) . Through product placement , certain episodes in 2008 and 2009 featured Honda as the exclusive automobile manufacturer for vehicles offered on that episode . The major European ( Volkswagen , BMW , Daimler , Fiat and Volvo ) and Asian ( Hyundai - Kia , Toyota , Mitsubishi , Mazda , Nissan and Honda ) manufacturers have all provided cars on the show since the ban was lifted , with premium foreign cars almost exclusively used for games that generally offer higher - priced cars , such as Golden Road and 3 Strikes . Starting around 2010 , vintage and classic cars have occasionally been offered as prizes for games which do not involve pricing them . Among them have been a 1955 Chevrolet Bel Air and a 1964 Bentley S3 . These cars are usually offered in games where their prices are irrelevant to gameplay , such as Hole in One and Bonus Game . Winnings records ( edit ) The record for the largest individual total in cash and prizes on a daytime episode is held by Christen Freeman . On the October 28 , 2016 episode , which aired during Big Money Week , Freeman won $210,000 in cash during a playing of Cliff Hangers . During the episode , game rules were modified to offer a top prize of $250,000 , which was reduced by $10,000 for every step the mountain climber took . In addition to her One Bid prize and an additional $1,000 won during the Showcase Showdown , Freeman 's grand total was $212,879 . The record for winnings on the primetime show is currently held by Adam Rose . On February 22 , 2008 , the first The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular episode since Carey became host , Rose won $20,000 playing Grand Game and won both showcases , which included a Cadillac XLR convertible in his own showcase and a Ford Escape Hybrid in his opponent 's showcase , plus a $1 million bonus for being within $1,000 of the actual retail price of his own showcase , bringing his total to $1,153,908 . Terry Kniess holds the record for the closest bid on a showcase without going over , guessing the exact price of the showcase he was given . Kniess , an avid viewer of the show , recorded and watched every episode for four months prior to when he and his wife had tickets to attend in September 2008 . Kniess learned that many prizes were repeatedly used ( always at the same price ) and began taking notes . Kniess was selected as a contestant on September 22 , 2008 , lost his pricing game ( the only contestant to do so that episode ) , made it to the final showcase and guessed the exact amount of $23,743 for his showcase . Many show staffers , including Carey , were worried that the show was rigged and that Kniess was cheating . Kniess later explained that he had seen all three items of the showcase before and knew the general prices in the thousands . The 743 he used because it was his PIN , based on his wedding date and his wife 's birth month . Carey attributed his subdued reaction to the perfect bid by saying , `` Everybody thought someone had cheated . We 'd just fired Roger Dobkowitz , and all the fan groups were upset about it ... I remember asking , ' Are we ever going to air this ? ' And nobody could see how we could . So I thought the show was never going to air . I thought somebody had cheated us , and I thought the whole show was over . I thought they were going to shut us down , and I thought I was going to be out of a job . '' Kniess later defended his actions , claiming that he never cheated , and in the end , was awarded his prizes . ( His feat can be comparable to the actions of Michael Larson , who appeared on the 1980s CBS game show Press Your Luck , and won $110,237 by memorizing the board sequence . ) Reception ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) The Price Is Right has received seven Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show , in 1988 , 1996 , 1997 , 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2016 . Critical reaction ( edit ) The Price Is Right has generally been praised and remained a stalwart in television ratings over its long history . In a 2007 article , TV Guide named the program the `` greatest game show of all time . '' The introduction of the program ushered in a new era of game shows -- moving away from the knowledge - based quiz show format , creating `` a noisy , carnival atmosphere that challenged cultural norms and assumptions represented in previous generations of quiz shows '' . The show 's early reception was not as universally positive , as critics lamented the show 's stark departure from the highbrow norms of the Golden Age of Television ; original nighttime host Dennis James admitted that even his own housekeeper did not watch the show for that reason , but also defended the series , saying `` CBS , who never wanted game shows , just put three game shows on the air , so they know they had better join the fight or lose out , because game shows have a tremendous appeal . The critics will always look down their noses , but you ca n't have The Bell Telephone Hour on and still stay in competition ( ... ) If you want to read books , read books . '' Controversy ( edit ) Lawsuits ( edit ) Since the mid-1990s , the program production company and in some cases the executive producer ( both Barker and Richards , the executive producer since September 2009 ) have been sued by numerous women . Most of the lawsuits involved models and other staff members in cases of sexual harassment , wrongful termination and racial discrimination . Allegations of sexual harassment brought by Dian Parkinson led to Barker calling a press conference to admit a past consensual sexual relationship with her , while denying any harassment , explaining that she was only angry with him for calling off the relationship . Barker was widowed in 1981 following the death of his wife , Dorothy Jo . It has also been alleged that Barker and senior staff created a hostile work environment , particularly to those who testified for the plaintiffs suing Barker . Responding to the controversy just before his retirement , Barker told William Keck of USA Today , `` They 've ( the women who have sued Barker ) been such a problem . I do n't want to say anything about them . They 're disgusting ; I do n't want to mention them . '' The Barker - era lawsuits , except for one , were settled out of court . After Barker dropped his slander suit against Hallstrom , she eventually countersued and received millions in settlement . There is one lawsuit pending in litigation : a sexual harassment suit involving Lanisha Cole , filed in September 2011 . Plinko board incident ( edit ) The Plinko board is often used by RTL Group - licensed lottery promotions , CBS affiliates and Fremantle 's Ludia video game division to promote the show . For the promotions , two fishing lines ( one on each side of the board , hanging from the side down towards the center slot ) are used to rig the game so the dropped chip always lands in the $10,000 slot . After an advertisement for the show 's Ludia video game was taped , the wires were mistakenly left in place for the 1 : 00 pm taping of The Price Is Right on July 22 , 2008 . As a contestant was playing the game , three consecutive chips she dropped landed in the $10,000 slot . As the fourth chip was being dropped , a co-producer realized that the wires were still in place and stopped the chip as it bounced down the board , informing Carey of the situation . The wires were removed and the entire segment was re-shot for the show from the point where the contestant began dropping chips . CBS Standards and Practices allowed the contestant to keep the $30,000 won prior to the removal of the wires as well as the money won with the five chips after the mistake had been corrected . However , the segment that aired ( when the show was broadcast on December 5 , 2008 ) did not refer to the mistake or the amount of money won prior to the removal of the wires . 40th Anniversary ( edit ) The show aired a 40th Anniversary Special on September 4 , 2012 . The entire audience was made up of former contestants . Barker did not appear , stating that he believed that he had been excluded for criticizing some of the prizes given away after Carey became host , such as a trip to the Calgary Stampede rodeo . Although he did not appear in person , vintage clips of Barker hosting the show were shown during the episode . Barker appeared on the show twice afterwards , once in December 2013 during Pet Adoption Week , celebrating his 90th birthday , and again on April 1 , 2015 as the guest host for the first pricing game , part of an April Fool 's Day storyline involving Carey and Plinko being kidnapped to Let 's Make a Deal . Merchandise ( edit ) The Price Is Right has expanded beyond television to home and casino - based games . DVD release ( edit ) A four - disc DVD box set , titled The Best of `` The Price Is Right , '' was released on March 25 , 2008 . The set features four episodes of the 1956 -- 1965 Bill Cullen series , 17 episodes of the Barker 1972 -- 1975 daytime series and the final five daytime episodes hosted by Barker . In accordance with Barker 's animal - rights wishes , which remain in effect beyond his retirement , any episodes with fur coats as prizes can not be aired or released into home media formats . This includes the first three daytime shows recorded in 1972 , plus most of the 1970s syndicated run . Board games ( edit ) Seven board games have been produced . One of them was a variation of a card game , using prizes and price tags from the 1956 version . The second was based more closely on the original version of the show . Three games were produced during the 1970s by Milton Bradley , with Contestants ' Row , some pricing games and , in the case of the third version , a spinner for the Big Wheel . In the first two versions , decks of cards had various grocery items , small prizes and larger prizes . The third version simply had cards for each game that included ten sets of `` right '' answers , all using the same price choices . The instruction book specified what color cards were necessary for each round . The 1986 version , again by Milton Bradley , was similar in scope to the earlier version , with new prizes and more games , but lacking the Big Wheel , similar to the Davidson version . The instruction book refers to Contestants ' Row as the `` Qualifying Round '' and the pricing games as `` Solo Games . '' The book also instructs players to use items priced under $100 as One Bids . The 1998 version of the game , by Endless Games , was virtually identical to the 1986 release , with the same games , prizes and even the same prices . The only changes were that the number tiles were made of cardboard bits instead of plastic and the cars from the deck of prizes with four - digit prices were removed . The 2004 version , again by Endless Games , was a complete departure from previous home versions . Instead of different prize cards and games , the game consisted of everything needed to play 45 games and enough materials to create all the games not technically included if the `` host '' wished to and knew their rules . The Big Wheel spinner was also restored , this time with the numbers in the correct order . Additionally , the prices , instead of being random numbers that could change each time the game was played , were actual prices taken from episodes of the TV show . To fit everything in the box , grocery items and prizes were listed in the instruction book and games were played on dry erase boards . A spinner determined the game to be played next , although its use was not necessarily required if the `` host '' wished to build his own game lineup , or even use a pricing game not included in the lineup . Computer and electronic games ( edit ) In 1990 , GameTek created a Price Is Right computer game for the DOS and Commodore 64 platforms and other systems to fit in their line of other game show games . A handheld Tiger game was made in 1998 with four pricing games . A DVD game with 12 pricing games , live casino show host Todd Newton and video of prizes taken directly from the show was produced by Endless Games in 2005 . A 2008 DVD edition , also from Endless Games , featured many changes based on season 36 and included seven new games : Half Off , More or Less , Swap Meet , Secret X , That 's Too Much , Coming or Going and Hole in One . It also featured both host Drew Carey and announcer Rich Fields . CBS.com featured an online Price Is Right - based game in the late - 1990s , which was plugged in the closing credits of each episode . The game consisted of choosing which of the four bidders in Contestant 's Row was closest to the price of a prize without going over . Additionally , Mobliss provides a suite of pricing games for cellular phones . On March 26 , 2008 , Ludia ( in connection with Ubisoft ) launched The Price Is Right video game for PC . A version for the Wii and Nintendo DS platforms was released in September 2008 , while a version for the iOS was released in November 2008 . The show 's announcer , Fields , was the host of the computer version . The virtual set in the game resembles the set used in seasons 31 to 34 . Ludia announced that all three platforms will receive a new version of the video game that was previewed at the Target Bullseye Lounge during the Electronic Entertainment Expo trade show on June 2 -- 4 , 2009 . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition was released on September 22 , 2009 . In the fall of 2010 , Ludia developed a multi-player version for Facebook . A third Ludia adaptation , The Price Is Right Decades , featuring set designs , pricing games and prizes taken from the 1970s through 2000s ; was initially released for the Wii in October 2011 , with an Xbox 360 and iOS release following in November and December . The Price Is Right 2010 Edition and The Price Is Right Decades have also been released as downloads within the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 in May 2010 and April 2012 , respectively . Irwin Toys released an electronic tabletop version in 2008 featuring Contestant 's Row , the Big Wheel , a physical Plinko board with chips , Showcases and seven pricing games . Jakks Pacific released a Plug It in and Play version of The Price Is Right in 2009 , featuring Carey and Fields . Slot machines ( edit ) A series of video slot machines were manufactured for North American casinos by International Game Technology . Although gameplay varies by machine , each feature themes and motifs found on the show , including the Showcase Showdown , with themes used following Carey 's start as host . Others feature pricing games as gameplay elements , including Plinko , Cliff Hangers , Punch a Bunch , Dice Game , and Money Game . Scratch - off tickets ( edit ) A scratchcard version of the game is being offered by several U.S. and Canadian lotteries , featuring adaptations of Plinko , Cliff Hangers , the Showcase Showdown and the Showcase . The top prize varies with each version . Live casino game ( edit ) Main article : The Price Is Right Live ! After the 30th anniversary episode taped in Las Vegas in 2002 , Harrah 's and RTL Group began producing live licensed shows ( dubbed The Price Is Right Live ! ) at their venues , with several performers , including Roger Lodge , Newton and Gray hosting , with West , Rosen and Dave Walls announcing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Price is Right ' Celebrates its 8000th Episode on Monday , April 7 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fall Brings New Syndicated Shows '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan and Wostbrock , pp. 178 -- 179 . Jump up ^ `` TV Land 's The 100 Greatest TV Quotes & Catchphrases Hits the Air With a Comprehensive List of TV 's Most Memorable Expressions Over the Past 60 Years '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . November 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 1 . 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Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Welcomes Three Guest Announcers in its New Season '' . cbs.com . July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fields , Rich . `` Statement from Fields announcing his departure from The Price is Right '' . richfields.tv . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( April 18 , 2011 ) . `` The Price is Right Has a New Announcer '' . About.com . About Entertainment . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Su ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Bob Barker to face courtroom battle after model 's suit ruled valid '' . Court TV . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` Drew Carey 's the big wheel at ' The Price Is Right ' '' . USA Today . Hollywood , California . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Price Is Right ' Looking For the Right Male Model '' . Associated Press . August 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Winner Announced '' . CBS . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Season 42 . Episode 6702 . April 15 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ ( ( cite title = Bob Stewart , Inventor of Game Shows , Is Dead at 91 url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/08/arts/television/bob-stewart-inventor-of-game-shows-is-dead-at-91.html publisher = The New York Times date = May 7 , 2012 accessdate = February 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price Is Right ' producer exits : Dobkowitz departs show after 36 seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Chris ( July 11 , 2010 ) . `` TV 's Crowning Moment of Awesome '' . Esquire . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grece , Kathy ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` Kathy Greco Makes a Difficult Decision '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandler , Adam ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Farewell and Welcome '' . The Price Is Right . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` ' Price ' names executive producer '' . Variety . Retrieved July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5331 . October 18 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 5273K . October 20 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ Smith , Ken ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` ' Price ' is still ' Right ' for Bob Barker fans '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This Just In : Price Revises Its Eligibility Rules '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . February 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ticket Information '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On - Camera Audiences Connects Fans with Their Favorite TV Shows '' . RedOrbit . May 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5,000 th Price Is Right '' . TPIR.tv . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sterngold , James ( September 19 , 1999 ) . `` Hollywood Uncanned '' . New York Times . p. 2 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right -- Ticket Information '' . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Recipes from Guy Fieri ! '' . The Price Is Right . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mark McDermott . `` Mark Goodson and Bill Todman '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maurice DuBois ( October 15 , 2007 ) . `` Drew 's Debut : Carey ' Price Is Right ' Era Begins '' . WCBS . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Nighttime Price Is Right '' Station List `` . j-shea.com . March 10 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Barker , Bob ( 2009 ) . Priceless Memories . Center Street . p. 38 . ISBN 1 - 59995 - 135 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` Bob Barker on saying goodbye to The Price Is Right '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Game Show Utopia . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Nighttime Price Is Right with Tom Kennedy '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The New Price is Right ( 1994 ) '' . TPIR.tv . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Will `` Price '' Be Right for a CBS Win in Ratings Battle Against `` Cosby '' ? `` . Daily News of Los Angeles . August 14 , 1986 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Showdown in Vegas : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Game Show Producers Pay a Price for Free Tickets '' . Studio Briefing . Internet Movie Database . January 18 , 2002 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : Special Features '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Plans The Price Is Right Primetime Specials '' . Broadcasting and Cable . January 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Price Is Right to Air 3 Reality Show Crossover Primetime Specials '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Come on Down ... to Primetime ! CBS to Air Three Special Primetime Editions of Network Television 's # 1 Daytime Series , The Price Is Right '' . CBS Press Express . 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Guide to visiting TPIR in Person '' . PlanetRicki.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` '' ROAD TO PRICE '' A SIX - PART REALITY SERIES CHRONICLING NINE TEENAGERS ' CROSS-COUNTRY BUS TRIP TO `` THE PRICE IS RIGHT '' TO STREAM ON CBS 'S BROADBAND CHANNEL INNERTUBE `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . September 15 , 2006 . Retrieved September 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road to Price Official Website ( via CBS.com ) '' . CBS.com . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' THE PRICE IS RIGHT 'S '' FIRST EVER NATIONWIDE SEARCH FOR THE SHOW 'S NEXT MALE MODEL CONTINUES WITH 30 FINALISTS `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Male Model Search Official Website ( via priceisright.com ) '' . priceisright.com . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Bid : The Contestant Who Knew Too Much '' . FortyFPS Productions . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Come On Down ! Multiple Daytime Emmy Award - Winning `` The Price Is Right '' Celebrates Its 7,000 th Episode Thursday Nov. 5 on the CBS Television Network `` . CBS Press Express ( Press release ) . CBS . October 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clayton Stairs ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Georgetown woman competes on The Price is Right '' . Georgetown , SC : South Strand News . After hearing her name called and then the iconic words , `` Come on down ... , '' she had the closest bid to win a JumpSport 14 - foot Stage Bounce Trampoline worth about $950 , according to Caly Johnson , spokesperson for CBS , the network that airs the show . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right . Episode 6323 . April 25 , 2013 . 38 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Blanco , Sebastian ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` Earth Day Prizelust : Tesla Roadster on Price is Right is most expensive freebie ever '' . Autoblog . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Price is Right . Season 45 . Episode 7665K. 28 October 2016 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular . Season 36 . Episode 0024SP . February 22 , 2008 . CBS . Carey : `` Adam 's won $1,153,908 worth of prizes today on The Price Is Right . '' ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Joanne ( May 9 , 2007 ) . `` Barker still a prize : Durable host gave ' Price Is Right ' a long spin '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Show : Bob Barker '' . `` The Price Is Right '' official site . CBS Daytime . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hoerschelmann , Olaf . `` Quiz and Game Shows '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis James '' ( PDF ) . Radical Software . 2 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 11 . Spring 1973 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bob Barker '' . Larry King Live . December 26 , 2002 . CNN . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` The time is right for Barker '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dawidziak , Mark ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` Right time for farewell : Specials mark end of career for game - show host Bob Barker '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( May 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Time Is Right : At 83 , Barker Departs ' Price Is Right , ' And CBS Reminiscences With Two Specials '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved May 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martinez , Enrico ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Model Lanisha Cole sues `` Price is Right '' producers for sexual harassment `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . `` The Price is Wrong ! -- TMZ.com '' . TMZ.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker Speaks Out After Exclusion From ' The Price Is Right ' 40th Anniversary Special '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Corneau , Allison ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Bob Barker `` Fine '' With Exclusion from Price Is Right 40th Anniversary Special `` . Us Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Noel ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` The Best of The Price is Right '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right ( 1958 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Price Is Right ( 1974 ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Price is Right 2nd DVD Edition '' . Endless Games . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right '' . Mobliss . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Announces Three New Game Show Titles '' . IGN . May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Everyone Can Be A Gamer With Jakks Pacific 's High - Tech Toys For a Low - Tech Budget '' . Kids Turn Central . January 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Showcase Showdown '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Video Slots Featuring Fishing Game '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Fort Knox Mystery Progressives '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2006 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Plinko '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Slots Featuring Cliff Hangers '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Punch A Bunch '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Bingo Featuring Dice Game '' . International Game Technology . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Price is Right Slots Featuring Money Game '' ( PDF ) . International Game Technology . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Price Is Right Instant Lottery Game -- New Jersey Lottery '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Works cited ( edit ) Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website at CBS.com Official website at FremantleMedia.com The Price Is Right on IMDb The Price Is Right at TV.com Awards Preceded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 1996 -- 97 2007 2013 2016 Succeeded by The $25,000 Pyramid Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! Cash Cab Jeopardy ! Jeopardy ! The Price Is Right United States Versions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live ! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models International Australia Current series 1957 -- 1974 original series United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! 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( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Price_Is_Right_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=835188077 '' Categories : 1970s American television series 1972 American television series debuts 1980s American television series 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American game shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions The Price Is Right Television series by CBS Television Studios Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Articles with dead external links from June 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2012 Use mdy dates from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 02 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the director for price is right | [
"\n\nThe Price Is Right\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nGame show\n\n\nCreated by\n\n\n\nBob Stewart\nMark Goodson\nBill Todman\n\n\n\n\n\nDirected by\n\n\n\nMarc Breslow (1972–86)\nPaul Alter (1986–2001)\nBart Eskander (2000–09)\nRich DiPirro (2009–11)\nMichael Dimich (2011–12)\nRyan Polito (2012–13)\nAdam Sandler (2013–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nPresented by\n\n\n\nBob Barker (1972–2007)\nDrew Carey (2007–present)\nNighttime:\nDennis James (1972–77)\nBob Barker (1977–80)\nTom Kennedy (1985–86)\n\n\n\n\n\nNarrated by\n\n\n\nJohnny Olson (1972–85)\nRod Roddy (1986–2003)\nRich Fields (2004–10)\nGeorge Gray (2011–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nComposer(s)\nEdd Kalehoff\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nEnglish\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n46\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n\n\n\n8,000 (as of April 7, 2014)[1]\nNighttime (1972–80): 300[citation needed]\nNighttime (1985–86): 170[2]\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nLocation(s)\nCBS Television City\n\n\nRunning time\n\n\n\n38–48 minutes (1975–present)\n22–26 minutes (1972–75; 1972–80 Nighttime; 1985–86 Nighttime)\n\n\n\n\n\nProduction company(s)\n\n\n\nMark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions (1972–84)\nPrice Productions (1972–80 Nighttime; 1985–86 Nighttime; 1972–94)\nMark Goodson Productions (1984–2007)\nAll American Television (1996–98)\nPearson Television (1999–2002)\nFremantleMedia (2002–present)\nin association with CBS\n\n\n\n\n\nDistributor\n\n\n\nFremantleMedia for CBS\nViacom Enterprises (1972–80 Nighttime)\nThe Television Program Source (1985–86 Nighttime)\n\n\n\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\n\n\n\nCBS\nSyndicated (1972–80 Nighttime; 1985–86 Nighttime)\n\n\n\n\n\nPicture format\n\n\n\nNTSC (480i) (1972–2008)\nHDTV (1080i) (2008–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio format\n\n\n\nMono (1972–88)\nCBS StereoSound (1988–97)\nDigital Stereo (1997–2013)\n5.1 Surround (2013–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nOriginal release\n\n\n\nSeptember 4, 1972 (1972-09-04) – present\nNighttime:\nSeptember 10, 1972 (1972-09-10)–September 13, 1980 (1980-09-13) (weekly)\nSeptember 9, 1985 (1985-09-09)–September 5, 1986 (1986-09-05) (daily)\n\n\n\n\n\nChronology\n\n\nPreceded by\nThe Price Is Right (1956–65)\n\n\nRelated shows\nThe New Price Is Right (1994–95)\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nWebsite\n\n\nProduction website\n\n"
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"Adam Sandler"
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-7076217429317687193 | History of British Columbia | History of British Columbia - wikipedia History of British Columbia Jump to : navigation , search British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada . Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies , British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20 , 1871 . Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby . In British Columbia : A History ( 1958 ) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers . Chad Reimer says , `` in many aspects , it still has not been surpassed '' . Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history : the ongoing pull between maritime and continental forces ; the opposition between a `` closed '' , hierarchical model of society represented by the Hudson 's Bay Company and colonial officials , and the `` open '' , egalitarian vision of English and Canadian settlers ; and regional tensions between Vancouver Island and mainland , metropolitan Vancouver and the hinterland interior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history : Native Peoples 2 Early Spanish explorers 3 Early European villages ( 1788 -- 1790s ) 4 Late British expeditions ( 1790s -- 1821 ) 5 From fur trade districts to colonies ( 1821 -- 1858 ) 6 Colonial British Columbia ( 1858 -- 1871 ) 6.1 Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers 6.2 Ned McGowan 's War 6.3 The Foundation of New Westminster 6.4 The feud between Moody and Governor James Douglas 6.5 Other developments 6.6 The Second Gold Rush 6.7 Annexation debate 7 Entry into Canada ( 1871 -- 1900 ) 8 20th century 8.1 Rise of the labour movement 8.2 Race and ethnic relations 8.3 Prohibition 8.4 World War II contributions 8.5 Columbia River Treaty 9 21st century 9.1 Crimes 9.2 Civil amercement 10 First Nations 11 See also 11.1 Indigenous peoples 11.2 European empires 11.3 Important figures 11.4 Places 11.5 Events 11.6 Other history articles 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Early History : native peoples ( edit ) Tsimshian people c. 1890 , Metlakatla . Human history in what has come to be known as British Columbia dates back thousands of years . Archaeology has identified dates in British Columbia as early as 13,500 years ago , with some exciting potential for underwater sites beginning to be detected . The geography of the land influenced cultural development of the peoples - and in places , allowed for cultural development of permanent villages , complex social institutions and a huge range of languages . BC is divided by anthropological theory into three cultural areas - the Northwest Coast , The Plateau and the North . First Nations in each area developed customs and approaches to living that fit the resources in the region . Through much of British Columbia salmon are available and formed a substantial part of the diet where available . The term pre-contact is used to describe the time period prior to contact between First Nations and European explorers . The precise time of contact varied according to circumstance but took place on the coast between the 1770s and 1800 . In places in the Interior it occurred later . British Columbia , before the arrival of the Europeans , was home to many Indigenous peoples speaking more than 30 different languages , including Babine - Witsuwit'en , Danezaa ( Beaver ) , Carrier , Chilcotin , Gitxsan , Haida , Halkomelem , Kaska , Kutenai , Lillooet , Nisga'a , Nuu - chah - nulth , Nuxalk , Sekani , Shuswap , Sinixt , Squamish , Tagish , Tahltan , Thompson , Tlingit , Tsetsaut , and Tsimshian . There was frequent contact between bands and voyages across the Strait of Georgia and the Strait of Juan de Fuca were common . The abundance of natural resources , such as salmon and cedar , enabled the development of a complex hierarchical society within coastal communities . With so much food being available , the peoples of the coastal regions could focus their time on other pursuits such as art , politics , and warfare . Early Spanish explorers ( edit ) The first visitors to present - day British Columbia were Spanish sailors and other European sailors who sailed for the Spanish crown . There is some evidence that the Greek - born Juan de Fuca , who sailed for Spain and explored the West coast of North America in the 1590s , might have reached the passageway between Washington State and Vancouver Island -- today known as the Strait of Juan de Fuca ( citation needed ) . ( A later British explorer named Charles William Barkley named the passage after Juan de Fuca 's reputed visit . ) There is actually no evidence that Juan de Fuca arrived in British Columbia . He invented a popular fiction known as the Strait of Ainan in 1560 , which captured the minds of Europeans looking for a quick , direct route from Europe to China ( I will not delete it as future Wiki readers can read and understand the controversy over this issue ) . This became known as the Northwest Passage , a dangerous sea - ice covered route through the Arctic Circle which only ninety - four boats have ever made after the great Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen 's three - year expedition from 1903 - 1906 . The Spanish and the British sent several expeditions to find this semi-mythical Northwest Passage , including Juan de Fuca 's 1779 expedition and James Cook 's 1778 expedition . If Juan de Fuca were to be believed , he would have crossed the Arctic Ocean in 1560 . While Europeans knew about the Northwest Passage , with John Cabot 's failed 1479 expedition being the first attempt to pass it which ultimately lead to the explorer 's death . This is further complicated by the fact that controversy exists as to whether or not Juan de Fuca was even a real person , with some scholars doubting that he actually exists Juan de Fuca # Controversy . There is not much evidence to suggest that European traders and explorers regularly came to present - day British Columbia in the 17th century . The first recorded discovery of British Columbia was by James Cook in 1778 . The arrival of Europeans began to intensify in the mid-18th century , as fur traders entered the area to harvest sea otters . While there is a theory and some evidence that Sir Francis Drake may have explored the British Columbia Coast in 1579 , it is conventionally claimed that it was Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra who completed the first documented voyage , which took place in 1775 ( citation needed ) . In doing so , Quadra reasserted the Spanish claim for the whole of the Pacific coast , first made by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 , who declared the whole of the Pacific and its shores as part of the Spanish Empire . Quadra sailed over Sonora Reef , named after his boat , on Destruction Island in 1775 . His crew were murdered by the cannibal natives on the beach , and they attempted to board his ship until his crew destroyed them with cannon - fire . Quadra left the coast of Washington and sailed to Sitka , Alaska , but he did not make landfall or `` discover '' British Columbia . It was not until Captain James Cook 's doomed third expedition that British Columbia was discovered when he anchored in Friendly Cove , modern - day Nootka Sound . In 1774 , the Spanish navigator Juan José Pérez Hernández , a native of Mexico , sailed from San Blas , Nueva Galicia ( modern - day Nayarit ) , with instructions to reach 60 ° north latitude to discover possible Russian settlements and take possession of the lands for the Spanish Crown . Hernández reached 55 ° north latitude , becoming the first European to sight the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island . He traded with the natives near Estevan Point , although apparently without landing . The expedition was forced to return to Nueva Galicia , due to the lack of provisions . Since Pérez Hernández 's first expedition failed to achieve its objective , the Spanish organized a second expedition in 1775 with the same goal . This expedition was commanded by Bruno de Heceta on board the Santiago , piloted by Pérez Hernández , and accompanied by Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra in La Sonora . After illnesses , storms , and other troubles had affected the expedition , de Heceta returned to Nueva Galicia , while Quadra kept on a northward course , ultimately reaching 59 ° North in what today is Sitka , Alaska . During this expedition , the Spanish made sure to land several times and formally claim the lands for the Spanish Crown , while verifying the absence of Russian settlements along the coast ( citation needed ) . Three years later , in 1778 , the British Royal Navy Captain James Cook arrived in the region , searching for the Northwest Passage , and successfully landed at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island , where he and his crew traded with the Nuu - chah - nulth First Nation . Upon trading his goods for sea otter pelts , his crew in turn traded them for an enormous profit in Macau on their way back to Britain . This led to an influx of traders to the British Columbian coast , and ongoing economic contact with the aboriginal peoples there . Early European villages ( 1788 -- 1790s ) ( edit ) Nootka Sound marked in Vancouver Island . Reconstruction of Fort San Miguel . Friendly Cove , Nootka Sound . Volume I , plate VII from : `` A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and Round the World '' by George Vancouver . In 1788 , John Meares , an English navigator and explorer , sailed from China and explored Nootka Sound and the neighbouring coasts . He bought some land from a local chief named Maquinna and built a trading post there . Two years later , in 1789 , the Spanish commander Esteban José Martínez , a native of Seville , established a settlement and started building a fort in Friendly Cove , Nootka Sound , which was named Fort San Miguel . This territory was already considered as part of New Spain by the Spanish due to the previous explorations of the region . Upon Martinez 's arrival , a number of British ships were seized , including those of Captain Meares . This originated the Nootka Crisis , which almost led to a war between Britain and Spain . The controversy resulted in the abandonment of the Nootka Sound settlement by the Spanish . Some months later , Manuel Antonio Flores , Viceroy of New Spain , ordered a Francisco de Eliza to rebuild the fort . The expedition , composed of three ships , the Concepción , under the command of De Eliza , the San Carlos , under the command of Salvador Fidalgo and the Princesa Real , under the command of Manuel Quimper , sailed in early 1790 from San Blas in Nueva Galicia and arrived at Nootka Sound in April of that year . The expedition had many Catalan volunteers from the First Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia , commanded by Pere d'Alberní , a native of Tortosa . The expedition rebuilt the fort , which had been dismantled after Martínez abandoned it . The rebuilt fort included several defensive constructions as well as a vegetable garden to ensure the settlement had food supplies . The Catalan volunteers left the fort in 1792 and Spanish influence in the region ended in 1795 after the Nootka Convention came into force . Late British expeditions ( 1790s -- 1821 ) ( edit ) Subsequently , European explorer - merchants from the east started to discover British Columbia . Three figures dominate in the early history of mainland British Columbia : Sir Alexander Mackenzie , Simon Fraser , and David Thompson . As employees of the North West Company , the three were primarily concerned with discovering a practicable river route to the Pacific , specifically via the Columbia River , for the extension of the fur trade . In 1793 , Mackenzie became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the Rio Grande . He and his crew entered the region through the Rocky Mountains via the Peace River , reaching the ocean at North Bentinck Arm , near present - day Bella Coola . Shortly thereafter , Mackenzie 's companion , John Finlay , founded the first permanent European settlement in British Columbia , Fort St. John , located at the junction of the Beatton and Peace Rivers . Simon Fraser was the next to try to find the course of the Columbia . During his expedition of 1805 - 09 , Fraser and his crew , including John Stuart , explored much of the British Columbia interior , establishing several forts ( Hudson 's Hope , Trout Lake Fort , Fort George , Fort Fraser , and Fort St. James ) . Fraser 's expedition took him down the river that now bears his name , to the site of present - day Vancouver . Although both Mackenzie and Fraser reached the Pacific , they found the routes they took impassable for trade . It was David Thompson who found the Columbia River and followed it down to its mouth in 1811 . He was unable to establish a claim , however , for the American explorers Lewis and Clark had already claimed the territory for the United States of America six years earlier . The American Fur Company of John Jacob Astor had founded Fort Astoria just months before Thompson arrived , though within a year the local staff at Astoria sold the fort and others in the region to the North West Company , which renamed it Fort George . Though `` returned '' to US hands as a result of treaty complications at the end of the War of 1812 , this meant only there was a parallel US fort adjacent to the NWC one , which was the more prosperous of the two . Following the forced merger of the North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company in 1821 , Fort Vancouver was established as the new regional headquarters . From fur trade districts to colonies ( 1821 -- 1858 ) ( edit ) Although technically a part of British North America , British Columbia was largely run by the Hudson 's Bay Company after its merger with the North West Company in 1821 . The Central Interior of the region was organized into the New Caledonia District , a name that came to be generally attributed to the mainland as a whole . It was administered from Fort St. James , about 150 km northwest of present - day Prince George . The Interior south of the Thompson River and north of California was named by the company the Columbia District , and was administered first from Fort Vancouver ( present day Vancouver , Washington ) . Throughout the 1820s and 1830s , the HBC controlled nearly all trading operations in the Pacific Northwest , based out of the company headquarters at Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River . Although authority over the region was nominally shared by the United States and Britain through the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 , company policy , enforced via Chief Factor John McLoughlin of the company 's Columbia District , was to discourage any settlement , including US settlement , of the territory . The company 's effective monopoly on trade virtually forbade any settlement in the region . It established Fort Boise in 1834 ( in present - day southwestern Idaho ) to compete with the American Fort Hall , 483 km ( 300 mi ) to the east . In 1837 , it purchased Fort Hall , also along the route of the Oregon Trail , where the outpost director displayed the abandoned wagons of discouraged settlers to those seeking to move west along the trail . Fort Vancouver was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle , Fort Vancouver watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , six ships , and 600 employees . Also , for many primarily American settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail as they could get supplies before starting their homestead . By 1843 the Hudson 's Bay Company operated numerous posts in the Columbia Department , including Fort Vancouver , Fort George ( Astoria ) , Fort Nisqually , Fort Umpqua , Fort Langley , Fort Colville , Fort Okanogan , Fort Kamloops , Fort Alexandria , Flathead Post , Kootanae House , Fort Boise , Fort Hall , Fort Simpson , Fort Taku , Fort McLoughlin ( in Milbanke Sound ) , Fort Stikine , as well as a number of others . A very high degree of linguistic variation occurs in BC ; a response to this was the development of a trade jargon , Chinook Jargon . Not a complete language , it was used in trade , governance and some early writings , for example hymns . By 1811 John Jacob Astor had founded Astoria , and ten years later the Hudson 's Bay Company had established itself on the Columbia . In the meantime the explorers and traders had been coming by land . Somewhere and sometime during this period the existence of the ( Chinook ) Jargon became known . All the Indians talked it to each other and resorted to it in their conversations with the whites . Knowledge of this trade language became a necessary part of the trader 's equipment . Fort Victoria was established as a trading post in 1843 , both as a means to protect HBC interests , as well as to assert British claims to Vancouver Island and the adjacent Gulf Islands . The Gulf Islands and Strait of Juan de Fuca are the access point to Puget Sound as well as a fall back position in preparation for the `` worst case '' scenario settlement of the dispute , in the face of manifest destiny . Increasing numbers of American settlers arriving on the Oregon Trail gave rise to the Oregon boundary dispute . The Hudson 's Bay Company dominated and controlled all territory north of the Columbia River . The British position was that a fair division of the Columbia District was a boundary at the Columbia River . In 1844 , the United States Democratic Party asserted that the U.S. had a legitimate claim to the entire Columbia District or Oregon Country , but President James Polk was prepared to draw the border along the 49th parallel , the longstanding U.S. proposal . When the British rejected this offer , Polk broke off negotiations , and American expansionists reasserted the claim , coining slogans ( most famously `` Fifty - Four Forty or Fight ! '' ) . With the outbreak of the Mexican - American War diverting attention and resources , Polk was again prepared to compromise . The Oregon boundary dispute was settled in the 1846 Treaty of Washington . The terms of the agreement established the border between British North America and the United States at the 49th parallel from the Rocky Mountains to the sea , the original American proposal , with all of Vancouver Island retained as British territory . This effectively destroyed the geographical logic of the HBC 's Columbia Department , since the lower Columbia River was the core and lifeline of the system . The U.S. soon organized its portion as the Oregon Territory . The administrative headquarters of fur operations , and of the Columbia Department , then shifted north to Fort Victoria , which had been founded by James Douglas . In 1849 , the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island was created ; and in 1851 , James Douglas was appointed Governor . Douglas , known as the father of British Columbia , established colonial institutions in Victoria . He started the process of expanding the economic base of the new colony by signing 14 treaties between 1850 -- 1854 to purchase land for settlement and industrial development ( coal deposits were known by the HWBC in the vicinities of Nanaimo and Fort Rupert ) . Subsequent native population crashes later in the 19th century along with economic upheaval and native wars allowed his political successors to be much less consistent with British principles , treaties , and laws . Meanwhile , on the mainland , New Caledonia continued to focus on the fur trade with few non-native inhabitants ( mostly HBC employees and their families ) under the administrative oversight of Douglas , who was also the HBC 's regional chief executive . The Hudson 's Bay Company like the previous French colony and North West Company of Montreal still officially discouraged settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade . The fur trade was a mutually beneficial relationship between the local HBC trading fort and adjacent native tribes . American expansion and control of territory was predicated primarily by settlement of the land not commercial relationships with the existing local population . The British made virtually no effort to assert sovereignty over the aboriginal peoples of the area . In accordance with the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , large - scale settlement by non-aboriginal people was prohibited until the lands were surrendered by treaty . Colonial British Columbia ( 1858 -- 1871 ) ( edit ) In 1858 , gold was found along the banks of the Thompson River just east of what is now Lytton , British Columbia , triggering the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush . When word got out to San Francisco about gold in British territory , Victoria was transformed overnight into a tent city as prospectors , speculators , land agents , and outfitters flooded in from around the world , mostly via San Francisco . The Hudson 's Bay Company 's Fort Langley burgeoned economically as the staging point for many of the prospectors heading by boat to the Canyon . A wide range of linguistic diversity among First Nations and explorers / traders made communication difficult . Trade jargon , initially used by First Nations expanded and changed to include words from English and French to become the Chinook Jargon . Not a complete language , the jargon became widespread among First Nations and early Europeans to enable communication and trade . Though little used today a significant number of place names in British Columbia deprive from Chinook and early anthropologists sometimes recorded stories using the jargon . At the time , the region was still not under formal colonial authority . Douglas , fearing challenges to the claim of British sovereignty in the region in the face of an influx of some 20,000 Americans , stationed a gunboat at the mouth of the Fraser in order to obtain license fees from those seeking to head upstream . The resolution of the Oregon Boundary Dispute whereby British interests , primarily the HBC , lost governance of all territory between the 49th Parallel and the Columbia River due to a sudden influx of American settlers 8 years previous . Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers ( edit ) When news of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush reached London , the Colonial Office established the mainland as a Crown colony on August 2 , 1858 , naming it the Colony of British Columbia . Richard Clement Moody was hand - picked by the Colonial Office , under Sir Edward Bulwer - Lytton , to establish British order and to transform the newly established Colony of British Columbia ( 1858 -- 66 ) into the British Empire 's `` bulwark in the farthest west '' and `` found a second England on the shores of the Pacific '' . Lytton desired to send to the colony ' representatives of the best of British culture , not just a police force ' : he sought men who possessed ' courtesy , high breeding and urbane knowledge of the world ' and he decided to send Moody , whom the Government considered to be the archetypal ' English gentleman and British Officer ' at the head of the Columbia Detachment , which was created by an Act of the British Parliament on 2 August 1858 . The Engineers were believed to exemplify the qualities sought by the Government . Col. Richard Moody , commander of the Columbia detachment Moody arrived in British Columbia in December 1858 , commanding the Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment . He was sworn in as the first Lieutenant - Governor of British Columbia and appointed Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works for British Columbia . On the advice of Lytton , Moody hired Robert Burnaby as his personal secretary , and the two became close friends . Ned McGowan 's War ( edit ) Moody had hoped to begin immediately the foundation of a capital city , but upon his arrival at Fort Langley he learned of an outbreak of violence at the settlement of Hill 's Bar . This led to an incident popularly known as `` Ned McGowan 's War '' , where Moody led 22 Engineers and Judge Matthew Baillie Begbie to Yale to face down a group of rebellious American miners . Order was restored without further strict pain . The Foundation of New Westminster ( edit ) In British Columbia , Moody ' wanted to build a city of beauty in the wilderness ' and planned his city as an iconic visual metaphor for British dominance , ' styled and located with the objective of reinforcing the authority of the Crown and of the robe ' . Subsequent to the enactment of the Pre-emption Act of 1860 , Moody settled the Lower Mainland . He selected the site and founded the new capital , New Westminster . He selected the site due to the strategic excellence of its position and the quality of its port . He was also struck by the majestic beauty of the site , writing in his letter to Blackwood , `` The entrance to the Frazer is very striking -- Extending miles to the right & left are low marsh lands ( apparently of very rich qualities ) & yet fr the Background of Superb Mountains -- Swiss in outline , dark in woods , grandly towering into the clouds there is a sublimity that deeply impresses you . Everything is large and magnificent , worthy of the entrance to the Queen of England 's dominions on the Pacific mainland . ( ... ) My imagination converted the silent marshes into Cuyp - like pictures of horses and cattle lazily fattening in rich meadows in a glowing sunset . ( ... ) The water of the deep clear Frazer was of a glassy stillness , not a ripple before us , except when a fish rose to the surface or broods of wild ducks fluttered away '' . Moody likened his vision of the nascent Colony of British Columbia to the pastoral scenes painted by Aelbert Cuyp Moody designed the first Coat of arms of British Columbia . However , Lord Lytton ' forgot the practicalities of paying for clearing and developing the site and the town ' and the efforts of Moody 's Engineers were continuous hampered by insufficient funds , which , together with the continuous opposition of Douglas , ' made it impossible for ( Moody 's ) design to be fulfilled ' . The feud between Moody and governor James Douglas ( edit ) Throughout his tenure in British Columbia , Richard Clement Moody was engaged in a bitter feud with Sir James Douglas , Governor of Vancouver Island , whose jurisdiction overlapped with his own . Moody 's position as Chief Commissioner and Lieutenant - Governor was one of ' higher prestige ( and ) lesser authority ' than that of Douglas , despite Moody 's vastly superior social position in the eyes of the Engineers and the British Government : Moody had been selected by Lord Lytton due to his possession of the quality of the `` archetypal English gentleman and British Officer '' , his family was `` eminently respectable '' : he was the son of Colonel Thomas Moody ( 1779 - 1849 ) , one of the wealthiest mercantilists in the West Indies , who owned much of the land in the islands where Douglas 's father owned a small amount of land and from which Douglas 's mother , `` a half - breed '' , originated . Governor Douglas 's ethnicity and made him ' an affront to Victorian society ' . Mary Moody , the descendant of the Hawks industrial dynasty and the Boyd merchant banking family , wrote on 4 August 1859 `` it is not pleasant to serve under a Hudson 's Bay Factor '' and that the `` Governor and Richard can never get on '' . In letter to the Colonial Office of 27 December 1858 , Richard Clement Moody boasts that he has ' entirely disarmed ( Douglas ) of all jealously '' Douglas repeatedly insulted the Engineers by attempting to assume their command and refusing to acknowledge their value in the nascent colony Margaret A. Ormsby , author of the Dictionary of Canadian Biography entry for Moody ( 2002 ) , condemns Moody for a contribution to the abortive development of the city . However , most other historians have exonerated Moody for the abortive development of the city and consider his achievement to be impressive , especially with regard to the perpetual insufficiency of funds and the personally motivated opposition of Douglas , whose opposition to the project continually retarded its development . Robert Edgar Cail , Don W. Thomson , Ishiguro , and Scott have praised Moody for his contribution , the latter accusing Ormsby of being ' adamant in her dislike of Colonel Moody ' despite the evidence , and almost all biographies of Moody , including those of the Institute of Civil Engineers , the Royal Engineers , and the British Columbia Historical Association , are flattering . Other developments ( edit ) Moody and the Royal Engineers also built an extensive road network , including what would become Kingsway , connecting New Westminster to False Creek , the North Road between Port Moody and New Westminster , and the Cariboo Road and Stanley Park . He named Burnaby Lake after his private secretary Robert Burnaby and named Port Coquitlam 's 400 - foot `` Mary Hill '' after his wife . As part of the surveying effort , several tracts were designated `` government reserves '' , which included Stanley Park as a military reserve ( a strategic location in case of an American invasion ) . The Pre-emption act did not specify conditions for distributing the land , so large parcels were snapped up by speculators , including 3,750 acres ( 1,517 hectares ) by Moody himself . For this he was criticized by local newspapermen for land grabbing . Port Moody is named after him . It was established at the end of a trail that connected New Westminster with Burrard Inlet to defend New Westminster from potential attack from the US . By 1862 , the Cariboo Gold Rush , attracting an additional 5000 miners , was underway , and Douglas hastened construction of the Great North Road ( commonly known now as the Cariboo Wagon Road ) up the Fraser Canyon to the prospecting region around Barkerville . By the time of this gold rush , the character of the colony was changing , as a more stable population of British colonists settled in the region , establishing businesses , opening sawmills , and engaging in fishing and agriculture . With this increased stability , objections to the colony 's absentee governor and the lack of responsible government began to be vocalised , led by the influential editor of the New Westminster British Columbian and future Premier , John Robson . A series of petitions requesting an assembly were ignored by Douglas and the colonial office until Douglas was eased out of office in 1864 . Finally the colony would have both an assembly and a resident governor . Frederick Seymour , second governor of the Colony of British Columbia , and his cat . Royal Engineers , Columbia Detachment was disbanded in July , 1863 . The Moody family , only 22 men and 8 wives returned to England , while the rest , 130 sappers , elected to remain in BC . Scott contends that the departure of the Engineers ' doomed ' the development of the settlement and the fruition of Lord Lytton 's dream . Chartres Brew replaced Moody as land commissioner . The second gold rush ( edit ) A second major gold rush in the Cariboo region of the colony occurred in 1861 - 64 , in the midst of smaller ones , notably in the Omenica , Big Bend and on the Stikine . The influx of gold miners into B.C. 's economy led to the creation of basic infrastructure in B.C. , most notably , the creation of the Cariboo Wagon Road which linked the Lower Mainland to the rich gold fields of Barkerville . However , the enormous costs of the road , and its predecessor the Douglas Road and services such as the Gold Escort , left B.C. in debt by the mid-1860s . In 1866 , because of the massive debt left over from the gold rush , the mainland and Vancouver Island became one colony named British Columbia , with its capital in Victoria . On Vancouver Island settlement and industrial development took place along the shorelines . For example , see the 19th century settlement in Comox or Colony of Vancouver Island . Annexation debate ( edit ) In 1867 , there were three options open : to continue as a British colony , to be annexed by the United States , or to confederate with the newly formed Dominion of Canada . In Britain , many Little Englanders expected , or even hoped , that its North American colonies would depart from the British Empire . Admiral Joseph Denman told the Admiralty that British Columbia did not deserve Royal Navy protection , and advised the British government to `` divest herself of these possessions by any means consistent with honour '' . Secretary of State for the Colonies Lord Granville stated his wish that British North America `` would propose to be independent and annex themselves '' . The Times ' view was the British consensus : British Columbia is a long way off ... With the exception of a limited official class it receives few immigrants from England , and a large proportion of its inhabitants consists of citizens of the United States who have entered it from the south . Suppose that the colonists met together and came to the conclusion that every natural motive of contiguity , similarity of interests , and facility of administration induced them to think it more convenient to slip into the Union than into the Dominion ... We all know that we should not attempt to withstand them . Financially , becoming officially part of the United States made sense since British Columbia was economically essentially a satellite of San Francisco -- the most important city of the entire American west and North America 's Pacific coast -- Washington , and Oregon , which provided all of the colony 's supplies despite a substantial American tariff . American currency circulated widely in the colony , whose nearest British neighbors were Red River 2,000 miles to the east , and Hong Kong to the west . San Francisco 's population in the 1860s exceeded 60,000 , while Victoria 's never rose above 4,000 . All mail from British Columbia went through San Francisco , forcing the colony 's post office to keep large amounts of American postage stamps . The opening of the American transcontinental railroad in 1869 made it possible to travel by ship from Victoria to San Francisco , then by train to Ottawa or Washington in just 24 days . With the gold now gone , most of the American miners had left , and the economic future did not look promising unless B.C. could join the very rapidly growing , rich economies of the Pacific states . While American residents of British Columbia celebrated the United States ' purchase of Alaska in 1867 , having American territory to their north and south caused British residents ' fears for the future of their colony to grow . Alaska was part of American Secretary of State William H. Seward 's plan to incorporate the entire northwest Pacific Coast , chiefly for the long - term commercial advantages to the United States in terms of Pacific trade . Seward believed that the people in British Columbia wanted annexation and that Britain would accept this in exchange for the Alabama claims . In the event , Seward dropped the idea of an exchange and accepted an arbitration plan that settled the Alabama claims for cash . When a false report circulated in April , soon after the Alaska news , that the British government was considering settling the claims by ceding the colony , a substantial annexation movement appeared supported by many residents and three of the colony 's six newspapers . Anti-confederationists , who were not necessarily annexationists , were the majority on Vancouver Island . That said , annexationists argued that the colony would never be able to negotiate with the United States a free trade agreement similar to the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 , and that annexation would end the disadvantage of the American tariff . Most Canadian - born residents supported confederation with their land of origin but were not very popular , as many in the colony believed that they sent their money home instead of spending it in British Columbia as the American - born colonists did . Residents of the mainland almost unanimously supported confederation with the rest of British North America ; they argued that this would benefit the colony as Canada would soon negotiate another reciprocity treaty . Many British - born colonists were on both sides . Representative Nathaniel P. Banks of Massachusetts ' Annexation Bill of 1866 offered voluntary annexation to British North America , including territorial status for Vancouver Island and British Columbia together as the `` territory of Columbia '' . The bill was unsuccessful , as was Senator Alexander Ramsey of Minnesota 's 1867 proposal that the United States , as part of another reciprocity treaty with Canada , offer $6 million to the Hudson 's Bay Company for the territory west of the 90th longitude . The US would assume British Columbia 's $2 million debt , and subsidize the Northern Pacific Railway to build a road to Puget Sound . Two American military officers , who travelled throughout British Columbia for two months while arranging for supply of occupation troops in Alaska , wrote a detailed report to Washington in November 1867 of their belief that a majority of residents supported annexation . They claimed that `` ( i ) t did not become necessary in a single instance to broach the subject of the cession of that territory to the United States , for it was the constant theme of conversation '' . Employees of the Hudson 's Bay Company were said to be especially supportive , although they and many others could not make their opinion public because of fears of being denounced as disloyal . A majority of British Columbians never publicly supported American annexation , however , and support for joining Canada grew over time ; in particular , annexationists failed to persuade the anti-confederation Hudson 's Bay Company officials and their friends that dominated Vancouver Island politics . Accusations that `` American gold '' and `` American greenbacks '' funded `` renegade Englishmen '' likely hurt annexation support ; whether the US officers ' belief of the existence of widespread covert support was correct , by October 1867 annexation no longer appeared as a topic in British Columbia newspapers or documents . Until the Alaska Purchase and the new Dominion status ( which were almost simultaneous ) , the British had been indifferent to the fate of British Columbia . London now paid attention , and realized the value of B.C. as a base for its imperial trade opportunities in the Pacific and the need of the Royal Navy for a station in the region . By 1868 public opinion was likely on the confederation side . Annexationists ( or , at least , anti-confederationists ) were in control of the Legislative Council of British Columbia , however , and in February 1869 passed a resolution opposing confederation ; until his death the colonial governor , Frederick Seymour , also opposed confederation . Successor Anthony Musgrave supported confederation ( after being unsuccessful in bringing Newfoundland into Canada ) but due to an accident was delayed in his duties ; meanwhile , annexation support revived during the winter of 1869 - 1870 . One hundred four individuals , about one percent of the white population of the colony , signed an 1869 petition to President Ulysses S. Grant asking for annexation . While there is no reason to believe that they accurately represented the majority opinion , it is true that many colonists viewed Washington and London as equal competitors for British Columbia 's loyalty depending on who offered more incentives , while Ottawa was more foreign and less familiar . In August 1869 Lord Granville communicated London 's new view of British Columbia when he wrote to Musgrave , `` I have no hesitation in stating that ( support of confederation ) is also the opinion of Her Majesty 's Government . '' In February 1870 Musgrave successfully persuaded the Legislative Council to pass a resolution supporting confederation with Canada . Many British - born colonists now supported confederation as the best way to maintain a connection with Britain . By April the Victoria Colonist reported that a mass meeting in Victoria supported confederation while `` the most vague hint in the direction of annexation was met with a howl of execration '' . Musgrave proposed an attractive plan for joining Canada , with the Dominion assuming the colony 's debt and building a new Canadian transcontinental railway that would eliminate the reliance on the American railroad . Meanwhile , the United States was so focused on issues of Reconstruction , that few Americans picked up on Seward 's grand dream to expand Manifest Destiny to the Pacific . Entry into Canada ( 1871 -- 1900 ) ( edit ) See also : British Columbia § Rapid growth and development 1896 map of British Columbia showing federal electoral districts . A map produced in London in 1873 to facilitate emigration to British Columbia showing the natural resources of the new province . Both the depressed economic situation arising from the collapse of the gold rushes , as well as a desire for the establishment of truly responsible and representative government , led to enormous domestic pressure for British Columbia to join the Canadian Confederation , which had been proclaimed in 1867 . The Confederation League , spearheaded by three future premiers of the province -- Amor De Cosmos , Robert Beaven , and John Robson -- took a leading role in pushing the colony towards this goal . And so it was on July 20 , 1871 , that British Columbia became the sixth province to join Canada . In return for entering Confederation , Canada absorbed B.C. 's massive debt , and promised to build a railway from Montreal to the Pacific coast within 10 years . Contrary to popular belief British Columbia did not demand a transcontinental railroad as a condition of confederation ; its delegates expected a wagon road , but John A. Macdonald 's national government proposed the railroad as a substitute , with Ottawa and London viewing it as a way of connecting not just British Columbia but the prairies with the rest of the British Empire . The promise of a railroad became , however , the most important reason for British Columbia to stay within Canada . The provincial legislature threatened to secede in 1878 because Macdonald 's successor Alexander Mackenzie , whose Liberal Party had opposed the railroad , attempted to modify the promise ; Macdonald 's return to power that year likely kept British Columbia from departing Canada . In fulfillment of the promise , the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway was driven in Craigellachie on 7 November 1885 . ( No good road yet existed between British Columbia and other provinces ; until the completion of the Trans - Canada Highway automobiles had to enter the United States to travel to eastern Canada . ) The mining frontier in B.C. led to the creation of many mines and smelters , mostly through American investment . One of the world 's largest smelters still exists today in Trail . The capital and work to be found in B.C. during the turn of the 19th century to the 20th century led to the creation of several new towns in B.C. such as Nelson , Nakusp , Slocan , Kimberley , Castlegar , Rossland , and Salmo . A large coal empire run by Robert Dunsmuir , and his son and later premier , James Dunsmuir also developed on Vancouver Island during this era . As the economy on the mainland continued to improve as a result of improved transportation and increased settlement , other resource - based economic activity began to flourish . Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century , fishing , forestry , and farming ( including the planting of extensive orchards in the Okanagan region ) became the `` three F 's '' on which the new province built its economy -- a situation that persisted well into the late twentieth century . With the booming economy came the expansion of the original fur trading posts into thriving communities ( such as Victoria , Nanaimo , and Kamloops ) . It also led to the establishment of new communities , such as Yale , New Westminster , and -- most notably , though a latecomer -- Vancouver . The product of the consolidation of the burgeoning mill towns of Granville and Hastings Mill located near the mouth of the Fraser on Burrard Inlet in the later 1860s , Vancouver was incorporated in 1886 following its selection as the railhead for the Canadian Pacific Railway . Despite a devastating fire which all but wiped out the city three months later , Vancouver quickly became the largest city in the province , its ports conveying both the resource wealth of the province as well as that transported from the prairie provinces by rail , to markets overseas . Vancouver 's status as the principal city in the province has endured , augmented by growth in the surrounding municipalities of Richmond , Burnaby , Surrey , Delta , Coquitlam , and New Westminster . Today , Metro Vancouver is the third most populous metropolitan area in Canada , behind Toronto and Montreal . It was also during this period where ethnic diversity began to develop significantly , as immigration was not fed entirely by European countries . Chinese and Japanese emigrants made many coastal settlements home , beginning in the 1850s , and became increasingly more pronounced in the 1880s . 20th century ( edit ) Truck loaded with logs on temporary logging road , BC 1936 Since the days of the fur trade , British Columbia 's economy has been based on natural resources , particularly fishing , logging and mining . From the canneries to the mills and mines , B.C. 's resource sector was increasingly the domain of large commercial interests . With industrialization and economic growth , workers arrived to join in the seemingly boundless prosperity . Increasingly , these workers came from Asia as well as Europe . The mix of cultures and diversity was a source of strength , but also , often , of conflict . The early part of the 20th century was a time of great change and talk between immigrants and the First Nations , all of whom found their lives changing rapidly . Rise of the Labour movement ( edit ) The dominance of the economy by big business was accompanied by an often militant labour movement . The first major sympathy strike was in 1903 when railway employees struck against the CPR for union recognition . Labour leader Frank Rogers was killed while picketing at the docks by CPR police during that strike , becoming the British Columbia movement 's first martyr . Canada 's first general strike occurred following the death of another labour leader , Ginger Goodwin , in 1918 , at the Cumberland coal mines on Vancouver Island . A lull in industrial tensions through the later 1920s came to an abrupt end with the Great Depression . Most of the 1930s strikes were led by Communist Party organizers . That strike wave peaked in 1935 when unemployed men flooded the city to protest conditions in the relief camps run by the military in remote areas throughout the province . After two tense months of daily and disruptive protesting , the relief camp strikers decided to take their grievances to the federal government and embarked on the On - to - Ottawa Trek , but their commandeered train was met by a gatling gun at Hatzic , just east of Mission City , and the strikers arrested and interned in work camps for the duration of the Depression . Race and ethnic Relations ( edit ) The Komagata Maru and HMCS Rainbow At the time that BC was settled the ideology of the British Empire , and of many of its colonial settlers was based on an assumption of superiority , often racial superiority based on the pseudo-science of Race . Racism and a desire to create a white colony were widespread . The scientific thinking of Charles Darwin was used to develop a theory of the races , which is today completely discredited - came to be known as Social Darwinism . Under the ideology of Social Darwinism a series of restrictive laws were passed , by both federal and provincial levels of government . The Potlatch Ban outlawed First Nations cultural and spiritual practices , non-white people were denied the vote - specifically First Nations , Chinese and Japanese people were not eligible to vote . During the 20th century , many immigrant groups arrived in British Columbia and today , Vancouver is the second most ethnically diverse city in Canada , only behind Toronto . In 1886 , a head tax was imposed on the Chinese , which reached as much as $500 per person to enter Canada by 1904 . By 1923 the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act , which prohibited all Chinese immigration until 1947 . Sikhs had to face an amended Immigration Act in 1908 that required Sikhs to have $200 on arrival in Canada , and immigration would be allowed only if the passenger had arrived by continuous journey from India , which was impossible . Perhaps the most famous incident of anti-Sikh racism in B.C. was in 1914 when the Komagata Maru arrived in Vancouver harbour with 376 Sikhs aboard , of whom only 20 were allowed entry . The Komagata Maru spent two months in harbour while the Khalsa Society went through the courts to appeal their case . The Khalsa Society also kept the passengers on the Komagata Maru alive during those two months . When the case was lost , HMCS Rainbow , a Royal Canadian Navy cruiser , escorted the Komagata Maru out to sea while thousands of Caucasians cheered from the seawall of Stanley Park . During the Second World War , security concerns following the bombing of Pearl Harbor and Canada 's entry into the war versus Japan led to controversial measures . The local Japanese - Canadian population was openly discriminated against , being put in internment camps . The Pacific Coast Militia Rangers were formed in 1942 in order to provide an armed presence on the coast in addition to the pre-war fortress garrisons , which were expanded after hostilities . Japanese military attacks against BC amounted to a small number of parachute bombs released from great distance away and by the middle of 1942 the threat of direct attack diminished following defeat at the Battle of Midway by US forces . Prohibition ( edit ) Alcohol was prohibited in British Columbia for about four years , from 1917 to 1921 . A referendum in 1916 asked BC citizens whether they approved of making alcohol illegal ( the other question was whether women had the right to vote ) . The contested results rejecting prohibition led to a major political scandal that subsequently saw the referendum being overturned and alcohol prohibited . However , by 1921 the failures were so apparent -- a thriving black market , arbitrary ( often class - and race - based ) enforcement and punishment , rampant corruption -- that alcohol was established as a commodity subject to government regulation and taxation as it is today . U.S. prohibition in the 1920s and early 1930s led to a thriving business of producing and smuggling alcohol to quench the thirst of BC 's southern neighbors . Many of Vancouver 's richest families built or consolidated their fortunes in the rum - running business . Some compare today 's robust cannabis - growing industry in BC ( the number - one cash crop ) to this earlier era . World War ii contributions ( edit ) A Pacific Command was created in 1942 also , and was disbanded in 1945 . During the war a range of coastal defences were constructed , including harbour defences for Vancouver . Today 's Museum of Anthropology at UBC sits atop the foundation for gun batteries that were used to command Vancouver Harbour approaches . Militia units from southern BC provided cadres for many regiments that eventually fought in Europe . The Rocky Mountain Rangers sent a battalion to fight the Japanese in the Battle of the Aleutian Islands in 1943 . Thousands more British Columbians volunteered for the Royal Canadian Navy and Royal Canadian Air Force . Two soldiers , Ernest Alvia Smith and John Keefer Mahony , were awarded the Victoria Cross for actions with BC - based regiments in Italy . Columbia River treaty ( edit ) In 1961 , British Columbia ratified the Columbia River Treaty which required the building of three large dams in British Columbia in return for financial compensation related to U.S. hydroelectric power production enabled by the dams . The dams flooded large areas within British Columbia , but would prove to be a very stable and renewable source of power for the province . 21st century ( edit ) If the 20th century can be said to have been ( see above ) one of ethnocultural strife , the 21st thus far can be said to be one of relative harmony . One of the first pronouncements of Stephen Harper , upon his victory in the 39th general election to the Parliament in Ottawa , was that proper redress would be afforded the payers of the Chinese head tax . On 22 June 2006 , he offered an apology and $20,000 compensation for the head tax once paid by Chinese immigrants . Asian people , at 20.2 % of the total population , were in the 2006 census by far the largest visible minority demographic , with many of the Lower Mainland 's large cities having sizable Chinese , South Asian , Japanese , Filipino , and Korean communities . The Chinese appeasement policies continue to bear fruit . Whereas prior to 2009 the Federal government was ill - disposed toward the Chinese , by spring of that year the China Investment Corporation was able to purchase of a 17 % share fraction of the Vancouver miner Teck Resources . The transition of views on the Chinese government has been unprecedented , from one of fear to one of official cooperation in the space of five years , and in the face of popular trepidation . In November 2013 , British Columbia finance minister Mike de Jong reported a successful placement of Chinese RMB $2.5 bn in dim sum bonds . The province hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler . Crimes ( edit ) The scandal of the December 2003 BC Legislature Raids , which led to the October 2010 conviction of Dave Basi and Bob Virk , ministerial aides to Gary Collins and Janet Reid , respectively , involved `` bribes - cash , meals and NFL tickets - in exchange for leaking confidential ( information ) about the sale '' of BC Rail . The case set precedent in R. v. Basi , according to which defendants ' counsel may participate at pre-trial hearings involving a police informant . Although Robert Pickton had apparently claimed responsibility for 49 murders at or near his pig farm in Port Coquitlam , at trial by jury in 2007 he was only convicted of six . On 14 October 2007 , Robert Dziekański was tasered by a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer . The incident might have been unreported , but for the cell - phone video taken by eyewitness Paul Pritchard . It took six years for the provincial coroner to determine that death of Dziekanski was a homicide . A drug dealer who failed to pay $100,000 to the Red Scorpion gang for trafficking on the its turf was the catalyst for the execution of six people in a Surrey high rise in 2007 . Civil amercement ( edit ) After a scandal - filled second term for the BC NDP government , the BC Liberals won the 2001 election with the biggest landslide in BC history : 77 of 79 seats . Gordon Campbell became the seventh premier in ten years , and the first Liberal premier in almost 50 years . On 25 November 2005 , the Civil Forfeiture Act ( CFA ) was passed by Campbell 's second government with a 3 : 2 majority . This Act followed Ontario 's Civil Remedies Act , which had passed in November 2003 . This Act makes it possible for the government to amerce or to seize property without due process , and the Civil Forfeiture Office ( CFO ) has been eager to use this power in order to fill the coffers of government . The office does not need criminal charges , or convictions , to amerce a property . Bill 5 was introduced by Solicitor - General Rich Coleman , who made liberal use of the `` organised crime '' fear , uncertainty and doubt tactic . He also mentioned that Ontario , Manitoba and Alberta had also recently introduced similar legislation . The Act , which was brought in with `` organised crime '' as the target , since at least 2007 has been expanded to target ordinary citizens . In latter - day practice , amercements may include partial ( Jang ) or full seizure ( Lloydsmith , Rai ) of a house . On 4 May 2011 , Solicitor - General Shirley Bond of Christy Clark 's first government introduced the concept of `` administrative forfeiture '' , under which a civil court is no longer required to judge amercements of property worth less than $75,000 . The CFO moved in summer 2012 to seize the Guide Certificate of Robert Milligan , a certain way to destroy his livelihood . The CFO has a budgetary target . Offences under the Motor Vehicle Act , Wildlife Act and Employment Standards Act are now pursued by the CFO . The public is now bribed with the proceeds , for example , violence - prevention projects at six schools , an anti-gang campaign , women and family violence programs and a workshop on sexual exploitation awareness . Justice Minister Suzanne Anton expressed unreserved support for the CFO and CFA in a January 2014 interview . First Nations ( edit ) The legacy of British Imperialism in BC is unusual in that neither conquest nor treaties were undertaken as settlement occurred under the doctrine of Terra Nullius . With few exceptions ( the Douglas Treaties of Fort Rupert and southern Vancouver Island ) no treaties were signed . Some early settlers assumed , based on the catastrophic population crash of First Nations peoples linked to smallpox , and racist ideas that ' Indians ' were a dying race led to a lack of action to deal with what was then termed the ' Indian Land Question ' . Upon Confederation the federal government assumed responsibility for Indians and lands reserved for Indians , while the province had responsibility for non-Aboriginal civil matters and resources . The 1913 McKenna - McBride Royal Commission made some amendments to lands but failed to deal with issues pertaining to title and First Nations rights . Several delegations to Ottawa and London were sent by First Nations seeking redress for grievances , to little avail . Instead the Indian Act , federal legislation governing First Nations , was amended to make it a crime to organize or engage legal council . Other oppressive measure also accompanied the amendment including the Potlatch Ban and the increasingly applied Indian Residential School system designed to assimilate First Nations . The status of the First Nations ( Aboriginal ) people of British Columbia is a long - standing problem that has become a major issue in recent years . First Nations were confined to tiny reserves that no longer provide an economic base . They were provided with inadequate education and discriminated against in numerous ways . In many areas they were excluded from restaurants and other establishments . Status Indians gained the right to vote in 1960 . They were prohibited from possessing alcohol , which rather than preventing problems with this drug , exacerbated them by fostering unhealthy patterns of consumption such as binge drinking . Certain privileges of status Indians are governed by the Indian Act . With the exception of what are known as the Douglas Treaties , negotiated by Sir James Douglas with the native people of the Victoria area , no treaties were signed in British Columbia until 1998 . Many native people wished to negotiate treaties , but the province refused until 1990 . Another major development was the 1997 decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Delgamuukw v. British Columbia case that aboriginal title still exists in British Columbia . 60 % of First Nations in British Columbia are aligned with the First Nations Summit . This brings a total of 58 First Nations , but only 20 are said to be in active negotiations . Three Final Agreements have been settled , with one being rejected by Lheidli T'enneh in 2007 . The other two , the Maa - nulth treaty group , a 5 Nuu - chah - nulth member group , and the Tsawwassen First Nation . Although these treaties have yet to be ratified by Parliament in Ottawa and Legislature in Victoria , neighbouring First Nations are seeking to block these treaties in the courts . A group of Vancouver Island and some mainland First Nations , the WSANEC , Lekwungen , and Semiahmoo , are seeking to block to Tsawwassen First Nation treaty , claiming infringement on their rights and land titles . On the west coast of Vancouver Island , the Ditidaht First Nation is doing the same against the Maa - nulth treaty group . The only treaty signed in recent years , the Nisga'a Treaty ( 1998 ) , was negotiated outside of the current treaty process . There is considerable disagreement about treaty negotiations . Among indigenous people , there is mounting criticism of extinguishment of Aboriginal title and continued assimilation strategies by attempting to change the indigenous peoples from nations to municipal style government . Therefore , a substantial number of First Nations governments consider the current treaty process inadequate and have refused to participate . A November 2007 court ruling for the Xeni Gwet'in First Nation called future participation in the process into question . The judge ruled that the Xeni Gwet'in could demonstrate aboriginal title to half of the Nemaia Valley , and that the province had no power over these lands . Under the BC treaty process , negotiating nations have received as little as 5 % of their claimed land recognized . Grand Chief Stewart Phillip , president of the Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs , called the court victory a `` nail in the coffin '' of the B.C. treaty process . See also ( edit ) Outline of British Columbia § History of British Columbia Indigenous peoples ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast Dane - zaa Dakelh Babine Wet'suwet'en Syilx Haida people Heiltsuk Sto : lo Kaska Dena Ktunaxa Kwakwaka'wakw Gitxsan Musqueam St'at'imc In - SHUCK - ch Nation Lil'wat Nisga'a Nuu - chah - nulth Nuxalk Sekani Wuikinuxv Secwepemc Sinixt Squamish people Tagish Tahltan Haisla Nicola Tsilhqot'in Nlaka'pamux Tlingit Tsetsaut Tsimshian Saulteaux European empires ( edit ) Former colonies and territories in Canada Spanish Empire Russian Empire British Empire Important figures ( edit ) By nationality , in chronological order of influence to the region : Natives : Maquinna , Nuu - chah - nulth chief Chief Nicola , leader of the eponymous Nicola people and Grand Chief of the Okanagan Klattasine ( Klatsassan ) , Tsilhqot'in chief Joe Capilano ( Khatsahlano ) , Squamish chief Chief Dan George , Tsleil - waututh ( Burrard ) chief and actor Spaniards : Vasco Núñez de Balboa ( 1475 -- 1519 ) , Spanish explorer and conquistador from Jerez de los Caballeros , claimed possession of the Pacific Ocean and all adjoining lands in the name of the Spanish sovereigns in 1513 . Juan José Pérez Hernández ( 1725 -- 1775 ) , Majorcan born Spanish explorer , first European to explore the region in 1774 . Bruno de Heceta ( 1744 -- 1807 ) , Basque born Spanish explorer , explored the region in 1775 . Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra ( 1743 -- 1794 ) , Liman born Spanish explorer , explored the region in an expedition in 1775 along with Bruno de Heceta . Esteban José Martínez , Sevillan born Spanish explorer who founded the Spanish fort in Nootka Sound in 1789 . It can be considered the first formal colony in the region ( prior to that there was only a trade post founded by the Englishman John Meares ) . Gonzalo López de Haro , accompanied Esteban José Martínez in the 1789 expedition . Francisco de Eliza , made an expedition to Nootka Sound in 1790 to rebuild the Spanish fort abandoned by Esteban José Martínez . Pere d'Alberní ( 1747 -- 1802 ) , Catalan born Spanish soldier and explorer from Tortosa , Captain of the First Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia appointed in Nootka Sound . His mission was to rebuild the fort , after Esteban José Martínez had abandoned it . He went with his company in the expedition of Francisco de Eliza , in 1790 . Salvador Fidalgo , Catalan born Spanish explorer from La Seu d'Urgell , made an expedition to Nootka Sound in 1790 . José María Narváez , Spanish explorer , discovered Point Grey ( modern day Vancouver , British Columbia ) on July 5 , 1791 . Dionisio Alcalá Galiano , explorer commissioned by the King ; first European to circumnavigate Vancouver Island , and author of the `` Relacion '' . British or from the British Isles Francis Drake , British privateer James Cook , British explorer John Meares , British explorer George Vancouver , British explorer Alexander Mackenzie , British explorer David Thompson , British explorer James Douglas , first Governor of British Columbia Matthew Baillie Begbie , first Chief Justice of British Columbia The Canadas and the Maritimes Simon Fraser , fur company explorer Francis Jones Barnard , expressman and entrepreneur ( Ontario ) Amor de Cosmos , newspaperman and Premier ( Nova Scotia ) W.A.C. Bennett , retailer and Premier ( New Brunswick ) Places ( edit ) Pacific Northwest Alaska British Columbia Colony of British Columbia New Caledonia Columbia District Washington Oregon Oregon Country British Columbia ghost towns Stikine Territory Queen Charlotte Islands Vancouver Island Colony of Vancouver Island Nootka Sound Events ( edit ) Nootka Crisis Nootka Convention Oregon Treaty British Columbia Gold Rushes Oregon boundary dispute Alaska Boundary Dispute Pig War Columbia River Treaty Komagata Maru Japanese Canadian internment Other history articles ( edit ) Heritage Minutes History of the west coast of North America List of ships in British Columbia List of Royal Navy ships in the Pacific Northwest History of Squamish and Tsleil - Waututh longshoremen , 1863 - 1963 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chad Reimer `` Ormsby , Margaret A . '' in Kelly Boyd , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing , vol. 2 . p. 886 . ISBN 9781884964336 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Book Review : The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake , Macleans magazine , July 18 , 2003 , quoted entire in The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Sir Francis Drake article , The Canadian Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Another victory for Drake : Amateur treasure hunter 's coin find proves English hero discovered Canada before the Spanish , AP Reporter , Daily Mail , London , March 14 2014 Jump up ^ Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada Jump up ^ Nootka Sound Service LTD 's website Jump up ^ The Online Encyclopedia of Washington State History Jump up ^ Catalans al Canadà , page 7 Archived 2008 - 10 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , study from the Fundació d'Estudis Històrics de Catalunya Jump up ^ Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific 1793 - 1843 . Vancouver : University of British Columbia ( UBC ) Press . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 3 . online at Google Books Jump up ^ Thomas , Edward Harper . Chinook : A History and Dictionary . Portland , Ore . Winford & Morts. 1935 . ISBN 0 - 8323 - 0217 - 1 Jump up ^ `` First Nations Negotiations - Province of British Columbia '' . Gov.bc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Frontier 1534 - 1760 by W.J. Eccles . Jump up ^ Superior Rendezvous Place Fort William in the Canadian Fur Trade by J. Morrison Jump up ^ It was named after the Columbia Department of the Hudson 's Bay Company , which in turn was named after the Columbia River . Ged Martin , `` The Naming of British Columbia , '' Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies , Vol. 10 , No. 3 ( Autumn , 1978 ) , pp. 257 - 263 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Donald J. Hauka , McGowan 's War , Vancouver : 2003 , New Star Books , p. 146 Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia , ( Toronto : University of Toronto ) , p. 71 Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . pp. 7 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Moody , Richard Clement . Letter of Colonel Richard Clement Moody , R.E. , to Arthur Blackwood , February 1 , 1859 , preserved in the British Columbia Historical Quarterly ( January -- April 1951 ) , ed . Willard E. Ireland , Archives of British Columbia . British Columbia Historical Association . pp. 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia , ( Toronto : University of Toronto ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Ormsby Jump up ^ `` Heraldic Science Héraldique , Arms and Devices of Provinces and Territories , British Columbia '' . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . pp. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Howard , Joseph Jackson ( 1893 -- 1906 ) . Heraldic Visitation of England and Wales . 8 . pp. 161 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . pp. 115 -- 117 . Jump up ^ Cail , Robert Edgar ( 1974 ) . Land , Man , and the Law : The Disposal of Crown Lands in British Columbia , 1871 - 1913 , Vancouver , University of British Columbia . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Don W. ( 1966 ) . Men and Meridians , Vol. 1 . Ottawa , Department of Mines and Technical Surveys , Government of Canada . p. 282 . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 131 . Jump up ^ Ormsby . Jump up ^ Scott , Laura Elaine ( 1983 ) . The Imposition of British Culture as Portrayed in the New Westminster Capital Plan of 1859 to 1862 . Simon Fraser University . p. 137 . Jump up ^ Jean Barman , The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia ( 1991 ) p. 91 Jump up ^ Charles Hou and Marlena Morgan , eds . The Destiny of British Columbia : confederation or annexation ? ( 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : Sage , Walter N. ( 1932 ) . `` The Critical Period of British Columbia History , 1866 - 1871 '' . Pacific Historical Review . 1 ( 4 ) : 424 -- 443 . doi : 10.2307 / 3633112 . JSTOR 3633112 . ^ Jump up to : David E. Shi , `` Seward 's Attempt to Annex British Columbia , 1865 - 1869 , '' Pacific Historical Review , May 1978 , Vol. 47 Issue 2 , pp 217 - 238 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Keenlyside , Hugh LL. ; Brown , Gerald S. ( 1952 ) . Canada and the United States : Some Aspects of Their Historical Relations . Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 129 -- 136 . ^ Jump up to : Howay , F.W. ; Sage , W.N. ; Angus , H.F. ( 1942 ) . British Columbia and the United States : The North Pacific Slope from Fur Trade to Aviation . Toronto : The Ryerson Press . ^ Jump up to : Neunherz , R.E. ( 1989 ) . `` '' Hemmed In `` : Reactions in British Columbia to the Purchase of Russian America '' . The Pacific Northwest Quarterly . 80 ( 3 ) : 101 -- 111 . doi : 10.2307 / 40491056 ( inactive 2017 - 01 - 31 ) . JSTOR 40491056 . Jump up ^ Charles Emmerson , The Future History of the Arctic ( 2010 ) p 74 Jump up ^ Reginald Trotter , `` Canada as a Factor in Anglo - American Relations in the 1860s , '' Canadian Historical Review , ( 1935 ) 16 : 354 . Jump up ^ John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall , Canada and the United States : Ambivalent Allies ( 4th ed. 2008 ) pp 46 - 7 Jump up ^ Barman , The West Beyond the West ( 1991 ) pp 91 - 97 Jump up ^ Doris W. Dashew , `` The Story of An Illusion : The Plan to Trade ' Alabama ' Claims for Canada , '' Civil War History , Dec 1969 , Vol. 15 Issue 4 , pp 332 - 348 Jump up ^ Phillips , Paul A. ( 1967 ) . No Power Greater : A Century of Labour in British Columbia . Vancouver : BC Federation of Labour / Boag Foundation . pp. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Paul A. ( 1967 ) . No Power Greater : A Century of Labour in British Columbia . Vancouver : BC Federation of Labour / Boag Foundation . pp. 71 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Manley , John ( 1994 ) . `` Canadian Communists , Revolutionary Unionism , and the ' Third Period ' : The Workers ' Unity League , '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Canadian Historical Association , New Series . 5 : 167 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lorne ( 1987 ) . When Freedom was Lost : The Unemployed , the Agitator , and the State . Montreal : Black Rose Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 920057 - 77 - 3 . Jump up ^ Carved From Wood : A History of Mission 1861 - 1992 , Andreas Schroeder , publ . Mission Foundation ( 1991 ) , 227 pp. , ASIN : B000WB9TWM Jump up ^ Cole , Douglas & Ira Chaiken ' An Iron Hand Upon the People : The Law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast . ' Douglas & McIntyre . Vancouver . 1990 Jump up ^ `` Electoral History , '' Elections BC Jump up ^ Haddow , Douglas ( 5 August 2010 ) . `` Marijuana may cause Canada 's economic comedown '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CCNC Press Release - Chinese Canadians welcome New Year 's promise on Head Tax Redress from PM Designate Stephen Harper '' . Ccnc.ca. 2006 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Office of the Prime Minister ( 2006 ) . `` Address by the Prime Minister on the Chinese Head Tax Redress '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Canada . `` Canada 's Ethnocultural Mosaic , 2006 Census : Provinces and territories '' `` . Jump up ^ Toronto Star : `` China fishes for secrets in rich , vulnerable waters '' 11 Dec 2007 Jump up ^ G + M `` The man behind the Teck - CIC deal '' 3 Jul 2009 Jump up ^ Boesveld , Sarah . `` Government infiltrated by spies , CSIS boss says '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . Jump up ^ G + M : `` Clark , Robertson to lead B.C. trade missions to Asia '' 22 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` B.C. and China endorse partnerships '' 26 Nov 2013 Jump up ^ thetyee.ca : `` BC Premier Urged to Consider Fast Legal Action Against China Treaty '' 24 Oct 2013 Jump up ^ `` Canadian Province Issues Offshore Yuan - Denominated Bonds '' 5 Nov 2013 ^ Jump up to : G + M : `` BC Rail trial ends after deal reached '' ( Mason ) 18 Oct 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dziekanski death at hands of RCMP a homicide , B.C. coroner rules '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ news24.com : `` Dead drug dealer failed to pay gang , ' Surrey Six ' trial hears '' 19 Dec 2013 ^ Jump up to : G + M `` Timeline : How B.C. has seized $41 - million in property in nearly eight years '' 25 Jan 2014 Jump up ^ G + M : `` B.C. Opposition plans to question scope of ' cash cow ' office that seizes property '' 28 Jan 2014 ^ Jump up to : G + M : `` WHEN THE PROVINCE GOES AFTER ILL - GOTTEN GAINS , WHO PAYS ? '' 25 Jan 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Official Report of DEBATES OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY ( Hansard ) MONDAY , MARCH 7 , 2005 Afternoon Sitting Volume 27 , Number 27 '' ^ Jump up to : Huge win for Interior natives Archived 2008 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , The Province , November 22 , 2007 Further reading ( edit ) This is a basic guide to major works . For a more extensive guide to resources , see Bibliography of British Columbia . Barman , Jean . The West Beyond the West : A History of British Columbia U. of Toronto Press , 1991 . 430pp Carlson , Roy L. and Bona , Luke Dalla , eds . Early Human Occupation in British Columbia . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1996 . 261 pp . Carty , R.K. , ed . Politics , Policy , and Government in British Columbia . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1996 . 381 pp . Cole , Douglas & Ira Chaiken `` An Iron Hand Upon the People : The Law Against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast . '' Vancouver / Toronto : Douglas & McIntyre , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 695 - 3 Francis , Daniel , ed . Encyclopedia of British Columbia . Madeira Park , B.C. : Harbour , 2000 . 806 pp . Griffin , Harold . Radical Roots : The Shaping of British Columbia . Vancouver : Commonwealth Fund , 1999 . Hak , Gordon . Turning Trees into Dollars : The British Columbia Coastal Lumber Industry , 1858 - 1913 . U. of Toronto Press , 2000 . 239 pp . Harris , Cole . The Resettlement of British Columbia : Essays on Colonialism and Geographical Change . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1997 . 314 pp . Hayes , Derek . Historical Atlas of British Columbia and the Pacific Northwest : Maps of Exploration . Vancouver : Cavendish , 1999 . 208 pp . Johnston , Hugh , ed . The Pacific Province : A History of British Columbia . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , 1996 . 352 pp . McGillivray , Brett . Geography of British Columbia : People and Landscapes in Transition . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 2000 . 235pp Muckle , Robert J. The First Nations of British Columbia . Vancouver : U. of British Columbia Press , 1998 . 146pp . Norris , John . Strangers Entertained : A History of Ethnic Groups in British Columbia . Vancouver : Evergreen Press , 1971 . 254 pp . Ormsby , Margaret A. British Columbia : A History ( Macmillan , 1958 ) online edition Recksten , Terry . The Illustrated History of British Columbia . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , 2001 . 280 pp . Roy , Patricia E. , ed . A History of British Columbia : Selected Readings ( 1989 ) Woodcock , George . British Columbia : A History of the Province . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre , 1990 . 288 pp . Whitcomb , Dr. Ed . A Short History of British Columbia . Ottawa . From Sea To Sea Enterprises . 2006 . 71 pp . External links ( edit ) BC History in images - A visual history of British Columbia starting as early as 1542 , from the UBC Library Digital Collections . British Colonist newspaper in Victoria , complete text Dec. 1858 to June 1910 , searchable British Columbia History Internet / Web Site , 1995 -- 2004 , compiled by historian and archivist David Mattison , was succeeded by the British Columbia History Portal , 2003 -- present . First Nations Languages of British Columbia contains information about the native languages of British Columbia . BC History Journal `` Coastal Moving Image Gallery , '' 1920s film clips of BC First Nations taken by anthropologist Harlan I. Smith , from BC Archives website . Subdivisions of British Columbia Subdivisions Regions Regional districts Forest regions and districts Ministry of Environment regions School districts Land districts Health regions Counties ( court system ) Communities Municipalities Cities District municipalities Indian government districts Island municipalities Mountain resort municipalities Regional municipalities Resort municipalities Towns Villages Ghost towns Indian reserves Metro areas and agglomerations Abbotsford -- Mission Kelowna Vancouver Victoria Census agglomerations Category : British Columbia Portal : British Columbia WikiProject : British Columbia Topics on British Columbia History Fur trade Heritage sites ( National Historic Sites ) Politics Political parties Elections Government Lieutenant Governor Cabinet Premiers ( current ) Legislature Monarchy Leader of the Opposition Geography Demographics Mountains Natural history Provincial parks Rivers Volcanoes Communities Census divisions Regional Districts Settlements Economy Companies Highways Airports Culture Education First Nations Law Music Sports People Symbols Flag Coat of arms Universities Tourist attractions General outline Category Portal History of Canada Year list ( Timeline ) 18000 BCE -- 1500 CE 1534 -- 1763 1763 -- 1867 1867 -- 1914 1914 -- 1945 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 1992 -- present Topics Canadians - ( Persons of significance ) Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Cultural Economic Etymology Events of significance Former colonies & territories Heritage Minutes Historic Sites Immigration Military Conflicts Operations Peacekeeping Victories Monarchical Population history Sports Territorial evolution Women Provinces & territories British Columbia Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba Ontario Quebec New Brunswick Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Newfoundland and Labrador Yukon Northwest Territories Nunavut ( Name etymologies ) Cities Brampton Charlottetown Fredericton Halifax RM Hamilton Lethbridge Moncton Montreal Northwest Territories capital cities Ottawa Quebec City Regina Saskatoon Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg ( Name etymologies ) Research Bibliography Historiography Category Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_British_Columbia&oldid=808699768 '' Categories : History of British Columbia History of the Rocky Mountains Oregon Country Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 15 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did british columbia became part of canada | [
"British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada. Originally politically constituted as a pair of British colonies, British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation on July 20, 1871. Perhaps the most influential historian of British Columbia has been Margaret Ormsby. In British Columbia: A History (1958) she presented a structural model that has been adopted by numerous historians and teachers. Chad Reimer says, \"in many aspects, it still has not been surpassed\". Ormsby posited a series of propositions that provided the dynamic to the history:"
] | [
"July 20, 1871"
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-7042944393834159038 | Maze Runner: The Death Cure | Maze Runner : the Death Cure - wikipedia Maze Runner : the Death Cure Jump to : navigation , search For the book the film is based on , see The Death Cure . Maze Runner : The Death Cure International teaser poster Directed by Wes Ball Produced by Ellen Goldsmith - Vein Wyck Godfrey Marty Bowen Lee Stollman Wes Ball Screenplay by T.S. Nowlin Based on The Death Cure by James Dashner Starring Dylan O'Brien Kaya Scodelario Thomas Brodie - Sangster Nathalie Emmanuel Giancarlo Esposito Aidan Gillen Walton Goggins Ki Hong Lee Barry Pepper Will Poulter Patricia Clarkson Music by John Paesano Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Dan Zimmerman Production company Gotham Group Temple Hill Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) ( US ) Country United States Language English Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( also known simply as The Death Cure ) is an upcoming American dystopian science - fiction action thriller film directed by Wes Ball , based on The Death Cure , the final book in The Maze Runner trilogy , written by James Dashner , with a screenplay by T.S. Nowlin . It is the sequel to Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series . Maze Runner : The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17 , 2017 , in the United States by 20th Century Fox , but the studio rescheduled the film for January 26 , 2018 in 3D , 2D and IMAX 3D , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover from his injuries sustained during filming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) In the conclusion to the Maze Runner trilogy , Thomas leads his group of escaped Gladers on their final and most dangerous mission yet . To save their friends , they must break into the legendary Last City , a WCKD - controlled labyrinth that may turn out to be the deadliest maze of all . Anyone who makes it out alive will get answers to the questions the Gladers have been asking since they first arrived in the maze . Cast ( edit ) Dylan O'Brien as Thomas Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Thomas Brodie - Sangster as Newt Dexter Darden as Frypan Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge Aidan Gillen as Janson Walton Goggins as Lawrence Ki Hong Lee as Minho Jacob Lofland as Aris Barry Pepper as Vince Will Poulter as Gally Rosa Salazar as Brenda Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige Production ( edit ) In March 2015 , it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin , who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film , would adapt Maze Runner : The Death Cure . Wes Ball confirmed that , if he returns to direct , the film will not be split into two parts of film . On September 16 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Vancouver . Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic - Con International that filming would begin in February 2016 . On March 18 , 2016 , it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized . James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident . It was said that the producers were `` looking to '' resume filming around mid-May . According to the Directors Guild of Canada 's production list , the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9 , and complete principal photography on July 26 . However , on April 29 , 2016 , production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought . Filming resumed on March 6 , 2017 in Cape Town , South Africa . In May 2017 , it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence , described as `` an unusual and dangerous character who is part - revolutionary , part - anarchist , and a voice for the voiceless people . '' Principal photography wrapped on June 3 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17 , 2017 . However , due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries , the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met . On May 27 , 2016 , 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12 , 2018 , allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover . On April 22 , 2017 , the studio delayed the release date once again , to February 9 , 2018 , in order to allow more time for post-production ; months later , on August 25 , the studio moved the release forward two weeks . The film will premiere on January 26 , 2018 in 3D , 2D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' Sets T.S. Nowlin To Pen '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner ' Finale ' The Death Cure ' Wo n't Be Split Into Two Movies '' . / Film . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Maze Runner 3 to begin filming in Vancouver in March '' . Vancity Buzz . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. , Aliza ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Maze Runner : Death Cure ' News And Updates : Filming Confirmed ; Release Date Set On February '' . jobsnhire.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ClevverTV ( @ ClevverTV ) ( July 9 , 2015 ) . `` The script for Death Cure is currently being worked on & will begin filming in February # ScorchTrials # ScorchSneakPeek '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zumberge , Marianne ( 18 March 2016 ) . `` ' Maze Runner ' Star Dylan O'Brien Injured on Set '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner Star Dylan O'Brien Healing Very Well After On - Set Accident , Will Return to Work in About Six Weeks - E ! Online '' . E ! Online . 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dylan O'Brien's Injuries Force ' Maze Runner ' Sequel to Extend Production Shut Down '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maze Runner : The Death Cure Resumes Filming In February '' . 29 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ian Bailey ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` Maze Runner film production leaving B.C. for South Africa '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Filming '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Walton Goggins Set For ' Maze Runner : The Death Cure ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Thanks to a great cast and crew for a hell of an experience '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` MAZE RUNNER : THE DEATH CURE Set for 2017 Release ; Miraculously Not Being Split into Two Movies '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past , present and future releases to Past , Present and Future Releases UK Recent and Upcoming Movie '' . www.launchingfilms.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Dylan O'Brien's ' Maze Runner : Death Cure ' Release Pushed Back to 2018 '' . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wes Ball ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Hey maze fans . Do n't worry . Release date shifted 4 weeks . It 's a good thing . I get four more weeks of vfx finals , sound mixing , editing '' . Delay . Jump up ^ Anthony , D'Allessandro ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' New Mutants ' & ' Dark Phoenix ' Find 2018 Dates Among Fox 's Slew Of Release Changes & Additions '' . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave , McNary ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Pentagon Papers Movie Re-Titled ' The Post ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Maze Runner : The Death Cure on IMDb The Maze Runner series by James Dashner Main trilogy The Maze Runner The Scorch Trials The Death Cure Prequels The Kill Order The Fever Code Film series The Maze Runner Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials Maze Runner : The Death Cure Films directed by Wes Ball The Maze Runner ( 2014 ) Maze Runner : The Scorch Trials ( 2015 ) Maze Runner : The Death Cure ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maze_Runner:_The_Death_Cure&oldid=815375622 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s adventure films 2010s mystery films 2010s science fiction films 2010s teen films 20th Century Fox films American films American action thriller films American science fiction action films American science fiction thriller films American sequel films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Wes Ball Films shot in South Africa IMAX films The Maze Runner Post-apocalyptic films Science fiction adventure films Teen mystery films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 13 : 22 . About Wikipedia | when is maze runner death cure coming out | [
"Maze Runner: The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film for January 26, 2018 in 3D, 2D and IMAX 3D, allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover from his injuries sustained during filming."
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"January 26, 2018"
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-6194035900819264620 | List of best-selling fiction authors | List of best - selling fiction authors - wikipedia List of best - selling fiction authors Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of best - selling fiction authors to date , in any language . While finding precise sales numbers for any given author is near - impossible , the list is based on approximate numbers provided or repeated by reliable sources . `` Best - selling '' refers to the estimated number of copies sold of all fiction books written or co-written by an author . To keep the list manageable , only authors with estimated sales of at least 100 million are included . Authors of comic books are not included unless they have been published in book format ( for example : comic albums or Tankōbon ) . Authors such as Miguel de Cervantes , Alexandre Dumas , Charles Dickens , Jane Austen , Arthur Conan Doyle , Victor Hugo , Jules Verne , Rick Riordan , Jack Higgins and Leon Uris have not been included in the table because no exact figures could be found -- although there are indications that they too have more than 100 million copies of their work in print . This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Author Min . estimated sales Max . estimated sales Original language Genre or title Number of books Citizenship Christie , Agatha Agatha Christie 2 billion 4 billion English Whodunits including the Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot series 85 British Shakespeare , William William Shakespeare 2 billion 4 billion English Plays and poetry 42 English Cartland , Barbara Barbara Cartland 500 million 1 billion English Romance 723 British Steel , Danielle Danielle Steel 500 million 800 million English Romance 120 American Robbins , Harold Harold Robbins 750 million 750 million English Adventure 23 American Simenon , Georges Georges Simenon 500 million 700 million French Detectives , Maigret , romans dur 570 Belgian Sheldon , Sidney Sidney Sheldon 370 million 600 million English Suspense 21 American Blyton , Enid Enid Blyton 300 million 600 million English Children 's literature , Noddy , The Famous Five , The Secret Seven 800 British Rowling , J.K. J.K. Rowling 450 million 500 million English Harry Potter 11 British Seuss , Dr. Dr. Seuss 100 million 500 million English Children 's literature 44 American Patten , Gilbert Gilbert Patten 125 million 500 million English Adolescent adventures 209 American Oda , Eiichiro Eiichiro Oda 320 million 430 million Japanese One Piece , Manga 86 Japanese Tolstoy , Leo Leo Tolstoy 413 million Russian War and Peace , Anna Karenina 48 Russian Tellado , Corín Corín Tellado 400 million 400 million Spanish Romance 4,000 Spanish Collins , Jackie Jackie Collins 250 million 400 million English Romance 25 British Alger , Horatio Horatio Alger 200 million 400 million English Dime novels 135 American Stine , R.L. R.L. Stine 100 million 400 million English Goosebumps series , Fear Street series , horror , comedy 430 + American Koontz , Dean Dean Koontz 325 million 400 million English Horror , thriller , science fiction , fantasy 91 American Roberts , Nora Nora Roberts 145 million 400 million English Romance 200 + American Pushkin , Alexander Alexander Pushkin 357 million Russian Plays , poetry , prose , Eugene Onegin 17 Russian King , Stephen Stephen King 300 million 350 million English Horror , science fiction , fantasy , It , The Shining , The Stand , Bag Of Bones , Needful Things , The Green Mile 70 American Coelho , Paulo Paulo Coelho 200 million 350 million Portuguese The Alchemist 28 Brazilian L'Amour , Louis Louis L'Amour 230 million 330 million English Western 101 American Gardner , Erle Stanley Erle Stanley Gardner 100 million 325 million English Mystery , Perry Mason 140 American Jin Yong 100 million 300 million Chinese Wuxia 15 Hong Kong Chinese Akagawa , Jirō Jirō Akagawa 300 million Japanese Mystery 500 + Japanese Dailey , Janet Janet Dailey 300 million 300 million English Romance 93 American Wallace , Edgar Edgar Wallace 300 million English Detective 175 British Ludlum , Robert Robert Ludlum 110 million 290 million English Espionage , Jason Bourne 40 American Patterson , James James Patterson 150 million 275 million English Thriller , Alex Cross 98 American Dard , Frédéric Frédéric Dard 200 million 270 million French Detective , San Antonio 300 Swiss Archer , Jeffrey Jeffrey Archer 120 million 270 million English Crime thriller 30 British Berenstain , Stan and Jan Stan and Jan Berenstain 200 million 260 million English Berenstain Bears 300 + American Dahl , Roald Roald Dahl 200 million 250 million English Children 's literature 50 British Grisham , John John Grisham 100 million 250 million English Legal thriller 22 American Grey , Zane Zane Grey 250 million English Western American Wallace , Irving Irving Wallace 250 million English Suspense American Tolkien , J.R.R. J.R.R. Tolkien 200 million 250 million English The Lord of the Rings , The Hobbit , classical fantasy 36 British Toriyama , Akira Akira Toriyama 240 million Japanese Dragon Ball , Dr. Slump , Manga 60 Japanese Kishimoto , Masashi Masashi Kishimoto 220 million Japanese Naruto , Manga 72 Japanese May , Karl Karl May 100 million 200 million German Western , adventure 80 German Spillane , Mickey Mickey Spillane 100 million 200 million English Detective , Mike Hammer American Lewis , C.S. C.S. Lewis 100 million 200 million English The Chronicles of Narnia , fantasy , popular theology 38 British Nishimura , Kyotaro Kyotaro Nishimura 200 million Japanese Mystery 400 + Japanese Brown , Dan Dan Brown 200 million 200 million English Thriller , Robert Langdon 6 American Martin , Ann M. Ann M. Martin 172 million 180 million English The Baby - sitters Club 335 American Shiba , Ryōtarō Ryōtarō Shiba 180 million Japanese Historical 350 Japanese Hailey , Arthur Arthur Hailey 150 million 170 million English Thriller 11 British / Canadian Villiers , Gérard de Gérard de Villiers 150 million French Detectives , SAS 170 French Potter , Beatrix Beatrix Potter 100 million 150 million English Peter Rabbit 23 British Crichton , Michael Michael Crichton 150 million 150 million English Techno thriller 25 American Scarry , Richard Richard Scarry 100 million 150 million English Illustrated children 's books 250 American Cussler , Clive Clive Cussler 40 million 150 million English Adventure , Dirk Pitt 37 American MacLean , Alistair Alistair MacLean 150 million English Adventure , thriller , war stories 32 British Follett , Ken Ken Follett 90 million 150 million English Spy thriller , historical thriller 30 British Lindgren , Astrid Astrid Lindgren 100 million 145 million Swedish Children 's literature 100 Swedish Macomber , Debbie Debbie Macomber 60 million 140 million English Romance American EL James 100 million 125 million English Fifty Shades of Grey British Yoshikawa , Eiji Eiji Yoshikawa 120 million Japanese Musashi 7 Japanese Cookson , Catherine Catherine Cookson 100 million 120 million English Romance 103 British Meyer , Stephenie Stephenie Meyer 100 million 116 million English The Twilight Saga , The Host , romance 6 American Bridwell , Norman Norman Bridwell 100 million 110 million English Clifford the Big Red Dog 80 American Baldacci , David David Baldacci 110 million English Thriller 25 American Nicholas Sparks 90 million 105 million English Romance 22 American Hunter , Evan Evan Hunter 100 million 100 million English Detective ( Ed McBain ) 94 American Neiderman , Andrew Andrew Neiderman 100 million 100 million English V.C. Andrews , The Devil 's Advocate 60 American Hargreaves , Roger Roger Hargreaves 100 million 100 million English Children 's literature , Mr. Men British Rice , Anne Anne Rice 75 million 100 million English Gothic fiction , vampires , Interview with the Vampire ( The Vampire Chronicles ) 27 American Cook , Robin Robin Cook 100 million 100 million English Medical thriller 27 American Smith , Wilbur Wilbur Smith 80 million 100 million English African adventure 32 South African / British Caldwell , Erskine Erskine Caldwell 80 million 100 million English Literature 25 American Judith Krantz 80 million 100 million English Romance 12 American Hibbert , Eleanor Eleanor Hibbert 100 million 100 million English Romance , historical , suspense 200 British Carroll , Lewis Lewis Carroll 100 million English Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , absurdist literature British Robins , Denise Denise Robins 100 million English Romance 200 British Xueqin , Cao Cao Xueqin 100 million Chinese Dream of the Red Chamber Chinese Fleming , Ian Ian Fleming 100 million 100 million English James Bond 14 British Hesse , Hermann Hermann Hesse 100 million 100 million German Steppenwolf , Siddhartha , The Glass Bead Game 45 German - Swiss Stout , Rex Rex Stout 100 million 100 million English Nero Wolfe 50 American Golon , Anne Anne Golon 100 million 100 million French Angélique 14 French Slaughter , Frank G. Frank G. Slaughter 100 million English Medical 62 American Burroughs , Edgar Rice Edgar Rice Burroughs 100 million 100 million English Tarzan , Barsoom and Pellucidar series , science fantasy American Creasey , John John Creasey 100 million English Crime thriller 600 British Michener , James A. James A. Michener 100 million English Historical 47 American Uchida , Yasuo Yasuo Uchida 100 million Japanese Mystery 130 + Japanese Morimura , Seiichi Seiichi Morimura 100 million Japanese Mystery 350 + Japanese Higgins Clark , Mary Mary Higgins Clark 100 million 100 million English Thriller American Jordan , Penny Penny Jordan 90 million 100 million English Romance 200 + British Cornwell , Patricia Patricia Cornwell 100 million English Thriller 34 + American Clancy , Tom Tom Clancy 100 million English Thriller American See also ( edit ) Lists of writers Literature List of best - selling books List of best - selling novels in the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ News.com.au on Agatha Christie : `` With more than two billion copies of her 80 crime masterpieces sold there is a ready - made audience for television adaptations . '' ( 8 February 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : Times Online on William Shakespeare and Agatha Christie : `` Christie wrote 80 detective novels mostly featuring Poirot or Marple and it has been suggested that only the Bible and Shakespeare 's canon have outsold an estimated 4 billion copies of her books . '' ( 15 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ Times Online on William Shakespeare : `` Christie sold more than two billion books , translated into 103 languages . Only the Bible and Shakespeare 's works are said to have sold more . '' ( September 14 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph on Barbara Cartland : `` Barbara Cartland , who , we are informed ( on www.condor-sj.com ) , ' is the most widely read author in the world with more than 500 million books in print ' ? '' ( 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ CBS News on Barbara Cartland : `` Dame Barbara Cartland , 98 . Considered the world 's most prolific author and Britain 's queen of romantic fiction , with total sales of 1 billion books . '' ( December 20 , 2000 ) Jump up ^ CBC on Danielle Steel : `` The reclusive Steel , who lives in San Francisco and Paris , has published more than 70 bestselling romance novels , which have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide . '' ( 21 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ Forbes on Danielle Steel : `` Yes , you read that right , 800 MILLION copies sold . Best known for romance and drama , Danielle Steel 's novels have spent over 390 consecutive weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list and 22 have been adapted for television . '' ( 6 June 2011 ) Jump up ^ The Independent on Harold Robbins : `` During his 50 - year career ( he died in 1997 ) he sold an estimated 750 million books and , in the process , transformed himself into a brand . '' ( 23 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ USA Today on Harold Robbins : `` Starting in 1948 , he sold 750 million books , including megasellers such as The Carpetbaggers , A Stone for Danny Fisher and The Betsy . '' ( 9 October 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Age on Georges Simenon : `` With worldwide sales of 500 million , he was the most widely read living writer of his era . '' ( 14 September 2003 ) Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal on Georges Simenon : `` In his lifetime Simenon published some 570 books , using 17 pen names , which have sold more than 700 million copies in 40 countries and were translated into 57 languages . '' ( 1 April 2003 ) Jump up ^ Variety on Sidney Sheldon : `` A NEW MILESTONE FOR Sidney Sheldon , who has sold more than 370 million books '' ( 6 October 1995 ) Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch on Sidney Sheldon : `` He was one of the world 's most translated authors , selling more than 600 million books in 180 countries . '' ( January 31 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica on Enid Blyton : `` By the late 20th century her books had sold more than 300 million copies and been translated into at least 90 languages . '' ( 24 November 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Huddersfield DailyExaminer on Enid Blyton : `` She has been translated into 90 languages , is the sixth most popular writer worldwide according to UNESCO and almost equal to Shakespeare , and has sold 600 million copies . '' ( 25 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ The BBC on J.K. Rowling : `` The Harry Potter novels have sold more than 450 million copies through Bloomsbury in Britain , and Scholastic in the United States . '' ( 23 June 2011 ) Jump up ^ Forbes on `` Harry Potter '' : `` It and the six subsequent books have now sold 500 million copies worldwide . '' ( 31 June 2015 ) Jump up ^ The Daily Utah Chronicle on Dr. Seuss : `` The Pulitzer Prize - winning Seuss wrote and illustrated 47 books and sold more than 100 million copies in 18 languages . '' ( 5 March 2001 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Dr. Seuss : `` Today Dr. Seuss 's 44 books have been translated into 21 languages , selling more than 500 million copies . '' ( 2 March 2004 ) Jump up ^ Susan Edgerton e.a. in Imagining the Academy : Higher Education and Popular Culture page 53 , on Gilbert Patten : `` It is estimated that at least 125 million copies of the Frank Merriwell series ( which itself ran to at least 209 books ) were sold . '' ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ LeRoy Ashby in With Amusement For All : A History of American Popular Culture Since 1830 page 145 , on Gilbert Patten : `` ( ... ) the Merriwell brothers , the heroes of almost 250 children 's books , whose total sales of 500 million copies surpassed those of the Bible between 1896 and 1918 . '' ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Guinness World Records June 26 , 2015 `` In the space of less than two decades , the series has accumulated an incredibly loyal following and has gone on to sell an incredible 320,866,000 units , with a substantial 77 volumes of the comic book released over that period . '' Jump up ^ `` One Piece Manga Has 430 Million Copies in Print Worldwide '' . Anime News Network . October 16 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Hiroyuki Nakano , editor - in - chief of Shueisha 's Weekly Shonen Jump magazine , announced at a press event for Shueisha 's new 2017 publications on Monday that Eiichiro Oda 's One Piece manga has more than 430 million copies in print worldwide . The series has 360 million copies in print in Japan and 70 million copies in print outside of Japan . ^ Jump up to : New York Times February 15 , 1987 Jump up ^ Latin American Herald Tribune on Corin Tellado : `` In the course of her life she published more than 4,000 romance novels that sold 400 million copies , which earned her a place in the Guinness Book of Records where she has been a fixture since 1994 . '' ( 11 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ AFP on Corin Tellado : `` Corin Tellado , Spain 's most prolific romantic novelist whose books sold over 400 million copies , died Saturday at the age of 81 , three days after she finished her last novel , a hospital official said . '' ( 11 April 2009 ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune on Jackie Collins : `` More than 250 million copies of her books have been sold to fans in more than 40 countries '' ( 1 January 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Guardian on Jackie Collins : `` One of the world 's bestselling writers with more than 400 million books sold in over 40 countries . '' ( 27 June 2004 ) Jump up ^ The Chinook Observer on Horatio Alger , Jr. : `` Americans bought 200 million copies of his dime novels -- with intriguing titles like Raggedy Dick and Sink or Swim. '' ( 30 March 2005 ) Jump up ^ Time magazine on Horatio Alger : `` ( ... ) that have sold from 100 million to 400 million copies , depending on which literary historian you believe . '' ( 12 February 1973 ) Jump up ^ The Hindu on R.L. Stine : `` As R.L. Stine points out ( and he should know , having sold over a 100 million copies of over 160 different spooky stories ) '' ( 7 September 2003 ) Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Post-Gazette on R.L. Stine : `` Altogether , Stine has sold more than 400 million books . '' ( 8 April 2007 ) Jump up ^ The OC Register on Dean Koontz : `` Admitting to finally having found a great editor at Bantam , the author , who has sold 325 million books in 38 languages , talked about his craft . '' ( September 25 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Daily Pilot on Dean Koontz : `` He 's now the world 's sixth most highly paid author , tied with John Grisham at $25 million in annual sales , and his novels have sold more than 400 million copies . '' ( 7 January 2011 ) Jump up ^ BBC on Nora Roberts : `` Nora Roberts currently has 145 million books in print . '' ( 6 June 2002 ) Jump up ^ The Washington Post on Nora Roberts : `` Today , Roberts , 61 , has published her 200th novel , `` The Witness , '' and is at the helm of a cottage industry : about 400 million copies of her books in print ... '' ( 16 Apr 2012 ) Jump up ^ ABC Australia on Stephen King : `` Stephen King , author of more than 40 novels with sales of around 300 million copies , ( ... ) '' ( 12 November 2006 ) Jump up ^ BBC on Stephen King : `` But - after selling 350 million copies of his horror and suspense books - the author 's latest work draws on a series of events which almost broke him . '' ( 22 November 2006 ) Jump up ^ L'Illustré on Paulo Coelho : `` the man with 200 million books sold '' ( 6 April 2016 ) Jump up ^ The Washington Post on Paulo Coelho : `` the writer has sold an estimated 350 million books . '' ( 20 December 2016 ) Jump up ^ Ray Broadmus Browne and Pat Browne in The Guide to United States Popular Culture page 473 , on Louis L'Amour : `` His books have sold over 230 million copies , making him one of the best - selling authors in modern literary history . '' ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Jamestown Sun on Louis L'Amour : `` More than 330 million copies of his books have been sold , translated into 27 languages . '' ( 29 October 2001 ) Jump up ^ The New York Sun on Erle Stanley Gardner : `` Erle Stanley Gardner ( whose Perry Mason stories sold more than a 100 million books ) '' ( 20 July 2005 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Erle Stanley Gardner : `` Gardner 's books continue to be reissued regularly both here and abroad . Sales to date exceed 325 million copies . '' ( 22 November 1992 ) Jump up ^ I.B. Tauris & Company on Jin Yong : `` Jin Yong ( 1924 - ) is China 's bestselling living novelist . His 15 books have sold more than 100 million copies worldwide ... '' Jump up ^ Shue Yan Newsletter on Jin Yong : `` Professor Cha adopted ' Jin Rong ' as his pen - name for his 15 martial arts novels of which over 300 million copies have been sold to - date . Although Professor Cha stopped writing martial arts novels almost forty years ago , they remain in print and have been translated into English , Japanese , Korean , Thai , Vietnamese and other languages for his countless readers worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Lewis Manalo . `` The Billion Copy Opportunity '' . Publishing Perspectives . Without rival , the twentieth century 's king of the genre is Louis Cha . Estimates of his book sales reach up to 300 million copies . One editor at the Far Eastern Economic Review estimated that , if one also counted the pirated copies , over 1 billion of Cha 's books have been sold . His fourteen novels have been adapted into countless comic books , television shows , and films . Jump up ^ Nishi - Nippon Shinbun ( Japanese Language , 25 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ BBC AudioBooks catalogue on Janet Dailey : `` Janet Dailey has written more than 100 novels and is one of the world 's topselling women writers , with more than 300 million copies of her books sold in nineteen languages in ninety - eight countries '' ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Pamela Regis in A Natural History of the Romance Novel page 159 on Janet Dailey : `` There are 300 million copies of her books in print , making her the third best - selling author of all time '' ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The `` American mystery and detective novels : a reference guide '' on Edgar Wallace : `` Christie alone has sold 500 million copies ; Edgar Wallace , 300 million ; Georges Simenon , 300 million ; and Mickey Spillane , 150 million . '' ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ BBC on Robert Ludlum : `` He has sold more than 110 million books in 40 countries and 32 languages . '' ( 13 March 2001 ) Jump up ^ BBC on Robert Ludlum : `` The author , who died in 2001 , has sold more than 290 million books worldwide . '' ( 11 August 2005 ) Jump up ^ ABC News on James Patterson : `` Interesting that James Patterson has sold nearly 150 million books . '' ( 13 March 2008 ) Jump up ^ Daily Express on James Patterson : `` At the last count the 65 - year - old American has sold 275 million copies of his books . '' ( 26 February 2013 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Frédéric Dard : `` Mr. Dard wrote almost 300 books , of which more than 200 million copies have been sold . '' ( 15 June 2000 ) Jump up ^ The Washington Post on Frédéric Dard : `` Mr. Dard worked as a journalist in Lyon from 1942 to 1950 before dedicating himself to novels , theater and film . He used a number of pseudonyms , among them Frederic Charles , Kaput and L'Ange Noir ( The Black Angel ) , and sold more than 270 million books . '' ( 9 June 2000 ) Jump up ^ Hello Magazine on Jeffrey Archer : `` To date he has notched up sales of over 120 million books worldwide . '' ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Australian on Jeffrey Archer : `` The 270 million copies he has sold of his 28 books over three decades argue that he is . '' ( 1 April 2014 ) Jump up ^ The Daily Nebraskan on the Berenstains : `` '' They 've sold over 200 million copies of their books , '' said director James Larson . '' ( 21 November 2005 ) Jump up ^ Variety on the Berenstains : `` The company also is offering a new animated series based on the Berenstain Bears , the hugely popular children 's brand that has sold more than 260 million books worldwide . '' ( 7 April 2002 ) Jump up ^ BBC on Roald Dahl : `` With his stories available in 59 languages and with more than 200 million book sales worldwide . '' ( 6 July 2015 ) Jump up ^ `` Roald Dahl : As popular - and profitable - as ever '' . BBC . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 30 August 2016 . Jump up ^ The New York Times on John Grisham : `` Over the last 15 years , more than 100 million copies of Mr. Grisham 's books have been published in hardcover and paperback worldwide . '' ( 19 January 2005 ) Jump up ^ BBC on John Grisham : `` While legal thriller writer Grisham - who has sold more that 250 million books in his 20 - year career - picked up a lifetime achievement award , Ian Rankin 's The Naming of the Dead won best crime thriller . '' ( 28 March 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Payson Roundup on Zane Grey : `` '' Zane Grey had 250 million books published , '' Wolfe said . '' ( 22 November 2005 ) Jump up ^ The Writer 's Almanac on Irving Wallace : `` Although often scorned by critics , his 16 novels and 17 works of nonfiction have sold some 250 million copies worldwide . '' ( 19 March 2003 ) Jump up ^ USA Today on J.R.R. Tolkien : `` Tolkien 's franchise has resulted in more than 200 million books sold globally and $3.5 billion in box office revenue -- not to mention tens of millions of DVDs sold . '' ( 23 April 2007 ) Jump up ^ Vancouver Sun on J.R.R. Tolkien : `` Since its publication in the mid 1950s , the series ( plus its prequel The Hobbit ) has sold an estimated 250 million copies and has inspired legions of fans who revere the books . '' ( November 20 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` The manga has sold over 240 million copies . '' Jump up ^ Anime News Network `` To put Naruto 's incredible worldwide sales in perspective , Sasaki told fans that 220 million copies of Naruto have sold around the world . '' Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal on Karl May : `` the best - selling German author of all time , with 100 million books '' ( 1 January 2004 ) Jump up ^ Deutsche Welle on Karl May : `` With sales of over 200 million books , Karl May remains a household name in today 's Germany . '' ( 4 April 2001 ) Jump up ^ CBC obituary of Mickey Spillane : `` He sold more than 100 million books , and Hammer inspired several TV series and movies . '' ( 18 July 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Washington Post on Mickey Spillane : `` According to today 's industry estimates , his 26 books have sold more than 200 million copies . '' ( 22 August 2001 ) Jump up ^ BBC on C.S. Lewis : `` favourite Northern Irish author has sold over 100 million books and inspired the Harry Potter and the Lord of the Rings novels . '' ( 8 February 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Daily Herald on C.S. Lewis : `` C.S. Lewis may not be on the best - seller list , but it is estimated that his 38 books have sold more than 200 million copies worldwide and remain in print 38 years after his death . '' ( 20 October 2001 ) Jump up ^ Famitsu.com ( Japanese language , May 11 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/dan-browns-inferno-publishers-poised-for-biggestsales-since-harry-potter-as-da-vinci-code-authors-latest-robert-langdon-story-hits-shelves-8614082.html Jump up ^ Benjamin M. Compaine and Douglas Gomery , ' Who Owns the Media ? : Competition and Concentration in the Mass Media Industry ' page 115 '' Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal on Ann M. Martin : `` A year earlier , however , the movie version of `` The Baby - Sitters Club '' -- based on a series of young - adult books that have sold more than 180 million copies -- sold only $10 million in tickets , barely exceeding its $6.5 million budget . '' ( 8 October 2004 ) Jump up ^ Japan Inc. on Ryōtarō Shiba : `` Altogether , including such genres as dialogues with other authors , more than 180 million copies of his books have been printed '' ( 22 June 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Age on Arthur Hailey : `` Arthur Hailey , who has died at his home in the Bahamas aged 84 , was one of the most commercially successful authors of all time , producing 11 books which sold more than 150 million copies , were translated into about 40 languages , and brought him tens of millions of dollars '' ( 28 November 2004 ) Jump up ^ The Washington Post on Arthur Hailey : `` He wrote 11 books , which were published in 40 countries and 38 languages , with about 170 million copies in print . '' ( 27 November 2004 ) Jump up ^ Sunday Herald on Gerard De Villiers : `` De Villiers , now 78 , claims to have sold an extraordinary 150 million books over his career - with every year a million more added to the total in France alone . '' ( November 19 , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Lucia Marginean in Collecting Beatrix Potter Figurines page 2 , on Beatrix Potter : `` Beatrix Potter 's books have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million copies . '' ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ USA Today on Beatrix Potter : `` Potter 's story of the rabbit who is nearly killed after defying his mother 's warnings to avoid the garden of a farmer named McGregor has sold more than 150 million copies in 35 languages . '' ( 23 June 2003 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph on Michael Crichton : `` His books have sold more than 150 million copies . '' ( 1 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal on Michael Crichton : `` Although it is always difficult to gauge the total sales of any author , Mr. Crichton 's Web site states that he has sold more than 150 million books , and that 13 of them have been adapted into movies . '' ( 16 November 2006 ) Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica on Richard Scarry : `` His `` busy '' books and dictionaries sold more than 100 million copies worldwide , and in 1989 eight of his books made the list of the top 50 best - selling children 's books of all time . '' ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ World Screen on Richard Scarry : `` More than 150 million books by Richard Scarry have been sold worldwide and translated into 30 languages . '' ( 2 April 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Rocky Mountain Collegian on Clive Cussler : `` An audit later revealed the number of Cussler books sold was around 40 million at the time the contract was negotiated in 2000 . '' ( 5 March 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph on Clive Cussler : `` His widely popular novels - his new one , Golden Buddha , the first in an adventure series called The Oregon Files , is published next month - have sold 150 million copies in 40 languages and have made the author a very wealthy man . '' ( 23 February 2004 ) Jump up ^ Dominic Head in The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English page 431 on Alistair MacLean : `` Alistair MacLean 's works have sold more than 150 million copies worldwide . '' ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ CBS on Ken Follett : `` In all , he 's sold 90 million books . '' ( 7 October 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tampa Bay 10 News on Ken Follett : One of the world 's best - loved novelists , Follett has sold over 150 million copies of his books worldwide . '' ( 13 October 2014 ) Jump up ^ BBC on Astrid Lindgren : `` Lindgren 's books have sold over 100 million copies in some 80 languages . '' ( 28 January 2002 Jump up ^ BusinessWeek on Astrid Lindgren : `` True , Lindgren 's books , which have sold more than 145 million copies the world over , remain bestsellers to this day and the films based on her scripts continue to be immensely popular . '' ( 16 November 2007 ) Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly on Debbie Macomber : `` Last year her new books sold 2.8 million copies , bringing her total in print to more than 60 million . '' ( 19 June 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Minneapolis Star - Tribune on Debbie Macomber : `` She is constantly on one bestseller list or another , and right now there are more than 140 million copies of her novels in print '' ( 25 April 2010 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Eiji Yoshikawa : `` It has remained on the Japanese best - seller list ever since its initial publication as a novel in 1971 , and has sold an estimated 120 million copies . '' ( 13 September 1981 ) Jump up ^ The Age on Catherine Cookson : `` One hundred million copies of her 103 books have been sold worldwide . '' ( 6 October 2008 Jump up ^ Hastings Chronicle on Catherine Cookson : `` When Dame Catherine died , in June 1998 , she had completed 103 novels , sold over 120 million books worldwide and had £ 20 million in the bank - all of which went to charities . '' ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Montreal Gazette on Stephenie Meyer : `` In book form , `` Twilight '' and its sequels `` New Moon , '' `` Eclipse '' and `` Breaking Dawn '' , have sold 100 million copies worldwide , according to Little , Brown Book Group . '' ( 31 March 2010 ) Jump up ^ Publishers Weekly on Stephenie Meyer : `` Little , Brown to Publish Official ' Twilight ' Guide . '' ( 6 October 2011 ) Jump up ^ The Library of Congress on Norman Bridwell : `` Now more than 80 Clifford books have been published , close to 100 million books are in print , and Clifford 's adventures are published in several languages worldwide . '' ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ KRCB television on Norman Bridwell : `` Scholastic 's beloved , best - selling children 's books by Norman Bridwell , with more than 160 titles and 110 million books in print . '' ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ The National on David Baldacci : `` At last count , David Baldacci had sold 110 million copies of his incredibly popular thrillers . '' ( 9 August 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bachko , Katia . `` Touring MoMA with The Longest Road Author Nicholas Sparks '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Notebook ' author Nicholas Sparks coming to Wichita '' . kansas . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ The New York Times on Ed McBain : `` Ms. Gelfman , his agent , estimated that in 50 years of writing , he had sold more than 100 million copies of his work . '' ( July 7 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter on Ed McBain : `` Evan Hunter , 78 , a best - selling cop novel author who sold more than 100 million books under his own name and the pseudonym Ed McBain . '' ( December 30 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ The Sun Runner on Andrew Neiderman : `` Aside from the fact that `` The Devil 's Advocate '' is a film classic featuring Al Pacino , Keanu Reeves and Charlize Theron , Neiderman has over 100 million books in print and has been published in 95 countries . `` ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Authors ' Den on Andrew Neiderman : `` Neiderman has over 100 million books in print and has been published in 95 countries . '' ( 3 August 2006 ) Jump up ^ The Independent on Roger Hargreaves : `` The popularity of the original characters led to a television series , sold 100 million books and created a business worth £ 130m '' ( 22 January 2003 ) Jump up ^ News Australia on Roger Hargreaves : `` The popular series featured characters like Mr Strong , Mr Tickle and Mr Muddle , and it has been estimated that more than 100 million books from the Mr Men range had been sold worldwide . '' ( February 11 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ The Dallas Morning News on Anne Rice : `` All told , her books have sold more than 75 million copies worldwide , been made into movies and inspired a Broadway musical . '' ( 5 October 2008 ) Jump up ^ Tampa St. Petersburg Times on Anne Rice : `` Her 27 novels have sold some 100 - million copies . '' ( 5 October 2008 ) Jump up ^ Variety on Robin Cook : `` Cook , who with more than 100 million books in print virtually owns the medical - thriller genre , appears to be branching out of his element by adding an extraterrestrial component . '' ( 2 May 1997 ) Jump up ^ Wesleyan University on Robin Cook : `` He has sold more than 100 million books worldwide , which have been translated into approximately 40 languages . '' ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph on Wilbur Smith : `` Translated into 26 languages , they have sold more than 80 million copies worldwide . '' ( 28 April 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Herald on Wilbur Smith : `` He is the author of 25 best - sellers and claims in court papers to have sold about 100 million books . '' ( 21 May 2002 ) Jump up ^ Augusta Chronicle on Erskine Caldwell : `` Mr. Caldwell 's books have sold 80 million copies and have been published in 43 languages . '' ( 11 February 2007 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Erskine Caldwell : `` More than 100 million copies of his books have been printed around the world , and his short stories continue to be included in anthologies '' ( 1 December 1982 ) Jump up ^ The Independent on Eleanor Hibbert : `` She sold staggering amounts , in the region of 100 million copies . '' ( 28 September 2008 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Eleanor Hibbert : `` Eleanor Hibbert , a prolific and popular novelist whose books , written under the pen names Jean Plaidy , Victoria Holt and Philippa Carr , sold more than 100 million copies , died on Monday aboard a Mediterranean cruise ship . '' ( January 21 , 1993 ) Jump up ^ The New York Times on Lewis Carroll : `` Over 100 million copies of Carroll 's book have been sold , Mr. Allen said . '' ( 18 April 1985 ) Jump up ^ Miami Herald on Denise Robins : `` Miss Robins ' novels , translated into 15 languages , sold more than 100 million copies . '' ( 3 May 1985 ) Jump up ^ China.org on Cao Xueqin : `` Sun said that the book has sold over 100 million copies worldwide so far . '' ( 14 December 2005 ) Jump up ^ The Times of India on Ian Fleming : `` Faulks took up where Fleming left off in 1966 with Octopussy and the Living Daylights , the last of 14 Bond books which have sold 100 million copies since . '' ( 13 July 2007 ) Jump up ^ The New Zealand Herald on Ian Fleming : `` Faulks took up where Fleming left off in 1966 with Octopussy and the Living Daylights , the last of 14 Bond books which have sold 100 million copies since . '' ( July 11 , 2007 - Jump up ^ Eckhard Bernstein in Culture and Customs of Germany page 101 on Hermann Hesse : `` Over 100 million copies of his works have been sold worldwide '' ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ The International Herald Tribune on Hermann Hesse : `` Hesse 's novels appear in 68 languages and have been sold more than 100 million copies worldwide '' ( 28 October 1999 ) Jump up ^ The Capital Journal on Rex Stout : `` During his 88 - year life , he had written about 50 books and 75 novellas and short stories , which had been translated into 26 languages and sold more than 100 million copies . '' ( 21 September 2003 ) Jump up ^ The Philadelphia Inquirer on Rex Stout : `` Readers have snapped up more than 100 million copies of the books . '' ( 29 November 1986 ) Jump up ^ Dr. Jaap van Ginneken in Screening Difference : How Hollywood 's Blockbuster Films Imagine Race , Ethnicity and Culture page 124 , on Anne Golon : `` All together , they published thirteen titles , translated into forty - five languages and selling more than 100 million copies . '' ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The Age on Anne Golon : `` Somehow , despite her books having sold more than 100 million copies in 45 countries , Golon is living in straitened circumstances '' ( 13 November 2004 ) Jump up ^ Kevin McCarthy 's The Book Lover 's Guide to Florida on Frank G. Slaughter : `` Through 1990 , Slaughter 's books have averaged more than a million sales per title , totaling over 100 million copies . '' ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Steven R. Serafin in The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature , p. 145 , on Edgar Rice Burroughs : `` ( ... ) sales of his novels exceed 100 million copies . '' ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Bret E. Carroll in American Masculinities : A Historical Encyclopedia , page 449 , on Edgar Rice Burroughs : `` The twenty - five novels that followed between 1912 and 1947 were a huge commercial success , with over 100 million copies sold '' ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Neil Shulman e.a. in Get Between the Covers : Leave a Legacy by Writing a Book , page 225 , on John Creasey : `` Over his lifetime , he managed to write over 600 novels and to sell approximately 100 million copies of his books worldwide . '' ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Thomas D. Hamm in The Quakers in America page 208 , on James Michener : `` Michener produced a steady stream of books for the rest of his life , with total sales of over 100 million . '' ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Zenkoku Shoten Shinbun ( Japanese language , March 21 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Deseret News on Mary Higgins Clark : `` Mary Higgins Clark has been on The New York Times Best Seller list 27 times and has more than 100 million copies in print in the United States '' ( 29 March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Forbes on Mary Higgins Clark : `` Sales : 100 million books sold '' ( 6 June 2011 ) Jump up ^ The Telegraph on Penny Jordan : `` selling more than 90 million copies of nearly 190 titles '' ( 19 January 2012 ) Jump up ^ The Washington Post on Penny Jordan : `` sold more than 100 million copies worldwide '' ( 21 January 2012 ) Jump up ^ The Christian Science Monitor on Patricia Cornwell : `` Cornwell 's books have sold more than 100 million copies . '' ( 21 February 2013 ) Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times Sales figures , by the numbers : `` 100 million : Estimated number of books in print . '' ( 2 October 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best-selling_fiction_authors&oldid=815847078 '' Categories : Lists of bestsellers Lists of writers Literature records Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Dynamic lists Articles with hCards Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk About Wikipedia 한국어 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the biggest selling author of all time | [
"\n\nAuthor\nMin. estimated sales\nMax. estimated sales\nOriginal language\nGenre or title\nNumber of books\nCitizenship\n\n\nChristie, AgathaAgatha Christie\n2 billion[1]\n4 billion[2]\nEnglish\nWhodunits including the Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot series\n85\nBritish\n\n\nShakespeare, WilliamWilliam Shakespeare\n2 billion[3]\n4 billion[2]\nEnglish\nPlays and poetry\n42\nEnglish\n\n\nCartland, BarbaraBarbara Cartland\n500 million[4]\n1 billion[5]\nEnglish\nRomance\n723\nBritish\n\n\nSteel, DanielleDanielle Steel\n500 million[6]\n800 million[7]\nEnglish\nRomance\n120\nAmerican\n\n\nRobbins, HaroldHarold Robbins\n750 million[8]\n750 million[9]\nEnglish\nAdventure\n23\nAmerican\n\n\nSimenon, GeorgesGeorges Simenon\n500 million[10]\n700 million[11]\nFrench\nDetectives, Maigret, romans dur\n570\nBelgian\n\n\nSheldon, SidneySidney Sheldon\n370 million[12]\n600 million[13]\nEnglish\nSuspense\n21\nAmerican\n\n\nBlyton, EnidEnid Blyton\n300 million[14]\n600 million[15]\nEnglish\nChildren's literature, Noddy, The Famous Five, The Secret Seven\n800\nBritish\n\n\nRowling, J. K.J. K. Rowling\n450 million[16]\n500 million[17]\nEnglish\nHarry Potter\n11\nBritish\n\n\nSeuss, Dr.Dr. Seuss\n100 million[18]\n500 million[19]\nEnglish\nChildren's literature\n44\nAmerican\n\n\nPatten, GilbertGilbert Patten\n125 million[20]\n500 million[21]\nEnglish\nAdolescent adventures\n209\nAmerican\n\n\nOda, EiichiroEiichiro Oda\n320 million[22]\n430 million[23]\nJapanese\nOne Piece, Manga\n86\nJapanese\n\n\nTolstoy, LeoLeo Tolstoy\n\n413 million[24]\nRussian\nWar and Peace, Anna Karenina\n48\nRussian\n\n\nTellado, CorínCorín Tellado\n400 million[25]\n400 million[26]\nSpanish\nRomance\n4,000\nSpanish\n\n\nCollins, JackieJackie Collins\n250 million[27]\n400 million[28]\nEnglish\nRomance\n25\nBritish\n\n\nAlger, HoratioHoratio Alger\n200 million[29]\n400 million[30]\nEnglish\nDime novels\n135\nAmerican\n\n\nStine, R. L.R. L. Stine\n100 million[31]\n400 million[32]\nEnglish\nGoosebumps series, Fear Street series, horror, comedy\n430+\nAmerican\n\n\nKoontz, DeanDean Koontz\n325 million[33]\n400 million[34]\nEnglish\nHorror, thriller, science fiction, fantasy\n91\nAmerican\n\n\nRoberts, NoraNora Roberts\n145 million[35]\n400 million[36]\nEnglish\nRomance\n200+\nAmerican\n\n\nPushkin, AlexanderAlexander Pushkin\n\n357 million[24]\nRussian\nPlays, poetry, prose, Eugene Onegin\n17\nRussian\n\n\nKing, StephenStephen King\n300 million[37]\n350 million[38]\nEnglish\nHorror, science fiction, fantasy, It, The Shining, The Stand, Bag Of Bones, Needful Things, The Green Mile\n70\nAmerican\n\n\nCoelho, PauloPaulo Coelho\n200 million[39]\n350 million[40]\nPortuguese\nThe Alchemist\n28\nBrazilian\n\n\nL'Amour, LouisLouis L'Amour\n230 million[41]\n330 million[42]\nEnglish\nWestern\n101\nAmerican\n\n\nGardner, Erle StanleyErle Stanley Gardner\n100 million[43]\n325 million[44]\nEnglish\nMystery, Perry Mason\n140\nAmerican\n\n\nJin Yong\n100 million[45]\n300 million[46][47]\nChinese\nWuxia\n15\nHong Kong Chinese\n\n\nAkagawa, JirōJirō Akagawa\n\n300 million[48]\nJapanese\nMystery\n500+\nJapanese\n\n\nDailey, JanetJanet Dailey\n300 million[49]\n300 million[50]\nEnglish\nRomance\n93\nAmerican\n\n\nWallace, EdgarEdgar Wallace\n\n300 million[51]\nEnglish\nDetective\n175\nBritish\n\n\nLudlum, RobertRobert Ludlum\n110 million[52]\n290 million[53]\nEnglish\nEspionage, Jason Bourne\n40\nAmerican\n\n\nPatterson, JamesJames Patterson\n150 million[54]\n275 million[55]\nEnglish\nThriller, Alex Cross\n98\nAmerican\n\n\nDard, FrédéricFrédéric Dard\n200 million[56]\n270 million[57]\nFrench\nDetective, San Antonio\n300\nSwiss\n\n\nArcher, JeffreyJeffrey Archer\n120 million[58]\n270 million[59]\nEnglish\nCrime thriller\n30\nBritish\n\n\nBerenstain, Stan and JanStan and Jan Berenstain\n200 million[60]\n260 million[61]\nEnglish\nBerenstain Bears\n300+\nAmerican\n\n\nDahl, RoaldRoald Dahl\n200 million[62]\n250 million[63]\nEnglish\nChildren's literature\n50\nBritish\n\n\nGrisham, JohnJohn Grisham\n100 million[64]\n250 million[65]\nEnglish\nLegal thriller\n22\nAmerican\n\n\nGrey, ZaneZane Grey\n\n250 million[66]\nEnglish\nWestern\n\nAmerican\n\n\nWallace, IrvingIrving Wallace\n\n250 million[67]\nEnglish\nSuspense\n\nAmerican\n\n\nTolkien, J. R. R.J. R. R. Tolkien\n200 million[68]\n250 million[69]\nEnglish\nThe Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, classical fantasy\n36\nBritish\n\n\nToriyama, AkiraAkira Toriyama\n240 million[70]\n\nJapanese\nDragon Ball, Dr. Slump, Manga\n60\nJapanese\n\n\nKishimoto, MasashiMasashi Kishimoto\n220 million[71]\n\nJapanese\nNaruto, Manga\n72\nJapanese\n\n\nMay, KarlKarl May\n100 million[72]\n200 million[73]\nGerman\nWestern, adventure\n80\nGerman\n\n\nSpillane, MickeyMickey Spillane\n100 million[74]\n200 million[75]\nEnglish\nDetective, Mike Hammer\n\nAmerican\n\n\nLewis, C. S.C. S. Lewis\n100 million[76]\n200 million[77]\nEnglish\nThe Chronicles of Narnia, fantasy, popular theology\n38\nBritish\n\n\nNishimura, KyotaroKyotaro Nishimura\n\n200 million[78]\nJapanese\nMystery\n400+\nJapanese\n\n\nBrown, DanDan Brown\n200 million\n200 million[79]\nEnglish\nThriller, Robert Langdon\n6\nAmerican\n\n\nMartin, Ann M.Ann M. Martin\n172 million[80]\n180 million[81]\nEnglish\nThe Baby-sitters Club\n335\nAmerican\n\n\nShiba, RyōtarōRyōtarō Shiba\n\n180 million[82]\nJapanese\nHistorical\n350\nJapanese\n\n\nHailey, ArthurArthur Hailey\n150 million[83]\n170 million[84]\nEnglish\nThriller\n11\nBritish/Canadian\n\n\nVilliers, Gérard deGérard de Villiers\n\n150 million[85]\nFrench\nDetectives, SAS\n170\nFrench\n\n\nPotter, BeatrixBeatrix Potter\n100 million[86]\n150 million[87]\nEnglish\nPeter Rabbit\n23\nBritish\n\n\nCrichton, MichaelMichael Crichton\n150 million[88]\n150 million[89]\nEnglish\nTechno thriller\n25\nAmerican\n\n\nScarry, RichardRichard Scarry\n100 million[90]\n150 million[91]\nEnglish\nIllustrated children's books\n250\nAmerican\n\n\nCussler, CliveClive Cussler\n40 million[92]\n150 million[93]\nEnglish\nAdventure, Dirk Pitt\n37\nAmerican\n\n\nMacLean, AlistairAlistair MacLean\n\n150 million[94]\nEnglish\nAdventure, thriller, war stories\n32\nBritish\n\n\nFollett, KenKen Follett\n90 million[95]\n150 million[96]\nEnglish\nSpy thriller, historical thriller\n30\nBritish\n\n\nLindgren, AstridAstrid Lindgren\n100 million[97]\n145 million[98]\nSwedish\nChildren's literature\n100\nSwedish\n\n\nMacomber, DebbieDebbie Macomber\n60 million[99]\n140 million[100]\nEnglish\nRomance\n\nAmerican\n\n\nEL James\n100 million\n125 million\nEnglish\nFifty Shades of Grey\n3\nBritish\n\n\nYoshikawa, EijiEiji Yoshikawa\n\n120 million[101]\nJapanese\nMusashi\n7\nJapanese\n\n\nCookson, CatherineCatherine Cookson\n100 million[102]\n120 million[103]\nEnglish\nRomance\n103\nBritish\n\n\nMeyer, StephenieStephenie Meyer\n100 million[104]\n116 million[105]\nEnglish\nThe Twilight Saga, The Host, romance\n6\nAmerican\n\n\nBridwell, NormanNorman Bridwell\n100 million[106]\n110 million[107]\nEnglish\nClifford the Big Red Dog\n80\nAmerican\n\n\nBaldacci, DavidDavid Baldacci\n\n110 million[108]\nEnglish\nThriller\n25\nAmerican\n\n\nNicholas Sparks\n90 million[109]\n105 million[110]\nEnglish\nRomance\n22\nAmerican\n\n\nHunter, EvanEvan Hunter\n100 million[111]\n100 million[112]\nEnglish\nDetective (Ed McBain)\n94\nAmerican\n\n\nNeiderman, AndrewAndrew Neiderman\n100 million[113]\n100 million[114]\nEnglish\nV. C. Andrews, The Devil's Advocate\n60\nAmerican\n\n\nHargreaves, RogerRoger Hargreaves\n100 million[115]\n100 million[116]\nEnglish\nChildren's literature, Mr. Men\n\nBritish\n\n\nRice, AnneAnne Rice\n75 million[117]\n100 million[118]\nEnglish\nGothic fiction, vampires, Interview with the Vampire (The Vampire Chronicles)\n27\nAmerican\n\n\nCook, RobinRobin Cook\n100 million[119]\n100 million[120]\nEnglish\nMedical thriller\n27\nAmerican\n\n\nSmith, WilburWilbur Smith\n80 million[121]\n100 million[122]\nEnglish\nAfrican adventure\n32\nSouth African/British\n\n\nCaldwell, ErskineErskine Caldwell\n80 million[123]\n100 million[124]\nEnglish\nLiterature\n25\nAmerican\n\n\nJudith Krantz\n80 million[citation needed]\n100 million[citation needed]\nEnglish\nRomance\n12\nAmerican\n\n\nHibbert, EleanorEleanor Hibbert\n100 million[125]\n100 million[126]\nEnglish\nRomance, historical, suspense\n200\nBritish\n\n\nCarroll, LewisLewis Carroll\n\n100 million[127]\nEnglish\nAlice's Adventures in Wonderland, absurdist literature\n5\nBritish\n\n\nRobins, DeniseDenise Robins\n\n100 million[128]\nEnglish\nRomance\n200\nBritish\n\n\nXueqin, CaoCao Xueqin\n\n100 million[129]\nChinese\nDream of the Red Chamber\n\nChinese\n\n\nFleming, IanIan Fleming\n100 million[130]\n100 million[131]\nEnglish\nJames Bond\n14\nBritish\n\n\nHesse, HermannHermann Hesse\n100 million[132]\n100 million[133]\nGerman\nSteppenwolf, Siddhartha, The Glass Bead Game\n45\nGerman-Swiss\n\n\nStout, RexRex Stout\n100 million[134]\n100 million[135]\nEnglish\nNero Wolfe\n50\nAmerican\n\n\nGolon, AnneAnne Golon\n100 million[136]\n100 million[137]\nFrench\nAngélique\n14\nFrench\n\n\nSlaughter, Frank G.Frank G. Slaughter\n\n100 million[138]\nEnglish\nMedical\n62\nAmerican\n\n\nBurroughs, Edgar RiceEdgar Rice Burroughs\n100 million[139]\n100 million[140]\nEnglish\nTarzan, Barsoom and Pellucidar series, science fantasy\n\nAmerican\n\n\nCreasey, JohnJohn Creasey\n\n100 million[141]\nEnglish\nCrime thriller\n600\nBritish\n\n\nMichener, James A.James A. Michener\n\n100 million[142]\nEnglish\nHistorical\n47\nAmerican\n\n\nUchida, YasuoYasuo Uchida\n\n100 million[143]\nJapanese\nMystery\n130+\nJapanese\n\n\nMorimura, SeiichiSeiichi Morimura\n\n100 million[143]\nJapanese\nMystery\n350+\nJapanese\n\n\nHiggins Clark, MaryMary Higgins Clark\n100 million[144]\n100 million[145]\nEnglish\nThriller\n\nAmerican\n\n\nJordan, PennyPenny Jordan\n90 million[146]\n100 million[147]\nEnglish\nRomance\n200+\nBritish\n\n\nCornwell, PatriciaPatricia Cornwell\n\n100 million[148]\nEnglish\nThriller\n34+\nAmerican\n\n\nClancy, TomTom Clancy\n\n100 million[149]\nEnglish\nThriller\n\nAmerican\n\n"
] | [
"Agatha Christie"
] |
-3062519298686636550 | Mr. Freeze (roller coaster) | Mr. Freeze ( roller Coaster ) - wikipedia Mr. Freeze ( roller Coaster ) Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast Mr. Freeze at Six Flags St. Louis , 2004 Previously known as Mr. Freeze Six Flags Over Texas Park section Gotham City Coordinates 32 ° 45 ′ 28 '' N 97 ° 04 ′ 03 '' W / 32.75778 ° N 97.06750 ° W / 32.75778 ; - 97.06750 Status Operating Opening date 1998 ( 1998 ) Six Flags St. Louis Park section DC Comics Plaza Coordinates 38 ° 30 ′ 53 '' N 90 ° 40 ′ 39 '' W / 38.51472 ° N 90.67750 ° W / 38.51472 ; - 90.67750 Status Operating Opening date April 1998 ( 1998 - 04 ) General statistics Type Steel -- Launched -- Shuttle Manufacturer Premier Rides Designer Werner Stengel Model LIM Shuttle Loop Coaster Lift / launch system Linear induction motors Height 218 ft ( 66 m ) Drop 194 ft ( 59 m ) Length 1,300 ft ( 400 m ) Speed 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) Inversions 1 ( traversed twice ) Max vertical angle 90 ° Acceleration 0 to 70 mph ( 0 to 113 km / h ) in 3.8 seconds Height restriction 54 in ( 137 cm ) Trains 2 trains with 5 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 2 rows for a total of 20 riders per train . Flash Pass Available Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast at RCDB Pictures of Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast at RCDB Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast ( previously known as Mr. Freeze ) is a steel , launched , shuttle roller coaster located at Six Flags Over Texas in Arlington , Texas and Six Flags St. Louis in Eureka , Missouri . The two rides , mirror images of each other , are based on the famous Batman villain Mr. Freeze , and were originally based on the 1997 film Batman & Robin . Both versions use linear induction motor ( LIM ) launch systems to accelerate riders from 0 -- 70 mph ( 0 -- 113 km / h ) in 3.8 seconds . Contents 1 History 1.1 Mr. Freeze ( 1998 -- 2011 ) 1.2 Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast ( 2012 -- present ) 2 Two - train operation 3 Ride experience 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Mr. Freeze ( 1998 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Mr. Freeze was planned to open in 1997 with the release of Batman & Robin . Arnold Schwarzenegger and George Clooney were scheduled to appear at the opening of Gotham City at Six Flags Over Texas and be the first people to ride it , but troubles with the LIM system delayed the opening until 1998 . This was the main reason why Schwarzenegger never appeared ( since he had another promised project at the time ; Clooney decided not to come because Schwarzenegger did n't ) . The ride itself was fabricated by Intermountain Lift , Inc . When it first opened , Mr. Freeze used over-the - shoulder restraints ( commonly called OTSRs ) , which were replaced with individual ratcheting lap bars for the 2002 season at both locations . In June 2006 , all Premier Rides ' LIM roller coasters were closed as they underwent emergency inspection after an accident on the now - defunct Batman & Robin : The Chiller where a wheel fell off on the lowest part of the track . This problem apparently existed on all of Premier Rides ' coasters with booster LIMs . New wheels and bearings were ordered and have been replaced . Both roller coasters were originally painted in light blue . The Texas Mr. Freeze received a new paint job that was completed in 2007 . Now , the rest of the track is painted a bright red and the supports are dark blue . For 2009 , the St. Louis Mr. Freeze was repainted with dark blue track and supports . Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) On March 22 , 2012 , Six Flags announced that both versions of Mr. Freeze roller coasters at Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags St. Louis would feature backwards facing trains and be renamed Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast . The St. Louis version reopened on May 5 , 2012 , with the help of David Freese ( then a St. Louis Cardinals baseball player ) . The Over Texas version reopened on May 12 , 2012 , and also Vanilla Ice helped open the ride up and had a concert . Two - train operation ( edit ) The station of Mr. Freeze at Six Flags Over Texas Unlike most other shuttle roller coasters , Mr. Freeze is able to simultaneously operate two five - car ( 20 passengers total ) trains because of an innovative sliding platform in the station . One train loads and unloads on either the right or left side of the station while the other train is launched out onto the main track . When this train returns to the station , it slides to the unused side of the room and unloads as the other train slides to the middle and launches . These trains are launched by 116 linear induction motors that help them achieve a top speed of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) in 3.8 seconds . Ride experience ( edit ) Riders enter an old , abandoned ice cream factory that has now become the hideout of Mr. Freeze , one of Batman 's most famous supervillains . Although the ride was originally based on Batman & Robin , the statue that can be seen in the station seems to be based on Batman : The Animated Series . The ride begins when the alarm is sounded and riders are boosted backwards through a 190 - foot ( 58 m ) tunnel and up into a 150 - foot ( 46 m ) - tall inside top hat that flips riders completely upside - down . This element is followed by a 105 - foot ( 32 m ) overbanked turn that banks riders at a 140 - degree angle and a vertical spike . As the train climbs this spike and slows , it is gently pushed up almost all the way to the top by another set of LIMs . The train then freefalls down the tower back through the course . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Mr. Freeze ( Six Flags Over Texas ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Marden , Duane . `` Mr. Freeze ( Six Flags St. Louis ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved 21 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amusement '' . Intermountain Lift , Inc . July 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chill Out Backwards at 70 mph as Six Flags Over Texas and Six Flags St. Louis launch new ride experience '' . Market Watch . The Wall Street Journal . 22 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Patton , Julie Brown ( April 9 , 2012 ) . `` Six Flags St. Louis Opens '' . Eureka Wildwood Patch . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patton , Julie Brown ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Ultimate Head Freeze Heads to Six Flags '' . Eureka Wildwood Patch . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Janda , Greg ( 22 March 2012 ) . `` Six Flags to Reverse Mr. Freeze '' . NBC Dallas Fort Worth . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Six Flags Over Texas ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` The ride opening date ... '' Facebook . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast at Six Flags Over Texas Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast at Six Flags St. Louis Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast ( Six Flags Over Texas ) at RCDB Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast ( Six Flags St. Louis ) at RCDB Six Flags Over Texas Roller coasters Batman : The Ride The Joker ( 2017 ) Judge Roy Scream La Vibora Runaway Mine Train Mini Mine Train Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast Pandemonium Runaway Mountain Shock Wave New Texas Giant Titan Wile E. Coyote 's Grand Canyon Blaster Other rides El Aserradero Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Oil Derrick Riddler Revenge Roaring Rapids Silver Star Carousel Six Flags & Texas Railroad Superman : Tower of Power Texas SkyScreamer Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Former Flashback Glow in the Park Parade Texas Chute Out Six Flags St. Louis Roller coasters American Thunder Batman : The Ride Boomerang The Boss Mr. Freeze : Reverse Blast Ninja Pandemonium Screamin ' Eagle River King Mine Train Other rides Colossus Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Hurricane Harbor Superman : Tower of Power SkyScreamer Thunder River Tidal Wave Tsunami Soaker Xcalibur Events Fright Fest Holiday in the Park Defunct rides Glow in the Park Parade Jet Scream Rockin ' Roller Scooby - Doo ! Ghostblasters : The Mystery of the Scary Swamp Batman in amusement parks Arkham Asylum -- Shock Therapy Batman Adventure -- The Ride Batman Adventure -- The Ride 2 Batman : The Dark Knight Batman The Escape Batman : Knight Flight Batman : La Fuga Batman : The Ride Batman : The Ride ( Six Flags Fiesta Texas ) Batwing Spaceshot Batwing Catwoman 's Whip The Dark Knight Coaster Gotham City Gauntlet : Escape from Arkham Asylum Harley Quinn Crazy Train The Joker The Joker ( Six Flags Discovery Kingdom ) The Joker ( Six Flags México ) The Joker Funhouse Coaster The Joker 's Jinx Justice League : Alien Invasion 3D Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Mind Bender ( Six Flags Over Georgia ) Mr. Freeze or Mr Freeze : Reverse Blast The Penguin Riddler 's Revenge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Freeze_(roller_coaster)&oldid=856171571 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters introduced in 1998 Roller coasters by name Steel roller coasters Launched roller coasters Shuttle roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Premier Rides Hypercoasters Roller coasters in Missouri Roller coasters in Texas Roller coasters operated by Six Flags Six Flags Over Texas Six Flags St. Louis Batman in amusement parks Warner Bros. Recreational Enterprises attractions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Nederlands Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 10 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was mr freeze built at six flags | [
"Mr. Freeze was planned to open in 1997[1][2] with the release of Batman & Robin. Arnold Schwarzenegger and George Clooney were scheduled to appear at the opening of Gotham City at Six Flags Over Texas and be the first people to ride it, but troubles with the LIM system delayed the opening until 1998. This was the main reason why Schwarzenegger never appeared (since he had another promised project at the time; Clooney decided not to come because Schwarzenegger didn't).[citation needed] The ride itself was fabricated by Intermountain Lift, Inc.[3]\n"
] | [
"1998"
] |
7204614141440908106 | Sinking of the RMS Titanic | Sinking of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia Sinking of the RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search For the musical work by Gavin Bryars , see The Sinking of the Titanic . Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 55 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 45 '' W / 41.73194 ° N 49.94583 ° W / 41.73194 ; - 49.94583 Sinking of the RMS Titanic Untergang der Titanic ( `` Sinking of the Titanic '' ) by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Date 14 -- 15 April 1912 Time 23 : 40 -- 02 : 20 Location North Atlantic Ocean Cause Collision with an iceberg on 14 April 1912 Participants Key persons ( show ) Edward Smith ( captain ) Jack Phillips ( radio operator ) Frederick Fleet ( lookout reporting iceberg ) William McMaster Murdoch ( officer on bridge at collision ) Charles Lightoller ( in charge of port - side lifeboats ) J. Bruce Ismay ( chairman of the White Star Line ) Outcome Between 1,490 and 1,635 deaths Improvements to navigational safety Cultural impact The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean , four days into the ship 's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . The largest passenger liner in service at the time , Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23 : 40 ( ship 's time ) on Sunday , 14 April 1912 . Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02 : 20 ( 05 : 18 GMT ) on Monday , 15 April resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people , which made it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history . Titanic received six warnings of sea ice on 14 April but was travelling near her maximum speed when her lookouts sighted the iceberg . Unable to turn quickly enough , the ship suffered a glancing blow that buckled her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen compartments to the sea . Titanic had been designed to stay afloat with four of her forward compartments flooded but no more , and the crew soon realised that the ship would sink . They used distress flares and radio ( wireless ) messages to attract help as the passengers were put into lifeboats . In accordance with existing practice , Titanic 's lifeboat system was designed to ferry passengers to nearby rescue vessels , not to hold everyone on board simultaneously ; therefore with the ship sinking rapidly and help still hours away , there was no safe refuge for many of the passengers and crew . Compounding this , poor management of the evacuation meant many boats were launched before they were completely full . Thus , when Titanic sank , over a thousand passengers and crew were still on board . Almost all those who jumped or fell into the water either drowned or died within minutes due to the effects of hypothermia . RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene about an hour and a half after the sinking and rescued the last of the survivors by 09 : 15 on 15 April , some nine and a half hours after the collision . The disaster caused widespread outrage over the lack of lifeboats , lax regulations , and the unequal treatment of the three passenger classes during the evacuation . Subsequent inquiries recommended sweeping changes to maritime regulations , leading to the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 14 April 1912 2.1 Iceberg warnings ( 09 : 00 -- 23 : 39 ) 2.2 `` Iceberg right ahead ! '' ( 23 : 39 ) 2.2. 1 Titanic enters Iceberg Alley 2.2. 2 Collision 2.2. 3 Effects of the collision 3 15 April 1912 3.1 Preparing to abandon ship ( 00 : 05 -- 00 : 45 ) 3.2 Departure of the lifeboats ( 00 : 45 -- 02 : 05 ) 3.2. 1 Launching of the last lifeboats ( 01 : 30 -- 02 : 05 ) 3.3 Last minutes of sinking ( 02 : 15 -- 02 : 20 ) 3.3. 1 Titanic 's final moments ( 02 : 20 ) 3.4 Passengers and crew in the water ( 02 : 20 -- 04 : 10 ) 3.5 Rescue and departure ( 04 : 10 -- 09 : 15 ) 4 Aftermath 4.1 Grief and outrage 4.2 Public inquiries and legislation 4.3 Cultural impact and wreckage 5 Casualties and survivors 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Background ( edit ) Titanic on her sea trials , 2 April 1912 At the time of her entry into service on 2 April 1912 , Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) Titanic was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liner sister ships , and was the largest ship in the world . She and her sister , RMS Olympic , were almost one and half times the gross register tonnage of Cunard 's RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauretania , the previous record holders , and were nearly 100 feet ( 30 m ) longer . Titanic could carry 3,547 people in speed and comfort , and was built on a hitherto unprecedented scale . Her reciprocating engines were the largest that had ever been built , standing 40 feet ( 12 m ) high and with cylinders 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) in diameter requiring the burning of 600 long tons ( 610 t ) of coal per day . Her passenger accommodations , especially those of the ship 's First Class section , were said to be `` of unrivalled extent and magnificence '' , indicated by the fares that First Class accommodation commanded . The Parlour Suites ( the most - expensive and most - luxurious suites on the ship ) with private promenade cost over US $4,350 ( equivalent to $107,955 in 2016 ) for a one - way transatlantic passage . Even Third Class , though considerably less luxurious than Second and First Classes , was unusually comfortable by contemporary standards and was supplied with plentiful quantities of good food , providing its passengers with better conditions than many of them had experienced at home . Titanic 's maiden voyage began shortly after noon on 10 April 1912 when she left Southampton on the first leg of her journey to New York . A few hours later she called at Cherbourg in northern France , a journey of 80 nautical miles ( 148 km ; 92 mi ) , where she took on passengers . Her next port of call was Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland , which she reached around midday on 11 April . She left in the afternoon after taking on more passengers and stores . By the time she departed westwards across the Atlantic she was carrying 892 crew members and 1,320 passengers . This was only about half of her full passenger capacity of 2,435 , as it was the low season and shipping from the UK had been disrupted by a coal miners ' strike . Her passengers were a cross-section of Edwardian society , from millionaires such as John Jacob Astor and Benjamin Guggenheim , to poor emigrants from countries as disparate as Armenia , Ireland , Italy , Sweden , Syria and Russia seeking a new life in America . Route of Titanic 's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City , the point where she sank marked in yellow The ship was commanded by 62 - year - old Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains . He had four decades of seafaring experience and had served as captain of RMS Olympic , from which he was transferred to command Titanic . The vast majority of the crew who served under him were not trained sailors , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines ; or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . The 6 watch officers and 39 able - bodied seamen constituted only around 5 percent of the crew , and most of these had been taken on at Southampton so had not had time to familiarise themselves with the ship . The ice conditions were attributed to a mild winter that caused large numbers of icebergs to shift off the west coast of Greenland . A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but it was over on 14 April . The weather improved significantly during the course of the day , from brisk winds and moderate seas in the morning to a crystal - clear calm by evening , as the ship 's path took it beneath an arctic high pressure system . The waning crescent Moon had set a few seconds after 15 : 00 on 14 April and would not rise again until 04 : 37 ( ship 's time ) on 15 April , shortly after the arrival of the Carpathia . 14 April 1912 ( edit ) Iceberg warnings ( 09 : 00 -- 23 : 39 ) ( edit ) The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed by the chief steward of the liner Prinz Adalbert on the morning of 15 April 1912 . The iceberg was reported to have a streak of red paint from a ship 's hull along its waterline on one side . During 14 April 1912 , Titanic 's radio operators received six messages from other ships warning of drifting ice , which passengers on Titanic had begun to notice during the afternoon . The ice conditions in the North Atlantic were the worst for any April in the previous 50 years ( which was the reason why the lookouts were unaware that they were about to steam into a line of drifting ice several miles wide and many miles long ) . Not all of these messages were relayed by the radio operators . At the time , all wireless operators on ocean liners were employees of the Marconi 's Wireless Telegraph Company and not members of their ship 's crew ; their primary responsibility was to send messages for the passengers , with weather reports as a secondary concern . The first warning came at 09 : 00 from RMS Caronia reporting `` bergs , growlers and field ice '' . Captain Smith acknowledged receipt of the message . At 13 : 42 , RMS Baltic relayed a report from the Greek ship Athenia that she had been `` passing icebergs and large quantities of field ice '' . This too was acknowledged by Smith , who showed the report to J. Bruce Ismay , the chairman of the White Star Line , aboard Titanic for her maiden voyage . Smith ordered a new course to be set , to take the ship farther south . At 13 : 45 , the German ship SS Amerika , which was a short distance to the south , reported she had `` passed two large icebergs '' . This message never reached Captain Smith or the other officers on Titanic 's bridge . The reason is unclear , but it may have been forgotten because the radio operators had to fix faulty equipment . SS Californian reported `` three large bergs '' at 19 : 30 , and at 21 : 40 , the steamer Mesaba reported : `` Saw much heavy pack ice and great number large icebergs . Also field ice . '' This message , too , never left the Titanic 's radio room . The radio operator , Jack Phillips , may have failed to grasp its significance because he was preoccupied with transmitting messages for passengers via the relay station at Cape Race , Newfoundland ; the radio set had broken down the day before , resulting in a backlog of messages that the two operators were trying to clear . A final warning was received at 22 : 30 from operator Cyril Evans of Californian , which had halted for the night in an ice field some miles away , but Phillips cut it off and signalled back : `` Shut up ! Shut up ! I 'm working Cape Race . '' Although the crew was aware of ice in the vicinity , the ship 's speed was not reduced , and she continued to steam at 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) , only 2 knots ( 3.7 km / h ; 2.3 mph ) short of her maximum speed of 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) . Titanic 's high speed in waters where ice had been reported was later criticised as reckless , but it reflected standard maritime practice at the time . According to Fifth Officer Harold Lowe , the custom was `` to go ahead and depend upon the lookouts in the crow 's nest and the watch on the bridge to pick up the ice in time to avoid hitting it . '' The North Atlantic liners prioritised time - keeping above all other considerations , sticking rigidly to a schedule that would guarantee their arrival at an advertised time . They were frequently driven at close to their full speed , treating hazard warnings as advisories rather than calls to action . It was widely believed that ice posed little risk ; close calls were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow , but was still able to complete her voyage . That same year , Titanic 's future captain , Edward Smith , declared in an interview that he could not `` imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' `` Iceberg right ahead ! '' ( 23 : 39 ) ( edit ) Titanic enters iceberg Alley ( edit ) For more details on the missing binoculars , see David Blair ( mariner ) . As Titanic approached her fatal collision , most passengers had gone to bed and command of the bridge had passed from Second Officer Charles Lightoller to First Officer William Murdoch . Lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee were occupying the crow 's nest , 29 metres ( 95 ft ) above the deck . The air temperature had fallen to near freezing , and the ocean was completely calm . Colonel Archibald Gracie , one of the survivors of the disaster , later wrote that `` the sea was like glass , so smooth that the stars were clearly reflected . '' It is now known that such exceptionally calm water is a sign of nearby pack ice . Although the air was clear , there was no moon , and with the sea so calm , there was nothing to give away the position of the nearby icebergs ; had the sea been rougher , waves breaking against the icebergs would have made them more visible . Because of a mix - up at Southampton the lookouts had no binoculars ; but reportedly binoculars would not have been effective in darkness which was total except for starlight and the ship 's own lights . The lookouts were nonetheless well aware of the ice hazard , as Lightoller had ordered them and other crew members to `` keep a sharp look - out for ice , particularly small ice and growlers '' . At 23 : 30 , Fleet and Lee noticed a slight haze on the horizon ahead of them , but did not make anything of it . Some experts now believe that this haze was actually a mirage caused by cold waters meeting warm air ( similar to a water mirage in the desert ) when Titanic entered Iceberg Alley . This would have resulted in a raised horizon , blinding the lookouts from spotting anything far away . Collision ( edit ) Nine minutes later , at 23 : 39 , Fleet spotted an iceberg in Titanic 's path . He rang the lookout bell three times and telephoned the bridge to inform Sixth Officer James Moody . Fleet asked `` Is there anyone there ? '' Moody replied , `` Yes , what do you see ? '' Fleet replied : `` Iceberg , right ahead ! '' After thanking Fleet , Moody relayed the message to Murdoch , who ordered Quartermaster Robert Hichens to change the ship 's course . Murdoch is generally believed to have given the order `` Hard astarboard '' which would result in the ship 's tiller being moved all the way to starboard ( the right side of the ship ) in an attempt to turn the ship to port ( left ) . He also rang `` Full Astern '' on the ship 's telegraphs . According to Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall , Murdoch told Captain Smith that he was attempting to `` hard - a-port around ( the iceberg ) '' , suggesting that he was attempting a `` port around '' manoeuvre -- to first swing the bow around the obstacle , then swing the stern so that both ends of the ship would avoid a collision . There was a delay before either order went into effect ; the steam - powered steering mechanism took up to 30 seconds to turn the ship 's tiller , and the complex task of setting the engines into reverse would also have taken some time to accomplish . Because the centre turbine could not be reversed , both it and the centre propeller , positioned directly in front of the ship 's rudder , were simply stopped . This reduced the rudder 's effectiveness , therefore impairing the turning ability of the ship . Had Murdoch simply turned the ship while maintaining her forward speed , Titanic might have missed the iceberg with feet to spare . In 2010 , Louise Patten asserted that her grandfather Charles Lightoller claimed that the helmsman Robert Hitchens initially panicked and turned the rudder the wrong way and that subsequently Bruce Ismay ordered the boat to continue `` Slow Ahead '' in the belief that Titanic was unsinkable . This , allegedly , had never been revealed because of the insurance implications . Diagram of Titanic 's course at the time of the collision with the iceberg . ( Blue : path of bow . Red : path of stern . ) In the event , Titanic 's heading changed just in time to avoid a head - on collision , but the change in direction caused the ship to strike the iceberg with a glancing blow . An underwater spur of ice scraped along the starboard side of the ship for about seven seconds ; chunks of ice dislodged from upper parts of the berg fell onto her forward decks . A few minutes later , all of Titanic 's engines were stopped , leaving the ship facing north and drifting in the Labrador Current . Effects of the collision ( edit ) The iceberg buckled the plates , popping rivets and damaging a sequence of compartments . Contrary to widespread assumption , the iceberg did not slice the hull . The impact with the iceberg was long thought to have produced a huge opening in Titanic 's hull , `` not less than 300 feet ( 91 m ) in length , 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the level of the keel '' , as one writer later put it . At the British inquiry following the accident , Edward Wilding ( chief naval architect for Harland and Wolff ) , calculating on the basis of the observed flooding of forward compartments forty minutes after the collision , testified that the area of the hull opened to the sea was `` somewhere about 12 square feet '' . He also stated that `` I believe it must have been in places , not a continuous rip '' , but that the different openings must have extended along an area of around 300 feet , to account for the flooding in several compartments . The findings of the inquiry state that the damage extended about 300 feet , and hence many subsequent writers followed this statement . Modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck have found that the damage consisted of six narrow openings in an area of the hull covering only about 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) in total . According to Paul K. Matthias , who made the measurements , the damage consisted of a `` series of deformations in the starboard side that start and stop along the hull ... about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) above the bottom of the ship . '' The gaps , the longest of which measures about 39 feet ( 12 m ) long , appear to have followed the line of the hull plates . This suggests that the iron rivets along the plate seams snapped off or popped open to create narrow gaps through which water flooded . An engineer from Titanic 's builders , Harland and Wolff , suggested this scenario at the British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry following the disaster but his view was discounted . Titanic 's discoverer Robert Ballard has commented that the assumption that the ship had suffered a major breach was `` a by - product of the mystique of the Titanic . No one could believe that the great ship was sunk by a little sliver . '' Faults in the ship 's hull may have been a contributing factor . Recovered pieces of Titanic 's hull plates appear to have shattered on impact with the iceberg , without bending . The plates in the central 60 % of the hull were held together with triple rows of mild steel rivets , but the plates in the bow and stern were held together with double rows of wrought iron rivets which were -- according to materials scientists Tim Foecke and Jennifer McCarty -- near their stress limits even before the collision . These `` Best '' or No. 3 iron rivets had a high level of slag inclusions , making them more brittle than the more usual `` Best - Best '' No. 4 iron rivets , and more prone to snapping when put under stress , particularly in extreme cold . But Tom McCluskie , a retired archivist of Harland & Wolff , pointed out that Olympic , Titanic 's sister ship , was riveted with the same iron and served without incident for nearly 25 years , surviving several major collisions , including being rammed by a British cruiser . When Olympic rammed and sank the U-boat U-103 with her bow , the stem was twisted and hull plates on the starboard side were buckled without impairing the hull 's integrity . Above the waterline , there was little evidence of the collision . The stewards in the first class dining room noticed a shudder , which they thought might have been caused by the ship shedding a propeller blade . Many of the passengers felt a bump or shudder -- `` just as though we went over about a thousand marbles '' , as one survivor put it -- but did not know what had happened . Those on the lowest decks , nearest the site of the collision , felt it much more directly . Engine Oiler Walter Hurst recalled being `` awakened by a grinding crash along the starboard side . No one was very much alarmed but knew we had struck something '' . Fireman George Kemish heard a `` heavy thud and grinding tearing sound '' from the starboard hull . The ship began to flood immediately , with water pouring in at an estimated rate of 7 long tons ( 7.1 t ) per second , fifteen times faster than it could be pumped out . Second Engineer J.H. Hesketh and Leading Stoker Frederick Barrett were both struck by a jet of icy water in No. 6 boiler room and escaped just before the room 's watertight door closed . This was an extremely dangerous situation for the engineering staff ; the boilers were still full of hot high - pressure steam and there was a substantial risk that they would explode if they came into contact with the cold seawater flooding the boiler rooms . The stokers and firemen were ordered to reduce the fires and vent the boilers , sending great quantities of steam up the funnel venting pipes . They were waist - deep in freezing water by the time they finished their work . Annotated diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads . The areas of damage are shown in green . The compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . Titanic 's lower decks were divided into sixteen compartments . Each compartment was separated from its neighbour by a bulkhead running the width of the ship ; there were fifteen bulkheads in all . Each bulkhead extended at least to the underside of E Deck , nominally one deck , or about 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) , above the waterline . The two nearest the bow and the six nearest the stern went one deck further up . Each bulkhead could be sealed by watertight doors . The engine rooms and boiler rooms on the tank top deck had vertically closing doors that could be controlled remotely from the bridge , lowered automatically by a float if water was present , or closed manually by the crew . These took about 30 seconds to close ; warning bells and alternate escape routes were provided so that the crew would not be trapped by the doors . Above the tank top level , on the Orlop Deck , F Deck and E Deck , the doors closed horizontally and were manually operated . They could be closed at the door itself or from the deck above . Although the watertight bulkheads extended well above the water line , they were not sealed at the top . If too many compartments were flooded , the ship 's bow would settle deeper in the water , and water would spill from one compartment to the next in sequence , rather like water spilling across the top of an ice cube tray . This was what happened to Titanic , which had suffered damage to the forepeak tank , the three forward holds and No. 6 boiler room , a total of five compartments . Titanic was only designed to float with any two compartments flooded , but it could remain afloat with certain combinations of three or even four compartments ( the first four ) open to the ocean . With five compartments , the tops of the bulkheads would be submerged and the ship would continue to flood . Animation showing the sequence of Titanic 's sinking Captain Smith felt the collision in his cabin and immediately came to the bridge . Informed of the situation , he summoned Thomas Andrews , Titanic 's builder , who was among a party of engineers from Harland and Wolff observing the ship 's first passenger voyage . The ship was listing five degrees to starboard and was two degrees down by the head within a few minutes of the collision . Smith and Andrews went below and found that the forward cargo holds , the mail room and the squash court were flooded , while No. 6 boiler room was already filled to a depth of 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) . Water was spilling over into No. 5 boiler room , and crewmen there were battling to pump it out . Within 45 minutes of the collision , at least 13,500 long tons ( 13,700 t ) of water had entered the ship . This was far too much for Titanic 's ballast and bilge pumps to handle ; the total pumping capacity of all the pumps combined was only 1,700 long tons ( 1,700 t ) per hour . Andrews informed the captain that the first five compartments were flooded , and therefore Titanic was doomed . By his estimate , she could remain afloat for no longer than about two hours . From the time of the collision to the moment of her sinking , at least 35,000 long tons ( 36,000 t ) of water flooded into Titanic , causing her displacement to nearly double from 48,300 long tons ( 49,100 t ) to over 83,000 long tons ( 84,000 t ) . The flooding did not proceed at a constant pace , nor was it distributed evenly throughout the ship , due to the configuration of the flooded compartments . Her initial list to starboard was caused by asymmetrical flooding of the starboard side as water poured down a passageway at the bottom of the ship . When the passageway was fully flooded , the list corrected itself but the ship later began to list to port by up to ten degrees as that side also flooded asymmetrically . Titanic 's down angle altered fairly rapidly from zero degrees to about four and a half degrees during the first hour after the collision , but the rate at which the ship went down slowed greatly for the second hour , worsening only to about five degrees . This gave many of those aboard a false sense of hope that the ship might stay afloat long enough for them to be rescued . By 1 : 30 , the sinking rate of the front section increased until Titanic reached a down angle of about ten degrees . 15 April 1912 ( edit ) Preparing to abandon ship ( 00 : 05 -- 00 : 45 ) ( edit ) Edward J. Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 At 00 : 05 on 15 April , Captain Smith ordered the ship 's lifeboats uncovered and the passengers mustered . He also ordered the radio operators to begin sending distress calls , which wrongly placed the ship on the west side of the ice belt and directed rescuers to a position that turned out to be inaccurate by about 13.5 nautical miles ( 15.5 mi / 25 km ) . Below decks , water was pouring into the lowest levels of the ship . As the mail room flooded , the mail sorters made an ultimately futile attempt to save the 400,000 items of mail being carried aboard Titanic . Elsewhere , air could be heard being forced out by inrushing water . Above them , stewards went door to door , rousing sleeping passengers and crew -- Titanic did not have a public address system -- and told them to go to the Boat Deck . The thoroughness of the muster was heavily dependent on the class of the passengers ; the first - class stewards were in charge of only a few cabins , while those responsible for the second - and third - class passengers had to manage large numbers of people . The first - class stewards provided hands - on assistance , helping their charges to get dressed and bringing them out onto the deck . With far more people to deal with , the second - and third - class stewards mostly confined their efforts to throwing open doors and telling passengers to put on lifebelts and come up top . In third class , passengers were largely left to their own devices after being informed of the need to come on deck . Many passengers and crew were reluctant to comply , either refusing to believe that there was a problem or preferring the warmth of the ship 's interior to the bitterly cold night air . The passengers were not told that the ship was sinking , though a few noticed that she was listing . Around 00 : 15 , the stewards began ordering the passengers to put on their lifebelts , though again , many passengers took the order as a joke . Some set about playing an impromptu game of association football with the ice chunks that were now strewn across the foredeck . On the boat deck , as the crew began preparing the lifeboats , it was difficult to hear anything over the noise of high - pressure steam being vented from the boilers and escaping via the valves on the funnels above . Lawrence Beesley described the sound as `` a harsh , deafening boom that made conversation difficult ; if one imagines 20 locomotives blowing off steam in a low key it would give some idea of the unpleasant sound that met us as we climbed out on the top deck . '' The noise was so loud that the crew had to use hand signals to communicate . Titanic had a total of 20 lifeboats , comprising 16 wooden boats on davits , 8 on either side of the ship , and 4 collapsible boats with wooden bottoms and canvas sides . The collapsibles were stored upside down with the sides folded in , and would have to be erected and moved to the davits for launching . Two were stored under the wooden boats and the other two were lashed atop the officers ' quarters . The position of the latter would make them extremely difficult to launch , as they weighed several tons each and had to be manhandled down to the boat deck . On average , the lifeboats could take up to 68 people each , and collectively they could accommodate 1,178 -- barely half the number of people on board and a third of the number the ship was licensed to carry . The shortage of lifeboats was not because of a lack of space nor because of cost . Titanic had been designed to accommodate up to 68 lifeboats -- enough for everyone on board -- and the price of an extra 32 lifeboats would only have been some US $16,000 ( equivalent to $397,076 in 2016 ) , a tiny fraction of the $7.5 million that the company had spent on Titanic . In an emergency , lifeboats at the time were intended to be used to transfer passengers off the distressed ship and onto a nearby vessel . It was therefore commonplace for liners to have far fewer lifeboats than needed to accommodate all their passengers and crew , and of the 39 British liners of the time of over 10,000 long tons ( 10,000 t ) , 33 had too few lifeboat places to accommodate everyone on board . The White Star Line desired the ship to have a wide promenade deck with uninterrupted views of the sea , which would have been obstructed by a continuous row of lifeboats . Captain Smith was an experienced seaman who had served for 40 years at sea , including 27 years in command . This was the first real crisis of his career , and he most certainly would have known that even if all the boats were fully occupied , more than a thousand people would remain on the ship as she went down with little or no chance of survival . As Smith began to grasp the enormity of what was about to happen , he appeared to have become paralysed by indecision . He had ordered passengers and crew to muster , but from that point onward , he failed to order his officers to put the passengers into the lifeboats ; he did not adequately organise the crew ; he failed to convey crucial information to his officers and crew ; he sometimes gave ambiguous or impractical orders and he never gave the command to abandon ship . Even some of his bridge officers were unaware for some time after the collision that the ship was sinking ; Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall did not find out until 01 : 15 , barely an hour before the ship went down , while Quartermaster George Rowe was so unaware of the emergency that after the evacuation had started , he phoned the bridge from his watch station to ask why he had just seen a lifeboat go past . Smith did not inform his officers that the ship did not have enough lifeboats to save everyone . He did not supervise the loading of the lifeboats and seemingly made no effort to find out if his orders were being followed . The crew was likewise unprepared for the emergency , as lifeboat training had been minimal . Only one lifeboat drill had been conducted while the ship was docked at Southampton . It was a cursory effort , consisting of two boats being lowered , each manned by one officer and four men who merely rowed around the dock for a few minutes before returning to the ship . The boats were supposed to be stocked with emergency supplies , but Titanic 's passengers later found that they had only been partially provisioned despite the efforts of the ship 's chief baker , Charles Joughin , and his staff to do so . No lifeboat or fire drills had been conducted since Titanic left Southampton . A lifeboat drill had been scheduled for the Sunday morning before the ship sank , but was cancelled for unknown reasons by Captain Smith . Lists had been posted on the ship assigning crew members to specific lifeboat stations , but few appeared to have read them or to have known what they were supposed to do . Most of the crew were not seamen , and even some of those had no prior experience of rowing a boat . They were now faced with the complex task of coordinating the lowering of 20 boats carrying a possible total of 1,100 people 70 feet ( 21 m ) down the sides of the ship . Thomas E. Bonsall , a historian of the disaster , has commented that the evacuation was so badly organised that `` even if they had the number ( of ) lifeboats they needed , it is impossible to see how they could have launched them '' given the lack of time and poor leadership . By about 00 : 20 , 40 minutes after the collision , the loading of the lifeboats was under way . Second Officer Lightoller recalled afterwards that he noticed Smith standing near the bridge looking out at the ocean in a trance - like daze . According to Lightoller , `` I yelled at the top of my voice , ' Had n't we better get the women and children into the boats , sir ? ' He heard me and nodded reply . '' Smith then ordered Lightoller and Murdoch to `` put the women and children in and lower away '' . Lightoller took charge of the boats on the port side and Murdoch took charge of those on the starboard side . The two officers interpreted the `` women and children '' evacuation order differently ; Murdoch took it to mean women and children first , while Lightoller took it to mean women and children only . Lightoller lowered lifeboats with empty seats if there were no women and children waiting to board , while Murdoch allowed a limited number of men to board if all the nearby women and children had embarked . Neither officer knew how many people could safely be carried in the boats as they were lowered and they both erred on the side of caution by not filling them . They could have been lowered quite safely with their full complement of 68 people , especially with the highly favourable weather and sea conditions . Had this been done , an extra 500 people could have been saved ; instead , hundreds of people , predominantly men , were left on board as lifeboats were launched with many seats vacant . Few passengers at first were willing to board the lifeboats and the officers in charge of the evacuation found it difficult to persuade them . The millionaire John Jacob Astor declared : `` We are safer here than in that little boat . '' Some passengers refused flatly to embark . J. Bruce Ismay , realising the urgency of the situation , roamed the starboard boat deck urging passengers and crew to board the boats . A trickle of women , couples and single men were persuaded to board starboard lifeboat No. 7 , which became the first lifeboat to be lowered . Departure of the lifeboats ( 00 : 45 -- 02 : 05 ) ( edit ) Further information : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic `` The Sad Parting '' , illustration of 1912 At 00 : 45 , lifeboat No. 7 was rowed away from Titanic with 28 passengers on board ( despite a capacity of 65 ) . Lifeboat No. 6 , on the port side , was the next to be lowered at 00 : 55 . It also had 28 people on board , among them the `` unsinkable '' Margaret `` Molly '' Brown . Lightoller realised there was only one seaman on board ( Quartermaster Robert Hichens ) and called for volunteers . Major Arthur Godfrey Peuchen of the Royal Canadian Yacht Club stepped forward and climbed down a rope into the lifeboat ; he was the only male passenger whom Lightoller allowed to board during the port side evacuation . Peuchen 's role highlighted a key problem during the evacuation : there were hardly any seamen to man the boats . Some had been sent below to open gangway doors to allow more passengers to be evacuated , but they never returned . They were presumably trapped and drowned by the rising water below decks . Meanwhile , other crewmen fought to maintain vital services as water continued to pour into the ship below decks . The engineers and firemen worked to vent steam from the boilers to prevent them from exploding on contact with the cold water . They re-opened watertight doors in order to set up extra portable pumps in the forward compartments in a futile bid to reduce the torrent , and kept the electrical generators running to maintain lights and power throughout the ship . Steward F. Dent Ray narrowly avoided being swept away when a wooden wall between his quarters and the third - class accommodation on E deck collapsed , leaving him waist - deep in water . Two engineers , Herbert Harvey and Jonathan Shepherd ( who had just broken his left leg after falling into a manhole minutes earlier ) , died in boiler room No. 5 when , at around 00 : 45 , the bunker door separating it from the flooded No. 6 boiler room collapsed and they were swept away by `` a wave of green foam '' according to leading fireman Frederick Barrett who barely escaped from the boiler room . In boiler room No. 4 , at around 01 : 20 , water began flooding in from below , possibly indicating that the bottom of the ship had also been holed by the iceberg . The flow of water soon overwhelmed the pumps and forced the firemen and trimmers to evacuate the forward boiler rooms . Further aft , Chief Engineer William Bell , his engineering colleagues , and a handful of volunteer firemen and greasers stayed behind in the unflooded No. 1 , 2 and 3 boiler rooms and in the turbine and reciprocating engine rooms . They continued working on the boilers and the electrical generators in order to keep the ship 's lights and pumps operable and to power the radio so that distress signals could be sent . They remained at their posts until the very end , thus ensuring that Titanic 's electrics functioned until the final minutes of the sinking . None of the ship 's 35 engineers and electricians survived . Neither did any of the Titanic 's five postal clerks , who were last seen struggling to save the mail bags they had rescued from the flooded mail room . They were caught by the rising water somewhere on D deck . Many of the third - class passengers were also confronted with the sight of water pouring into their quarters on E , F and G decks . Carl Jansson , one of the relatively small number of third - class survivors , later recalled : Then I run down to my cabin to bring my other clothes , watch and bag but only had time to take the watch and coat when water with enormous force came into the cabin and I had to rush up to the deck again where I found my friends standing with lifebelts on and with terror painted on their faces . What should I do now , with no lifebelt and no shoes and no cap ? The lifeboats were lowered every few minutes on each side , but most of the boats were greatly under - filled . No. 5 left with 41 aboard , No. 3 had 32 aboard , No. 8 left with 39 and No. 1 left with just 12 out of a capacity of 40 . The evacuation did not go smoothly and passengers suffered accidents and injuries as it progressed . One woman fell between lifeboat No. 10 and the side of the ship but someone caught her by the ankle and hauled her back onto the promenade deck , where she made a second successful attempt at boarding . First - class passenger Annie Stengel broke several ribs when an overweight German - American doctor and his brother jumped into No. 5 , squashing her and knocking her unconscious . The lifeboats ' descent was likewise risky . No. 6 was nearly flooded during the descent by water discharging out of the ship 's side , but successfully made it away from the ship . No. 3 came close to disaster when , for a time , one of the davits jammed , threatening to pitch the passengers out of the lifeboat and into the sea . Distress signal Simulated RMS Titanic distress signal , in Morse code Problems playing this file ? See media help . By 01 : 20 , the seriousness of the situation was now apparent to the passengers above decks , who began saying their goodbyes , with husbands escorting their wives and children to the lifeboats . Distress flares were fired every few minutes to attract the attention of any ships nearby and the radio operators repeatedly sent the distress signal CQD . Radio operator Harold Bride suggested to his colleague Jack Phillips that he should use the new SOS signal , as it `` may be your last chance to send it '' . The two radio operators contacted other ships to ask for assistance . Several responded , of which RMS Carpathia was the closest , at 58 miles ( 93 km ) away . She was a much slower vessel than Titanic and , even driven at her maximum speed of 17 kn ( 20 mph ; 31 km / h ) , would have taken four hours to reach the sinking ship . Another to respond was SS Mount Temple , which set a course and headed for Titanic 's position but was stopped en - route by pack ice . Much nearer was SS Californian , which had warned Titanic of ice a few hours earlier . Apprehensive at his ship being caught in a large field of drift ice , Californian 's captain , Stanley Lord , had decided at about 22 : 00 to halt for the night and wait for daylight to find a way through the ice field . At 23 : 30 , 10 minutes before Titanic hit the iceberg , Californian 's sole radio operator , Cyril Evans , shut his set down for the night and went to bed . On the bridge her Third Officer , Charles Groves , saw a large vessel to starboard around 10 to 12 mi ( 16 to 19 km ) away . It made a sudden turn to port and stopped . If the radio operator of Californian had stayed at his post fifteen minutes longer , hundreds of lives might have been saved . A little over an hour later , Second Officer Herbert Stone saw five white rockets exploding above the stopped ship . Unsure what the rockets meant , he called Captain Lord , who was resting in the chartroom , and reported the sighting . Lord did not act on the report , but Stone was perturbed : `` A ship is not going to fire rockets at sea for nothing , '' he told a colleague . Distress signal sent at about 01 : 40 by Titanic 's radio operator , Jack Phillips , to the Russian ship SS Birma . This was one of Titanic 's last intelligible radio messages . By this time , it was clear to those on Titanic that the ship was indeed sinking and there would not be enough lifeboat places for everyone . Some still clung to the hope that the worst would not happen : Lucien Smith told his wife Eloise , `` It is only a matter of form to have women and children first . The ship is thoroughly equipped and everyone on her will be saved . '' Charlotte Colyer 's husband Harvey called to his wife as she was put in a lifeboat , `` Go , Lottie ! For God 's sake , be brave and go ! I 'll get a seat in another boat ! '' Other couples refused to be separated . Ida Straus , the wife of Macy 's department store co-owner and former member of the United States House of Representatives Isidor Straus , told her husband : `` We have been living together for many years . Where you go , I go . '' They sat down in a pair of deck chairs and waited for the end . The industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim changed out of his life vest and sweater into top hat and evening dress and declared his wish to go down with the ship like a gentleman . At this point , the vast majority of passengers who had boarded lifeboats were from first - and second - class . Few third - class ( steerage ) passengers had made it up onto the deck , and most were still lost in the maze of corridors or trapped behind barriers and partitions that segregated the accommodation for the steerage passengers from the first - and second - class areas . This segregation was not simply for social reasons , but was a requirement of United States immigration laws , which mandated that third - class passengers be segregated to control immigration and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases . First - and second - class passengers on transatlantic liners disembarked at the main piers on Manhattan Island , but steerage passengers had to go through health checks and processing at Ellis Island . In at least some places , Titanic 's crew appear to have actively hindered the steerage passengers ' escape . Some of the barriers were locked and guarded by crew members , apparently to prevent the steerage passengers from rushing the lifeboats . Irish survivor Margaret Murphy wrote in May 1912 : Before all the steerage passengers had even a chance of their lives , the Titanic 's sailors fastened the doors and companionways leading up from the third - class section ... A crowd of men was trying to get up to a higher deck and were fighting the sailors ; all striking and scuffling and swearing . Women and some children were there praying and crying . Then the sailors fastened down the hatchways leading to the third - class section . They said they wanted to keep the air down there so the vessel could stay up longer . It meant all hope was gone for those still down there . A long and winding route had to be taken to reach topside ; the steerage - class accommodation , located on C through G decks , was at the extreme ends of the decks , and so was the farthest away from the lifeboats . By contrast , the first - class accommodation was located on the upper decks and so was nearest . Proximity to the lifeboats thus became a key factor in determining who got into them . To add to the difficulty , many of the steerage passengers did not understand or speak English . It was perhaps no coincidence that English - speaking Irish immigrants were disproportionately represented among the steerage passengers who survived . Many of those who did survive owed their lives to third - class steward John Edward Hart , who organised three trips into the ship 's interior to escort groups of third - class passengers up to the boat deck . Others made their way through open barriers or climbed emergency ladders . Some , perhaps overwhelmed by it all , made no attempt to escape and stayed in their cabins or congregated in prayer in the third - class dining room . Leading Fireman Charles Hendrickson saw crowds of third - class passengers below decks with their trunks and possessions , as if waiting for someone to direct them . Psychologist Wynn Craig Wade attributes this to `` stoic passivity '' produced by generations of being told what to do by social superiors . August Wennerström , one of the male steerage passengers to survive , commented later that many of his companions had made no effort to save themselves . He wrote : Hundreds were in a circle ( in the third - class dining saloon ) with a preacher in the middle , praying , crying , asking God and Mary to help them . They lay there and yelled , never lifting a hand to help themselves . They had lost their own will power and expected God to do all the work for them . Launching of the last lifeboats ( 01 : 30 -- 02 : 05 ) ( edit ) Lifeboat No. 15 was nearly lowered onto lifeboat No. 13 ( depicted by Charles Dixon ) . By 01 : 30 , Titanic 's downward angle in the water was increasing and the ship was now listing slightly more to port , but not more than 5 degrees . The deteriorating situation was reflected in the tone of the messages sent from the ship : `` We are putting the women off in the boats '' at 01 : 25 , `` Engine room getting flooded '' at 01 : 35 , and at 01 : 45 , `` Engine room full up to boilers . '' This was Titanic 's last intelligible signal , sent as the ship 's electrical system began to fail ; subsequent messages were jumbled and broken . The two radio operators nonetheless continued sending out distress messages almost to the very end . The remaining boats were filled much closer to capacity and in an increasing rush . No. 11 was filled with five people more than its rated capacity . As it was lowered , it was nearly flooded by water being pumped out of the ship . No. 13 narrowly avoided the same problem but those aboard were unable to release the ropes from which the boat had been lowered . It drifted astern , directly under No. 15 as it was being lowered . The ropes were cut in time and both boats made it away safely . The first signs of panic were seen when a group of passengers attempted to rush port - side lifeboat No. 14 as it was being lowered with 40 people aboard . Fifth Officer Lowe in charge of the boat fired three warning shots in the air to control the crowd , without causing injuries . No. 16 was lowered five minutes later . Among those aboard was stewardess Violet Jessop , who would repeat the experience four years later when she survived the sinking of one of Titanic 's sister ships , Britannic , in the First World War . Collapsible boat C was launched at 01 : 40 from a now largely deserted area of the deck , as most of those on deck had moved to the stern of the ship . It was aboard this boat that White Star chairman and managing director J. Bruce Ismay , Titanic 's most controversial survivor , made his escape from the ship , an act later condemned as cowardice . At 01 : 45 , lifeboat No. 2 was lowered . While it was still at deck level , Lightoller had found the boat occupied by a number of men who , he wrote later , `` were n't British , nor of the English - speaking race ... ( but of ) the broad category known to sailors as ' dagoes ' . '' After he evicted them by threatening them with his revolver , he was unable to find enough women and children to fill the boat and lowered it with only 25 people on board out of a possible capacity of 40 . John Jacob Astor saw his wife off to safety in No. 4 boat at 01 : 55 but was refused entry by Lightoller , even though 20 of the 60 seats aboard were unoccupied . The last boat to be launched was collapsible D , which left at 02 : 05 with 25 people aboard ; two more men jumped on the boat as it was being lowered . The sea had reached the boat deck and the forecastle was deep underwater . First - class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the boat , and ultimately died in the disaster . She was one of only four women in first class to perish in the sinking . Captain Smith carried out a final tour of the deck , telling the radio operators and other crew members : `` Now it 's every man for himself . '' As passengers and crew headed to the stern , where Father Thomas Byles was hearing confessions and giving absolutions , Titanic 's band played outside the gymnasium . Titanic had two separate bands of musicians . One was a quintet led by Wallace Hartley that played after dinner and at religious services while the other was a trio who played in the reception area and outside the café and restaurant . The two bands had separate music libraries and arrangements and had not played together before the sinking . Around 30 minutes after colliding with the iceberg , the two bands were called by Captain Smith who ordered them to play in the first class lounge . Passengers present remember them playing lively tunes such as `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' . It is unknown if the two piano players were with the band at this time . The exact time is unknown , but the musicians later moved to the boat deck level where they played before moving outside onto the deck itself . Part of the enduring folklore of the Titanic sinking is that the musicians played the hymn `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' as the ship sank , but this appears to be dubious . The claim surfaced among the earliest reports of the sinking , and the hymn became so closely associated with the Titanic disaster that its opening bars were carved on the grave monument of Titanic 's bandmaster , Wallace Hartley , one of those who perished . Violet Jessop said in her 1934 account of the disaster that she had heard the hymn being played . In contrast , Archibald Gracie emphatically denied it in his own account , written soon after the sinking , and Radio Operator Harold Bride said that he had heard the band playing ragtime then `` Autumn '' , by which he may have meant Archibald Joyce 's then - popular waltz `` Songe d'Automne '' ( Autumn Dream ) . George Orrell , the bandmaster of the rescue ship , Carpathia , who spoke with survivors , related : `` The ship 's band in any emergency is expected to play to calm the passengers . After Titanic struck the iceberg the band began to play bright music , dance music , comic songs -- anything that would prevent the passengers from becoming panic - stricken ... various awe - stricken passengers began to think of the death that faced them and asked the bandmaster to play hymns . The one which appealed to all was ' Nearer My God to Thee ' . '' According to Gracie , who was near the band until that section of deck went under , the tunes played by the band were `` cheerful '' but he did n't recognise any of them , claiming that if they had played ' Nearer , My God , to Thee ' as claimed in the newspaper `` I assuredly should have noticed it and regarded it as a tactless warning of immediate death to us all and one likely to create panic . '' Several survivors who were among the last to leave the ship claimed that the band continued playing until the slope of the deck became too steep for them to stand , Gracie claimed that the band stopped playing at least 30 minutes before the vessel sank . Several witnesses support this account including A.H. Barkworth , a first - class passenger who testified : `` I do not wish to detract from the bravery of anybody , but I might mention that when I first came on deck the band was playing a waltz . The next time I passed where the band was stationed , the members had thrown down their instruments and were not to be seen . '' Bride heard the band playing as he left the radio cabin , which was by now awash , in the company of the other radio operator , Jack Phillips . He had just had a fight with a man who Bride thought was `` a stoker , or someone from below decks '' , who had attempted to steal Phillips ' lifebelt . Bride wrote later : `` I did my duty . I hope I finished ( the man ) . I do n't know . We left him on the cabin floor of the radio room , and he was not moving . '' The two radio operators went in opposite directions , Phillips aft and Bride forward towards collapsible lifeboat B . Archibald Gracie was also heading aft , but as he made his way towards the stern he found his path blocked by `` a mass of humanity several lines deep , covering the boat deck , facing us '' -- hundreds of steerage passengers , who had finally made it to the deck just as the last lifeboats departed . He gave up on the idea of going aft and jumped into the water to get away from the crowd . Others made no attempt to escape . The ship 's designer , Thomas Andrews , was reportedly last seen in the first - class smoking room , having removed his lifebelt , staring at the painting above the fireplace . Captain Smith 's fate is unclear as there are conflicting accounts of his death ; he either entered the wheelhouse on the bridge and died there when it was engulfed or jumped into the water just before the bridge was submerged and subsequently perished in the water , possibly near Collapsible B . Last minutes of sinking ( 02 : 15 -- 02 : 20 ) ( edit ) `` Nearer , My God , To Thee '' -- cartoon of 1912 At about 02 : 15 , Titanic 's angle in the water began to increase rapidly as water poured into previously unflooded parts of the ship through deck hatches . Her suddenly increasing angle caused what one survivor called a `` giant wave '' to wash along the ship from the forward end of the boat deck , sweeping many people into the sea . The parties who were trying to lower collapsible boats A and B , including Chief Officer Henry Wilde , First Officer Murdoch , Second Officer Charles Lightoller and Colonel Archibald Gracie , were swept away along with the two boats ( boat B floated away upside - down with Harold Bride trapped underneath it , and boat A ended up partly flooded and with its canvas not raised ) . Bride , Gracie and Lightoller made it onto boat B , but Murdoch and Wilde perished in the water . Lightoller opted to abandon his post to escape the growing crowds , and dived into the water from the roof of the officers ' quarters . He was sucked into the mouth of a ventilation shaft but was blown clear by `` a terrific blast of hot air '' and emerged next to the capsized lifeboat . The forward funnel collapsed under its own weight , crushing several people as it fell into the water and only narrowly missing the lifeboat . It closely missed Lightoller and created a wave that washed the boat 50 yards ( 46 m ) clear of the sinking ship . Those still on Titanic felt her structure shuddering as it underwent immense stresses . As first - class passenger Jack Thayer described it : Occasionally there had been a muffled thud or deadened explosion within the ship . Now , without warning she seemed to start forward , moving forward and into the water at an angle of about fifteen degrees . This movement with the water rushing up toward us was accompanied by a rumbling roar , mixed with more muffled explosions . It was like standing under a steel railway bridge while an express train passes overhead mingled with the noise of a pressed steel factory and wholesale breakage of china . Eyewitnesses saw Titanic 's stern rising high into the air as the ship tilted down in the water . It was said to have reached an angle of 30 -- 45 degrees , `` revolving apparently around a centre of gravity just astern of midships , '' as Lawrence Beesley later put it . Many survivors described a great noise , which some attributed to the boilers exploding . Beesley described it as `` partly a groan , partly a rattle , and partly a smash , and it was not a sudden roar as an explosion would be : it went on successively for some seconds , possibly fifteen to twenty '' . He attributed it to `` the engines and machinery coming loose from their bolts and bearings , and falling through the compartments , smashing everything in their way '' . After another minute , the ship 's lights flickered once and then permanently went out , plunging Titanic into darkness . Jack Thayer recalled seeing `` groups of the fifteen hundred people still aboard , clinging in clusters or bunches , like swarming bees ; only to fall in masses , pairs or singly as the great afterpart of the ship , two hundred fifty feet of it , rose into the sky . '' `` Sinking of the Titanic '' by Henry Reuterdahl Titanic 's final moments ( 02 : 20 ) ( edit ) Titanic was subjected to extreme opposing forces -- the flooded bow pulling her down while the air in the stern kept her to the surface -- which were concentrated at one of the weakest points in the structure , the area of the engine room hatch . Shortly after the lights went out , the ship split apart . The submerged bow may have remained attached to the stern by the keel for a short time , pulling the stern to a high angle before separating and leaving the stern to float for a few minutes longer . The forward part of the stern would have flooded very rapidly , causing it to tilt and then settle briefly until sinking . The ship disappeared from view at 02 : 20 , 2 hours and 40 minutes after striking the iceberg . Thayer reported that it rotated on the surface , `` gradually ( turning ) her deck away from us , as though to hide from our sight the awful spectacle ... Then , with the deadened noise of the bursting of her last few gallant bulkheads , she slid quietly away from us into the sea . '' Titanic 's surviving officers and a number of prominent survivors testified that the ship had sunk in one piece , a belief that was affirmed by the British and American inquiries into the disaster . Archibald Gracie , who was on the promenade deck with the band ( by the second funnel ) , stated that `` Titanic 's decks were intact at the time she sank , and when I sank with her , there was over seven - sixteenths of the ship already under water , and there was no indication then of any impending break of the deck or ship '' . Ballard argued that many other survivors ' accounts indicated that the ship had broken in two as it was sinking . As the engines are now known to have stayed in place along with most of the boilers , the `` great noise '' heard by witnesses and the momentary settling of the stern were presumably caused by the break - up of the ship rather than the loosening of her fittings or boiler explosions . After they went under , the bow and stern took only a few minutes to sink 3,795 metres ( 12,451 ft ) , spilling a trail of heavy machinery , tons of coal and large quantities of debris from Titanic 's interior . The two parts of the ship landed about 600 metres ( 2,000 ft ) apart on a gently undulating area of the seabed . The streamlined bow section continued to descend at about the angle it had taken on the surface , striking the seabed prow - first at a shallow angle at an estimated speed of 25 -- 30 mph ( 40 -- 48 km / h ) . Its momentum caused it to dig a deep gouge into the seabed and buried the section up to 20 metres ( 66 ft ) deep in sediment before it came to an abrupt halt . The sudden deceleration caused the bow 's structure to buckle downwards by several degrees just forward of the bridge . The decks at the rear end of the bow section , which had already been weakened during the break - up , collapsed one atop another . The stern section seems to have descended almost vertically , probably rotating as it fell . Empty tanks and cofferdams imploded as it descended , tearing open the structure and folding back the steel ribbing of the poop deck . The section landed with such force that it buried itself about 15 metres ( 49 ft ) deep at the rudder . The decks pancaked down on top of each other and the hull plating splayed out to the sides . Debris continued to rain down across the seabed for several hours after the sinking . Passengers and crew in the water ( 02 : 20 -- 04 : 10 ) ( edit ) Pocket watch retrieved from an unknown victim of the disaster , stopped showing a time of 2 : 28 In the immediate aftermath of the sinking , hundreds of passengers and crew were left dying in the icy sea , surrounded by debris from the ship . Titanic 's disintegration during her descent to the seabed caused buoyant chunks of debris -- timber beams , wooden doors , furniture , panelling and chunks of cork from the bulkheads -- to rocket to the surface . These injured and possibly killed some of the swimmers ; others used the debris to try to keep themselves afloat . With a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) , the water was lethally cold . Second Officer Lightoller described the feeling of `` a thousand knives '' being driven into his body as he entered the sea . Some of those in the water would have died almost instantly from heart attacks caused by the sudden stress on their cardiovascular systems . Others progressed through the classic symptoms of hypothermia : extreme shivering at first , followed by a slowing and weakening pulse as body temperature dropped , before losing consciousness and dying . Those in the lifeboats were horrified to hear the sound of what Lawrence Beesley called `` every possible emotion of human fear , despair , agony , fierce resentment and blind anger mingled -- I am certain of those -- with notes of infinite surprise , as though each one were saying , ' How is it possible that this awful thing is happening to me ? That I should be caught in this death trap ? ' '' Jack Thayer compared it to the sound of `` locusts on a summer night '' , while George Rheims , who jumped moments before Titanic sank , described it as `` a dismal moaning sound which I wo n't ever forget ; it came from those poor people who were floating around , calling for help . It was horrifying , mysterious , supernatural . '' The noise of the people in the water screaming , yelling , and crying was a tremendous shock to the occupants of the lifeboats , many of whom had up to that moment believed that everyone had escaped before the ship sank . As Beesley later wrote , the cries `` came as a thunderbolt , unexpected , inconceivable , incredible . No one in any of the boats standing off a few hundred yards away can have escaped the paralysing shock of knowing that so short a distance away a tragedy , unbelievable in its magnitude , was being enacted , which we , helpless , could in no way avert or diminish . '' Colonel Archibald Gracie , one of the survivors who made it to collapsible lifeboat B. He never recovered from his ordeal and died eight months after the sinking . Only a few of those in the water survived . Among them were Archibald Gracie , Jack Thayer and Charles Lightoller , who made it to the capsized collapsible boat B. Around 12 crew members climbed on board Collapsible B , and they rescued those they could until some 35 men were clinging precariously to the upturned hull . Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them , they paddled slowly away , ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board . In his account , Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water ; `` In no instance , I am happy to say , did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance ... ( one refusal ) was met with the manly voice of a powerful man ... ' All right boys , good luck and God bless you ' . '' Several other swimmers ( probably 20 or more ) reached Collapsible boat A , which was upright but partly flooded , as its sides had not been properly raised . Its occupants had to sit for hours in a foot of freezing water , and many died of hypothermia during the night . Farther out , the other eighteen lifeboats -- most of which had empty seats -- drifted as the occupants debated what , if anything , they should do to rescue the swimmers . No. 4 boat , having remained near the sinking ship , seems to have been closest to the site of the sinking at around 50 metres ( 160 ft ) away ; this had enabled two people to drop into the boat and another to be picked up from the water before the ship sank . After the sinking , seven more men were pulled from the water , though two later died . Collapsible D rescued one male passenger who jumped in the water and swam over to the boat immediately after it had been lowered . In all the other boats , the occupants eventually decided against returning , probably out of fear that they would be capsized in the attempt . Some put their objections more bluntly ; Quartermaster Hichens , commanding lifeboat No. 6 , told the women aboard his boat that there was no point returning as there were `` only a lot of stiffs there . '' After about twenty minutes , the cries began to fade as the swimmers lapsed into unconsciousness and death . Fifth Officer Lowe , in charge of lifeboat No. 14 , `` waited until the yells and shrieks had subsided for the people to thin out '' before mounting an attempt to rescue those in the water . He gathered together five of the lifeboats and transferred the occupants between them to free up space in No. 14 . Lowe then took a crew of seven crewmen and one male passenger who volunteered to help , and then rowed back to the site of the sinking . The whole operation took about three - quarters of an hour . By the time No. 14 headed back to the site of the sinking , almost all of those in the water were dead and only a few voices could still be heard . Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon , recalled after the disaster that `` the very last cry was that of a man who had been calling loudly : ' My God ! My God ! ' He cried monotonously , in a dull , hopeless way . For an entire hour there had been an awful chorus of shrieks , gradually dying into a hopeless moan , until this last cry that I speak of . Then all was silent . '' Lowe and his crew found four men still alive , one of whom died shortly afterwards . Otherwise , all they could see were `` hundreds of bodies and lifebelts '' ; the dead `` seemed as if they had perished with the cold as their limbs were all cramped up . '' In the other boats , there was nothing the survivors could do but await the arrival of rescue ships . The air was bitterly cold and several of the boats had taken on water . The survivors could not find any food or drinkable water in the boats , and most had no lights . The situation was particularly bad aboard collapsible B , which was only kept afloat by a diminishing air pocket in the upturned hull . As dawn approached , the wind rose and the sea became increasingly choppy , forcing those on the collapsible boat to stand up to balance it . Some , exhausted by the ordeal , fell off into the sea and were drowned . It became steadily harder for the rest to keep their balance on the hull , with waves washing across it . Archibald Gracie later wrote of how he and the other survivors sitting on the upturned hull were struck by `` the utter helplessness of our position . '' Some swimmers who had reached collapsible A had not enough strength to come aboard , and had to cling to the boat 's sides . The bodies of the majority of the people who died during the night were lowered into the sea to make more room for the survivors . Rescue and departure ( 04 : 10 -- 09 : 15 ) ( edit ) Collapsible lifeboat D photographed from the deck of Carpathia on the morning of 15 April 1912 . Titanic 's survivors were rescued around 04 : 00 on 15 April by the RMS Carpathia , which had steamed through the night at high speed and at considerable risk , as the ship had to dodge numerous icebergs en route . Carpathia 's lights were first spotted around 03 : 30 , which greatly cheered the survivors , though it took several more hours for everyone to be brought aboard . The 30 or more men on collapsible B finally managed to board two other lifeboats , but one survivor died just before the transfer was made . Collapsible A was also in trouble and was now nearly awash ; many of those aboard ( maybe more than a half ) had died overnight . The remaining survivors -- an unknown number of men , estimated to be between 10 -- 11 and more than 20 , and one woman -- were transferred from A into another lifeboat , leaving behind three bodies in the boat , which was left to drift away . It was recovered a month later by the White Star liner Oceanic , with the bodies still aboard . Those on Carpathia were startled by the scene that greeted them as the sun came up : `` fields of ice on which , like points on the landscape , rested innumerable pyramids of ice . '' Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia saw ice all around , including 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic . It appeared to Carpathia 's passengers that their ship was in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs appearing like hills in the distance . As the lifeboats were brought alongside Carpathia , the survivors came aboard the ship by various means . Some were strong enough to climb up rope ladders ; others were hoisted up in slings , and the children were hoisted in mail sacks . The last lifeboat to reach the ship was Lightoller 's boat No. 12 , with 74 people aboard a boat designed to carry 65 . They were all on Carpathia by 09 : 00 . There were some scenes of joy as some families and friends were reunited , but in most cases hopes died as loved ones failed to reappear . At 09 : 15 , two more ships appeared on the scene -- Mount Temple and Californian , which had finally learned of the disaster when her radio operator returned to duty -- but by then there were no more survivors to be rescued . Carpathia had been bound for Fiume , Austria - Hungary ( now Rijeka , Croatia ) , but as she had neither the stores nor the medical facilities to cater for the survivors , Rostron ordered that a course be calculated to return the ship to New York , where the survivors could be properly looked after . Carpathia departed the area , leaving the other ships to carry out a final , fruitless , two - hour search . Aftermath ( edit ) Grief and outrage ( edit ) According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York . When Carpathia arrived at Pier 54 in New York on the evening of 18 April after a difficult voyage through pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas , some 40,000 people were standing on the wharves , alerted to the disaster by a stream of radio messages from Carpathia and other ships . It was only after Carpathia docked -- three days after Titanic 's sinking -- that the full scope of the disaster became public knowledge . Even before Carpathia arrived in New York , efforts were getting underway to retrieve the dead . Four ships chartered by the White Star Line succeeded in retrieving 328 bodies ; 119 were buried at sea , while the remaining 209 were brought ashore to the Canadian port of Halifax , Nova Scotia , where 150 of them were buried . Memorials were raised in various places -- New York , Washington , Southampton , Liverpool , Belfast and Lichfield , among others -- and ceremonies were held on both sides of the Atlantic to commemorate the dead and raise funds to aid the survivors . The bodies of most of Titanic 's victims were never recovered , and the only evidence of their deaths was found 73 years later among the debris on the seabed : pairs of shoes lying side by side , where bodies had once lain before eventually decomposing . The prevailing public reaction to the disaster was one of shock and outrage , directed against a number of issues and people : why were there so few lifeboats ? Why had Ismay saved his own life when so many others died ? Why did Titanic proceed into the ice field at full speed ? The outrage was driven not least by the survivors themselves ; even while they were aboard Carpathia on their way to New York , Beesley and other survivors determined to `` awaken public opinion to safeguard ocean travel in the future '' and wrote a public letter to The Times urging changes to maritime safety laws . In places closely associated with Titanic , the sense of grief was deep . The heaviest losses were in Southampton , home port to 699 crew members and also home to many of the passengers . Crowds of weeping women -- the wives , sisters and mothers of crew -- gathered outside the White Star offices in Southampton for news of their loved ones . Most of them were among the 549 Southampton residents who perished . In Belfast , churches were packed , and shipyard workers wept in the streets . The ship had been a symbol of Belfast 's industrial achievements , and there was not only a sense of grief but also one of guilt , as those who had built Titanic came to feel they had been responsible in some way for her loss . Public inquiries and legislation ( edit ) Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic , British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic , and Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic `` Time to get busy '' by `` Fisher '' , 1912 . Public outrage at the disaster led politicians to impose new regulations on the shipping industry . In the aftermath of the sinking , public inquiries were set up in Britain and the United States . The US inquiry began on 19 April under the chairmanship of Senator William Alden Smith , while the British inquiry commenced in London under Lord Mersey on 2 May 1912 . They reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate ; Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings ; the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed ; and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a danger area at too high a speed . Captain Lord of Californian was strongly criticised by both inquiries for failing to render assistance to Titanic . Neither inquiry found negligence by the International Mercantile Marine Co. ( the parent company ) or the White Star Line ( which owned Titanic ) to be a factor . The US inquiry concluded that those involved had followed standard practice , and the disaster could thus only be categorised as an `` act of God '' , and the British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice which had not previously been shown to be unsafe ( the inquiry noted that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 73 lives ) and concluded that he had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' . The British inquiry also warned that `` What was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future . '' The disaster led to major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that radio equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) ; both measures are still in force today . Cultural impact and wreckage ( edit ) Further information : RMS Titanic in popular culture and Wreck of the RMS Titanic Wreck of the RMS Titanic Titanic 's sinking has become a cultural phenomenon , commemorated by artists , film - makers , writers , composers , musicians and dancers from the time immediately after the sinking to the present day . On 1 September 1985 a joint US - French expedition led by Robert Ballard found the wreck of Titanic , and the ship 's rediscovery led to an explosion of interest in Titanic 's story . Numerous expeditions have been launched to film the wreck and , controversially , to salvage objects from the debris field . The first major exhibition of recovered artefacts was held at London 's National Maritime Museum in 1994 -- 95 . In 1997 , James Cameron 's eponymous film became the first movie ever to take $1 billion at the box office , and the film 's soundtrack became the best selling soundtrack recording of all time . The wreck is steadily decaying , turning to oxide at a rate of 0.5 -- 1 ton per day ( assuming one ten - thousandth of an inch per day on all surfaces ) . Eventually Titanic 's structure will collapse , and she will be reduced to a patch of rust on the seabed , with any remaining scraps of the ship 's hull mingled with her more durable fittings , like the propellers , bronze capstans , compasses and the telemotor . Casualties and survivors ( edit ) Further information : Passengers of the RMS Titanic and Crew of the RMS Titanic The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors , including confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The figures below are from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . Passengers Number aboard Percentage by total onboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Percentage saved by total onboard Percentage lost by total onboard Children First Class 6 0.3 % 5 83 % 17 % 0.2 % 0.04 % Second Class 24 1.1 % 24 0 100 % 0 % 1.1 % 0 % Third Class 79 3.6 % 27 52 34 % 66 % 1.2 % 2.4 % Total 109 4.9 % 56 53 51 % 49 % 2.5 % 2.4 % Women First Class 144 6.5 % 140 97 % 3 % 6.3 % 0.2 % Second Class 93 4.2 % 80 13 86 % 14 % 3.6 % 0.6 % Third Class 165 7.4 % 76 89 46 % 54 % 3.4 % 4.0 % Crew 23 1.0 % 20 87 % 13 % 0.9 % 0.1 % Total 425 19.1 % 316 109 74 % 26 % 14.2 % 4.9 % Men First Class 175 7.9 % 57 118 33 % 67 % 2.6 % 5.3 % Second Class 168 7.6 % 14 154 8 % 92 % 0.6 % 6.9 % Third Class 462 20.8 % 75 387 16 % 84 % 3.3 % 17.4 % Crew 885 39.8 % 192 693 22 % 78 % 8.6 % 31.2 % Total 1,690 75.9 % 338 1,352 20 % 80 % 15.2 % 60.8 % Total All 2224 100 % 710 1514 32 % 68 % 31.9 % 68.1 % Less than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . Of the groups shown in the table , 49 % of the children , 26 % of the female passengers , 82 % of the male passengers and 78 % of the crew died . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic , especially among women and children . Although less than 10 percent of first - and second - class women ( combined ) were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The only first - class child to perish was Loraine Allison , aged 2 . Proportionately , the heaviest losses were suffered by the second - class men , of whom 92 % died . Additionally , among the pets brought aboard three survived the sinking . See also ( edit ) Disasters portal List of disasters in Great Britain and Ireland Sinking of the RMS Lusitania Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : At the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . Jump up ^ The 3rd was to be the RMS Britannic which never saw service as a liner ; instead she was requisitioned directly into service as His Majesty 's Hospital Ship ( HMHS ) Britannic ( during WWI ) . Jump up ^ Radio telegraphy was known as `` wireless '' in the British English of the period . ^ Jump up to : The dictionary definition of growler at Wiktionary : `` A small iceberg or ice floe which is barely visible over the surface of the water . '' Jump up ^ Despite later myth , featured for example in the 1997 film Titanic , the ship Titanic was not attempting to set a transatlantic speed record ; the White Star Line had made a conscious decision not to compete with their rivals Cunard on speed , but instead to focus on size and luxury . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , pp. 16 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 27 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Howells 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 43 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1985 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Fire Down Below - by Samuel Halpern . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 122 - 126 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1985 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1985 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan 1985 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Mowbray 1912 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Brown 2000 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/10/science/a-new-look-at-natures-role-in-the-titanics-sinking.html Jump up ^ https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=iipWhereIsIcebergAlley Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Brown 2000 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Peter , Stanford ( 21 Sep 2010 ) . `` The truth about the sinking of the Titanic '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 4 Jul 2016 . In a review of Patten , Louise ( 2010 ) . Good as Gold . Quercus Publishing . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Hoffman & Grimm 1982 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Testimony of Edward Wilding '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Broad 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Zumdahl & Zumdahl 2008 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Materials Today , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Broad 2008 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven 2007 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Ewers 2008 . Jump up ^ Mills 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Mrs J Stuart White at the US Inquiry '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 67 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Mersey 1912 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 116 . ^ Jump up to : Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 118 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Beesley 1960 , pp. 32 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lord 1987 , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Marshall 1912 , p. 141 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , pp. 250 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Cox 1999 , pp. 50 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Cox 1999 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Gleicher 2006 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1976 , pp. 73 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 226 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Gleicher 2006 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Henry James Moore at the US Inquiry '' . Retrieved 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1976 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , pp. 91 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Akers - Jordan & Behe 2011 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Regal 2005 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 155 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 222 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Arthur Bright '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Hugh Woolner '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . A&C Black . pp. 132 -- 133 . ISBN 9781852855000 . ^ Jump up to : Howells 1999 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Richards 2001 , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Richards 2001 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Turner 2011 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 20 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , pp. 138 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 177 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Harold Bride at the US Inquiry '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Eleanor Widener , first class passenger '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shots in the dark '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Captain Edward John Smith '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ A Night to Remember . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1998 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Winocour 1960 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Winocour 1960 , p. 299 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Gleicher 2006 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Beesley 1960 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Mowbray 1912 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Sinking CGI '' . National Geographic Channel . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Kuntz 1998 , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Uchupi , Ballard & Lange 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 206 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard 1987 , p. 205 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 139 . ^ Jump up to : Aldridge 2008 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Barratt 2010 , pp. 199 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Thomas Ranger '' . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 226 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 228 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 144 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 1912 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Gracie 1913 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , pp. 240 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 154 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1976 , pp. 196 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 296 -- 300 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , pp. 293 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Björkfors 2004 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Beesley 1960 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 221 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 192 . ^ Jump up to : Butler 1998 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , pp. 191 , 196 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Lynch 1998 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 310 . Jump up ^ Foster 1997 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Portman 12 November 1994 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , pp. 196 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Mersey 1912 , pp. 110 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Copping , Jasper ( 19 January 2014 ) . `` Lost child of the Titanic and the fraud that haunted her family '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Georgiou 2000 , p. 18 . Bibliography ( edit ) Books Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2010 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beesley , Lawrence ( 1960 ) ( 1912 ) . `` The Loss of the SS . Titanic ; its Story and its Lessons '' . The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors . London : Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20610 - 3 . Björkfors , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` The Titanic Disaster and Images of National Identity in Scandinavian Literature '' . In Bergfelder , Tim ; Street , Sarah . The Titanic in myth and memory : representations in visual and literary culture . London : I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 431 - 3 . Brown , David G. ( 2000 ) . The Last Log of the Titanic . New York : McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 136447 - 8 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : The Full Story of RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - class ships : Olympic , Titanic , Britannic . Stroud , UK : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Cox , Stephen ( 1999 ) . The Titanic Story : Hard Choices , Dangerous Decisions . Chicago : Open Court Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9396 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 868 - 1 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Everett , Marshall ( 1912 ) . Wreck and Sinking of the Titanic . Chicago : Homewood Press . OCLC 558974511 . Foster , John Wilson ( 1997 ) . The Titanic Complex . Vancouver : Belcouver Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9699464 - 1 - 0 . Georgiou , Ioannis ( 2000 ) . `` The Animals on board the Titanic '' . Atlantic Daily Bulletin . Southampton : British Titanic Society . ISSN 0965 - 6391 . Gittins , Dave ; Akers - Jordan , Cathy ; Behe , George ( 2011 ) . `` Too Few Boats , Too Many Hindrances '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Gleicher , David ( 2006 ) . The Rescue of the Third Class on the Titanic : A Revisionist History . Research in Maritime History , No. 31 . St. John 's , NL : International Maritime Economic History Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9738934 - 1 - 0 . Gracie , Archibald ( 1913 ) . The Truth about the Titanic . New York : M. Kennerley . Also published as : Gracie , Archibald ( 2009 ) . Titanic : A Survivor 's Story . The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7509 - 4702 - 2 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Hoffman , William ; Grimm , Jack ( 1982 ) . Beyond Reach : The Search For The Titanic . New York : Beaufort Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8253 - 0105 - 6 . Howells , Richard Parton ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22148 - 5 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Kuntz , Tom ( 1998 ) . The Titanic Disaster Hearings . New York : Pocket Book . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 748 - 6 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1987 ) . The Night Lives On . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 81452 - 7 . Lynch , Donald ( 1998 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 0 - 786 - 86401 - 0 . Marcus , Geoffrey ( 1969 ) . The Maiden Voyage . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 45099 - 2 . Marshall , Logan ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic and Great Sea Disasters . Philadelphia : The John C. Winston Co . OCLC 1328882 . McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . Mills , Simon ( 1993 ) . RMS Olympic -- The Old Reliable . Dorset : Waterfront Publications . ISBN 0 - 946184 - 79 - 8 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Regal , Brian ( 2005 ) . Radio : The Life Story of a Technology . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33167 - 1 . Richards , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . Imperialism and Music : Britain , 1876 -- 1953 . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6143 - 1 . Turner , Steve ( 2011 ) . The Band that Played On . Nashville , TN : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 219 - 8 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) . Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Winocour , Jack , ed. ( 1960 ) . The Story of the Titanic as told by its Survivors . London : Dover Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 20610 - 3 . Zumdahl , Steven S. ; Zumdahl , Susan A. ( 2008 ) . Chemistry . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 12532 - 9 . Journal articles `` What really sank the Titanic ? '' . Materials Today . Elsevier . 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Maltin , Tim ( March 2012 ) . `` Did the Titanic Sink Because of an Optical Illusion ? '' . Smithsonian . Smithsonian Institution . Olson , Donald W. ; Doescher , Russell L. ; Sinnott , Roger W. ( April 2012 ) . `` Did the Moon Sink the Titanic ? '' ( PDF ) . Sky & Telescope . Cambridge , MA : Sky & Telescope Media LLC. 123 ( 4 ) : 34 -- 9 . Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . Uchupi , Elazar ; Ballard , Robert D. ; Lange , William N. ( Fall 1986 ) . `` Resting in Pieces : New Evidence About Titanic 's Final Moments '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 29 ( 3 ) : 53 -- 60 . News reports Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Broad , William J. ( 9 April 2012 ) . `` The Iceberg Was Only Part of It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Ewers , Justin ( 25 September 2008 ) . `` The Secret of How the Titanic Sank '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Investigations `` Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic '' . United States Senate Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . Portman , Jamie ( 12 November 1994 ) . `` U.K. Titanic exhibit an off - season draw '' . The Toronto Star . `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 22 August 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2012 . `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Description of Damage ) . 30 July 1912 . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sinking of the RMS Titanic . Wikisource has original text related to this article : RMS Titanic Encyclopedia Titanica : facts and research about the ship and her sinking Sinking of the Titanic Flooding by Compartment ( Samuel W. Halpern ) TimesMachine browser -- The New York Times , Tuesday , April 16 , 1912 Full - length animation of the Titanic sinking on YouTube RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. 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George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Ghostbusters II ( 1989 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano , Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=802207701 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic International maritime incidents Ship collisions with icebergs 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States 1910s in Newfoundland April 1912 events Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Use British English from April 2012 Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hAudio microformats Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Ελληνικά Español Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Română Русский کوردی Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 17 : 55 . 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"The sinking of the RMS Titanic occurred on the night of 14 April through to the morning of 15 April 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean, four days into the ship's maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. The largest passenger liner in service at the time, Titanic had an estimated 2,224 people on board when she struck an iceberg at around 23:40 (ship's time)[a] on Sunday, 14 April 1912. Her sinking two hours and forty minutes later at 02:20 (05:18 GMT) on Monday, 15 April resulted in the deaths of more than 1,500 people, which made it one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history."
] | [
"the North Atlantic Ocean"
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8974138846337161372 | Indiana Jones (franchise) | Indiana Jones ( franchise ) - wikipedia Indiana Jones ( franchise ) Jump to : navigation , search Indiana Jones Created by George Lucas Original work Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Owner Lucasfilm Print publications Book ( s ) See the Literature section Novel ( s ) See the Adult novels section Comics Indiana Jones comic books Films and television Film ( s ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Television series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Games Traditional See the Merchandise section Role - playing See the Role - playing games section Video game ( s ) See the Video games section Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Raiders of the Lost Ark Temple of Doom The Last Crusade Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Miscellaneous Toys See the Toy lines section , Lego Indiana Jones Theme park attractions Indiana Jones Adventure Temple du Péril Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Indiana Jones is an American media franchise based on the adventures of Dr. Henry Walton `` Indiana '' Jones , Jr. , a fictional professor of archaeology . It began in 1981 with the film Raiders of the Lost Ark . A prequel , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , followed in 1984 , and a sequel , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , was released in 1989 . A fourth film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , was released in 2008 , and was the last in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures . The series was created by George Lucas , and its films are directed by Steven Spielberg and star Harrison Ford as the title character . The Walt Disney Company has owned the Indiana Jones intellectual property since its acquisition of Lucasfilm , the series ' production company , in 2012 . A fifth film is planned for release on July 10 , 2020 , with both Spielberg and Ford returning . The franchise expanded to television in 1992 with the release of The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , a series featuring adventures the character had as a child as he traveled around the world with his father . Marvel Comics began publishing The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones in 1983 , and Dark Horse Comics earned the comic book rights to the character in 1991 . Novelizations of the films have been published , as well as many novels with original adventures , including a series of German novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein , twelve novels set before the films published by Bantam Books , and a series set during the character 's childhood inspired by the television show . Numerous Indiana Jones video games have been released since 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Development 1.3 Future 2 Reception 2.1 Box office performance 2.2 Critical and public response 2.3 Academy Awards 3 Television 4 Cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Literature 6.1 Adult novels 6.1. 1 List of novels 6.2 Children 's novels 6.2. 1 Find Your Fate 6.2. 2 Scholastic 6.3 Young Indiana Jones 6.4 Comic books 7 Video games 7.1 Games adapted or derived from the films 7.2 Original games 8 Theme park attractions 9 Merchandise 9.1 Toy lines 9.2 Role - playing games 9.3 Pinball 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Films ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Indiana Jones Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Raiders of the Lost Ark Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : Frank Marshall Temple of Doom Last Crusade : Robert Watts Screenplay by Raiders of the Lost Ark : Lawrence Kasdan Temple of Doom : Willard Huyck Gloria Katz Last Crusade : Jeffrey Boam Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : David Koepp Story by Raiders of the Lost Ark : George Lucas Philip Kaufman Temple of Doom : George Lucas Last Crusade : George Lucas Menno Meyjes Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : George Lucas Jeff Nathanson Starring Harrison Ford Denholm Elliott ( 1 , 3 ) John Rhys - Davies ( 1 , 3 ) Karen Allen ( 1 , 4 ) Paul Freeman ( 1 ) Ronald Lacey ( 1 ) Kate Capshaw ( 2 ) Jonathan Ke Quan ( 2 ) Amrish Puri ( 2 ) Roshan Seth ( 2 ) Philip Stone ( 2 ) Sean Connery ( 3 ) Alison Doody ( 3 ) Julian Glover ( 3 ) Cate Blanchett ( 4 ) Shia LaBeouf ( 4 ) Ray Winstone ( 4 ) John Hurt ( 4 ) Jim Broadbent ( 4 ) Music by John Williams Cinematography Raiders of the Lost Ark Temple of Doom Last Crusade : Douglas Slocombe Kingdom of the Crystal Skull : Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company Lucasfilm Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( 1981 -- 2013 ) Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( 2013 -- present ) Country United States Language English Budget $279 million Box office $1.978 billion The first film , Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) is set in 1936 . Indiana Jones ( Harrison Ford ) is hired by government agents to locate the Ark of the Covenant before the Nazis . The Nazis have teams searching for religious artifacts , including the Ark , which is rumored to make an army that carries the Ark before it invincible . The Nazis are being helped by Indiana 's nemesis René Belloq ( Paul Freeman ) . With the help of his old flame Marion Ravenwood ( Karen Allen ) and Sallah ( John Rhys - Davies ) , Indiana manages to recover the Ark in Egypt . The Nazis steal the Ark and capture Indiana and Marion . Belloq and the Nazis perform a ceremony to open the Ark , but when they do so , they are all killed gruesomely by the Ark 's wrath . Indiana and Marion , who survived by closing their eyes , manage to get the Ark to the United States , where it is stored in a secret government warehouse . The second film , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) is set in 1935 , a year before Raiders of the Lost Ark . Indiana escapes Chinese gangsters with the help of singer / actress Willie Scott ( Kate Capshaw ) and his twelve - year - old sidekick Short Round ( Jonathan Ke Quan ) . The trio crash - land in India , where they come across a village whose children have been kidnapped . The Thuggee led by Mola Ram ( Amrish Puri ) has also taken the holy Sankara Stones , which they will use to take over the world . Indiana manages to overcome Mola Ram 's evil power , rescues the children and returns the stones to their rightful place , overcoming his own mercenary nature . The third film , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) opens in 1912 with a thirteen - year - old Indiana ( River Phoenix ) attempting to recover an ornamental cross belonging to Francisco Vásquez de Coronado , a task which he finally completes in 1938 . Indiana and his friend Marcus Brody ( Denholm Elliott ) are assigned by American businessman Walter Donovan ( Julian Glover ) to find the Holy Grail . They are teamed up with Dr. Elsa Schneider ( Alison Doody ) , following on from where Indiana 's estranged father Henry ( Sean Connery ) left off before he disappeared . It transpires that Donovan and Elsa are in league with the Nazis , who captured Henry Jones in order to get Indiana to help them find the Grail . However , Indiana recovers his father 's diary filled with his research , and manages to rescue him before finding the location of the Grail . Both Donovan and Elsa fall to the temptation of the Grail , while Indiana and Henry realize that their relationship with each other is more important than finding the relic . The countries visited in the four Indiana Jones films . Red = Countries visited in Raiders Green = Countries visited in Temple of Doom Brown = Visited in Raiders , Last Crusade , and Crystal Skull Blue = Countries visited in Last Crusade Yellow = Countries visited in Raiders and Crystal Skull Orange = Countries visited in Crystal Skull The fourth film , Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) is set in 1957 : nineteen years after The Last Crusade , thus acknowledging the real - life passing of years between films . Indiana is having a quiet life teaching before being thrust into a new adventure . He races against agents of the Soviet Union , led by Irina Spalko ( Cate Blanchett ) for a crystal skull . His journey takes him across Nevada , Connecticut , Peru , and the Amazon rainforest in Brazil . Indiana is faced with betrayal by one of his best friends , Mac ( Ray Winstone ) , is introduced to a greaser named Mutt Williams ( Shia LaBeouf ) , who turns out to be his son ( his real name revealed to be Henry Jones III ) , and is reunited with Marion Ravenwood , an old flame introduced in the first movie . Development ( edit ) In 1973 , George Lucas wrote The Adventures of Indiana Smith . Like Star Wars , it was an opportunity to create a modern version of the movie serials of the 1930s and 1940s . Lucas discussed the concept with Philip Kaufman , who worked with him for several weeks and decided upon the Ark of the Covenant as the MacGuffin . The project was stalled when Clint Eastwood hired Kaufman to write The Outlaw Josey Wales . In May 1977 , Lucas was in Maui , trying to escape the enormous success of Star Wars . His friend and colleague Steven Spielberg was also there , on vacation from work on Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Spielberg told Lucas he was interested in making a James Bond film , but Lucas told him of an idea `` better than James Bond '' , outlining the plot of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Spielberg loved it , calling it `` a James Bond film without the hardware '' , though he had the character 's surname changed to Jones . Spielberg and Lucas made a deal with Paramount Pictures for five Indiana Jones films . Spielberg and Lucas aimed to make Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom much darker , because of their personal moods following their respective break - ups and divorces . Lucas made the film a prequel as he did not want the Nazis to be the villains again . He had ideas regarding the Monkey King and a haunted castle , but eventually created the Sankara Stones . He hired Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz to write the script as he knew of their interest in Indian culture . The major scenes that were dropped from Raiders of the Lost Ark were included in this film : an escape using a giant rolling gong as a shield , a fall out of a plane in a raft , and a mine cart chase . For the third film , Spielberg revisited the Monkey King and haunted castle concepts , before Lucas suggested the Holy Grail . Spielberg had previously rejected this as too ethereal , but then devised a father - son story and decided that `` The Grail that everybody seeks could be a metaphor for a son seeking reconciliation with a father and a father seeking reconciliation with a son . '' Following the 1989 release of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , Lucas let the series end as he felt he could not think of a good plot device to drive the next installment , and chose instead to produce The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles , which explored the character in his early years . Ford played Indiana in one episode , narrating his adventures in 1920 Chicago . When Lucas shot Ford 's role in December 1992 , he realized that the scene opened up the possibility of a film with an older Indiana set in the 1950s . The film could reflect a science fiction 1950s B - movie , with aliens as the plot device . Ford disliked the new angle , telling Lucas : `` No way am I being in a Steve Spielberg movie like that . '' Spielberg himself , who depicted aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , resisted it . Lucas devised a story , which Jeb Stuart turned into a script from October 1993 to May 1994 . Lucas wanted Indiana to get married , which would allow Henry Jones Sr. to return , expressing concern over whether his son is happy with what he has accomplished . After learning that Joseph Stalin was interested in psychic warfare , Lucas decided to have Russians as the villains and the aliens to have psychic powers . Following Stuart 's next draft , Lucas hired Last Crusade writer Jeffrey Boam to write the next three versions , the last of which was completed in March 1996 . Three months later , Independence Day was released , and Spielberg told Lucas he would not make another alien invasion film ( or at least not until War of the Worlds in 2005 ) . Lucas decided to focus on the Star Wars prequels instead . In 2000 , Spielberg 's son asked when the next Indiana Jones film would be released , which made him interested in reviving the project . The same year , Ford , Lucas , Spielberg , Frank Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy met during the American Film Institute 's tribute to Ford , and decided they wanted to enjoy the experience of making an Indiana Jones film again . Spielberg also found returning to the series a respite from his many dark films during this period . Spielberg and Lucas discussed the central idea of a B - movie involving aliens , and Lucas suggested using crystal skulls to ground the idea . Lucas found these artifacts as fascinating as the Ark , and had intended to feature them for a Young Indiana Jones episode before the show 's cancellation . M. Night Shyamalan was hired to write for an intended 2002 shoot , but he was overwhelmed by the task , and claimed it was difficult to get Ford , Spielberg , and Lucas to focus . Stephen Gaghan and Tom Stoppard were also approached . Frank Darabont , who wrote various Young Indiana Jones episodes , was hired to write in May 2002 . His script , titled Indiana Jones and the City of Gods , was set in the 1950s , with ex-Nazis pursuing Jones . Spielberg conceived the idea because of real - life figures such as Juan Perón in Argentina , who allegedly protected Nazi war criminals . Darabont claimed Spielberg loved the script , but Lucas had issues with it , and decided to take over writing himself . Lucas and Spielberg acknowledged that the 1950s setting could not ignore the Cold War , and the Russians were more plausible villains . Spielberg decided he could not satirize the Nazis after directing Schindler 's List , while Ford felt `` We plum ( b ) wore the Nazis out . '' Darabont 's main contribution was reintroducing Marion Ravenwood as Indiana 's love interest , but he gave them a 13 - year - old daughter , which Spielberg decided was too similar to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Jeff Nathanson met with Spielberg and Lucas in August 2004 , and turned in the next drafts in October and November 2005 , titled The Atomic Ants . David Koepp continued on from there , giving his script the subtitle Destroyer of Worlds , based on the Robert Oppenheimer quote . It was changed to Kingdom of the Crystal Skull , as Spielberg found this a more inviting title which actually named the plot device . Koepp wanted to depict the character of Mutt as a nerd , but Lucas refused , explaining he had to resemble Marlon Brando in The Wild One ; `` he needs to be what Indiana Jones ' father thought of ( him ) -- the curse returns in the form of his own son -- he 's everything a father ca n't stand '' . Koepp collaborated with Lawrence Kasdan on the film 's `` love dialogue '' . Future ( edit ) The introduction of Mutt Williams ( Shia LaBeouf ) in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull led to speculation that LaBeouf will take over the franchise from Ford . In an interview with IGN , `` Spielberg indicated that LaBeouf has to make multiple Transformers movies before he can move over and take on the fedora and bullwhip of Indiana Jones . '' The actor himself said , `` Am I into it ? Who would n't be ? I do n't think that 's reality . It 's a fun rumor . '' Ford said he would return for a fifth film if it does not take another twenty years to develop , while Spielberg responded it would happen `` only if you ( the audience ) want more '' . In an interview with Time , when asked about passing the fedora to LaBeouf in the next film , Ford said , `` What are you talking about ? It 's mine . I would love to do another Indiana Jones movie . George Lucas is working on an idea now . Shia can get his own hat . I earned that hat . '' At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival , Lucas made a further suggestion that there would be a fifth film , revealing an idea `` to make Shia LaBeouf the lead character next time and have Harrison Ford come back like Sean Connery did in the last movie . '' At the time Last Crusade was filmed , Connery was only 58 years old . Lucas also said that age need not be a factor , as Ford was `` 65 and did everything in this movie . The old chemistry is there , and it 's not like he 's an old man . He 's incredibly agile ; he looks even better than he did 20 years ago , if you ask me . '' In August 2008 , Lucas was researching potential plot devices , and stated Spielberg was open to the idea of the fifth film . He also changed his mind about continuing the series with a spin - off , joking `` Indiana Jones is Indiana Jones . Harrison Ford is Indiana Jones . If it was Mutt Williams it would be Mutt Williams and the Search for Elvis or something . '' Two months later , Ford stated that he would not return if the fifth film was an animated film like The Clone Wars , because `` I 'd hate to see it reduced in any way from the movies that we have done and the way we have done them . '' He also called Lucas ' concept for the fifth film `` crazy but great '' . When asked how being married to Marion Ravenwood and having a son would affect the character in a fifth film , Ford only replied : `` He 's seen something . Remember those are the only witnesses to what he 's seen . That 's kind of interesting . '' In January 2010 , Ford said , `` I think it would be interesting to advance the understanding of the character , as we always have had that ambition throughout the series . I think it would be interesting to deepen the relationship between he and his son and play on that relationship ... It 's full of opportunity . The series is full of opportunity . '' The possibility of Indiana Jones 5 continued to be discussed through 2009 and 2010 . Reports speculated in June 2009 that the next installment would start filming in 2011 with a plot involving the Bermuda Triangle , although these rumors were later described as `` completely false '' by Frank Marshall on his Twitter page . Speaking to BBC journalist Lizo Mzimba in June 2009 , LaBeouf confirmed that `` Steven ( Spielberg ) just said that he cracked the story on it ( the fifth film ) , I think they 're gearing that up . '' Lucas stated he was working on the film as of December 2009 . In November 2010 , Ford said that he and Spielberg were waiting for Lucas to present an idea to them . In March 2011 , the Deadbolt website interviewed Karen Allen and asked her about the fifth film 's status . `` What I know is that there 's a story that they like '' , said Allen , `` which is a huge step forward . I heard this about six months ago , that they have a story that they like and they 're working on it . '' In July 2012 , Frank Marshall indicated that the film was unlikely to be announced in the near future , saying : `` I do n't know if it 's definitely not happening , but it 's not up and running ... It 's not on until there is a writer on the project . There is no writer on Indy . '' In October 2012 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Lucasfilm , thereby granting Disney ownership rights to the Indiana Jones intellectual property . However , Paramount Pictures continued to own distribution rights for the film series . On December 6 , 2013 , Walt Disney Studios purchased the remaining distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films , while Paramount will retain the distribution rights to the first four films , and will receive `` financial participation '' from any additional films . Although a new film installment was not announced with the deal , Disney CEO Bob Iger has expressed an interest in monetizing the franchise across Disney 's various company divisions . Studio chairman Alan Horn has said that a fifth Indiana Jones film would not be ready for at least two to three years . In a May 2015 interview with Vanity Fair , Kathleen Kennedy confirmed plans for a fifth film , stating another film `` will one day be made inside this company . When it will happen , I 'm not quite sure . We have n't started working on a script yet , but we are talking about it . '' In October 2015 , Spielberg told Yahoo ! Movies Ford will likely reprise his role in the fifth Indiana Jones film . On March 15 , 2016 , Walt Disney Studios announced that the fifth film would be released on July 19 , 2019 , with Ford reprising his role , Spielberg directing , Koepp writing and Kennedy and Marshall acting as producers . George Lucas was initially not going to be involved with the film . However , during a press event for Disney 's The BFG , Spielberg confirmed that Lucas will be returning as executive producer , stating `` I would never make an Indiana Jones film without George Lucas . That 'd be insane . '' Marshall has stated that the film would be a continuation of the events following Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . On June 9 , 2016 , Spielberg confirmed that John Williams will be returning to compose the score . On April 25 , 2017 , the official Star Wars website updated the film 's release date to July 10 , 2020 . On September 4 , 2017 , Koepp revealed that the Mutt Williams character played by Shia LaBeouf will not return in the movie . Both Spielberg and Disney 's Bob Iger discussed the fifth film , with Spielberg stating that Indiana Jones would not be killed off . However , Iger said the future of the franchise with Ford is unknown , but that the fifth film `` wo n't be just a one - off . '' On January 19 , 2018 , Deadline.com reported that Spielberg is eyeing the fifth Indiana Jones film as his next project following the release of Ready Player One , which is due for release in March 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Raiders of the Lost Ark June 12 , 1981 ( July 16 , 1982 ) ( March 25 , 1983 ) ( September 7 , 2012 IMAX ) $248,159,971 $141,766,000 $389,925,971 # 85 # 20 # 237 $18 million Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom May 23 , 1984 $179,870,271 $153,237,000 $333,107,271 # 187 # 86 # 321 $28 million Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade May 24 , 1989 $197,171,806 $277,000,000 $474,171,806 # 153 # 99 # 174 $48 million Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull May 22 , 2008 $317,101,119 $469,534,914 $786,636,033 # 36 # 131 # 61 $185 million Total $942,303,167 $1,041,537,914 $1,983,841,081 $279 million List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( calculated by Box Office Mojo ) . totals for the domestic release and the following 3 re-releases of Raiders of the Lost Ark . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Raiders of the Lost Ark 94 % ( 71 reviews ) 85 ( 16 reviews ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 85 % ( 65 reviews ) 57 ( 14 reviews ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 88 % ( 68 reviews ) 65 ( 14 reviews ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull 77 % ( 260 reviews ) 65 ( 40 reviews ) List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Academy Awards ( edit ) Award category Raiders of the Lost Ark Temple of Doom Last Crusade Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Best Art Direction Won Best Sound Won Nominated Best Cinematography Nominated Best Director Nominated Best Film Editing Won Best Original Score Nominated Best Picture Nominated Best Sound Effects Editing Won Best Visual Effects Won Special Achievement Award for Sound Effects Editing Won ( Ben Burtt and Richard L. Anderson ) Television ( edit ) Main article : The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles A television series titled The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1996 ) featured three incarnations of the character : Sean Patrick Flanery played Indiana aged 16 -- 20 ; Corey Carrier played an 8 - to 10 - year - old version in several episodes ; and George Hall narrated the show as the 93 - year - old Jones , who bookended each episode . Lucas began developing the series in 1990 as `` edutainment '' that would be more cerebral than the films . The show was his first collaboration with producer Rick McCallum , and he wrote the stories for each episode . Writers and directors on the show included Carrie Fisher , Frank Darabont , Vic Armstrong , Ben Burtt , Terry Jones , Nicolas Roeg , Mike Newell and Joe Johnston . In the Chronicles , Jones crosses paths with many historical figures , played by stars such as Daniel Craig , Christopher Lee , Bob Peck , Jeffrey Wright , Marc Warren , Catherine Zeta - Jones , Elizabeth Hurley , Anne Heche , Vanessa Redgrave , Julian Fellowes , Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50 - year - old Indiana in one episode ( taking the usual place of Hall ) . The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks . Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992 ; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993 . The ABC network was unsure of Lucas 's cerebral approach , and attempted to advertise the series as an action - adventure like the films . Ratings were good if unspectacular , and ABC was nervous enough to put the show on hiatus after six episodes until September 1992 . With only four episodes left of the second season to air , ABC eventually sold the show to the Family Channel , who changed the format from 50 - minute episodes to 90 - minute TV movies . Filming for the final four episodes took place from January 1994 to May 1996 . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles received a mixed reception from fans , although it won 10 Emmy Awards out of 23 nominations , as well as a 1994 Golden Globe nomination for Best Drama series . It was also an experimentation ground in digital effects for Lucasfilm . The series was released on home video in VHS and DVD formats . Lucas had been working for some time on drastically reediting and restructuring the show for a home video release ; major structural changes were made , including the complete removal of the 93 - year - old Jones ' bookend ' sections . The DVD boxset was released to tie in with the theatrical debut of Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Among other extras , the discs include approximately 100 new historical featurettes . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Indiana Jones characters This is a list of characters who have appeared in the Indiana Jones film franchise . Characters Film Series Television Series Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Untitled fifth Indiana Jones film The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones 1981 1984 2008 2020 1992 -- 1996 Dr. Henry Jones , Jr . Indiana Jones Harrison Ford Harrison Ford River Phoenix ( age 13 ) Harrison Ford Neil `` Boulie '' Boulane ( infant ) Boutalat ( toddler ) Corey Carrier ( ages 8 -- 10 ) Sean Patrick Flanery ( ages 16 -- 21 ) Harrison Ford ( age 50 ) George Hall ( age 93 ) Marcus Brody Denholm Elliott Denholm Elliott Photograph Sallah John Rhys - Davies John Rhys - Davies Photograph Major Arnold Toht Ronald Lacey Marion Ravenwood Karen Allen Karen Allen René Belloq Paul Freeman Colonel Dietrich Wolf Kahler Willie Scott Kate Capshaw Photograph Short Round Jonathan Ke Quan Mola Ram Amrish Puri Henry Jones , Sr . Sean Connery Alex Hyde - White ( young ) Photograph Lloyd Owen Walter Donovan Julian Glover Elsa Schneider Alison Doody Colonel Vogel Michael Byrne George `` Mac '' MacHale Ray Winstone Irina Spalko Cate Blanchett Henry `` Mutt '' Jones III Shia LaBeouf Harold Oxley John Hurt Colonel Dovchenko Igor Jijikine Charles Stanforth Jim Broadbent Anna Jones Ruth De Sosa Helen Seymour Margaret Tyzack Remy Baudouin Ronny Coutteure Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writers Composer Editor Cinematographer Distributor Raiders of the Lost Ark Steven Spielberg Frank Marshall screenplay : Lawrence Kasdan story : George Lucas and Philip Kaufman John Williams Michael Kahn Douglas Slocombe Paramount Pictures Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom Robert Watts screenplay : Willard Huyck & Gloria Katz story : George Lucas Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade screenplay : Jeffrey Boam story : George Lucas and Menno Meyjes Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Frank Marshall screenplay : David Koepp story : George Lucas and Jeff Nathanson Janusz Kamiński Untitled fifth film Frank Marshall & Kathleen Kennedy David Koepp N / A N / A Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Literature ( edit ) Adult novels ( edit ) A novelization of Raiders of the Lost Ark was written by Campbell Black and published by Ballantine Books in April 1981 . It was followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , written by James Kahn and published by Ballantine in May 1984 . Finally , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was published in May 1989 , and was the first Indiana Jones book by Rob MacGregor . A fan of the first two films , MacGregor admitted that writing the novelization made him `` somewhat disappointed '' with the third film , as he had expanded the script whereas Steven Spielberg had cut scenes to tighten the story . George Lucas asked MacGregor to continue writing original novels for Bantam Books . These were geared toward an adult or young adult audience , and were prequels set in the 1920s or early 1930s after Jones graduates from college . Of the film characters , Lucas only permitted Marcus Brody to appear . He asked MacGregor to base the books on real myths , but except for the deletion of a sex scene , writer was given total creative freedom . Barring Stonehenge , MacGregor chose locations he had visited in the past . His six books -- Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi , Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants , Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils , Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge , Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy , and Indiana Jones and the Interior World -- were published from February 1991 to November 1992 . The Genesis Deluge , published in February 1992 and featuring Noah 's Ark , was the best - selling novel ; MacGregor felt this was because it `` had a strong following among religious - oriented people ( ... ) because they tend to take the Noah 's Ark story to heart and think of it as history and archaeological fact , rather than myth . '' MacGregor 's favorite book was The Seven Veils , which featured real - life explorer Percy Fawcett and the death of Indiana 's wife , Deirdre Campbell . Martin Caidin wrote the next two novels in Bantam 's series , Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates and Indiana Jones and the White Witch . These feature Gale Parker as Indiana 's sidekick ; they introduced afterwords to the series , regarding each novel 's historical context . Caidin became ill , so Max McCoy took over in 1995 and wrote the final four novels : Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone , Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs , Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth , and Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx . McCoy set his books closer in time to the events of Raiders of the Lost Ark , which led to his characterising Indiana as `` a bit darker '' . The prologue of his first book featured a crystal skull , and this became a recurring story , concluding when Jones gives it up in the final novel . Lucas 's involvement with McCoy 's novels was limited , although LucasFilm censored sexual or outlandish elements in order to make the books appeal to younger readers ; they also rejected the theme of time travel in the final book . Sallah , Lao Che , Rene Belloq and the Nazis made appearances , and McCoy also pitted Jones against Benito Mussolini 's fascists and the Japanese . Jones also has a doomed romance with Alecia Dunstin , a librarian at the British Museum . A novel involving the Spear of Destiny was dropped , because Dark Horse Comics was developing the idea and later DC Comics developed the idea . The books were only published in paperback , as the series editor felt readers would not be prepared to pay the hardback price for an adventure novel . In February 2008 , the novelizations of the first three films were published in one edition ; James Rollins ' Kingdom of the Crystal Skull novelization arrived the following May . Children 's novelizations of all four films were published by Scholastic in 2008 . MacGregor was said to be writing new books for Ballantine for early 2009 , but none have been published . A new adult adventure , Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead by Steve Perry , was released in September 2009 . A novel based on the video game Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings , written by MacGregor to coincide with the release of the game , was canceled due to problems around the game 's production . Additionally , German author Wolfgang Hohlbein wrote eight Indiana Jones novels in the early 1990s , which were never translated to English . List of novels ( edit ) All of the following were published by Bantam Books , with the exception of Army of the Dead , which was published by Del Rey . Indiana Jones and the Peril at Delphi ( Feb 1991 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Dance of the Giants ( June 1991 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils ( Dec 1991 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge ( Feb 1992 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy ( Sept 1992 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Interior World ( 1992 ) -- by Rob Macgregor Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates ( Dec 1993 ) -- by Martin Caidin Indiana Jones and the White Witch ( 1994 ) -- by Martin Caidin Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 1995 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs ( 1996 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth ( 1997 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx ( 1999 ) -- by Max McCoy Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead ( 2009 ) -- by Steve Perry Indiana Jones novels by Wolfgang Hohlbein : Indiana Jones und das Schiff der Götter ( 1990 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Longship of the Gods ) Indiana Jones und die Gefiederte Schlange ( 1990 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Feathered Snake ) Indiana Jones und das Gold von El Dorado ( 1991 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Gold of El Dorado ) Indiana Jones und das verschwundene Volk ( 1991 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Lost People ) Indiana Jones und das Schwert des Dschingis Khan ( 1991 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Sword of Genghis Khan ) Indiana Jones und das Geheimnis der Osterinseln ( 1992 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Secret of Easter Island ) Indiana Jones und das Labyrinth des Horus ( 1993 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Labyrinth of Horus ) Indiana Jones und das Erbe von Avalon ( 1994 ) -- ( Indiana Jones and the Avalon Inheritance ) Children 's novels ( edit ) Find Your Fate ( edit ) Ballantine Books published a number of Indiana Jones books in the Find Your Fate line , written by various authors . These books were similar to the Choose Your Own Adventure series , allowing the reader to select from options that change the outcome of the story . Indiana Jones books comprised 11 of the 17 releases in the line , which was initially titled Find Your Fate Adventure . Indiana Jones and the Curse of Horror Island ( June 1984 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Lost Treasure of Sheba ( June 1984 ) -- Rose Estes Indiana Jones and the Giants of the Silver Tower ( Aug 1984 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Fates ( Aug 1984 ) -- Richard Wenk Indiana Jones and the Cup of the Vampire ( Oct 1984 ) -- Andy Helfer Indiana Jones and the Legion of Death ( Dec 1984 ) -- Richard Wenk Indiana Jones and the Cult of the Mummy 's Crypt ( Feb 1985 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Dragon of Vengeance ( Apr 1985 ) -- Megan Stine and H. William Stine Indiana Jones and the Gold of Genghis Khan ( May 1985 ) -- Ellen Weiss Indiana Jones and the Ape Slaves of Howling Island ( 1986 ) -- R.L. Stine Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Elephant ( Feb 1987 ) -- Megan Stine and H. William Stine Scholastic ( edit ) In May 2009 , two new `` middle grade '' books were to begin a new series of Untold Adventures , though no further books appeared . Indiana Jones and the Pyramid of the Sorcerer -- Ryder Windham Indiana Jones and the Mystery of Mount Sinai -- J.W. Rinzler Young Indiana Jones ( edit ) In the early 1990s , different book series featured childhood and young adult adventures of Indiana Jones in the early decades of the century . Not all were directly tied to the Young Indiana Jones Chronicles TV series . Random House The following books are set in Indy 's mid - to late - teen years . Young Indiana Jones and the Plantation Treasure ( 1990 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Tomb of Terror ( 1990 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Circle of Death ( 1990 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Secret City ( 1990 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Princess of Peril ( 1991 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Gypsy Revenge ( 1991 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Ghostly Riders ( 1991 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Curse of Ruby Cross -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Titanic Adventure ( 1993 ) -- by Les Martin Young Indiana Jones and the Lost Gold of Durango ( 1993 ) -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine Young Indiana Jones and the Face of the Dragon -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Journey to the Underworld ( 1994 ) -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine Young Indiana Jones and the Mountain of Fire ( 1994 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Pirates ' Loot ( 1994 ) -- by J.N. Fox Young Indiana Jones and the Eye of the Tiger ( 1995 ) -- by William McCay Young Indiana Jones and the Mask of the Madman ( unpublished ) -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine Young Indiana Jones and the Ring of Power ( unpublished ) -- Megan Stine Random House These books were novelizations of episodes of the TV series . Some feature Indy around age 8 ; others have him age 16 - 18 . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Mummy 's Curse -- by Megan Stine and H. William Stine The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Field of Death -- by Les Martin The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Safari Sleuth -- by A.L. Singer The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Secret Peace -- by William McCay The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Trek of Doom -- by Les Martin The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Revolution ! -- by Gavin Scott The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Race to Danger -- by Stephanie Calmenson The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : Prisoner of War -- by Sam Mclean Bantam Books These are labeled Choose Your Own Adventure books . Like the TV series , some feature Indy around age 8 , others age 16 - 18 . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : The Valley of the Kings -- by Richard Brightfield South of the Border -- by Richard Brightfield Revolution in Russia -- by Richard Brightfield Masters of the Louvre -- by Richard Brightfield African Safari -- by Richard Brightfield Behind the Great Wall -- by Richard Brightfield The Roaring Twenties -- by Richard Brightfield The Irish Rebellion -- by Richard Brightfield Ballantine Books Young Indiana Jones : The Mata Hari Affair -- by James Luceno The Mummy 's Curse -- by Parker Smith Graphic novels The Curse of the Jackal -- by Dan Barry The Search for the Oryx -- by Dan Barry The Peril of the Fort -- by Dan Barry Non-fiction books Lost Diaries of Young Indiana Jones -- by Eric D. Weiner The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles : On the Set and Behind the Scenes -- by Dan Madsen Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Egypt -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Rome -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores Ancient Greece -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores The Vikings -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores The Incas -- by John Malam Indiana Jones Explores The Aztecs -- by John Malam Comic books ( edit ) Main article : Indiana Jones comic books Video games ( edit ) Since the release of the original film , there have been a number of video games based on the Indiana Jones series . These include both games based on ( or derived from ) the films , as well as those featuring the characters in new storylines . Games adapted or derived from the films ( edit ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 , Atari Inc ) -- The first Indiana Jones video game . Released on the Atari 2600 . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1985 , Atari Games ) -- Arcade game , later converted to many home computer and console formats , including an NES version in 1988 . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Action Game ( 1989 , LucasArts ) -- One of two Last Crusade - based games released by LucasArts in 1989 . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade : The Graphic Adventure ( 1989 , LucasArts ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1991 , Taito ) -- Released for the NES console . Indiana Jones ' Greatest Adventures ( 1994 , JVC / LucasArts ) -- The final film adaptation until 2008 , based upon all three original films . Released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures ( 2008 , LucasArts ) -- Based on the original three movies and the Lego toy franchise . Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues ( 2009 , LucasArts ) -- A sequel to the original Lego Indiana Jones game . Original games ( edit ) Indiana Jones in the Lost Kingdom ( 1985 , Mindscape ) Indiana Jones in Revenge of the Ancients ( 1987 , Mindscape ) -- Released for the Apple II and PC DOS computer platforms . Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis ( 1992 , LucasArts ) -- Released for DOS ( IBM PC ) compatibles in 1992 . Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix -- An intended sequel to The Fate of Atlantis , intended for a 1995 release , but was cancelled . The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1993 , Jaleco ) -- Released for the NES console . Instruments of Chaos starring Young Indiana Jones ( 1994 , LucasArts ) -- Released for the Sega Genesis Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures ( 1996 , LucasArts ) Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine ( 1999 , LucasArts ) -- Released in 1999 on the PC , as well as for the Nintendo 64 and Game Boy Color by 2001 . Indiana Jones and the Emperor 's Tomb ( 2003 , LucasArts ) -- a prequel to Temple of Doom . Released on the PlayStation 2 , Xbox and Microsoft Windows in 2003 . Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings ( 2009 , LucasArts ) -- Released in June 2009 for the Nintendo DS , Wii , PSP and PS2 . Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles ( 2009 , THQ ) - Developed by Universomo and published by THQ Wireless for BlackBerry , iOS , and Windows Mobile . Indiana Jones Adventure World ( 2011 , Zynga ) -- The social gaming company Zynga partnered with Lucasfilm to produce this game late 2011 . Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Action on the set of the `` Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! '' Prior to Disney 's acquisition , George Lucas collaborated with Walt Disney Imagineering on several occasions to create Indiana Jones attractions for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts worldwide . Indiana Jones - themed attractions at Disney theme parks include : The Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular ! show opened at Disney 's Hollywood Studios in Lake Buena Vista , Florida , in 1989 . The Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril roller - coaster opened at Disneyland Paris in Marne - la - Vallée , France , in 1993 . The Indiana Jones Adventure , which opened at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , in 1995 and at Tokyo DisneySea in Chiba , Japan , in 2001 . An Indiana Jones - themed bar lounge , `` Jock Lindsey 's Hangar Bar '' , opened in 2015 at Disney Springs at the Walt Disney World Resort . The Great Movie Ride at Disney 's Hollywood Studios featured a scene based on Raiders of the Lost Ark . Merchandise ( edit ) Toy Lines ( edit ) Further information : LEGO Indiana Jones For the holiday season following the June 1981 debut of Raiders of the Lost Ark , Kenner produced a 12 - inch - tall `` Authentically styled Action Figure '' of Indiana Jones . The next spring they delivered nine smaller - scale ( 3 ⁄ `` ) action figures , three playsets , replicas of the German desert convoy truck and Jones ' horse , all derived from the Raiders movie . They also offered a Raiders board game . In conjunction with the theatrical release of Temple of Doom in 1984 , TSR , Inc. released miniature metal versions of twelve characters from both films for a role playing game . LJN Toys Ltd. also released action figures of Jones , Mola Ram , and the Giant Thugee ; there were plans for the addition of Willie Scott and Short Round , and also a mine car racing set , but these were never made available . No toys were produced to tie in with The Last Crusade in 1989 , but in 1993 Horizon released highly detailed vinyl model kits of Indiana and Henry Jones , while in 1995 Micro Machines produced a set of ten die - cast toy vehicles from all three films . Micro Machines also considered a mini . playset , but this was never made available . In 1999 , Toys McCoy released a Japanese - market - only limited edition 12 - inch figure of Indiana and his horse from Raiders . In 2001 , Walt Disney Parks and Resorts sold new , exclusive action figures and model vehicles , and a second wave followed in August 2003 . This included G.I. Joe versions of Jones , including an African - American styled toy , to honor the black performers at their stunt shows . Hasbro released toys based on Raiders of the Lost Ark and Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008 . Further figures , including characters from The Last Crusade and Temple of Doom , followed later in the year , but were distributed on a very limited basis . This line of toys included 3 ⁄ - inch and 12 - inch figures , vehicles , a playset , and a series of `` Adventure Heroes '' aimed at young children . Hasbro announced the cancellation of the line in the fall of 2008 , due to decreasing sales , although some figures continued to be released up until the 2011 San Diego Comic Convention . Sideshow Collectibles , Gentle Giant , Diamond Select Toys and Kotobukiya also earned Indiana Jones licensing rights in 2008 . Lego released eight play sets to coincide with the fourth film , based on Raiders and The Last Crusade as well as on Kingdom of the Crystal Skull Merchandise featuring franchise cross-overs include a Mr. Potato Head `` Taters Of The Lost Ark '' set by Hasbro , Mickey Mouse as Indiana Jones , and a Muppets - branded Adventure Kermit action figure , produced by Palisades Toys and based on the frog 's appearance in the Disney World stunt show as seen in The Muppets at Walt Disney World . Disney Vinylmation introduced a series based on Indiana Jones characters in 2014 . Role - playing games ( edit ) There have been two publications of role - playing games based on the Indiana Jones franchise . The Adventures of Indiana Jones Role - Playing Game was designed and published by TSR , Inc. under license in 1984 . Ten years later , West End Games acquired the rights to publish their own version , The World of Indiana Jones . Pinball ( edit ) Main article : Indiana Jones : The Pinball Adventure A pinball machine based on the first three films was released in 1993 . Stern Pinball released a new edition in 2008 , which featured all four movies . Notes ( edit ) ^ In December 2013 , the distribution rights for future films were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios , however , Paramount continues to retain the distribution rights to Raiders of the Lost Ark , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade , and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney buys LucasFilm , new ' Star Wars ' planned '' . Variety . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode IX and Next Indiana Jones Get Release Dates '' . StarWars.com. 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/RaidersoftheLostArk.pdf . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 27 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hearn , p. 80 ^ Jump up to : Indiana Jones : Making the Trilogy ( DVD ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Paramount Pictures . 2003 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 112 -- 115 ^ Jump up to : McBride , pp. 309 -- 322 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Empire . October 2006 . pp. 86 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Hearn , pp. 144 -- 7 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Empire . October 2006 . pp. 96 -- 100 . ^ Jump up to : Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 11 : `` Atomic Ants from Space : May 1989 to June 2007 '' p. 231 -- 247 ^ Jump up to : Daly , Steve ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Indiana Jones : The Untold Story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , Bouzereau , `` Script draft by David Koepp summary and commentary : April 23 , 2007 '' , p. 248 -- 255 ^ Jump up to : Ann Donahue . `` Indiana Jones and the Curse of Development Hell '' . Premiere . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matthew Leyland ( June 2008 ) . `` Fortune and Glory '' . Total Film . pp. 68 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( February 2008 ) . `` Keys to the Kingdom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Patrick Lee ( August 5 , 2002 ) . `` M. Night Shyamalan had a sense that all Signs pointed to Mel Gibson '' . Science Fiction Weekly . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ken Plume ( May 17 , 2002 ) . `` IGN FilmForce Exclusive : Has Indy IV Found Its Writer ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2008 . Retrieved January 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jim Windolf ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Q&A : Steven Spielberg '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Steve Daly ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg and George Lucas : The Titans Talk ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rinzler , Bouzereau , Chapter 12 : `` Mr. Jones 's Wild Ride : June to December 2007 '' , p. 254 -- 295 Jump up ^ Peter N. Chumo II ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Matinee Magic : David Koepp and Indiana Jones Enter the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull '' . Creative Screenwriting. 15 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Windolf , Jim ( January 4 , 2008 ) . `` My Indiana Jones Crackpot Theory '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilchrist , Todd ; Moro , Eric ( October 9 , 2007 ) . `` Indy IV Winding Down '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newgen , Heather ( January 19 , 2008 ) . `` LaBeouf on Indy 4 , Transformers 2 & Y : The Last Man '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford is a portrait of rugged individualism '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spielberg eyes more Indiana films '' . BBC News Online . May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Jeff ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` 10 Questions for Movie Star Harrison Ford '' . Time . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Lucas : ' Indy 5 ' a Possibility '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Patrick ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Lucas : Indy V Research In Works '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` ' Indiana Jones 5 ' Wo n't Center on Shia LaBeouf , Insists George Lucas '' . MTV Movies Blog . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford says George Lucas in ' think mode ' on another ' Indiana Jones ' film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Horowitz , Josh ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` Harrison Ford Talks Fifth Indiana Jones Film '' . MTV Movies Blog . Retrieved November 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Larry ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Harrison Ford Says Next Indiana Jones Movie Is ' Full Of Opportunity ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final Indiana Jones Film Involves The Bermuda Triangle , To Shoot Next Year '' . The Film Stage . June 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Frank ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Frank Marshall : The rumor about INDY 5 is ... '' Twitter . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . The rumor about INDY 5 is completely false . Nothing has changed , we are not shooting next year and still in the research phase ... Jump up ^ `` Shia LaBeouf talks Transformers '' . BBC News Online . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jennings , Randy ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` TAFs on the Red Carpet for Cal Hall of Fame 2009 ! Interviews with Lucas , Burnett and Joe Weider ! '' . The Arnold Fans . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . The next Indy film ? Yes , we 're working on it . It 's in development . That 's all I can say right now . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ; Horowitz , Josh ( November 8 , 2010 ) . `` Harrison Ford Is ' Looking Forward ' To ' Indiana Jones 5 ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seeton , Reg ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Karen Allen Talks Indiana Jones 5 '' . The Dead Bolt . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . What I know is that there 's a story that they like , which is a huge step forward . Jump up ^ `` Frank Marshall talks Indy 5 and Jurassic Park 4 '' . Complex.com . July 31 , 2012 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lucas ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Disney to Buy Lucasfilm for $4.05 B , Plans New ' Star Wars ' Films '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Disney would acquire a visual effects firm with Lucasfilm deal '' . Los Angeles Times . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Will Indiana Jones Return At Disney ? '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` What about Indy ? The Disney / Lucasfilm deal and the future of ' Indiana Jones ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Acquires Rights to Future ' Indiana Jones ' Movies '' . Variety . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Faughnder , Ryan ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney acquires control of future ' Indiana Jones ' movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Takes Control of ' Indiana Jones ' Franchise for Future Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Stuart ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` READ : Disney chief Bob Iger 's internal memo to staff : ' Lucasfilm fits perfectly with Disney 's strategic priorities ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Do n't Expect a New Indiana Jones Movie for at Least Two to Three Years '' . Variety . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm President Finally Confirms Indiana Jones Sequel Is on the Horizon '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Hanks and Steven Spielberg on ' Indiana Jones 5 ' and Saving ' Forrest Gump ' '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg & Harrison Ford Team Up For ' Indiana Jones 5 ' , Disney Sets July 2019 Release '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Enlists a Familiar Writer for ' Indiana Jones 5 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones 5 : George Lucas to Executive Produce '' . 2016 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Frank Marshall : Harrison Ford Is One and Only ' Indiana Jones , ' ' Not Going to Do the Bond Thing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams Will Compose Indiana Jones 5 and Star Wars Episode VIII Score '' . Slashfilm. 2016 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Indiana Jones 5 wo n't feature Shia LaBeouf 's character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shia LaBeouf 's Mutt Williams is Not in Indiana Jones 5 '' . ComingSoon.net . September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Spielberg Eyes Indiana Jones & ' West Side Story ' Atop Next Directing Vehicles '' . Deadline.com . January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull '' . Metacritic . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , pp. 170 -- 179 Jump up ^ `` Exploring ' Young Indiana Jones ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Young Indiana Jones '' . Empire . May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 8 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hearn , p. 186 Jump up ^ Campbell Black ( April 2008 ) . Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 35375 - 7 . Jump up ^ James Kahn ( May 1984 ) . Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31457 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( September 1989 ) . Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 36161 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Gantt . `` Interview with Rob MacGregor '' . The Indy Experience . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rob MacGregor interview '' . TheRaider.net . June 29 , 2002 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( January 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Peril of Delphi . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 28931 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( May 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Dance of Giants . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( November 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( January 1992 ) . Indiana Jones and the Genesis Deluge . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29502 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( August 1992 ) . Indiana Jones and the Unicorn 's Legacy . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29666 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rob MacGregor ( November 1992 ) . Indiana Jones and the Interior World . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29966 - 3 . Jump up ^ Martin Caidin ( November 1993 ) . Indiana Jones and the Sky Pirates . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56192 - 0 . Jump up ^ Martin Caidin ( March 1994 ) . Indiana Jones and the White Witch . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56194 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Max McCoy interview '' . TheRaider.net . October 31 , 2002 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Mishan ( October 28 , 2004 ) . `` Interview with Max McCoy '' . The Indy Experience . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1995 ) . Indiana Jones and the Philosopher 's Stone . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56196 - 8 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1996 ) . Indiana Jones and the Dinosaur Eggs . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56193 - 7 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1997 ) . Indiana Jones and the Hollow Earth . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56195 - 1 . Jump up ^ Max McCoy ( 1999 ) . Indiana Jones and the Secret of the Sphinx . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 56197 - 5 . Jump up ^ Scott Chitwood ( February 23 , 2000 ) . `` The Lost Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Adventures of Indiana Jones . Del Rey Books . February 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50127 - 1 . Jump up ^ James Rollins ( May 2008 ) . Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . Del Rey Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50128 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Junior Novelizations On the Way '' . StarWars.com . February 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved February 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Works '' . Rob MacGregor 's official site . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Perry . Indiana Jones and the Army of the Dead . Ballantine Books . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 50698 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Jason '' ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Rob MacGregor opens up about buried Staff of Kings novelization '' . The International House of Mojo . Jump up ^ Demian 's Gamebook Web Page `` Demian 's Gamebook Web Page '' Jump up ^ `` First Look : The Untold Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . StarWars.com . December 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( January 23 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings Hits Wii In Spring , Says New Trailer -- LucasArts '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mundy , Jon ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles '' . Pocket Gamer . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Podolsky , Andrew ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles Review ( Windows Mobile ) '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , Jim ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles Review '' . Gamezebo . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Lost Puzzles '' . Slide to Play . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Indiana Jones raids Zynga 's Adventure World , c net , December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clark , Darcy ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jock Lindsey 's Hangar Bar to Open this Fall at Downtown Disney at Walt Disney World Resort '' . The Disney Parks Blog . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Indiana Jones - themed bar now open at Disney Springs '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventures of Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : CTR Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom : Action Figures '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones vinyl figure kits '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones Micro Machines '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toys McCoy Indiana Jones figures '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Figures : Series 1 '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Figures : Series 2 '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro : Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2008 -- Indiana Jones Presentation '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kotobukiya USA -- Manufacturer of science fiction , comic , movie and video games figures . Japan '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones ' Raiders of the Lost Ark ' -- Sideshow Exclusive Edition '' . Sideshow Collectibles . February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Fair 2008 -- Gentle Giant Indiana Jones '' . Cool Toy Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Scott Collura ( February 25 , 2008 ) . `` Toy Fair 08 : Diamond Select Nabs Lucasfilm License '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` USTF : Kotobukiya 's Indiana Jones Lines '' . Action - Figure . February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Products '' . Lego . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Indy Movie LEGO Sets Offer Exclusive Peek Into Crystal Skull '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Toy News International `` Taters Of The Lost Ark Mr. Potato Head '' Jump up ^ endorexpress.net `` Indiana Jones Mickey Action Figure '' Jump up ^ Indiana Jones : The Ultimate Guide . DK Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 3500 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mauney , Matt ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` New Disney Vinylmation figures include Indiana Jones and limited edition Duffy '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The History of TSR '' . Wizards of the Coast . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved August 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones '' . Pinball News . March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved April 7 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Rinzler , J.W. ; Laurent Bouzereau ( 2008 ) . The Complete Making of Indiana Jones . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 192661 - 8 . Hearn , Marcus ( 2005 ) . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc , Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . McBride , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Steven Spielberg . New York City : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 19177 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Jones . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Indiana Jones Official website Indiana Jones Shop TheRaider.net Indiana Jones series at Box Office Mojo Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Video game Soundtrack Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Video game ( NES ) Soundtrack Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Video games Soundtrack Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Soundtrack Television The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 1993 ) episodes Characters Indiana Jones Marion Ravenwood Sallah Marcus Brody Henry Jones Sr . Mutt Williams Games Video games Lost Kingdom Revenge of the Ancients Fate of Atlantis The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles The Pinball Adventure Instruments of Chaos Greatest Adventures Desktop Adventures Infernal Machine Emperor 's Tomb Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures Staff of Kings Lego Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues Adventure World Role - playing games The Adventures of Indiana Jones The World of Indiana Jones Tomb of the Templars Attractions Epic Stunt Spectacular ! Temple du Péril Indiana Jones Adventure Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries Books The Peril at Delphi The Dance of the Giants The Seven Veils The Philosopher 's Stone Comics Iron Phoenix Spear of Destiny Tomb of the Gods Other media Lego Indiana Jones The Raiders of the Lost Brick Raiders of the Lost Ark : The Adaptation Indyfans and the Quest for Fortune and Glory Golden Idol Montana Jones Portal Lucasfilm Productions Films American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Latino ( 1985 ) Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) Labyrinth ( 1986 ) Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) Willow ( 1988 ) The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) Red Tails ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Solo ( 2018 ) TV series Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- present ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( 2016 -- present ) Star Wars Detours ( unaired ) TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Theme park films Captain EO ( 1986 ) Star Tours ( 1987 ) ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter ( 1995 ) Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) Franchises Star Wars Indiana Jones Related productions THX 1138 ( 1971 ) Divisions Industrial Light & Magic Skywalker Sound Lucasfilm Animation LucasArts Former divisions The Droid Works EditDroid SoundDroid Kerner Optical Pixar THX People George Lucas ( Founder ) Kathleen Kennedy ( President ) Howard Roffman ( EVP , Franchise Management ) Parent : Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) George Lucas filmography Films directed Feature THX 1138 ( 1971 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Short Look at Life ( 1965 ) Herbie ( 1965 ) Freiheit ( 1966 ) 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) The Emperor ( 1967 ) Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) Filmmaker ( 1968 ) Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) Films written The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) Captain EO ( 1986 ) Willow ( 1988 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Television Star Wars Holiday Special ( 1978 ) Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 1986 ) Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 1986 ) The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 1996 ) Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 2005 ) Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 2014 ) Star Wars Detours ( TBA ) Related American Zoetrope Indiana Jones Lucasfilm ILM LucasArts Lucasfilm Animation Skywalker Sound Pixar Skywalker Ranch Star Wars The Star Wars Corporation THX Edutopia Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media Licensing Disney Retail Disney Store Publishing and Digital Media Disney Publishing Worldwide Disney comics Disney English Disney Press Disney Hyperion Marvel Press ( joint w / Marvel ) Disney Digital Network Babble.com Disney.com Go.com Games and Interactive Experiences DCPI Labs The Muppets Studio Disney Interactive Studios Disney Mobile Playdom Franchises Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior Elena of Avalor Gravity Falls Kim Possible Phineas and Ferb Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney comics Donald Duck universe Disney Fairies Disney Princess Disney Tsum Tsum Disney Villains Disney Interactive Club Penguin Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts Where 's My Water ? Frozen The Kingdom Keepers Marvel Lucasfilm Indiana Jones Star Wars Mickey & Friends The Muppets Pirates of the Caribbean Pixar Cars Finding Nemo The Incredibles Monsters Inc . Toy Story Tron Winnie the Pooh Other D23 Disney Comics Disney Vault The Walt Disney Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Jones_(franchise)&oldid=826982091 '' Categories : English - language films Indiana Jones Action films by series Adventure films by series Disney franchises Film series Nazism in fiction Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into television programs Films adapted into video games 1930s in fiction 1950s in fiction Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using citations with format and no URL Use mdy dates from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in what order do the indiana jones movies go | [
"\n\nIndiana Jones\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\n\n\nOwner\nLucasfilm\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nBook(s)\nSee the Literature section\n\n\nNovel(s)\nSee the Adult novels section\n\n\nComics\nIndiana Jones comic books\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\nTemple of Doom (1984)\nThe Last Crusade (1989)\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1993)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nTraditional\nSee the Merchandise section\n\n\nRole-playing\nSee the Role-playing games section\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nSee the Video games section\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark\nTemple of Doom\nThe Last Crusade\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\nSee the Toy lines section, Lego Indiana Jones\n\n\nTheme park attractions\n\n\n\nIndiana Jones Adventure\nTemple du Péril\nEpic Stunt Spectacular!\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nIndiana Jones\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\n\n\nOwner\nLucasfilm\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nBook(s)\nSee the Literature section\n\n\nNovel(s)\nSee the Adult novels section\n\n\nComics\nIndiana Jones comic books\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\nTemple of Doom (1984)\nThe Last Crusade (1989)\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1993)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nTraditional\nSee the Merchandise section\n\n\nRole-playing\nSee the Role-playing games section\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nSee the Video games section\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark\nTemple of Doom\nThe Last Crusade\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\nSee the Toy lines section, Lego Indiana Jones\n\n\nTheme park attractions\n\n\n\nIndiana Jones Adventure\nTemple du Péril\nEpic Stunt Spectacular!\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nIndiana Jones\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\n\n\nOwner\nLucasfilm\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nBook(s)\nSee the Literature section\n\n\nNovel(s)\nSee the Adult novels section\n\n\nComics\nIndiana Jones comic books\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\nTemple of Doom (1984)\nThe Last Crusade (1989)\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1993)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nTraditional\nSee the Merchandise section\n\n\nRole-playing\nSee the Role-playing games section\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nSee the Video games section\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark\nTemple of Doom\nThe Last Crusade\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\nSee the Toy lines section, Lego Indiana Jones\n\n\nTheme park attractions\n\n\n\nIndiana Jones Adventure\nTemple du Péril\nEpic Stunt Spectacular!\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nIndiana Jones\n\n\n\n\n\nCreated by\nGeorge Lucas\n\n\nOriginal work\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\n\n\nOwner\nLucasfilm\n\n\nPrint publications\n\n\nBook(s)\nSee the Literature section\n\n\nNovel(s)\nSee the Adult novels section\n\n\nComics\nIndiana Jones comic books\n\n\nFilms and television\n\n\nFilm(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark (1981)\nTemple of Doom (1984)\nThe Last Crusade (1989)\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)\n\n\n\n\n\nTelevision series\nThe Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992–1993)\n\n\nGames\n\n\nTraditional\nSee the Merchandise section\n\n\nRole-playing\nSee the Role-playing games section\n\n\nVideo game(s)\nSee the Video games section\n\n\nAudio\n\n\nSoundtrack(s)\n\n\n\nRaiders of the Lost Ark\nTemple of Doom\nThe Last Crusade\nKingdom of the Crystal Skull\n\n\n\n\n\nMiscellaneous\n\n\nToys\nSee the Toy lines section, Lego Indiana Jones\n\n\nTheme park attractions\n\n\n\nIndiana Jones Adventure\nTemple du Péril\nEpic Stunt Spectacular!\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)",
"Temple of Doom (1984)",
"The Last Crusade (1989)",
"Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)"
] |
7957594203088742160 | Who's That Man | Who 's that Man - Wikipedia Who 's that Man Jump to : navigation , search `` Who 's That Man '' Single by Toby Keith from the album Boomtown B - side `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' Released July 19 , 1994 Format CD Single , cassingle , 7 '' Genre Country Length 4 : 54 Label PolyGram / Polydor Nashville 853358 Songwriter ( s ) Toby Keith Producer ( s ) Nelson Larkin and Harold Shedd Toby Keith singles chronology `` Wish I Did n't Know Now '' ( 1994 ) `` Who 's That Man '' ( 1994 ) `` Upstairs Downtown '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish I Did n't Know Now '' ( 1994 ) `` Who 's That Man '' ( 1994 ) `` Upstairs Downtown '' ( 1994 ) `` Who 's That Man '' is a song written and recorded by American country music singer Toby Keith . It was released in July 1994 as the lead - off single to his second studio album , Boomtown , the song was Keith 's second Number One on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References Content ( edit ) The narrator discusses returning to the home in which he used to reside . His ex-wife , children and their family dog still live in the residence , but the wife 's new husband has now taken the place of the narrator . Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song features Keith driving in an old neighborhood , and singing and playing guitar in a dark room . It was directed by Marc Ball . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Who 's That Man '' debuted at number 74 on the country chart dated July 30 , 1994 . It charted for 20 weeks on that chart , and became Keith 's second Number One on the chart dated October 8 , 1994 , holding that position for one week . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1994 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 61 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 34 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard - Artist Chart History - Toby Keith Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2632 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 24 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Toby Keith . Jump up ^ `` Toby Keith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Toby Keith . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1994 '' . RPM . December 12 , 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1994 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1994 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Preceded by `` Third Rock from the Sun '' by Joe Diffie Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single October 8 , 1994 Succeeded by `` She 's Not the Cheatin ' Kind '' by Brooks & Dunn Preceded by `` One Good Man '' by Michelle Wright RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 24 , 1994 Succeeded by `` Callin ' Baton Rouge '' by Garth Brooks ( hide ) Toby Keith Studio albums Toby Keith Boomtown Blue Moon Dream Walkin ' How Do You Like Me Now ? ! Pull My Chain Unleashed Shock'n Y'all Honkytonk University White Trash with Money Big Dog Daddy That Do n't Make Me a Bad Guy American Ride Bullets in the Gun Clancy 's Tavern Hope on the Rocks Drinks After Work 35 MPH Town The Bus Songs Compilation albums Greatest Hits Volume One 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Toby Keith Greatest Hits 2 35 Biggest Hits Christmas albums Christmas to Christmas A Classic Christmas Singles `` Should 've Been a Cowboy '' `` He Ai n't Worth Missing '' `` A Little Less Talk and a Lot More Action '' `` Wish I Did n't Know Now '' `` Who 's That Man '' `` Upstairs Downtown '' `` You Ai n't Much Fun '' `` Big Ol ' Truck '' `` Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You '' `` A Woman 's Touch '' `` Me Too '' `` We Were in Love '' `` I 'm So Happy I Ca n't Stop Crying '' ( with Sting ) `` Dream Walkin ' '' `` Double Wide Paradise '' `` Getcha Some '' `` How Do You Like Me Now ? ! '' `` Country Comes to Town '' `` You Should n't Kiss Me Like This '' `` I 'm Just Talkin ' About Tonight '' `` I Wanna Talk About Me '' `` My List '' `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' `` Who 's Your Daddy ? '' `` Rock You Baby '' `` Beer for My Horses '' `` I Love This Bar '' `` American Soldier '' `` Whiskey Girl '' `` Stays in Mexico '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Honkytonk U '' `` As Good as I Once Was '' `` Big Blue Note '' `` Get Drunk and Be Somebody '' `` A Little Too Late '' `` Crash Here Tonight '' `` High Maintenance Woman '' `` Love Me If You Can '' `` Get My Drink On '' `` She 's a Hottie '' `` She Never Cried in Front of Me '' `` God Love Her '' `` Lost You Anyway '' `` American Ride '' `` Cryin ' for Me ( Wayman 's Song ) '' `` Every Dog Has Its Day '' `` Trailerhood '' `` Bullets in the Gun '' `` Somewhere Else '' `` Made in America '' `` Red Solo Cup '' `` Beers Ago '' `` I Like Girls That Drink Beer '' `` Hope on the Rocks '' `` Drinks After Work '' `` Drunk Americans '' `` 35 MPH Town '' Related articles Discography Show Dog - Universal Music Krystal Keith Scotty Emerick Toby Keith 's I Love This Bar & Grill Broken Bridges ( soundtrack ) `` Slave to the Habit '' This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who%27s_That_Man&oldid=791191461 '' Categories : 1994 singles Toby Keith songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Toby Keith Song recordings produced by Harold Shedd Polydor Records singles 1994 songs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 18 : 25 . About Wikipedia | who's that man running my life meaning | [
"The narrator discusses returning to the home in which he used to reside. His ex-wife, children and their family dog still live in the residence, but the wife's new husband has now taken the place of the narrator."
] | [
"returning to the home in which he used to reside"
] |
4831904871416031003 | Minnesota Timberwolves | Minnesota Timberwolves - wikipedia Minnesota Timberwolves Jump to : navigation , search Minnesota Timberwolves 2017 -- 18 Minnesota Timberwolves season Conference Western Division Northwest Founded 1989 History Minnesota Timberwolves 1989 -- present Arena Target Center Location Minneapolis , Minnesota Team colors Midnight Blue , Aurora Green , Lake Blue , Moonlight Grey , Frost White CEO Ethan Casson General manager Scott Layden Head coach Tom Thibodeau Ownership Glen Taylor Affiliation ( s ) Iowa Wolves Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 1 ( 2004 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 2 ) Website www.nba.com/timberwolves Uniforms Home Away The Minnesota Timberwolves are an American professional basketball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Timberwolves compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . Founded in 1989 , the team is owned by Glen Taylor . The Timberwolves play their home games at Target Center , their home since 1990 . Like most expansion teams , the Timberwolves struggled in their early years , but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft , the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004 . Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts , the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season . Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for that season . The team has been in rebuilding mode for the past decade since missing the playoffs in 2005 , and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007 . Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there , retiring in the 2016 offseason . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Team creation 1.2 1989 -- 1995 : The early years 1.3 1995 -- 2007 : The Kevin Garnett era 1.3. 1 2003 -- 04 season 1.3. 2 The departure of Flip Saunders 1.4 2007 -- 2010 : Post -- Kevin Garnett era 1.5 2010 -- 2014 : The Kevin Love era 1.6 2014 -- present : The Wiggins and Towns era 1.6. 1 Arrival of Tom Thibodeau 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Mascot 4 Arenas 5 Seasons and records 6 Personnel 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retired numbers 6.3 Retained draft rights 6.4 Franchise leaders 7 Management 7.1 Radio 7.2 Television 7.3 Head coaches 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Team creation ( edit ) NBA basketball returned to the Twin Cities in 1989 for the first time since the Minneapolis Lakers departed to Los Angeles in 1960 . The NBA had granted one of its four new expansion teams on April 22 , 1987 ( the others being the Orlando Magic , Charlotte Hornets , and the Miami Heat ) to original owners Harvey Ratner and Marv Wolfenson to begin play for the 1989 -- 90 season . ( There were two American Basketball Association franchises , the Minnesota Muskies , in 1967 -- 68 , and the Minnesota Pipers , in 1968 -- 69 . ) The franchise conducted a `` name the team '' contest and eventually selected two finalists , `` Timberwolves '' and `` Polars '' , in December 1986 . The team then asked the 842 city councils in Minnesota to select the winner and `` Timberwolves '' prevailed by nearly 2 - 1 . The team was officially named the `` Minnesota Timberwolves '' on January 23 , 1987 . Minnesota is home to the largest population of timberwolves in the lower 48 states . 1989 -- 1995 : the early years ( edit ) The Timberwolves debuted on November 3 , 1989 , losing to the Seattle SuperSonics on the road 106 -- 94 . Five days later , they made their home debut at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , losing to the Chicago Bulls 96 -- 84 . Two nights later on November 10 , the Wolves got their first win , beating the Philadelphia 76ers at home 125 -- 118 . The Timberwolves , led by Tony Campbell with 23.2 ppg , went on to a 22 -- 60 record , finishing in sixth place in the Midwest Division . Playing in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , the expansion Timberwolves set an NBA record by drawing over 1 million fans to their home games . This included a crowd of 49,551 on April 17 , 1990 , which saw the Timberwolves lose to the Denver Nuggets 99 -- 88 in the final home game of the season . The next season , the team moved into their permanent home , the Target Center , and improved somewhat , finishing 29 -- 53 . However , they fired their head coach , Bill Musselman . They fared far worse in the 1991 -- 92 NBA season under Musselman 's successor , ex-Celtics coach Jimmy Rodgers , finishing with an NBA - worst 15 -- 67 record . Looking to turn the corner , the Wolves hired former Detroit Pistons general manager Jack McCloskey to the same position , but even with notable first - round selections such as Christian Laettner and Isaiah Rider , the Timberwolves were unable to duplicate McCloskey 's `` Detroit Bad Boys '' success in the Twin Cities , finishing 19 -- 63 and 20 -- 62 the next two seasons . One of the few highlights from that era was when the Target Center served as host of the 1994 All - Star Game where Rider won the Slam Dunk Contest with his between - the - leg `` East Bay Funk Dunk '' . As winning basketball continued to elude the Wolves , Ratner and Wolfenson nearly sold the team to New Orleans interests in 1994 before NBA owners rejected the proposed move . Eventually , Glen Taylor bought the team and named Kevin McHale general manager . The Wolves finished 21 -- 61 in 1994 -- 95 , and the future looked bleak . 1995 -- 2007 : the Kevin Garnett era ( edit ) Kevin Garnett played for the Timberwolves from 1995 to 2007 before returning in 2015 . In the 1995 NBA draft , the Timberwolves selected high school standout Kevin Garnett in the first round ( 5th overall ) , and Flip Saunders was named head coach . Christian Laettner was traded along with Sean Rooks to the Atlanta Hawks for Andrew Lang and Spud Webb . Also , first - round pick Donyell Marshall was traded the previous season for Golden State Warriors ' forward Tom Gugliotta . These trades paved the way for rookie Kevin Garnett to become the go - to player inside . Garnett went on to average 10.4 ppg in his rookie season as the Wolves finished in 5th place in the Midwest Division , with a 26 -- 56 record . In 1996 , the Wolves added another star player in the draft , trading Ray Allen to the Milwaukee Bucks for the rights to Stephon Marbury , the 4th overall pick . The addition of Marbury had a positive effect on the entire team , as Garnett and Gugliotta became the first Wolves to be selected to the All - Star team . Gugliotta and Garnett led the Timberwolves in scoring as the team made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history with a record of 40 -- 42 . However , in the playoffs the Timberwolves made a quick exit as they were swept by the Houston Rockets in three straight games . The T - Wolves also decided to change their image by changing their team logo and color scheme , adding black to the team colors and replacing the original logo with one featuring a snarling wolf looming over a field of trees . It was also during this season that Minnesota began to play on a parquet floor . In 1997 , Garnett and Marbury established themselves as two of the brightest rising stars in the NBA . Garnett averaged 18.5 ppg and 9.6 rebounds per game , while Marbury averaged 17.7 ppg and dished out 8.6 assists per game . Despite losing leading scorer Tom Gugliotta for half the season , the Timberwolves went on to post their first winning season at 45 -- 37 , making the playoffs for the second straight season . After dropping Game 1 of the playoffs on the road to the Seattle SuperSonics , the Timberwolves won their first postseason game in Game 2 , winning in Seattle 98 -- 93 . As the series shifted to Minnesota , the Timberwolves had an opportunity to pull off the upset as they won Game 3 by a score of 98 -- 90 . However , the Wolves dropped Game 4 at home as the Sonics went on to win the series in five games . In 1998 , a year after signing Kevin Garnett to a six - year , $126 million contract , the Timberwolves were then used as the poster child of irresponsible spending as the NBA endured a four - month lockout that wiped out much of the season . With an already cap - heavy payroll , the Wolves let Tom Gugliotta walk , partially because the team wanted to save money in order to sign Stephon Marbury to a long - term contract , and in part because Gugliotta did not want to play with the young player . This move proved unsuccessful , however , as Stephon Marbury wanted to be the biggest star on a team and subsequently forced an in - season trade by refusing a contract extension . In the three - team mid-season deal that sent Marbury to the New Jersey Nets , the Wolves got Terrell Brandon in return and a first - round draft pick in the 1999 draft ( which turned out to be the sixth pick ) . The Wolves made the playoffs for the third straight season by finishing in fourth place with a 25 -- 25 record . In the playoffs , the Timberwolves were beaten by the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs in four games . In 1999 , the Timberwolves drafted Wally Szczerbiak with the sixth pick in the draft . He had a solid season , finishing third on the team in scoring with 11.6 points per game . Led by Kevin Garnett , who averaged 22.9 points per game and 11.8 rebounds per game , the Timberwolves had their first 50 - win season and finished in 3rd place with a record of 50 -- 32 . However , in the playoffs the Wolves again fell in the first round , losing to the Portland Trail Blazers in four games . The Wolves opened the 1999 -- 2000 regular season with two home games against the Sacramento Kings at the Tokyo Dome on November 6th and 7th . In the summer of 2000 , guard Malik Sealy was killed in a car accident by drunk driver Souksangouane Phengsene , who was driving the wrong way down the freeway . Sealy 's number has since been retired : the number 2 jersey memorialized with Sealy 's name on a banner hanging from the rafters of Target Center . The drunk driver was convicted of vehicular homicide and sentenced to four years in prison . He was previously arrested for drunk driving in Iowa in 1997 and has since been arrested twice more for driving while intoxicated , in 2006 and 2008 . Also in that season , a free agent deal signed by Joe Smith was voided by the NBA , who ruled that the Timberwolves violated proper procedure in signing the contract . The league stripped the Timberwolves of five draft picks ( first round 2001 -- 05 ) , but it was eventually reduced to three first - round picks ( 2001 , 2002 , and 2004 ) . The league also fined the Timberwolves $3.5 million and suspended general manager Kevin McHale for one year . Smith eventually signed with the Detroit Pistons before re-signing with the Timberwolves in 2001 . Despite those setbacks , the Timberwolves made the playoffs for the fifth straight season with a 47 -- 35 record . In the playoffs , the Timberwolves were eliminated in the first round again by the San Antonio Spurs in four games in the spring of 2001 . With the arrival of newcomers Gary Trent , Loren Woods and Maurice Evans and the return of Joe Smith , the Timberwolves started the season by winning their first six games and a franchise - best 30 -- 10 start . The Timberwolves had a franchise record 53 - point win over Chicago in November . They finished with a 50 -- 32 record : their second ever 50 - win season that was highlighted by another All - Star appearance by Garnett and a breakout season by Wally Szczerbiak , who earned his first All - Star appearance . Once again , Minnesota lost in the first round of the playoffs , where they were swept by the Dallas Mavericks in three straight games . The 2002 -- 03 season seemed to look up for the Timberwolves . Garnett had a great season where he finished second in MVP voting with 23.0 points per game and 13.4 rebounds per game and the Timberwolves finished in third place with a 51 -- 31 record . As a result , they were awarded home court advantage for the first time when facing the three - time defending champion Los Angeles Lakers . After being blown out at home in Game 1 , the Timberwolves had a chance to take a 3 -- 1 series lead heading into the 4th quarter of Game 4 in Los Angeles , but the Lakers came back to win the game and eventually won the series in six games . In the end , the Timberwolves were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs for the seventh straight year . 2003 -- 04 season ( edit ) In 2003 , the Timberwolves made two strong off - season moves , trading away forward Joe Smith and injured guard Terrell Brandon in a multi-player deal for Ervin Johnson , Sam Cassell and embattled guard Latrell Sprewell . During the 2003 -- 04 NBA season , the Timberwolves became the team to beat in the Western Conference . They finished the season as the top seed in the Western Conference with a record of 58 -- 24 , and beat the Denver Nuggets and Sacramento Kings in the first two rounds of the NBA playoffs . Kevin Garnett leapt upon the scorer 's table upon the completion of Game 7 in the Sacramento series , one of the more defining moments in franchise playoff history . The Timberwolves ' run ended in the Western Conference finals as the team lost to the Lakers , the previous Minnesota franchise . Due to an injured hip , Sam Cassell played only sparingly during the series with the Lakers . Garnett earned his first MVP award with 24.2 points , 13.9 rebounds and 5.0 assists per game . The Timberwolves conduct pre-game warm - ups at their home Arena , the Target Center The departure of Flip Saunders ( edit ) In the 2004 -- 05 season , the Wolves kept the same team from the previous season . The team was plagued with contract disputes and the complaining of key players Latrell Sprewell , Sam Cassell , and Troy Hudson . Coach Flip Saunders was replaced in mid-season by GM Kevin McHale , who took over the team for the rest of the season . The Timberwolves finished 44 -- 38 , and missed the playoffs for the first time in eight years , by one game , to the Memphis Grizzlies . During the 2005 offseason , McHale and the Wolves started their search for a head coach . McHale interviewed Seattle SuperSonics assistant coach Dwane Casey , San Antonio Spurs assistant P.J. Carlesimo , former coach John Lucas and Wolves assistants Randy Wittman , Sidney Lowe and Jerry Sichting , among others . On June 17 , 2005 , the Timberwolves hired Casey as the new head coach . It was Casey 's first head coaching job , making him the Wolves ' seventh head coach in their 16 - year history . In the 2005 draft , the Timberwolves selected Rashad McCants , a shooting guard from North Carolina with the 14th overall pick of the first round . The Timberwolves also selected Bracey Wright , a guard from Indiana , with the 17th pick of the second round ( 47th overall ) . During the offseason , they traded All - Star Sam Cassell and a protected future first - round draft pick to the Los Angeles Clippers for Marko Jarić and Lionel Chalmers . They also signed free agent Nikoloz Tskitishvili . On January 26 , 2006 , the Wolves traded forward Wally Szczerbiak , centers Dwayne Jones and Michael Olowokandi , and a future first - round draft pick to the Boston Celtics . In return , they received forward - guard Ricky Davis , center Mark Blount , forward Justin Reed , guard Marcus Banks , and two second - round draft picks . In a separate trade on the same day , the Timberwolves traded Tskitishvili to the Phoenix Suns for a 2006 second - round draft pick . The Timberwolves finished 33 -- 49 , missing the playoffs for the second consecutive year . In the 2006 NBA draft , the Timberwolves selected future NBA Rookie of the Year Brandon Roy with the 6th overall pick , Craig Smith with the 36th pick , forward Bobby Jones with the 37th pick and center Loukas Mavrokefalidis with the 57th pick . The Timberwolves traded Roy to the Portland Trail Blazers for Randy Foye and cash considerations . The Timberwolves then traded Bobby Jones to the Philadelphia 76ers for a 2007 second - round pick and cash . On January 23 , McHale fired head coach Casey and replaced him with Randy Wittman . McHale explained in a news conference that it was inconsistency by Casey that led to the firing . Casey had compiled an overall record of 53 -- 69 . They finished the 2006 -- 07 season with a record of 32 -- 50 , allowing them to keep their 2007 first - round pick . 2007 -- 2010 : post -- Kevin Garnett era ( edit ) On July 31 , 2007 , the Minnesota Timberwolves reached a deal to trade All - Star Kevin Garnett to the Boston Celtics for Al Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , Gerald Green , Sebastian Telfair , Ryan Gomes , two first - round draft picks , and cash considerations . This is the largest combination of players and picks ever traded for a single player in NBA history . Garnett and the Celtics went on to win the 2008 NBA Finals in six games over the Los Angeles Lakers . That summer , the Timberwolves traded Mike James and Justin Reed to the Houston Rockets for Juwan Howard . In October of the same year , the Timberwolves waived Howard after reaching a contractual buyout agreement , worth $10 million of roughly $14.25 million which Minnesota would have owed him . The team also traded Ricky Davis and Mark Blount to the Miami Heat in exchange for the Heat 's Antoine Walker , Michael Doleac , Wayne Simien , and a 2008 protected first - round draft pick . In the 2007 NBA draft the Timberwolves selected Corey Brewer , with the 7th pick , and Chris Richard with the 41st overall pick , both being from the two - time NCAA national champion Florida Gators . Minnesota began the NBA preseason with two games in London and Istanbul , as part of NBA Europe Live 2007 . On October 10 , The Wolves lost to Garnett and the revamped Celtics , 92 -- 81 . To start the season , the Wolves began 0 -- 5 before ending the drought with a home win over Sacramento . That drought also brought about speculation of the possible dismissal of coach Wittman . The youngest team in the NBA began adjusting to life after trading franchise star Garnett to Boston , meanwhile playing without budding talent Randy Foye for the first half of the season . Guards Sebastian Telfair and Marko Jarić were deputized as starting point guards during Foye 's injury absence . The Timberwolves finished the season 22 -- 60 . On a handful of occasions during the season , the team showed flashes of its potential in wins or very close contests with top - tier teams . In the 2008 NBA draft , the Timberwolves selected O.J. Mayo of USC with the third overall pick . When the draft concluded , the Timberwolves traded Mayo , Antoine Walker , Greg Buckner , and Marko Jarić to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for fifth overall pick Kevin Love , Mike Miller , Jason Collins , and Brian Cardinal in a move that Jim Stack called , `` a deal we could n't pass up . '' In 2008 , in celebration of the franchise 's 20th anniversary , the team unveiled an updated version of its logo and uniforms . The new designs first appeared in the first preseason game against the Chicago Bulls at United Center on October 14 , 2008 . They also refurbished the floor at Target Center , returning to the traditional floor pattern and added touches of varnish while exposing most of the hardwood . On December 8 , 2008 , after a 23 - point loss to the Los Angeles Clippers that dropped the team to 4 -- 15 , the Timberwolves fired head coach Wittman and McHale took over . McHale also relinquished his vice president of basketball operations duties . It was unclear whether McHale 's future with the team was dependent on the success or progress of the team which he had put together over the previous four years . Those questions seemed to be answered when the Timberwolves went 10 -- 4 for the month of January , giving McHale the coach of the month honors . But on February 8 , 2009 , the team 's main star Al Jefferson tore his ACL in his right knee in a game at New Orleans , sidelining him for the rest of the season . At the time of the injury , Jefferson was having his best season to date , averaging 23 points , 11 rebounds and 2 blocks . Without Jefferson and Corey Brewer ( who also suffered a season - ending injury ) , the Wolves sputtered , to finish with a 24 -- 58 record . Kevin Love became the fifth Timberwolves player to be named NBA All - Star . On June 17 , 2009 , new president of basketball operations David Kahn announced that McHale would not be returning to the team as head coach . Kahn did not give a specific reason for McHale 's dismissal , only saying `` this is going to be a transition period . '' For his part , McHale said he wanted to come back but was not offered a contract . Later , in August , the Timberwolves announced the signing of Kurt Rambis , then an assistant for the Los Angeles Lakers , to a four - year , $8 million contract to be their new head coach . In Rambis 's first season , the team stumbled to the second - worst record in the league , as their 15 -- 67 record was only surpassed by that of the New Jersey Nets , who finished at 12 -- 70 . 2010 -- 2014 : the Kevin Love era ( edit ) On July 12 , 2010 , Minnesota traded for Miami Heat forward Michael Beasley , the second pick from the 2008 NBA draft . In a locally untelevised game on November 12 , 2010 , Kevin Love grabbed a franchise - record 31 rebounds and scored 31 points in a win over the New York Knicks , the NBA 's first 30 -- 30 game in 28 years . Love was later named an All Star for the 2010 -- 11 NBA season , the franchise 's first All Star selection since Kevin Garnett in 2007 . Love would later break Garnett 's team record of 37 straight double - doubles on February 8 , 2011 in a win over the Houston Rockets . On March 8 , 2011 , Love acquired his 52nd straight double - double , surpassing the mark of Moses Malone for the most consecutive double - doubles since the NBA - ABA merger in a win over the Indiana Pacers . The streak eventually reached 53 games and came to an end with a six - point , 12 - rebound performance in a 100 -- 77 loss to the Golden State Warriors on March 13 . In October 2011 , Love was ranked 16th among active players by ESPN . On February 21 , 2011 , Corey Brewer and Kosta Koufos were traded to the New York Knicks and Denver Nuggets respectively for Knicks Anthony Randolph and Eddy Curry ( plus $3 million in cash from New York and a 2015 second - round draft pick from Denver ) as part of a larger trade that sent all - star Carmelo Anthony from Denver to New York . On the downside , with a 121 -- 102 loss to the Houston Rockets , the Timberwolves fell to 17 -- 65 , finishing last in the Western Conference for the second straight year . They also clinched the 2010 -- 11 NBA season 's worst record . During the offseason , the Timberwolves were finally able to bring 2009 fifth overall pick Ricky Rubio over from Spain . In the 2011 NBA draft , with the second overall pick , the Timberwolves selected Derrick Williams of Arizona . The Timberwolves then traded guard Jonny Flynn and the draft rights to Donatas Motiejūnas ( No. 20 ) to the Houston Rockets for center Brad Miller , the draft rights to Nikola Mirotić ( No. 23 ) , Chandler Parsons ( No. 38 ) and a future first - round pick . The Timberwolves traded Mirotic 's rights to the Chicago Bulls for the rights to Norris Cole ( No. 28 ) and Malcolm Lee ( No. 43 ) . The Timberwolves then sold the rights to Parsons back to the Rockets . The Timberwolves traded Norris Cole ( No. 28 ) to the Miami Heat for the draft rights to Bojan Bogdanovic ( No. 31 ) , a future second - round pick and cash considerations . The Timberwolves then traded Bogdanovic 's rights to the New Jersey Nets for a future second - rounder and cash . The Trail Blazers traded the draft rights to Tanguy Ngombo ( No. 57 ) to the Timberwolves . On July 12 , 2011 , Kurt Rambis was fired as coach of the team after compiling a 32 -- 132 record in two seasons with the team . On September 13 , 2011 , the team announced that they had hired Rick Adelman to be the team 's new head coach . The Timberwolves began the 2011 -- 12 NBA season with a 17 -- 17 record before the All - Star break . On March 9 , 2012 , Rubio tore his left ACL and LCL in a collision with Kobe Bryant . The injury ended his season and severely hurt the Timberwolves ' chances of making the playoffs . Despite being in contention at mid-season , the team ultimately failed to reach the postseason for the eighth straight year due to injuries to a number of key players . The team finished with a record of 26 - 40 , with the only win of the team 's final 14 games coming against the Detroit Pistons . The team traded the 18th overall pick of the 2012 NBA draft to the Houston Rockets for Chase Budinger . On June 26 , 2012 , the Timberwolves selected Robbie Hummel with the 58th overall pick , the team 's only selection during the draft . During the offseason , the team signed former Timberwolves draft pick Brandon Roy to a two - year , $10 million contract . The deal was announced on July 31 . With the inclusion of Roy in the shooting guard position , players that also signed during the offseason included Andrei Kirilenko , Alexey Shved and Louis Amundson . While technically in playoff contention early , multiple injuries began to plague the team . Roy , Budinger , Lee and free agent signing Josh Howard succumbed to knee injuries . The mood of despair was shortly lifted by the splashy return of Rubio . But not long after , Love , who missed the first nine games of the season after fracturing the third and fourth metacarpals in his right hand in a preseason home workout , suffered a recurrence of the injury in a win over the Denver Nuggets on January 3 . One of the few highlights in the second half of the season was Rubio 's triple - double performance during a surprising win over the then - first place San Antonio Spurs , albeit without Spurs stars Tony Parker and Tim Duncan playing due to injury . On April 6 , in a game against the Detroit Pistons , Adelman won his 1000th game as a head coach . This season marked the first time the franchise had won at least 30 games without Kevin Garnett on the roster . The team decided to part ways with David Kahn after the season ended , with Flip Saunders being brought in to replace him . In the 2013 NBA draft , the team traded the 9th overall pick Trey Burke for Shabazz Muhammad ( 14th pick ) and Gorgui Dieng ( 21st pick ) in the first round from the Utah Jazz . On March 28 , 2014 , the Timberwolves set a franchise record for points in a regular season game with a 143 - 107 win over the Los Angeles Lakers . The win also marked the Timberwolves ' first season - series win over the Lakers since the 2005 -- 06 season . The team accumulated 40 wins for the first time since the 2005 season , but missed the playoffs for the tenth consecutive year . On April 21 , 2014 , Rick Adelman announced his retirement from coaching in the NBA . Adelman acquired a 97 - 133 record in three seasons with the team . 2014 -- present : the Wiggins and Towns era ( edit ) Kevin Garnett 's first game back with the Timberwolves in 2015 . On August 23 , 2014 , the Timberwolves , Cleveland Cavaliers , and Philadelphia 76ers agreed on a three - way trade that would send Kevin Love to the Cavaliers to join LeBron James . Minnesota received Andrew Wiggins , Anthony Bennett , Thaddeus Young , and a trade exception as part of the deal . The 76ers received Alexey Shved , Luc Mbah a Moute , and a 2015 first - round pick via the Miami Heat . The 2014 -- 15 season marked a new era for the Timberwolves , beginning with the Kevin Love trade . Flip Saunders was promoted to head coach , making it his second stint with the Timberwolves after coaching the team from 1995 to 2005 . The Timberwolves started the new season with a 105 - 101 loss to the Memphis Grizzlies , with Wiggins making his debut . The team recorded its first win the following game , a 97 - 91 victory over the Detroit Pistons . On November 12 , 2014 , the Timberwolves played a `` home '' game at Mexico City Arena against the Houston Rockets . However , the Timberwolves had a 16 - 66 record and missed the playoffs for the 11th consecutive year . Despite this , Wiggins was selected as the NBA Rookie of the Year , the first player in franchise history to be so honored . Draft pick Zach LaVine gained league notoriety after winning the Slam Dunk Contest . LaVine and Wiggins , dubbed `` The Bounce Brothers '' , were seen as being the future of the franchise . Due to having the worst record in the NBA for the 2014 -- 15 season , the Timberwolves had the highest chance , at 25 % , to receive the first pick in the 2015 NBA draft at the 2015 NBA draft lottery . On May 19 , the Timberwolves received the first overall pick in the 2015 NBA draft for the first time in franchise history . On June 25 , the Timberwolves selected Karl - Anthony Towns as the number one pick and acquired Tyus Jones through a trade with the Cleveland Cavaliers . The 2015 season also saw the return of Kevin Garnett . In February , Garnett , at the time with the Brooklyn Nets , waived his no - trade clause to enable a trade back to Minnesota which sent Thaddeus Young to Brooklyn . In his first game back , Garnett resumed wearing the No. 21 jersey that had not been worn by any other Timberwolves player since his departure and the team defeated the Washington Wizards 97 -- 77 at the Target Center . On June 6 , 2014 , Saunders was named the head coach of the Minnesota Timberwolves , returning to the franchise for a second stint . During his second stint with the Timberwolves , Saunders was diagnosed with Hodgkin 's lymphoma . As a result , during his recovery , he would delegate his coaching position over to assistant coach and former NBA Coach of the Year winner Sam Mitchell . On October 25 , 2015 , Saunders died at age 60 . Mitchell took over as head coach . In honor of Saunders , the team announced that they would wear a patch reading `` FLIP '' on their uniforms for the duration of the 2015 -- 16 season . Arrival of Tom Thibodeau ( edit ) On April 20 , 2016 , the Timberwolves agreed to sign Tom Thibodeau to be their head coach and president of basketball operations . He was previously an assistant coach for the team from 1989 to 1991 . On September 23 , 2016 , Kevin Garnett announced his retirement after 21 seasons in the NBA . He expressed interest in playing one more year for the Timberwolves but felt that his knees would be unable to hold up for the duration of the season . The Timberwolves ended their season with a 31 -- 51 record , having only a two - game improvement from their previous season . On June 22 , 2017 , the Timberwolves acquired Jimmy Butler and the 16th overall pick in the 2017 draft in trade for Zach Lavine , Kris Dunn and the 7th overall pick in the draft ( used to select Lauri Markkanen ) . Later that night , the Timberwolves selected center Justin Patton with the 16th overall pick in the draft . Later , the team added Taj Gibson , Jeff Teague , and Jamal Crawford during free agency . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The Minnesota Timberwolves ' wordmark logo , 2009 -- 2017 . In their inaugural season in 1989 , the Timberwolves ( or `` Wolves '' as it said on their jerseys ) debuted blue road uniforms with green lettering and numbers with white . Their home uniforms featured blue lettering and numbers with green outlining . The creation of both uniforms was led by head designer , Brian Mulligan . There was going to be a green alternate jersey with blue lettering to go with the uniforms , but the idea was dropped . It would 've followed a similar move the Dallas Mavericks took when they switched back to blue in the early 1990s , opting the Wolves a chance to use green for a jersey color instead . After drafting Kevin Garnett , the Timberwolves design team , under guidance from Brian Mulligan , changed their uniforms yet again in 1996 . This time , the team added black and grey to the mix , and changing to a darker shade of blue . The front of the jerseys then said the team 's full name `` Timberwolves '' in a different font . For the 1997 -- 98 season , a black alternate uniform was introduced . Those uniforms were used until the 2007 -- 08 season . The Timberwolves unveiled a new alternate logo on June 25 , 2008 . The uniforms changed again in the 2008 off - season , this time with the road jerseys reading `` Minnesota '' and the home jerseys reading `` Wolves '' , similar to that of the team 's early years . Both uniforms had green , black , grey and blue on the pits and sides of the shorts . The Timberwolves unveiled modified uniforms on August 16 , 2010 . The new uniforms eliminated the green from the collar , jersey and shorts , and the team also adjusted its number font again . On November 23 , 2010 , the Timberwolves unveiled a black alternate uniform . On November 27 , 2013 , the team changed their black road alternate jersey to a short sleeved jersey . The change came about due to the NBA 's introduction of sleeved jerseys . On April 11 , 2017 , the team unveiled a new logo to coincide with the massive roster turnaround of the past few years . Mascot ( edit ) Crunch the Wolf Crunch the Wolf is the official mascot of the Minnesota Timberwolves . Arenas ( edit ) Arenas Arena Tenure Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome 1989 -- 1990 Target Center 1990 -- present Seasons and records ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Timberwolves seasons Personnel ( edit ) Further information : Minnesota Timberwolves all - time roster and Minnesota Timberwolves draft history Current roster ( edit ) Minnesota Timberwolves roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 Aldrich , Cole 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1988 -- 10 -- 31 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Bjelica , Nemanja 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 09 Serbia 1.5 ! G 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Brooks , Aaron 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 161 lb ( 73 kg ) 1985 -- 01 -- 14 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Brown , Anthony ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 224 lb ( 102 kg ) 1992 -- 10 -- 10 Stanford 2.5 ! G / F 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Butler , Jimmy 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 236 lb ( 107 kg ) 1989 -- 09 -- 14 Marquette 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Crawford , Jamal 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1980 -- 03 -- 20 Michigan 5.5 ! F / C 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dieng , Gorgui 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 251 lb ( 114 kg ) 1990 -- 01 -- 18 Louisville 1.5 ! G 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Georges - Hunt , Marcus 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 226 lb ( 103 kg ) 1994 -- 03 -- 28 Georgia Tech 4.0 ! F 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 Gibson , Taj 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1985 -- 06 -- 24 Southern California 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , Tyus 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) 1996 -- 05 -- 10 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Muhammad , Shabazz 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 221 lb ( 100 kg ) 1992 -- 11 -- 13 UCLA 6.0 ! C 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Patton , Justin 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 236 lb ( 107 kg ) 1997 -- 06 -- 14 Creighton 1.5 ! G 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Teague , Jeff 7000187960000000000 ♠ 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 189 lb ( 86 kg ) 1988 -- 06 -- 10 Wake Forest 6.0 ! C 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Towns , Karl - Anthony 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1995 -- 11 -- 15 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 Wiggins , Andrew 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 202 lb ( 92 kg ) 1995 -- 02 -- 23 Kansas Head coach Tom Thibodeau Assistant coach ( es ) Rick Brunson Andy Greer Ed Pinckney Ryan Saunders Vince Legarza ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 -- 10 -- 15 Retired numbers ( edit ) Minnesota Timberwolves retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure Malik Sealy 1999 -- 2000 The Timberwolves retired Malik Sealy 's number after he was killed by a drunk driver in an automobile accident after the 1999 -- 2000 season concluded . The accident happened on Kevin Garnett 's 24th birthday . Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Timberwolves hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is n't signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2013 59 Dubljević , Bojan Bojan Dubljević F / C Montenegro Valencia Basket ( Spain ) 45 Prestes , Paulão Paulão Prestes Brazil Paulistano / Corpore ( Brazil ) 2009 47 Norel , Henk Henk Norel F / C Netherlands San Sebastián Gipuzkoa ( Spain ) 2006 44 Eliyahu , Lior Lior Eliyahu Israel Hapoel Bank Yahav Jerusalem ( Israel ) Acquired from the Orlando Magic ( via Houston ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Main article : Minnesota Timberwolves accomplishments and records Management ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Timberwolves broadcasters Radio ( edit ) The flagship station for the Timberwolves Radio Network is 830 WCCO ( AM ) . WCCO became the team 's radio home in 2011 . Before that , KFAN ( AM ) had been the Timberwolves ' Twin Cities flagship station since the team 's inception , except for a brief two - year hiatus to KLCI BOB 106.1 FM for the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons . Alan Horton has been the team 's radio play - by - play announcer since the 2007 -- 08 season . Television ( edit ) The Timberwolves ' games are broadcast on Fox Sports North . The broadcasters are Dave Benz and Jim Petersen . Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Timberwolves head coaches No . Name Years Won Lost Win % Games Post-season Bill Musselman 1989 -- 1991 51 113 . 311 164 -- Jimmy Rodgers 1991 -- 1993 21 90 . 189 111 -- Sidney Lowe 1993 -- 1994 33 102 . 244 135 -- Bill Blair 1994 -- 1995 27 75 . 265 102 -- 5 Flip Saunders 1995 -- 2005 , 2014 -- 2015 427 392 . 521 819 1997 -- 2004 6 Kevin McHale 2005 , 2008 -- 2009 39 55 . 415 94 -- 7 Dwane Casey 2005 -- 2007 53 65 . 449 118 -- 8 Randy Wittman 2007 -- 2008 38 105 . 266 143 -- 9 Kurt Rambis 2009 -- 2011 32 132 . 195 164 -- 10 Rick Adelman 2011 -- 2014 97 133 . 422 230 -- 11 Sam Mitchell 2015 -- 2016 29 53 . 354 82 -- 12 Tom Thibodeau 2016 -- present 31 51 . 378 82 -- 26 - year Total 1989 -- 878 1366 . 391 2080 1997 -- 2004 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Record Book '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- Minnesota Timberwolves seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A New Era of Timberwolves Basketball '' . Minnesota Timberwolves. April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Timberwolves PR ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` TIMBERWOLVES NEW LOGO FOR 2017 - 18 SEASON UNVEILED '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . The colors include midnight blue , aurora green , lake blue , moonlight grey , and frost white . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves Franchise Index '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Glen Taylor '' . Forbes . 2012 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves '' . Target Center . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Garnett Bio Page '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Five players , two picks sent to Wolves for Garnett -- NBA -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` TIMBERWOLVES : Suggested Nicknames for the Minnesota NBA Franchise '' . National Basketball Association . February 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2004 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Name : Timberwolves '' . National Basketball Association . August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 Minnesota Timberwolves Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota Timberwolves . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wolf Management : Minnesota DNR '' . Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Association for Professional Basketball Research APBR.org Jump up ^ `` 1989 - 90 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 NBA Slam Dunk Competition '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1994 - 95 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NBA Draft '' . Basketball-Reference.com. 1995 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 - 97 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 - 98 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 NBA Draft '' . NBADraft.net . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Driver convicted in Malik Sealy death arrested again for DWI '' . USA Today . March 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com - 2001 NBA Playoffs '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` PLAYOFFS 2003 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey NBA & ABA Basketball Coaching Record '' . Basketball-Reference.com. 1957 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Draft Board '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Draft '' . NBADraft.net . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nikoloz Tskitishvili NBA & ABA Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com '' . NBA.com. 2008 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 - 07 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marc Stein ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rockets , Wolves finalize swap of Howard , James '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Draft 2007 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 17 NBA Regular Season Conference Standings - National Basketball Association '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NBA draft trades overview - NBA - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Logo Undergoes Facelift '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jefferson 2007 - 08 Game Log '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 Minnesota Timberwolves Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 - 10 New Jersey Nets Roster and Stats '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Heat clear space , deal Beasley '' . ESPN . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love posts NBA 's 1st 30 -- 30 game in 28 years as Knicks fade in 4th '' . ESPN . Associated Press . November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN : Kevin Love is the 16th best player in NBA '' . Canis Hoopus . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves say hello , say goodbye '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Targuy Ngombo -- Qatar 's NBA Hopeful ? ? ? '' . Asia Basketball Update. 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Arnovitz , Kevin ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` The book on Rick Adelman '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ridnour 's Buzzer Beater Sends Wolves Past Jazz , 100 - 98 THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES '' . National Basketball Association . 2012 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Concussion holds Love out against Clippers '' . Foxsportsnorth.com. 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves ' Ricky Rubio faces ' long process ' in injury recovery '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . April 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves officially eliminated from postseason '' . Foxsportsnorth.com. 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` T - Wolves trade pick to Rockets for Budinger '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves send 18th pick to Houston Rockets for Chase Budinger , rights to Lior Eliyahu -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Wolves trade No. 18 pick to Houston for Chase Budinger 1500 ESPN Twin Cities -- Minnesota Sports News & Opinion ( Twins , Vikings , Wolves , Wild , Gophers ) Sportswire : Minnesota Timberwolves '' . 1500espn.com. 2012 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` AP Source : Timberwolves Trade 18th Pick For Budinger `` CBS Minnesota '' . Minnesota.cbslocal.com. 2012 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Hummel 2012 NBA Draft Profile - ESPN '' . Insider.espn.go.com. 1989 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Brandon Roy expects to start , play at a high level Ball Do n't Lie -- Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Sign 3 - Time NBA All - Star Brandon Roy THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE MINNESOTA TIMBERWOLVES '' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Rubio 's return sparks Timberwolves past Mavericks '' . USAToday.com. 2012 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Love : Minnesota Timberwolves star to miss 8 - 10 weeks with injury The Point Forward -- SI.com '' . Nba.si.com. 2013 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Target Center , Minneapolis ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) . `` San Antonio Spurs vs. Minnesota Timberwolves - Recap - March 12 , 2013 - ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Pistons vs. Timberwolves - Game Recap - April 6 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Suns vs. Timberwolves - Game Recap - April 13 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Flip Saunders returning to Timberwolves '' . USA Today . May 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Phil ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Wolves land Muhammad , Dieng in deal with Jazz '' . Fox Sports North . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kapsner , Peter ( March 29 , 2014 ) . `` Notebook : Wolves 143 , Lakers 107 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reusse , Patrick ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Reusse : Wolves ' season shriveled into list of unmet goals '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Adelman to announce retirement '' . ABC News . April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayo , David ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Timberwolves 97 , Pistons 91 : Sizzling fourth - quarter rally fizzles at Minnesota '' . Booth Newspapers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves rookies Andrew Wiggins and Zach LaVine dub themselves `` Bounce Brothers '' `` . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Flip Saunders Named Timberwolves Head Coach '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves to Wear Commemorative Patch in Honor of Flip Saunders '' ( Press release ) . Minnesota Timberwolves . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves Agree to Terms with Tom Thibodeau and Scott Layden '' . Minnesota Timberwolves. April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves trade Zach LaVine , Kris Dunn , No. 7 pick to Bulls for Jimmy Butler '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Logo / Uniform History -- HOWL ! MNTwolves Basketball '' . Mnwolves.weebly.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Logo Undergoes Facelift '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Unveil New Uniforms '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Unveil Modified Uniforms '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Unveil New Black Alternate Uniforms '' ( Press release ) . Minnesota Timberwolves . November 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Aron ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Timberwolves Go `` Back in Black '' With New Alternate Uniforms `` . dimemag.com . Dime Magazine . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Timberwolves Unveil ' Lights Out ' Alternate Uniform '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . November 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Timberwolves Mascot Crunch ! '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` Muhammad Embraces Move To Timberwolves '' . NBA.com . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Acquires Draft Rights to Lazar Hayward '' . NBA.com . June 25 , 2010 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Record - tying 84 international players on opening - night rosters '' . NBA.com . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Minnesota '' . Minnesota.cbslocal.com. 2013 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 830 WCCO `` CBS Minnesota '' . Minnesota.cbslocal.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wolves Name Alan Horton Radio PxP Announcer '' . Minnesota Timberwolves . October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Sports News , Video & Photos -- '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` My29 WFTC Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- My29 WFTC Minneapolis -- St. Paul '' . My29tv.com. 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minnesota Timberwolves . Official website Minnesota Timberwolves Founded in 1989 Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota Franchise Franchise Expansion draft All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments and records Broadcasters Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas Metrodome Target Center General managers McKinney McCloskey Saunders McHale Kahn Saunders Newton Layden G League affiliate Iowa Wolves Administration Owner Glen Taylor General Manager Scott Layden President of Basketball Operations Tom Thibodeau Head Coach Tom Thibodeau Division championships ( 1 ) Culture and lore Crunch the Wolf Failed move to New Orleans Joe Somebody Mayo Clinic Square Retired numbers Links to related articles Minnesota Timberwolves seasons 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 - 18 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Minnesota Baseball MLB Minnesota Twins AA St. Paul Saints NwL Alexandria Blue Anchors Duluth Huskies Mankato MoonDogs Rochester Honkers St. Cloud Rox Willmar Stingers Basketball NBA Minnesota Timberwolves WNBA Minnesota Lynx MBL Minnesota Broncos Minnesota Rangers Football NFL Minnesota Vikings WFA Minnesota Machine IWFL Minnesota Vixen Hockey NHL Minnesota Wild NAHL Austin Bruins Minnesota Magicians Minnesota Wilderness SIJHL Minnesota Iron Rangers Thief River Falls Norskies Independent Minnesota Whitecaps Roller derby WFTDA Babe City Rollers Harbor City Roller Dames Med City Mafia Minnesota RollerGirls North Star Roller Derby MRDA Minnesota Men 's Roller Derby Independent Mankato Area Derby Girls SCAR Dolls Soccer MLS Minnesota United FC NPSL Duluth FC Med City FC Minneapolis City SC Minnesota Twin Stars VSLT FC PLA Minnesota United Reserves WPSL Minnesota Twin Stars Ultimate AUDL Minnesota Wind Chill College athletics NCAA Division I Bemidji State University ( Hockey ) Minnesota State University , Mankato ( Hockey ) St. Cloud State University ( Hockey ) University of Minnesota University of Minnesota Duluth ( Hockey ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minnesota_Timberwolves&oldid=804745564 '' Categories : Minnesota Timberwolves National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1989 Sports in Minneapolis 1989 establishments in Minnesota Basketball teams in Minnesota Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 21 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is the last time the timberwolves made the playoffs | [
"Like most expansion teams, the Timberwolves struggled in their early years, but after the acquisition of Kevin Garnett in the 1995 NBA draft, the team qualified for the playoffs in eight consecutive seasons from 1997 to 2004. Despite losing in the first round in their first seven attempts, the Timberwolves won their first division championship in 2004 and advanced to the Western Conference Finals that same season. Garnett was also named the NBA Most Valuable Player Award for that season.[10] The team has been in rebuilding mode for the past decade since missing the playoffs in 2005, and trading Garnett to the Boston Celtics in 2007.[11] Garnett returned to the Timberwolves in a February 2015 trade and finished his career there, retiring in the 2016 offseason."
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"2004"
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-6348953116427424239 | Heaven Is a Place on Earth | Heaven Is a Place on Earth - wikipedia Heaven Is a Place on Earth Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese anime movie , see Hayate the Combat Butler ! Heaven Is a Place on Earth . `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' Single by Belinda Carlisle from the album Heaven on Earth B - side `` We Can Change '' Released September 18 , 1987 Format CD 7 '' single 12 '' single Recorded Genre Pop rock power pop Length 4 : 06 ( album version ) 3 : 54 ( promo 7 '' edit ) 6 : 00 ( heavenly version ) Label MCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley Producer ( s ) Rick Nowels Belinda Carlisle singles chronology `` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 ) `` Since You 've Gone '' ( 1986 ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( 1987 ) `` I Get Weak '' ( 1988 ) Audio sample file help `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' is a song by American singer Belinda Carlisle , featured on her second studio album , Heaven on Earth ( 1987 ) . Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley , the power ballad was released as the album 's lead single in September 1987 , and it hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 5 , 1987 , becoming Carlisle 's only US chart - topper . A month later it hit number one in the United Kingdom , where it held the top spot of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks . The song reached number one in many other countries , among them Switzerland , Ireland , Sweden , South Africa and Norway . The song also reached number three in Germany and Canada , number two in Australia , and number six in Italy . It is widely considered to be Carlisle 's signature song because of its success on the charts and its continued relevance today . The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . It lost to Whitney Houston 's `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' . In 2017 , ShortList 's Dave Fawbert listed the song as containing `` one of the greatest key changes in music history '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Music video 3 Production 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Sales and certifications 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Composition ( edit ) The song is performed in the key of E major with a tempo of 123 beats per minute in common time . Carlisle 's vocals span from E to D ♯ . In the final chorus of the song , the key is transposed to F ♯ major . Music video ( edit ) The promotional video was directed by Academy Award - winning actress Diane Keaton and features an appearance of Carlisle 's husband Morgan Mason . It also features children wearing black masks and a cape while each of them holds an illuminated plastic globe . Carlisle appeared wearing a strapless dress and later changed to a black off - the - shoulder blouse . The video was partially filmed at Six Flags Magic Mountain theme park in Valencia , California , on the Spin Out ride . Production ( edit ) Carlisle 's backup vocalists on the track include songwriters Nowels and Shipley as well as Michelle Phillips of The Mamas & the Papas and songwriter Diane Warren . It also featured Thomas Dolby on keyboards . Track listing ( edit ) `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' - 4 : 06 `` We Can Change '' - 3 : 45 `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( Heavenly version ) - 6 : 00 `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 49 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 - 88 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 5 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 6 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 11 Dutch Singles Chart 81 German Singles Chart 31 Italian Singles Chart 31 New Zealand Singles Chart 9 Swiss Singles Chart 8 UK Singles Chart 17 US Billboard Hot 100 7 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 601,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one singles List of number - one singles and albums in Sweden References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , M.C. ( 1995 ) . The Great Rock Discography . Edinburgh : Canongate Books Ltd. p. 329 . ISBN 0 - 86241 - 385 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ `` The 19 greatest key changes in music history '' . ShortList . October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shipley , Ellen . `` Belinda Carlisle `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' Sheet Music in A Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven Is a Place On Earth - Belinda Carlisle - Spot On Track '' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - Volume 47 , No. 12 , December 26 , 1987 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 47 , No. 11 , December 19 , 1987 '' . RPM . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Carlisle -- Chart history '' European Hot 100 for Belinda Carlisle . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Carlisle , Belinda Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` Irish Singles Chart -- Search for song '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italian Singles Chart -- Top Singles of 1988 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 7 , 1988 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Carlisle Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Belinda Carlisle Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Australian Singles Chart '' . aria . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Dutch Singles Chart '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` INFINITY CHARTS : German Top 20 '' . ki.informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1988 '' . www.hitparadeitalia.it . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1988 - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Swiss Singles Chart '' ( in German ) . swisscharts . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Chart - Top 50 Singles of 1988 '' . mostynhouseschool.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Chart - Top 100 Singles of 1988 '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is A Place on Earth '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Belinda Carlisle -- Heaven Is A Place on Earth '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Heaven Is A Place on Earth in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/official-charts-flashback-1988-belinda-carlisle-heaven-is-a-place-on-earth__21404/ External links ( edit ) Belinda Carlisle - Heaven Is A Place On Earth music video on YouTube by Universal Music Group . Belinda Carlisle - A Place On Earth . Belinda discusses `` Heaven Is A Place On Earth '' - RetroRewind interview Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Belinda Carlisle Discography Studio albums Belinda Heaven on Earth Runaway Horses Live Your Life Be Free Real A Woman and a Man Voila Wilder Shores Compilations The Best of Belinda , Volume 1 A Place on Earth : The Greatest Hits The Collection Singles `` Mad About You '' `` I Feel the Magic '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' `` I Get Weak '' `` Circle in the Sand '' `` I Feel Free '' `` World Without You '' `` Love Never Dies '' `` Leave a Light On '' `` La Luna '' `` Summer Rain '' `` Runaway Horses '' `` Vision of You '' `` ( We Want ) the Same Thing '' `` Live Your Life Be Free '' `` Do You Feel Like I Feel ? '' `` Half the World '' `` Little Black Book '' `` Big Scary Animal '' `` Lay Down Your Arms '' `` In Too Deep '' `` Always Breaking My Heart '' `` Love in the Key of C '' `` California '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` All God 's Children '' `` Sun '' `` Goodbye Just Go '' Guest singles `` Blue Period '' Promo singles `` Since You 've Gone '' Related articles The Go - Go 's ( discography ) Rick Nowels Ellen Shipley Book Commons U-Jean Singles `` Heaven Is a Place on Earth '' `` Flying '' Featured singles `` Turn This Club Around '' `` Animal '' `` That Girl '' `` Summer Jam '' `` Ready or Not '' `` Komodo ( Hard Nights ) '' Related articles R.I.O. Carlprit Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heaven_Is_a_Place_on_Earth&oldid=821402053 '' Categories : 1987 songs 1987 singles Belinda Carlisle songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Sweden Number - one singles in Switzerland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Rick Nowels Songs written by Ellen Shipley Song recordings produced by Rick Nowels MCA Records singles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Billboardeuropeanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 07 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was heaven is a place on earth made | [
"\"Heaven Is a Place on Earth\" is a song by American singer Belinda Carlisle, featured on her second studio album, Heaven on Earth (1987). Written by Rick Nowels and Ellen Shipley, the power ballad[2] was released as the album's lead single in September 1987, and it hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on December 5, 1987, becoming Carlisle's only US chart-topper. A month later it hit number one in the United Kingdom, where it held the top spot of the UK Singles Chart for two weeks."
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"September 1987"
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-7099261596128527786 | History of Europe | History of Europe - wikipedia History of Europe Jump to : navigation , search The history of Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe from prehistory to the present . The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city - states of ancient Greece . Later , the Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin . The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages . Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology . Simultaneously , the Protestant Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany , Scandinavia and England . After 1800 , the Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe . The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa , and parts of Asia . In the 20th century , World War I , and World War II resulted in massive numbers of deaths . The Cold War dominated European geo - politics from 1947 to 1989 . Unification into a European Union moved forward after 1950 , with some setbacks . Today , most countries west of Russia belong to the NATO military alliance , along with the United States and Canada . Europe depicted by Antwerp cartographer Abraham Ortelius in 1595 Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Prehistory 3 Minoans and Mycenae 2700 -- 1100 BC 4 Classical antiquity 4.1 Ancient Greece 4.2 The rise of Rome 4.3 Decline of the Roman Empire 4.4 Late Antiquity and Migration Period 5 Middle Ages 5.1 Byzantium 5.2 Early Middle Ages 5.2. 1 Feudal Christendom 5.3 High Middle Ages 5.3. 1 A divided church 5.3. 2 Holy wars 5.4 Late Middle Ages 6 Early modern Europe 6.1 Renaissance 6.2 Exploration and trade 6.3 Reformation 6.4 Mercantilism and colonial expansion 6.5 Crisis of the 17th century 6.6 Age of Absolutism 6.6. 1 Thirty Years ' War 1618 -- 1648 6.6. 2 War of the Spanish Succession 6.6. 3 Prussia 6.6. 4 Russia 6.7 Enlightenment 7 From revolution to imperialism ( 1789 -- 1914 ) 7.1 Industrial Revolution 7.2 Era of the French Revolution 7.3 Napoleon 7.3. 1 Impact of the French Revolution 7.4 Religion 7.4. 1 Protestantism 7.5 Nations rising 7.5. 1 Emerging nationalism 7.5. 1.1 Germany 7.5. 1.2 Italy 7.5. 1.3 Greece 7.5. 2 Serbia 7.5. 3 Poland 7.5. 4 Conservative forces 7.5. 5 France under Napoleon III 7.5. 6 Major powers 7.5. 7 Bismarck 's Germany 7.6 Imperialism 8 1914 -- 1945 : Two World wars 8.1 World War I 8.2 Paris Peace Conference 8.3 Interwar 8.3. 1 Fascism and authoritarianism 8.4 Great Depression : 1929 -- 1939 8.5 World War II 9 Cold War Era 9.1 Economic recovery 10 Recent history 11 Chronology 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Surveys 15.2 Geography and atlases 15.3 Major nations 15.4 Classical 15.5 Late Roman 15.6 Medieval 15.7 Early modern 15.8 19th century 15.9 Since 1900 15.10 Agriculture and economy 15.11 Diplomacy 15.12 Empires and interactions 15.13 Ideas and science 15.14 Religion 15.15 Social 15.16 Warfare 15.17 Women and gender 16 External links Overview ( edit ) Some of the best - known civilizations of prehistoric Europe were the Minoan and the Mycenaean , which flourished during the Bronze Age until they collapsed in a short period of time around 1200 BC . The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city - states of Ancient Greece . After ultimately checking the Persian advance in Europe through the Greco - Persian Wars in the 5th century BC , Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great , spreading throughout Asia , Africa , and other parts of Europe . The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin . By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western and Eastern empires . During the 4th and 5th centuries , the Germanic peoples of Northern Europe grew in strength , and repeated attacks led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire . AD 476 traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages . In Western Europe , Germanic peoples became more powerful in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own . Of all of the Germanic peoples , the Franks would rise to a position of hegemony over Western Europe , the Frankish Empire reaching its peak under Charlemagne around 800 . This empire was later divided into several parts ; West Francia would evolve into the Kingdom of France , while East Francia would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire , a precursor to modern Germany and Italy . The British Isles were the site of several large - scale migrations . The Viking Age , a period of migrations of Scandinavian peoples , occurred from the late 8th century to the middle 11th century . The Normans , a Viking people who settled in Northern France , had a significant impact on many parts of Europe , from the Norman conquest of England to Southern Italy and Sicily . The Rus ' people founded Kievan Rus ' , which evolved into Russia . After 1000 the Crusades were a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back under Christian rule . The Crusaders opened trade routes which enabled the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers . The Reconquista , a related movement , worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom . The peasants preparing the fields for the winter with a harrow and sowing for the winter grain , from The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry , c. 1410 Eastern Europe in the High Middle Ages was dominated by the rise and fall of the Mongol Empire . Led by Genghis Khan , the Mongols were a group of steppe nomads who established a decentralized empire which , at its height , extended from China in the east to the Black and Baltic Seas in Europe . As Mongol power waned towards the Late Middle Ages , the Grand Duchy of Moscow rose to become the strongest of the numerous Russian principalities and republics and would grow into the Tsardom of Russia in 1547 . The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe . The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted . Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period . In Scandinavia , the Kalmar Union dominated the political landscape , while England fought with Scotland in the Wars of Scottish Independence and with France in the Hundred Years ' War . In Central Europe , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth became a large territorial empire , while the Holy Roman Empire , which was an elective monarchy , came to be dominated for centuries by the House of Habsburg . Russia continued to expand southward and eastward into former Mongol lands . In the Balkans , the Ottoman Empire overran Byzantine lands , culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , which historians mark as the end of the Middle Ages . Beginning in the 14th century in Florence and later spreading through Europe , a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology . The rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge had an enormous liberating effect on intellectuals . Simultaneously , the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority . Henry VIII seized control of the English Church and its lands . The European religious wars between German and Spanish rulers . The Reconquista ended Muslim rule in Iberia . By the 1490s a series of oceanic explorations marked the Age of Discovery , establishing direct links with Africa , the Americas , and Asia . Religious wars continued to be fought in Europe , until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia . The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees , which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years ' War . An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and the world in the period between 1610 and 1700 . A Watt steam engine . The steam engine , fuelled primarily by coal , propelled the Industrial Revolution in 19th century Northwestern Europe . The Industrial Revolution began in Britain , based on coal , steam , and textile mills . Political change in continental Europe was spurred by the French Revolution under the motto liberté , égalité , fraternité . Napoleon Bonaparte took control , made many reforms inside France , and transformed Western Europe . But his rise stimulated both nationalism and reaction and he was defeated in 1814 -- 15 as the old royal conservatives returned to power . The period between 1815 and 1871 saw revolutionary attempts in much of Europe ( apart from Britain ) . They all failed however . As industrial work forces grew in Western Europe , socialism and trade union activity developed . The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Russia in 1861 . Greece and the other Balkan nations began a long slow road to independence from the Ottoman Empire , starting in the 1820s . Italy was unified in its Risorgimento in 1860 . After the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 71 , Otto von Bismarck unified the German states into an empire that was politically and militarily dominant until 1914 . Most of Europe scrambled for imperial colonies in Africa and Asia in the Age of Empire . Britain and France built the largest empires , while diplomats ensured there were no major wars in Europe , apart from the Crimean War of the 1850s . The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took sides . The 1917 October Revolution led the Russian Empire to become the world 's first communist state , the Soviet Union . The Allies , led by Britain and France , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire and Austria - Hungary , in 1918 . During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties , especially the Treaty of Versailles . The war 's human and material devastation was unprecedented . Germany lost its overseas empire and several provinces , had to pay large reparations , and was humiliated by the victors . They in turn had large debts to the United States . The 1920s were prosperous until 1929 when the Great Depression broke out , which led to the collapse of democracy in many European states . The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 , rearmed Germany , and along with Mussolini 's Italy sought to assert themselves on the continent by demands and appeasement , leading eventually to the Second World War . Most of the fighting took place on the Eastern Front , and the war ended with the defeat of the Axis powers , leaving the USSR and the United States dominating Eastern and Western Europe respectively . The Iron Curtain now separated the east under Moscow 's control from the capitalist West . The United States launched the Marshall Plan from 1948 -- 51 and NATO from 1949 , and rebuilt industrial economies that all were thriving by the 1950s . France and West Germany took the lead in forming the European Economic Community , which eventually became the European Union ( EU ) . Secularization saw the weakening of Protestant and Catholic churches across most of Europe , except where they were symbols of anti-government resistance , as in Poland . The Revolutions of 1989 brought an end to both Soviet hegemony and communism in Eastern Europe . Germany was reunited , Europe 's integration deepened , and both NATO and the EU expanded to the east . The EU came under increasing pressure because of the worldwide recession after 2008 . Prehistory ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric Europe , Palaeolithic Europe , Mesolithic Europe , Neolithic Europe , Stone Age , Bronze Age Europe , and Iron Age Europe Aurochs in Palaeolithic cave paintings in Lascaux , France . Homo erectus migrated from Africa to Europe before the emergence of modern humans . Lézignan - la - Cèbe in France , Orce in Spain , Monte Poggiolo Italy and Kozarnika in Bulgaria are amongst the oldest Palaeolithic sites in Europe . The earliest appearance of anatomically modern people in Europe has been dated to 35,000 BC , usually referred to as the Cro - Magnon man . Some locally developed transitional cultures ( Uluzzian in Italy and Greece , Altmühlian in Germany , Szeletian in Central Europe and Châtelperronian in the southwest ) use clearly Upper Palaeolithic technologies at very early dates . Nevertheless , the definitive advance of these technologies is made by the Aurignacian culture . The origins of this culture can be located in the Levant ( Ahmarian ) and Hungary ( first full Aurignacian ) . By 35,000 BC , the Aurignacian culture and its technology had extended through most of Europe . The last Neanderthals seem to have been forced to retreat during this process to the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula . Around 28,000 BC a new technology / culture appeared in the western region of Europe : the Gravettian . This technology / culture has been theorised to have come with migrations of people from the Balkans . Map showing the Neolithic expansions from the 7th to the 5th millennium BC , including the Cardium Culture in blue . Around 16,000 BC , Europe witnessed the appearance of a new culture , known as Magdalenian , possibly rooted in the old Gravettian . This culture soon superseded the Solutrean area and the Gravettian of mainly France , Spain , Germany , Italy , Poland , Portugal and Ukraine . The Hamburg culture prevailed in Northern Europe in the 14th and the 13th millennium BC as the Creswellian ( also termed the British Late Magdalenian ) did shortly after in the British Islands . Around 12,500 BC , the Würm glaciation ended . Slowly , through the following millennia , temperatures and sea levels rose , changing the environment of prehistoric people . Nevertheless , Magdalenian culture persisted until c. 10,000 BC , when it quickly evolved into two microlithist cultures : Azilian ( Federmesser ) , in Spain and southern France , and then Sauveterrian , in northern France and Central Europe , while in Northern Europe the Lyngby complex succeeded the Hamburg culture with the influence of the Federmesser group as well . Evidence of permanent settlement dates from the 8th millennium BC in the Balkans . The Neolithic reached Central Europe in the 6th millennium BC and parts of Northern Europe in the 5th and 4th millenniums BC . Minoans and Mycenae 2700 -- 1100 BC ( edit ) The Treasury of Atreus , or Tomb of Agamemnon in Mycenae 1250 BC The first well - known literate civilization in Europe was that of the Minoans . The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and flourished from approximately the 27th century BC to the 15th century BC . It was rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century through the work of the British archaeologist Arthur Evans . Will Durant referred to it as `` the first link in the European chain '' . The Minoans were replaced by the Mycenaean civilization which flourished during the period roughly between 1600 BC , when Helladic culture in mainland Greece was transformed under influences from Minoan Crete , and 1100 BC . The major Mycenaean cities were Mycenae and Tiryns in Argolis , Pylos in Messenia , Athens in Attica , Thebes and Orchomenus in Boeotia , and Iolkos in Thessaly . In Crete , the Mycenaeans occupied Knossos . Mycenaean settlement sites also appeared in Epirus , Macedonia , on islands in the Aegean Sea , on the coast of Asia Minor , the Levant , Cyprus and Italy . Mycenaean artefacts have been found well outside the limits of the Mycenean world . Quite unlike the Minoans , whose society benefited from trade , the Mycenaeans advanced through conquest . Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy . Around 1400 BC , the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete , center of the Minoan civilization , and adopted a form of the Minoan script ( called Linear A ) to write their early form of Greek in Linear B . The Mycenaean civilization perished with the collapse of Bronze - Age civilization on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea . The collapse is commonly attributed to the Dorian invasion , although other theories describing natural disasters and climate change have been advanced as well . Whatever the causes , the Mycenaean civilization had definitely disappeared after LH III C , when the sites of Mycenae and Tirynth were again destroyed and lost their importance . This end , during the last years of the 12th century BC , occurred after a slow decline of the Mycenaean civilization , which lasted many years before dying out . The beginning of the 11th century BC opened a new context , that of the protogeometric , the beginning of the geometric period , the Greek Dark Ages of traditional historiography . Classical antiquity ( edit ) Main article : Classical antiquity The Parthenon , an ancient Athenian Temple on the Acropolis ( hill - top city ) fell to Rome in 176 BC The Greeks and the Romans left a legacy in Europe which is evident in European languages , thought , visual arts and law . Ancient Greece was a collection of city - states , out of which the original form of democracy developed . Athens was the most powerful and developed city , and a cradle of learning from the time of Pericles . Citizens ' forums debated and legislated policy of the state , and from here arose some of the most notable classical philosophers , such as Socrates , Plato , and Aristotle , the last of whom taught Alexander the Great . Through his military campaigns , the king of the kingdom of Macedon , Alexander , spread Hellenistic culture and learning to the banks of the River Indus . Meanwhile , the Roman Republic strengthened through victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars . Greek wisdom passed into Roman institutions , as Athens itself was absorbed under the banner of the Senate and People of Rome -- SPQR . The Romans expanded from Arabia to Britannia . In 44 BC as it approached its height , its dictator Julius Caesar was murdered by senators in an attempt to restore the Republic . In the ensuing turmoil , Octavian ( ruled as Augustus ; and as divi filius , or Son of God , as Julius had adopted him as an heir ) usurped the reins of power and fought the Roman Senate . While proclaiming the rebirth of the Republic , he had ushered in the transfer of the Roman state from a republic to an empire , the Roman Empire , which lasted for more than four centuries until the fall of the Western Roman Empire . Ancient Greece ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Greece and Hellenistic period A mosaic showing Alexander the Great battling Darius III The Hellenic civilisation was a collection of city - states or poleis with different governments and cultures that achieved notable developments in government , philosophy , science , mathematics , politics , sports , theatre and music . The most powerful city - states were Athens , Sparta , Thebes , Corinth , and Syracuse . Athens was a powerful Hellenic city - state and governed itself with an early form of direct democracy invented by Cleisthenes ; the citizens of Athens voted on legislation and executive bills themselves . Athens was the home of Socrates , Plato , and the Platonic Academy . The Hellenic city - states established colonies on the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean ( Asian Minor , Sicily and Southern Italy in Magna Graecia ) . By the late 6th century BC , all the Greek city states in Asia Minor had been incorporated into the Persian Empire , while the latter had made territorial gains in the Balkans ( such as Macedon , Thrace , Paeonia , etc . ) and Eastern Europe proper as well . In the course of 5th century BC , some of the Greek city states attempted to overthrow Persian rule in the Ionian Revolt , which failed . This sparked the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece . At some point during the ensuing Greco - Persian Wars , namely during the Second Persian invasion of Greece , and precisely after the Battle of Thermopylae and the Battle of Artemisium , almost all of Greece to the north of the Isthmus of Corinth had been overrun by the Persians , but the Greek city states reached a decisive victory at the Battle of Plataea . With the end of the Greco - Persian wars , the Persians were eventually decisively forced to withdraw from their territories in Europe . The Greco - Persian Wars and the victory of the Greek city states directly influenced the entire further course of European history and would set its further tone . Some Greek city - states formed the Delian League to continue fighting Persia , but Athens ' position as leader of this league led Sparta to form the rival Peloponnesian League . The Peloponnesian Wars ensued , and the Peloponnesian League was victorious . Subsequently , discontent with Spartan hegemony led to the Corinthian War and the defeat of Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra . Hellenic infighting left Greek city states vulnerable , and Philip II of Macedon united the Greek city states under his control . The son of Philip II , known as Alexander the Great , invaded neighboring Persia , toppled and incorporated its domains , as well as invading Egypt and going as far off as India , increasing contact with people and cultures in these regions that marked the beginning of the Hellenistic period . The rise of Rome ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Rome , Roman Republic , and Roman Empire Cicero addresses the Roman Senate to denounce Catiline 's conspiracy to overthrow the Republic , by Cesare Maccari Much of Greek learning was assimilated by the nascent Roman state as it expanded outward from Italy , taking advantage of its enemies ' inability to unite : the only challenge to Roman ascent came from the Phoenician colony of Carthage , and its defeats in the three Punic Wars marked the start of Roman hegemony . First governed by kings , then as a senatorial republic ( the Roman Republic ) , Rome finally became an empire at the end of the 1st century BC , under Augustus and his authoritarian successors . The Roman Empire had its centre in the Mediterranean , controlling all the countries on its shores ; the northern border was marked by the Rhine and Danube rivers . Under emperor Trajan ( 2nd century AD ) the empire reached its maximum expansion , controlling approximately 5,900,000 km ( 2,300,000 sq mi ) of land surface , including Britain , Romania and parts of Mesopotamia . Pax Romana , a period of peace , civilisation and an efficient centralised government in the subject territories ended in the 3rd century , when a series of civil wars undermined Rome 's economic and social strength . In the 4th century , the emperors Diocletian and Constantine were able to slow down the process of decline by splitting the empire into a Western part with a capital in Rome and an Eastern part with the capital in Byzantium , or Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) . Whereas Diocletian severely persecuted Christianity , Constantine declared an official end to state - sponsored persecution of Christians in 313 with the Edict of Milan , thus setting the stage for the Church to become the state church of the Roman Empire in about 380 . Decline of the Roman Empire ( edit ) Main articles : Decline of the Roman Empire and Crisis of the Third Century Map of the partition of the Roman Empire in 395 , at the death of Theodosius I : the Western Roman Empire is shown in red and the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire ) is shown in purple The Roman Empire had been repeatedly attacked by invading armies from Northern Europe and in 476 , Rome finally fell . Romulus Augustus , the last Emperor of the Western Roman Empire , surrendered to the Germanic King Odoacer . The British historian Edward Gibbon argued in The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ( 1776 ) that the Romans had become decadent , they had lost civic virtue . Gibbon said that the adoption of Christianity , meant belief in a better life after death , and therefore made people lazy and indifferent to the present . `` From the eighteenth century onward '' , Glen W. Bowersock has remarked , `` we have been obsessed with the fall : it has been valued as an archetype for every perceived decline , and , hence , as a symbol for our own fears . '' It remains one of the greatest historical questions , and has a tradition rich in scholarly interest . Some other notable dates are the Battle of Adrianople in 378 , the death of Theodosius I in 395 ( the last time the Roman Empire was politically unified ) , the crossing of the Rhine in 406 by Germanic tribes after the withdrawal of the legions to defend Italy against Alaric I , the death of Stilicho in 408 , followed by the disintegration of the western legions , the death of Justinian I , the last Roman Emperor who tried to reconquer the west , in 565 , and the coming of Islam after 632 . Many scholars maintain that rather than a `` fall '' , the changes can more accurately be described as a complex transformation . Over time many theories have been proposed on why the Empire fell , or whether indeed it fell at all . Late antiquity and Migration period ( edit ) Main articles : Late Antiquity and Migration Period A simplified map of migrations from the 2nd to the 5th century . See also the map of the world in 820 AD . When Emperor Constantine had reconquered Rome under the banner of the cross in 312 , he soon afterwards issued the Edict of Milan in 313 , declaring the legality of Christianity in the Roman Empire . In addition , Constantine officially shifted the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to the Greek town of Byzantium , which he renamed Nova Roma - it was later named Constantinople ( `` City of Constantine '' ) . In 395 Theodosius I , who had made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire , would be the last emperor to preside over a united Roman Empire . The empire was split into two halves : the Western Roman Empire centred in Ravenna , and the Eastern Roman Empire ( later to be referred to as the Byzantine Empire ) centred in Constantinople . The Western Roman Empire was repeatedly attacked by Germanic tribes ( see : Migration Period ) , and in 476 finally fell to the Heruli chieftain Odoacer . Map showing Europe in 526 AD with the three dominating powers of the west Roman authority in the Western part of the empire had collapsed , and a power vacuum left in the wake of this collapse ; the central organization , institutions , laws and power of Rome had broken down , resulting in many areas being open to invasion by migrating tribes . Over time , feudalism and manorialism arose , two interlocking institutions that provided for division of land and labor , as well as a broad if uneven hierarchy of law and protection . These localised hierarchies were based on the bond of common people to the land on which they worked , and to a lord , who would provide and administer both local law to settle disputes among the peasants , as well as protection from outside invaders . Unlike under Roman rule , with its standard laws and military across the empire and its great bureaucracy to administer them and collect taxes , each lord ( although having obligations to a higher lord ) was largely sovereign in his domain . A peasant 's lot could vary greatly depending on the leadership skills and attitudes to justice of the lord toward his people . Tithes or rents were paid to the lord , who in turn owed resources , and armed men in times of war , to his lord , perhaps a regional prince . However , the levels of hierarchy were varied over time and place . The western provinces soon were to be dominated by three great powers : first , the Franks ( Merovingian dynasty ) in Francia 481 -- 843 AD , which covered much of present France and Germany ; second , the Visigothic kingdom 418 -- 711 AD in the Iberian Peninsula ( modern Spain ) ; and third , the Ostrogothic kingdom 493 -- 553 AD in Italy and parts of the western Balkans The Ostrogoths were later replaced by the Kingdom of the Lombards 568 -- 774 AD . These new powers of the west built upon the Roman traditions until they evolved into a synthesis of Roman and Germanic cultures . Although these powers covered large territories , they did not have the great resources and bureaucracy of the Roman empire to control regions and localities . The ongoing invasions and boundary disputes usually meant a more risky and varying life than that under the empire . This meant that in general more power and responsibilities were left to local lords . On the other hand , it also meant more freedom , particularly in more remote areas . In Italy , Theodoric the Great began the cultural romanization of the new world he had constructed . He made Ravenna a center of Romano - Greek culture of art and his court fostered a flowering of literature and philosophy in Latin . In Iberia , King Chindasuinth created the Visigothic Code . In the feudal system , new princes and kings arose , the most powerful of which was arguably the Frankish ruler Charlemagne . In 800 , Charlemagne , reinforced by his massive territorial conquests , was crowned Emperor of the Romans ( Imperator Romanorum ) by Pope Leo III , effectively solidifying his power in western Europe . Charlemagne 's reign marked the beginning of a new Germanic Roman Empire in the west , the Holy Roman Empire . Outside his borders , new forces were gathering . The Kievan Rus ' were marking out their territory , a Great Moravia was growing , while the Angles and the Saxons were securing their borders . For the duration of the 6th century , the Eastern Roman Empire was embroiled in a series of deadly conflicts , first with the Persian Sassanid Empire ( see Roman -- Persian Wars ) , followed by the onslaught of the arising Islamic Caliphate ( Rashidun and Umayyad ) . By 650 , the provinces of Egypt , Palestine and Syria were lost to the Muslim forces , followed by Hispania and southern Italy in the 7th and 8th centuries ( see Muslim conquests ) . The Arab invasion from the east was stopped after the intervention of the Bulgarian Empire ( see Tervel of Bulgaria ) . Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Middle Ages and Medieval demography The Middle Ages are commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire ( or by some scholars , before that ) in the 5th century to the beginning of the early modern period in the 16th century , marked by the rise of nation states , the division of Western Christianity in the Reformation , the rise of humanism in the Italian Renaissance , and the beginnings of European overseas expansion which allowed for the Columbian Exchange . Byzantium ( edit ) Main article : Byzantine Empire Constantine I and Justinian I offering their fealty to the Virgin Mary inside the Hagia Sophia Many consider Emperor Constantine I ( reigned 306 -- 337 ) to be the first `` Byzantine Emperor '' . It was he who moved the imperial capital in 324 from Nicomedia to Byzantium , which re-founded as Constantinople , or Nova Roma ( `` New Rome '' ) . The city of Rome itself had not served as the capital since the reign of Diocletian . Some date the beginnings of the Empire to the reign of Theodosius I ( 379 -- 395 ) and Christianity 's official supplanting of the pagan Roman religion , or following his death in 395 , when the empire was split into two parts , with capitals in Rome and Constantinople . Others place it yet later in 476 , when Romulus Augustulus , traditionally considered the last western Emperor , was deposed , thus leaving sole imperial authority with the emperor in the Greek East . Others point to the reorganisation of the empire in the time of Heraclius ( c. 620 ) when Latin titles and usages were officially replaced with Greek versions . In any case , the changeover was gradual and by 330 , when Constantine inaugurated his new capital , the process of hellenization and increasing Christianisation was already under way . The Empire is generally considered to have ended after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Plague of Justinian was a pandemic that afflicted the Byzantine Empire , including its capital Constantinople , in the years 541 -- 542 . It is estimated that the Plague of Justinian killed as many as 100 million people across the world . It caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between 541 and 700 . It also may have contributed to the success of the Muslim conquests . Early Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Early Middle Ages and Muslim Conquest The Early Middle Ages span roughly five centuries from 500 to 1000 . From the 7th century Byzantine history was greatly affected by the rise of Islam and the Caliphates . Muslim Arabs first invaded historically Roman territory under Abū Bakr , first Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate , who entered Roman Syria and Roman Mesopotamia . As the Byzantines and neighboring Sasanids were severely weakened by the time , amongst the most important reason ( s ) being the protracted , centuries - lasting and frequent Byzantine -- Sasanian wars , which included the climactic Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 , under Umar , the second Caliph , the Muslims entirely toppled the Sasanid Persian Empire , and decisively conquered Syria and Mesopotamia , as well as Roman Palestine , Roman Egypt , and parts of Asia Minor and Roman North Africa . In the mid 7th century AD , following the Muslim conquest of Persia , Islam penetrated into the Caucasus region , of which parts would later permanently become part of Russia . This trend , which included the conquests by the invading Muslim forces and by that the spread of Islam as well continued under Umar 's successors and under the Umayyad Caliphate , which conquered the rest of Mediterranean North Africa and most of the Iberian Peninsula . Over the next centuries Muslim forces were able to take further European territory , including Cyprus , Malta , Crete , and Sicily and parts of southern Italy . The Muslim conquest of Hispania began when the Moors ( Berbers and Arabs ) invaded the Christian Visigothic kingdom of Hispania in the year 711 , under the Berber general Tariq ibn Ziyad . They landed at Gibraltar on 30 April and worked their way northward . Tariq 's forces were joined the next year by those of his Arab superior , Musa ibn Nusair . During the eight - year campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula was brought under Muslim rule -- save for small areas in the northwest ( Asturias ) and largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees . In 711 , Visigothic Hispania was very weakened because it was immersed in a serious internal crisis caused by a war of succession to the throne involving two Visigoth suitors . The Muslims took advantage of the crisis that crossed the Hispano - Visigothic society to carry out their conquests . This territory , under the Arab name Al - Andalus , became part of the expanding Umayyad empire . The unsuccessful second siege of Constantinople ( 717 ) weakened the Umayyad dynasty and reduced their prestige . In 722 Don Pelayo , a nobleman of Visigothic origin , formed an army of 300 Astur soldiers , to confront Munuza 's Muslim troops . In the battle of Covadonga , the Astures defeated the Arab - Moors , who decided to retire . The Christian victory marked the beginning of the Reconquista and the establishment of the Kingdom of Asturias , whose first sovereign was Don Pelayo . The conquerors intended to continue their expansion in Europe and move northeast across the Pyrenees , but were defeated by the Frankish leader Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 . The Umayyads were overthrown in 750 by the ' Abbāsids , and , in 756 , the Umayyads established an independent emirate in the Iberian Peninsula . Feudal Christendom ( edit ) Main articles : Holy Roman Empire , Charlemagne , Christendom , Caliphate of Córdoba , Bulgarian Empire , Medieval England , Medieval Hungary , Medieval Poland , and Kievan Rus ' Europe in 1000 , with most European states already formed Europe in 1204 . The Holy Roman Empire emerged around 800 , as Charlemagne , king of the Franks , was crowned by the pope as emperor . His empire based in modern France , the Low Countries and Germany expanded into modern Hungary , Italy , Bohemia , Lower Saxony and Spain . He and his father received substantial help from an alliance with the Pope , who wanted help against the Lombards . To the east , Bulgaria was established in 681 and became the first Slavic country . The powerful Bulgarian Empire was the main rival of Byzantium for control of the Balkans for centuries and from the 9th century became the cultural centre of Slavic Europe . The Empire created the Cyrillic script during the 10th century AD , at the Preslav Literary School . Two states , Great Moravia and Kievan Rus ' , emerged among the Slavic peoples respectively in the 9th century . In the late 9th and 10th centuries , northern and western Europe felt the burgeoning power and influence of the Vikings who raided , traded , conquered and settled swiftly and efficiently with their advanced seagoing vessels such as the longships . The Hungarians pillaged mainland Europe , the Pechenegs raided Bulgaria , Rus States and the Arab states . In the 10th century independent kingdoms were established in Central Europe including Poland and the newly settled Kingdom of Hungary . The kingdoms of Croatia and Serbia also appeared in the Balkans . The subsequent period , ending around 1000 , saw the further growth of feudalism , which weakened the Holy Roman Empire . In eastern Europe , Volga Bulgaria became an Islamic state in 921 , after Almış I converted to Islam under the missionary efforts of Ahmad ibn Fadlan . Slavery in the early medieval period had mostly died out in western Europe by about the year 1000 AD , replaced by serfdom . It lingered longer in England and in peripheral areas linked to the Muslim world , where slavery continued to flourish . Church rules suppressed slavery of Christians . Most historians argue the transition was quite abrupt around 1000 , but some see a gradual transition from about 300 to 1000 . High Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : High Middle Ages Europe in 1092 Europe in 1097 , as the First Crusade to the Holy Land commences The slumber of the Dark Ages was shaken by a renewed crisis in the Church . In 1054 , the East -- West Schism , an insoluble split , occurred between the two remaining Christian seats in Rome and Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ) . The High Middle Ages of the 11th , 12th , and 13th centuries show a rapidly increasing population of Europe , which caused great social and political change from the preceding era . By 1250 , the robust population increase greatly benefited the economy , reaching levels it would not see again in some areas until the 19th century . From about the year 1000 onwards , Western Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions and became more politically organized . The Vikings had settled in Britain , Ireland , France and elsewhere , whilst Norse Christian kingdoms were developing in their Scandinavian homelands . The Magyars had ceased their expansion in the 10th century , and by the year 1000 , the Roman Catholic Apostolic Kingdom of Hungary was recognised in central Europe . With the brief exception of the Mongol invasions , major barbarian incursions ceased . In the 11th century , populations north of the Alps began to settle new lands , some of which had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Roman Empire . In what is known as the `` great clearances '' , vast forests and marshes of Europe were cleared and cultivated . At the same time settlements moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers in Europe , beyond the Elbe river , tripling the size of Germany in the process . Crusaders founded European colonies in the Levant , the majority of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered from the Muslims , and the Normans colonised southern Italy , all part of the major population increase and resettlement pattern . The High Middle Ages produced many different forms of intellectual , spiritual and artistic works . The most famous are the great cathedrals as expressions of Gothic architecture , which evolved from Romanesque architecture . This age saw the rise of modern nation - states in Western Europe and the ascent of the famous Italian city - states , such as Florence and Venice . The influential popes of the Catholic Church called volunteer armies from across Europe to a series of Crusades against the Seljuq Turks , who occupied the Holy Land . The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle led Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers to develop the philosophy of Scholasticism . A divided Church ( edit ) Main articles : East -- West Schism and Norman conquest of England The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings and the events leading to it The Great Schism between the Western ( Catholic ) and Eastern ( Orthodox ) Christian Churches was sparked in 1054 by Pope Leo IX asserting authority over three of the seats in the Pentarchy , in Antioch , Jerusalem and Alexandria . Since the mid-8th century , the Byzantine Empire 's borders had been shrinking in the face of Islamic expansion . Antioch had been wrested back into Byzantine control by 1045 , but the resurgent power of the Roman successors in the West claimed a right and a duty for the lost seats in Asia and Africa . Pope Leo sparked a further dispute by defending the filioque clause in the Nicene Creed which the West had adopted customarily . The Orthodox today state that the XXVIIIth Canon of the Council of Chalcedon explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople . The Orthodox also state that the Bishop of Rome has authority only over his own diocese and does not have any authority outside his diocese . There were other less significant catalysts for the Schism however , including variance over liturgy . The Schism of Roman Catholic and Orthodox followed centuries of estrangement between the Latin and Greek worlds . Further changes were set afoot with a redivision of power in Europe . William the Conqueror , a Duke of Normandy , invaded England in 1066 . The Norman Conquest was a pivotal event in English history for several reasons . This linked England more closely with continental Europe through the introduction of a Norman aristocracy , thereby lessening Scandinavian influence . It created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe and engendered a sophisticated governmental system . Being based on an island , moreover , England was to develop a powerful navy and trade relationships that would come to constitute a vast part of the world including India , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and many key naval strategic points like Bermuda , Suez , Hong Kong and especially Gibraltar . These strategic advantages grew and were to prove decisive until after the Second World War . Holy wars ( edit ) Main articles : Crusades and Reconquista The Siege of Antioch , from a medieval miniature painting , during the First Crusade After the East -- West Schism , Western Christianity was adopted by the newly created kingdoms of Central Europe : Poland , Hungary and Bohemia . The Roman Catholic Church developed as a major power , leading to conflicts between the Pope and Emperor . The geographic reach of the Roman Catholic Church expanded enormously due to the conversions of pagan kings ( Scandinavia , Lithuania , Poland , Hungary ) , the Christian Reconquista of Al - Andalus , and the crusades . Most of Europe was Roman Catholic in the 15th century . Early signs of the rebirth of civilization in western Europe began to appear in the 11th century as trade started again in Italy , leading to the economic and cultural growth of independent city - states such as Venice and Florence ; at the same time , nation - states began to take form in places such as France , England , Spain , and Portugal , although the process of their formation ( usually marked by rivalry between the monarchy , the aristocratic feudal lords and the church ) actually took several centuries . These new nation - states began writing in their own cultural vernaculars , instead of the traditional Latin . Notable figures of this movement would include Dante Alighieri and Christine de Pizan ( born Christina da Pizzano ) , the former writing in Italian , and the latter , although an Italian ( Venice ) , relocated to France , writing in French . ( See Reconquista for the latter two countries . ) Elsewhere , the Holy Roman Empire , essentially based in Germany and Italy , further fragmented into a myriad of feudal principalities or small city states , whose subjection to the emperor was only formal . The 13th and 14th centuries , when the Mongol Empire came to power , is often called the Age of the Mongols . Mongol armies expanded westward under the command of Batu Khan . Their western conquests included almost all of Russia ( save Novgorod , which became a vassal ) , the Kipchak - Cuman Confederation , Hungary , and Poland ( which had remained a sovereign state ) . Mongolian records indicate that Batu Khan was planning a complete conquest of the remaining European powers , beginning with a winter attack on Austria , Italy and Germany , when he was recalled to Mongolia upon the death of Great Khan Ögedei . Most historians believe only his death prevented the complete conquest of Europe . The areas of Eastern Europe and most of Central Asia that were under direct Mongol rule became known as the Golden Horde . Under Uzbeg Khan , Islam became the official religion of the region in the early 14th century . The invading Mongols , together with their mostly Turkic subjects , were known as Tatars . In Russia , the Tatars ruled the various states of the Rus ' through vassalage for over 300 years . `` Christianization of Lithuania in 1387 '' , oil on canvas by Jan Matejko , 1889 , Royal Castle in Warsaw In the Northern Europe , Konrad of Masovia gave Chelmno to the Teutonic Knights in 1226 as a base for a Crusade against the Old Prussians and Grand Duchy of Lithuania . The Livonian Brothers of the Sword were defeated by the Lithuanians , so in 1237 Gregory IX merged the remainder of the order into the Teutonic Order as the Livonian Order . By the middle of the century , the Teutonic Knights completed their conquest of the Prussians before conquering and converting the Lithuanians in the subsequent decades . The order also came into conflict with the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Pskov and Novgorod Republics . In 1240 the Orthodox Novgorod army defeated the Catholic Swedes in the Battle of the Neva , and , two years later , they defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle on the Ice . The Union of Krewo in 1386 , bringing two major changes in the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania : conversion to Catholicism and establishment of a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland marked both the greatest territorial expansion of the Grand Duchy and the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 . Late Middle Ages ( edit ) Main articles : Late Middle Ages , Lex mercatoria , Hundred Years ' War , and Fall of Constantinople The spread of the `` Black Death '' from 1347 to 1351 through Europe The Late Middle Ages span the 14th and 15th centuries . Around 1300 , centuries of European prosperity and growth came to a halt . A series of famines and plagues , such as the Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 and the Black Death killed people in a matter of days , reducing the population of some areas by half as many survivors fled . Kishlansky reports : The Black Death touched every aspect of life , hastening a process of social , economic , and cultural transformation already underway ... Fields were abandoned , workplaces stood idle , international trade was suspended . Traditional bonds of kinship , village and even religion were broken and the horrors of death , flight , and failed expectations . `` People cared no more for dead men than we care for dead goats , '' wrote one survivor . Depopulation caused labor to become scarcer ; the survivors were better paid and peasants could drop some of the burdens of feudalism . There was also social unrest ; France and England experienced serious peasant risings including the Jacquerie and the Peasants ' Revolt . At the same time , the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Great Schism . Collectively these events have been called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages . Beginning in the 14th century , the Baltic Sea became one of the most important trade routes . The Hanseatic League , an alliance of trading cities , facilitated the absorption of vast areas of Poland , Lithuania and Livonia into trade with other European countries . This fed the growth of powerful states in this part of Europe including Poland - Lithuania , Hungary , Bohemia , and Muscovy later on . The conventional end of the Middle Ages is usually associated with the fall of the city of Constantinople and of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 . The Turks made the city the capital of their Ottoman Empire , which lasted until 1922 and included Egypt , Syria and most of the Balkans . The Ottoman wars in Europe , also sometimes referred to as the Turkish wars , marked an essential part of the history of the continent as a whole . Early modern Europe ( edit ) Main articles : Early modern Europe ; Scientific revolution ; and International relations , 1648 -- 1814 Genoese ( red ) and Venetian ( green ) maritime trade routes in the Mediterranean and Black Sea The Early Modern period spans the centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution , roughly from 1500 to 1800 , or from the discovery of the New World in 1492 to the French Revolution in 1789 . The period is characterised by the rise to importance of science and increasingly rapid technological progress , secularised civic politics and the nation state . Capitalist economies began their rise , beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa . The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism . As such , the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance , in much of the European sphere , of feudalism , serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church . The period includes the Protestant Reformation , the disastrous Thirty Years ' War , the European colonisation of the Americas and the European witch - hunts . Renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Renaissance Portrait of Luca Pacioli , the founder of accounting , by Jacopo de ' Barbari ( Museo di Capodimonte ) . Despite these crises , the 14th century was also a time of great progress within the arts and sciences . A renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman as well as more recent Arabic texts led to what has later been termed the Italian Renaissance . The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period . Beginning in Italy , and spreading to the north , west and middle Europe during a cultural lag of some two and a half centuries , its influence affected literature , philosophy , art , politics , science , history , religion , and other aspects of intellectual enquiry . The Italian Petrarch ( Francesco di Petracco ) , deemed the first full - blooded Humanist , wrote in the 1330s : `` I am alive now , yet I would rather have been born in another time . '' He was enthusiastic about Greek and Roman antiquity . In the 15th and 16th centuries the continuing enthusiasm for the ancients was reinforced by the feeling that the inherited culture was dissolving and here was a storehouse of ideas and attitudes with which to rebuild . Matteo Palmieri wrote in the 1430s : `` Now indeed may every thoughtful spirit thank god that it has been permitted to him to be born in a new age . '' The renaissance was born : a new age where learning was very important . The Renaissance was inspired by the growth in study of Latin and Greek texts and the admiration of the Greco - Roman era as a golden age . This prompted many artists and writers to begin drawing from Roman and Greek examples for their works , but there was also much innovation in this period , especially by multi-faceted artists such as Leonardo da Vinci . The Humanists saw their repossession of a great past as a Renaissance -- a rebirth of civilization itself . Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 -- 1519 ) , famed for the diversity of his talents . Important political precedents were also set in this period . Niccolò Machiavelli 's political writing in The Prince influenced later absolutism and real - politik . Also important were the many patrons who ruled states and used the artistry of the Renaissance as a sign of their power . In all , the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly , both through the revival of ideas from antiquity , and through novel approaches to thought -- the immediate past being too `` Gothic '' in language , thought and sensibility . During this period , Spain experienced the greatest epoch of cultural splendor in its history . This epoch is known as the Spanish Golden age and took place between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries . Exploration and trade ( edit ) Main article : Age of Discovery Cantino planisphere , 1502 , earliest chart showing explorations by Gama , Columbus and Cabral Toward the end of the period , an era of discovery began . The growth of the Ottoman Empire , culminating in the fall of Constantinople in 1453 , cut off trading possibilities with the east . Western Europe was forced to discover new trading routes , as happened with Columbus ' travel to the Americas in 1492 , and Vasco da Gama 's circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498 . The numerous wars did not prevent European states from exploring and conquering wide portions of the world , from Africa to Asia and the newly discovered Americas . In the 15th century , Portugal led the way in geographical exploration along the coast of Africa in search of a maritime route to India , followed by Spain near the close of the 15th century , dividing their exploration of the world according to the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 . They were the first states to set up colonies in America and European trading posts ( factories ) along the shores of Africa and Asia , establishing the first direct European diplomatic contacts with Southeast Asian states in 1511 , China in 1513 and Japan in 1542 . In 1552 , Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible conquered two major Tatar khanates , the Khanate of Kazan and the Astrakhan Khanate . The Yermak 's voyage of 1580 led to the annexation of the Tatar Siberian Khanate into Russia , and the Russians would soon after conquer the rest of Siberia , steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries . Oceanic explorations soon followed by France , England and the Netherlands , who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean , reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642 . Reformation ( edit ) Main article : Protestant Reformation The Ninety - Five Theses of German monk Martin Luther , which criticized the Catholic Church Map of Europe in 1648 With the development of the printing press , new ideas spread throughout Europe and challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology . Simultaneously , the Protestant Reformation under German Martin Luther questioned Papal authority . The most common dating of the Reformation begins in 1517 , when Luther published The Ninety - Five Theses , and concludes in 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia that ended years of European religious wars . During this period corruption in the Catholic Church led to a sharp backlash in the Protestant Reformation . It gained many followers especially among princes and kings seeking a stronger state by ending the influence of the Catholic Church . Figures other than Martin Luther began to emerge as well like John Calvin whose Calvinism had influence in many countries and King Henry VIII of England who broke away from the Catholic Church in England and set up the Anglican Church ; his daughter Queen Elizabeth finished the organization of the church . These religious divisions brought on a wave of wars inspired and driven by religion but also by the ambitious monarchs in Western Europe who were becoming more centralised and powerful . The Protestant Reformation also led to a strong reform movement in the Catholic Church called the Counter-Reformation , which aimed to reduce corruption as well as to improve and strengthen Catholic dogma . Two important groups in the Catholic Church who emerged from this movement were the Jesuits , who helped keep Spain , Portugal , Poland and other European countries within the Catholic fold , and the Oratorians of Saint Philip Neri , who ministered to the faithful in Rome , restoring their confidence in the Church of Jesus Christ that subsisted substantially in the Church of Rome . Still , the Catholic Church was somewhat weakened by the Reformation , portions of Europe were no longer under its sway and kings in the remaining Catholic countries began to take control of the church institutions within their kingdoms . Unlike many European countries , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and Hungary were more tolerant . While still enforcing the predominance of Catholicism , they continued to allow the large religious minorities to maintain their faiths , traditions and customs . The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth became divided among Catholics , Protestants , Orthodox , Jews and a small Muslim population . Another important development in this period was the growth of pan-European sentiments . Eméric Crucé ( 1623 ) came up with the idea of the European Council , intended to end wars in Europe ; attempts to create lasting peace were no success , although all European countries ( except the Russian and Ottoman Empires , regarded as foreign ) agreed to make peace in 1518 at the Treaty of London . Many wars broke out again in a few years . The Reformation also made European peace impossible for many centuries . Europa regina , 1570 print by Sebastian Münster of Basel Another development was the idea of ' European superiority ' . The ideal of civilisation was taken over from the ancient Greeks and Romans : Discipline , education and living in the city were required to make people civilised ; Europeans and non-Europeans were judged for their civility , and Europe regarded itself as superior to other continents . There was a movement by some such as Montaigne that regarded the non-Europeans as a better , more natural and primitive people . Post services were founded all over Europe , which allowed a humanistic interconnected network of intellectuals across Europe , despite religious divisions . However , the Roman Catholic Church banned many leading scientific works ; this led to an intellectual advantage for Protestant countries , where the banning of books was regionally organised . Francis Bacon and other advocates of science tried to create unity in Europe by focusing on the unity in nature . In the 15th century , at the end of the Middle Ages , powerful sovereign states were appearing , built by the New Monarchs who were centralising power in France , England , and Spain . On the other hand , the Parliament in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth grew in power , taking legislative rights from the Polish king . The new state power was contested by parliaments in other countries especially England . New kinds of states emerged which were co-operation agreements among territorial rulers , cities , farmer republics and knights . Alberico Gentili , the Father of international law . Mercantilism and colonial expansion ( edit ) Main article : Mercantilism Animated map showing the evolution of Colonial empires from 1492 to the present The Iberian states ( Spain and Portugal ) were able to dominate New World ( American ) colonial activity in the 16th century . The Spanish constituted the first global empire and during the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century , Spain was the most powerful nation in the world , but was increasingly challenged by British , French , and the short - lived Dutch and Swedish colonial efforts of the 17th and 18th centuries . New forms of trade and expanding horizons made new forms of government , law and eco nomics necessary . Colonial expansion continued in the following centuries ( with some setbacks , such as successful wars of independence in the British American colonies and then later Haiti , Mexico , Argentina , Brazil , and others amid European turmoil of the Napoleonic Wars ; Haiti unique in abolishing slavery ) . Spain had control of a large part of North America , all of Central America and a great part of South America , the Caribbean and the Philippines ; Britain took the whole of Australia and New Zealand , most of India , and large parts of Africa and North America ; France held parts of Canada and India ( nearly all of which was lost to Britain in 1763 ) , Indochina , large parts of Africa and the Caribbean islands ; the Netherlands gained the East Indies ( now Indonesia ) and islands in the Caribbean ; Portugal obtained Brazil and several territories in Africa and Asia ; and later , powers such as Germany , Belgium , Italy and Russia acquired further colonies . This expansion helped the economy of the countries owning them . Trade flourished , because of the minor stability of the empires . By the late 16th century , American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . The European countries fought wars that were largely paid for by the money coming in from the colonies . Nevertheless , the profits of the slave trade and of plantations of the West Indies , then the most profitable of all the British colonies , amounted to less than 5 % of the British Empire 's economy ( but was generally more profitable ) at the time of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century . Crisis of the 17th century ( edit ) Contemporary woodcut depicting the Second Defenestration of Prague ( 1618 ) , which marked the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt , which began the first part of the Thirty Years ' War . Further information : The General Crisis The 17th century was an era of crisis . Many historians have rejected the idea , while others promote it as an invaluable insight into the warfare , politics , economics , and even art . The Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 -- 1648 ) focused attention on the massive horrors that wars could bring to entire populations . The 1640s in particular saw more state breakdowns around the world than any previous or subsequent period . The Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth , the largest state in Europe , temporarily disappeared . In addition , there were secessions and upheavals in several parts of the Spanish empire , the world 's first global empire . In Britain the entire Stuart monarchy ( England , Scotland , Ireland , and its North American colonies ) rebelled . Political insurgency and a spate of popular revolts seldom equalled shook the foundations of most states in Europe and Asia . More wars took place around the world in the mid-17th century than in almost any other period of recorded history . The crises spread far beyond Europe -- for example Ming China , the most populous state in the world , collapsed . Across the Northern Hemisphere , the mid-17th century experienced almost unprecedented death rates . Geoffrey Parker , a British historian , suggests that environmental factors may have been in part to blame , especially global cooling . Age of absolutism ( edit ) Further information : Political absolutism and International relations , 1648 -- 1814 Maria Theresa being crowned Queen of Hungary , St. Martin 's Cathedral , Bratislava . The `` absolute '' rule of powerful monarchs such as Louis XIV ( ruled France 1643 -- 1715 ) , Peter the Great ( ruled Russia 1682 -- 1725 ) , Maria Theresa ( ruled Habsburg lands 1740 -- 1780 ) and Frederick the Great ( ruled Prussia 1740 -- 86 ) , produced powerful centralized states , with strong armies and powerful bureaucracies , all under the control of the king . Throughout the early part of this period , capitalism ( through mercantilism ) was replacing feudalism as the principal form of economic organisation , at least in the western half of Europe . The expanding colonial frontiers resulted in a Commercial Revolution . The period is noted for the rise of modern science and the application of its findings to technological improvements , which animated the Industrial Revolution after 1750 . The Reformation had profound effects on the unity of Europe . Not only were nations divided one from another by their religious orientation , but some states were torn apart internally by religious strife , avidly fostered by their external enemies . France suffered this fate in the 16th century in the series of conflicts known as the French Wars of Religion , which ended in the triumph of the Bourbon Dynasty . England avoided this fate for a while and settled down under Elizabeth to a moderate Anglicanism . Much of modern - day Germany was made up of numerous small sovereign states under the theoretical framework of the Holy Roman Empire , which was further divided along internally drawn sectarian lines . The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth is notable in this time for its religious indifference and a general immunity to the horrors of European religious strife . Thirty years ' War 1618 -- 1648 ( edit ) The Thirty Years ' War was fought between 1618 and 1648 , across Germany and neighboring areas , and involved most of the major European powers except England and Russia . Beginning as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Bohemia , it quickly developed into a general war involving Catholics versus Protestants for the most part . The major impact of the war , in which mercenary armies were extensively used , was the devastation of entire regions scavenged bare by the foraging armies . Episodes of widespread famine and disease , and the breakup of family life , devastated the population of the German states and , to a lesser extent , the Low Countries , Bohemia and Italy , while bankrupting many of the regional powers involved . Between one - fourth and one - third of the German population perished from direct military causes or from disease and starvation , as well as postponed births . After the Peace of Westphalia , Europe 's borders were still stable in 1708 After the Peace of Westphalia , which ended the war in favour of nations deciding their own religious allegiance , absolutism became the norm of the continent , while parts of Europe experimented with constitutions foreshadowed by the English Civil War and particularly the Glorious Revolution . European military conflict did not cease , but had less disruptive effects on the lives of Europeans . In the advanced northwest , the Enlightenment gave a philosophical underpinning to the new outlook , and the continued spread of literacy , made possible by the printing press , created new secular forces in thought . Map of Europe in 1794 Samuel Dunn Map of the World From the Union of Krewo ( 1385 ) central and eastern Europe was dominated by Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In the 16th and 17th centuries Central and Eastern Europe was an arena of conflict for domination of the continent between Sweden , the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire . The Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth continued dominance central and eastern Europe until series of wars : Khmelnytsky Uprising , Russo - Polish War and the Deluge . This period saw a gradual decline of these three powers which were eventually replaced by new enlightened absolutist monarchies : Russia , Prussia and Austria . By the turn of the 19th century they had become new powers , having divided Poland between themselves , with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation . War of the Spanish Succession ( edit ) The War of the Spanish Succession ( 1701 -- 1715 ) was a major war with France opposed by a coalition of England , the Netherlands , the Austrian Empire , and Prussia . Duke of Marlborough commander the English and Dutch victory at the Battle Blenheim in 1704 . The main issue was whether France under King Louis XIV would take control of Spain 's very extensive possessions and thereby become by far the dominant power , or be forced to share power with other major nations . After initial allied successes , the long war produced a military stalemate and ended with the Treaty of Utrecht , which was based on a balance of power in Europe . Historian Russell Weigley argues that the many wars almost never accomplished more than they cost . British historian G.M. Trevelyan argues : That Treaty ( of Utrecht ) , which ushered in the stable and characteristic period of Eighteenth - Century civilization , marked the end of danger to Europe from the old French monarchy , and it marked a change of no less significance to the world at large , -- the maritime , commercial and financial supremacy of Great Britain . Prussia ( edit ) Frederick the Great , king of Prussia 1740 -- 86 , modernized the Prussian army , introduced new tactical and strategic concepts , fought mostly successful wars and doubled the size of Prussia . Frederick had a rationale based on Enlightenment thought : he fought total wars for limited objectives . The goal was to convince rival kings that it was better to negotiate and make peace than to fight him . Russia ( edit ) Russia with its numerous wars and rapid expansion was in a continuous state of financial crisis , which it covered by borrowing from Amsterdam and issuing paper money that caused inflation . Russia boasted a large and powerful army , a very large and complex internal bureaucracy , and a splendid court that rivaled Paris and London . However the government was living far beyond its means and seized Church lands , leaving organized religion in a weak condition . Throughout the 18th century Russia remained `` a poor , backward , overwhelmingly agricultural , and illiterate country . '' Enlightenment ( edit ) Main article : Age of Enlightenment The Enlightenment was a powerful , widespread cultural movement of intellectuals beginning in late 17th - century Europe emphasizing the power of reason rather than tradition ; it was especially favourable to science ( especially Isaac Newton 's physics ) and hostile to religious orthodoxy ( especially of the Catholic Church ) . It sought to analyze and reform society using reason , to challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith , and to advance knowledge through the scientific method . It promoted scientific thought , skepticism , and intellectual interchange . The Enlightenment was a revolution in human thought . This new way of thinking was that rational thought begins with clearly stated principles , uses correct logic to arrive at conclusions , tests the conclusions against evidence , and then revises the principles in the light of the evidence . Enlightenment thinkers opposed superstition . Some Enlightenment thinkers collaborated with Enlightened despots , absolutist rulers who attempted to forcibly impose some of the new ideas about government into practice . The ideas of the Enlightenment exerted significant influence on the culture , politics , and governments of Europe . Originating in the 17th century , it was sparked by philosophers Francis Bacon ( 1562 -- 1626 ) , Baruch Spinoza ( 1632 -- 1677 ) , John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) , Pierre Bayle ( 1647 -- 1706 ) , Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) , Francis Hutcheson , ( 1694 -- 1746 ) , David Hume ( 1711 -- 1776 ) and physicist Isaac Newton ( 1643 -- 1727 ) . Ruling princes often endorsed and fostered these figures and even attempted to apply their ideas of government in what was known as enlightened absolutism . The Scientific Revolution is closely tied to the Enlightenment , as its discoveries overturned many traditional concepts and introduced new perspectives on nature and man 's place within it . The Enlightenment flourished until about 1790 -- 1800 , at which point the Enlightenment , with its emphasis on reason , gave way to Romanticism , which placed a new emphasis on emotion ; a Counter-Enlightenment began to increase in prominence . The Romantics argued that the Enlightenment was reductionistic insofar as it had largely ignored the forces of imagination , mystery , and sentiment . In France , Enlightenment was based in the salons and culminated in the great Encyclopédie ( 1751 -- 72 ) edited by Denis Diderot ( 1713 -- 1784 ) and ( until 1759 ) Jean le Rond d'Alembert ( 1717 -- 1783 ) with contributions by hundreds of leading intellectuals who were called philosophes , notably Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1778 ) , Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) and Montesquieu ( 1689 -- 1755 ) . Some 25,000 copies of the 35 volume encyclopedia were sold , half of them outside France . These new intellectual strains would spread to urban centres across Europe , notably England , Scotland , the German states , the Netherlands , Poland , Russia , Italy , Austria , and Spain , as well as Britain 's American colonies . The political ideals of the Enlightenment influenced the American Declaration of Independence , the United States Bill of Rights , the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , and the Polish -- Lithuanian Constitution of May 3 , 1791 . Taking a long - term historical perspective , Norman Davies has argued that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of Liberalism and Enlightenment ideas in Europe , from about 1700 to the 20th century . It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment , reaching practically every country in Europe . It was especially attractive to royalty , powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals , artists and political activists . Its great enemy was the Roman Catholic Church , so that in countries with a large Catholic element , such as France , Italy , Austria , Spain ( and Mexico ) , much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between the Church and Freemasonry . Twentieth century totalitarian movements , especially the Fascists and Communists , crushed the Freemasons . From Revolution to imperialism ( 1789 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) See also : 19th century and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) The boundaries set by the Congress of Vienna , 1815 . The `` long 19th century '' , from 1789 to 1914 saw the drastic social , political and economic changes initiated by the Industrial Revolution , the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars . Following the reorganisation of the political map of Europe at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , Europe experienced the rise of Nationalism , the rise of the Russian Empire and the peak of the British Empire , which was paralleled by the decline of the Ottoman Empire . Finally , the rise of the German Empire and the Austro - Hungarian Empire initiated the course of events that culminated in the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 . Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Industrial Revolution London 's chimney sky in 1870 , by Gustave Doré The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th century and early 19th century when major changes in agriculture , manufacturing , and transport affected socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain and subsequently spread throughout Europe and North America and eventually the world , a process that continues as industrialisation . Technological advancements , most notably the invention of the steam engine by Scottish engineer James Watt , were major catalysts in the industrialisation of Britain and , later , the wider world . It started in England and Scotland in the mid-18th century with the mechanisation of the textile industries , the development of iron - making techniques and the increased use of refined coal . Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals , improved roads and railways . The introduction of steam power ( fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery ( mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity . The development of all - metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries . The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century , eventually affecting most of the world . The impact of this change on society was enormous . Era of the French Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution , French Revolution , and Napoleonic Wars Historians R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton argue : In 1789 France fell into revolution , and the world has never since been the same . The French Revolution was by far the most momentous upheaval of the whole revolutionary age . It replaced the `` old regime '' with `` modern society , '' and at its extreme phase became very radical , so much so that all later revolutionary movements have looked back to it as a predecessor to themselves ... From the 1760s to 1848 , the role of France was decisive . The era of the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic wars was a difficult time for monarchs . Tsar Paul I of Russia was assassinated ; King Louis XVI of France was executed , as was his queen Marie Antoinette . Furthermore , kings Charles IV of Spain , Ferdinand VII of Spain and Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden were deposed as were ultimately the Emperor Napoleon and all of the relatives he had installed on various European thrones . King Frederick William III of Prussia and Emperor Francis II of Austria barely clung to their thrones . King George III of England lost the better part of his empire . The American Revolution ( 1775 -- 1783 ) was the first successful revolt of a colony against a European power . It proclaimed , in the words of Thomas Jefferson , that `` all men are created equal , '' a position based on the principles of the Enlightenment . It rejected aristocracy and established a republican form of government under George Washington that attracted worldwide attention . The French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1804 ) was a product of the same democratic forces in the Atlantic World and had an even greater impact . French historian François Aulard says : From the social point of view , the Revolution consisted in the suppression of what was called the feudal system , in the emancipation of the individual , in greater division of landed property , the abolition of the privileges of noble birth , the establishment of equality , the simplification of life ... The French Revolution differed from other revolutions in being not merely national , for it aimed at benefiting all humanity . '' The storming of the Bastille in the French Revolution of 1789 French intervention in the American Revolutionary War had nearly bankrupted the state . After repeated failed attempts at financial reform , King Louis XVI had to convene the Estates - General , a representative body of the country made up of three estates : the clergy , the nobility , and the commoners . The third estate , joined by members of the other two , declared itself to be a National Assembly and swore an oath not to dissolve until France had a constitution and created , in July , the National Constituent Assembly . At the same time the people of Paris revolted , famously storming the Bastille prison on 14 July 1789 . At the time the assembly wanted to create a constitutional monarchy , and over the following two years passed various laws including the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen , the abolition of feudalism , and a fundamental change in the relationship between France and Rome . At first the king agreed with these changes and enjoyed reasonable popularity with the people . As anti-royalism increased along with threat of foreign invasion , the king tried to flee and join France 's enemies . He was captured and on 12 January 1793 , having been convicted of treason , he was guillotined . On 20 September 1792 the National Convention abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic . Due to the emergency of war , the National Convention created the Committee of Public Safety , controlled by Maximilien de Robespierre of the Jacobin Club , to act as the country 's executive . Under Robespierre , the committee initiated the Reign of Terror , during which up to 40,000 people were executed in Paris , mainly nobles and those convicted by the Revolutionary Tribunal , often on the flimsiest of evidence . Internal tensions at Paris drove the Committee towards increasing assertions of radicalism and increasing suspicions , fueling new terror : A few months into this phase , more and more prominent revolutionaries were being sent to the guillotine by Robespierre and his faction , for example Madame Roland and Georges Danton . Elsewhere in the country , counter-revolutionary insurrections were brutally suppressed . The regime was overthrown in the coup of 9 Thermidor ( 27 July 1794 ) and Robespierre was executed . The regime which followed ended the Terror and relaxed Robespierre 's more extreme policies . The Battle of Waterloo , where Napoleon was defeated by the Seventh Coalition in 1815 Napoleon ( edit ) Napoleon Bonaparte was one of the world 's most famous soldiers and statesmen , leading France to great victories over numerous European enemies . Despite modest origins he became Emperor and restructured much of European diplomacy , politics and law , until he was forced to abdicate in 1814 . His 100 - day comeback in 1815 failed at the Battle of Waterloo , and he died in exile on a remote island , remembered as a great hero by many Frenchmen and as a great villain by British and other enemies . Napoleon , despite his youth , was France 's most successful general in the Revolutionary wars , having conquered large parts of Italy and forced the Austrians to sue for peace . In 1799 on 18 Brumaire ( 9 November ) he overthrew the feeble government , replacing it with the Consulate , which he dominated . He gained popularity in France by restoring the Church , keeping taxes low , centralizing power in Paris , and winning glory on the battlefield . In 1804 he crowned himself Emperor . In 1805 , Napoleon planned to invade Britain , but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria ( Third Coalition ) , forced him to turn his attention towards the continent , while at the same time the French fleet was demolished by the British at the Battle of Trafalgar , ending any plan to invade Britain . On 2 December 1805 , Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro - Russian army at Austerlitz , forcing Austria 's withdrawal from the coalition ( see Treaty of Pressburg ) and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire . In 1806 , a Fourth Coalition was set up . On 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at Friedland . The Treaties of Tilsit divided Europe between France and Russia and created the Duchy of Warsaw . Napoleon 's army at the retreat from Russia at the Berezina river On 12 June 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia with a Grande Armée of nearly 700,000 troops . After the measured victories at Smolensk and Borodino Napoleon occupied Moscow , only to find it burned by the retreating Russian army . He was forced to withdraw . On the march back his army was harassed by Cossacks , and suffered disease and starvation . Only 20,000 of his men survived the campaign . By 1813 the tide had begun to turn from Napoleon . Having been defeated by a seven nation army at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813 , he was forced to abdicate after the Six Days ' Campaign and the occupation of Paris . Under the Treaty of Fontainebleau he was exiled to the island of Elba . He returned to France on 1 March 1815 ( see Hundred Days ) , raised an army , but was finally defeated by a British and Prussian force at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815 and exiled to a small British island in the South Atlantic . Impact of the French Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Influence of the French Revolution Roberts finds that the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars , from 1793 to 1815 , caused 4 million deaths ( of whom 1 million were civilians ) ; 1.4 million were French deaths . Outside France the Revolution had a major impact . Its ideas became widespread . Roberts argues that Napoleon was responsible for key ideas of the modern world , so that , `` meritocracy , equality before the law , property rights , religious toleration , modern secular education , sound finances , and so on - were protected , consolidated , codified , and geographically extended by Napoleon during his 16 years of power . '' Furthermore , the French armies in the 1790s and 1800s directly overthrew feudal remains in much of western Europe . They liberalised property laws , ended seigneurial dues , abolished the guild of merchants and craftsmen to facilitate entrepreneurship , legalised of divorce , closed the Jewish ghettos and made Jews equal to everyone else . The Inquisition ended as did the Holy Roman Empire . The power of church courts and religious authority was sharply reduced and equality under the law was proclaimed for all men . In foreign affairs , the French Army down to 1812 was quite successful . Roberts says that Napoleon fought 60 battles , losing only seven . France conquered Belgium and turned it into another province of France . It conquered the Netherlands , and made it a puppet state . It took control of the German areas on the left bank of the Rhine River and set up a puppet regime . It conquered Switzerland and most of Italy , setting up a series of puppet states . The result was glory for France , and an infusion of much needed money from the conquered lands , which also provided direct support to the French Army . However the enemies of France , led by Britain and funded by the inexhaustible British Treasury , formed a Second Coalition in 1799 ( with Britain joined by Russia , the Ottoman Empire and Austria ) . It scored a series of victories that rolled back French successes , and trapped the French Army in Egypt . Napoleon himself slipped through the British blockade in October 1799 , returning to Paris , where he overthrew the government and made himself the ruler . Napoleon conquered most of Italy in the name of the French Revolution in 1797 -- 99 . He consolidated old units and split up Austria 's holdings . He set up a series of new republics , complete with new codes of law and abolition of old feudal privileges . Napoleon 's Cisalpine Republic was centered on Milan ; Genoa became a republic ; the Roman Republic was formed as well as the small Ligurian Republic around Genoa . The Neapolitan Republic was formed around Naples , but it lasted only five months . He later formed the Kingdom of Italy , with his brother as King . In addition , France turned the Netherlands into the Batavian Republic , and Switzerland into the Helvetic Republic . All these new countries were satellites of France , and had to pay large subsidies to Paris , as well as provide military support for Napoleon 's wars . Their political and administrative systems were modernized , the metric system introduced , and trade barriers reduced . Jewish ghettos were abolished . Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France . Most of the new nations were abolished and returned to prewar owners in 1814 . However , Artz emphasizes the benefits the Italians gained from the French Revolution : For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law , a fair system of taxation , a better economic situation , and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries ... Everywhere old physical , economic , and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality . Likewise in Switzerland the long - term impact of the French Revolution has been assessed by Martin : It proclaimed the equality of citizens before the law , equality of languages , freedom of thought and faith ; it created a Swiss citizenship , basis of our modern nationality , and the separation of powers , of which the old regime had no conception ; it suppressed internal tariffs and other economic restraints ; it unified weights and measures , reformed civil and penal law , authorized mixed marriages ( between Catholics and Protestants ) , suppressed torture and improved justice ; it developed education and public works . The greatest impact came of course in France itself . In addition to effects similar to those in Italy and Switzerland , France saw the introduction of the principle of legal equality , and the downgrading of the once powerful and rich Catholic Church to just a bureau controlled by the government . Power became centralized in Paris , with its strong bureaucracy and an army supplied by conscripting all young men . French politics were permanently polarized -- new names were given , `` left '' and `` right '' for the supporters and opponents of the principles of the Revolution . British historian Max Hastings says there is no question that as a military genius Napoleon ranks with Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in greatness . However , in the political realm , historians debate whether Napoleon was `` an enlightened despot who laid the foundations of modern Europe or , instead , a megalomaniac who wrought greater misery than any man before the coming of Hitler '' . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Christianity in the 19th century Protestantism ( edit ) Historian Kenneth Scott Latourette argues that the outlook for Protestantism at the start of the 19th century was discouraging . It was a regional religion based in northwestern Europe , with an outpost in the sparsely settled United States . It was closely allied with government , as in Scandinavia , the Netherlands , Prussia , and especially Great Britain . The alliance came at the expense of independence , as the government made the basic policy decisions , down to such details as the salaries of ministers and location of new churches . The dominant intellectual currents of the Enlightenment promoted rationalism , and most Protestant leaders preached a sort of deism . Intellectually , the new methods of historical and anthropological study undermine automatic acceptance of biblical stories , as did the sciences of geology and biology . Industrialization was a strongly negative factor , as workers who moved to the city seldom joined churches . The gap between the church and the unchurched grew rapidly , and secular forces , based both in socialism and liberalism undermine the prestige of religion . Despite the negative forces , Protestantism demonstrated a striking vitality by 1900 . Shrugging off Enlightenment rationalism , Protestants embraced romanticism , with the stress on the personal and the invisible . Entirely fresh ideas as expressed by Friedrich Schleiermacher , Soren Kierkegaard , Albrecht Ritschl and Adolf von Harnack restored the intellectual power of theology . There was more attention to historic creeds such as the Augsburg , the Heidelberg , and the Westminster confessions . In England , Anglicans emphasize the historically Catholic components of their heritage , as the High Church element reintroduced vestments and incense into their rituals . The stirrings of pietism on the Continent , and evangelicalism in Britain expanded enormously , leading the devout away from an emphasis on formality and ritual and toward an inner sensibility toward personal relationship to Christ . Social activities , in education and in opposition to social vices such as slavery , alcoholism and poverty provided new opportunities for social service . Above all , worldwide missionary activity became a highly prized goal , proving quite successful in close cooperation with the imperialism of the British , German , and Dutch empires . Nations rising ( edit ) Main articles : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) , Serbian Revolution , Italian unification , Revolutions of 1848 , and Greek War of Independence Cheering the Revolutions of 1848 in Berlin Emerging nationalism ( edit ) Further information : Nationalism The political development of nationalism and the push for popular sovereignty culminated with the ethnic / national revolutions of Europe . During the 19th century nationalism became one of the most significant political and social forces in history ; it is typically listed among the top causes of World War I . Napoleon 's conquests of the German and Italian states around 1800 -- 1806 played a major role in stimulating nationalism and the demands for national unity . Germany ( edit ) In the German states east of Prussia Napoleon abolished many of the old or medieval relics , such as dissolving the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 . He imposed rational legal systems and demonstrated how dramatic changes were possible . For example , his organization of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806 promoted a feeling of nationalism . Nationalists sought to encompass masculinity in their quest for strength and unity . In the 1860s it was Prussian chancellor Otto von Bismarck who achieved German unification in 1870 after the many smaller states followed Prussia 's leadership in wars against Denmark , Austria and France . Italy ( edit ) Italian nationalism emerged in the 19th century and was the driving force for Italian unification or the `` Risorgimento '' ( meaning the Resurgence or revival ) . It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860 . The memory of the Risorgimento is central to both Italian nationalism and Italian historiography . Beginning in 1821 , the Greek War of Independence began as a rebellion by Greek revolutionaries against the ruling Ottoman Empire . Greece ( edit ) Main article : Greek War of Independence The Greek drive for independence from the Ottoman Empire inspired supporters across Christian Europe , especially in Britain . France , Russia and Britain intervened to make this nationalist dream become reality . Serbia ( edit ) Main article : History of Serbia Breakup of Yugoslavia For centuries the Orthodox Christian Serbs were ruled by the Muslim - controlled Ottoman Empire . The success of the Serbian revolution against Ottoman rule in 1817 marked the foundation of modern Principality of Serbia . It achieved de facto independence in 1867 and finally gained recognition by the Great Powers in the Berlin Congress of 1878 . The Serbs developed a larger vision for nationalism in Pan-Slavism and with Russian support sought to pull the other Slavs out of the Austro - Hungarian Empire . Austria , with German backing , tried to crush Serbia in 1914 but Russia intervened , thus igniting the First World War in which Austria dissolved into nation states . In 1918 , the region of Vojvodina proclaimed its secession from Austria - Hungary to unite with the pan-Slavic State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs ; the Kingdom of Serbia joined the union on 1 December 1918 , and the country was named Kingdom of Serbs , Croats , and Slovenes . It was renamed Yugoslavia , which was never able to tame the multiple nationalities and religions and it flew apart in civil war in the 1990s . Poland ( edit ) Main article : History of Poland The cause of Polish nationalism was repeatedly frustrated before 1918 . In the 1790s , Germany , Russia and Austria partitioned Poland . Napoleon set up the Duchy of Warsaw , a new Polish state that ignited a spirit of nationalism . Russia took it over in 1815 as Congress Poland with the tsar as King of Poland . Large - scale nationalist revolts erupted in 1830 and 1863 -- 64 but were harshly crushed by Russia , which tried to Russify the Polish language , culture and religion . The collapse of the Russian Empire in the First World War enabled the major powers to reestablish an independent Poland , which survived until 1939 . Meanwhile , Poles in areas controlled by Germany moved into heavy industry but their religion came under attack by Bismarck in the Kulturkampf of the 1870s . The Poles joined German Catholics in a well - organized new Centre Party , and defeated Bismarck politically . He responded by stopping the harassment and cooperating with the Centre Party . Conservative forces ( edit ) After the defeat of revolutionary France , the other great powers tried to restore the situation which existed before 1789 . In 1815 at the Congress of Vienna , the major powers of Europe managed to produce a peaceful balance of power among the various European empires . This was known as the Metternich system . However , their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements : the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution , the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes . The working classes and some intellectuals became a base for socialist , communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ) . The middle classes and businessmen promoted liberalism , free trade and capitalism . Aristocratic elements concentrated in government service , the military and the established churches . Nationalist movements ( in Germany , Italy , Poland , Hungary , and elsewhere ) called upon the `` racial '' unity ( which usually meant a common language and an imagined common ethnicity ) to seek national unification and / or liberation from foreign rule . As a result , the period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars . Greece successfully revolted against Ottoman rule in the 1820s . European diplomats and intellectuals saw the Greek struggle for independence , with its accounts of Turkish atrocities , in a romantic light . France under Napoleon III ( edit ) Napoleon III , nephew of Napoleon I , returned to France from exile in 1848 , bringing a famous name that promised to stabilize the chaotic political situation . He was elected president and elected himself Emperor , a move approved later by a large majority of the French electorate . He modernized Paris , and build up the economy . He was most famous for his aggressive foreign policy in Europe , Mexico , and worldwide . He helped in the unification of Italy by fighting the Austrian Empire and joined the Crimean War on the side of the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire against Russia . His empire collapsed after being defeated in the Franco - Prussian War . France gave up monarchs and became the democratic but anti-clerical French Third Republic , which lasted until 1940 . Giuseppe Garibaldi 's redshirts during the Battle of Calatafimi , part of the Italian Unification . Major powers ( edit ) Country Population in millions ( year ) Russia 71.8 ( 1870 ) Germany 42.7 ( 1875 ) Austria - Hungary 37.3 ( 1876 ) France 36.9 ( 1876 ) Great Britain 33.7 ( 1877 ) Italy 26.8 ( 1876 ) Source : Appleton Annual Cyclopedia : 1877 ( 1878 ) p 281 Most European states had become constitutional ( rather than absolute ) monarchies by 1871 , and Germany and Italy merged many small city - states to become united nation - states . Germany in particular increasingly dominated the continent in terms of economics and political power . Meanwhile , on a global scale , Great Britain , with its far - flung British Empire , unmatched Royal Navy , and powerful bankers , became the world 's first global power . The sun never set on its territories , while an informal empire operated through British financiers , entrepreneurs , traders and engineers who established operations in many countries , and largely dominated Latin America . The British were especially famous for financing and constructing railways around the world . Bismarck 's Germany ( edit ) Otto von Bismarck , Chancellor of Germany From his base in Prussia , Otto von Bismarck in the 1860s engineered a series of short , decisive wars , that unified most of the German states ( excluding Austria ) into a powerful German Empire under Prussian leadership . He humiliated France in the process , but kept on good terms with Austria - Hungary . With that accomplished by 1871 he then skillfully used balance of power diplomacy to preserve Germany 's new role and keep Europe at peace . He was removed from office in 1890 by an aggressive young Kaiser Wilhelm II , who pursued a disruptive foreign policy that polarized Europe into rival camps . These rival camps went to war with each other in 1914 . Imperialism ( edit ) Main articles : Colonial Empires , History of colonialism , Habsburg Empire , Russian Empire , French colonial empire , British Empire , Dutch Empire , Italian colonial empire , and German colonial empire The Berlin Conference ( 1884 ) headed by Otto von Bismarck that regulated European colonization in Africa during the New Imperialism period Colonial empires were the product of the European Age of Discovery from the 15th century . The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade , driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the Renaissance . Both the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire quickly grew into the first global political and economic systems with territories spread around the world . Subsequent major European colonial empires included the French , Dutch , and British empires . The latter , consolidated during the period of British maritime hegemony in the 19th century , became the largest empire in history because of the improved ocean transportation technologies of the time as well as electronic communication through the telegraph , cable , and radio . At its height in 1920 , the British Empire covered a quarter of the Earth 's land area and comprised a quarter of its population . Other European countries , such as Belgium , Germany , and Italy , pursued colonial empires as well ( mostly in Africa ) , but they were smaller . Ignoring the oceans , Russia built its Russian Empire through conquest by land in Eastern Europe , and Asia . By the mid-19th century , the Ottoman Empire had declined enough to become a target for other global powers ( see History of the Balkans ) . This instigated the Crimean War in 1854 and began a tenser period of minor clashes among the globe - spanning empires of Europe that eventually set the stage for the First World War . In the second half of the 19th century , the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of Prussia carried out a series of wars that resulted in the creation of Italy and Germany as nation - states , significantly changing the balance of power in Europe . From 1870 , Otto von Bismarck engineered a German hegemony of Europe that put France in a critical situation . It slowly rebuilt its relationships , seeking alliances with Russia and Britain to control the growing power of Germany . In this way , two opposing sides -- the Triple Alliance of 1882 ( Germany , Austria - Hungary and Italy ) and the Triple Entente of 1907 ( Britain , France and Russia ) -- formed in Europe , improving their military forces and alliances year - by - year . 1914 -- 1945 : two World wars ( edit ) Military alliances leading to World War ; Triple Entente in green ; Central Powers in brown German - American historian Konrad Jarausch , asked if he agreed that `` the European record of the past century ( was ) just one gigantic catastrophe '' , argues : It is true that the first half of the 20th century was full of internecine warfare , economic depression , ethnic cleansing and racist genocide that killed tens of millions of people , more than any other period in human history . But looking only at the disasters creates an incomplete perception , because the second half of the century witnessed a much more positive development in spite of the Cold War . After the defeat of Fascism in 1945 , the peaceful revolution of 1989 / 90 also liberated the East from Communist control in a quite unexpected fashion . As a result , Europeans generally live more free , prosperous and healthy lives than ever before . The `` short twentieth century '' , from 1914 to 1991 , included the First World War , the Second World War and the Cold War . The First World War used modern technology to kill millions of soldiers . Victory by Britain , France , the United States and other allies drastically changed the map of Europe , ending four major land empires ( the Russian , German , Austro - Hungarian and Ottoman empires ) and leading to the creation of nation - states across Central and Eastern Europe . The October Revolution in Russia led to the creation of the Soviet Union ( 1917 -- 1991 ) and the rise of the international communist movement . Widespread economic prosperity was typical of the period before 1914 , and 1920 -- 1929 . After the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 , however , democracy collapsed in most of Europe . Fascists took control in Italy , and the even more aggressive Nazi movement led by Adolf Hitler took control of Germany , 1933 -- 45 . The Second World War was fought on an even larger scale than the First war , killing many more people , and using even more advanced technology . It ended with the division of Europe between East and West , with the East under the control of the Soviet Union and the West dominated by NATO . The two sides engaged in the Cold War , with actual conflict taking place not in Europe but in Asia in the Korean War and the Vietnam War . The Imperial system collapsed . The remaining colonial empires ended through the decolonisation of European rule in Africa and Asia . The fall of Soviet Communism ( 1989 -- 1991 ) left the West dominant and enabled the reunification of Germany . It accelerated the process of a European integration to include Eastern Europe . The European Union continues today , but with German economic dominance . Since the worldwide Great Recession of 2008 , European growth has been slow , and financial crises have hit Greece and other countries . Social divisiveness has been caused by large - scale immigration and radical Islamic rejection of European norms . While Russia is a weak version of the old Soviet Union , it has been confronting Europe in Ukraine and other areas . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : World War I , Home front during World War I , Diplomatic history of World War I , and Economic history of World War I Trenches and sand bags were defences against machine guns and artillery on the Western Front , 1914 -- 1918 After the relative peace of most of the 19th century , the rivalry between European powers , compounded by a rising nationalism among ethnic groups , exploded in August 1914 , when the First World War started . Over 65 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914 to 1918 ; 20 million soldiers and civilians died , and 21 million were seriously wounded . On one side were Germany , Austria - Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria ( the Central Powers / Triple Alliance ) , while on the other side stood Serbia and the Triple Entente -- the coalition of France , Britain and Russia , which were joined by Italy in 1915 , Romania in 1916 and by the United States in 1917 . The Western Front involved especially brutal combat without any territorial gains by either side . Single battles like Verdun and the Somme killed hundreds of thousands of men while leaving the stalemate unchanged . Heavy artillery and machine guns caused most of the casualties , supplemented by poison gas . Czarist Russia collapsed in the February Revolution of 1917 and Germany claimed victory on the Eastern Front . After eight months of liberal rule , the October Revolution brought Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks to power , leading to the creation of the Soviet Union in place of the disintegrated Russian Empire . With American entry into the war in 1917 on the Allied side , and the failure of Germany 's spring 1918 offensive , Germany had run out of manpower , while an average of 10,000 American troops were arriving in France every day in the summer of 1918 . Germany 's allies , Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman Empire , surrendered and dissolved , followed by Germany on 11 November 1918 . The victors forced Germany to assume responsibility for the conflict and pay war reparations . One factor in determining the outcome of the war was that the Allies had significantly more economic resources they could spend on the war . One estimate ( using 1913 US dollars ) is that the Allies spent $58 billion on the war and the Central Powers only $25 billion . Among the Allies , Britain spent $21 billion and the U.S. $17 billion ; among the Central Powers Germany spent $20 billion . Paris peace Conference ( edit ) Main article : Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Europe in 1919 Detail from William Orpen 's painting The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors , Versailles , 28th June 1919 , showing the signing of the peace treaty by a minor German official opposite to the representatives of the winning powers . The world war was settled by the victors at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 . Two dozen nations sent delegations , and there were many nongovernmental groups , but the defeated powers were not invited . The `` Big Four '' were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States , Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Great Britain , George Clemenceau of France , and , of least importance , Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando . They met together informally 145 times and made all the major decisions , which in turn were ratified by the others . The major decisions were the creation of the League of Nations ; the six peace treaties with defeated enemies , most notable the Treaty of Versailles with Germany ; the awarding of German and Ottoman overseas possessions as `` mandates '' , chiefly to Britain and France ; and the drawing of new national boundaries ( sometimes with plebiscites ) to better reflect the forces of nationalism . As the conference 's decisions were enacted unilaterally , and largely on the whims of the Big Four , for its duration Paris was effectively the center of a world government , which deliberated over and implemented the sweeping changes to the political geography of Europe . Most famously , the Treaty of Versailles itself weakened Germany 's military and placed full blame for the war and costly reparations on its shoulders -- the humiliation and resentment in Germany is sometimes considered as one of the causes of Nazi success and indirectly a cause of World War II . At the insistence of President Wilson , the Big Four required Poland to sign a treaty on 28 June 1919 that guaranteed minority rights in the new nation . Poland signed under protest , and made little effort to enforce the specified rights for Germans , Jews , Ukrainians , and other minorities . Similar treaties were signed by Czechoslovakia , Romania , Yugoslavia , Greece , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria , and later by Latvia , Estonia and Lithuania . Finland and Germany were not asked to sign a minority rights treaty . Interwar ( edit ) See also : Aftermath of World War I , Interwar period , and International relations ( 1919 -- 1939 ) Interwar Europe in 1923 In the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) the winners imposed relatively hard conditions on Germany and recognised the new states ( such as Poland , Czechoslovakia , Hungary , Austria , Yugoslavia , Finland , Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania ) created in central Europe from the defunct German , Austro - Hungarian and Russian empires , based on national ( ethnic ) self - determination . It was a peaceful era with a few small wars before 1922 such as the Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 1921 ) and the Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 1921 ) . Prosperity was widespread , and the major cities sponsored a youth culture called the `` Roaring Twenties '' that was often featured in the cinema , which attracted very large audiences . The Allied victory in the First World War seem to mark the triumph of liberalism , not just in the Allied countries themselves , but also in Germany and in the new states of Eastern Europe , as well as Japan . Authoritarian militarism as typified by Germany had been defeated and discredited . Historian Martin Blinkhorn argues that the liberal themes were ascendant in terms of `` cultural pluralism , religious and ethnic toleration , national self - determination , free - market economics , representative and responsible government , free trade , unionism , and the peaceful settlement of international disputes through a new body , the League of Nations . '' However , as early as 1917 , the emerging liberal order was being challenged by the new communist movement taking inspiration from the Russian Revolution . Communist revolts were beaten back everywhere else , but they did succeed in Russia . Fascism and authoritarianism ( edit ) Italy adopted an authoritarian system known as Fascism in 1922 ; it became a model for Hitler in Germany and for right wing elements in other countries . Historian Stanley G. Payne says Fascism in Italy was : A primarily political dictatorship ... The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to , not dominant over , the state itself . Big business , industry , and finance retained extensive autonomy , particularly in the early years . The armed forces also enjoyed considerable autonomy ... The Fascist militia was placed under military control ... The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well . The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders ... nor was a major new police elite created ... There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience ... Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy , and no major state propaganda - and - culture ministry existed ... The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive . Authoritarian regimes were established in the 1930s in Germany , Portugal , Austria , Poland , Greece , the Baltic countries and Spain . By 1940 , there were only four liberal democracies left on the European continent : France , Finland , Switzerland and Sweden . Great Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( edit ) Main article : Great Depression After the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , nearly the whole world sank into a Great Depression , as prices fell , profits fell , and unemployment soared . The worst hit sectors included heavy industry , export - oriented agriculture , mining and lumbering , and construction . World trade fell by two thirds . Liberalism and democracy were discredited . In most of Europe , as well as in Japan and most of Latin America , nation after nation turned to dictators and authoritarian regimes . The most momentous change of government came when Hitler and his Nazis took power in Germany in 1933 . A major civil war took place in Spain , with the nationalists winning . The League of Nations was helpless as Italy conquered Ethiopia and Japan seized Manchuria in 1931 and took over most of China starting in 1937 . The Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) was marked by numerous small battles and sieges , and many atrocities , until the rebels ( the Nationalists ) , led by Francisco Franco , won in 1939 . There was military intervention as Italy sent land forces , and Germany sent smaller elite air force and armoured units to the Nationalists . The Soviet Union sold armaments to the leftist Republicans on the other side , while the Communist parties in numerous countries sent soldiers to the `` International Brigades . '' The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict , but did become a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted the left , the communist movement and many liberals against Catholics , conservatives , and fascists . Britain , France and the US remained neutral and refused to sell military supplies to either side . Worldwide there was a decline in pacifism and a growing sense that another world war was imminent , and that it would be worth fighting for . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : Causes of World War II , World War II , Diplomatic history of World War II , and Home front during World War II In the Munich Agreement of 1938 , Britain and France adopted a policy of appeasement as they gave Hitler what he wanted out of Czechoslovakia in the hope that it would bring peace . It did not . In 1939 Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia and appeasement policies gave way to hurried rearmament as Hitler next turned his attention to Poland . American and Soviet troops meet in April 1945 , east of the Elbe River . After allying with Japan in the Anti-Comintern Pact and then also with Benito Mussolini 's Italy in the `` Pact of Steel '' , and finally signing a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union in August 1939 , Hitler launched the Second World War on 1 September 1939 by attacking Poland . To his surprise Britain and France declared war on Germany , but there was little fighting during the `` Phoney War '' period . War began in earnest in spring 1940 with the successful Blitzkrieg conquests of Denmark , Norway , the Low Countries , and France . Britain remained alone but refused to negotiate , and defeated Germany 's air attacks in the Battle of Britain . Hitler 's goal was to control Eastern Europe but because of his failure to defeat Britain and the Italian failures in North Africa and the Balkans , the great attack on the Soviet Union was delayed until June 1941 . Despite initial successes , the German army was stopped close to Moscow in December 1941 . Over the next year the tide was turned and the Germans started to suffer a series of defeats , for example in the siege of Stalingrad and at Kursk . Meanwhile , Japan ( allied to Germany and Italy since September 1940 ) attacked Britain and the United States on 7 December 1941 ; Germany then completed its over-extension by declaring war on the United States . War raged between the Axis Powers ( Germany , Italy , and Japan ) and the Allied Forces ( British Empire , Soviet Union , and the United States ) . The Allied Forces won in North Africa , invaded Italy in 1943 , and recaptured France in 1944 . In the spring of 1945 Germany itself was invaded from the east by the Soviet Union and from the west by the other Allies . As the Red Army conquered the Reichstag in Berlin , Hitler committed suicide and Germany surrendered in early May . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , causing between 50 and 80 million deaths , the majority of whom were civilians ( approximately 38 to 55 million ) . This period was also marked by systematic genocide . In 1942 -- 45 , separately from the war - related deaths , the Nazis killed an additional number of over 11 million civilians identified through IBM - enabled censuses , including the majority of the Jews and Gypsies of Europe , millions of Polish and Soviet Slavs , and also homosexuals , Jehovah 's Witnesses , misfits , disabled , and political enemies . Meanwhile , in the 1930s the Soviet system of forced labour , expulsions and allegedly engineered famine had a similar death toll . During and after the war millions of civilians were affected by forced population transfers . Western European colonial empires in Asia and Africa disintegrated after World War II Cold War era ( edit ) Main articles : Cold War , NATO , Marshall Plan , and European Economic Community East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 20 November 1961 Remains of the `` Iron curtain '' in Devínska Nová Ves , Bratislava ( Slovakia ) . The world wars ended the pre-eminent position of Britain , France and Germany in the Europe and the world . At the Yalta Conference , Europe was divided into spheres of influence between the victors of World War II , and soon became the principal zone of contention in the Cold War between the two power blocs , the Western countries and the Communist bloc . The United States and the majority of European liberal democracies at the time ( United Kingdom , France , Italy , Netherlands , West Germany etc . ) established the NATO military alliance . Later , the Soviet Union and its satellites ( Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , East Germany , Hungary , Poland , and Romania ) in 1955 established the Warsaw Pact as a counterpoint to NATO . The Warsaw Pact had a much larger ground force , but the American - French - British nuclear umbrellas protected NATO . Communist states were imposed by the Red Army in the East , while parliamentary democracy became the dominant form of government in the West . Most historians point to its success as the product of exhaustion with war and dictatorship , and the promise of continued economic prosperity . Martin Conway also adds that an important impetus came from the anti-Nazi wartime political coalitions . Economic recovery ( edit ) Main articles : Marshall Plan and European Economic Community The United States gave away about $20 billion in Marshall Plan grants and other grants and low - interest long - term loans to Western Europe , 1945 to 1951 . Historian Michael J. Hogan argues that American aid was critical in stabilizing the economy and politics of Western Europe . It brought in modern management that dramatically increased productivity , and encouraged cooperation between labor and management , and among the member states . Local Communist parties were opposed , and they lost prestige and influence and a role in government . In strategic terms , says Hogan , the Marshall Plan strengthened the West against The possibility of a Communist invasion or political takeover . However , the Marshall Plan 's role in the rapid recovery has been debated . Most reject the idea that it only miraculously revived Europe , since the evidence shows that a general recovery was already under way thanks to other aid programs from the United States . Economic historians Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen conclude it was , `` History 's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program . '' They state : It was not large enough to have significantly accelerated recovery by financing investment , aiding the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure , or easing commodity bottlenecks . We argue , however , that the Marshall Plan did play a major role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe 's rapid growth . The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid pushed European political economy in a direction that left its post World War II `` mixed economies '' with more `` market '' and less `` controls '' in the mix . The Soviet Union concentrated on its own recovery . It seized and transferred most of Germany 's industrial plants and it exacted war reparations from East Germany , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria , using Soviet - dominated joint enterprises . It used trading arrangements deliberately designed to favor the Soviet Union . Moscow controlled the Communist parties that ruled the satellite states , and they followed orders from the Kremlin . Historian Mark Kramer concludes : The net outflow of resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $15 billion to $20 billion in the first decade after World War II , an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the Marshall Plan . Western Europe began economic and then political integration , with the aim to unite the region and defend it . This process included organisations such as the European Coal and Steel Community , which grew and evolved into the European Union , and the Council of Europe . The Solidarność movement in the 1980s weakened the Communist government in Poland . At the time the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev initiated perestroika and glasnost , which weakened Soviet influence in Europe , particularly in the USSR . In 1989 the Berlin Wall came down and Communist governments outside the Soviet Union were deposed . In 1990 the Federal Republic of Germany absorbed East Germany , after making large cash payments to the USSR . In 1991 the Communist Party in Moscow collapsed , ending the USSR , which split into fifteen independent states . The largest , Russia , took the Soviet Union 's seat on the United Nations Security Council . The most violent dissolution happened in Yugoslavia , in the Balkans . Four ( Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia ) out of six Yugoslav republics declared independence and for most of them a violent war ensued , in some parts lasting until 1995 . In 2006 Montenegro seceded and became an independent state . In the post -- Cold War era , NATO and the EU have been gradually admitting most of the former members of the Warsaw Pact . Looking at the half century after the war historian Walter Lacquer concluded : `` The postwar generations of European elites aimed to create more democratic societies . They wanted to reduce the extremes of wealth and poverty and provide essential social services in a way that prewar generations had not . They had had quite enough of unrest and conflict . For decades many Continental societies had more or less achieved these aims and had every reason to be proud of their progress . Europe was quiet and civilized . Europe 's success was based on recent painful experience : the horrors of two world wars ; the lessons of dictatorship ; the experiences of fascism and communism . Above all , it was based on a feeling of European identity and common values -- or so it appeared at the time . '' The post-war period also witnessed a significant rise in the standard of living of the Western European working class . As noted by one historical text , `` within a single generation , the working classes of Western Europe came to enjoy the multiple pleasures of the consumer society . '' Western Europe 's industrial nations in the 1970s were hit by a global economic crisis . They had obsolescent heavy industry , and suddenly had to pay very high energy prices which caused sharp inflation . Some of them also had inefficient nationalized railways and heavy industries . In the important field of computer technology , European nations lagged behind the United States . They also faced high government deficits and growing unrest led by militant labour unions . There was an urgent need for new economic directions . Germany and Sweden sought to create a social consensus behind a gradual restructuring . Germany 's efforts proved highly successful . In Britain under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher , the solution was shock therapy , high interest rates , austerity , and selling off inefficient corporations as well as the public housing , which was sold off to the tenants . One result was escalating social tensions in Britain , led by the militant coal miners . Thatcher eventually defeated her opponents and radically changed the British economy , but the controversy never went away as shown by the hostile demonstrations at the time of her death in 2013 . Recent History ( edit ) Further information : History of the European Union Germans standing on top of the Berlin Wall at the Brandenburg Gate , November 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War Following the end of the Cold War , the European Economic Community pushed for closer integration , co-operation in foreign and home affairs , and started to increase its membership into the neutral and former communist countries . In 1993 , the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union , succeeding the EEC and furthering political co-operation . The neutral countries of Austria , Finland and Sweden acceded to the EU , and those that did n't join were tied into the EU 's economic market via the European Economic Area . These countries also entered the Schengen Agreement which lifted border controls between member states . The Maastricht Treaty created a single currency for most EU members . The euro was created in 1999 and replaced all previous currencies in participating states in 2002 . The most notable exception to the currency union , or eurozone , was the United Kingdom , which also did not sign the Schengen Agreement . EU did not participate in the Yugoslav Wars , and was divided on supporting the United States in the 2003 -- 2011 Iraq War . NATO has been part of the war in Afghanistan , but at a much lower level of involvement than the United States . In 2004 , the EU gained 10 new members . ( Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , which had been part of the Soviet Union ; Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Slovakia , and Slovenia , five former - communist countries ; Malta , and the divided island of Cyprus . ) These were followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 . Russia 's regime had interpreted these expansions as violations against NATO 's promise to not expand `` one inch to the east '' in 1990 . Russia engaged in a number of bilateral disputes about gas supplies with Belarus and Ukraine which endangered gas supplies to Europe . Russia also engaged in a minor war with Georgia in 2008 . Supported by the United States and some European countries , Kosovo 's government unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008 . Public opinion in the EU turned against enlargement , partially due to what was seen as over-eager expansion including Turkey gaining candidate status . The European Constitution was rejected in France and the Netherlands , and then ( as the Treaty of Lisbon ) in Ireland , although a second vote passed in Ireland in 2009 . The financial crisis of 2007 -- 08 effected Europe , and government responded with austerity measures . Limited ability of the smaller EU nations ( most notably Greece ) to handle their debts led to social unrest , government liquidation , and financial insolvency . In May 2010 , the German parliament agreed to loan 22.4 billion euros to Greece over three years , with the stipulation that Greece follow strict austerity measures . See European sovereign - debt crisis . Beginning in 2014 , Ukraine has been in a state of revolution and unrest with two breakaway regions ( Donetsk and Lugansk ) attempting to join Russia as full federal subjects . ( See War in Donbass . ) On 16 March , a referendum was held in Crimea leading to the de facto secession of Crimea and its largely internationally unrecognized annexation to the Russian Federation as the Republic of Crimea . The future of the EU was plunged into doubt in June 2016 when a United Kingdom membership referendum resulted in the country 's intended withdrawal . 52 % of the British voters voted to leave the EU , leading into a complex separation process implying political and economic changes for both the UK and the remaining European Union countries . Chronology ( edit ) 700 BC : Homer composes The Iliad , an epic poem that represents the first piece of European literature . 440 BC : Herodotus defends Athenian political freedom in the Histories . 323 BC : Alexander the Great dies and his Macedonian Empire fragments . 44 BC : Julius Caesar is murdered . The Roman Republic enters its terminal crisis . 27 BC : Establishment of the Roman Empire under Octavian . AD 45 -- 55 ( ca ) : First Christian congregations in mainland Greece and in Rome . 293 : Diocletian reorganizes the Empire by creating the Tetrarchy . 330 : Constantine makes Constantinople into his capital , a new Rome . 395 : Following the death of Theodosius I , the Empire is permanently split into the Eastern Roman Empire ( later Byzantium ) and the Western Roman Empire . 476 : Odoacer captures Ravenna and deposes the last Roman emperor in the west : traditionally seen as the end date of the Western Roman Empire . 527 : Justinian I is crowned emperor of Byzantium . Orders the editing of Corpus Juris Civilis , Digest ( Roman law ) . 597 : Beginning of Roman Catholic Christianization of Anglo - Saxon England ( missions and churches had been in existence well before this date , but their contacts with Rome had been loose or nonexistent ) 600 : Saint Columbanus uses the term `` Europe '' in a letter . 655 : Jus patronatus . 681 : Khan Asparukh leads the Bulgars and invades the Byzantine empire in the Battle of Ongal , and creates Bulgaria . 718 : Tervel of Bulgaria helps the Byzantine Empire stop the Arabic invasion of Europe , and breaks the siege of Constantinople . 722 : Battle of Covadonga in the Iberian Peninsula . Pelayo , a noble Visigoth , defeats a Muslim army that tried to conquer the Cantabrian coast . This helps establish the Christian Kingdom of Asturias , and marks the beginning of the Reconquista . 732 : At the Battle of Tours , the Franks stop the advance of the Arabs into Europe . 800 : Coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor . 813 : Third Council of Tours : Priests are ordered to preach in the native language of the population . 843 : Treaty of Verdun . 863 : Saints Cyril and Methodius arrive in Great Moravia , initiating Christian mission among the Slav peoples . 864 : Boris I of Bulgaria baptises the whole nation , converting the population from tengri , to Eastern Orthodox Christianity 872 : Unification of Norway . 886 : Cyril and Methodius students -- Sava , Kliment , Naum , Gorazd , Angelariy -- arrive in Bulgaria . The Cyrillic alphabet becomes the official Bulgarian alphabet . 895 : Hungarian people led by Árpád start to settle in the Carpathian Basin . 917 : In the Battle of Achelous ( 917 ) Bulgaria defeats the Byzantine empire , and Simeon I of Bulgaria is proclaimed as emperor , thus Bulgaria becomes an empire . 962 : Otto I of East Francia is crowned as `` Emperor '' by the Pope , beginning the Holy Roman Empire . 988 Kievan Rus adopts Christianity , often seen as the origin of the Russian Orthodox Church - 1054 : Start of the East -- West Schism , which divides the Christian church for centuries . 1066 : Successful Norman Invasion of England by William the Conqueror . 1095 : Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade . 12th century : The 12th century in literature saw an increase in the number of texts . The Renaissance of the 12th century occurs . 1128 : Battle of São Mamede , formation of Portuguese sovereignty . 1250 : Death of emperor Frederick II ; end of effective ability of German emperors to exercise control in Italy . 1303 : The period of the Crusades is over . 1309 -- 1378 : The Avignon Papacy 1315 -- 1317 : The Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 in Northern Europe 1341 : Petrarch , the `` Father of Humanism '' , becomes the first poet laureate since antiquity . 1337 -- 1453 : The Hundred Years ' War between England and France . 1348 -- 1351 : Black Death kills about one - third of Europe 's population . 1439 : Johannes Gutenberg invents first movable type and the first printing press for books , starting the Printing Revolution . 1453 : Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks . 1492 : The Reconquista ends in the Iberian Peninsula . A Spanish expeditionary group , commanded by Christopher Columbus , lands in the New World . 1497 : Vasco da Gama departs to India starting direct trade with Asia . 1498 : Leonardo da Vinci paints The Last Supper in Milan as the Renaissance flourishes . 1508 : Maximilian I the last ruling `` King of the Romans '' and the first `` elected Emperor of the Romans '' . 1517 : Martin Luther nails his 95 theses on indulgences to the door of the church in Wittenberg , triggering discussions which would soon lead to the Reformation 1519 : Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano begin first global circumnavigation . Their expedition returns in 1522 . 1519 : Hernán Cortés begins conquest of Mexico for Spain . 1532 : Francisco Pizarro begins the conquest of Peru ( the Inca Empire ) for Spain . 1543 : Nicolaus Copernicus publishes De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ) . 1547 : The Grand Duchy of Moscow becomes the Tsardom of Russia . 1582 : The introduction of the Gregorian calendar ; Russia refuses to adopt it until 1918 . 1610 : Galileo Galilei uses his telescope to discover the moons of Jupiter . 1618 : The Thirty Years ' War brings massive devastation to central Europe . 1648 : The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years ' War , and introduces the principle of the integrity of the nation state . 1687 : Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica , having a profound impact on The Enlightenment . 1699 : Treaty of Karlowitz concludes the Austro - Ottoman War . This marks the end of Ottoman control of Central Europe and the beginning of Ottoman stagnation , establishing the Habsburg Monarchy as the dominant power in Central and Southeastern Europe . 1700 : Outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession and the Great Northern War . The first would check the aspirations of Louis XIV , king of France to dominate European affairs ; the second would lead to Russia 's emergence as a great power and a recognizably European state . 18th century : Age of Enlightenment spurs an intellectual renaissance across Europe . 1707 : The Kingdom of Great Britain is formed by the union of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland . 1712 : Thomas Newcomen invents first practical steam engine which begins Industrial Revolution in Britain . 1721 : Foundation of the Russian Empire . 1775 : James Watt invents a new efficient steam engine accelerating the Industrial Revolution in Britain . 1784 : Immanuel Kant publishes Answering the Question : What Is Enlightenment ? . 1789 : Beginning of the French Revolution and end of the absolute monarchy in France . 1792 -- 1802 : French Revolutionary Wars . 1799 : Napoleon comes to power as dictator of France . 1803 -- 1815 : Napoleonic Wars end in defeat of Napoleon . 1806 : Napoleon abolishes the Holy Roman Empire . 1814 -- 15 : Congress of Vienna ; Treaty of Vienna ; France is reduced to 1789 boundaries ; Reactionary forces dominate across Europe . 1825 : George Stephenson opens the Stockton and Darlington Railway the first steam train railway for passenger traffic in the world . 1836 : Louis Daguerre invents first practical photographic method , in effect the first camera . 1838 : SS Great Western , the first steamship built for regularly scheduled transatlantic crossings enters service . 1848 : Revolutions of 1848 and publication of The Communist Manifesto . 1852 : Start of the Crimean War , which ends in 1855 in a defeat for Russia . 1859 : Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species . 1861 : Unification of Italy after victories by Giuseppe Garibaldi . 1866 : First commercially successful transatlantic telegraph cable is completed . 1860s : Russia emancipates its serfs and Karl Marx completes the first volume of Das Kapital . 1870 : Franco - Prussian War and the fall of the Second French Empire . 1871 : Unification of Germany under the direction of Otto von Bismarck . 1873 : Panic of 1873 occurs . The Long Depression begins . 1885 : Karl Benz invents Benz Patent - Motorwagen , the world 's first automobile . 1885 : First permanent citywide electrical tram system in Europe ( in Sarajevo ) . 1895 : Auguste and Louis Lumière begin exhibitions of projected films before the paying public with their cinematograph , a portable camera , printer , and projector . 1902 : Guglielmo Marconi sends first transatlantic radio transmission . 1914 : Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria is assassinated ; World War I begins . 1917 : Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in the Russian Revolution . The ensuing Russian Civil War lasts until 1922 . 1918 : World War I ends with the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers . Ten million soldiers killed ; collapse of Russian , German , Austrian , and Ottoman empires . 1918 : Collapse of the German Empire and monarchic system ; founding of Weimar Republic . 1918 : Worldwide Spanish flu epidemic kills millions in Europe . 1918 : Austro - Hungarian Empire dissolves . 1919 : Versailles Treaty strips Germany of its colonies , several provinces and its navy and air force ; limits army ; Allies occupy western areas ; reparations ordered . 1920 : League of Nations begins operations ; largely ineffective ; defunct by 1939 . 1921 -- 22 : Ireland divided ; Irish Free State becomes independent and civil war erupts . 1922 : Benito Mussolini and the Fascists take power in Italy . 1929 : Worldwide Great Depression begins with stock market crash in New York City . 1933 : Adolf Hitler and the Nazis take power in Germany . 1935 : Italy conquers Ethiopia ; League sanctions are ineffective . 1936 : Start of the Spanish Civil War ; ends in 1939 with victory of Nationalists who are aided by Germany and Italy . 1938 : Germany escalates the persecution of Jews with Kristallnacht . 1938 : Appeasement of Germany by Britain and France ; Munich agreement splits Czechoslovakia ; Germany seized the remainder in 1939 . 1939 : Britain and France hurriedly rearm ; failed to arrange treaty with USSR . 1939 : Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin agree partition of Eastern Europe in Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . 1939 : Germany invades Poland , starting the Second World War . 1940 : Great Britain under Winston Churchill becomes the last nation to hold out against the Nazis after winning the Battle of Britain . 1941 : U.S. begins large - scale lend - lease aid to Britain , Free France , the USSR and other Allies ; Canada also provides financial aid . 1941 : Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa ; fails to capture Moscow or Leningrad . 1942 : Nazi Germany commences the Holocaust -- a Final Solution , with the murder of 6 million Jews . 1943 : After Stalingrad and Kursk , Soviet forces begin recapturing Nazi - occupied territory in the East . 1944 : U.S. , British and Canadian armed forces invade Nazi - occupied France at Normandy . 1945 : Hitler commits suicide , Mussolini is murdered . World War II ends with Europe in ruins and Germany defeated . 1945 : United Nations formed . 1947 : The British Empire begins a process of voluntarily dismantling with the granting of independence to India and Pakistan . 1947 : Cold War begins as Europe is polarized East versus West . 1948 -- 51 : U.S. provides large sums to rebuild Western Europe through the Marshall Plan ; stimulates large - scale modernization of European industries and reduction of trade restrictions . 1949 : The NATO alliance is established . 1955 : USSR creates a rival military coalition , the Warsaw Pact . 1950 : The Schuman Declaration begins the process of European integration . 1954 : The French Empire begins to be dismantled ; Withdraws from Vietnam . 1956 : Suez Crisis signals the end of the effective power of the British Empire . 1956 : Hungarian Uprising defeated by Soviet military forces . 1957 : Treaties of Rome establish the European Economic Community from 1958 . 1968 : The May 1968 events in France lead France to the brink of revolution . 1968 : The Prague Spring is defeated by Warsaw Pact military forces . The Club of Rome is founded . 1980 : The Solidarność movement under Lech Wałęsa begins open , overground opposition to the Communist rule in Poland . 1985 : Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union and begins reforms which inadvertently leads to the fall of Communism and the Soviet Union . 1986 : Chernobyl disaster occurs , the worst nuclear disaster in history . 1989 : Communism overthrown in all the Warsaw Pact countries except the Soviet Union . Fall of the Berlin Wall ( opening of unrestrained border crossings between east and west , which effectively deprived the wall of any relevance ) . 1990 : Reunification of Germany . 1991 : Breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars . 1991 : Dissolution of the Soviet Union and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States . 1993 : Maastricht Treaty establishes the European Union . 2002 : End of European colonial empires with the independence of East Timor , formerly Portuguese Timor . 2004 : Slovenia , Hungary , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , Estonia , Cyprus and Malta join the European Union . 2007 : Romania and Bulgaria join the European Union . 2008 : The Great Recession begins . Unemployment rises in some parts of Europe . 2013 : Croatia joins the European Union . 2014 : Revolution in Ukraine and serious tensions between Russia , Ukraine and the European Union . 2015 : European migrant crisis starts . 2016 : United Kingdom votes to leave the European Union . See also ( edit ) Atlantic World History of Western civilization House of European History , Museum scheduled to open in 2016 in Brussels List of historians , inclusive of most major historians List of history journals # Europe List of largest European cities in history List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe List of sovereign states by date of formation § Europe Timeline of sovereign states in Europe Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , `` States Make War But Wars Also Break States , '' Journal of Military History ( 2010 ) 74 # 1 pp 11 -- 34 Jump up ^ `` The Human Journey : Early Settlements in Europe '' . www.humanjourney.us . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Human fossil evidence from sites such as Atapuerca in Spain suggests that they were a form of Homo erectus ( sometimes called Homo ergaster ) . Jump up ^ National Geographic Italia -- Erano padani i primi abitanti d'Italia ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Crete '' . Oxfordbibliographiesonline.com. 15 February 2010 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Durant , The Life of Greece ; The Story of Civilization Part II , ( New York : Simon & Schuster ) 1939 : 11 . Jump up ^ Hammond , N.G.L. ( 1976 ) . Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas . Park Ridge , N.J. : Noyes P. p. 139 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8155 - 5047 - 1 . Jump up ^ Tandy , p. xii . `` Figure 1 : Map of Epirus showing the locations of known sites with Mycenaean remains '' ; Tandy , p. 2 . `` The strongest evidence for Mycenaean presence in Epirus is found in the coastal zone of the lower Acheron River , which in antiquity emptied into a bay on the Ionian coast known from ancient sources as Glykys Limin ( Figure 2 - A ) . '' Jump up ^ Borza , Eugene N. ( 1990 ) . In the shadow of Olympus : the emergence of Macedon ( ( Nachdr . ) ed . ) . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00880 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Aegeobalkan Prehistory -- Mycenaean Sites '' . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ The Synchronisation of Civilisations in the eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium BC III , Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 -- 2nd EuroConference , Vienna , 28 May -- 1 June 2003 Jump up ^ Use and appreciation of Mycenaean pottery in the Levant , Cyprus and Italy , Gert Jan van Wijngaarden , Amsterdam Archaeological Studies Jump up ^ The Mycenaeans and Italy : the archaeological and archaeometric ceramic evidence , University of Glasgow , Department of Archaeology Jump up ^ Emilio Peruzzi , Mycenaeans in early Latium , ( Incunabula Graeca 75 ) , Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzarri , Roma , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Socrates '' . 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Todd Carey , Joshua Allfree , John Cairns . Warfare in the Ancient World Pen and Sword , 19 jan. 2006 ISBN 1848846304 Jump up ^ Bowersock , `` The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome '' Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49. 8 ( May 1996 : 29 -- 43 ) p. 31 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Lynn ; Thomas R. Martin ; Barbara H. Rosenwein ; R. Po - chia Hsia ; Bonnie G. Smith ( 2001 ) . The Making of the West , Peoples and Cultures . A : To 1500 . Bedford / St. Martins . p. 256 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18365 - 8 . OCLC 229955165 . Jump up ^ Di Berardino , A. ; D'Onofrio , G. ; Studer , B. ( 2008 ) . History of Theology : The Middle Ages . Liturgical Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780814659168 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Wise Bauer , The History of the Medieval World : From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ * Kelly Boyd , ed. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing vol 2 . Taylor & Francis . pp. 791 -- 94 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fletcher , Banister , `` Sir Banister Fletcher 's A History of Architecture '' , Architectural Press ; 20 edition ( 11 September 1996 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 2267 - 7 , pp 172 Jump up ^ `` The History of the Bubonic Plague '' . Archived from the original on 18 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Scientists Identify Genes Critical to Transmission of Bubonic Plague '' ... niaid.nih.gov . Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Ralph R. Frerichs . `` An Empire 's Epidemic '' . Ph.ucla.edu . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justinian 's Flea '' . Justiniansflea.com . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Arab Conquests '' . International Herald Tribune . 29 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 31 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Events used to mark the period 's beginning include the sack of Rome by the Goths ( 410 ) , the deposition of the last western Roman Emperor ( 476 ) , the Battle of Tolbiac ( 496 ) and the Gothic War ( 535 -- 552 ) . Particular events taken to mark its end include the founding of the Holy Roman Empire by Otto I the Great ( 962 ) , the Great Schism ( 1054 ) and the Norman conquest of England ( 1066 ) . Jump up ^ Hunter , Shireen ; et al. ( 2004 ) . Islam in Russia : The Politics of Identity and Security . M.E. Sharpe . p. 3 . ( ... ) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time , but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire . Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab conquest of the Iranian Sassanian Empire . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Hugh ( 1995 ) . `` The Muslims in Europe '' . In McKitterick , Rosamund , The New Cambridge Medieval History : c. 500 - c. 700 , pp. 249 -- 272 . Cambridge University Press . 052136292X . Jump up ^ Joseph F. O _́ Callaghan , Reconquest and crusade in Medieval Spain ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ George Holmes ( ed . ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 371 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 820073 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael Frassetto , Early Medieval World , The : From the Fall of Rome to the Time of Charlemagne ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gerald Mako , `` The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars : A Question Reconsidered '' , Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18 , 2011 , 199 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Seymour Drescher and Stanley L. Engerman , eds . A Historical Guide to World Slavery ( 1998 ) pp 197 -- 200 Jump up ^ John H. Mundy , Europe in the high Middle Ages , 1150 - 1309 ( 1973 ) online Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of Kiev '' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Horde '' , in Encyclopædia Britannica , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wallace K. Ferguson , Europe in transition , 1300 - 1520 ( 1962 ) online . Jump up ^ Mark Kishlansky et al. Civilization in the West : Volume 1 to 1715 ( 5th ed. 2003 ) p. 316 Jump up ^ Cantor , p. 480 . Jump up ^ e.g. Ibn al - Shatir : The Planetary Theory of Ibn al - Shatir : Latitudes of the Planets Jump up ^ Robert A. Nisbet ( 1980 ) . History of the Idea of Progress . Transaction Publishers . p. 103 . Jump up ^ `` kwabs.com '' . Archived from the original on 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ MacKnight , CC ( 1976 ) . The Voyage to Marege : Macassan Trepangers in Northern Australia . Melbourne University Press . Jump up ^ Euan Cameron , The European Reformation ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Conquest in the Americas . Archived from the original on 31 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Parker and Lesley M. Smith , eds. ( 1997 ) . The General Crisis of the Seventeenth Century . Psychology Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Trevor Aston , ed . Crisis in Europe 1560 -- 1660 : Essays from Past and Present ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ Jan de Vries , `` The Economic Crisis of the Seventeenth Century after Fifty Years , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 2009 ) 40 # 2 pp. 151 -- 194 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter Burke , `` The Crisis in the Arts of the Seventeenth Century : A Crisis of Representation ? '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History ( 2009 ) 40 # 2 pp. 239 -- 261 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter H. Wilson , The Thirty Years ' War : Europe 's Tragedy ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Parker , `` Crisis and Catastrophe : The Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century Reconsidered , '' American Historical Review ( 2008 ) 113 # 4 pp. 1053 -- 1079 . Jump up ^ J.B. Shank , `` Crisis : A Useful Category of Post-Social Scientific Historical Analysis ? '' American Historical Review ( 2008 ) 113 # 4 pp. 1090 -- 1099 Jump up ^ John B. Wolf , Louis XIV ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Hughes , Russia in the Age of Peter the Great ( 1998 ) . Jump up ^ G.P. Gooch , Frederick the Great : The Ruler , the Writer , the Man ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Max Beloff , The age of absolutism , 1660 -- 1815 ( 1966 ) . Jump up ^ Peter H. Wilson , Europe 's Tragedy : A History of the Thirty Years War ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Henry Kamen , `` The Economic and Social Consequences of the Thirty Years ' War , '' Past and Present ( 1968 ) 39 # 1 pp 44 -- 61 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Russell Weigley , The Age of Battles : The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ G.M. Trevelyan , A shortened history of England ( 1942 ) p 363 . Jump up ^ Paul M. Kennedy , ed. ( 1991 ) . Grand Strategies in War and Peace . Yale U.P. p. 106 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dennis E. Showalter , The Wars of Frederick the Great ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Nicholas Riasanovsky , A History of Russia ( 4th ed. 1984 ) , p 284 Jump up ^ Margaret C.C. Jacob , The Enlightenment : A Brief History with Documents ( 2000 ) ^ Jump up to : Alan Charles Kors , Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( Oxford UP , 2003 ) Jump up ^ Geoffrey Bruun , The enlightened despots ( 1967 ) . Jump up ^ Sootin , Harry . `` Isaac Newton . '' New York , Messner ( 1955 ) . Jump up ^ Casey , Christopher ( 30 October 2008 ) . `` '' Grecian Grandeurs and the Rude Wasting of Old Time `` : Britain , the Elgin Marbles , and Post-Revolutionary Hellenism '' . Foundations . Volume III , Number 1 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2009 . Retrieved 25 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Robert R. Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution ( 1964 ) Jump up ^ Richard Weisberger et al. , eds. , Freemasonry on both sides of the Atlantic : essays concerning the craft in the British Isles , Europe , the United States , and Mexico ( East European Monographs , 2002 ) Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob , Living the Enlightenment : Freemasonry and politics in eighteenth - century Europe ( Oxford University Press , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Norman Davies , Europe : A History ( 1996 ) pp 634 -- 635 Jump up ^ Business and Economics . Leading Issues in Economic Development , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511589 - 9 Read it Jump up ^ Russell Brown , Lester . Eco-Economy , James & James / Earthscan . ISBN 1 - 85383 - 904 - 3 Read it Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton , A History of the Modern World ( 5th ed. 1978 ) , p. 341 Jump up ^ Steven Englund , Napoleon : A Political Life ( 2004 ) p. 388 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The radicalism of the American Revolution ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ R.R. Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 : The Challenge ( 1959 ) pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ A. Aulard in Arthur Tilley , ed. ( 1922 ) . Modern France . A Companion to French Studies . Cambridge UP . p. 115 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , `` Why Napoleon merits the title ' the Great , ' '' BBC History Magazine ( 1 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ Roberts , `` Why Napoleon merits the title ' the Great , '' BBC History Magazine ( 1 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ Robert R. Palmer and Joel Colton , A History of the Modern World ( New York : McGraw Hill , 1995 ) , pp. 428 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Andrew Roberts , `` Why Napoleon merits the title ' the Great , '' BBC History Magazine ( 1 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp 341 -- 68 Jump up ^ Steven T. Ross , European Diplomatic History , 1789 -- 1815 : France Against Europe ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Alexander Grab , Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) pp 62 -- 65 , 78 -- 79 , 88 -- 96 , 115 -- 17 , 154 -- 59 Jump up ^ Frederick B. Artz , Reaction and Revolution : 1814 -- 1832 ( 1934 ) pp 142 -- 43 Jump up ^ William Martin , Histoire de la Suisse ( Paris , 1926 ) , pp 187 -- 88 , quoted in Crane Brinson , A Decade of Revolution : 1789 -- 1799 ( 1934 ) p 235 Jump up ^ Max Hastings , `` Everything Is Owed to Glory , '' Wall Street Journal 31 October 2014 Jump up ^ Kenneth Scott Latourette , Christianity in a Revolutionary Age , II : The Nineteenth Century in Europe : The Protestant and Eastern Churches ( 1959 ) pp 428 -- 31 Jump up ^ John Horne ( 2012 ) . A Companion to World War I. John Wiley & Sons . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Aaron Gillette , `` Why Did They Fight the Great War ? A Multi-Level Class Analysis of the Causes of the First World War . '' The History Teacher 40.1 ( 2006 ) : 45 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Hans Kohn , `` Napoleon and the Age of Nationalism . '' Journal of Modern History ( 1950 ) : 21 -- 37 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson , eds . The Bee and the Eagle : Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Karen Hagemann , `` Of ' manly valor ' and ' German Honor ' : nation , war , and masculinity in the age of the Prussian uprising against Napoleon . '' Central European History 30 # 2 ( 1997 ) : 187 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Hagen Schulze , The Course of German Nationalism : From Frederick the Great to Bismarck 1763 -- 1867 ( Cambridge UP , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall , eds. , The Risorgimento Revisited : Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth - century Italy ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Alister E. McGrath ( 2012 ) . Christian History : An Introduction . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 33783 - 7 . Jump up ^ Louis Levine , `` Pan-Slavism and European Politics . '' Political Science Quarterly 29.4 ( 1914 ) : 664 -- 686 . in JSTOR free Jump up ^ Charles Jelavich , Tsarist Russia and Balkan nationalism : Russian influence in the internal affairs of Bulgaria and Serbia , 1879 -- 1886 ( 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Richard Blanke , Prussian Poland in the German Empire ( 1871 -- 1900 ) ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Norman Davies , God 's Playground : A History of Poland , Vol. 2 : 1795 to the Present ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ J.P.T. Bury , Napoleon III and the Second Empire ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Denis Brogan , The French Nation : From Napoleon to Pétain , 1814 -- 1940 ( 1957 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew Porter and William Roger Louis , eds ... The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume 3 , The Nineteenth Century ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Theodore S Hamerow , ed. , Otto von Bismarck and imperial Germany : a historical assessment ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ See `` An Interview with Konrad H. Jarausch , author of Out of Ashes : A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century '' , Princeton University Press , June 2015 Jump up ^ Christopher Clark , The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 ( 2013 ) p xxiii Jump up ^ Overviews include David Stevenson , Cataclysm : The First World War as Political Tragedy ( 2005 ) and Ian F.W. Beckett , The Great War : 1914 -- 1918 ( 2nd ed. 2007 ) Jump up ^ For reference see Martin Gilbert , Atlas of World War I ( 1995 ) and Spencer Tucker , ed. , The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Gerd Hardach , The First World War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 1977 ) p 153 , using estimated made by H. Menderhausen , The Economics of War ( 1941 ) p 305 Jump up ^ Margaret Macmillan , Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ by Rene Albrecht - Carrie , Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) p 363 Jump up ^ Sally Marks , The Illusion of Peace : International Relations in Europe 1918 -- 1933 ( 2nd ed. 2003 ) Jump up ^ Zara Steiner , The Lights that Failed : European International History 1919 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Carole Fink , `` The Paris Peace Conference and the Question of Minority Rights , '' Peace and Change : A journal of peace research ( 1996 ) 21 # 3 pp 273 -- 88 Jump up ^ Nicholas Atkin ; Michael Biddiss ( 2008 ) . Themes in Modern European History , 1890 -- 1945 . Routledge . pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Gregory M. Luebbert , Liberalism , fascism , or social democracy : Social classes and the political origins of regimes in interwar Europe ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 1996 ) . A History of Fascism , 1914 -- 1945 . U of Wisconsin Press . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Martin Blinkhorn , The Fascist Challenge in Gordon Martel , ed . A Companion to Europe : 1900 -- 1945 ( 2011 ) p 313 Jump up ^ Charles Kindleberger , The World in Depression , 1929 -- 1939 ( 2nd ed. 1986 ) Jump up ^ David Clay Large , Between Two Fires : Europe 's Path in the 1930s ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne , The Spanish Revolution ( 1970 ) pp 262 -- 76 Jump up ^ I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot , eds. , The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 1995 ) covers every country and major campaign . Jump up ^ Norman Davies , No Simple Victory : World War II in Europe , 1939 -- 1945 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Second ' ' Second Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm ' ' '' . Users.erols.com . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Dinah Shelton , ed. , Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity ( 3 vol. 2004 ) Jump up ^ John Wheeler - Bennett , The Semblance Of Peace : The Political Settlement After The Second World War ( 1972 ) thorough diplomatic coverage 1939 - 1952 . Jump up ^ Martin Conway , `` The Rise and Fall of Western Europe 's Democratic Age , 1945 -- -- 1973 , '' Contemporary European History ( 2004 ) 13 # 1 pp 67 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Michael J. Hogan , The Marshall Plan : America , Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe , 1947 -- 1952 ( 1989 ) pp. 26 -- 28 , 430 -- 443 . Jump up ^ DeLong , J. Bradford ; Eichengreen , Barry ( 1993 ) . `` The Marshall Plan : History 's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program '' . In Dornbusch , Rudiger ; Nolling , Wilhelm ; Layard , Richard . Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today . MIT Press . pp. 189 -- 230 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 04136 - 7 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Mark Kramer , `` The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe , '' Klaus Larresm ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to Europe Since 1945 . Wiley . p. 79 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur , `` The Slow Death of Europe '' , The National Interest 16 August 2011 online Jump up ^ Hay , W.A. ; Sicherman , H. ( 2007 ) . Is There Still a West ? : The Future of the Atlantic Alliance . University of Missouri Press , Queen Elizabeth also had a major breakdown causing her to die cause of the stress overload . p. 107 . ISBN 9780826265494 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ David Priestland , `` Margaret Thatcher ? '' ' ' BBC History Magazine ' ' 1 May 2013 Jump up ^ `` A Europe without frontiers '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 25 June 2007 . Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` NATO 's Eastward Expansion : Calming Russian Fears -- SPIEGEL ONLINE '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . 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Map History of the Modern World ( 1982 ) Darby , H.C. , and H. Fullard , eds . The New Cambridge Modern History , Vol. 14 : Atlas ( 1970 ) East , W. Gordon . An Historical Geography of Europe ( 4th ed. 1950 ) Haywood , John . Atlas of world history ( 1997 ) online free Kinder , Hermann and Werner Hilgemann . Anchor Atlas of World History ( 2 vol. 1978 ) ; advanced analytical maps , mostly of Europe Pounds , Norman J.G. An Historical Geography of Europe ( 1990 ) Talbert , Richard J.A. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World for iPad ( Princeton U.P. 2014 ) ISBN 9781400848768 ; 102 interactive color maps from archaic Greece to the Late Roman Empire . Major nations ( edit ) Black , Jeremy . A history of the British Isles ( 1996 ) Carr , Raymond , ed . Spain : A history ( 2000 ) Clark , Christopher M. Iron kingdom : the rise and downfall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 ( 2006 ) Davies , Norman . The Isles : A History ( 2001 ) , Britain and Ireland Duggan , Christopher . A concise history of Italy ( 2013 ) . Fraser , Rebecca . The Story of Britain : From the Romans to the Present : A Narrative History ( 2006 ) Holborn , Hajo . vol 1 : A History of Modern Germany : The Reformation ; vol 2 : A History of Modern Germany : 1648 -- 1840 ; vol 3 : A history of modern Germany : 1840 -- 1945 ( 1959 ) . a standard scholarly survey . Kamen , Henry . A concise history of Spain ( 1973 ) Helle , Knut , ed . The Cambridge History of Scandinavia ( Vol. 1 . 2003 ) Holmes , George , ed . The Oxford illustrated history of medieval Europe ( 2001 ) . Holmes , George , ed . The Oxford illustrated history of Italy ( 1997 ) Jones , Colin . The Cambridge Illustrated History of France ( 1999 ) Kitchen , Martin The Cambridge Illustrated History of Germany ( 1996 ) . Morgan , Kenneth O. , ed . The Oxford illustrated history of Britain ( 1984 ) Price , Roger . A concise history of France ( 2014 ) Riasanovsky , Nicholas V. , and Mark D. Steinberg . A History of Russia ( 2 vol. 2010 ) Sagarra , Eda . A social history of Germany ( 2003 ) Tombs , Robert , The English and their History ( 2014 ) advanced history ; online review Wilson , Peter H. Heart of Europe : A History of the Holy Roman Empire ( 2016 ) 942pp Classical ( edit ) Boardman , John , et al. eds . The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World ( 2nd ed. 2002 ) 520pp Boardman , John , et al. eds . The Oxford History of the Roman World ( 2001 ) Cartledge , Paul . The Cambridge Illustrated History of Ancient Greece ( 2002 ) Late Roman ( edit ) Heather , Peter . Empires and Barbarians : The Fall of Rome and the Birth of Europe ( Oxford University Press ; 2010 ) ; 734 pages ; Examines the migrations , trade , and other phenomena that shaped a recognizable entity of Europe in the first millennium . Jones , A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire , 284 -- 602 : A Social , Economic , and Administrative Survey ( 2 Vol. 1964 ) Mitchell , Stephen . A History of the Later Roman Empire , AD 284 -- 641 : The Transformation of the Ancient World ( 2006 ) Medieval ( edit ) Davis , R.H.C. A History of Medieval Europe ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) Ferguson , Wallace K. Europe in Transition , 1300 -- 1520 ( 1962 ) online Hanawalt , Barbara . The Middle Ages : An Illustrated History ( 1999 ) Holmes , George , ed . The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe ( 2001 ) Koenigsberger , H.G. Medieval Europe 400 -- 1500 ( 1987 ) Riddle , John M. A history of the Middle Ages , 300 -- 1500 ( 2008 ) Early modern ( edit ) Blanning , T.C.W. The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture : Old Regime Europe 1660 -- 1789 ( 2003 ) Cameron , Euan . Early Modern Europe : An Oxford History ( 2001 ) Friedrich , Carl J. The Age of the Baroque , 1610 - 1660 ( 1962 ) ; Despite the title , this is a wide - ranging Social , cultural , political and diplomatic history of Europe ; 14 - day borrowing copy Hesmyr , Atle . Scandinavia in the Early Modern Era ; From Peasant Revolts and Witch Hunts to Constitution Drafting Yeomen ( 2014 ) McKay , Derek , and Hamish M. Scott . The rise of the great powers 1648 - 1815 ( 3rd ed. 2014 ) . Rice , Eugene F. The Foundations of Early Modern Europe , 1460 -- 1559 ( 2nd ed. 1994 ) 240pp Merriman , John . A History of Modern Europe : From the Renaissance to the Present ( 3rd ed. 2009 , 2 vol ) , 1412 pp Scott , Hamish , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History , 1350 -- 1750 : Volume I : Peoples and Place ( 2015 ) . Scott , Hamish , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern European History , 1350 -- 1750 : Volume II : Cultures and Power ( 2015 ) . Stoye , John . Europe Unfolding , 1648 - 1688 ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Treasure , Geoffrey . The Making of Modern Europe , 1648 -- 1780 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) , overview of each major country and inter-relations Wiesner , Merry E. Early Modern Europe , 1450 -- 1789 ( Cambridge History of Europe ) ( 2006 ) 19th century ( edit ) Anderson , M.S. The Ascendancy of Europe : 1815 -- 1914 ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) Blanning , T.C.W. ed . The Nineteenth Century : Europe 1789 -- 1914 ( Short Oxford History of Europe ) ( 2000 ) 320pp Bruun , Geoffrey . Europe and the French Imperium , 1799 - 1814 ( 1938 ) online . Cameron , Rondo . France and the Economic Development of Europe , 1800 -- 1914 : Conquests of Peace and Seeds of War ( 1961 ) , awide - ranging economic and business history . Evans , Richard J. The Pursuit of Power : Europe 1815 -- 1914 ( 2016 ) , 934pp Gildea , Robert . Barricades and Borders : Europe 1800 -- 1914 ( Short Oxford History of the Modern World ) ( 3rd ed. 2003 ) 544 pp , online 2nd ed , 1996 Grab , Alexander . Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe ( 2003 ) Kertesz , G.A. ed Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815 - 1939 ( 1968 ) , 507pp ; several hundred short documents Mason , David S. A Concise History of Modern Europe : Liberty , Equality , Solidarity ( 2011 ) , since 1700 Merriman , John , and J.M. Winter , eds. Europe 1789 to 1914 : Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire ( 5 vol. 2006 ) Steinberg , Jonathan . Bismarck : A Life ( 2011 ) Salmi , Hannu . 19th Century Europe : A Cultural History ( 2008 ) . Taylor , A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) online free ; Advanced diplomatic history Since 1900 ( edit ) Brose , Eric Dorn . A History of Europe in the Twentieth Century ( 2004 ) 548pp Buchanan , Tom . Europe 's Troubled Peace : 1945 to the Present ( Blackwell History of Europe ) ( 2012 ) Cook , Bernard A. Europe Since 1945 : An Encyclopedia ( 2 vol ; 2001 ) , 1465pp Davies , Norman . Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory ( 2008 ) Dear , I.C.B. and M.R.D. Foot , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II ( 2006 ) Jarausch , Konrad H. Out of Ashes : A New History of Europe in the Twentieth Century ( 2015 ) , 870pp . Judt , Tony . Postwar : A History of Europe Since 1945 ( 2006 ) Martel , Gordon , ed . A Companion to Europe , 1900 -- 1950 ( 2011 ) 32 essays by scholars ; emphasis on historiography Mazower , Mark . Dark Continent : Europe 's Twentieth Century ( 2000 ) 512pp Merriman , John , and Jay Winter , eds. Europe Since 1914 : Encyclopedia of the Age War and Reconstruction ( 5 vol. 2006 ) Paxton , Robert O. , and Julie Hessler . Europe in the twentieth century ( 5th edition 2011 . Stone , Dan , ed . The Oxford Handbook of Postwar European History ( 2015 ) . Ther , Philipp . Europe since 1989 : A History ( Princeton UP , 2016 ) excerpt , 440pp Toynbee , Arnold , ed . Survey Of International Affairs : Hitler 's Europe 1939 - 1946 ( 1954 ) online Weinberg , Gerhard L. A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2005 ) Agriculture and economy ( edit ) Bakels , C.C. The Western European Loess Belt : Agrarian History , 5300 BC -- AD 1000 ( 2009 ) Berend , Iván T. An Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe ( 2013 ) Berend , Iván T. Europe Since 1980 ( 2010 ) , focus on economic history Broadberry , Stephen , and Kevin H. O'Rourke , eds . The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Europe ( 2 vol 2010 ) , 1700 to present Dovring , Folke , ed . Land and labor in Europe in the twentieth century : a comparative survey of recent agrarian history . 1965 . 511 pp Gras , Norman . A history of agriculture in Europe and America ( 1925 ) . free online edition Milward , Alan S. and S.B. Saul . The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe : 1850 -- 1914 ( 1977 ) Murray , Jacqueline . The First European Agriculture ( 1970 ) Pollard , Sidney , ed . Wealth and Poverty : an Economic History of the 20th Century ( 1990 ) , 260pp ; global perspective online free Pounds , N.J.G. An Economic History of Medieval Europe ( 1994 ) Slicher van Bath , B.H. The agrarian history of Western Europe , AD 500 -- 1850 ( 1966 ) Thorp , William Long . Business Annals : United States , England , France , Germany , Austria , Russia , Sweden , Netherlands , Italy , Argentina , Brazil , Canada , South Africa , Australia , India , Japan , China ( 1926 ) capsule summary of conditions in each country for each quarter - year 1790 -- 1925 Diplomacy ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René . A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna ( 1958 ) , 736pp , basic introduction 1815 -- 1955 Black , Jeremy . A History of Diplomacy ( 2011 ) Black , Jeremy . European International Relations , 1648 -- 1815 ( 2002 ) Kertesz , G.A. ed Documents in the Political History of the European Continent 1815 - 1939 ( 1968 ) , 507pp ; several hundred short documents Langer , William . An Encyclopedia of World History ( 5th ed. 1973 ) , very detailed outline Macmillan , Margaret . The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) cover 1890s to 1914 Mowat , R.B. History of European Diplomacy , 1451 -- 1789 ( 1928 ) 324 pages online Petrie , Charles . Earlier diplomatic history , 1492 -- 1713 ( 1949 ) , covers all of Europe ; online Petrie , Charles . Diplomatic History , 1713 -- 1933 ( 1946 ) , broad summary online free also online in Questia Schroeder , Paul . The Transformation of European Politics 1763 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) online ; advanced diplomatic history Steiner , Zara . The Lights that Failed : European International History 1919 -- 1933 ( 2007 ) Steiner , Zara . The Triumph of the Dark : European International History 1933 -- 1939 ( 2011 ) Taylor , A.J. P The struggle for mastery in Europe , 1848 -- 1918 ( 1954 ) Empires and interactions ( edit ) Bayly , C.A. ed . Atlas of the British Empire ( 1989 ) . survey by scholars ; heavily illustrated Brendon , Piers . The Decline and Fall of the British Empire , 1781 -- 1997 ( 2008 ) , wide - ranging survey Darwin , John . After Tamerlane : The Rise and Fall of Global Empires , 1400 -- 2000 ( 2008 ) . James , Lawrence . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire ( 1997 ) Tolan , John et al. eds. Europe and the Islamic World : A History ( 2013 ) online Ideas and science ( edit ) Heilbron , John L. , ed . The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science ( 2003 ) Outhwaite , William . The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought ( 2003 ) . Wiener , Philip P. Dictionary of the History of Ideas ( 5 vol 1973 ) Religion ( edit ) Latourette , Kenneth Scott . Christianity in a Revolutionary Age : A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries ( 1958 -- 69 ) vol 1 , 2 , and 4 for detailed country - by - country coverage MacCulloch , Diarmaid . Christianity : The First Three Thousand Years ( 2011 ) Social ( edit ) Stearns , Peter N. , ed . Encyclopedia of European Social History ( 6 vol 2000 ) , 3000 pp Tipton , F. and R. Aldrich . An Economic and Social History of Europe , 1890 -- 1939 ( 1987 ) ; An Economic and Social History of Europe , 1939 to the Present ( 1987 ) Warfare ( edit ) Archer , Christon I. ; John R. Ferris , Holger H. Herwig . World History of Warfare ( 2002 ) The Cambridge History of the First World War ( 3 vol 2014 ) online The Cambridge History of the Second World War ( 3 vol 2015 ) online Dear , I.C.B. ; Foot , M.R.D. , eds. ( 2001 ) ( 1995 ) . The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860446 - 4 . Dupuy , R. Ernest , The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History : From 3500 BC to the Present ( 1993 ) Goldsworthy , Adrian , and John Keegan . Roman Warfare ( 2000 ) Horne , John , ed . A Companion to World War I ( 2012 ) Keegan , John . A History of Warfare ( 1994 ) Kennedy , Paul . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1989 ) Paret , Peter , ed . Makers of Modern Strategy ( 1986 ) , ideas of warfare Rapport , Mike . The Napoleonic Wars : A Very Short Introduction ( 2013 ) Sheehan , James J. Where Have All the Soldiers Gone ? The Transformation of Modern Europe ( 2008 ) . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Women and gender ( edit ) Anderson , Bonnie S. and Judith P. Zinsser . A History of Their Own : Women in Europe from Prehistory to the Present ( 2nd ed 2000 ) Bridenthal , Renate , et al. eds . Becoming Visible : Women in European History ( 3rd ed. 1997 ) , 608pp ; essays by scholars Frey , Linda , Marsha Frey , Joanne Schneider . Women in Western European History : A Select Chronological , Geographical , and Topical Bibliography ( 1982 ) online Hufton , Olwen . The Prospect Before Her : A History of Women in Western Europe , 1500 -- 1800 ( 1996 ) Herzog , Dagmar . Sexuality in Europe : A Twentieth - Century History ( 2011 ) Offen , Karen . `` Surveying European Women 's History since the Millenium : A Comparative Review '' , Journal of Women 's History Volume 22 , Number 1 , Spring 2010 doi : 10.1353 / jowh. 0.13 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Europe . 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"To the east, Bulgaria was established in 681 and became the first Slavic country. The powerful Bulgarian Empire was the main rival of Byzantium for control of the Balkans for centuries and from the 9th century became the cultural centre of Slavic Europe. The Empire created the Cyrillic script during the 10th century AD, at the Preslav Literary School. Two states, Great Moravia and Kievan Rus', emerged among the Slavic peoples respectively in the 9th century. In the late 9th and 10th centuries, northern and western Europe felt the burgeoning power and influence of the Vikings who raided, traded, conquered and settled swiftly and efficiently with their advanced seagoing vessels such as the longships. The Hungarians pillaged mainland Europe, the Pechenegs raided Bulgaria, Rus States and the Arab states. In the 10th century independent kingdoms were established in Central Europe including Poland and the newly settled Kingdom of Hungary. The kingdoms of Croatia and Serbia also appeared in the Balkans. The subsequent period, ending around 1000, saw the further growth of feudalism, which weakened the Holy Roman Empire."
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-178321053513481956 | Beauty and the Beast (2017 film) | Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Josh Gad Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $160 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is a live - action reimagining of Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's 18th - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . Beauty and the Beast premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema on March 17 , 2017 . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens 's acting performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production values , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs , inconsistent vocal performances , and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the second - highest - grossing film of 2017 , the tenth - highest - ever - grossing film in North America and the 13th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other countries 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 Controversies 7.1 Gay character 7.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a cruel and selfish prince , a rose in return for shelter from a storm . When he refuses , she reveals her identity . To punish the prince for his lack of compassion , the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , then erases the castle , the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle , the book - loving daughter of a music box maker and artist Maurice , dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . On his way to a convention and lost in the forest , Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a gift to Belle . When Maurice 's horse returns without him , Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses the book to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Gaston sees rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , and agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to be eaten by the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime but is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle reveals the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk , proving her father 's sanity . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , a jealous Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He defeats Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . Ungrateful and unrepentant , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . As Belle tearfully professes her love to the Beast , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted , selfish , unkind prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return , as well as to give rather than take . Stevens portrays the character through motion - capture . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film will not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom on February 23 , 2017 ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one - week engagement starting December 1 , 2017 . The move is an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok , It and Avengers : Infinity War . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine , along with nine new photos . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released , again on Good Morning America . This reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record for the most views in one day , beating Fifty Shades Darker ; this record has since been broken by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second - highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $160 million , it is the most expensive musical ever made , or the second-most expensive musical ever made if accounting for inflation ; only Hello , Dolly ! ( 1969 ) with a budget of $25 million ( $165 million in 2016 dollars ) cost more . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second - biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast was the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its 29th day of release . It is currently the second - highest - grossing film of 2017 ( behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all time , and the sixth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the second-most profitable release of 2017 . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second - biggest ever for both a G - or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third - biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm . The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % but , nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( − 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 ( until it was later surpassed by The Last Jedi ) , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman and The Last Jedi ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 ( alongside The Last Jedi ) . Other countries ( edit ) Outside the US and Canada , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG - rated title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) , and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 15 million ( US $230,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 92.6 million ( US $1.4 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for its ensemble cast , visuals , production values , musical score , songs , and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , as of April , 2018 , the film had an approval rating of 70 % based on 319 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus read , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets while commended the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Sarah Greenwood Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Lucy Bevan , Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Jacqueline Durran Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Song `` Evermore '' Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Soundtrack Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling Won Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Sullivan , Matt Matt Sullivan Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley and Framestore Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Hair Jenny Shircore , Marc Pilcher and Charlotte Hayward Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Beauty and the Beast Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Watson Nominated Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Beauty and the Beast Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Fantasy Film Beauty and the Beast Pending Best Actress Emma Watson Pending Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Pending Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Pending Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Shannon Justison , Casey Schatz , Neil Weatherley and Claire Michaud for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that the `` gay element '' was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three - second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also credited for Darkest Hour . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . 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Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey on How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty and the Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . 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Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Sing - A-Long Book tickets at Cineworld Cinemas '' . www.cineworld.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and Beast returns to theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops List of 2018 Most - Anticipated Movies , IMDb Data Reveals '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Is Most Anticipated Movie According to IMDb '' . Comicbook . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW on Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 M at Worldwide Box Office '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars Past $1 B at Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` No. 2 ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty and the Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gorgeous on Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday in March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants $900 M at WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' unseats ' Beauty and the Beast ' as highest - grossing film of 2017 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' passes ' Beauty and the Beast ' as top 2017 earner '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost in the Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost in the Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty and the Beast ' To Reign Again in India '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend at the Box Office in India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscar Nominations 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name '' and `` The Shape of Water '' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees Archived December 13 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CDG Awards Nominations Announced For Film & TV Costuming '' . Deadline . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Guardians 2 ' Among HPA Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farber , Lindsay ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Publicist Awards Nominations : ' Get Out ' , ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Feud ' On List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Publicists Guild Awards : ' Get Out ' , ' Stranger Things 2 ' , Deadline 's Mike Fleming Jr . Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 by Seattle Film Critics Society `` . Seattle Film Critics Society . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline Hollywood . enske Business Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty and the Beast ' Because of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. April 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Maleficent II Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related Princes Aladdin Beast Flynn Rider Media If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=843658978 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s fantasy films 2010s musical films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic fantasy films American films American 3D films American fantasy adventure films American musical fantasy films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Disney film remakes Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films about curses Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on adaptations Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on multiple works Films scored by Alan Menken Films directed by Bill Condon Films set in the 18th century Films set in castles Films set in France Films shot at Shepperton Studios Films using computer - generated imagery Historical romance films IMAX films Mandeville Films films Performance capture in film Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 01 . 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-7859127616803369468 | Articles of Confederation | Articles of Confederation - wikipedia Articles of Confederation Jump to : navigation , search Articles of Confederation Page I of the Articles of Confederation Created November 15 , 1777 Ratified March 1 , 1781 Location National Archives Author ( s ) Continental Congress Signatories Continental Congress Purpose First constitution for the United States ; replaced by the current United States Constitution on September 13 , 1788 The Articles of Confederation , formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , was an agreement among the 13 original states of the United States of America that served as its first constitution . Its drafting by a committee appointed by the Second Continental Congress began on July 12 , 1776 , and an approved version was sent to the states for ratification on November 15 , 1777 . The Articles of Confederation came into force on March 1 , 1781 , after being ratified by all 13 states . A guiding principle of the Articles was to preserve the independence and sovereignty of the states . The federal government received only those powers which the colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament . The Articles formed a war - time confederation of states , with an extremely limited central government . While unratified , the document was used by the Congress to conduct business , direct the American Revolutionary War , conduct diplomacy with foreign nations , and deal with territorial issues and Native American relations . The adoption of the Articles made few perceptible changes in the federal government , because it did little more than legalize what the Continental Congress had been doing . That body was renamed the Congress of the Confederation ; but Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress , since its organization remained the same . As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing American states , delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government rendered it ineffective at doing so . As the government 's weaknesses became apparent , especially after Shays ' Rebellion , individuals began asking for changes to the Articles . Their hope was to create a stronger national government . Initially , some states met to deal with their trade and economic problems . However , as more states became interested in meeting to change the Articles , a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25 , 1787 . This became the Constitutional Convention . It was quickly realized that changes would not work , and instead the entire Articles needed to be replaced . On March 4 , 1789 , the government under the Articles was replaced with the federal government under the Constitution . The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive ( the President ) , courts , and taxing powers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and context 2 Drafting 3 Operation 4 Ratification 5 Article summaries 6 End of the Revolutionary War 7 Function 7.1 The Army 7.2 Foreign policy 7.3 Taxation and commerce 7.4 Accomplishments of the Confederation 8 The United States of America under the Articles 9 Signatures 9.1 Signers 10 Presidents of the Congress 11 Gallery 12 Revision and replacement 12.1 Legitimacy of closing down 12.2 Final months 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References and further reading 16 External links Background and Context The political push to increase cooperation among the then - loyal colonies began with the Albany Congress in 1754 and Benjamin Franklin 's proposed Albany Plan , an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems . The Articles of Confederation would bear some resemblance to it . Over the next two decades , some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen and others would weaken , particularly the degree of deserved loyalty to the crown . With civil disobedience resulting in coercive , and what the colonials perceived as intolerable acts of Parliament , and armed conflict resulting in dissidents being proclaimed rebels and outside the King 's protection , any loyalty remaining shifted toward independence and how to achieve it . In 1775 , with events outpacing communications , the Second Continental Congress began acting as the provisional government that would run the American Revolutionary War and gain the colonies their collective independence . It was an era of constitution writing -- most states were busy at the task -- and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution , even though other nations did not . During the war , Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political , diplomatic , military and economic authority . It adopted trade restrictions , established and maintained an army , issued fiat money , created a military code and negotiated with foreign governments . To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation , the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it . In early 1776 , Thomas Paine argued in the closing pages of the first edition of Common Sense that the `` custom of nations '' demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain . The monarchies of France and Spain in particular could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another legitimate monarch . Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a `` manifesto '' which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners . Without such a declaration , Paine concluded , `` ( t ) he custom of all courts is against us , and will be so , until , by an independence , we take rank with other nations . '' Beyond improving their existing association , the records of the Second Continental Congress show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations . On June 7 , 1776 , Richard Henry Lee introduced a resolution before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent ; at the same time he also urged Congress to resolve `` to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances '' and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states . Congress then created three overlapping committees to draft the Declaration , a Model Treaty , and the Articles of Confederation . The Declaration announced the states ' entry into the international system ; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states ; and the Articles of Confederation , which established `` a firm league '' among the thirteen free and independent states , constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs . Drafting Articles of Confederation 200th Anniversary commemorative stamp . First issued in York , Pennsylvania. , 1977 On June 12 , 1776 , a day after appointing a committee to prepare a draft of the Declaration of Independence , the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states . The committee met repeatedly , and chairman John Dickinson presented their results to the Congress on July 12 , 1776 . There were long debates on such issues as sovereignty , the exact powers to be given the confederate government , whether to have a judiciary , and voting procedures . The final draft of the Articles was prepared in the summer of 1777 and the Second Continental Congress approved them for ratification by the individual states on November 15 , 1777 , after a year of debate . In practice , the Articles were in use beginning in 1777 ; the final draft of the Articles served as the de facto system of government used by the Congress ( `` the United States in Congress assembled '' ) until it became de jure by final ratification on March 1 , 1781 ; at which point Congress became the Congress of the Confederation . Under the Articles , the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government . The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the United States government . It was made capable of making war and peace , negotiating diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries , and deciding disputes between the states , including their additional and contested western territories . Article XIII stipulated that `` their provisions shall be inviolably observed by every state '' and `` the Union shall be perpetual '' . John Dickinson 's and Benjamin Franklin 's handwritten drafts of the Articles of Confederation are housed at the National Archives in Washington , DC . Operation The Articles were created by delegates from the states in the Second Continental Congress out of a need to have `` a plan of confederacy for securing the freedom , sovereignty , and independence of the United States . '' After the war , nationalists , especially those who had been active in the Continental Army , complained that the Articles were too weak for an effective government . There was no president , no executive agencies , no judiciary and no tax base . The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states , which seldom arrived . In 1788 , with the approval of Congress , the Articles were replaced by the United States Constitution and the new government began operations in 1789 . Ratification Congress began to move for ratification of the Articles of Confederation in 1777 : Permit us , then , earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states . Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities , under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength , to maintain and defend our common liberties ... The document could not become officially effective until it was ratified by all 13 states . The first state to ratify was Virginia on December 16 , 1777 ; the thirteenth state to ratify was Maryland on February 2 , 1781 . A ceremonial confirmation of this thirteenth , final ratification took place in the Congress on March 1 , 1781 , at high noon . Twelve states had ratified the Articles by February 1779 , 14 months into the process . Maryland , however , refused to go along until the landed states , especially Virginia , had indicated they were prepared to cede their claims west of the Ohio River to the Union . It would be two years before the Maryland legislature became satisfied that they would follow through , and voted to ratify . The various states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates : # State Date 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Virginia 000000001777 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1777 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 South Carolina 000000001778 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 1778 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 New York 000000001778 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1778 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Rhode Island 000000001778 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1778 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Connecticut 000000001778 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1778 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Georgia 000000001778 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1778 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Hampshire 000000001778 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1778 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Pennsylvania 000000001778 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 1778 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Massachusetts 000000001778 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1778 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 North Carolina 000000001778 - 04 - 05 - 0000 April 5 , 1778 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New Jersey 000000001778 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1778 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Delaware 000000001779 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1779 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Maryland 000000001781 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1781 Article summaries The Articles of Confederation contain a preamble , thirteen articles , a conclusion , and a signatory section . The preamble declares that the states `` agree to certain articles of Confederation and perpetual Union . '' What follows here summarizes the purpose and content of each of the thirteen articles . Establishes the name of the confederation with these words : `` The stile of this confederacy shall be ' The United States of America . ' '' Asserts the sovereignty of each state , except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government : `` Each state retains its sovereignty , freedom , and independence , and every power , jurisdiction , and right , which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated . '' Declares the purpose of the confederation : `` The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other , for their common defense , the security of their liberties , and their mutual and general welfare , binding themselves to assist each other , against all force offered to , or attacks made upon them , or any of them , on account of religion , sovereignty , trade , or any other pretense whatever . '' Elaborates upon the intent `` to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union , '' and to establish equal treatment and freedom of movement for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states , excluding `` paupers , vagabonds , and fugitives from justice . '' All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel . If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state , he will be extradited to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed . Allocates one vote in the Congress of the Confederation ( the `` United States in Congress Assembled '' ) to each state , which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members . Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures . No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years . Only the central government may declare war , or conduct foreign political or commercial relations . No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles , and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all . No states may form any sub-national groups . No state may tax or interfere with treaty stipulations already proposed . No state may wage war without permission of Congress , unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier ; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy , unless infested by pirates , but every State is required to keep ready , a well - trained , disciplined , and equipped militia . Whenever an army is raised for common defense , the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below . Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures , and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each . Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled . Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war ; to exchange ambassadors ; to enter into treaties and alliances , with some provisos ; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water ; to grant letters of marque and reprisal ( documents authorizing privateers ) in times of peace ; to appoint courts for the trial of pirates and crimes committed on the high seas ; to establish courts for appeals in all cases of captures , but no member of Congress may be appointed a judge ; to set weights and measures ( including coins ) , and for Congress to serve as a final court for disputes between states . The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them . Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial . The court 's decision is final . Congress shall regulate the post offices ; appoint officers in the military ; and regulate the armed forces . The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three - year term of the Congress . Congress may request requisitions from the states in proportion with their population , or take credit . Congress may not declare war , enter into treaties and alliances , appropriate money , or appoint a commander in chief without nine states assented . Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months . When Congress is in recess , any of the powers of Congress may be executed by `` The committee of the states , or any nine of them '' , except for those powers of Congress which require nine states in Congress to execute . If `` Canada '' ( as the British - held Province of Quebec was also known ) accedes to this confederation , it will be admitted . No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states . Reaffirms that the Confederation accepts war debt incurred by Congress before the existence of the Articles . Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual , and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures . While still at war with Britain , the revolution 's leaders were divided between forming a national government with powers either strong and centralized ( the `` federalists '' ) , or strictly limited ( the `` anti federalists '' ) . The Continental Congress compromised by dividing sovereignty between the states and the central government , with a unicameral legislature that protected the liberty of the individual states . It empowered Congress to regulate military and monetary affairs , for example , but provided no mechanism to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding . This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding , supplies , or even food . End of the Revolutionary war The Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , which ended hostilities with Great Britain , languished in Congress for months because several state representatives failed to attend sessions of the national legislature to ratify it . Yet Congress had no power to enforce attendance . In September 1783 , George Washington complained that Congress was paralyzed . Many revolutionaries had gone to their respective home countries after the war , and local government and self - rule seemed quite satisfactory . Function The army The Articles supported the Congressional direction of the Continental Army , and allowed the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers . As a tool to build a centralized war - making government , they were largely a failure : Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote : George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government . The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for regular troops and militia to the states . Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers , but could not force anyone to supply them , and the army nearly starved in several winters of war . The Continental Congress , before the Articles were approved , had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life . However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation , and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no longer a factor . No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783 -- 84 . General Henry Knox , who would later become the first Secretary of War under the Constitution , blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army . The army had long been supportive of a strong union . Knox wrote : The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies . Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign ... It is a favorite toast in the army , `` A hoop to the barrel '' or `` Cement to the Union '' . As Congress failed to act on the petitions , Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris , four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened , `` As the present Constitution is so defective , why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so ; that is , to have a convention of the States to form a better Constitution . '' Once the war had been won , the Continental Army was largely disbanded . A very small national force was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against Native American attacks . Meanwhile , each of the states had an army ( or militia ) , and 11 of them had Navies . The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met . In 1783 , George Washington defused the Newburgh conspiracy , but riots by unpaid Pennsylvania veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily . The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states . Any contributions were voluntary , and in the debates of 1788 the Federalists ( who supported the proposed new Constitution ) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally , and contributed when the Continental army protected their state 's interests . The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs . Dougherty ( 2009 ) concludes that generally the States ' behavior validated the Federalist analysis . This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms . Foreign policy Even after peace had been achieved in 1783 , the weakness of the Confederation government frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy . In 1789 , Thomas Jefferson , concerned over the failure to fund an American naval force to confront the Barbary pirates , wrote to James Monroe , `` It will be said there is no money in the treasury . There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth . The states must see the rod . '' Furthermore , the Jay -- Gardoqui Treaty with Spain in 1789 also showed weakness in foreign policy . In this treaty -- which was never ratified due to its immense unpopularity -- the United States was to give up rights to use the Mississippi River for 25 years , which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains . Finally , due to the Confederation 's military weakness , it could not compel the British army to leave frontier forts which were on American soil -- forts which , in 1783 , the British promised to leave , but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against Loyalists and allowing them to seek compensation . This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) was superseded by the implementation of Jay 's Treaty in 1795 under the new U.S. Constitution . Taxation and commerce Under the Articles of Confederation , the central government 's power was kept quite limited . The Confederation Congress could make decisions , but lacked enforcement powers . Implementation of most decisions , including modifications to the Articles , required unanimous approval of all thirteen state legislatures . Congress was denied any powers of taxation : it could only request money from the states . The states often failed to meet these requests in full , leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money . As more money was printed by Congress , the continental dollars depreciated . In 1779 , George Washington wrote to John Jay , who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress , `` that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions . '' Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $45 million from the States . In an appeal to the States to comply , Jay wrote that the taxes were `` the price of liberty , the peace , and the safety of yourselves and posterity . '' He argued that Americans should avoid having it said `` that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent '' or that `` her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith . '' The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them . Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or interstate commerce and , as a result , all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies . The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War , and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War . Some States paid off their war debts and others did not . Federal assumption of the states ' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention . Accomplishments of the Confederation This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For more details on this topic , see Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation . Nevertheless , the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long - lasting impact . The Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance created territorial government , set up protocols for the admission of new states and the division of land into useful units , and set aside land in each township for public use . This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization , as in Europe , and provided the basis for the rest of American continental expansion through the 19th Century . The Land Ordinance of 1785 established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the Mississippi River . Frontier lands were surveyed into the now - familiar squares of land called the township ( 36 square miles ) , the section ( one square mile ) , and the quarter section ( 160 acres ) . This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi ( excluding areas of Texas and California that had already been surveyed and divided up by the Spanish Empire ) . Then , when the Homestead Act was enacted in 1867 , the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler - farmers . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up northwestern land claims , organized the Northwest Territory and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states . While it did n't happen under the articles , the land north of the Ohio River and west of the ( present ) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by Massachusetts , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , eventually became the states of : Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River . The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery . New states admitted to the union in said territory would never be slave states . No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation . The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec ( referred to as `` Canada '' in the Articles ) into the United States if it chose to do so . It did not , and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission . Additionally , ordinances to admit Frankland ( later modified to Franklin ) , Kentucky , and Vermont to the Union were considered , but none were approved . The United states of America under the Articles The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure . The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation , but granted to the Congress -- the only federal institution -- little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced . There was no president and no national court . Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast - growing nation together , they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue , as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control . By 1783 , with the end of the British blockade , the new nation was regaining its prosperity . However , trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires . The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British ships . France and Spain established similar policies . Simultaneously , new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again . Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution . The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations ( debts ) incurred during the war , or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development , only aggravated a gloomy situation . In 1786 -- 87 , Shays ' Rebellion , an uprising of dissidents in western Massachusetts against the state court system , threatened the stability of state government . The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency , spawning the expression `` not worth a continental '' . Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States . Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury between 1781 and 1784 , although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone . When John Adams went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States , he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce . Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty . Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer the power of passing navigation laws to Congress , or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain . Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws . Meanwhile , each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect . When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping , Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports . By 1787 Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping . State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit . Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population . The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor . Alexander Hamilton realized while serving as Washington 's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress . Hamilton led a group of like - minded nationalists , won Washington 's endorsement , and convened the Annapolis Convention in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long - term crisis . Signatures The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15 , 1777 . A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the Congress . On November 28 , the copies sent to the states for ratification were unsigned , and the cover letter , dated November 17 , had only the signatures of Henry Laurens and Charles Thomson , who were the President and Secretary to the Congress . The Articles , however , were unsigned , and the date was blank . Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27 , 1778 . They ordered a final copy prepared ( the one in the National Archives ) , and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for ratification . On July 9 , 1778 , the prepared copy was ready . They dated it , and began to sign . They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed . On that date , delegates present from New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New York , Pennsylvania , Virginia and South Carolina signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified . New Jersey , Delaware and Maryland could not , since their states had not ratified . North Carolina and Georgia also did n't sign that day , since their delegations were absent . After the first signing , some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended . For example , John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8 . John Penn was the first of North Carolina 's delegates to arrive ( on July 10 ) , and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21 , 1778 . The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation . Georgia signed on July 24 , New Jersey on November 26 , and Delaware on February 12 , 1779 . Maryland refused to ratify the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims . The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation on February 2 , 1781 On February 2 , 1781 , the much - awaited decision was taken by the Maryland General Assembly in Annapolis . As the last piece of business during the afternoon Session , `` among engrossed Bills '' was `` signed and sealed by Governor Thomas Sim Lee in the Senate Chamber , in the presence of the members of both Houses ... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation '' and perpetual union among the states . The Senate then adjourned `` to the first Monday in August next . '' The decision of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12 . The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1 , 1781 , and was celebrated in the afternoon . With these events , the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state . Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half , and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years . Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates , and some of the signers had only recently arrived . The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time . Signers The signers and the states they represented were : Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Massachusetts Bay John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Rhode Island and Providence Plantations William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee Roger Sherman ( Connecticut ) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States : the Continental Association , the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . Robert Morris ( Pennsylvania ) signed three of the great state papers of the United States : the United States Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution . John Dickinson ( Delaware ) , Daniel Carroll ( Maryland ) and Gouverneur Morris ( New York ) , along with Sherman and Robert Morris , were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution ( Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the Constitution ) . Presidents of the Congress The following list is of those who led the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation as the Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled . Under the Articles , the president was the presiding officer of Congress , chaired the Committee of the States when Congress was in recess , and performed other administrative functions . He was not , however , an executive in the way the successor President of the United States is a chief executive , since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress . President of Congress Office Start Office Exit Samuel Huntington March 1 , 1781 July 9 , 1781 Thomas McKean July 10 , 1781 November 4 , 1781 John Hanson November 5 , 1781 November 3 , 1782 Elias Boudinot November 4 , 1782 November 2 , 1783 Thomas Mifflin November 3 , 1783 October 31 , 1784 Richard Henry Lee November 30 , 1784 November 6 , 1785 John Hancock November 23 , 1785 May 29 , 1786 Nathaniel Gorham June 6 , 1786 November 5 , 1786 Arthur St. Clair February 2 , 1787 November 4 , 1787 Cyrus Griffin January 22 , 1788 November 2 , 1788 For a full list of Presidents of the Congress Assembled and Presidents under the two Continental Congresses before the Articles , see President of the Continental Congress . Gallery Images of an original draft of the Articles of Confederation stored at the United States National Archive . Preamble through Article V , ¶ 1 Article V , ¶ 2 through Article VI Article VII through Article IX , ¶ 2 Article IX , ¶ 2 through ¶ 5 Article IX , ¶ 5 through Article XIII , ¶ 2 Article XIII , ¶ 2 through signatures Revision and replacement On January 21 , 1786 , the Virginia Legislature , following James Madison 's recommendation , invited all the states to send delegates to Annapolis , Maryland to discuss ways to reduce interstate conflict . At what came to be known as the Annapolis Convention , the few state delegates in attendance endorsed a motion that called for all states to meet in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss ways to improve the Articles of Confederation in a `` Grand Convention . '' Although the states ' representatives to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles , the representatives held secret , closed - door sessions and wrote a new constitution . The new Constitution gave much more power to the central government , but characterization of the result is disputed . The general goal of the authors was to get close to a republic as defined by the philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment , while trying to address the many difficulties of the interstate relationships . Historian Forrest McDonald , using the ideas of James Madison from Federalist 39 , describes the change this way : The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government , unprecedented under the sun . Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states . The new American system was neither one nor the other ; it was a mixture of both . In May 1786 , Charles Pinckney of South Carolina proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation . Recommended changes included granting Congress power over foreign and domestic commerce , and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries . Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations , however , and Congress failed to reach a consensus . The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states , especially after Shays ' Rebellion threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts . Historian Ralph Ketcham comments on the opinions of Patrick Henry , George Mason , and other Anti-Federalists who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution : Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the `` consolidated government '' proposed by the new Constitution . They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a `` splendid empire '' that , in the time - honored way of empires , would oppress the people with taxes , conscription , and military campaigns . Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people , Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people . Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787 . Jillson and Wilson ( 1994 ) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms , rules and institutional structures of the Congress , and the propensity to divide along sectional lines . Rakove ( 1988 ) identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation . The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power . It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed by Rhode Island . Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures `` stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes , mustering men , and gathering supplies from a war - weary populace . '' The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783 , especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy . Finally , the Confederation 's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means , thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power . When the war ended in 1783 , certain special interests had incentives to create a new `` merchant state , '' much like the British state people had rebelled against . In particular , holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western land holdings with disputed claims . Also , manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods , but competition among states made this impossible without a central government . Legitimacy of closing down Political scientist David C. Hendrickson writes that two prominent political leaders in the Confederation , John Jay of New York and Thomas Burke of North Carolina believed that `` the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states , to which the states gave their voluntary consent , and until those obligations were fulfilled , neither nullification of the authority of congress , exercising its due powers , nor secession from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges . '' According to Article XIII of the Confederation , any alteration had to be approved unanimously : ( T ) he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State , and the Union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State . On the other hand , Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states , without unanimity : The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States , shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same . The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time , and remains a topic of scholarly discussion . In 1788 , James Madison remarked ( in Federalist No. 40 ) that the issue had become moot : `` As this objection ... has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention , I dismiss it without further observation . '' Nevertheless , it is an interesting historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground . At the time , there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation , but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply . Moreover , the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding . Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it , and thus `` other states - parties did not have to comply with the Articles ' unanimous consent rule '' . In contrast , law professor Akhil Amar suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point ; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states , and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it . Final months On July 3 , 1788 , the Congress received New Hampshire 's all - important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution , thus , according to its terms , establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states . The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state . The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that , in light of this development , it would be `` unadvisable '' to admit Kentucky into the Union , as it could do so `` under the Articles of Confederation '' only , but not `` under the Constitution '' . By the end of July 1788 , 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution . Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October . On Saturday , September 13 , 1788 , the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution , and on Monday , September 15 published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states , set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and select a new president , and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day the new government would take over and the government under the Articles of Confederation would come to an end . On that same September 13 , it determined that New York would remain the national capital . See also History of the United States ( 1776 -- 1789 ) Perpetual Union Vetocracy America 's Critical Period Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Notes Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. xi , 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Morison p. 279 Jump up ^ Kelley , Martin . `` Why did the Articles of Confederation fail ? '' . About Education . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Paul ( 2011 ) . United States Constitutional Law : An Introduction . McFarland . p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6017 - 5 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic : 1776 -- 1787 . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas ( January 14 , 1776 ) . `` Common Sense '' . In Foner , Eric . Paine : Collected Writings . The Library of America . pp. 45 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4286 - 2200 - 5 . ( Collection published 1995 . ) Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2004 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Magazine of History . Organization of American Historians. 18 ( 3 ) : 61 -- 66 . doi : 10.1093 / maghis / 18.3. 61 . Jump up ^ Jensen . Articles of Confederation . pp. 127 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Schwarz , Frederic D. ( February -- March 2006 ) . `` 225 Years Ago '' . American Heritage . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1782 -- 1789 . HarperCollins Publishers . pp. 245 -- 66 . Jump up ^ `` Monday , November 17 , 1777 '' . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation , 1777 -- 1781 '' . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1836 ) . The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Editor on the Pennsylvania Avenue . p. 98 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mallory , John ( 1917 ) . United States Compiled Statutes. 10 . St. Paul : West Publishing Company . pp. 13044 -- 5 . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frederick D. Williams , Ed . The Northwest Ordinance : Essays on its Formulation , Provisions , and Legacy , p. 1782 . MSU Press , ( 2012 ) ) Jump up ^ Hough , Franklin Benjamin ( 1872 ) . American Constitutions . Albany : Weed , Parsons , & Company . p. 10 . References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress : `` The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15 , 1778 . This error has come from the MS . vol. 9 ( History of Confederation ) , p. 123 , Papers of the Continental Congress , Library of Congress . '' Dyer , Albion M. ( 2008 ) ( 1911 ) . First Ownership of Ohio Lands . Baltimore : Genealogical Publishing Company . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8063 - 0098 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Jump up ^ Carp , E. Wayne ( 1980 ) . To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 . UNC Press Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4269 - 0 . Jump up ^ Congress have come to no determination yet respecting the Peace Establishment nor am I able to say when they will . I have lately had a conference with a Committee on this subject , and have reiterated my former opinions , but it appears to me that there is not a sufficient representation to discuss Great National points. Letter George Washington to George Clinton , September 11 , 1783 . The George Washington Papers , 1741 -- 1799 Jump up ^ Chadwick p. 469 . Phelps pp. 165 -- 166 . Phelps wrote : `` It is hardly surprising , given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states , that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 . Their wartime experiences had nationalized them . '' Jump up ^ Puls pp. 174 -- 176 ^ Jump up to : Puls p. 177 Jump up ^ Lodge , Henry Cabot ( 1893 ) . George Washington , Vol . I. I . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Keith L. ( Spring 2009 ) . `` An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions , 1775 -- 1783 '' . Social Science History . 33 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 74 . doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 2008 - 015 . Jump up ^ Ellis 92 Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : A History of the United States During the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . Northeastern University Press . pp. 177 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahr p. 105 Jump up ^ Stahr p. 107 Jump up ^ Stahr pp. 107 -- 108 Jump up ^ Morris , Richard B. ( 1987 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 091424 - 0 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Benjamin ( 2003 ) . History in Dispute : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . St James Press . pp. 17 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McNeese , Tim ( 2009 ) . Revolutionary America 1764 -- 1799 . Chelsea House Pub . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 350 - 9 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ( 2008 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power , A History of the American People : To 1877 . Wadsworth Publishing Company . p. 187 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 83086 - 1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ferling , John ( 2010 ) . John Adams : A Life . Oxford University Press , USA . pp. 257 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 975273 - 7 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Jack N. ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . pp. 225 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 20085 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An ACT to empower the delegates '' . Laws of Maryland , 1781 . February 2 , 1781 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . Jump up ^ McDonald pg. 276 Jump up ^ Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . Roots of the Republic : American Founding Documents Interpreted . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 383 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945612 - 19 - 3 . Jump up ^ Rakove 1988 p. 230 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 154 Jump up ^ Hendrickson p. 153 -- 154 ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 - 1788 , p. 62 ( Simon and Schuster , 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Francisco . The Constitution as Treaty : The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution , p. 5 ( Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil . America 's Constitution : A Biography , p. 517 ( Random House 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Kesavan , Vasan ( December 1 , 2002 ) . `` When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 78 ( 1 ) : 70 -- 71 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` America During the Age of Revolution , 1776 -- 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Lanman ; Joseph M. Morrison ( 1887 ) . Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States . J.M. Morrison . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , Pauline ( 2010 ) . Ratification : The People Debate the Constitution , 1787 -- 1788 . Simon and Schuster . pp. 429 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 86855 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Continental Congress Broadside Collection for 1778 - Sep - 13 '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . References and further reading Bernstein , R.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Parliamentary Principles , American Realities : The Continental and Confederation Congresses , 1774 -- 1789 '' . In Bowling , Kenneth R. & Kennon , Donald R. Inventing Congress : Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress . pp. 76 -- 108 . Brown , Roger H. ( 1993 ) . Redeeming the Republic : Federalists , Taxation , and the Origins of the Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6355 - 4 . Burnett , Edmund Cody ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress : A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789 . Chadwick , Bruce ( 2005 ) . George Washington 's War . Sourcebooks , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4022 - 2610 - 6 . Feinberg , Barbara ( 2002 ) . The Articles Of Confederation . Twenty First Century Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7613 - 2114 - 9 . Greene , Jack & Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2nd ed . ) . Hendrickson , David C. ( 2003 ) . Peace Pact : The Lost World of the American Founding . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1237 - 8 . Hoffert , Robert W. ( 1992 ) . A Politics of Tensions : The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas . University Press of Colorado . Horgan , Lucille E. ( 2002 ) . Forged in War : The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy . Praeger Pub Text . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32161 - 0 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1959 ) . The Articles of Confederation : An Interpretation of the Social - Constitutional History of the American Revolution , 1774 -- 1781 . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 00204 - 6 . -- -- ( 1950 ) . The New Nation . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 930350 - 14 - 7 . -- -- ( 1943 ) . `` The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution '' . Political Science Quarterly . 58 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 79 . JSTOR 2144490 . doi : 10.2307 / 2144490 . Jillson , Calvin & Wilson , Rick K. ( 1994 ) . Congressional Dynamics : Structure , Coordination , and Choice in the First American Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2293 - 3 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc. p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 0 . Main , Jackson T. ( 1974 ) . Political Parties before the Constitution . WW Norton & Company Incorporated . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00718 - 3 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1986 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0311 - 5 . Mclaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1935 ) . A Constitutional History of the United States . Simon Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931313 - 31 - 5 . Morris , Richard ( 1988 ) . The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 . New American Nation Series . HarperCollins Publishers . Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . Nevins , Allan ( 1924 ) . The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 . New York : Macmillan . Parent , Joseph M. ( Fall 2009 ) . `` Europe 's Structural Idol : An American Federalist Republic ? '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 3 ) : 513 -- 535 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2009. tb00658. x . Phelps , Glenn A. ( 2001 ) . `` The Republican General '' . In Higginbotham , Don . George Washington Reconsidered . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2005 - 1 . Puls , Mark ( 2008 ) . Henry Knox : Visionary General of the American Revolution . Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8427 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 1982 ) . The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . Johns Hopkins University Press . -- -- ( 1988 ) . `` The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation '' . In Barlow , J. Jackson ; Levy , Leonard W. & Masugi , Ken . The American Founding : Essays on the Formation of the Constitution . Greenwood Press . pp. 225 -- 45 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 25610 - 1 . 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4906651528755039903 | 2026 FIFA World Cup | 2026 FIFA World Cup - Wikipedia 2026 FIFA World Cup 2026 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup United 2026 Copa Mundial de la FIFA Unidos 2026 Coupe du Monde de la FIFA - Unis 2026 Bid logo Tournament details Host countries United States Canada Mexico Dates June -- July Teams 48 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 16 ( in 16 host cities ) ← 2022 2030 → The 2026 FIFA World Cup ( Spanish : Copa mundial de la FIFA de 2026 ; French : Coupe du monde de la FIFA de 2026 ) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup , the quadrennial international men 's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA . The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries ; 60 matches , including the quarterfinals , semi-finals , and the final , will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico will each host 10 matches . The tournament will be the first hosted by three nations . The United 2026 bid beat a rival bid by Morocco during a final vote at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow . It will be the first World Cup since South Korea / Japan in 2002 that will be hosted by more than one nation . With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments , Mexico will also become the first country to host all or part of three men 's World Cups . The 2026 World Cup will also see the tournament expanded from 32 to 48 teams . Contents 1 Format 1.1 Slot allocation 1.1. 1 Playoff tournament 1.2 Host selection 1.2. 1 Voting 2 Qualification 3 Candidate cities and venues 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 4 Controversies 5 Broadcasting rights 6 References Format ( edit ) Michel Platini , who was then the UEFA president , had suggested in October 2013 an expansion of the tournament to 40 teams , an idea that FIFA president Gianni Infantino also suggested in March 2016 . A desire to increase the number of participants in the tournament from the previous 32 team format was announced on October 4 , 2016 . Four expansion options were considered : Expand to 40 teams ( 8 groups of 5 teams ) -- 88 matches Expand to 40 teams ( 10 groups of 4 teams ) -- 76 matches Expand to 48 teams ( opening 32 - team playoff round ) -- 80 matches Expand to 48 teams ( 16 groups of 3 teams ) -- 80 matches On January 10 , 2017 , the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to a 48 - team tournament . The tournament will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams , with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 teams . The number of games played overall will increase from 64 to 80 , but the number of games played by finalists remains at seven , the same as with 32 teams , but one group match will be replaced by a knockout match . The tournament will also be completed within 32 days , the same as previous 32 - team tournaments . The European Club Association and its member clubs opposed the proposal for expansion , saying that the number of games was already at an `` unacceptable '' level and they urged the governing body to reconsider its idea of increasing the number of teams that qualify . They contended that it was a decision taken for political reasons because Infantino would thus satisfy his electorate , rather than for sporting reasons . Liga de Fútbol Profesional president Javier Tebas agreed , affirming the unacceptability of the new format . He told Marca that the football industry is maintained thanks to clubs and leagues , not FIFA , and that Infantino did politics because to be elected he promised more countries in the World Cup ; he wanted to keep the electoral promises . German national team coach Joachim Löw warned that expansion , as had occurred for Euro 2016 , would dilute the value of the world tournament because players have already reached their physical and mental limit . Another criticism of the new format is that with three - team groups , the risk of collusion between the two teams playing in the last round of the group stage will increase compared with four - team groups ( where simultaneous kick - offs have been employed ) . One suggestion by president Infantino is that group matches that end in draws will be decided by penalty shootouts . Slot allocation ( edit ) On March 30 , 2017 , the Bureau of the FIFA Council ( composed of the FIFA president and the presidents of each of the six confederations ) proposed a slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The recommendation was submitted for the ratification by the FIFA Council . On May 9 , 2017 , two days before the 67th FIFA Congress , the FIFA Council approved the slot allocation in a meeting in Manama , Bahrain . It includes an intercontinental playoff tournament involving six teams to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths . Confederation FIFA eligible members Places in finals ( including hosts ) Percentage of members with places in finals Places before 2026 ( excluding hosts , including half - places ) AFC 46 8 17 % 4.5 CAF 54 9 17 % 5 CONCACAF 35 6 17 % 3.5 CONMEBOL 10 6 60 % 4.5 OFC 11 9 % 0.5 UEFA 55 16 29 % 13 Playoff -- 33 % -- Total 211 48 23 % 31 ( + hosts ) The issue of how to allocate automatic host country qualification given that there are multiple host countries has not yet been resolved and will be decided by the FIFA council . The United bid anticipated all three host countries being awarded automatic places . The ratification of slot allocation gives OFC a guaranteed berth in the final tournament for the first time in FIFA World Cup history . The 2026 FIFA World Cup will be the first tournament in which all six confederations have guaranteed berths . Playoff tournament ( edit ) A playoff tournament involving six teams will be held to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths , consisting of one team per confederation ( except for UEFA ) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country ( i.e. CONCACAF ) . Two of the teams will be seeded based on the FIFA World Rankings , and the seeded teams will play for a FIFA World Cup berth against the winners of the first two knockout games involving the four unseeded teams . The tournament is to be played in the host country ( ies ) and to be used as a test event for the FIFA World Cup . The existing playoff window of November 2025 has been suggested as a tentative date for the 2026 edition . Host selection ( edit ) Main articles : Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid and United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid Map of the World with the six confederations The FIFA Council went back and forth between 2013 and 2017 on limitations within hosting rotation based on the continental confederations . Originally , it was set that bids to be host would not be allowed from countries belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments . It was temporarily changed to only prohibit countries belonging to the confederation that hosted the previous World Cup from bidding to host the following tournament , before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups . However , the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second - to - last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements . In March 2017 , FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that `` Europe ( UEFA ) and Asia ( AFC ) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively . '' Therefore , the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations : CONCACAF ( North America ; last hosted in 1994 ) , CAF ( Africa ; last hosted in 2010 ) , CONMEBOL ( South America ; last hosted in 2014 ) , or OFC ( Oceania , never hosted before ) , or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements . After the selection , the map of world cup hosts stayed like this . Remember that some city locations may be wrong Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup -- which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup -- was approved for the 2026 World Cup , though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case - by - case basis . Also by 2026 , the FIFA general secretariat , after consultation with the Competitions Committee , will have the power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition . Canada , Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately , but the United joint bid was announced on April 10 , 2017 . The United bid contacted 48 venues in 43 cities ( 3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico , 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 37 venues in 34 cities in the United States ) . This bid was ultimately cut down to 23 venues in 23 cities ( 3 in Canada , 3 in Mexico and 17 in the United States ; the American venues will be cut down to 10 for a total of 16 venues for the tournament ) . Morocco announced its bid in August 2017 , and had 14 proposed venues in 12 cities . Voting results : Allowed to vote Banned from voting Voted for United bid Canada / Mexico / United States Voted for Moroccan bid Morocco Voted for neither Sanctioned by FIFA Abstained from voting Not a FIFA member Voting ( edit ) Main article : 2026 FIFA World Cup bids The voting took place on June 13 , 2018 , during FIFA 's annual congress in Moscow , and it was reopened to all eligible members . The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots , while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots . Upon the selection , Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup -- the latter was in 2015 , Mexico becomes the first country to host three men 's World Cups -- previously in 1970 and 1986 , and the United States becomes the first country to host both men 's and women 's World Cup twice each -- having hosted the 1994 men 's and the 1999 and 2003 women 's World Cups . Qualification ( edit ) The 2026 World Cup 's qualification process has yet to be decided . The FIFA Council is expected to decide which hosts , if any , will receive automatic qualifications to the tournament . The United Bid personnel anticipated that all three host countries would be awarded automatic places . CAF ( Africa ) : 9 slots AFC ( Asia ) : 8 slots UEFA ( Europe ) : 16 slots CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) : 3 slots OFC ( Oceania ) : 1 slot CONMEBOL ( South America ) : 6 slots Playoff : 2 slots Candidate cities and venues ( edit ) During the bidding process , there were 49 venues in 43 cities contacted to be part of the bid . 41 cities with 45 venues responded and submitted to be part of the bid ( 3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico , 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 38 venues in 34 cities in the United States ) . A first round elimination cut 9 venues and 9 cities , then a second round elimination cut 9 venues in 6 cities , reducing the total number to 23 venues , each in their own city or metropolitan area . The 23 candidate cities and venues will be narrowed down to 16 in 2020 or 2021 ( 3 in Canada , 3 in Mexico , and 10 in the United States ) : A denotes a stadium used for previous men 's World Cup tournaments ( United States and Mexico only ) A denotes an indoor stadium with a fixed or retractable roof . Canada ( edit ) Montreal Edmonton Toronto Olympic Stadium Commonwealth Stadium BMO Field Capacity : 61,004 ( Bid book capacity : 55,822 ) ( Expandable to 73,000 ) Capacity : 56,302 ( Bid book capacity : 56,418 ) Capacity : 30,000 ( Expanding to 45,500 for tournament ) Edmonton Montreal Toronto Canadian candidate cities Mexico ( edit ) Mexico City Monterrey Guadalajara Estadio Azteca Estadio BBVA Bancomer Estadio Akron Capacity : 87,523 Capacity : 53,500 ( Bid book capacity : 53,460 ) Capacity : 46,232 ( Bid book capacity : 48,071 ) Mexico City Monterrey Guadalajara Mexican candidate cities United States ( edit ) Los Angeles New York City Washington , D.C. Dallas Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) FedExField ( Landover , Maryland ) AT&T Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) Capacity : 92,000 ( Bid book capacity : 88,432 ) Capacity : 82,500 ( Bid book capacity : 87,157 ) Capacity : 82,000 ( Bid book capacity : 70,249 ) Capacity : 80,000 ( Bid book capacity : 92,967 ) ( expandable to 100,000 ) Kansas City Denver Houston Baltimore Arrowhead Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High NRG Stadium M&T Bank Stadium Capacity : 76,416 ( Bid book capacity : 76,640 ) Capacity : 76,125 ( Bid book capacity : 77,595 ) Capacity : 71,795 ( Bid book capacity : 72,220 ) Capacity : 71,006 ( Bid book capacity : 70,976 ) Atlanta Atlanta Baltimore Boston Cincinnati Dallas Denver Houston Kansas City Los Angeles Miami Nashville New York City Orlando Philadelphia San Francisco Bay Area Seattle Washington , D.C. United States candidate cities Mercedes - Benz Stadium Capacity : 71,000 ( Bid book capacity : 75,000 ) ( expandable to 83,000 ) Philadelphia Nashville Seattle San Francisco Bay Area Lincoln Financial Field Nissan Stadium CenturyLink Field Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara , California ) Capacity : 69,176 ( Bid book capacity : 69,328 ) Capacity : 69,143 ( Bid book capacity : 69,722 ) ( expandable to 75,000 ) Capacity : 69,000 ( expandable to 72,000 ) Capacity : 68,500 ( Bid book capacity : 70,909 ) ( expandable to 75,000 ) Boston Cincinnati Miami Orlando Gillette Stadium ( Foxborough , Massachusetts ) Paul Brown Stadium Hard Rock Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) Camping World Stadium Capacity : 65,878 ( Bid book capacity : 70,000 ) Capacity : 65,515 ( Bid book capacity : 67,402 ) Capacity : 64,767 ( Bid book capacity : 67,518 ) Capacity : 60,219 ( Bid book capacity : 65,000 ) Controversies ( edit ) FIFA president Gianni Infantino criticized the U.S. travel ban on several Muslim - majority nations . Infantino said , `` When it comes to FIFA competitions , any team , including the supporters and officials of that team , who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country , otherwise there is no World Cup . That is obvious . '' However , assurances were later given by the government that there would be no such discrimination . U.S. President Donald Trump threatened the countries that intended to support the Morocco bid to host the 2026 World Cup , tweeting : `` The US has put together a STRONG bid w / Canada & Mexico for the 2026 World Cup . It would be a shame if countries that we always support were to lobby against the U.S. bid . Why should we be supporting these countries when they do n't support us ( including at the United Nations ) ? '' Broadcasting rights ( edit ) Canada -- CTV , TSN , RDS United States -- Fox , Telemundo On February 12 , 2015 , Fox , Telemundo , and Bell Media 's rights to the tournament were renewed by FIFA to cover 2026 , without accepting any other bids . The New York Times believed that this extension was intended as compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 World Cup to November - December rather than its traditional June - July scheduling , which falls during the heart of the regular season for several major North American sports leagues ( including the National Football League ; Fox is a main U.S. rightsholder ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carlise , Jeff ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. , neighbors launch 2026 World Cup bid '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup TM to 48 teams from 2026 '' . FIFA . January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini calls for 40 - team World Cup starting with Russia 2018 '' . The Guardian . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport -- Michel Platini 's World Cup expansion plan unlikely -- Fifa '' . BBC Sport . October 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Infantino suggests 40 - team World Cup finals '' . Independent Online . South Africa : IOL . Reuters . March 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Fifa chief backs 48 - team World Cup '' . HeraldLIVE . October 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . It 's an idea , just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 's 5 options for a 2026 World Cup of 48 , 40 or 32 teams '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Associated Press . December 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup format proposals '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Federations ' overwhelmingly in favour ' of 48 - team World Cup -- Infantino '' . ESPN . December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa approves Infantino 's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Gianni Infantino defends tournament expansion to 48 teams '' . BBC Sport . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : Europe 's top clubs oppose FIFA 's expansion plans '' . CNN . December 15 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Críticas a decisión de la FIFA de jugar el Mundial 2026 con 48 selecciones '' . El Universo ( in Spanish ) . Agence France - Presse . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mundial de 48 equipos : durísimas críticas en Europa '' . Clarín ( in Spanish ) . January 10 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Low confirms opposition to 40 - team World Cup '' . sbs.com.au . Australian Associated Press . October 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ George Flood ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` How 48 - team World Cup in 2026 will work and what is left to be decided '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . March 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2026 : Fifa reveals allocation for 48 - team tournament '' . BBC . March 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Council prepares Congress , takes key decisions for the future of the FIFA World Cup TM '' . FIFA . May 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2026 : Canada , US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament '' . BBC Sport . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` United 2026 bid book '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Current allocation of FIFA World Cup TM confederation slots maintained '' . FIFA . May 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Council discusses vision for the future of football '' . FIFA . October 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup , lifting Canada 's chances '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Associated Press . October 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup '' . The Guardian . March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2018/jun/13/world-cup-2026-vote-fifa-nations-choose-between-north-america-and-morocco-live ^ Jump up to : `` United 2026 bid book '' ( PDF ) . united2026.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump travel ban could prevent USA from hosting 2026 World Cup '' . The Independent . March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Scott . `` Anti-Trump sentiments around the world could reportedly cost the US a chance to host the 2026 World Cup '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ `` U.S. offers assurances over 2026 World Cup '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump issues warning to other countries over voting against US 2026 World Cup bid '' . The Independent . April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo to Show World Cup Through 2026 as FIFA Extends Contracts '' `` . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan . `` 2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids ; ESPN ' surprised ' '' Archived March 3 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Los Angeles Times . February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA grants Fox , Telemundo U.S. TV rights for World Cup through 2026 '' . SI.com . February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why FIFA Made Deal With Fox for 2026 Cup '' . The New York Times . February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA extending TV deals through 2026 World Cup with CTV , TSN and RDS '' . The Globe and Mail . 12 February 2015 . 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"The 2026 FIFA World Cup (Spanish: Copa mundial de la FIFA de 2026; French: Coupe du monde de la FIFA de 2026) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries; 60 matches, including the quarterfinals, semi-finals, and the final, will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico will each host 10 matches. The tournament will be the first hosted by three nations.[1][2]\n"
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5337504032813436507 | Challenger expedition | Challenger expedition - wikipedia Challenger expedition Jump to : navigation , search HMS Challenger in 1874 The Challenger expedition of 1872 -- 76 was a scientific exercise that made many discoveries to lay the foundation of oceanography . The expedition was named after the mother vessel , HMS Challenger . Prompted by Charles Wyville Thomson -- of the University of Edinburgh and Merchiston Castle School -- the Royal Society of London obtained the use of Challenger from the Royal Navy and in 1872 modified the ship for scientific tasks , equipping her with separate laboratories for natural history and chemistry . The expedition , led by Captain George Nares , sailed from Portsmouth , England , on 21 December 1872 . Other naval officers included Commander John Maclear . Under the scientific supervision of Thomson himself , she traveled nearly 70,000 nautical miles ( 130,000 km ) surveying and exploring . The result was the Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 which , among many other discoveries , cataloged over 4,000 previously unknown species . John Murray , who supervised the publication , described the report as `` the greatest advance in the knowledge of our planet since the celebrated discoveries of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries '' . Challenger sailed close to Antarctica , but not within sight of it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparations 2 Expedition 3 Scientific objectives and observation methods 4 Discovery of Challenger Deep 5 Findings and legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further references Preparations ( edit ) To enable her to probe the depths , 15 of Challenger 's 17 guns were removed and her spars reduced to make more space available . Laboratories , extra cabins and a special dredging platform were installed . Challenger used mainly sail power during the expedition ; the steam engine was used only for powering the dredge . She was loaded with specimen jars , filled with alcohol for preservation of samples , microscopes and chemical apparatus , trawls and dredges , thermometers , barometers , water sampling bottles , sounding leads , devices to collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths . Because of the novelty of the expedition , some of the equipment was invented or specially modified for the occasion . In all , she was supplied with 181 miles ( 291 km ) of Italian hemp for sounding . Expedition ( edit ) One of the original boxes containing the photographic negatives brought back from the expedition On her 68,890 - nautical - mile ( 127,580 km ) journey circumnavigating the globe , 492 deep sea soundings , 133 bottom dredges , 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken . Also about 4,700 new species of marine life were discovered . The scientific work was conducted by Wyville Thomson , John Murray , John Young Buchanan , Henry Nottidge Moseley , and Rudolf von Willemoes - Suhm . Frank Evers Bed was appointed prosector . The official expedition artist was John James Wild . As well as Nares and Maclear , others that were part of the naval crew included Pelham Aldrich , Lord George Granville Campbell , and Andrew Francis Balfour ( one of the sons of Scottish botanist John Hutton Balfour ) . Also among the officers was Thomas Henry Tizard , who had carried out important hydrographic observations on previous voyages . Though he was not among the civilian scientific staff , Tizard would later help write the official account of the expedition , and also become a Fellow of the Royal Society . The original ship 's complement included 21 officers and around 216 crew members . By the end of the voyage , this had reduced to 144 due to deaths , desertions , being left ashore due to illness , and planned departures . Challenger reached Hong Kong in December 1874 , at which point Nares and Aldrich left the ship to take part in the British Arctic Expedition . The new captain was Frank Tourle Thomson . The second - in - command , and the most senior officer present throughout the entire expedition , was Commander John Maclear . Willemoes - Suhm died and was buried at sea on the voyage to Tahiti . Lord Campbell and Balfour left the ship in Valparaiso , Chile , after being promoted . Track of HMS Challenger from December 1872 till May 1876 . The color contours represent ocean surface density . The first leg of the expedition took the ship from Portsmouth ( December 1872 ) south to Lisbon ( January 1873 ) and then on to Gibraltar . The next stops were Madeira and the Canary Islands ( both February 1873 ) . The period from February to July 1873 was spent crossing the Atlantic westwards from the Canary Islands to the Virgin Islands , then heading north to Bermuda , east to the Azores , back to Madeira , and then south to the Cape Verde Islands . During this period , there was a detour in April and May 1873 , sailing from Bermuda north to Halifax and back , crossing the Gulf Stream twice with the reverse journey crossing further to the east . After leaving the Cape Verde Islands in August 1873 , the expedition initially sailed south - east and then headed west to reach St Paul 's Rocks . From here , the route went south across the equator to Fernando de Noronha during September 1873 , and onwards that same month to Bahia ( now called Salvador ) in Brazil . The period from September to October 1873 was spent crossing the Atlantic from Bahia to the Cape of Good Hope , touching at Tristan da Cunha on the way . December 1873 to February 1874 was spent sailing on a roughly south - eastern track from the Cape of Good Hope to the parallel of 60 degrees south . The islands visited during this period were the Prince Edward Islands , the Crozet Islands , the Kerguelen Islands , and Heard Island . February 1874 was spent travelling south and then generally eastwards in the vicinity of the Antarctic Circle , with sightings of icebergs , pack ice and whales . The route then took the ship north - eastward and away from the ice regions in March 1874 , with the expedition reaching Melbourne in Australia later that month . The journey eastward along the coast from Melbourne to Sydney took place in April 1874 , passing by Wilsons Promontory and Cape Howe . The crew of the Challenger Expedition in 1874 . When the voyage resumed in June 1874 , the route went east from Sydney to Wellington in New Zealand , followed by a large loop north into the Pacific calling at Tonga and Fiji , and then back westward to Cape York in Australia by the end of August . The ship arrived in New Zealand in late June and left in early July . Before reaching Wellington ( on New Zealand 's North Island ) , brief stops were made at Port Hardy ( on d'Urville Island ) and Queen Charlotte Sound ( on New Zealand 's South Island ) and Challenger passed through the Cook Strait to reach Wellington . The route from Wellington to Tonga went along the east coast of New Zealand 's North Island , and then north and east into the open Pacific , passing by the Kermadec Islands en route to Tongatabu , the main island of the Tonga archipelago ( then known as the Friendly Islands ) . The waters around the Fijian islands , a short distance to the north - west of Tonga , were surveyed during late July and early August 1874 . The ship 's course was then set westward , reaching Raine Island ( on the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef ) at the end of August and thence arriving at Cape York , at the tip of Australia 's Cape York Peninsula . Over the following three months ( September to November 1874 ) , the expedition visited several islands and island groups while sailing from Cape York to China and Hong Kong ( then a British colony ) . The first part of the route passed north and west over the Arafura Sea , with New Guinea to the north - east and the Australian mainland to the south - west . The first islands visited were the Aru Islands , followed by the nearby Kai Islands . The ship then crossed the Banda Sea touching at the Banda Islands , to reach Amboina ( Ambon Island ) in October 1874 , and then continuing to Ternate Island . All these islands are now part of modern - day Indonesia . From Ternate , the route went north - westward towards the Philippines , passing east of Celebes ( Sulawesi ) into the Celebes Sea . The expedition called at Samboangan ( Zamboanga ) on Mindanao , and then Iloilo on the island of Panay , before navigating within the interior of the archipelago en route to the bay and harbour of Manila on the island of Luzon . The crossing north - westward from Manila to Hong Kong took place in November 1874 . After several weeks in Hong Kong , the expedition departed in early January 1875 to retrace their route south - east towards New Guinea . The first stop on this outward leg of the journey was Manila . From there , they continued on to Samboangan , but took a different route through the interior of the Philippines , this time touching at the island of Zebu ( Cebu ) . From Samboangan the ship diverged from the inward route , this time passing south of Mindanao ( in early February 1875 ) . Challenger then headed east into the open sea , before turning to the south - east and making landfall at Humboldt Bay ( now Yos Sudarso Bay ) on the north coast of New Guinea . By March 1875 , the expedition had reached the Admiralty Islands north - east of New Guinea . The final stage of the voyage on this side of the Pacific was a long journey across the open ocean to the north , passing mostly west of the Carolina Islands and the Mariana Islands , reaching port in Yokohama , Japan , in April 1875 . Challenger at Juan Fernandez Challenger departed Japan in mid-June 1875 , heading east across the Pacific to a point due north of the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ) , and then turning south , making landfall at the end of July at Honolulu on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . A couple of weeks later , in mid-August , the ship departed south - eastward , anchoring at Hilo Bay off Hawaii 's Big Island , before continuing to the south and reaching Tahiti in mid-September . The expedition left Tahiti in early October , swinging to the west and south of the Tubuai Islands and then heading to the south - east before turning east towards the South American coast . The route touched at the Juan Fernández Islands in mid-November 1875 , with Challenger reaching the port of Valparaiso in Chile a few days later . The next stage of the journey commenced the following month , with the route taking the ship south - westward back out into the Pacific , past the Juan Fernández Islands , before turning to the south - east and back towards South America , reaching Port Otway in the Gulf of Penas on 31 December 1875 . Most of January 1876 was spent navigating around the southern tip of South America , surveying and touching at many of the bays and islands of the Patagonian archipelago , the Strait of Magellan , and Tierra del Fuego . Locations visited here include Hale Cove , Gray Harbour , Port Grappler , Tom Bay ( all in the vicinity of Wellington Island ) , Puerta Bueno ( near Hanover Island ) , Isthmus Bay ( near the Queen Adelaide Archipelago ) , and Port Churruca ( near Santa Ines Island ) . The final stops , before heading out into the Atlantic , were Port Famine , Sandy Point , and Elizabeth Island . Challenger reached the Falkland Islands towards the end of January , calling at Port Stanley and then continuing northward , reaching Montevideo in Uruguay in mid-February 1876 . The ship left Montevideo at the end of February , heading first due east and then due north , arriving at Ascension Island at the end of March 1876 . The period from early to mid-April was spent sailing from Ascension Island to the Cape Verde Islands ( visited almost three years ago on the outward journey ) . From here , the route taken in late April and early May 1876 was a westward loop to the north out into the mid-Atlantic , eventually turning due east towards Europe to touch land at Vigo in Spain towards the end of May . The final stage of the voyage took the ship and its crew north - eastward from Vigo , skirting the Bay of Biscay to make landfall in England . Challenger returned to Spithead , Hampshire , on 24 May 1876 , having spent 713 days at sea out of the intervening 1,250 . The complete set of reports of the Challenger expedition , published in 50 volumes between 1877 and 1895 , are available online . Scientific objectives and observation methods ( edit ) The Royal Society stated that the voyage 's scientific goals were : To investigate the physical conditions of the deep sea in the great ocean basins ( as far as the neighborhood of the Great Southern Ice Barrier ) in regard to depth , temperature , circulation , specific gravity and penetration of light . To determine the chemical composition of seawater at various depths from the surface to the bottom , the organic matter in solution and the particles in suspension . To ascertain the physical and chemical character of deep - sea deposits and the sources of these deposits . To investigate the distribution of organic life at different depths and on the deep seafloor . At each of the 360 stations the crew measured the bottom depth , temperature at different depths , observed weather and surface ocean conditions , and collected seafloor , water , and biota samples . Challenger 's crew used methods that were developed in prior small - scale expeditions to make observations . To measure depth , Challenger 's crew would lower a line with a weight attached to it until it reached the sea floor . The line was marked in 25 fathom intervals with flags denoting depth . Because of this , the depth measurements from Challenger were at best accurate to 25 fathoms , or approximately 45m . The sinker often had a small container attached to it that would allow for the collection of bottom sediment samples . The crew examine specimens caught in one of the nets The crew used a variety of dredges and trawls to collect biological samples . The dredges consisted of metal nets attached to a wooden plank and dragged across the sea floor . Mop heads attached to the wooden plank would sweep across the sea floor and release organisms from the ocean bottom to be caught in the nets . Trawls were large metal nets towed behind the ship to collect organisms at different depths of water . Upon the retrieval of a dredge or trawl , Challenger crew would sort , rinse , and store the specimens for examination upon return . The specimens were often preserved in either brine or alcohol . The primary thermometer used throughout the Challenger expedition was the Miller - Casella thermometer , which contained two markers within a curved mercury tube to record the maximum and minimum temperature through which the instrument traveled . Several of these thermometers would be lowered at various depths for recording . However , this design assumed that the water closer to the surface of the ocean was always warmer than that below . During the voyage , Challenger 's crew tested the reversing thermometer , which could measure temperature at specified depths . Afterwards , this type of thermometer was used extensively until the second half of the 20th century . Discovery of Challenger deep ( edit ) On March 23 , 1875 , at sample station number 225 located in the southwest Pacific Ocean between Guam and Palau , the crew recorded a sounding of 4,475 fathoms , ( 8,184 meters ) deep , which was confirmed by an additional sounding . As shown by later expeditions using modern equipment , this area represents the southern end of the Mariana trench and is one of the deepest known places on the ocean floor . Modern soundings to 10,994 meters have since been found near the site of the Challenger 's original sounding . Challenger 's discovery of this depth was a key finding of the expedition in broadening oceanographic horizons on the ocean 's depth and extent and now bears the vessel 's name , the Challenger Deep . Findings and legacy ( edit ) Findings from the Challenger expedition continued to be published until 1895 , 19 years after the completion of its journey . The report contained 50 volumes and was over 29,500 pages in length . Specimens brought back by Challenger were distributed to the world 's foremost experts for examination , which greatly increased the expenses and time required to finalize the report . The report and specimens are currently held at the British Natural History Museum and the report has been made available online . Some specimens , many of which were the first discovered of their kind , are still examined by scientists today . A large number of scientists worked on categorising the material brought back from the expedition including the palaeontologist Gabriel Warton Lee . George Albert Boulenger , herpetologist at the British Museum ( Natural History ) , named a species of lizard , Saproscincus challengeri , after HMS Challenger . As the first true oceanographic cruise , the Challenger expedition laid the groundwork for an entire academic and research discipline . The name of Challenger was applied to such varied phenomena as the Challenger Society for Marine Science , the oceanographic and marine geological survey ship Glomar Challenger , and the Space Shuttle Challenger . See also ( edit ) History of marine biology References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rice , A.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The Challenger Expedition '' . Understanding the Oceans : Marine Science in the Wake of HMS Challenger . Routledge . pp. 27 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 705 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : The Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger 1873 - 1876 . Narrative Vol . I. First Part . Chapter I - pages 19 and 20 list the civilian staff and naval officers and crew , along with changes that took place during the voyage . Jump up ^ Scott , Keith ( 1993 ) . The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica . Terrey Hills , New South Wales : Australian Geographic . p. 115 . ISBN 1 - 86276 - 010 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tina . `` Then and Now : The HMS Challenger Expedition and the `` Mountains in the Sea '' Expedition `` . oceanexplorer.noaa.gov . NOAA . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scientific Equipment on HMS Challenger '' . HMS Challenger Project . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Oceanography : an introduction to the marine environment ( Peter K. Weyl , 1970 ) , p. 49 ^ Jump up to : The account of the expedition route given here is based on the 40 official nautical charts produced by the expedition , available at : Challenger Expedition ( 1872 - 1876 ) ( University of Kansas Natural History Museum ) , accessed 02 / 02 / 2012 . This also includes a map of the expedition route . Jump up ^ Library of 19th Century Science ^ Jump up to : `` HMS Challenger : Science '' . Birch Aquarium . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Challenger -- The science : dredging and trawling '' . Aquarium . University of California , San Diego . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Challenger : Findings '' . Natural History Museum , London . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Beolens , Bo ; Watkins , Michael ; Grayson , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978 - 1 - 4214 - 0135 - 5 . ( `` Challenger '' , p. 51 ) . Jump up ^ `` Challenger ( STA - 099 , OV - 99 ) : Background '' . John F. Kennedy Space Center . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Further references ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Challenger expedition . General HMS Challenger expedition ( Natural History Museum ) Challenger Expedition ( 1872 - 1876 ) ( University of Kansas Natural History Museum ) The letters of Joseph Matkin from HMS Challenger ( Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography ) Map of the route taken by HMS Challenger ( Birch Aquarium at Scripps Institute of Oceanography ) The Challenger Medal Roll ( 1895 ) ( Library of 19th Century Science ) Primary reports , accounts , and letters Report Of The Scientific Results of the Exploring Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76 ( Library of 19th Century Science ) At Sea with the Scientifics : The Challenger Letters of Joseph Matkin ( 1992 ) , Philip F. Rehbock ( Ed ) , University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1424 - X The Challenger Foraminifera ( 1994 reprint ) , Robert Wynn Jones and Henry Bowman Brady , Oxford University Press and Natural History Museum . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854096 - 5 Log - letters from `` The Challenger '' ( 1876 ) , Lord George Granville Campbell , Macmillan . The Cruise of Her Majesty 's ship `` Challenger '' ' ( 1877 ) , William James Joseph Spry , Harper & Brothers . Notes by a Naturalist on the `` Challenger '' ( 1879 ) , Henry Nottidge Moseley , Macmillan . Archive entry for journals of Andrew F. Balfour , including three from HMS Challenger voyage ( AIM25 archives ) Secondary literature Fathoming the Ocean ( 2005 ) , Helen M. Rozwadowski , Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02756 - 6 The Silent Landscape : the Scientific Voyage of HMS Challenger ( 2003 ) , R.M. Corfield , Joseph Henry Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08904 - 2 The Challenger Expedition , 1872 - 1876 : A Visual Index ( 1994 ) , Eileen V. Brunton , Natural History Museum . ISBN 0 - 565 - 01139 - 1 The Voyage of the ' Challenger ' ( 1974 ) , Eric Linklater , Cardinal . ISBN 0 - 351 - 17223 - 8 Centenary of the Challenger Expedition , 1872 -- 1876 , John B. Tait , Scottish Geographical Magazine , Volume 88 , Issue 3 , 1972 Bermuda and the Challenger Expedition ( 1901 , 2010 reprint ) , George Watson Cole , Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 1 - 166 - 39994 - X Upheaval From the Abyss : Ocean Floor Mapping and the Earth Science Revolution `` '' ( 2002 ) , David M. Lawrence Collections and archives HMS Challenger collection ( Natural History Museum ) Foraminifera in Brady HMS Challenger Collection ( Foraminifera. eu - Project ) Rocks of the Challenger Expedition 1872 - 76 ( Natural History Museum ) HMS Challenger Papers , 1872 - 1876 at Edinburgh University Library ( Archives Hub ) Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. 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Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Challenger_expedition&oldid=843550411 '' Categories : Exploration Royal Society 1872 in science Oceanographic expeditions Expeditions from the United Kingdom 1873 in science 1874 in science 1875 in science 1876 in science 1870s in Antarctica Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Gaeilge Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what three types of samples were collected by hms challenger between 1872 and 1876 | [
"At each of the 360 stations the crew measured the bottom depth, temperature at different depths, observed weather and surface ocean conditions, and collected seafloor, water, and biota samples.",
"At each of the 360 stations the crew measured the bottom depth, temperature at different depths, observed weather and surface ocean conditions, and collected seafloor, water, and biota samples.",
"At each of the 360 stations the crew measured the bottom depth, temperature at different depths, observed weather and surface ocean conditions, and collected seafloor, water, and biota samples."
] | [
"seafloor",
"water",
"biota"
] |
-2496043653274505120 | Elena Gilbert | Elena Gilbert - wikipedia Elena Gilbert Jump to : navigation , search For the book series character , see Elena Gilbert ( novel character ) . Elena Gilbert ( Salvatore ) The Vampire Diaries character First appearance Pilot ( TVD ) Last appearance I Was Feeling Epic ( TVD ) Created by L.J. Smith ( book series ) Julie Plec Kevin Williamson ( television series ) Portrayed by Nina Dobrev Kayla Madison ( Young Elena ) Information Aliases Elena Salvatore ( marriage name , season 8 ) Species Human ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 - 8 ) Doppelgänger ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) Vampire ( seasons 4 -- 6 ) Gender Female Occupation High school student ( formerly ) College student ( formerly ) Family Grayson Gilbert ( adoptive father / paternal uncle ) Miranda Gilbert ( adoptive mother / paternal aunt ) John Gilbert ( biological father / adoptive paternal uncle ) Isobel Flemming ( biological mother ) Jeremy Gilbert ( adoptive brother / paternal cousin ) Jenna Sommers ( adoptive aunt ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Alaric Saltzman ( stepfather ) Stefan Salvatore ( brother - in - law ) Significant other ( s ) Matt Donovan ( ex-boyfriend ) Stefan Salvatore ( ex-boyfriend ) Damon Salvatore ( husband ) Relatives Amara ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Tatia ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Katherine Pierce / Katerina Petrova ( maternal ancestor ; doppelgänger of ) Nadia Petrova ( maternal ancestor ) Jonathon Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Samantha Gilbert ( paternal ancestor ) Nationality American Status Alive Seasons 1 -- 6 , 8 Elena Gilbert is a fictional character and protagonist in the novel series The Vampire Diaries . In The Vampire Diaries , set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , she is portrayed by Nina Dobrev . In the books , Elena was blonde , popular , selfish and a `` mean girl '' . However the show 's producers , Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson , felt that it was n't the direction they wanted to go with their heroine in The Vampire Diaries television series . Instead , she became a nicer , relatable and more of `` the girl next door '' type , until her life gets flipped upside down when she meets the Salvatores . In April 2015 , Nina Dobrev announced that she would be departing the series after the sixth season finale . Much of Elena 's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother , Damon . It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger , which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor , Katherine Pierce ( née Katerina Petrova ) . This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature . Dobrev portrayed the `` conniving '' Katherine as well , who is opposite of Elena . The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two , and enjoys playing them both . In the television series 's fourth season , Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change . She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season . In the finale of the sixth season , Kai linked Elena to Bonnie 's life by magic . Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years . She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb , which was changed in the seventh season , and was relocated in Brooklyn , New York . In late 2016 , when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season , Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode . After much speculation . Dobrev 's return was confirmed on January 26 , 2017 , via an Instagram post . Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and portrayal 2 Development 2.1 Characterization 2.2 Romances 2.3 Transition 3 Television series 3.1 Backstory 3.2 Storyline 3.2. 1 Season 1 3.2. 2 Season 2 3.2. 3 Season 3 3.2. 4 Season 4 3.2. 5 Season 5 3.2. 6 Season 6 3.2. 7 Season 7 3.2. 8 Season 8 4 Reception 5 Merchandising 6 References 7 External links Casting and portrayal ( edit ) When I look in the mirror , I just feel different when I 'm Katherine or when I 'm Elena . My voice changes a little bit , I think , and even just mentally , I feel like I can get away with a lot more . `` '' -- Dobrev On March 9 , 2009 , it was announced that Bulgarian - born Canadian actress Nina Dobrev , known for her portrayal of Mia Jones on Degrassi : The Next Generation , had joined the cast of The Vampire Diaries as Elena . She was the second cast member to be announced following Steven R. McQueen , who plays Elena 's brother Jeremy Gilbert . Steve West Cinema Blend said the vampire brothers ' battle over Elena will wreak havoc on the entire town. `` . Executive producer Kevin Williamson recalled Dobrev auditioning while having the flu , which he described as the `` worst audition ever '' , and they `` did n't even look at her a second time '' . Dobrev went back home to Canada , yet , still wanting the part , she submitted a videotape audition , which saw her cast as Elena Gilbert . Dobrev said that after reading the script , she was drawn to Elena because she was `` this average girl who was damaged in many ways '' . Initially , she believed that she would be playing the `` bad girl '' Elena from the books , but the show wanted to go in a different direction for the character . After researching , Dobrev discovered she would also play Elena 's 534 - year - old vampire doppelgänger Katherine Pierce whose characteristics are the `` complete opposite '' . Dobrev described this as `` one of the rarest , coolest opportunities in television , to play two people on the same medium '' . She had confessed that she enjoys playing Katherine more than Elena . Dobrev stated that she changes her appearance to distinguish Elena from her doppelgänger , Katherine ; `` Changing my hair helps me transform , '' she told Glamour . Additionally , she said `` I think I have one of the coolest characters on the show -- I get to play two completely different people on opposite sides of the spectrum and I just have so much fun doing it '' . Dobrev felt that her biggest challenge on The Vampire Diaries was distinguishing Katherine and Elena , and found it `` interesting '' to create a whole new character . In the novels , Katherine originated from Germany . However , in the television series , she is Bulgarian , as is Dobrev , who can speak the language fluently . Dobrev said , `` The writers heard me speaking Bulgarian to my mom on the phone while I was on set one day . One thing led to the other and voila '' . Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) Nina Dobrev , who plays Elena Gilbert , at PaleyFest 2014 In the books , Elena is considered `` one of the popular girls '' at her high school and always gets `` anything she wants '' . Executive producer of the television show , Julie Plec , said the Elena from the books was `` really kind of selfish '' . In The Vampire Diaries , Elena 's `` selfishness '' in the books as a human was never explored , because it `` did n't ever feel like a characteristic '' the show wanted for their heroine . Plec said `` We kind of abandoned that queen - bee popular complex that in a lot of ways defined early Elena in the books '' , while feeling that Elena 's actual flaw is her `` deep , deep connection to other people '' . In the books , Elena had blonde hair , but has brown hair in the television show . Describing Elena from the books , Dobrev said she is `` one of those mean girls that gets what she wants , popular ... and she 's blonde and blue eyed '' . Williamson told her that `` the angle we wanted to go for was the relatable , nice , girl next door , who the audience roots for '' . Katherine , on the other hand , is penned as a `` conniving , narcissistic , bitch '' . Describing Elena years later , Dobrev said she evolved from a `` younger , naive , sad , young girl '' to a `` strong woman '' . Romances ( edit ) Before The Vampire Diaries , Elena dated Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , who was unable to move past his feelings for her initially after their break - up . Elena began dating Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) , and later discovered he was a vampire . As the episodes progressed , she developed a connection with Stefan 's adventurous brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) , who consumes human blood , unlike Stefan , who has an animal blood diet . Speaking about the different qualities Stefan and Damon bring to Elena , Dobrev said they have `` different qualities that are very appealing '' , which combined make `` the perfect man '' . She said `` Stefan is committed and sweet and protective and loving , and Damon is spontaneous and crazy and fun and exciting '' . Dobrev with her Vampire Diaries co-stars Paul Wesley ( Stefan ) and Ian Somerhalder ( Damon ) at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . After Elena became a vampire , she became sired to Damon and they slept together . According to Plec during an interview with TVLine , Elena `` really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real '' , and the couple `` wants to be together and realizes that they should n't , yet really wants to . So what do they do ? '' Stefan became heartbroken , feeling angry and betrayed , and lashed out at Damon and Elena . In the season 4 finale , an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon , and the two kiss passionately . At the end of season 6 , the two plan to become human , get married , and have children together , but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai , who puts Elena into a magical coma . Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully . In the season 8 finale , she is revealed to be happily married to Damon . Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate . Transition ( edit ) Executive producers Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson agreed that in the book series , Elena was turned into a vampire too early , which was around page 200 of The Awakening . Elena 's transition into a vampire was planned for two years . Plec said : `` That felt obviously too soon , and rushed , and we did n't want to make a show about a teenage girl who instantly becomes a vampire . But we always knew that her journey would take her there eventually '' . At the second season 's conclusion , Elena was nearly turned into a vampire . Dobrev was happy that she was n't , because she felt `` it would have been too soon '' , and also did n't think it was something Elena or she wanted . In the show 's third season , Elena has a brain hemorrhage which was initially thought to be a concussion , and begins to die . In what was described by the International Business Times as `` the moment Vampire Diaries fans have been waiting for '' , Elena had to choose whether to be driven to Damon or Stefan to say goodbye to . At the time , Klaus was killed , meaning all vampires sprouting from his bloodline also die , which includes Damon and Stefan . She picks to say goodbye to Stefan . However , all these vampires end up surviving when Klaus never really dies . To save her , Doctor Merideth Fell ( Torrey DeVitto ) fed Elena Damon 's blood . Rebekah Mikaelson kills Elena on Wickery Bridge , unaware of the vampire blood in her system . She woke up as a vampire at the end of the season . The Hollywood Reporter interviewed Plec , and described her transition as `` monumental changes '' which would have Elena in for a `` wild ride '' . Plec said Elena becoming a vampire is `` an awakening of a person who is about to go through a lot of changes '' , and `` she is going to evolve as a person and her relationships are going to evolve accordingly '' . While Stefan was afraid she would hurt someone , Damon thought it was inevitable and wanted to `` rip the band - aid off '' . Plec felt that `` She 's , unfortunately , not getting the same advice from the two people she values most in the world . It 's going to make it more difficult for her '' , while describing the situation as `` a whole new Elena and it 's a whole new day . It 's a different dynamic between the three of them especially '' . Television series ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Elena Gilbert is born on June 22 , 1992 in Mystic Falls , Virginia to John Gilbert ( David Anders ) and Isobel Flemming ( Mia Kirshner ) while they were still in highschool . With the help of John 's brother Grayson , Isobel and John flee town days later , leaving Grayson and his wife Miranda to adopt Elena as their own . A doctor , Grayson fakes a birth certificate so that it appeared Elena was his daughter with Miranda . The next year , Miranda and Grayson had a child of their own , Jeremy Gilbert . Elena dates her childhood friend Matt Donovan , who was her first love . On 23 May 2009 , Elena is picked up by her mother and father after getting in a fight with Matt while attending the party . The three of them later end up in a car accident , with their car driving off a bridge . Stefan Salvatore finds them , and saves Elena , but it was too late to save Grayson and Miranda , who died . It remained unknown for months who saved Elena , and it was considered a miracle that she lived . Her relationship with Matt ended when they broke up . Storyline ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Elena , still empty after losing her parents , begins to fit back into school . She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore . They connect instantly , and begin dating . She meets his older and malevolent brother , Damon . After researching , Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953 . It is later revealed that he is a 162 - year - old vampire . Damon also begins falling for Elena . After she and Stefan slept together , Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her . Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago , and the person who turned them into vampires . He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death . At the end of season one , Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda were n't her biological parents , and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John , who she grew up hating , were . Season 2 ( edit ) In season two , she learns that she is a Petrova doppelgänger , having an appearance just like Katherine Pierce , which means that she has to be sacrificed to release Klaus ' werewolf side . The sacrifice later happens , but Elena is saved , because John sacrificed himself for her after being put under a spell by Bonnie . However , her aunt Jenna is turned into a vampire and , as part of the sacrifice , is killed by Klaus , leaving Elena without a guardian . In the season two finale , while Damon is dying due to a werewolf bite , she forgives him for forcing her to drink his blood and kisses him with the thought that it might be Damon 's last day , however Damon gets cured by drinking Klaus ' blood . Season 3 ( edit ) In season three , Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back , which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two . Meanwhile , she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus , eventually even sharing a kiss . She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan . While in Denver together , Elena kisses Damon , later telling him that she does n't know how she feels about him . It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent 's death , though he compelled her to forget . She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him , Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system . During the last moments of season three , she awakens as a vampire in transition . Season 4 ( edit ) In season four , Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire . Elena , after realizing Stefan 's desperation to keep her alive , decides to complete her transition . Her relationship with Stefan ends , allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon . Although , it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them . Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism , Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine . As a result , Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity , due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family . Elena became ruthless without her emotions , going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends . Towards the end of season four , Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief . After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on , Elena 's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy . Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed . Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved . Season 5 ( edit ) In season five , Elena starts at Whitmore College and is happy after spending the summer with Damon . There she realises that Silas has taken Stefan 's place and that Stefan is in that safe in a river constantly drowning . She and Damon then find the safe , only to find a dead body there meaning that someone opened the safe and Stefan is a Ripper again . However , Qyetsiyah had fried Stefan 's brain causing him to suffer amnesia . While trying to bring him back , they almost kiss meaning that she still feels something for him . Qyetsiyah soon brings back Stefan 's memories and says that Elena and Stefan were always meant to be as the Universe had to unite the doppelgängers of Silas and Amara . This leaves Damon and Elena questioning their relationship . Later on she is kidnapped and experimented on by Wes Maxfield , and she learns that her father also used to experiment on vampires . Later , when Katherine is about to die as a result of all of her years catching up with her as a result of having the cure in her system , Katherine uses a spell and possesses Elena , a fact that her friends were initially unable to deduce . But once they did , they trapped Katherine and left her with no escape . Stefan stabbed her with the traveller dagger , but ghost Katherine reveals to Bonnie , shortly before trying to cross into the Other Side , that she had injected Dr. Maxfield 's enhanced ripper / werewolf virus into Elena 's body , infecting Elena . The gang is eventually able to find an antidote . She unfortunately loses trust in Damon , partly because he killed her friend Aaron , so they break up , but realise they can not survive being apart and get back together . Once Markos and his traveller army begin to take over Mystic Falls , setting an anti-magic barrier around the town , the gang comes up with a plan to take out the travellers by killing them all at the same time , overpowering the anchor to the Other Side AKA Bonnie and creating a possible way out of the now - collapsing Other Side . Elena and Damon drive into the gas - filled Mystic Grill with most of the travellers in it , blowing it up and killing most of the people in it , including Elena and Damon . She wakes up as a ghost and finds her body , sending her to Bonnie , where she passes to the Other Side , and she and many others are able to pass back to the land of the living afterwards . But the spell that allows this is broken before Damon passes back through , and as Bonnie is the anchor , she is a part of the Other Side and shall therefore disappear along with it . This leaves the gang mourning the loss of Damon and Bonnie in the season finale . Season 6 ( edit ) In season six , Elena starts back at Whitmore , and is unable to set foot in her hometown . She is also unable to recover from Damon 's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians , drink their blood , then compel them to forget , but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls , any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal , putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims , Sarah , comes to town . Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon , which Alaric is able to do , due to him being an Enhanced Original , with the ability to compel other vampires . She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done . After a number of failed attempts , Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon . She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon , should she ever need them again . She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards , but decides to stay the way she is , as she does n't want to go back to being unhappy again . She starts to date her classmate , Liam . Once Damon comes back to life , Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion , a decision she is reluctant to make . She eventually decides to have him undo it , but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls , causing him to lose his vampire status ( he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed ) , meaning he will not be able to do so . She is then left to finally come face - to - face with Damon and see if she 'll still feel the same way about him . They eventually rekindle their relationship , Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon . At Alaric 's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena , linking her life to Bonnie 's . She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn . She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon , Stefan and Caroline again one day . Season 7 ( edit ) Elena does n't make an appearance but is heard calling Damon 's name when he visits the Armory vault . It was a way of Sybill , the Siren , luring him into a trap . Season 8 ( edit ) In the final episode , Elena makes an appearance . When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell , she meets Elena in a dream - like forest . Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died . Enzo appears and says it is n't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living . When Bonnie wakes up , it was Stefan who resuscitated her . Elena , asleep , is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room . Stefan tries to rescue Elena , but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room , so that Elena ca n't be taken out of the room . After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell , Bonnie passes out . Elena wakes up and wanders the school . Stefan meets up with her . It looks like Bonnie has died , but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan 's ghost came to visit her in her dream . He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon , since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure . He came to say goodbye . After a tearful hug and saying goodbye , Stefan goes into afterlife . Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her . Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang . Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear , saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever . In the epilogue , Elena continued to studying medical school . After finishing her education , she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon , happily married for a long time . After living out her life , she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents , Aunt Jenna and Uncle John . Reception ( edit ) Elena has received mainly positive reviews . Steve West of the Cinema Blend compared the story of The Vampire Diaries and the character of Elena to the popular vampire franchise , Twilight , and its protagonist Bella Swan . West said `` Clearly Elena is way hotter than Bella , she has two immortal vampires fighting over her '' . After she transitioned into a vampire , Carina Adly MacKenzie of Zap2it hoped that the `` fierce '' and `` ripper '' side of Elena would emerge when `` someone messes with the people she loves '' . McKenzie noted that when a person becomes a vampire , `` their strongest personality traits are heightened '' , and hoped that would n't see Elena 's `` compassion and selflessness '' double into `` helping old ladies with their groceries and nursing injured animals back to health '' . Robyn Ross of TV Guide also hoped that after Elena `` has had a taste for blood '' , she would lose control . Prior to her becoming a vampire , Ross thought she was less fun and `` slightly boring '' , and wanted Elena to follow her instinct and `` stop protecting everyone 's feelings '' . Elena 's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers , who have nicknamed them `` Stelena '' and `` Delena '' . Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena 's relationship with Damon , which was a combination of real love and a sired bond , hoping they would live `` happily ever after '' . Vlada Gelman of TVLine , however , felt that their romance was `` over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle '' and questioned whether Elena was `` ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away '' while Stefan was still in the picture . Merchandising ( edit ) Tonner Doll Company , Inc. created dolls for Elena and Katherine along with Stefan and Damon , from 1864 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Vestal , Shannon ( 25 July 2011 ) . `` Nina Dobrev Interview About The Vampire Diaries at Comic - Con '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : West , Steve ( 9 March 2009 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Finds Its Heroine In Nina Dobrev '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 27 February 2009 ) . `` CW casts ' Melrose Place , ' ' Vampire ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tasty bites : The Vampire Diaries cast dishes '' . Buzzsugar , PopSugar. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Jillian . `` The Vampire Diaries star Nina Dobrev '' . Saturday Night Magazine . Michael H. Ritter . Archived from the original on 15 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nina Dobrev ' Glamour ' Interview : Star Talks ' Vampire Diaries , ' Beauty And Ian Somerhalder '' . The Huffington Post . 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' : Nina Dobrev Sinks Her Teeth Into Dual Role '' . Xfinity , Comcast . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Covel , Bonnie . `` The Vampire Diaries Book Series by L.J. Smith '' . About . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bricker , Tierney ( 6 June 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss Sounds Off on Elena 's Transition and Dark Side ! '' . E ! Online , NBCUniversal . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vernon , Cheril ( 14 August 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : New photos '' . Crushable . crushable.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Kevin Williamson , Julie Plec ( writers ) , Marcos Siega ( director ) ( 10 September 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 01 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ Sean Reycraft , Gabrielle Stanton ( writers ) , Kevin Bray ( director ) ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 05 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 5 . The CW . Jump up ^ Barbie Kligman , Andrew Chambliss ( writers ) , David Von Ancken ( director ) ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries episode 18 '' . The Vampire Diaries . Series 1 . Episode 18 . The CW . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Post Mortem : Vampire Diaries Boss on the Big Death , Elena and Damon 's Struggles and More ! '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 28 December 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Boss on Stefan 's Anger , Jeremy 's Killer Urges and Caroline and Tyler 's Future '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bierly , Mandi ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' EP Julie Plec talks season finale shocker and what comes next '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Remling , Amanda ( 10 May 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries ? Season 3 Finale : Elena Turns Into A Vampire , Chooses Stefan Before She Dies '' . International Business Times , Etienne Uzac . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ng , Philiana ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Boss Previews Elena 's Dilemmas , Dueling Salvatores and a ' Lonely ' Damon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` ' The Vampire Diaries ' Season 4 : Elena vs Katherine and 10 other things we want to see '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` The Vampire Diaries : 5 Ways We Want Elena to Lose Control '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Recap : Will Damon Choose To Let Elena Go ? '' . HollywoodLife , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( 15 November 2012 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Recap : Confessions of the Heart '' . TVLine , PMC . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Gilbert Vampire Diaries Doll by Tonner '' . Man of Action Figures . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries TM Tonner Doll Company '' . Tonner Doll Company , Inc . Retrieved 11 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' `` Fade Into You '' `` I Alone '' Season 7 `` Gods and Monsters '' Season 8 `` I Was Feeling Epic '' Characters Elena Gilbert Katherine Pierce Stefan Salvatore Damon Salvatore Related Awards and nominations Novel series L.J. Smith Original Vampires The Originals episodes season 1 5 characters Legacies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elena_Gilbert&oldid=840911841 '' Categories : The Vampire Diaries characters Fictional vampires Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Português Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 22 : 26 . About Wikipedia | who does elena choose in the vampire diaries | [
"In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John."
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"Damon"
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-5056544345397187228 | Finding Your Roots | Finding Your Roots - Wikipedia Finding Your Roots Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr . Title card from the second season Genre Family history Genealogy Documentary Series Written by Henry Louis Gates Jr . Directed by John Maggio Jesse Sweet Caitlin McNally Jack Youngelson Sabin Streeter Julia Marchesi Presented by Henry Louis Gates Jr . Composer ( s ) Michael Bacon Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Henry Louis Gates Jr . Producer ( s ) Rachel Dretzin Leslie Asako Gladsjo Dyllan McGee Peter Kunhardt Stephen Segaller Running time 51 -- 53 minutes Production company ( s ) Kunhardt McGee Productions Inkwell Films Ark Media Release Original network PBS Original release March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Faces of America External links Website Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr. is a documentary television series hosted by Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr. that airs on PBS . In each episode , celebrities are presented with a `` book of life '' that is compiled with information researched by professional genealogists that allows them to view their ancestral histories , learn about familial connections , and discover secrets about their lineage . The series premiered on March 25 , 2012 . Season four concluded airing on December 19 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Background 2.2 Ben Affleck controversy 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2012 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Premise ( edit ) The series uses traditional genealogical research and genetics to discover the family history of well - known Americans . Genetic techniques include Y - chromosome DNA , mitochondrial DNA , and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships . The series has examined the family histories of celebrity guests with African American , Asian American , British American , Chinese American , Dutch American , Greek American , Indian American , Irish American , Italian American , Jewish American , and Latin American heritage . Each celebrity guest is given a book of life , which contains all of the information discovered about the guest 's genealogy by researchers . Included in or with the book are comprehensive genetic results , a family tree that is as complete as paper research allows , copies of historical records used to assemble each tree , and photos of newly found family members . In some episodes , particularly episodes in which original DNA profiling research must be used to establish a past ancestor 's parental link , guests are reunited with long - lost relatives . However , in most episodes , each guest is predominately shown seated opposite Gates as he guides them through their book of life . To show correlations between the guests family stories , each episode cuts back and forth between two or three guest stories . To draw further correlations Gates uses examples from his own genealogy quite frequently . Examples of this would be a grandmother of his having multiple children with a white man whose name she never revealed , as well as Gates ' membership into the Sons of the American Revolution . In addition to celebrity guests , everyday people are sometimes featured in an episode to create a third or fourth story line . Usually the non-celebrity guests are a group of peers . An example of this would be the episode in which Gates has his friends at his local barbershop take a DNA test to determine their ethnic makeup , each friend betting on their percentages of African , European , and Native American genetic heritage . Another episode uses a similar guessing game with students at a local school . Singular secondary guests include Robert Downey , Sr. and Margarett Cooper , the latter being a friend of Gates ' . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The series has seen two past incarnations on PBS , both of which were hosted by Henry Louis Gates Jr . In 2006 and 2008 the series African American Lives aired . Both seasons of the series consisted of a season - long story line as well as an all African American cast . In 2010 Faces of America aired . Though it continued to use the season - long plot from the prior installment , it was the first installment hosted by Gates to include Americans of all ethnic and racial backgrounds . Starting with Finding Your Roots in 2012 , the series redirected from a season - long plot , to having plots extending only within a single episode . In doing so it has allowed the series to extend its number of episodes each season to ten , opposed to the prior four episodes a season . The series is currently in production on season five . Ben Affleck controversy ( edit ) The show 's third season was postponed by WNET after it was discovered that actor Ben Affleck had persuaded Gates to omit information about his slave - owning ancestors . The series returned on January 5 , 2016 . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) 10 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) 10 January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) 10 October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` Branford Marsalis and Harry Connick Jr . '' March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) Branford Marsalis and Harry Connick Jr. , fellow jazz musicians , grew up together in New Orleans . `` John Lewis and Cory Booker '' March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) Georgia Congressman John Lewis and then Newark Mayor Cory Booker meet each other before they explore their family heritages . `` Barbara Walters and Geoffrey Canada '' April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) Barbara Walters and Geoffrey Canada both discover their families ' original surnames in the episode . `` Kyra Sedgwick and Kevin Bacon '' April 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 08 ) Married couple Kyra Sedgwick and Kevin Bacon discover they share distant ancestry . 5 5 `` Rick Warren , Angela Buchdahl and Yasir Qadhi '' April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) All three guests , Rick Warren , Angela Warnick Buchdahl , and Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi , are religious leaders in their respective faiths . 6 6 `` Robert Downey Jr. and Maggie Gyllenhaal '' April 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 22 ) Robert Downey Jr. and Maggie Gyllenhaal both descend from European - American immigrants . Robert 's father , Robert Downey , Sr. , acts as the episode 's unofficial third guest , sitting with Henry as he reads his book of life . 7 7 `` Samuel L. Jackson , Condoleezza Rice and Ruth Simmons '' April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) Samuel L. Jackson , Condoleezza Rice , and Ruth Simmons trace their genealogical backgrounds into slavery , and with the help of DNA analysis , back to Africa . 8 8 `` Martha Stewart , Margaret Cho and Sanjay Gupta '' May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) Martha Stewart , Margaret Cho , and Sanjay Gupta are all the offspring of first or second generation immigrants . 9 9 `` John Legend and Wanda Sykes '' May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) John Legend and Wanda Sykes explore their rich and extensive free negro heritages . Margarett Cooper also makes an appearance in the episode , appearing only a year before her death in 2013 . In keeping with the theme of the episode , Cooper seeks help from Gates to answer long - held questions about her free heritage . 10 10 `` Michelle Rodriguez , Adrian Grenier and Linda Chavez '' May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) In this episode Michelle Rodriguez , Adrian Grenier , and Linda Chavez explore their Hispanic roots . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 11 `` In Search of our Fathers '' September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) Celebrity guests : Stephen King , Gloria Reuben , and Courtney B. Vance 12 `` Born Champions '' September 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 30 ) Celebrity guests : Derek Jeter , Billie Jean King , and Rebecca Lobo 13 `` Our American Storytellers '' October 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 07 ) Celebrity guests : Ken Burns , Anderson Cooper , and Anna Deavere Smith 14 `` Roots of Freedom '' October 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 14 ) Celebrity guests : Ben Affleck , Khandi Alexander , and Benjamin Jealous 15 5 `` The Melting Pot '' October 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 21 ) Celebrity guests : Tom Colicchio , Aarón Sánchez , and Ming Tsai 16 6 `` We Come From People '' October 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 28 ) Celebrity guests : Angela Bassett , Valerie Jarrett , and Nas 17 7 `` Our People , Our Traditions '' November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) Celebrity guests : Alan Dershowitz , Carole King , and Tony Kushner 18 8 `` The British Invasion '' November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) Celebrity guests : Deepak Chopra , Sally Field , and Sting 19 9 `` Ancient Roots '' November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) Celebrity guests : Tina Fey , George Stephanopoulos , and David Sedaris 20 10 `` Decoding Our Past Through DNA '' November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) Celebrity guests : Jessica Alba and Governor Deval Patrick ( also appearing are Anderson Cooper , Valerie Jarrett , and more ) . Gates ' relationship to Wilmore Mail is described . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 21 `` The Stories We Tell '' January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) Celebrity guests : Donna Brazile , Kara Walker and Ty Burrell 22 `` The Irish Factor '' January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) Celebrity guests : Soledad O'Brien , Bill O'Reilly and Bill Maher 23 `` In Search of Freedom '' January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) Celebrity guests : Maya Rudolph , Shonda Rhimes and Keenen Ivory Wayans 24 `` Tragedy + Time = Comedy '' January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) Celebrity guests : Jimmy Kimmel , Norman Lear and Bill Hader 25 5 `` Visionaries '' February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) Celebrity guests : Richard Branson , Maya Lin and Frank Gehry 26 6 `` War Stories '' February 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 09 ) Celebrity guests : Patricia Arquette , Julianne Moore and John McCain 27 7 `` Family Reunions '' February 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 16 ) Celebrity guests : Sean Combs and LL Cool J 28 8 `` The Pioneers '' February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) Celebrity guests : Neil Patrick Harris , Gloria Steinem and Sandra Cisneros 29 9 `` The Long Way Home '' March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Celebrity guests : Azar Nafisi , Lidia Bastianich and Julianna Margulies 30 10 `` Maps of Stars '' March 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) Celebrity guests : Mia Farrow and Dustin Hoffman Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Garrison Keillor was scheduled to appear in the season finale episode `` Funny Business '' . His segment was edited out of the episode after reports of inappropriate workplace behavior by him were made public . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 31 `` The Impression '' October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) Celebrity guests : Larry David and Bernie Sanders 32 `` Unfamiliar Kin '' October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) Celebrity guests : Christopher Walken , Carly Simon and Fred Armisen 33 `` Puritans and Pioneers '' October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Celebrity guests : Ted Danson , Mary Steenburgen and William H. Macy 34 `` The Vanguard '' October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) Celebrity guests : Ta - Nehisi Coates , Ava DuVernay , and Janet Mock 35 5 `` Immigrant Nation '' October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) Celebrity guests : Scarlett Johansson , Paul Rudd , and John Turturro 36 6 `` Black Like Me '' November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) Celebrity guests : Bryant Gumbel , Tonya Lewis - Lee , and Suzanne Malveaux 37 7 `` Children of the Revolution '' November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) Celebrity guests : Lupita Nyong'o , Carmelo Anthony , and Ana Navarro 38 8 `` Relatives We Never Knew We Had '' November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) Celebrity guests : Tea Leoni and Gaby Hoffmann 39 9 `` Southern Roots '' December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) Celebrity guests : Questlove , Dr. Phil and Charlayne Hunter - Gault 40 10 `` Funny Business '' December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Celebrity guests : Amy Schumer and Aziz Ansari Jump up ^ Episode originally featured Garrison Keillor . His segment was replaced by Maya Rudolph 's from season three . See also ( edit ) African American Lives Faces of America Ancestors in the Attic Who Do You Think You Are ? References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Finding Your Roots -- Episodes '' . PBS . United State : U.S. Government . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Your Roots -- About '' . PBS . United States : U.S. Government . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Ark Media . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Affleck 's slave - owning ancestor ' censored ' from genealogy show '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirell , Andrew ( April 18 , 2015 ) . `` Ben Affleck Demanded PBS Suppress His Slave - Owning Ancestry '' . Mediaite . Abrams Media . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Citing Ben Affleck 's ' Improper Influence , ' PBS Suspends ' Finding Your Roots ' '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` PBS ' ' Finding Your Roots ' Returns After Ben Affleck Scandal : `` Hard Conversations , '' More Rigorous Process `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leemarch , Felicia R. ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Family Tree 's Startling Roots '' . The New York Times . New York City : The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Margarett Cooper Obituary '' . Legacy.com . Boston : Great Hill Partners . September 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sefton , Dru . `` PBS removes Keillor segment from upcoming ' Finding Your Roots ' '' . Current.org . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Finding Your Roots TV Schedule '' . PBS . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Washingtonpost.com Wallstreet Journal online Finding Your Roots on IMDb hide Henry Louis Gates Jr . Books Written The Signifying Monkey ( 1988 ) The Future of the Race ( 1996 , with Cornel West ) Edited The Bondwoman 's Narrative ( published 2002 ) Film / TV African American Lives ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Faces of America ( 2010 ) Finding Your Roots ( 2012 -- present ) The African Americans : Many Rivers to Cross ( 2013 ) Other Arrest controversy The Root African American National Biography Project W.E.B. Du Bois Institute hide PBS Documentaries Independent Lens POV ( List of episodes ) Drama Masterpiece Mystery ! Music and fine arts Art : 21 Austin City Limits American Masters Great Performances Keeping Score Live from Lincoln Center History American Experience Antiques Roadshow Finding Your Roots History Detectives Secrets of the Dead We 'll Meet Again News and public affairs Amanpour Frontline PBS NewsHour To the Contrary Washington Week Personalities Samantha Brown Ken Burns Ric Burns Ann Curry Michael Gerson Amy Holmes Hari Sreenivasan Judy Woodruff How - to and special interest A Chef 's Life MotorWeek This Old House The Victory Garden The Woodwright 's Shop Science and nature Nature Nova Networks PBS PBS HD Channel PBS Kids PBS YOU PBS Digital Studios Create World PBS America Major stations KERA ( Dallas ) KUHT ( Houston ) Los Angeles KLCS KOCE San Francisco KQED KQET KQEH Boston WGBH WGBX WTTW ( Chicago ) Miami WPBT WLRN New York WNET WLIW NJTV ( New Jersey ) WHYY ( Philadelphia ) Washington , D.C. WETA WHUT WQED ( Pittsburgh ) See also PBS network shows PBS member networks PBS member stations Corporation for Public Broadcasting Defunct network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finding_Your_Roots&oldid=846010288 '' Categories : American documentary television series PBS network shows 2012 American television series debuts 2010s American television miniseries Historical television series Television series about family history 2010s American television series English - language television programs Genetic genealogy Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 17 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the host of finding your roots | [
"Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr. is a documentary television series hosted by Dr. Henry Louis Gates Jr. that airs on PBS. In each episode, celebrities are presented with a \"book of life\" that is compiled with information researched by professional genealogists that allows them to view their ancestral histories, learn about familial connections, and discover secrets about their lineage. The series premiered on March 25, 2012. Season four concluded airing on December 19, 2017."
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"Henry Louis Gates Jr."
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9060231930746465577 | Varney the Vampire | Varney the vampire - wikipedia Varney the vampire This article is about the 19th century gothic horror story . For the English adventurer and pirate , see Francis Verney . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Varney the Vampire ; or , the Feast of Blood Cover from one of the original publications Author James Malcolm Rymer Thomas Peckett Prest Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Penny dreadful / Gothic horror Publication date 1845 -- 1847 ( serial ) 1847 ( book ) Media type Print Pages 876 ( book ) Varney the Vampire ; or , the Feast of Blood is a Victorian era serialized gothic horror story variously attributed to James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest . It first appeared in 1845 -- 1847 as a series of weekly cheap pamphlets of the kind then known as `` penny dreadfuls '' . The author was paid by the typeset line so when the story was published in book form in 1847 , it was of epic length : the original edition ran to 876 double - columned pages and 232 chapters . Altogether it totals nearly 667,000 words . Despite its inconsistencies , Varney the Vampire is more or less a cohesive whole . It is the tale of the vampire Sir Francis Varney , and introduced many of the tropes present in vampire fiction recognizable to modern audiences . It was the first story to refer to sharpened teeth for a vampire , noting `` With a plunge he seizes her neck in his fang - like teeth . '' Contents 1 The story 1.1 Setting 1.2 Human characters 1.3 The character of Varney 2 Legacy 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links The story ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The story has a confused setting . While ostensibly set in the early eighteenth century , there are references to the Napoleonic Wars and other indicators that the story is contemporary to the time of its writing in the mid-nineteenth century . Varney 's adventures also occur in various locations including London , Bath , Winchester , Naples and Venice . Human characters ( edit ) The plot concerns the troubles that Sir Francis Varney inflicts upon the Bannerworths , a formerly wealthy family driven to ruin by their recently deceased father . Initially the Bannerworths consist of Mrs. Bannerworth and her adult children Henry , George and Flora . ( George is never mentioned after the thirty - sixth chapter . ) A family friend , Mr. Marchdale , lives with the Bannerworths in early chapters . Later , Flora 's fiancé Charles Holland , his seafaring uncle Admiral Bell , and Bell 's jovial assistant Jack Pringle also take residence with the Bannerworths . The character of Varney ( edit ) Though the earliest chapters give the standard motives of blood sustenance for Varney 's actions toward the family , later ones suggest that Varney is motivated by monetary interests . The story is at times inconsistent and confusing , as if the author did not know whether to make Varney a literal vampire or simply a human who acts like one . Varney bears a strong resemblance to a portrait in Bannerworth Hall , and the implication throughout is that he is actually Marmaduke Bannerworth ( or Sir Runnagate Bannerworth ; the names are confused throughout the story ) , but that connection is never clarified . He is portrayed as loathing his condition , and at one point he turns Clara Crofton , a member of another family he terrorizes , into a vampire for revenge . Over the course of the book , Varney is presented with increasing sympathy as a victim of circumstances . He tries to save himself , but is unable to do so . He ultimately commits suicide by throwing himself into Mount Vesuvius , after having left a written account of his origin with a sympathetic priest . According to Varney , he was cursed with vampirism after he betrayed a royalist to Oliver Cromwell , and subsequently killed his own son accidentally in a fit of anger . He `` dies '' and is revived several times in the course of his career . This afforded the author a variety of origin stories . In one of these , a medical student named Dr. Chillingworth applies galvanism to Varney 's hanged corpse and revives him . This sub-plot parallels the earlier story of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley and film adaptations which introduce electricity as Dr. Frankenstein 's means of creating the monster . Legacy ( edit ) Scholars like A. Asbjørn Jøn have noted that Varney was a major influence on later vampire fiction , including the renowned novel Dracula ( 1897 ) by Bram Stoker . Many of today 's standard vampire tropes originated in Varney : Varney has fangs , leaves two puncture wounds on the necks of his victims , comes through a window to attack a sleeping maiden , has hypnotic powers , and has superhuman strength . Unlike later fictional vampires , he is able to go about in daylight and has no particular fear of either crosses or garlic . He can eat and drink in human fashion as a form of disguise , but he points out that human food and drink do not agree with him . This is also the first example of the `` sympathetic vampire , '' a vampire who despises his condition but is nonetheless a slave to it . This archetype has been widely exemplified , notably by such characters as Countess Zaleska in the 1936 film Dracula 's Daughter , Barnabas Collins in the TV soap opera Dark Shadows , Mick St. John in the TV show Moonlight , Louis de Pointe du Lac in Anne Rice 's Interview with the Vampire , Kain in the Legacy Of Kain video games , Marvel Comics character Morbius , the Living Vampire , Nick Knight in the TV series Forever Knight , Angel from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe , and Bill Compton in Charlaine Harris 's The Southern Vampire Mysteries . The makers of Marvel Comics were also influenced by this story . In the Marvel Universe , `` Varnae '' is the name of the first vampire , created by the people of Atlantis before it sank . The sole member of the German darkwave band Sopor Aeternus & The Ensemble of Shadows , Anna - Varney Cantodea , adopted her name from Varney the vampire . The Shadow magazine story `` The Vampire Murders '' published in 1942 features `` Varney Haldrew '' who lives in Haldrew Hall . Varney is named after the original Varney the Vampire and spends his nights sleeping in a coffin . Dr. Gabor Varney appears in an episode of the Canadian television show Dracula : The Series , played by Sam Malkin . He appears in the episode `` Bad Blood '' , and treats Dracula after he is poisoned by a rare blood type . Sir Francis Varney is the Viceroy of India in Kim Newman 's Anno Dracula . In the sixth episode of the TV series Penny Dreadful ( 2014 ) , Abraham Van Helsing gives a copy of Varney the Vampire to Victor Frankenstein , explaining that the story is more truth than fiction and that the mysterious creature the series ' characters are pursuing is a vampire . Varney is one of the main characters in Strange Practice by Vivian Shaw ( 2017 ) . The 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas features Varney prominently as a possible inspiration for author Charles Dickens as he developed the supernatural elements of his novella A Christmas Carol . In the film , Dickens ' maid loans him a copy of a Varney pamphlet , displaying the historic cover art . While Dickens is known to have been inspired by gothic literature , the plot device is an anachronism ; A Christmas Carol was written in late 1843 , two years before release of the first Varney chapter . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skal David J ( 1996 ) V is for Vampire Plume pg 210 - 212 Jump up ^ The last page number of the 1847 edition is printed as 868 , but this does not take into account that pages 577 - 584 were repeated . Jump up ^ The last chapter of the 1847 edition is printed as `` CCXX '' ( 220 ) , but this was due to numerous errors in the chapter numbering , possibly caused by confusion over roman numerals , resulting in 12 more actual chapters than the final chapter numeral would indicate . Jump up ^ Calculated from the complete text at the University of Virginia ^ Jump up to : Skal , David J. ( 1996 ) . V is for Vampire . p. 99 . New York : Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 27173 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Did Vampires Not Have Fangs in Movies Until the 1950s ? '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hellman , Roxanne ( 2011 ) . Vampire Legends and Myths . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 217 . Jump up ^ Jøn , A. Asbjørn ( 2001 ) . `` From Nosteratu to Von Carstein : shifts in the portrayal of vampires '' . Australian Folklore : A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies ( 16 ) : 97 -- 106 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lisa A. Nevárez ( 2013 ) . The Vampire Goes to College : Essays on Teaching with the Undead `` . p. 125 . McFarland Jump up ^ `` Vampire . '' The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe : Book of the Dead . Issue 5 . 1985 Ser. 20 . Feb. 1988 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Dreadful ' Kicks Into a Terrifying New Gear in Episode 6 as Eva Green Takes BDSM to Another Level '' . IndieWire . Jump up ^ `` Strange Practice by Vivian Shaw '' . Kirkus Reviews . 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Jason ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Strange Practice : The Doctor Is In '' . NPR . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Bourke , Liz ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Healthcare for All , Even the Monsters : Strange Practice by Vivian Shaw '' . Tor.com . Retrieved 14 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobczynski , P. ( 22 November 2017 ) . The Man Who Invented Christmas at Roger Ebert.com Jump up ^ Buzwell , G. ( 15 May 2014 ) . Charles Dickens , Victorian Gothic and Bleak House at https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/charles-dickens-victorian-gothic-and-bleak-house References ( edit ) E.S. Turner 's Boys Will be Boys ( 1948 ) discusses this story and many others . External links ( edit ) Varney the Vampire at Project Gutenberg The complete text at the University of Virginia Images and Illustrations from The Varney Image Page Varney , the Vampyre public domain audiobook at LibriVox Summary and commentary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varney_the_Vampire&oldid=862046289 '' Categories : 1840s fantasy novels British Gothic novels Penny dreadfuls Vampire novels Fictional vampires Fictional suicides Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | varney the vampyre is an example of this type of 19th century weekly publication | [
"Varney the Vampire; or, the Feast of Blood is a Victorian era serialized gothic horror story variously attributed to James Malcolm Rymer and Thomas Peckett Prest. It first appeared in 1845–1847 as a series of weekly cheap pamphlets of the kind then known as \"penny dreadfuls\". The author was paid by the typeset line[1] so when the story was published in book form in 1847, it was of epic length: the original edition ran to 876 double-columned pages [2] and 232 chapters.[3] Altogether it totals nearly 667,000 words.[4] \n"
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"penny dreadfuls"
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-8667383277728509825 | Cars in Miami Vice | Cars in Miami Vice - wikipedia Cars in Miami Vice The cars in Miami Vice mainly involve the Ferrari Daytona Spyder and the Ferrari Testarossa , but also include other automobiles driven by the characters on the show . Currently one Daytona ( Car # 4 ) is in a private collection and the other ( Car # 1 ) is on display at the Volo Auto Museum , the Ferrari Testarossa stunt car resides in Kingsport , Tennessee and is owned by Carl Roberts of Carl Roberts Motor Group . Today , the hero car ( Ferrari Testarossa chassis # 63631 ) is part of The Witvoet collection owned by Bastiaan Witvoet in Belgium . Contents 1 Daytona Spyder 2 Testarossa 3 Other characters 4 Notable cars 4.1 Season 1 4.2 Season 2 4.3 Season 3 4.4 Season 4 4.5 Season 5 5 References Daytona Spyder ( edit ) Ferrari Daytona like the one used in the show During the first two seasons and two episodes from the third season , Detective Sonny Crockett drove a black 1972 Ferrari Daytona Spyder 365 GTS / 4 replica with a Florida license plate ZAQ178 . Ferrari North America had turned down the request by Miami Vice for authentic Ferraris ( they did the same with Magnum P.I. , forcing that production to purchase 308 GTSs ) . Although Tom McBurnie is credited with planting the Daytona Spyder in the mind of the public , it was actually Al Mardekian , an importer of gray - market exoticars , who sold Miami Vice the two look - alike Ferraris for $49,000 each . In total two Corvette Daytona replicas were used for the show , car 4 and then car 1 after the pilot which acted as the stunt car . McBurnie was hired to build the bodies for the Corvette - chassised cars . It was blown to pieces on the show with a hand - held Stinger missile launcher during an illegal arms deal . The `` Ferraris '' used in the first two seasons were actually re-bodied Corvettes based on a 1976 Corvette ( car 1 ) and a 1981 ( car 4 ) Chevrolet Corvette C3 chassis that had been modified with fiberglass body panels by specialty car manufacturer McBurnie Coachcraft to resemble an early - 1970s Ferrari Daytona Spyder . The first appearance of the Daytona in the pilot episode is actually a real Ferrari owned by Dr. Roger Sherman of Coconut Grove , Florida . All moving scenes were done on the back of a flatbed truck under the supervision of TIDE Ferrari Racing crew member / model Kimberly Denson of Ft . Lauderdale , Fl . It can be clearly identified as a real Daytona ( American version ) by the door handles , side markers , windshield rake , sun visors , width variation and side vent windows . Testarossa ( edit ) `` Why beat a real Ferrari to death with power slides and 180s or mar its flawless skin with camera mounts for tight driver 's shots when a stand - in stunt car could do the job quite nicely ? '' Carl Roberts Ferrari filed a lawsuit demanding McBurnie and four others to stop producing and selling Ferrari replicas . Miami Vice producers , on the other hand , wanted no legal troubles , and accepted Ferrari 's offer of two free 1986 Testarossas on the condition that the replicas be demolished . Carl Roberts offered to build two new Daytonas for the 1987 season ( third season of Miami Vice ) . When Roberts learned that the Daytona was out , he proposed a trade . He would build Miami Vice a Testarossa stunt car in return for the doomed Daytona . Carl 's original plan was to remove the Daytona skin from the Corvette and replace it with Testarossa body pieces , but this yielded poor results and led Roberts to devise another plan . Roberts searched and found a 1972 De Tomaso Pantera , which was perfectly suited for the Testarossa body pieces . The Pantera was rigidly modified to withstand the duties of filming . It was raised 1.5 inches for additional ground clearance , 2.5 inch wall - thick square tubing was used to prevent potential roof buckling and added a reinforcing railing that doubles as a skid plate , an auxiliary braking system designed to assist drivers in controlled spins , the master cylinder was repositioned in the brake line to enable it to feed the rear wheels enabling the driver to lock the aft end on command , and the auxiliary master cylinder utilizes the original master cylinder 's reservoir and is installed in series with the outlet of the original master cylinder port leading to the rear wheels . When the stock brake is applied , fluid passes freely through the stunt master cylinder inlet port and compensating port and out the exhaust port to the rear wheels . When the stunt brake is applied , the piston in the master cylinder blocks off the compensating port to the exhaust port and pressurizes the rear brake system , cutting off the original brake master cylinder besides the compensating port in the stunt brake . BF Goodrich TA 's were added for enhanced stick , as were Tilton brake calipers . The improved traction required installation of a hydraulic in - line brake power booster lifted from a Volvo P - 1800 . It operates on engine vacuum to aid in breaking loose the pavement - hugging TA 's . To further enhance the growl of the vehicle , Robert 's team installed a NOS port - injected nitrous system , which was later replaced with a plate - type configuration . He also replaced the carburetor replacing the stock with a Predator which reduces fuel lag . A Modine all - aluminum four - core radiator was used to guard against Miami 's hot weather , and liquid Auto - Meter gauges to monitor the temperature . In the second episode of the third season , Crockett complained to Lt. Castillo about driving vehicles that did not fit his cover as a high roller drug dealer ; that he was going around `` looking like Li'l Abner '' , to which Castillo told him `` It 's out back . '' Sonny was delighted to find his new white 1986 Ferrari Testarossa , Florida license plate AIF00M . The original Testarossas donated by Ferrari North America were black metallic but were then painted white . The Testarossa briefly appears in black in the season 3 episode El Viejo , which was originally intended to be the season opener , but was then switched with When Irish Eyes Are Crying because it was thought that the season needed to start with a `` bang '' , i.e. the fake Daytona being blown up . Different reasons were given at the time as to why the cars were repainted in white , ranging from a driving mishap by Don Johnson on the set that resulted in one of the cars requiring a new coat of paint , to Michael Mann thinking that unlike the Daytona , the black exterior paint did not make the Testarossa look good enough in night scenes . One of the two main Testarossa 's used in filming recently resided on display at The Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop . The Swap Shop 's owner purchased the car from NBC for $750,000.00 and has reportedly turned down $1,000,000.00 offers for it . The other White Ferrari Testarossa was owned by Peter Lima , of Real Muscle Car Boutique also located in Miami , Florida and was recently put up for auction for 1.75 million through eBay in December 2014 after gaining a lot of buzz from the media . Today , the hero car ( Ferrari Testarossa chassis # 63631 ) is documented by Ferrari Classiche and is part of a collection currently owned by Adams Classic & Collector Cars in Buford , GA . Other characters ( edit ) Ricardo Tubbs drove a 1964 Cadillac Coupe de Ville Convertible . Stan Switek drove a turquoise 1961 Ford Thunderbird . Gina Calabrese drove a 1971 Mercury Cougar XR - 7 convertible . When Stan and Larry were undercover , they drove a Dodge Ram Van . Crockett 's ex-wife drove a 1983 Ford LTD Country Squire . Notable cars ( edit ) Other notable vehicles that appeared in Miami Vice ( other than a Ferrari ) , that were driven by villains , police officers , and other characters on the show included , brands such as Lamborghini , AMG Mercedes - Benz , BMW , Maserati , Lotus , DeLorean , Porsche , and Corvettes . American muscle cars , such as the GTO , Trans Am , Mustang , Chevrolet Camaro , and a Plymouth Barracuda also made appearances . Season 1 ( edit ) 1981 Buick Electra Park Avenue 1983 Cadillac Eldorado 1975 Chevrolet Monza Towne 1981 Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1982 Chevrolet Camaro Ford C - Series 1973 GMC C - Series 1981 Mercedes - Benz S - Klasse Stretched Limousine 1982 Plymouth Gran Fury 1976 Pontiac LeMans 1983 BMW 633 CSi 1980 Cadillac DeVille Stretched Limousine 1974 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray 1982 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am Rolls - Royce Phantom V Rolls - Royce Silver Cloud III 1959 Rolls - Royce Silver Cloud II 1975 Toyota Corona Hardtop 1980 Volkswagen Rabbit Convertible I ( Type 17 ) 1977 Buick Electra 225 1980 Cadillac Sedan DeVille Stretched Limousine 1981 Chevrolet Malibu 1979 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 1983 Ford LTD 1984 Ford Mustang 1984 Lincoln Town Car 1980 Mercury Zephyr 1979 AMC Spirit 1973 Chevrolet C - 60 1973 Chevrolet Nova 1975 Chevrolet Chevy Van 1976 Chevrolet Monte Carlo 1981 Datsun 210 1974 Dodge Sportsman 1982 Dodge Ram Wagon 1984 Dodge Omni Fiat - Allis 11 B 1962 Ford Thunderbird 1965 Ford Mustang 1969 Pontiac LeMans 1975 Toyota Corolla Wagon 1980 Toyota Corolla Tercel 1984 Buick Regal 1984 Cadillac Fleetwood 1983 Chevrolet Camaro Mercedes - Benz 500 SEL 1968 Pontiac GTO Mercedes - Benz 500 SEC 1975 Checker Marathon 1980 Maserati Quattroporte III 1981 De Lorean DMC 12 1955 Ford F - 100 1983 Maserati Biturbo 1937 Packard 1969 Rolls - Royce Silver Shadow I 1968 Chevrolet Corvette 1975 Fiat 124 Spider 1956 Ford Thunderbird 1972 Mercedes - Benz 350 SLC Lamborghini Countach S Mercedez - Benz 600 Pullman 1976 Mercedes - Benz 450 SEL 6.9 1974 Checker Marathon 1967 Ford Mustang 1963 MG B 1978 Ford Thunderbird 1970 Dodge Challenger R / T 1961 Ford Thunderbird Porsche Kremer Racing 935 Gr. 5 Street 1983 Renault Alliance 1969 Chevrolet Camaro RS 1981 Chevrolet Corvette 1971 Mercedes - Benz 350 SL 1980 Mercedes - Benz 1985 Pontiac Grand Am 1983 BMW 733i 1978 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine 1977 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am 1972 International Harvester Loadstar 1700 1979 Lincoln Continental 1971 Plymouth Satellite 1975 Plymouth Fury Season 2 ( edit ) Rolls - Royce Camargue 1972 AMC Jeep CJ - 5 1958 Cadillac Eldorado Biarritz 1980 Checker Marathon 1941 Dodge WC 41 1944 Dodge WC 51 1981 Mercedes - Benz S - Klasse Stretched Limousine 1978 Porsche 928 1974 Rolls - Royce Silver Shadow I Rolls - Royce Silver Spur 1941 Willys MB ' Jeep ' 1969 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine 1957 Chevrolet 3100 1976 Ferrari 308 GTBi 1961 Ford Thunderbird 1983 Porsche 911 SC Cabrio 1954 Reo Comet 1981 Lamborghini Jalpa 1985 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am 1978 Chevrolet Corvette Mercedes - Benz SL Nova Sterling 1984 Chevrolet Corvette 1973 Ford Mustang 1984 Chevrolet Corvette 1985 Ford Mustang 1948 GMC 300 1958 Lincoln Premiere 1978 Mercedes - Benz 280 CE 1981 Peugeot 505 1955 Studebaker Commander Regal 1985 Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine 1985 Lamborghini Countach 5000 Quattrovalvole Lamborghini Countach 5000 S 1974 Mercedes - Benz S - Klasse Stretched Limousine 1975 MG B GT Porsche 911 Turbo Reo Gold Comet 1984 Chevrolet Corvette Chevrolet Corvette GTP ( Lola T711 ) 1980 Maserati Quattroporte III 1984 Pontiac Firebird Trans Am 1973 Porsche 911 Targa 1969 BMW 3.0 CSi 1969 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray 1984 Nissan 300ZX AC Shelby Cobra Ferrari 365 GTS / 4 Argo JM16 Argo JM19 Aston Martin Nimrod NRA / C2 1984 Chevrolet Corvette 1986 Ford Mustang Probe Honda ATC 200S Jaguar XJR - 5 ( Fabcar ) 1984 Kawasaki 600 R Ninja Lola T600 Lola T616 March 82G March 84G March 85G 1983 Maserati Biturbo 1981 Mazda RX - 7 Nissan GTP ZX - Turbo 1985 Pontiac Firebird Porsche 906 Porsche 962 1957 Ford Thunderbird 1984 Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine Mercedes - Benz SL Jeep CJ 1979 Mercedes - Benz 300 TD Season 3 ( edit ) Checker Taxicab 1986 Ferrari Testarossa Jeep CJ Mazda RX - 7 1975 MG Midget 1971 Opel Manta Chevrolet Apache M151 jeep Aston Martin V8 Volante 1983 Cadillac Fleetwood 75 Limousine 1985 Cadillac Professional Coach 1983 Ford Thunderbird 1985 Ford Mustang 1984 Nissan 200SX Porsche 944 Chevrolet Camaro 1955 Chevrolet Two - Ten Delray 1970 Ford Torino GT 1977 Ford Thunderbird Lincoln Town Car Stretched Limousine Pontiac GTO 1974 Mercedes - Benz 280 Lotus Esprit Turbo Peugeot 505 1974 BMW 2002 1954 Ford Crestline Victoria 1957 Mercedes - Benz 300d Plymouth Barracuda 1982 Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham Stretched Limousine Mercedes - Benz 560 SEL 1976 Pontiac Grand Prix Renault LeCar Zimmer Golden Spirit Season 4 ( edit ) 1974 Mercedes - Benz 450 SEL 1984 Lamborghini Jalpa 1981 or 1982 DeLorean DMC - 12 Season 5 ( edit ) Lamborghini LM - 002 1982 Aston Martin Lagonda Stretched Limousine MkII 1971 Mustang convertible M code . Episode 93 . Current owner purchased the vehicle in 1989 . It was fully restored and painted red from blue . Current owner is Calixto Castells . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Spaise , Kevin ( September 1987 ) . `` Twice as Vice '' . Kit Car : 14 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` When Irish Eyes Are Crying '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 45 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 09 - 26 . NBC . Jump up ^ Willson , Quentin ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) . `` £ 30k for Crockett 's ' Ferrari ' is a Miami Nice price '' . Mirror Motoring . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Spaise , Kevin ( September 1987 ) . `` Twice as Vice '' . Kit Car : 13 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Gromer , Cliff ( July 1987 ) . `` The Cars of Miami Vice '' . Popular Mechanics . Vol. 164 no . 7 . Heartst Corp. p. 85 . ^ Jump up to : Spaise , Kevin ( September 1987 ) . `` Twice as Vice '' . Kit Car : 15 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stone 's War '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 46 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 10 - 03 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Real Muscle Car '' . www.realmusclecar.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Miami Vice Ferrari In The News '' . video.foxbusiness.com/v/3958695726001/miami-vice-ferrari-hits-the-auction-block-for-175m/ ? # sp = show - clips . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Give a Little , Take a Little '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 10 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 12 - 07 . NBC . Jump up ^ Klieger , Jeff ( November 1987 ) . `` Caddy 's a ' 64 '' . Popular Mechanics . Vol. 164 no . 11 . Heartst Corp. p. 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Maze '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 17 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 02 - 01 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Miami Vice , TV Series , 1984 - 1989 '' . Internet Movie Car Database . www.imcdb.org . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calderone 's Return : Part 1 - The Hit List '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 4 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 10 - 19 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Brother 's Keeper '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 09 - 16 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Little Prince '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 11 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 12 - 14 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Brother 's Keeper '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 09 - 28 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Definitely Miami '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 12 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 01 - 10 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Heart of Darkness '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 09 - 28 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Cool Runnin ' '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 10 - 05 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` One Eyed Jack '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 6 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 11 - 02 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` No Exit '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 11 - 09 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Glades '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 9 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 11 - 30 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Milk Run '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 12 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 12 - 14 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Triangle : Part I '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 13 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 01 - 11 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Triangle : Part II '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 14 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 01 - 18 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Smuggler 's Blues '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 15 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 02 - 01 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Made for Each Other '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 18 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 03 - 08 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The Home Invaders '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Miami , Florida . 1984 - 03 - 15 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Evan '' . Miami Vice . Season 1 . Episode 21 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 05 - 03 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Prodigal Son '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 1 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 09 - 27 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Whatever Works '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 2 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 10 - 04 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The Dutch Oven '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 4 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 10 - 25 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Phil the Shill '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 11 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 12 - 13 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Buddies '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 5 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 11 - 01 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Junk Love '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 6 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 11 - 08 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Tale of the Goat '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 7 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 11 - 15 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Bought and Paid For '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 11 - 29 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Back in the World '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Miami , Florida . 1985 - 12 - 06 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Florence Italy '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 16 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 02 - 14 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankee Dollar '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 13 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 01 - 17 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` One Way Ticket '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 14 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 01 - 24 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` French Twist '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 17 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 02 - 21 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The Fix '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 18 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 03 - 07 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Free Verse '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 20 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 04 - 04 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Trust Fund Pirates '' . Miami Vice . Season 2 . Episode 21 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 05 - 02 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` When Irish Eyes Are Crying '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 1 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 09 - 26 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Stone 's War '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 2 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 10 - 03 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Kill Shot '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 3 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 10 - 10 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Walk - Alone '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 4 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 10 - 17 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` The Good Collar '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 5 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 10 - 24 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Shadow In The Dark '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 6 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 10 - 31 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` El Viejo '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 7 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 11 - 07 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Better Living Through Chemistry '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 8 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 11 - 14 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Baby Blues '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 9 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 11 - 21 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Streetwise '' . Miami Vice . Season 3 . Episode 10 . Miami , Florida . 1986 - 12 - 05 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Contempt of Court '' . Miami Vice . Season 4 . Episode 1 . Miami , Florida . 1987 - 09 - 25 . NBC . Miami Vice Characters Sonny Crockett Ricardo Tubbs Accessories Cars Ferrari Testarossa Ferrari Daytona Firearms Music `` Miami Vice Theme '' `` Smuggler 's Blues '' `` You Belong to the City '' `` Crockett 's Theme '' Soundtracks Seasons Episodes `` Brother 's Keeper '' `` No Exit '' `` Out Where the Buses Do n't Run '' Video games Miami Vice ( 1986 game ) Miami Vice : The Game See also Guest stars Feature film Accolades Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cars_in_Miami_Vice&oldid=855175506 '' Categories : Miami Vice Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 13 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | what car did don johnson drive in miami vice | [
"In the second episode of the third season,[5][7] Crockett complained to Lt. Castillo about driving vehicles that did not fit his cover as a high roller drug dealer; that he was going around \"looking like Li'l Abner\", to which Castillo told him \"It's out back.\" Sonny was delighted to find his new white 1986 Ferrari Testarossa, Florida license plate AIF00M.[7] The original Testarossas donated by Ferrari North America were black metallic but were then painted white. The Testarossa briefly appears in black in the season 3 episode El Viejo, which was originally intended to be the season opener, but was then switched with When Irish Eyes Are Crying because it was thought that the season needed to start with a \"bang\", i.e. the fake Daytona being blown up. Different reasons were given at the time as to why the cars were repainted in white, ranging from a driving mishap by Don Johnson on the set that resulted in one of the cars requiring a new coat of paint, to Michael Mann thinking that unlike the Daytona, the black exterior paint did not make the Testarossa look good enough in night scenes.\nOne of the two main Testarossa's used in filming recently resided on display at The Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop. The Swap Shop's owner purchased the car from NBC for $750,000.00 and has reportedly turned down $1,000,000.00 offers for it. The other White Ferrari Testarossa was owned by Peter Lima, of Real Muscle Car Boutique[8] also located in Miami, Florida and was recently put up for auction for 1.75 million through eBay in December 2014 after gaining a lot of buzz from the media.[9] Today, the hero car (Ferrari Testarossa chassis #63631) is documented by Ferrari Classiche and is part of a collection currently owned by Adams Classic & Collector Cars in Buford, GA.\n"
] | [
"1986 Ferrari Testarossa, Florida license plate AIF00M"
] |
3987409804709764144 | Santa's Little Helper | Santa 's Little Helper - wikipedia Santa 's Little Helper Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Simpsons character . For the creature sometimes called Santa 's little helper , see Christmas elf . For the television film , see Santa 's Little Helper ( 2015 film ) . Santa 's Little Helper The Simpsons character Information Voiced by Frank Welker ( 1991 -- 95 ) Dan Castellaneta ( 1992 -- present ) Gender Male hound First appearance The Simpsons `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' Santa 's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series The Simpsons . He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family . The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show , the 1989 Christmas special `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' , in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race . Homer Simpson and his son Bart , who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents , see this and decide to adopt the dog . Santa 's Little Helper has since appeared frequently on The Simpsons and is the center of the plots of many episodes . During the course of the show , he has fathered litters of puppies , passed obedience school , had surgery for bloat , replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer , and been trained as a police dog at Springfield 's Animal Police Academy . Some of the episodes that focus on Santa 's Little Helper have been inspired by popular culture or real experiences that staff members of the show have gone through . Although cartoon animals are often anthropomorphized , Santa 's Little Helper generally exhibits canine behavior . Cast member Dan Castellaneta currently provides the dog 's sounds on the show , but voice artist Frank Welker has also voiced him . Santa 's Little Helper has become a popular character following his appearances on The Simpsons . He ranked 27th in Animal Planet 's 2003 television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was based on popularity , name recognition , and the longevity of the shows . He has also been featured in merchandise relating to The Simpsons , such as video games , board games , and comics . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role in The Simpsons 2 Creation and development 2.1 Sounds 3 Reception 4 Influence 5 References 6 External links Role in the Simpsons ( edit ) Santa 's Little Helper is a hound that appears on the animated television series The Simpsons and is the pet dog of the Simpson family . He can often be seen on the show in minor appearances , although there have been some episodes that feature him heavily , including the first episode of The Simpsons . In that episode , `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' ( season one , 1989 ) , Homer discovers that he has no money to buy Christmas presents for the family . Desperate for a miracle , he and Bart go to the greyhound racing track on Christmas Eve in hopes of winning some money . Although Homer has inside information on which dog is the most likely to win , he instead bets on a last - minute entry , Santa 's Little Helper ( here despite being brown ) , believing the dog 's Christmas - inspired name to be a sign . However , the greyhound finishes last . As Homer and Bart leave the track , they watch the dog 's owner abandon him for losing the race . Bart pleads with Homer to keep the dog as a pet and he agrees after it affectionately licks him on the cheek . When Bart and Homer return home , Santa 's Little Helper is assumed by the rest of the family to be a Christmas present . In various episodes , Santa 's Little Helper can be seen chewing on newspapers and other objects in the Simpsons ' household , destroying furniture , and digging holes in the backyard . In `` Bart 's Dog Gets an F '' ( season two , 1991 ) , he manages to infuriate the entire family by destroying valued items in the home . As a result , Homer and Marge want to get rid of the dog , but Bart and Lisa convince them that he can be trained at an obedience school . Santa 's Little Helper does not do well there as Bart is unwilling to use a choke chain suggested by the instructor . The night before the final exam , Bart and Santa 's Little Helper play , thinking it will be their last few hours together . This bonding breaks down the communication barrier , allowing the dog to understand Bart 's commands , and consequently pass the obedience school . Santa 's Little Helper has fathered several puppies . In `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' ( season six , 1995 ) , he runs away to the dog racing track where he mates with a female hound named She 's the Fastest . She later gives birth to 25 puppies and when the Simpsons can not take care of them any longer , they decide to sell them ; however , Mr. Burns steals the puppies and decides to make a tuxedo out of them . Before he does this , however , he becomes emotionally touched by them . This convinces him to never wear fur again and instead raise the puppies to be world - class racing dogs . Santa 's Little Helper sires another litter of puppies with Dr. Hibbert 's poodle in the episode `` Today I Am a Clown '' ( season 15 , 2003 ) . These puppies are given away to townspeople . The dog has been neglected or treated unfavorably by the family in some episodes . In `` Dog of Death '' ( season three , 1992 ) , he nearly dies of bloat and they decide to make budget cuts in order to pay for the required operation . Although the dog 's life is saved , the family begins to feel the strain of their sacrifices and starts treating him badly , causing him to run away . He ends up in the possession of Mr. Burns , who trains him to become a vicious attack dog . Several days later , Bart stumbles upon the trained Santa 's Little Helper and is attacked , but the greyhound eventually recognizes his old friend and stops . In `` The Canine Mutiny '' ( season eight , 1997 ) , Bart uses a fake charge card to buy a well - trained rough collie named Laddie from a mail - order catalog . Laddie learns many tricks that Santa 's Little Helper is completely unable to perform , and the Simpson family nearly forgets about their old pet . Bart eventually gives Santa 's Little Helper away instead of Laddie when repo men take back everything he fraudulently purchased . Feeling guilty about this disloyalty and bored with his too perfect new dog , Bart tries to get him back . When he finally finds him , Santa 's Little Helper is serving as a seeing - eye dog for a blind man , but eventually decides to return to the family . In `` Stop or My Dog Will Shoot '' ( season 18 , 2007 ) , Santa 's Little Helper becomes a local hero after finding a lost Homer , and the Simpsons decide to enroll him in the Animal Police Academy . However , his new crime - fighting job makes him jaded and one day at home he bites Bart . The Simpsons must therefore send the dog away to live with officer Lou . However , he gets to return after saving Bart from a toxic smoke cloud at school and then leaving the police force . In `` How Munched is That Birdie in the Window ? '' ( season 22 , 2010 ) , after Santa 's Little Helper devours a pigeon with a broken leg that Bart was nursing , Bart gets mad at the dog and is unable to forgive him . The Simpsons therefore give him away to an ostrich farm . There , Bart says goodbye to him and explains that he should never , ever devour a bird . Bart then gets into a fight with an angry ostrich . After remembering that he was told that it 's wrong to kill birds , he ceases to aid Bart in the fight , confused at his own loyalty ( for Bart 's sake or his orders ) leaving Bart to strangle the ostrich to death . Bart then realizes that he could not help killing the pigeon and apologizes . Afterwards , the family goes back home with the dog . The dog once replaced Duffman as the mascot for Duff Beer in the episode `` Old Yeller Belly '' ( season 14 , 2003 ) , after he was seen drinking from a can of beer by balancing it on his nose . He becomes known as Suds McDuff and boosts sales of Duff Beer , making the family 's fortunes explode . However , this prompts his original sleazy owner and racing trainer to visit the Simpsons and prove that he 's the owner of the dog . The family later figures that if they can get Duffman to replace Suds as the Duff mascot , they can get their dog back . They plan to turn Duffman into a hero at a Duff Beer - sponsored beach volleyball event ; however , their plan fails and a drunk shark that 's discovered at the event becomes the new mascot instead . Santa 's Little Helper gladly returns to the Simpson family . Creation and development ( edit ) The Simpsons creator Matt Groening prefers that animals in cartoons act realistically . Santa 's Little Helper 's initial appearance on The Simpsons was in the first episode of the series , `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' , which aired on Dec. 17 , 1989 . Since then , he has become a recurring character . The Simpsons creator Matt Groening told TV Guide in 2000 that `` we ( the staff ) painted ourselves into a corner with our Christmas episode . Once we wrote the dog into the show , we were stuck with him . '' The name `` Santa 's Little Helper '' was chosen because , according to writer Al Jean in the same TV Guide article , `` we needed a name that would inspire Homer to bet on him , an omen , a Christmas name since he was betting on Christmas Eve . But , at that point , nobody was thinking long - term . We were n't considering what might happen in ten years , when we 've got to use this name . '' Although `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' was the first episode of the series to air on TV , it was the eighth episode produced by the staff . It was chosen to air first because there were animation problems with the others . Jean told the Houston Chronicle in 2001 that after the first episode was broadcast and `` the next seven did n't have the dog , people wondered why . '' He also said in 2003 that the staff enjoyed the first episodes that centered on him , particularly `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' , which is the reason that more episodes about him were written . Writer John Swartzwelder has noted that the staff members of the show write the character Homer in the same way that they write Santa 's Little Helper : `` Both are loyal . Both have the same emotional range . And both will growl and possibly snap if you try to take their food . '' Although animals in cartoons often behave with `` semi-human awareness '' , Groening said on the DVD audio commentary for the episode `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' that he prefers animals in cartoons to behave exactly the way they do in real life . As a result , Santa 's Little Helper is depicted in this way on the show . There have , however , been some exceptions for gags , but most of the time the staff of The Simpsons tries to keep animals acting realistically . Several journalists have commented on the greyhound 's lack of intelligence . In an article that compared The Simpsons to the animated series Family Guy , Todd Camp of the Fort Worth Star - Telegram noted that `` though Santa 's Little Helper may be the only Simpson who 's dumber than Homer , the Griffins ' pooch ( Brian Griffin ) is the brainiest member of the household '' . In 1991 , Copley News Service 's Alison Ashton described Santa 's Little Helper as a `` sweet and stupid dog '' . Tom Coombe of The Morning Call wrote in 2002 that `` fans of The Simpsons will tell you that the cartoon family 's dog ( ... ) is often dumb , disobedient and skittish . Fans of the real - life breed will paint a different picture -- of dogs that are peaceful , affectionate , ( and ) not given to drooling , panting '' . Some ideas for episodes featuring Santa 's Little Helper come from reality . The plot of `` Dog of Death '' was based on Swartzwelder 's experiences with his own dog , which had also suffered from bloat . However , unlike the events in the episode , Swartzwelder 's dog did not receive treatment as the operation was too expensive and the dog was too old . The Gold Coast Bulletin 's Ryan Ellem commented in 2005 that the Simpson family 's dilemma with the cost of the veterinary procedure is a realistic dilemma faced by many families who own dogs . Other episode ideas come from popular culture . For example , Santa 's Little Helper fathering 25 puppies in `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' is a parody of the Disney film One Hundred and One Dalmatians , and Mr. Burns ' technique of brainwashing him into an attack dog in `` Dog of Death '' parodies A Clockwork Orange . Susan McHugh , who teaches theories of animals , literature , and culture at the University of New England , wrote in her 2004 book Dog that , `` remaining loyal to his unlikely saviours , the boy Bart and his father Homer , this greyhound has prompted satires of contemporary dog culture , from Barbara Woodhouse 's authoritarian training methods ( in `` Bart 's Dog Gets an F '' ) to Lassie 's flawless service to the status quo ( in `` The Canine Mutiny '' ) . '' Sounds ( edit ) Dan Castellaneta currently voices Santa 's Little Helper . Although cast member Dan Castellaneta occasionally voiced Santa 's Little Helper for bit parts , American voice artist Frank Welker most often provided the sounds of the dog and other animals on the show from `` Bart 's Dog Gets an F '' , which aired on March 7 , 1991 , to `` Home Sweet Homediddly - Dum - Doodily '' , which aired on October 1 , 1995 . He said on his official website in 2007 that he liked portraying Santa 's Little Helper because the dog was a `` sympathetic '' character . Welker has been praised by staff members for his performances on the show . David Mirkin has noted that `` he can do anything , and it fits perfectly . You forget you 're listening to a guy , and he 's a pleasure to work with . '' Groening has commented that he was `` unbelievably good '' at doing animal noises . After 1995 , Castellaneta voiced Santa 's Little Helper on his own while Welker performed other animal noises until his full departure in 2002 , when he was denied a pay raise . In the `` questions and answers '' section on his website , Welker revealed that the reason he stopped performing as Santa 's Little Helper was because `` The producers thought ... ' Hmmm , Dan barks pretty good , and we are already paying him and he seems to like doing the dog thing ... why do we need to pay Welker who comes in here , spends less than an hour , eats all the doughnuts , refuses to come to rehearsals ... let 's just give the damn dog to Dan ! ' '' Reception ( edit ) Santa 's Little Helper has become a well - known dog because of his appearances in the series . A writer for The Grand Rapids Press wrote in 2002 that `` we all know who Homer , Marge , Bart , Lisa and Maggie are -- heck , most Americans probably recognize their pets , Santa 's Little Helper and Snowball II '' . McHugh wrote in Dog that while Master McGrath was the most famous greyhound of the 19th century , `` the most popular greyhound a hundred years later '' is Santa 's Little Helper . In the television special 50 Greatest TV Animals that was hosted by Mario Lopez and aired on Animal Planet in 2003 , the dog ranked 27th . Other dogs featured on the list were Lassie ( first ) , Eddie ( fifth ) , Snoopy ( sixth ) , Scooby - Doo ( 13th ) , Rin Tin Tin ( 14th ) , Max ( 20th ) , Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog ( 24th ) , Buck ( 29th ) , Chipper ( 44th ) , and Tiger ( 50th ) . According to a writer for McClatchy News Service , the rankings were `` determined by popularity , name recognition and how long the show lasted . '' Among fans and critics , Santa 's Little Helper has been mostly well received . He ranked seventh in a 2008 poll by Dog Whisperer 's Cesar Millan that determined the `` best - loved television dog of all time . '' Lassie ranked first in the poll . In addition , he was voted the tenth favorite Simpsons character by readers of Simpsons Comics in the United Kingdom in 2010 . In a list of their top twelve favorite dogs from cartoons , comics , and animation , writers for The Tampa Tribune listed Santa 's Little Helper at number six , writing : `` We admire his upbeat nature even after having his legs broken by Mr. Burns and being abandoned by Bart for another dog , Laddie . '' He also ranked 75th on Retrocrush author Robert Berry 's list of `` The 100 Greatest Dogs of Pop Culture History '' in 2006 . The character has attracted some criticism too , though . While reviewing the episode `` Bart 's Dog Gets an F '' in 2010 , Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club wrote : `` As cartoon dogs go , Santa 's Little Helper is spectacularly unspectacular . In a realm of aggressively anthropomorphic canines , some of whom , admittedly , have strong speech impediments , he does n't talk or wisecrack or engage in shenanigans . His abilities and powers begin and end with masticating , defecating , and regular napping . You know , just like a real dog . Consequently , episodes devoted to Santa 's Little Helper tend to be a little on the sleepy side , even the Simpsons Christmas special that launched the series . '' Influence ( edit ) Since his first appearance on The Simpsons , Santa 's Little Helper has appeared in merchandise relating to the show . On the board art of The Simpsons Clue , a 2000 board game by USAopoly based on Clue , he is shown drinking Duff Beer that has been spilled on the floor . In another board game published by USAopoly called The Simpsons Monopoly , based on Monopoly and released in 2001 , the dog is featured as one of the six pewter playing pieces . Santa 's Little Helper has also appeared in issues of Simpsons Comics , in the 2007 film The Simpsons Movie , and in video games based on The Simpsons such as Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror and The Simpsons Game . In addition , the dog has been made into action figures by McFarlane Toys , action figures by Playmates Toys in the World of Springfield series , and plush toys . Santa 's Little Helper has made an impact on real life in that an espresso - based drink has been named after him at the award - winning restaurant and bar Bambara in Salt Lake City 's Hotel Monaco . Bartender Ethan Moore told The Salt Lake Tribune in 2004 that it is `` one of the most popular holiday drinks '' at Bambara . In addition , a dog walking and pet sitting company in New York City , called `` Santa 's Little Helper Dog Walking and Pet Sitting '' , has been named after him . The greyhound has also appeared by himself on the cover of the October 16 , 2000 issue of TV Guide . This issue was released with 24 different covers , all featuring different characters from The Simpsons . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Highlights '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1992 - 03 - 12 . p. 5E . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire '' . The Simpsons . Season 01 . Episode 01 . 1989 - 12 - 17 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Groening , Matt ( 1997 ) . Richmond , Ray ; Coffman , Antonia , eds . The Simpsons : A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ( 1st ed . ) . New York : HarperPerennial . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 095252 - 5 . LCCN 98141857 . OCLC 37796735 . OL 433519M ... Jump up ^ `` Santa 's Little Helper '' . TheSimpsons.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Bart 's Dog Gets an F '' . The Simpsons . Season 02 . Episode 16 . 1991 - 03 - 07 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' . The Simpsons . Season 06 . Episode 20 . 1995 - 04 - 09 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Today I Am a Clown '' . The Simpsons . Season 15 . Episode 06 . 2003 - 12 - 07 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ Guzior , Betsey ( 2002 - 06 - 14 ) . `` Pulp fiction '' . The State . p . E3 . Jump up ^ `` Dog of Death '' . The Simpsons . Season 03 . Episode 19 . 1992 - 03 - 12 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` The Canine Mutiny '' . The Simpsons . Season 08 . Episode 20 . 1997 - 04 - 13 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Stop or My Dog Will Shoot '' . The Simpsons . Season 18 . Episode 20 . 2007 - 05 - 13 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` How Munched is That Birdie in the Window ? '' . The Simpsons . Season 22 . Episode 07 . 2010 - 11 - 28 . Fox Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Old Yeller Belly '' . The Simpsons . Season 14 . Episode 19 . 2003 - 05 - 04 . Fox Broadcasting Company . ^ Jump up to : Rhodes , Joe ( 2000 - 10 - 21 ) . `` Flash ! 24 Simpsons stars reveal themselves '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ Westbrook , Bruce ( 2001 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Animated icons After a dozen seasons , Fox 's ' The Simpsons ' still has strange appeal '' . Houston Chronicle . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Jean , Al ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Dog of Death '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Groening , Matt ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons : The Complete Sixth Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Mirkin , David ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons : The Complete Sixth Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Reardon , Jim ( 2003 ) . The Simpsons : The Complete Third Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Dog of Death '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ Camp , Todd ( 1999 - 04 - 11 ) . `` What a ' Guy ' -- New Fox cartoon mocks TV , ' The Simpsons ' '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Ashton , Alison ( 1991 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Questions that yule like -- See how much you know about this time of year '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . p . NC - 6 . Jump up ^ Coombe , Tom ( 2002 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Furry friend raises cash for greyhounds -- Group selling stuffed animals to help pay for adoption program '' . The Morning Call . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Ellem , Ryan ( 2005 - 10 - 29 ) . `` All creatures great and small -- Purr - fect cover for vet bills '' . The Gold Coast Bulletin . p. 060 . Jump up ^ Scully , Mike ( 2005 ) . The Simpsons : The Complete Sixth Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Two Dozen and One Greyhounds '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . Jump up ^ `` Stanley and Bart ... another Kubrick legend '' . The Guardian . 1999 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : McHugh , Susan ( 2004 ) . Dog . Reaktion Books . pp. 77 -- 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 203 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vitti , Jon ( 2002 ) . The Simpsons : The Complete Second Season DVD commentary for the episode `` Bart 's Dog Gets an F '' ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Welker , Frank . `` Ask Frank '' . The Frank Welker Homepage ( official website ) . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ... And with a huge cast of oddball characters '' . The Grand Rapids Press . 2002 - 11 - 03 . p . F1 . ^ Jump up to : McClatchy News Service ( 2007 - 09 - 28 ) . `` Doggy details '' . Gilroy Dispatch . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rollo , Sarah ( 2008 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Lassie crowned top TV dog in poll '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Nissim ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Bart named favourite ' Simpsons ' character '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Walker , Kevin ( 2004 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Top Dogs '' . The Tampa Tribune . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Berry , Robert ( 2006 ) . `` Year of the dog -- The 100 greatest dogs of pop culture history '' . Retrocrush . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ Rabin , Nathan ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) . `` ' Bart 's Dog Gets an F ' '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barker , Olivia ( 2000 - 12 - 15 ) . `` ' Millionaire , ' ' Simpsons ' win the board game '' . USA Today . p. 15E . Jump up ^ Gintout , Sarah ( 2011 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Gifts galore -- Captivate the art and tech lovers on your list '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . p . D - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons Comics Issue # 181 '' . Titan Magazines . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons Comics Issue 141 '' . Titan Magazines . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Movie Cast and Crew '' . Fandango . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( 2001 - 04 - 24 ) . `` The Simpsons : Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harris , Craig ( 2007 - 09 - 05 ) . `` The Simpsons : Mr. Sparkle hands - on '' . IGN . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jonesing for Simpsons Toys '' . IGN. 2006 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Simpsons -- Family Christmas -- Interactive Environment w / 5 exclusive figures '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Sherman ( 2010 ) . The African American Entrepreneur : Then and Now . ABC - CLIO . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35111 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` When weather outside is frightful , rich holiday drinks are delightful '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . 2004 - 12 - 15 . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Long , Cricky ( 2004 ) . City Dog : New York City . City Dog Publishing . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933068 - 02 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` That Azaria is quite a character : In fact , he 's a few on TV Guide 's cover '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 2000 - 10 - 18 . p . A2 . External links ( edit ) The Simpsons portal Fictional characters portal Santa 's Little Helper on IMDb ( hide ) The Simpsons characters Recurring characters One - time characters Guest stars Simpson family and relatives Homer Simpson Marge Simpson Bart Simpson Lisa Simpson Maggie Simpson Grampa Simpson Patty and Selma Bouvier Mona Simpson Santa 's Little Helper Other Characters Sideshow Bob Kent Brockman Mr. Burns Comic Book Guy Fat Tony Ned Flanders Professor Frink Barney Gumble Dr. Hibbert Lionel Hutz Kang & Kodos Edna Krabappel Krusty the Clown Lenny and Carl Reverend Lovejoy Otto Mann Troy McClure Hans Moleman Nelson Muntz Apu Nahasapeemapetilon Dr. Nick Mayor Quimby Principal Skinner Smithers Snake Jailbird Cletus Spuckler Moe Szyslak Milhouse Van Houten Chief Wiggum Ralph Wiggum Groundskeeper Willie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa%27s_Little_Helper&oldid=829296183 '' Categories : The Simpsons characters Fictional characters introduced in 1989 Fictional dogs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018 , at 19 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what kind of dog is santa's little helper on the simpsons | [
"Santa's Little Helper is a recurring character in the American animated television series The Simpsons. He is the pet greyhound of the Simpson family. The dog was introduced in the first episode of the show, the 1989 Christmas special \"Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire\", in which his owner abandons him for finishing last in a greyhound race. Homer Simpson and his son Bart, who are at the race track in hope of winning some money for Christmas presents, see this and decide to adopt the dog."
] | [
"greyhound"
] |
3339794047880618862 | The Venetian Las Vegas | The Venetian Las Vegas - Wikipedia The Venetian Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search The Venetian Location Paradise , Nevada Address 3355 Las Vegas Boulevard South Opening date May 3 , 1999 ; 18 years ago ( May 3 , 1999 ) Theme Venice , Italy No. of rooms 4,049 Total gaming space 120,000 sq ft ( 11,000 m ) Permanent shows BAZ - Star Crossed Love Human Nature Jukebox Signature attractions Grand Canal Shoppes Notable restaurants Canaletto Casino type Land - based Owner Las Vegas Sands Architect KlingStubbins Coordinates 36 ° 07 ′ 17 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 08 '' W / 36.12139 ° N 115.16889 ° W / 36.12139 ; - 115.16889 Website venetian.com The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino is a five - diamond luxury hotel and casino resort located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States , on the site of the old Sands Hotel . Designed by KlingStubbins , the hotel tower contains 36 stories and rises 475 feet ( 145 m ) . The Venetian is owned and operated by Las Vegas Sands . The Venetian also serves as the seat of the corporate headquarters for its parent company . The Venetian resort complex is ( together with the adjacent Sands Expo Convention Center and The Palazzo Hotel and Casino Resort ) the world 's second - largest hotel , with 4,049 rooms , 3,068 suites ranging in price from $169 to $10,000 per night and a 120,000 - square - foot ( 11,000 m ) casino . Since its opening , The Venetian Macao is the largest casino in the world , trumping The Venetian , Las Vegas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Design 3 Attractions 4 Clubs 5 Legal problems 6 Gallery 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In April 1996 , Sheldon Adelson announced plans to create on the property the largest resort on the Strip . This project would be situated on the former Sands property . On November 26 , 1996 , eight years after it was purchased by the owners of The Interface Group - Adelson , Richard Katzeff , Ted Cutler , Irwin Chafetz and Jordan Shapiro , the Sands Hotel was imploded to make way for The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino . Groundbreaking for the hotel began on April 14 , 1997 . The resort opened on May 3 , 1999 , with flutter of white doves , sounding trumpets and singing gondoliers , with actress Sophia Loren joining The Venetian Chairman and Owner , Sheldon G. Adelson , in dedicating the first motorized gondola . Built at a cost of $1.5 billion , it was one of the most expensive resorts of its kind when it opened . On June 27 , 2003 , the 1,013 - room Venezia Tower opened . It was built on top of the garage parking lot . in 2010 , it was announced that it will be affiliated with InterContinental Hotels Group . In October 2011 , the Cantor Race & Sportsbook opened , which was the only Las Vegas sportsbook that was open 24 hours a day . On June 11 , 2012 , the Venetian opened Carnevale , a summer - long festival that is anchored by a nightly 3 - D projection show on the clock tower . In September 2012 , The Blue Man Group show closed and relocated to the Monte Carlo , after being at the Venetian for six years . Design ( edit ) The hotel uses Venice , Italy , as its design inspiration and features architectural replicas of various Venetian landmarks , including the Palazzo Ducale , Piazza San Marco , Piazzetta di San Marco , the Lion of Venice Column and the Column of Saint Theodore , St Mark 's Campanile , and the Rialto Bridge . The design architects for this project were The Stubbins Associates and WAT&G . Interior design was provided by Wilson Associates and Dougall Associates for the casino . Attractions ( edit ) In October 2001 , the Guggenheim Hermitage Museum opened within the resort , featuring its first collection . On June 27 , 2003 , the Venezia tower opened , adding 1,013 suites and a new wedding chapel . In October 2005 , Blue Man Group officially opened at the Blue Man Theatre . On June 24 , 2006 , the show , Phantom : The Las Vegas Spectacular , opened at a new Paris Opera House styled theatre at The Venetian . The show concluded on September 2 , 2012 . Tim McGraw and Faith Hill headlined their Soul2Soul concert series which began in December 2012 and ended in April 2014 . The Venetian is home to 4 theaters : the Opaline Theatre , The Palaazo Theatre , The Sands Showroom , and The Venetian Theatre . Clubs ( edit ) In 2015 , TAO Nightclub generated over $50 million in revenue , according to Nightclub & Bar Top 100 . With an Asian - inspired theme , TAO features a 20 foot tall Buddha statue , an infinity edge pool stocked with koi , eight private `` sky boxes '' with mini-bars , a 40 - foot - long terrace with views of the strip , and two dance rooms . TAO Beach , located on top of TAO Nightclub , is the Venetian 's day club and pool party . It offers seven cabanas , each with television , DVD player , Xbox 360 , a stocked mini-fridge and a safe for valuables . Legal problems ( edit ) In 2004 , the Venetian agreed to pay a $1 million penalty to settle a 12 - count Gaming Control Board complaint . One of the 12 complaints alleged the hotel had held a drawing for a Mercedes - Benz that was rigged to be won by a high roller who had lost a large amount in the casino . The executives involved were fired . In 2013 , the Venetian agreed to pay the U.S. Department of Justice $47.4 million to settle charges over `` alleged money laundering activities . '' Gallery ( edit ) See also Media related to The Venetian hotel ( Las Vegas ) at Wikimedia Commons The Rialto Bridge at the Venetian View of the outside Gondola rides from second floor balcony just outside the casino . Another outside view of the front from the balcony , at night . This grand gallery connects the reception area and the casino . The centerpiece of the Grand Canal Shoppes entrance hall ceiling . St. Mark 's Square at the Grand Canal Shoppes is surrounded by restaurants and shops . It is also the site of live costumed shows . This small , but striking Venezia reception area is located on the 10th floor of the Venetian / Palazzo complex . The Venetian Las Vegas The Venetian Las Vegas ( interior ) St. Mark 's Campanile at the Venetian In popular culture ( edit ) A suite from the Venetian is featured as a location in the 2005 movie Miss Congeniality 2 : Armed and Fabulous . Various Venetian locations were settings for the introductory scenes of the 2001 movie , Rat Race . The exterior of the Venetian is portrayed in the 2007 movie , Resident Evil : Extinction . There is a dramatic zombie attack scene which takes place on the Venetian 's replica of the Rialto Bridge . `` Building the Venetian '' was the subject of an episode of the show MegaStructures . What Not to Wear shot its series finale at The Venetian ( and The Palazzo ) , inviting more than 100 past contributors from the show 's successful 10 - year run to participate . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeff ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` What went right , wrong and what 's still incomplete at the new Palazzo '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.hotelnewsnow.com/Articles/8164/IHG-adds-Venetian-Palazzo-to-brand-family Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` After Six Years , Phantom 's Las Vegas Lair Shuts Down to Make Way for Tim McGraw and Faith Hill '' . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nightclub & Bar Top 100 Announced '' . Jump up ^ `` Tao '' . Jump up ^ `` TAO Beach '' . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Jeff ( 25 February 2004 ) . `` Venetian Settles Complaints '' . Las Vegas Sun . casinocitytimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Las Vegas Review Journal August 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ DeMoreas , Lisa ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` TLC sets What Not to Wear Season End Dates '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Las Vegas portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Venetian Las Vegas . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the venetian hotel in las vegas built | [
"The resort opened on May 3, 1999, with flutter of white doves, sounding trumpets and singing gondoliers, with actress Sophia Loren joining The Venetian Chairman and Owner, Sheldon G. Adelson, in dedicating the first motorized gondola. Built at a cost of $1.5 billion, it was one of the most expensive resorts of its kind when it opened."
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"May 3, 1999"
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4267235766241588808 | Not proven | Not proven - wikipedia Not proven Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Lead section reads like an opinion . Please help improve this article if you can . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Criminal procedure Criminal trials and convictions Rights of the accused Fair trial Speedy trial Jury trial Counsel Presumption of innocence Exclusionary rule Self - incrimination Double jeopardy Verdict Conviction Acquittal Not proven Directed verdict Sentencing Mandatory Suspended Custodial Discharge Guidelines Totality Dangerous offender Capital punishment Execution warrant Cruel and unusual punishment Life imprisonment Indefinite imprisonment Post-sentencing Parole Probation Tariff Life licence Miscarriage of justice Exoneration Pardon Sex offender registration Sexually violent predator legislation Related areas of law Criminal defenses Criminal law Evidence Civil procedure Portals Law Criminal justice US courts Not in English / Welsh courts Scottish courts English / Welsh courts Canadian courts UK courts Not proven is a verdict available to a court in Scotland . Under Scots law , a criminal trial may end in one of three verdicts : one of conviction ( `` guilty '' ) and two of acquittal ( `` not proven '' and `` not guilty '' ) . Historically , the two verdicts available to Scots juries were that the case had been `` proven '' or `` not proven '' . However , in a dramatic case in 1728 the jury asserted `` its ancient right '' , meaning that it decided not to apply the law , despite evidence , as they believed that the death was an accident and not murder . The jury decided to bring in a `` not guilty '' verdict even when the facts of the case were proven . As the `` not guilty '' verdict gained wide acceptance amongst Scots juries , Scots began to use `` not guilty '' in cases where the jury felt the `` not proven '' verdict did not adequately express the innocence of the person on trial . Shrewd defence then further encouraged this interpretation in order to persuade juries unwilling to bring in a `` not guilty '' verdict that the `` not proven '' could be brought in as a lesser or `` third verdict '' . The result is the modern perception that the `` not proven '' verdict is an acquittal used when the judge or jury does not have enough evidence to convict but is not sufficiently convinced of the accused person 's innocence to bring in a `` not guilty '' verdict . Essentially , the judge or jury is unconvinced that the suspect is innocent , but has insufficient evidence to the contrary . Out of the country , the `` not proven '' verdict may be referred to as the Scottish verdict , and in Scotland itself it may be referred to colloquially as the bastard verdict , which was a term coined by Sir Walter Scott , who was sheriff in the court of Selkirk . In Scottish criminal courts , the person on trial is referred to as the accused . If the accused is convicted , he or she is thereafter referred to as the convicted . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Not guilty 2 Modern usage 3 Criticism 4 Use in other jurisdictions 5 Cases which resulted in a not proven verdict 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading History ( edit ) The three verdict system was established in Scots law by 1728 ( since then juries have been able to pass a not guilty verdict ) . For some time before this , there were just two verdicts : Proven and Not proven ; scholars dispute the origins of this system . On one account , advanced two hundred years ago by the historians Hume and Arnot , the older distinctively Scottish two verdict system was rooted in religious oppression . The Crown persecuted the Covenanters but popular support made it impossible to convict them in a jury trial . To pare the power of the jury , the Scottish judges began restricting the jury 's role : no longer would the jury announce whether the accused was `` guilty '' or `` not guilty '' ; instead it would decide whether specific factual allegations were `` proven '' or `` not proven '' ; and the judge would then decide whether to convict . Some historians , however , such as Ian Douglas Willock , have rejected the traditional account . Not guilty ( edit ) In a notable trial in 1728 , a defence lawyer ( Robert Dundas ) persuaded a jury to reassert its ancient right of acquitting , of finding an accused `` not guilty '' , in spite of the facts being proven . The case involved the trial of Carnegie of Finhaven for the murder of the Earl of Strathmore . The law ( as it stood ) required the jury merely to look at the facts and pass a verdict of `` proven '' or `` not proven '' depending on whether they believed the evidence proved that the accused had killed the Earl . Carnegie had undoubtedly killed the Earl , but had also clearly not intended to do so ( manslaughter ) . If the jury brought in a `` proven '' verdict they would in effect constrain the judge to find Carnegie guilty of murder , for which the punishment was hanging . To avert this outcome , the jury decided to assert what it believed to be their `` ancient right '' to judge the whole case and not just the facts , and brought in the verdict of `` not guilty '' . The ( re ) introduction of the `` not guilty '' verdict was part of a wider movement during the 17th and 18th century which saw a gradual increase in the power of juries , such as the trial of William Penn in 1670 , in which an English jury first gained the right to pass a verdict contrary to the law ( known as jury nullification ) , and the trial of John Peter Zenger in New York in 1735 in which jury nullification is credited with establishing freedom of the press as firm right in what would become the United States . Although jurors continued to use both `` not guilty '' and `` not proven '' , jurors tended to favour the `` not guilty '' verdict over the `` not proven '' and the interpretation changed . Modern usage ( edit ) In Scotland , a criminal case may be decided either `` in solemn procedure '' by a jury ( instructed by the judge ) , or `` in summary procedure '' by the judge alone ( with no jury appointed ) . There are various rules for when the one or the other procedure may or must be employed ; in general , juries are employed for the more severe accusations , while petty crimes and offences are treated summarily . A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors , who make their decision by a simple majority vote : eight votes are necessary and sufficient for the verdict `` guilty '' , which has replaced the older verdict `` proven '' . Approximately one third of all acquittal verdicts by Scottish juries use the formulation Not proven ; the others use Not guilty . The verdict `` Not proven '' also is available for judges in the summary procedure , and is employed in about a fifth of the `` summary '' acquittals . The proportion of Not proven acquittals in general is higher in the more severe cases ; but so then are the proportion of acquittals versus convictions . This might have many different reasons , e.g. , that in average it might be factually more complicated to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in the more severe cases . Both in the `` solemn '' and the `` summary '' acquittals , not proven is interpreted as indicating that the jury or judge , respectively , is not convinced of the innocence of the accused ; in fact , they may be morally convinced that the accused is guilty , but do not find the proofs sufficient for a conviction . One reason for this is the rule that in such cases the evidence for the prosecution must be corroborated in order to permit a conviction . Thus , there might be a single plaintiff or witness for the prosecution , which the jury or judge believes is both truthful and trustworthy , but no other witness or circumstances against the accused . By Scottish law , the accused then should be acquitted , but often will be so by the verdict `` not proven '' . Criticism ( edit ) In recent years there have been repeated calls for reform , most arguing for a move to only two verdicts . However , there are several issues and no consensus . Some of the arguments against the third verdict are Many favour the `` proven '' verdict as it directs the jury to look at the evidence and to err on the side of the accused if there is any doubt . Because the `` not proven '' verdict carries with it an implication of guilt but no formal conviction , the accused is often seen as morally guilty without the option of a retrial to clear their name . Many Scottish jurors ( through TV , etc . ) are more familiar with the English / US verdicts of `` guilty '' / `` not guilty '' than `` proven '' / `` not guilty '' / `` not proven '' . However , the perceived advantages in retaining the three verdict system have outweighed the disadvantages . Many people believe that if only `` guilty '' and `` not guilty '' were available , then some people who are currently acquitted by a `` not proven '' verdict would instead be convicted . In cases where the public found the evidence of guilt overwhelming , but the jury returned the verdict `` not proven '' , critics have argued that the jury probably would have given a guilty verdict if they did not have the third alternative . Proponents of retaining the third option argue that people acquitted with a `` not proven '' were not found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt ; but with the removal of the third option , they might have been found guilty anyway . This would mean that the presumption of innocence until sufficient proof of guilt is established would be weakened . Another argument for retaining the three verdict system was brought up by Scottish rape crisis centres , who lobbied for this among the members of the Scottish parliament . The number of `` not proven '' verdicts in sexual assault cases is proportionally large ; about three out of ten of these cases end with an acquittal , and a third of these acquittals ( a tenth of all verdicts in such cases ) are judged `` not proven '' . This is related to the fact that fairly often there is not sufficient corrobating evidence , and the victim 's testimony alone does not constitute a legal ground for a conviction . Now , the rape crisis centres argued , if the `` not proven '' verdict is removed , a smaller number of assaulted women will dare to press for a trial . If either the first trial , or a successful appeal to the High Court , ends in a `` not guilty '' verdict , the woman may feel stigmatised in the eyes of the public , which often treats the trial as if there were two accused : the alleged attacker and the victim . On the other hand , a `` not proven '' verdict is not at all considered as damaging for `` the credibility , honesty and reliability of women '' ( footnote 65 in ) , since it indicates that the jurors do not disbelieve them , even if the total evidence is not sufficient for a conviction . Use in other jurisdictions ( edit ) Since 1989 , in the Italian juridical system , there are five modes of acquittal available . Two of these correspond roughly to the Scottish Not guilty and Not proven , respectively . In general , the Scottish verdict has not been permanently adopted outside its home country , but it was sometimes used in colonial Canada , especially by some judges in southwestern Ontario . Its most famous use in the United States came when Senator Arlen Specter tried to vote `` not proven '' on the two articles of impeachment of Bill Clinton , his votes were recorded as `` not guilty '' and when , at the O.J. Simpson murder case , various reformers , including Fred Goldman , Ron Goldman 's father , pushed for a change to `` not proven '' because of what they felt was an incorrect presumption of innocence on the part of Simpson . In 2005 , a proposal was made in the University of Chicago Law Review to introduce the not proven verdict into the United States . Cases which resulted in a not proven verdict ( edit ) Alfred John Monson , in relation to the Ardlamont murder Madeleine Smith Helen McDougal , in relation to the Burke and Hare murders Alan Peters , in relation to the murder of Maxwell Garvie See also ( edit ) Jury nullification Miscarriage of justice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Scottish criminal jury : A very peculiar institution , Peter Duff , 62 Law & Contemp . Probs. 173 ( Spring 1999 ) ^ Jump up to : Bray , Samuel ( 2005 ) . `` Not Proven : Introducing a Third Verdict '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1299 -- 1329 . SSRN 1339222 . Jump up ^ Barbato , Joseph M. ( 2004 ) . `` Scotland 's Bastard Verdict : Intermediacy and the unique three - verdict system . '' . Ind . Int'l & Comp . L. Rev. 15 : 543 . Jump up ^ Scotsman.com `` Bastard Verdict '' Jump up ^ John Gray Wilson ( 1960 ) . Not Proven . Secker and Warburg . pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Quoted from The New Italian Code of Criminal Procedure : The Difficulties of Building an Adversarial Trial System on a Civil Law Foundation by William T. Pizzi and Luca Marafioti , Yale J Intl L 1 , 2 , 15 ( 1992 ) , page 7 ; the reference found in Comment : Not proven : Introducing a third verdict by Samuel Bray , The University of Chicago law review 72 ( 2005 ) , pp. 1299 - 1329 Jump up ^ Specter , Arlen ( 12 February 1999 ) . `` Sen. Specter 's closed - door impeachment statement '' . CNN . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 13 . My position in the matter is that the case has not been proved . I have gone back to Scottish law where there are three verdicts : guilty , not guilty , and not proved . I am not prepared to say on this record that President Clinton is not guilty . But I am certainly not prepared to say that he is guilty . There are precedents for a Senator voting present . I hope that I will be accorded the opportunity to vote not proved in this case . ( ... ) But on this record , the proofs are not present . Juries in criminal cases under the laws of Scotland have three possible verdicts : guilty , not guilty , not proven . Given the option in this trial , I suspect that many Senators would choose ' not proven ' instead of ' not guilty ' . That is my verdict : not proven . The President has dodged perjury by calculated evasion and poor interrogation . Obstruction of justice fails by gaps in the proofs . Jump up ^ Public Broadcasting `` The O.J. Verdict '' Further reading ( edit ) The Scottish criminal jury : A very peculiar institution , Peter Duff , 62 Law & Contemp . Probs. 173 ( Spring 1999 ) Bray , Samuel ( 2005 ) . `` Not Proven : Introducing a Third Verdict '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1299 -- 1329 . SSRN 1339222 . Hume , David ( 1819 ) . Commentaries on the Law of Scotland , volume 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Bell and Bradfute . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Not_proven&oldid=799310314 '' Categories : Scots language Scottish criminal law Scots law legal terminology High Court of Justiciary Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from February 2016 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from February 2016 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from February 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Norsk Русский Scots Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what does a not proven verdict mean in scotland | [
"The result is the modern perception that the \"not proven\" verdict is an acquittal used when the judge or jury does not have enough evidence to convict but is not sufficiently convinced of the accused person's innocence to bring in a \"not guilty\" verdict. Essentially, the judge or jury is unconvinced that the suspect is innocent, but has insufficient evidence to the contrary."
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"not have enough evidence to convict"
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-9144004473905950112 | List of Miss Universe titleholders | List of Miss Universe titleholders - wikipedia List of Miss Universe titleholders Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of women who have won the Miss Universe title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Titleholders 2 Gallery of winners 3 Countries / Territory by winning the title 4 References 5 External links Titleholders ( edit ) Year Represented Titleholder Age Height Hometown Date 1952 Finland Armi Kuusela 17 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Muhos June 28 , 1952 1953 France Christiane Martel 21 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Créteil July 17 , 1953 1954 United States Miriam Stevenson 21 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Winnsboro July 24 , 1954 1955 Sweden Hillevi Rombin 21 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Alfta July 22 , 1955 1956 United States Carol Morris 20 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Ottumwa July 20 , 1956 1957 Peru Gladys Zender 18 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Lima July 19 , 1957 1958 Colombia Luz Marina Zuluaga 19 5 ft 4 in ( 163 cm ) Pereira July 26 , 1958 1959 Japan Akiko Kojima 22 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Tokyo July 24 , 1959 1960 United States Linda Bement 18 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Salt Lake City July 09 , 1960 1961 Germany Marlene Schmidt 24 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Stuttgart July 15 , 1961 1962 Argentina Norma Nolan 24 5 ft 5 in ( 165 cm ) Buenos Aires July 14 , 1962 1963 Brazil Iêda Maria Vargas 18 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Porto Alegre July 20 , 1963 1964 Greece Corinna Tsopei 20 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Athens August 01 , 1964 1965 Thailand Apasra Hongsakula 18 5 ft 4 in ( 163 cm ) Bangkok July 24 , 1965 1966 Sweden Margareta Arvidsson 18 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Gothenburg July 16 , 1966 1967 United States Sylvia Hitchcock 21 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Miami July 15 , 1967 1968 Brazil Martha Vasconcellos 20 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Salvador July 13 , 1968 1969 Philippines Gloria Diaz 18 5 ft 5 in ( 165 cm ) Aringay July 19 , 1969 1970 Puerto Rico Marisol Malaret 20 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) San Juan July 11 , 1970 1971 Lebanon Georgina Rizk 18 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Beirut July 24 , 1971 1972 Australia Kerry Anne Wells 20 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) Perth July 29 , 1972 1973 Philippines Margarita Moran 19 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Manila July 21 , 1973 Spain Amparo Muñoz 20 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Málaga July 19 , 1974 Finland Anne Marie Pohtamo 19 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Helsinki July 19 , 1975 1976 Israel Rina Messinger 20 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Kiryat Tiv'on July 11 , 1976 1977 Trinidad and Tobago Janelle Commissiong 24 5 ft 5 in ( 165 cm ) Port of Spain July 16 , 1977 1978 South Africa Margaret Gardiner 18 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Cape Town July 24 , 1978 1979 Venezuela Maritza Sayalero 18 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Caracas July 20 , 1979 1980 United States Shawn Weatherly 20 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Sumter July 08 , 1980 1981 Venezuela Irene Sáez 19 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Caracas July 20 , 1981 1982 Canada Karen Dianne Baldwin 18 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) London July 26 , 1982 New Zealand Lorraine Downes 19 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Auckland July 11 , 1983 1984 Sweden Yvonne Ryding 21 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Eskilstuna July 09 , 1984 1985 Puerto Rico Deborah Carthy - Deu 19 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) San Juan July 15 , 1985 1986 Venezuela Bárbara Palacios 22 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Caracas July 21 , 1986 Chile Cecilia Bolocco 22 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Santiago May 27 , 1987 1988 Thailand Porntip Nakhirunkanok 20 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Bangkok May 24 , 1988 1989 Netherlands Angela Visser 22 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) Rotterdam May 23 , 1989 1990 Norway Mona Grudt 19 5 ft 6 in ( 168 cm ) Trondheim April 15 , 1990 1991 Mexico Lupita Jones 23 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Mexicali May 17 , 1991 1992 Namibia Michelle McLean 19 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) Windhoek May 8 , 1992 1993 Puerto Rico Dayanara Torres 18 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Toa Alta May 21 , 1993 1994 India Sushmita Sen 18 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) New Delhi May 21 , 1994 1995 United States Chelsi Smith 21 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Deer Park May 12 , 1995 Venezuela Alicia Machado 19 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Maracay May 17 , 1996 1997 United States Brook Lee 26 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Pearl City May 16 , 1997 1998 Trinidad and Tobago Wendy Fitzwilliam 25 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) Diego Martin May 12 , 1998 1999 Botswana Mpule Kwelagobe 19 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) Gaborone May 26 , 1999 2000 India Lara Dutta 22 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Mumbai May 12 , 2000 2001 Puerto Rico Denise Quiñones 20 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Lares May 11 , 2001 2002 Russia Oxana Fedorova ( Dethroned ) 24 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Pskov May 29 , 2002 Panama Justine Pasek ( Succeeded ) 23 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Panama City September 24 , 2002 2003 Dominican Republic Amelia Vega 18 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) Santiago de los Caballeros June 03 , 2003 Australia Jennifer Hawkins 20 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) Newcastle June 01 , 2004 2005 Canada Natalie Glebova 23 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) Toronto May 31 , 2005 2006 Puerto Rico Zuleyka Rivera 18 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) Salinas July 23 , 2006 2007 Japan Riyo Mori 20 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) Shizuoka May 28 , 2007 2008 Venezuela Dayana Mendoza 22 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Caracas July 14 , 2008 2009 Stefanía Fernández 18 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Mérida August 23 , 2009 Mexico Ximena Navarrete 22 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) Guadalajara August 23 , 2010 2011 Angola Leila Lopes 25 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Benguela September 12 , 2011 2012 United States Olivia Culpo 20 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Cranston December 19 , 2012 2013 Venezuela Gabriela Isler 25 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) Valencia November 09 , 2013 2014 Colombia Paulina Vega 22 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) Barranquilla January 25 , 2015 2015 Philippines Pia Wurtzbach 26 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Cagayan de Oro December 20 , 2015 2016 France Iris Mittenaere 24 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) Lille January 29 , 2017 2017 South Africa Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters 22 5 ft 7 in ( 170 cm ) Sedgefield November 26 , 2017 Gallery of winners ( edit ) Miss Universe 2016 Iris Mittenaere France Miss Universe 2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Miss Universe 2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Miss Universe 2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Miss Universe 2012 Olivia Culpo United States Miss Universe 2011 Leila Lopes Angola Miss Universe 2010 Ximena Navarrete Mexico Miss Universe 2009 Stefanía Fernández , Venezuela Miss Universe 2008 Dayana Mendoza , Venezuela Miss Universe 2007 Riyo Mori , Japan Miss Universe 2006 Zuleyka Rivera , Puerto Rico Miss Universe 2005 Natalie Glebova , Canada Miss Universe 2004 Jennifer Hawkins Australia Miss Universe 2003 Amelia Vega , Dominican Republic Miss Universe 2002 Justine Pasek , Panama Miss Universe 2001 Denise Quiñones , Puerto Rico Miss Universe 2000 Lara Dutta , India Miss Universe 1999 Mpule Kwelagobe , Botswana Miss Universe 1997 Brook Lee , United States Miss Universe 1994 Sushmita Sen , India Miss Universe 1993 Dayanara Torres , Puerto Rico Miss Universe 1991 Lupita Jones , México Miss Universe 1989 Angela Visser , Netherlands Miss Universe 1987 Cecilia Bolocco , Chile Miss Universe 1984 Yvonne Ryding , Sweden Miss Universe 1980 Shawn Weatherly , United States Miss Universe 1977 Janelle Commissiong , Trinidad and Tobago Miss Universe 1976 Rina Mor , Israel Miss Universe 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock , United States Miss Universe 1956 Carol Morris , United States Miss Universe 1953 Christiane Martel , France Miss Universe 1952 Armi Kuusela , Finland Countries / territory by winning the Title ( edit ) Countries that have won Miss Universe and number of titles . Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 8 1954 , 1956 , 1960 , 1967 , 1980 , 1995 , 1997 , 2012 Venezuela 7 1979 , 1981 , 1986 , 1996 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 Puerto Rico 5 1970 , 1985 , 1993 , 2001 , 2006 Philippines 1969 , 1973 , 2015 Sweden 1955 , 1966 , 1984 South Africa 1978 , 2017 France 1953 , 2016 Colombia 1958 , 2014 Mexico 1991 , 2010 Japan 1959 , 2007 Canada 1982 , 2005 Australia 1972 , 2004 India 1994 , 2000 Trinidad and Tobago 1977 , 1998 Thailand 1965 , 1988 Finland 1952 , 1975 Brazil 1963 , 1968 Angola 2011 Dominican Republic 2003 Panama 2002 Russia 2002 Botswana 1999 Namibia 1992 Norway 1990 Netherlands 1989 Chile New Zealand Israel 1976 Spain Lebanon 1971 Greece 1964 Argentina 1962 Germany 1961 Peru 1957 Notes Resigned Took over title References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Perfect Scandinavian Beauty Selected as ' Miss Universe ' '' . The Owosso Argus - Press . 1952 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` French Pastry - New Miss Universe is a Cute Parisian Dish '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1952 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` South Carolina 's Miriam Stevenson Wins `` Miss Universe '' ; Miss Brazil Second `` . Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1954 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 's Beauteous Blonde Wins Miss Universe Title '' . The Miami News . 1955 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cardenas , Jose ( June 20 , 1996 ) . `` Plane Crash Kills McCarthy Aide ; Aviation : G. David Schine , his wife and son die as single - engine craft goes down near freeway soon after takeoff from Burbank Airport '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Iowa Preacher 's Daughter Crowned Miss Universe '' . St. Petersburg Times . 1956 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Peruvian Beauty New Miss Universe '' . Lodi News - Sentinel. 1957 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` New Miss Universe Is Looking for Husband , Not Movie Glamour '' . Lakeland Ledger. 1958 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Beauty Wins Miss Universe Title '' . Park City Daily News . 1959 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe packing home plenty of loot '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . 1960 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Willowy Silver - Blonde German Reigns As New Miss Universe '' . The Sumter Daily Item. 1961 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Still Ca n't Believe It , Says Miss Universe '' . St. Petersburg Times . 1962 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Language Barriers Prove Problem for Miss Universe '' . Ocala Star - Banner. 1963 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Greeks Have Last Word For It - Miss Universe '' . The Miami News . 1964 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's Beauty Called `` Fatty '' also Miss Universe `` . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1965 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Girl Wins Miss Universe '' . THe Modesto Bee. 1966 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe A Real Pro As She Prepares for Year '' . Sarasota Journal . 1967 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil Beauty Becomes Miss Universe '' . Rome News - Tribune . 1968 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Philippines Wins Title of Miss Universe '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1969 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe Title Won by Puerto Rican Beauty '' . The Bulletin . 1970 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New Miss Universe Knew She 'd Won - She Peeked '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . 1971 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Former TV Weather Girl Becomes Miss Universe '' . Herald - Journal . 1972 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe Title Won By Filipino Beauty Queen '' . Herald - Journal . 1973 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Spain Top Beauty in Universe '' . Bangor Daily News . 1974 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Finland wins contest '' . The Spokesman - Review . 1975 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Israel named as Miss Universe '' . Herald - Journal . 1976 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` First Black named Miss Universe '' . The Bryan Times . 1977 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Miss South Africa is named the new Miss Universe '' . The Bryan Times . 1978 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe Hopefuls Hurt '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle. 1979 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Name Miss USA as Miss Universe '' . The Bryan Times . 1980 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe Chosen '' . The Milwaukee Journal . 1981 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Title ' dream come true ' for new Miss Universe '' . Times Daily . 1982 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Miss New Zealand wins Miss Universe Crown '' . The Montreal Gazette. 1983 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Nurse is crowned Miss Universe '' . The Montreal Gazette. 1984 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` New Miss Universe says hard work , fait did it '' . Ludington Daily News . 1985 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` New Miss Universe chosen '' . Ocala Star - Banner. 1986 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Designer wins Miss Universe crown '' . The Lewiston Journal . 1987 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Thai woman wins Miss Universe '' . The Prescott Courier. 1988 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Holland wins Miss Universe title '' . The Bryan Times . 1989 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Norway is Miss Universe '' . Lawrence Jourgnal - World . 1990 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Attorney is Mexico 's 1st Miss Universe '' . Kentucky New Era . 1991 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'm Just the Lucky One ' New Miss Universe says '' . Eugene Register - Guard . 1992 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico crowned Miss Universe '' . Kentucky New Era . 1993 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Indian model Sushmita Sen wins Miss Universe title '' . New Straits Times . 1994 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Texan Crowned New Miss Universe '' . Gainesville Sun . 1995 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela dubbed Miss Universe '' . Lodi News - Sentinel. 1996 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Beauty Crowned Miss Universe '' . Herald - Journal . 1997 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ Dipietro , Ben ( 1998 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Beauty Queen Crowned '' . Kentucky New Era . Jump up ^ `` Lara Dutta is Miss Universe '' . The Tribune . 2000 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ James , Ian ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Puerto Rican beauty wins Miss Universe crown '' . Kentucky New Era . Jump up ^ `` I 'm not married , says dethroned Miss Universe '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 2002 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Chavarria , Teresita ( 2003 - 06 - 04 ) . `` Miss Dominican Rep. wins Miss Universe '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gadd , Michael ( 2004 - 06 - 03 ) . `` Miss Universe win puts Jennifer over the moon '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Natalie Glebova Wins Miss Universe '' . Fox News . 2005 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Puerto Rico wins Miss Universe contest '' . The Tuscaloosa News . 2006 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Miss Universe Riyo Mori Says She Has ' Samurai Soul ' '' . Fox News . 2007 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Universe 2008 from Venezuela '' . The Hindu . 2008 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Miss Venezuela Stefania Fernandez is Miss Universe 2009 '' . Economic Times . 2009 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Gana la mexicana Jimena Navarrete el Miss Universo 2010 '' . Diario Milénio ( in Spanish ) . Notimex . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miss Angola Leila Lopes is Miss Universe 2011 ! retrieved 12 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Olivia Culpo '' . Miss Universe , L.P. Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Miss France Iris Mittenaere is crowned Miss Universe 2017 '' . USA Today . External links ( edit ) Official Miss Universe website Lists portal Miss Universe 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Titleholders Runners - up and finalists Editions Countries Miss Universe titleholders Armi Kuusela ( 1952 ) Christiane Martel ( 1953 ) Miriam Stevenson ( 1954 ) Hillevi Rombin ( 1955 ) Carol Morris ( 1956 ) Gladys Zender ( 1957 ) Luz Marina Zuluaga ( 1958 ) Akiko Kojima ( 1959 ) Linda Bement ( 1960 ) Marlene Schmidt ( 1961 ) Norma Nolan ( 1962 ) Iêda Maria Vargas ( 1963 ) Corinna Tsopei ( 1964 ) Apasra Hongsakula ( 1965 ) Margareta Arvidsson ( 1966 ) Sylvia Hitchcock ( 1967 ) Martha Vasconcellos ( 1968 ) Gloria Diaz ( 1969 ) Marisol Malaret ( 1970 ) Georgina Rizk ( 1971 ) Kerry Anne Wells ( 1972 ) Margarita Moran ( 1973 ) Amparo Muñoz ( 1974 ) Anne Marie Pohtamo ( 1975 ) Rina Messinger ( 1976 ) Janelle Commissiong ( 1977 ) Margaret Gardiner ( 1978 ) Maritza Sayalero ( 1979 ) Shawn Weatherly ( 1980 ) Irene Sáez ( 1981 ) Karen Baldwin ( 1982 ) Lorraine Downes ( 1983 ) Yvonne Ryding ( 1984 ) Deborah Carthy - Deu ( 1985 ) Bárbara Palacios Teyde ( 1986 ) Cecilia Bolocco ( 1987 ) Porntip Nakhirunkanok ( 1988 ) Angela Visser ( 1989 ) Mona Grudt ( 1990 ) Lupita Jones ( 1991 ) Michelle McLean ( 1992 ) Dayanara Torres ( 1993 ) Sushmita Sen ( 1994 ) Chelsi Smith ( 1995 ) Alicia Machado ( 1996 ) Brook Lee ( 1997 ) Wendy Fitzwilliam ( 1998 ) Mpule Kwelagobe ( 1999 ) Lara Dutta ( 2000 ) Denise Quiñones ( 2001 ) Justine Pasek ( 2002 ) Amelia Vega ( 2003 ) Jennifer Hawkins ( 2004 ) Natalie Glebova ( 2005 ) Zuleyka Rivera ( 2006 ) Riyo Mori ( 2007 ) Dayana Mendoza ( 2008 ) Stefanía Fernández ( 2009 ) Ximena Navarrete ( 2010 ) Leila Lopes ( 2011 ) Olivia Culpo ( 2012 ) Gabriela Isler ( 2013 ) Paulina Vega ( 2014 ) Pia Wurtzbach ( 2015 ) Iris Mittenaere ( 2016 ) Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters ( 2017 ) Miss Universe participant countries and territories ( hide ) Active ( 1952 -- present ) Albania Angola Argentina Aruba Australia Austria Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Bolivia Brazil British Virgin Islands Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Cayman Islands Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Curaçao Czech Republic Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Great Britain Greece Guam Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Kazakhstan Kenya Korea Kosovo Laos Lebanon Lithuania Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mexico Montenegro Myanmar Namibia Netherlands Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Romania Russia Saint Lucia Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tanzania Thailand Trinidad & Tobago Turkey Turks & Caicos Ukraine Uruguay USA US Virgin Islands Venezuela Vietnam Zambia ( hide ) Inactive since 2014 ( under IMG / WMG ) American Samoa ( 1978 ) Antigua & Barbuda ( 2008 ) Azerbaijan ( 2013 ) Benin ( 1962 ) Bermuda ( 1997 ) Botswana ( 2013 ) Chinese Taipei ( 2004 ) Cook Islands ( 1999 ) Cote d'Ivoire ( 1986 ) Cuba ( 1967 ) Cyprus ( 2012 ) Dominica ( 1985 ) Democratic Republic of Congo ( 1986 ) Estonia ( 2013 ) Fiji ( 1981 ) Gambia ( 1986 ) Gibraltar ( 1990 ) Grenada ( 1964 ) Jordan ( 1960 ) Latvia ( 2006 ) Lesotho ( 1978 ) Liberia ( 1977 ) Luxembourg ( 1994 ) Madagascar ( 1961 ) Micronesia ( 1975 ) Morocco ( 1978 ) Northern Marianas ( 2006 ) Papua New Guinea ( 1986 ) Samoa ( 1986 ) Senegal ( 1987 ) Seychelles ( 1995 ) St. Kitts & Nevis ( 1981 ) St. Maarten ( 1982 ) St. Vincent and the Grenadines ( 2006 ) Suriname ( 1999 ) Swaziland ( 1994 ) Tunisia ( 1971 ) Vanuatu ( 1978 ) Zimbabwe ( 2001 ) ( hide ) Inactive territories and dependencies ( 1952 -- 2006 ) Region of China Hong Kong ( 1952 -- 2000 ) Constituent country of Denmark Greenland ( 1987 -- 1990 ) Overseas regions of France French Guiana ( 1977 -- 1984 ) Guadeloupe ( 1977 -- 1984 ) Martinique ( 1957 -- 1984 ) New Caledonia ( 1982 ) Réunion ( 1977 -- 1986 ) St. Martin ( 2000 - 2006 ) Tahiti ( 1962 -- 1985 ) Constituent countries of Great Britain England ( 1955 -- 1990 ) Scotland ( 1961 -- 1990 ) Wales ( 1961 - 1990 ) Perfecture of Japan Okinawa ( 1963 - 1968 ) Region of the Netherlands Bonaire ( 1967 -- 1999 ) Bantustans of South Africa Bophuthatswana ( 1979 ) Transkei ( 1979 - 1983 ) Territories of the United States Alaska ( 1952 - 1958 ) Hawaii ( 1952 - 1959 ) Former entities ( 1952 - 2005 ) Commonwealth of Independent States ( 1992 ) Czechoslovakia ( 1970 - 1992 ) Rhodesia and Nyasaland ( 1961 ) Serbia & Montenegro ( 2003 - 2006 ) Soviet Union ( 1990 - 1991 ) West Indies ( 1954 - 1958 ) Yugoslavia ( 1968 - 2002 ) Big Four international beauty pageants Miss Universe winners Miss World winners Miss Earth winners Miss International winners List of beauty pageants Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_Universe_titleholders&oldid=835325277 '' Categories : Miss Universe Lists of award winners Lists of women in beauty pageants Miss Universe winners Miss Universe contestants Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Nederlands Português Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Tagalog ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018 , at 00 : 33 . About Wikipedia | when was the last time the u.s won miss universe | [
"\n\nYear\nRepresented\nTitleholder\nAge [A]\nHeight\nHometown\nDate\n\n\n1952\n Finland\nArmi Kuusela[1]\n17\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nMuhos\nJune 28, 1952\n\n\n1953\n France\nChristiane Martel[2]\n21\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nCréteil\nJuly 17, 1953\n\n\n1954\n United States\nMiriam Stevenson[3]\n21\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nWinnsboro\nJuly 24, 1954\n\n\n1955\n Sweden\nHillevi Rombin[B][4][5]\n21\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nAlfta\nJuly 22, 1955\n\n\n1956\n United States\nCarol Morris[6]\n20\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nOttumwa\nJuly 20, 1956\n\n\n1957\n Peru\nGladys Zender[7]\n18\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nLima\nJuly 19, 1957\n\n\n1958\n Colombia\nLuz Marina Zuluaga[B][8]\n19\n5 ft 4 in (163 cm)\nPereira\nJuly 26, 1958\n\n\n1959\n Japan\nAkiko Kojima[9]\n22\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nTokyo\nJuly 24, 1959\n\n\n1960\n United States\nLinda Bement[10]\n18\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nSalt Lake City\nJuly 09, 1960\n\n\n1961\n Germany\nMarlene Schmidt[11]\n24\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nStuttgart\nJuly 15, 1961\n\n\n1962\n Argentina\nNorma Nolan[12]\n24\n5 ft 5 in (165 cm)\nBuenos Aires\nJuly 14, 1962\n\n\n1963\n Brazil\nIêda Maria Vargas[13]\n18\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nPorto Alegre\nJuly 20, 1963\n\n\n1964\n Greece\nCorinna Tsopei[14]\n20\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nAthens\nAugust 01, 1964\n\n\n1965\n Thailand\nApasra Hongsakula[15]\n18\n5 ft 4 in (163 cm)\nBangkok\nJuly 24, 1965\n\n\n1966\n Sweden\nMargareta Arvidsson[16]\n18\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nGothenburg\nJuly 16, 1966\n\n\n1967\n United States\nSylvia Hitchcock[B][17]\n21\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nMiami\nJuly 15, 1967\n\n\n1968\n Brazil\nMartha Vasconcellos[18]\n20\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nSalvador\nJuly 13, 1968\n\n\n1969\n Philippines\nGloria Diaz[19]\n18\n5 ft 5 in (165 cm)\nAringay\nJuly 19, 1969\n\n\n1970\n Puerto Rico\nMarisol Malaret[20]\n20\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nSan Juan\nJuly 11, 1970\n\n\n1971\n Lebanon\nGeorgina Rizk[21]\n18\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nBeirut\nJuly 24, 1971\n\n\n1972\n Australia\nKerry Anne Wells[22]\n20\n5 ft 11 in (180 cm)\nPerth\nJuly 29, 1972\n\n\n1973\n Philippines\nMargarita Moran[23]\n19\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nManila\nJuly 21, 1973\n\n\n1974\n Spain\nAmparo Muñoz[B][24]\n20\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nMálaga\nJuly 19, 1974\n\n\n1975\n Finland\nAnne Marie Pohtamo[25]\n19\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nHelsinki\nJuly 19, 1975\n\n\n1976\n Israel\nRina Messinger[26]\n20\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nKiryat Tiv'on\nJuly 11, 1976\n\n\n1977\n Trinidad and Tobago\nJanelle Commissiong[27]\n24\n5 ft 5 in (165 cm)\nPort of Spain\nJuly 16, 1977\n\n\n1978\n South Africa\nMargaret Gardiner[28]\n18\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nCape Town\nJuly 24, 1978\n\n\n1979\n Venezuela\nMaritza Sayalero[29]\n18\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nCaracas\nJuly 20, 1979\n\n\n1980\n United States\nShawn Weatherly[30]\n20\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nSumter\nJuly 08, 1980\n\n\n1981\n Venezuela\nIrene Sáez[31]\n19\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nCaracas\nJuly 20, 1981\n\n\n1982\n Canada\nKaren Dianne Baldwin[32]\n18\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nLondon\nJuly 26, 1982\n\n\n1983\n New Zealand\nLorraine Downes[33]\n19\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nAuckland\nJuly 11, 1983\n\n\n1984\n Sweden\nYvonne Ryding[34]\n21\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nEskilstuna\nJuly 09, 1984\n\n\n1985\n Puerto Rico\nDeborah Carthy-Deu[35]\n19\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nSan Juan\nJuly 15, 1985\n\n\n1986\n Venezuela\nBárbara Palacios[36]\n22\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nCaracas\nJuly 21, 1986\n\n\n1987\n Chile\nCecilia Bolocco[37]\n22\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nSantiago\nMay 27, 1987\n\n\n1988\n Thailand\nPorntip Nakhirunkanok[38]\n20\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nBangkok\nMay 24, 1988\n\n\n1989\n Netherlands\nAngela Visser[39]\n22\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nRotterdam\nMay 23, 1989\n\n\n1990\n Norway\nMona Grudt[40]\n19\n5 ft 6 in (168 cm)\nTrondheim\nApril 15, 1990\n\n\n1991\n Mexico\nLupita Jones[41]\n23\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nMexicali\nMay 17, 1991\n\n\n1992\n Namibia\nMichelle McLean[42]\n19\n6 ft 0 in (183 cm)\nWindhoek\nMay 8, 1992\n\n\n1993\n Puerto Rico\nDayanara Torres[43]\n18\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nToa Alta\nMay 21, 1993\n\n\n1994\n India\nSushmita Sen[44]\n18\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nNew Delhi\nMay 21, 1994\n\n\n1995\n United States\nChelsi Smith[45]\n21\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nDeer Park\nMay 12, 1995\n\n\n1996\n Venezuela\nAlicia Machado[46]\n19\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nMaracay\nMay 17, 1996\n\n\n1997\n United States\nBrook Lee[47]\n26\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nPearl City\nMay 16, 1997\n\n\n1998\n Trinidad and Tobago\nWendy Fitzwilliam[48]\n25\n6 ft 0 in (183 cm)\nDiego Martin\nMay 12, 1998\n\n\n1999\n Botswana\nMpule Kwelagobe\n19\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nGaborone\nMay 26, 1999\n\n\n2000\n India\nLara Dutta[49]\n22\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nMumbai\nMay 12, 2000\n\n\n2001\n Puerto Rico\nDenise Quiñones[50]\n20\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nLares\nMay 11, 2001\n\n\n2002\n Russia\nOxana Fedorova (Dethroned)\n24\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nPskov\nMay 29, 2002\n\n\n Panama\nJustine Pasek (Succeeded)[D][51]\n23\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nPanama City\nSeptember 24, 2002\n\n\n2003\n Dominican Republic\nAmelia Vega[52]\n18\n6 ft 2 in (188 cm)\nSantiago de los Caballeros\nJune 03, 2003\n\n\n2004\n Australia\nJennifer Hawkins[53]\n20\n5 ft 11 in (180 cm)\nNewcastle\nJune 01, 2004\n\n\n2005\n Canada\nNatalie Glebova[54]\n23\n5 ft 11 in (180 cm)\nToronto\nMay 31, 2005\n\n\n2006\n Puerto Rico\nZuleyka Rivera[55]\n18\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nSalinas\nJuly 23, 2006\n\n\n2007\n Japan\nRiyo Mori[56]\n20\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nShizuoka\nMay 28, 2007\n\n\n2008\n Venezuela\nDayana Mendoza[57]\n22\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nCaracas\nJuly 14, 2008\n\n\n2009\nStefanía Fernández[58]\n18\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nMérida\nAugust 23, 2009\n\n\n2010\n Mexico\nXimena Navarrete[59]\n22\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nGuadalajara\nAugust 23, 2010\n\n\n2011\n Angola\nLeila Lopes[60]\n25\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nBenguela\nSeptember 12, 2011\n\n\n2012\n United States\nOlivia Culpo[61]\n20\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nCranston\nDecember 19, 2012\n\n\n2013\n Venezuela\nGabriela Isler\n25\n5 ft 10 in (178 cm)\nValencia\nNovember 09, 2013\n\n\n2014\n Colombia\nPaulina Vega\n22\n5 ft 9 in (175 cm)\nBarranquilla\nJanuary 25, 2015\n\n\n2015\n Philippines\nPia Wurtzbach\n26\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nCagayan de Oro\nDecember 20, 2015\n\n\n2016\n France\nIris Mittenaere[62]\n24\n5 ft 8 in (173 cm)\nLille\nJanuary 29, 2017\n\n\n2017\n South Africa\nDemi-Leigh Nel-Peters\n22\n5 ft 7 in (170 cm)\nSedgefield\nNovember 26, 2017\n\n"
] | [
"2012"
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3937963433826730062 | Forbes' list of world's highest-paid athletes | Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes - wikipedia Forbes ' list of World 's Highest - Paid Athletes This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the highest - paid athletes in the world as ranked by Forbes magazine . Contents ( hide ) 1 2017 list 2 2016 list 3 2015 list 4 2014 list 5 2013 list 6 2012 list 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 2017 list ( edit ) The 2017 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $93 million $58 million $35 million LeBron James Basketball United States $86.2 million $31.2 million $55 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $80 million $53 million $27 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $64 million $6 million $58 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $60.6 million $26.6 million $34 million 6 Andrew Luck American football United States $50 million $47 million $3 million 6 Rory McIlroy Golf Northern Ireland $50 million $16 million $34 million 8 Stephen Curry Basketball United States $47.3 million $12.3 million $35 million 9 James Harden Basketball United States $46.6 million $26.6 million $20 million 10 Lewis Hamilton Auto racing England $46 million $38 million $8 million 2016 list ( edit ) The 2016 list : Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $88 million $56 million $32 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $81.4 million $53.4 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $77.2 million $23.2 million $54 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67.8 million $7.8 million $60 million 5 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $56.2 million $20.2 million $36 million 6 Novak Djokovic Tennis Serbia $55.8 million $21.8 million $34 million 7 Cam Newton American football United States $53.1 million $41.1 million $12 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $52.9 million $2.9 million $50 million 9 Jordan Spieth Golf United States $52.8 million $20.8 million $32 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $50 million $25 million $25 million 2015 list ( edit ) The 2015 list was released on 10 June 2015 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $300 million $285 million $15 million Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $160 million $148 million $12 million Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $79.6 million $52.6 million $27 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $73.8 million $51.8 million $22 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $67 million $9 million $58 million 6 LeBron James Basketball United States $64.8 million $20.8 million $44 million 7 Kevin Durant Basketball United States $54.1 million $19.1 million $35 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $50.8 million $2.8 million $48 million 9 Tiger Woods Golf United States $50.6 million $0.6 million $50 million 10 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $49.5 million $23.5 million $26 million 2014 list ( edit ) The 2014 list was released on 11 June 2014 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $105 million $105 million $0 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $80 million $52 million $28 million LeBron James Basketball United States $72.3 million $19.3 million $53 million Lionel Messi Football Argentina $64.7 million $41.7 million $23 million 5 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.5 million $30.5 million $31 million 6 Tiger Woods Golf United States $61.2 million $6.2 million $55 million 7 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $56.2 million $4.2 million $52 million 8 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $53.2 million $5.2 million $48 million 9 Rafael Nadal Tennis Spain $44.5 million $14.5 million $30 million 10 Matt Ryan American football United States $43.8 million $42 million $1.8 million 2013 list ( edit ) The 2013 list was released on 5 June 2013 . Rank Name Sport Nation Total Salary / Winnings Endorsements Tiger Woods Golf United States $78.1 million $13.1 million $65 million Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $71.5 million $6.5 million $65 million Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $61.9 million $27.9 million $34 million LeBron James Basketball United States $59.8 million $17.8 million $42 million 5 Drew Brees American football United States $51 million $40 million $11 million 6 Aaron Rodgers American football United States $49 million $43 million $6 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $48.7 million $4.7 million $44 million 8 David Beckham Football England $47.2 million $5.2 million $42 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $44 million $23 million $21 million 10 Lionel Messi Football Argentina $41.3 million $20.3 million $21 million 2012 list ( edit ) The 2012 list was released on 18 June 2012 . Rank Name Sport Nationality Total earnings Salary / winnings Endorsements Floyd Mayweather Jr . Boxing United States $85 million $85 million $0 Manny Pacquiao Boxing Philippines $62 million $56 million $6 million Tiger Woods Golf United States $59.4 million $4.4 million $55 million LeBron James Basketball United States $53 million $13 million $40 million 5 Roger Federer Tennis Switzerland $52.7 million $7.7 million $45 million 6 Kobe Bryant Basketball United States $52.3 million $20.3 million $32 million 7 Phil Mickelson Golf United States $47.8 million $4.8 million $43 million 8 David Beckham Football England $46 million $9 million $37 million 9 Cristiano Ronaldo Football Portugal $42.5 million $20.5 million $22 million 10 Peyton Manning American football United States $42.4 million $32.4 million $10 million See also ( edit ) List of professional sports leagues by revenue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2017 '' . Jump up ^ `` World 's Highest Paid Athletes 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forbes Announces 2015 List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Heads 2014 List Of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes 2013 : Behind The Numbers '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mayweather Tops List Of The World 's 100 Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes List - Forbes ( hide ) Forbes magazine lists Companies Global 2000 People General Celebrity 100 30 Under 30 China Celebrity 100 Fictional 15 Korea Power Celebrity World 's 100 Most Powerful Women World 's Most Powerful People Richest The World 's Billionaires Forbes 400 Forbes Asia Australia 's 50 Richest Places America 's Best Colleges Sports Highest - paid athletes Most valuable sports teams Most valuable football clubs Technology Midas List ( Tech 's Top Deal Makers ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forbes%27_list_of_world%27s_highest-paid_athletes&oldid=802457899 '' Categories : Forbes lists Lists of people by magazine appearance Lists of sports superlatives Income of sportspeople Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 07 : 41 . About Wikipedia | who is the highest paid athlete in the world | [
"\n1\nCristiano Ronaldo\nFootball\n Portugal\n$93 million\n$58 million\n$35 million\n"
] | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo"
] |
2215148730059045658 | Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series) | Who Do You Think You Are ? ( US TV series ) - wikipedia Who Do You Think You Are ? ( US TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Who Do You Think You Are ? Genre Documentary Created by Alex Graham Wall to Wall Media Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 69 Production Executive producer ( s ) Lisa Kudrow Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Shed Media US Is or Is n't Entertainment Release Original network NBC ( 2010 -- 12 ) TLC ( 2013 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) -- present External links Website www.tlc.com/tv-shows/who-do-you-think-you-are For the UK series of the same name , see Who Do You Think You Are ? ( UK TV series ) . Who Do You Think You Are ? is an American genealogy documentary series that is an adaptation of the British BBC series of the same name . In each episode , a different celebrity goes on a journey to trace parts of his or her family tree . The show premiered on NBC on March 5 , 2010 , as one of the replacement shows of The Jay Leno Show . It ran on NBC for three seasons before being cancelled in 2012 ; it was then picked up by TLC , where it has aired for six additional seasons . Lisa Kudrow is an executive producer for the series , which is a partnership between Shed Media , NBC Entertainment and Ancestry.com . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Season 1 ( 2010 ) 1.2 Season 2 ( 2011 ) 1.3 Season 3 ( 2012 ) 1.4 Season 4 ( 2013 ) 1.5 Season 5 ( 2014 ) 1.6 Season 6 ( 2015 ) 1.7 Season 7 ( 2015 ) 1.8 Season 8 ( 2016 ) 1.9 Season 9 ( 2017 ) 1.10 Season 10 ( 2018 ) 1.11 Specials 2 Ratings 2.1 Season 1 : 2010 2.2 Season 2 : 2011 2.3 Season 7 : 2015 3 DVD releases 4 International distribution 5 Awards and nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 7 March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) NBC 8 February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) 12 February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) May 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) 8 July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) TLC 5 6 July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) 6 8 March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) 7 5 July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 8 6 April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 9 8 March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) Specials August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) Season 1 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date `` Sarah Jessica Parker '' Cincinnati , Ohio ; El Dorado County , California ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Danvers , Massachusetts March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) `` Emmitt Smith '' Pensacola , Florida ; Burnt Corn , Alabama ; Claiborne , Alabama ; Boydton , Virginia ; Ouidah , Benin March 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 12 ) `` Lisa Kudrow '' Minsk , Belarus , Ilya , Belarus ; Gdynia , Poland March 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) `` Matthew Broderick '' Jersey City , New Jersey ; New York City , New York ; Forest of Argonne , France ; Hartford , Connecticut ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Marietta National Cemetery , Cobb County , Georgia March 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 26 ) 5 5 `` Brooke Shields '' Newark , New Jersey ; New York City , New York ; Rome , Italy ; Augerolles , France ; Paris , France April 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 02 ) 6 6 `` Susan Sarandon '' Virginia ; New York City , New York ; Florence ; Coreglia Antelminelli ; Rockland County , New York April 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 23 ) 7 7 `` Spike Lee '' Atlanta , Georgia ; Twiggs County , Georgia ; Arlington , Texas April 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 30 ) Season 2 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) NBC ordered a second season for the reality series on April 5 , 2010 . The second season of the series began on February 4 , 2011 , and consisted of eight episodes . The first episode featured Vanessa Williams . Following episodes featured Tim McGraw , Rosie O'Donnell , Kim Cattrall , Lionel Richie , Steve Buscemi , Gwyneth Paltrow and Ashley Judd . Cattrall 's episode is an edited version of the original one that she made for the British series in 2009 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 8 `` Vanessa L. Williams '' Chappaqua , New York ; Oyster Bay , Long Island , New York ; Washington , D.C. ; Johns Island , South Carolina ; Baltimore , Maryland ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Nashville , Tennessee February 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 04 ) 9 `` Tim McGraw '' Kansas City , Missouri ; Big Stone Gap , Virginia ; Rye Cove , Virginia ; Richmond , Virginia ; Shenandoah Valley ; Washington , D.C. ; New York City , New York ; Franklin , Tennessee February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) 10 `` Rosie O'Donnell '' Nyack , New York ; Jersey City , New Jersey ; New York City , New York ( Manhattan and Brooklyn ) ; Secaucus , New Jersey ; Montreal , Quebec ; Dublin , Ireland ; County Wicklow , Ireland ; Newbridge , County Kildare , Ireland ; Birr , County Offaly , Ireland February 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 18 ) 11 `` Kim Cattrall '' Liverpool , England ; Derbyshire , England ; Durham , County Durham , England ; Tudhoe , County Durham , England ; Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada February 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 25 ) 12 5 `` Lionel Richie '' Los Angeles , California ; Tuskegee , Alabama ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Chattanooga , Tennessee March 4 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 04 ) 13 6 `` Steve Buscemi '' Brooklyn , New York ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ; Fredericksburg , Virginia ; Camden , New Jersey March 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 25 ) 14 7 `` Gwyneth Paltrow '' Manhattan , New York City , New York ; Bridgetown , Barbados April 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 01 ) 15 8 `` Ashley Judd '' Louisville , Kentucky ; Frankfort , Kentucky ; Saltville , Virginia ; Boston , Massachusetts ; York , England ; Boston , Lincolnshire , England ; Cambridge , England ; Plymouth , Devon , England April 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 08 ) Season 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) The show was renewed for a third season by NBC on February 22 , 2011 , and aired during the 2011 -- 2012 television season . The 12 celebrities included in season 3 were Marisa Tomei , Rob Lowe , Paula Deen , Rashida Jones , Jerome Bettis , Reba McEntire , Helen Hunt , Edie Falco , Rita Wilson , Jason Sudeikis , Martin Sheen and Blair Underwood . The show returned on February 3 , 2012 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 16 `` Martin Sheen '' Malibu , California ; Dublin , Ireland ; Madrid , Spain ; Pamplona , Navarre , Spain ; Tui , Galicia , Spain ; La Coruña , Galicia , Spain ; Parderrubias , Galicia , Spain February 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 03 ) 17 `` Marisa Tomei '' Manhattan , New York City , New York ; Livorno , Tuscany , Italy ( Cecina , Rio nell'Elba , Portoferraio and Castiglioncello ) ; Lucca , Tuscany , Italy February 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) 18 `` Blair Underwood '' Los Angeles , California ; Petersburg , Virginia ; Richmond , Virginia ; Lynchburg , Virginia ; Babungo , Northwest Region , Cameroon February 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 24 ) 19 `` Reba McEntire '' Stringtown , Oklahoma ; Aberdeen , Mississippi ; Raleigh , North Carolina ; Oxford , North Carolina ; Tappahannock , Virginia ; Cheshire , England March 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 02 ) 20 5 `` Jerome Bettis '' Detroit , Michigan ; Paducah , Kentucky ; Calloway County , Kentucky March 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 09 ) 21 6 `` Helen Hunt '' Los Angeles , California ; Pasadena , California ; San Francisco , California ; Portland , Maine March 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 23 ) 22 7 `` Rita Wilson '' Los Angeles , California ; Oraio , Greece ; Smolyan , Bulgaria ; Plovdiv , Bulgaria ; Sofia , Bulgaria March 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) 23 8 `` Edie Falco '' Long Island , New York ; Milwaukee , Wisconsin ; England ( Fulham ; Penzance ) April 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) 24 9 `` Rob Lowe '' Santa Barbara , California ; Washington , D.C. ; Trenton , New Jersey ; Newtown , Pennsylvania ; Germany ( Marburg ; Hessisch Lichtenau ) April 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) 25 10 `` Rashida Jones '' Los Angeles , California ; New York City , New York ; Dublin , Ireland ; Latvia ( Riga ; Aizpute ; Rumbula ) May 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 04 ) 26 11 `` Jason Sudeikis '' New York City , New York ; Overland Park , Kansas ; Chicago , Illinois ; Bridgeport , Connecticut ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania May 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 11 ) 27 12 `` Paula Deen '' Savannah , Georgia ; Albany , Georgia ; Morrow , Georgia ; Athens , Georgia ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Leesburg , Georgia May 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 18 ) Season 4 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) After being cancelled by NBC , TLC picked up the series and the new season began on July 23 , 2013 . Celebrities taking part in the fourth season were Christina Applegate , Cindy Crawford , Zooey Deschanel , Chelsea Handler , Kelly Clarkson , Trisha Yearwood , Jim Parsons and Chris O'Donnell . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 28 `` Kelly Clarkson '' Columbus , Ohio ; Decatur , Georgia ; Andersonville , Georgia ; Marietta , Ohio ; Coal Run , Ohio July 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) 29 `` Christina Applegate '' Trenton , New Jersey July 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 30 ) 30 `` Chelsea Handler '' Bochum , Germany ; Herne , Germany ; Berlin , Germany ; Saint - Raphaël , France ; Algona , Iowa August 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 06 ) 31 `` Zooey Deschanel '' Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Swarthmore , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Christiana , Pennsylvania August 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 13 ) 32 5 `` Chris O'Donnell '' St. Louis , Missouri ; Washington , D.C. ; Annapolis , Maryland ; Baltimore , Maryland August 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) 33 6 `` Cindy Crawford '' Boston , Massachusetts ; Hartford , Connecticut ; Taunton , England ; London , England ; Aachen , Germany August 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) 34 7 `` Trisha Yearwood '' Nashville , Tennessee ; Hampshire , England ; Kew , England ; Atlanta , Georgia September 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) 35 8 `` Jim Parsons '' New Orleans , Louisiana ; Paris , France ; Versailles , France September 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) Season 5 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) TLC renewed the show on September 10 , 2013 . The season premiered on July 23 , 2014 and featured Cynthia Nixon , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Rachel McAdams , Valerie Bertinelli , and Kelsey Grammer . Initially , an episode featuring Lauren Graham was planned but cancelled . Just like Kim Cattrall 's episode , the network chose to air an edited version of an episode that Minnie Driver had made for the original BBC series in 2013 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 36 `` Cynthia Nixon '' Manhattan , New York City , New York ; Washington , D.C ; Jefferson City , Missouri ; Leasburg , Missouri July 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 23 ) 37 `` Jesse Tyler Ferguson '' Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Annapolis , Maryland ; Evanston , Illinois ; Wrangell , Alaska July 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 30 ) 38 `` Rachel McAdams '' Plymouth , Devon , England ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ; St - Jean - sur - Richelieu , Quebec , Canada ; Toronto , Ontario , Canada August 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 06 ) 39 `` Valerie Bertinelli '' Scranton , Pennsylvania ; Lanzo , Torino , Italy ; London , United Kingdom August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) 40 5 `` Kelsey Grammer '' Beverly Hills , California ; San Francisco , California ; Oakland , California ; Portland , Oregon ; Baker City , Oregon ; Salem , Oregon ; Benton County , Oregon August 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 20 ) 41 6 `` Minnie Driver '' United Kingdom August 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The episode also featured McAdams ' sister Kayleen McAdams , a Hollywood make - up artist . Season 6 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Season 6 premiered on March 8 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 42 `` Julie Chen '' Los Angeles , California ; Singapore ; Penglai , Shandong , China March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) 43 `` Josh Groban '' Los Angeles , California ; Stuttgart , Germany March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) 44 `` Angie Harmon '' Charlotte , North Carolina ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Valley Forge , Pennsylvania ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ; Harrodsburg , Kentucky March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) 45 `` Sean Hayes '' Los Angeles , California ; Chicago , Illinois ; Dublin , Ireland ; Tarbert , Ireland March 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 29 ) 46 5 `` Tony Goldwyn '' Los Angeles , California ; Albany , New York ; Nunda , New York ; Portland , Oregon ; The Dalles , Oregon ; Salem , Oregon ; Hood River , Oregon April 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 05 ) 47 6 `` America Ferrera '' New York City , New York ; La Esperanza , Intibucá , Honduras ; Tegucigalpa , Honduras ; San Jerónimo , Copán , Honduras April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) 48 7 `` Bill Paxton '' Los Angeles , California ; Washington , D.C. ; Blacksburg , South Carolina ; Richmond , Virginia ; Warren County , Missouri April 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 19 ) 49 8 `` Melissa Etheridge '' Los Angeles , California ; Quebec City , Quebec , Canada ; Chester , Illinois ; Kaskaskia , Illinois ; Ste . Genevieve , Missouri April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) Season 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Season 7 premiered on July 26 , 2015 . This season featured Ginnifer Goodwin , J.K. Rowling , Alfre Woodard , Bryan Cranston , and Tom Bergeron . Rowling 's episode was an edited version of her appearance on the original BBC series in 2011 . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 50 `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' Los Angeles , California ; Batesville , Arkansas ; Little Rock , Arkansas ; Shreveport , Louisiana July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 51 `` J.K. Rowling '' Edinburgh , Scotland ; Paris , France ; Brumath , Alsace , France August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) 52 `` Alfre Woodard '' Los Angeles , California ; Perry , Georgia ; Baton Rouge , Louisiana ; Jackson Parish , Louisiana August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 53 `` Bryan Cranston '' Los Angeles , California ; Chicago , Illinois ; Springfield , Illinois ; Montreal , Quebec ; Dayton , Ohio August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 54 5 `` Tom Bergeron '' Portsmouth , New Hampshire ; La Rochelle , France ; Quebec City , Quebec August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) Season 8 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Season 8 premiered on April 3 , 2016 . The list of celebrity participants included Aisha Tyler , Scott Foley , Lea Michele , Chris Noth , Katey Sagal , and Molly Ringwald . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 55 `` Aisha Tyler '' Oberlin , Ohio ; Cleveland , Ohio ; Austin , Texas April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) 56 `` Scott Foley '' Washington , D.C. ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Salem , Massachusetts April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) 57 `` Katey Sagal '' New York , New York ; Harrisburg , Pennsylvania April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) 58 `` Molly Ringwald '' Brooklyn , New York ; Lund , Sweden ; Höganäs , Sweden ; Washington County , Nebraska ; Arlington , Nebraska April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) 59 5 `` Chris Noth '' Chicago , Illinois ; London , England ; Elvas , Portugal ; County Cavan , Ireland May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) 60 6 `` Lea Michele '' Bronx , New York ; Ellis Island May 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 01 ) Season 9 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) On June 9 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a ninth season to consist of 8 episodes which premiered on March 5 , 2017 . The list of celebrities that participated includes Jessica Biel , Julie Bowen , Courteney Cox , Jennifer Grey , Smokey Robinson , John Stamos , Liv Tyler and Noah Wyle . No . overall No. in season Featured celebrity Locations visited Original release date 61 `` Courteney Cox '' Los Angeles , California ; Gloucestershire , England ; London , England March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 62 `` Julie Bowen '' Chicago , Illinois ; Washington , Pennsylvania March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 63 `` Jennifer Grey '' Brooklyn , New York March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 64 `` Noah Wyle '' Baton Rouge , Louisiana ; Jackson , Mississippi ; Beauvoir ( Biloxi , Mississippi ) March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 65 5 `` Jessica Biel '' Los Angeles , California ; Chicago , Illinois ; St Louis , Missouri ; Miller County , Missouri ; Washington , D.C. ; Alton , Illinois April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 66 6 `` Smokey Robinson '' Los Angeles , California ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Washington , D.C. ; Fayette County , Tennessee April 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 09 ) 67 7 `` John Stamos '' Athens , Greece ; Levidi , Greece ; Nafplio , Greece ; Kakouri , Greece April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) 68 8 `` Liv Tyler '' Plattsburg , New York ; Washington D.C. ; Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ; Schuylerville , New York April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) Season 10 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The series has been renewed for its tenth season , airing in spring 2018 . Specials ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Into the Archives '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) Some of the biggest emotional and shocking highlights from past seasons . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) No . Episode Rating Share Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) `` Sarah Jessica Parker '' 4.6 8 1.6 / 6 6.85 5 `` Emmitt Smith '' 4.5 8 1.8 / 6 7.15 `` Lisa Kudrow '' 4.7 9 1.7 / 7 7.14 `` Matthew Broderick '' 4.1 8 1.5 / 5 6.21 9 5 `` Brooke Shields '' 4.0 8 1.4 / 6 5.90 5 6 `` Susan Sarandon '' 4.2 8 1.3 / 5 6.35 7 `` Spike Lee '' 3.5 7 1.2 / 5 5.21 7 Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) No . Episode Rating Share Rating / share ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( timeslot ) Rank ( night ) Note `` Vanessa Williams '' 4.5 8 1.3 / 4 7.31 6 `` Tim McGraw '' 4.2 7 1.4 / 5 6.59 `` Rosie O'Donnell '' 3.8 7 1.3 / 5 5.88 8 `` Kim Cattrall '' 4.1 7 1.2 / 4 6.18 9 5 `` Lionel Richie '' 3.9 7 1.2 / 4 6.11 5 6 `` Steve Buscemi '' 4.2 8 1.3 / 5 6.55 7 `` Gwyneth Paltrow '' 4.1 7 1.3 / 5 6.01 8 `` Ashley Judd '' 3.7 7 1.3 / 4 5.76 Season 7 : 2015 ( edit ) No . Episode Rating ( 18 - 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' 0.34 1.428 `` J.K. Rowling '' 0.32 1.527 `` Alfre Woodard '' `` Into the Archives '' DVD releases ( edit ) Complete season Release dates DVD extras and bonus features Number of discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Season 1 March 15 , 2011 February 1 , 2011 August 12 , 2010 None Season 2 May 1 , 2012 February 20 , 2012 TBA TBA International distribution ( edit ) In Australia , season 1 began airing on the Nine Network on April 28 , 2010 . Season 2 and reruns of season 1 will now air on sister channel , GEM . For a reason unexplained by Nine , the episodes featuring Spike Lee and Emmitt Smith were not aired in the initial Australian screenings . In the Republic of Ireland , the first season of the US version began airing on RTÉ One on Thursday , May 27 , 2010 , at 22 : 25 . The second series premiered on RTÉ One on Monday , July 4 , 2011 , at 22 : 40 . In the United Kingdom , the first season of the US version began airing on BBC One on Sunday , June 13 , 2010 , at 21 : 15 , the show received the same voice - over as the UK original series . The second series , premiered on Wednesday , November 16 , 2011 , at 22 : 45 . The first episode shown was that following Steve Buscemi . The fourth series premiered on BBC1 at midnight on Tuesday , January 14 , 2014 . The order of celebrity is changed in the opening credits to Applegate , Clarkson , O'Donnell , Deschanel , Crawford and Parsons . Handler and Yearwood are not featured as they have little profile in the UK . In Sweden , the first season of the US version began airing with Swedish subtitles on SVT on Tuesday , September 14 , 2010 , at 13 : 20 . In Greece , the first season of the US version began airing with Greek subtitles on Fox Life on Thursday , October 14 , 2010 , at 21 : 55 . In Finland , the first season of the US version began airing with Finnish subtitles on MTV3 on Thursday December 30 , 2010 , at 20 : 00 , called Sukujuuria etsimässä , `` Looking for family roots '' . In Czech Republic , Slovakia , Hungary and Former Yugoslav republics , the US version airs on Universal Channel , the British version airs on Viasat History . In The Netherlands , the US versions of season 1 & 2 aired on August 8 , 2013 . In Italy , the show began airing on Studio Universal on February 4 , 2013 . Reruns of season 2 and season 1 began airing on LaEFFE since May , 2013 . In Germany , it began airing on RTL Living on November 25 , 2011 . The network also aired the British version of the series on January 6 , 2012 . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Presenter Award Result 2012 64th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Reality Program Nominated 2014 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Structured Reality Program Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Structured Reality Program Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Structured Reality Series Pending See also ( edit ) African American Lives Ancestors in the Attic Finding Your Roots Genealogy Roadshow References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Fear Factor , ' ' Minute to Win It , ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' and ' The Sing Off ' All Canceled by NBC '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stromblad , Cory ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson Embraces Her Southern Roots on ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' '' . Taste of Country . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TLC Renews `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' and `` Long Lost Family '' for Additional Seasons `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` TLC Reveals New Celebrity Contributors for `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` NBC renews `` Marriage Ref , `` Minute To Win It , '' and `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' `` . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CW - Primetime Calender thru to March 4 , 2011 Jump up ^ ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' : NBC Announces The Celebrities Tracing Their Family Trees On Season Two Archived 2010 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . NBC Jump up ^ `` NBC Picks Up ' The Biggest Loser , ' ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' and ' The Sing - Off ' For 2011 - 12 '' . NBC . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley . `` Martin Sheen , Reba McEntire , Rob Lowe Among ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Season 3 Cast '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ TLC Reveals the Celebrity Contributors on ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Including Kelly Clarkson & Jim Parsons TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` '' Who Do You Think You Are ? '' Season 5 to Feature Cynthia Nixon , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Rachel McAdams `` . Jump up ^ `` Updates On New Season Of `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' And TLC Network `` . July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nededog , Jethro ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Bryan Cranston and more to appear on new season of family history series ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' '' . Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` New Season of ' Who Do You Think You Are ? ' Launching April 3rd '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TLC Renews `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' for New Season Premiering Spring 2018 `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : CBS edges out NBC Friday '' . ZAP2it.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Medium , Dateline Lead Night ; Who Do You Think You Are Debuts '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : ' Numb3rs ' finale leads CBS Friday '' . Zap2It.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Numb3rs Counted For the Last Time ? '' . TVByTheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Law , Christine ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Family tree show helps NBC take a Friday win '' . ZAP2it.com . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 24 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Dateline Leads NBC Win , As Food Revolution Ends Without A Bang '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV ratings : CBS , NBC share Friday victory '' . ZAP2it.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV Ratings : Dateline Leads Friday Again '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Finals : No Adjustments for ' Fringe , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Smallville ' or Any Other Show 's 18 - 49 Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment For ' Fringe , ' ' Smallville , ' ' Supernatural ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' Falls ; No Adjustments for ' Fringe , ' ' Smallville ' and ' Supernatural '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 28 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' CSI : NY ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments For ' Fringe , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Smallville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Smallville ' Adjusted Down , 20 / 20 Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 26 , 2011 ) . `` Updated TV Ratings Friday : ' Fringe ' Rebounds , ' Shark Tank 's ' Mark Cuban Still Ca n't Beat The Donald '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Chaos ' Bombs ; ' CSI : NY , ' ' Blue Bloods ' Return Down ; ' Shark Tank ' Steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( April 10 , 2011 ) . `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Chaos ' Goes Even Lower and Takes ' CSI : NY ' & ' Blue Bloods ' Down With It ; ' Shark Tank ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Futon Staff Critic ( April 9 , 2011 ) . `` Friday 's Broadcast Ratings : ' Chaos ' Craters in Second Week '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.26. 2015 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.2. 2015 Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are ? DVD news : Announcement for Who Do You Think You Are ? - Season 1 TVShowsOnDVD.com Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are - U.S. ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Film & TV Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? ( Usa ) DVD Movies & TV Shows , Genres , Special Interest / Documentary : JB HI - FI '' . Jbhifionline.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Who Do You Think You Are : Season 2 : Who Do You Think You Are ? : Movies & TV Jump up ^ Who Do You Think You Are ? USA - Series Two ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Vanessa Williams , Tim McGraw , Rosie O'Donnell , Lionel Richie , Steve Buscemi , Gwyneth Paltrow , Ashley Judd : ... Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? '' . Channel Nine Australia . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` RTÉ News '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are ? USA '' . RTÉ News . Jump up ^ BBC One - Who Do You Think You Are ? External links ( edit ) Official website Who Do You Think You Are ? on IMDb Who Do You Think You Are ? at TV.com Who Do You Think You Are ? 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4167377456408089913 | Mariana Trench | Mariana Trench - Wikipedia Mariana Trench This article is about the deep sea trench . For the Canadian band named after the geological formation , see Marianas Trench ( band ) . Coordinates : 11 ° 21 ′ N 142 ° 12 ′ E / 11.350 ° N 142.200 ° E / 11.350 ; 142.200 Location of the Mariana Trench The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench is the deepest part of the world 's oceans . It is located in the western Pacific Ocean , an average of 200 kilometres ( 124 mi ) to the east of the Mariana Islands , in the Western Pacific east of Philippines . It is a crescent - shaped scar in the Earth 's crust , and measures about 2,550 km ( 1,580 mi ) long and 69 km ( 43 mi ) wide on average . It reaches a maximum - known depth of 10,994 metres ( 36,070 ft ) ( ± 40 metres ( 130 ft ) ) at a small slot - shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep , at its southern end , although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres ( 36,201 ft ) . For comparison : if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point , its peak would still be over 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) underwater . In 2009 , the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument . At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars ( 15,750 psi ) , more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level . At this pressure , the density of water is increased by 4.96 % , so that 95.27 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface . The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 ° C ( 34 to 39 ° F ) . The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the center of the Earth . This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere ; its radius is about 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) less at the poles than at the equator . As a result , parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres ( 8.1 mi ) closer to the Earth 's center than the Challenger Deep seafloor . Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of 10.6 kilometres ( 6.6 mi ) below the sea surface . On 17 March 2013 , researchers from the Scottish Association for Marine Science reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Geology 3 Measurements 3.1 Descents 3.2 Planned descents 4 Life 4.1 Pollution 5 Possible nuclear waste disposal site 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Names ( edit ) The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands ( in turn named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria , widow of Philip IV of Spain ) . The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate , called the Mariana Plate ( also named for the islands ) , on the western side of the trench . Geology ( edit ) The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana Plate , creating the Mariana trench , and ( further on ) the arc of the Mariana islands , as water trapped in the plate is released and explodes upward to form island volcanoes and earthquakes . The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu - Bonin - Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates . In this system , the western edge of one plate , the Pacific Plate , is subducted ( i.e. , thrust ) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west . Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth ( up to 170 million years old ) , and is therefore cooler and more dense ; hence its great height difference relative to the higher - riding ( and younger ) Mariana Plate . The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper . The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands . These volcanic islands are caused by Flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate . Measurements ( edit ) See also : Challenger Deep The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875 , using a weighted rope , which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms ( 8,184 metres ; 26,850 feet ) . In 1877 , a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ( `` Deep map of the Great Ocean '' ) by Petermann , which showed a Challenger Tief ( `` Challenger deep '' ) at the location of that sounding . In 1899 , USS Nero , a converted collier , recorded a depth of 5,269 fathoms ( 9,636 metres ; 31,614 feet ) . In 1951 , Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding , a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition . During this survey , the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms ( 10,900 metres ; 35,760 feet ) at 11 ° 19 ′ N 142 ° 15 ′ E / 11.317 ° N 142.250 ° E / 11.317 ; 142.250 , known as the Challenger Deep . In 1957 , the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of 11,034 metres ( 36,201 ft ) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow . In 1962 , the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of 10,915 metres ( 35,810 ft ) using precision depth gauges . In 1984 , the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō ( 拓 洋 ) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow , multi-beam echo sounder ; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres ( 35,840 ft ) , also reported as 10,920 metres ( 35,830 ft ) ± 10 m ( 33 ft ) . Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 metres ( 35,797 ft ) on March 24 , 1995 . During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001 , a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep , possibly even deeper . It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam ; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey . This new spot was named the HMRG ( Hawaii Mapping Research Group ) Deep , after the group of scientists who discovered it . On 1 June 2009 , sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water , mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana ( mothership of the Nereus vehicle ) , indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 metres ( 35,994 ft ) . The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection , with an accuracy of better than 0.2 % of water depth across the entire swath ( implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres ( 72 ft ) ) . In 2011 , it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to 100 metres ( 330 ft ) resolution . The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts . The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle . Using both ocean - bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) beneath the surface . Descents ( edit ) The bathyscaphe Trieste ( designed by Auguste Piccard ) , the first manned vehicle to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench . Four descents have been achieved . The first was the manned descent by Swiss - designed , Italian - built , United States Navy - owned bathyscaphe Trieste which reached the bottom at 1 : 06 pm on 23 January 1960 , with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board . Iron shot was used for ballast , with gasoline for buoyancy . The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m ( 37,799 ft ) , but this was later revised to 10,916 m ( 35,814 ft ) . The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed . This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009 . The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 m ( 35,768 to 35,814 ft ) . The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012 . On 26 March , he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger . In July 2015 , members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Oregon State University , and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench , the Challenger Deep , never having deployed one past a mile . The titanium - shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under . Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November , the data capacity was full within the first 23 days . After months of analyzing the sounds , the experts were surprised to pick up natural and man - made sounds such as boats , earthquakes , a typhoon , and baleen whales . Due to the mission 's success , the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time . Planned descents ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2018 ) As of February 2012 , at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench . Triton Submarines , a Florida - based company that designs and manufactures private submarines , plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed . DOER Marine , a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992 , plans for a crew of two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed . Life ( edit ) The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed , with great surprise because of the high pressure , large creatures living at the bottom , such as a flatfish about 30 cm ( 12 in ) long , and shrimp . According to Piccard , `` The bottom appeared light and clear , a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze '' . Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish , and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber . During the second expedition , the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed . Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples . In July 2011 , a research expedition deployed untethered landers , called dropcams , equipped with digital video and lights to explore this region of the deep sea . Amongst many other living organisms , some gigantic single - celled amoebas with a size of more than 10 cm ( 4 in ) , belonging to the class of xenophyophores were observed . Xenophyophores are noteworthy for their size , their extreme abundance on the seafloor and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms . In December 2014 , a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of 8,145 m ( 26,722 ft ) , breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video . During the 2014 expedition , several new species were filmed including huge crustaceans known as supergiants . Deep - sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives . In May 2017 an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,178 metres ( 26,800 ft ) . Pollution ( edit ) In 2016 , a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from a range of 7,841 -- 10,250 metres within the trench . Within these organisms , the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs , a chemical toxin banned for its environmental harm in the 1970s , concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench . Possible nuclear waste disposal site ( edit ) Like other oceanic trenches , the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal , in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth 's mantle , the second layer of the Earth . However , ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law . Furthermore , plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes , the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long - term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem . See also ( edit ) Oceania portal Marianas Trench Marine National Monument , United States national monument at the trench . This National Monument protects 95,216 square miles ( 246,610 km ) of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago . It includes some of the Mariana Trench , but not the deepest part , the Challenger Deep , which lies just outside the monument area . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mariana Trench is 10,994 m deep , while Mount Everest is 8,848 m tall . The difference is 2,146 m , or at least no less than 2,104 m , accounting for the combined 42 m uncertainty in the measurements . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NGA GeoNames Search '' . National Geospatial Agency . Retrieved 29 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scientists map Mariana Trench , deepest known section of ocean in the world '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 7 December 2011 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariana Trench '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Official height for Everest set '' . BBC News . 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About the Monument -- Mariana Trench '' . U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service . Jump up ^ infoplease.com -- The Temperature in the Mariana Trench , read 2012 - 05 - 13 Jump up ^ David R. Williams ( 17 November 2010 ). Earth Fact Sheet . National Space Science Data Center . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giant amoeba found in Mariana Trench -- 6.6 miles beneath the sea '' . Los Angeles Times . 26 October 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth '' . LiveScience . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Glud , Ronnie ; Wenzhöfer , Frank ; Middleboe , Mathias ; Oguri , Kazumasa ; Turnewitsch , Robert ; Canfield , Donald E. ; Kitazato , Hiroshi ( 17 March 2013 ) . `` High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth '' . Nature Geoscience . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 284G . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1773 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Mariana Trench -- DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition '' . Deepseachallenge.com. 26 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Theberge , A. ( 24 March 2009 ) . `` Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench '' . Hydro International . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mariana Trench -- Exploration '' . marianatrench.com . Jump up ^ Tani , S. `` Continental shelf survey of Japan '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Development and Construction of Launcher System of 10000m ‐ Class Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO Mitsubishi Heavy Industry Jump up ^ Whitehouse , David ( 16 July 2003 ) . `` Sea floor survey reveals deep hole '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Reports for R / V KILO MOANA June and July 2009 '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . Archived from the original on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R / V KILO MOANA '' . University of Hawaii Marine Center . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Duncan Geere ( 7 February 2012 ) . `` Four ' bridges ' span the Mariana Trench '' . Wired . Condé Nast Digital . Archived from the original on 11 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Seismic Survey at the Mariana Trench Will Follow Water Dragged Down Into the Earth 's Mantle '' . ScienceDaily. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Eliza ( 2012 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Don Walsh Describes the Trip to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench -- IEEE Spectrum '' . Spectrum.ieee.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mariana Trench '' . Earthquake Hazards Program . U.S. Geological Survey . 21 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NOAA Ocean Explorer : History : Quotations : Soundings , Sea - Bottom , and Geophysics '' . oceanexplorer.noaa.gov . Jump up ^ AP Staff ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth '' . MSNBC . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Broad , William J. ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea '' . New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Than , Ker ( 25 March 2012 ) . `` James Cameron Completes Record - Breaking Mariana Trench Dive '' . National Geographic Society . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Kate ( 2016 ) , `` Eerie sounds from the bottom of the Earth '' , News.com.au . Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 4 March 2016 ) . `` Deep - Sea Audio Recordings Reveal A Noisy Mariana Trench , Surprising Scientists '' . The Two - Way : Breaking News from NPR . National Public Radio . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triton Submarines '' . Tritonsubs.com . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DOER Marine '' . DOER Marine . 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bathyscaphe Trieste Mariana Trench Challenger Deep '' . Geology.com . Retrieved 1 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron dives deep for Avatar '' , Guardian , 18 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` James Cameron heads into the abyss '' , Nature , 19 March 2012 Jump up ^ Woods , Michael ; Mary B. Woods ( 2009 ) . Seven Natural Wonders of the Arctic , Antarctica , and the Oceans . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 9075 - 1 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Giant amoebas discovered in the deepest ocean trench '' . Retrieved 26 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morelle , Rebecca ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) . `` New record for deepest fish '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded '' . CBC News . 2017 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jamieson , Alan J. ; Malkocs , Tamas ; Piertney , Stuart B. ; Fujii , Toyonobu ; Zhang , Zulin ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna '' . Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 . doi : 10.1038 / s41559 - 016 - 0051 . ISSN 2397 - 334X . ^ Jump up to : Hafemeister , David W. ( 2007 ) . Physics of societal issues : calculations on national security , environment , and energy . Berlin : Springer . p. 187 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 95560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kingsley , Marvin G. ; Rogers , Kenneth H. ( 2007 ) . Calculated risks : highly radioactive waste and homeland security . Aldershot , Hants , England : Ashgate . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 7133 - X . Jump up ^ `` Dumping and Loss overview '' . Oceans in the Nuclear Age . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 18 September 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariana Trench . Mariana Trench Dive ( 25 March 2012 ) -- Deepsea Challenger . Mariana Trench Dive ( 23 January 1960 ) -- Trieste ( Newsreel ) . Mariana Trench Dive ( 50th Anniv ) -- Trieste -- Capt Don Walsh . Mariana Trench -- Maps ( Google ) . NOAA -- Ocean Explorer ( Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch ) . NOAA -- Ocean Explorer -- Multimedia -- Mariana Arc ( podcast ) . NOAA -- Ocean Explorer -- Video Playlist -- Ring of Fire ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . hide Tectonic plates of East Asia ( Eurasian Plate - Pacific Plate Convergence Zone ) Large Amur Plate Okhotsk Plate Philippine Sea Plate Yangtze Plate Small Mariana Plate Okinawa Plate Philippine Mobile Belt Faults and rift zones Baikal Rift Zone Fukozu Fault Idosawa Fault Itoigawa - Shizuoka Tectonic Line Izu - Bonin - Mariana Arc Japan Median Tectonic Line Longmenshan Fault Neodani Fault Nojima Fault Northeastern Japan Arc Philippine Fault System Senya Fault Tanna Fault Ulakhan Fault Urasoko fault Trenches and troughs Kuril Trench Mariana Trench Japan Izu - Ogasawara Trench Japan Trench Nankai Trough Sagami Trough Suruga Trough Okinawa Trough Ryukyu Trench Philippines Manila Trench Philippine Trench East Luzon Trench Other Boso Triple Junction GND : 4576056 - 1 VIAF : 242291548 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mariana_Trench&oldid=850364678 '' Categories : Philippine Sea Oceanic trenches of the Pacific Ocean Extreme points of Earth Subduction zones Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 70 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 12 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the deepest oceans in the world | [
"The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench[1] is the deepest part of the world's oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, an average of 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the east of the Mariana Islands, in the Western Pacific east of Philippines. It is a crescent-shaped scar in the Earth's crust, and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) long and 69 km (43 mi) wide on average. It reaches a maximum-known depth of 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) (± 40 metres [130 ft]) at a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep, at its southern end,[2] although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres (36,201 ft).[3] For comparison: if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) underwater.[a] In 2009, the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument.[5]\n"
] | [
"the western Pacific Ocean"
] |
8889179825756109066 | Abuja | Abuja - Wikipedia Abuja Jump to : navigation , search Municipality in Federal Capital Territory , Nigeria Abuja Municipality Federal Capital City ( FCC ) Abuja Municipal Area From top ( L -- R ) : View of a street in Maitama District , Abuja National Mosque , Zuma Rock , fountain in Millennium Park , Central Bank headquarters , and skyline of CBD at night Abuja Location of Abuja in Nigeria Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Country Nigeria Territory Federal Capital Territory LGA ( s ) Abuja Municipal Area Council ( AMAC ) Settled 1828 Incorporated 1 October 1984 Declared capital 12 December 1991 Government City Planner Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) City Management Abuja Metropolitan Management Council ( AMMC ) Area Municipality 1,769 km ( 683 sq mi ) Land 1,728 km ( 667 sq mi ) Water 41 km ( 16 sq mi ) Urban 713 km ( 275 sq mi ) Elevation 840 m ( 2,760 ft ) Population ( 2011 estimate ) Municipality 1,235,880 Rank 7th Density 700 / km ( 1,800 / sq mi ) Urban 2,440,000 Urban density 3,423 / km ( 8,870 / sq mi ) Metro 6,000,000 ( estimated ) Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) Postal codes 900211 -- 900288 Climate Aw Website www.fcta.gov.ng Abuja ( / əˈbuːdʒə / ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) . It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s , replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991 . Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400 - metre ( 1,300 ft ) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock . Zuma Rock , a 792 - metre ( 2,598 ft ) monolith , lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna . At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 , the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35 % , retaining its position as the fastest - growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest - growing in the world . As at 2016 , the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons , placing it behind only Lagos , as the most populous metro area in Nigeria . Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose - built capital cities in Africa , as well as being one of the wealthiest . Abuja is Nigeria 's administrative and political centre . It is also a key capital on the African continent due to Nigeria 's geo - political influence in regional affairs . Abuja is also a conference centre and hosts various meetings annually , such as the 2003 Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting and the 2014 World Economic Forum ( Africa ) meetings . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Vegetation 3 Administration 3.1 Abuja Municipal Area Council 3.2 Federal Capital Territory 3.3 Districts 4 Cityscape 4.1 Parks and open areas 4.1. 1 Bush Bars 4.2 Central Business District 4.3 Garki District 4.4 Wuse District 4.5 Maitama District 4.6 Asokoro District 4.7 Gwarimpa District 4.8 Durumi District 5 Demographics 5.1 Conurbation 6 Economy and infrastructure 6.1 Postal system 6.2 Transportation 6.2. 1 Airport 6.2. 2 Highways 6.2. 3 Rail 7 Education 7.1 Universities 7.2 International schools 8 Twin towns -- sister cities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Nigeria 's National Assembly in Abuja `` Abuja '' was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja . The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi ( Gwari ) as the major language , Bassa , Gwandara , Gade , Ganagana , Koro etc . In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria , plans had been devised since Nigeria 's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties , and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria . The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity . Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos ' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid . As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development , the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country , and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja . The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital , Brasília . The decision to move to Abuja was made by General Murtala Mohammed in 1976 . Construction started in the late 1970s but , due to economic and political instability , the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s . The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) was developed by International Planning Associates ( IPA ) , a consortium of three American firms : Planning Research Corporation ; Wallace , McHarg , Roberts and Todd ; and Archisystems , a division of the Hughes Organization . The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form . More detailed design of the central areas of the capital , particularly its monumental core , was accomplished by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange , with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company . Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja , and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos , the commercial capital of Nigeria . Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and the regional headquarters of OPEC . Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth ; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20 % to 30 % per year . Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits . Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003 . Geography ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually . This includes a warm , humid rainy season and a blistering dry season . In between the two , there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind , with the main feature of dust haze and dryness . The rainy season begins from April and ends in October , when daytime temperatures reach 28 ° C ( 82.4 ° F ) to 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) and nighttime lows hover around 22 ° C ( 71.6 ° F ) to 23 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) . In the dry season , daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 ° C ( 53.6 ° F ) . Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) . The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory . Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory 's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year . ( hide ) Climate data for Abuja Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 33 ( 91.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.7 ( 0.067 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 11.3 ( 0.445 ) 62.8 ( 2.472 ) 134.1 ( 5.28 ) 164.2 ( 6.465 ) 217.5 ( 8.563 ) 262.7 ( 10.343 ) 253.4 ( 9.976 ) 103.2 ( 4.063 ) 3.7 ( 0.146 ) ( 0.047 ) 1,221.2 ( 48.08 ) Average rainy days 0.1 0.2 1.3 4.2 9.4 12.3 14.0 16.2 15.9 8.0 0.3 0.1 82 Source : World Meteorological Organization . Vegetation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The FCT falls within the Guinean forest - savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region . Patches of rain forest , however , occur in the Gwagwa plains , especially in the rugged terrain to the southeastern parts of the territory , where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found . These areas of the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria . Administration ( edit ) Abuja city is run by the Abuja Municipal Area Council . In addition to the civic administration the city is the location for the federal government of Nigeria , and likewise the Federal Capital Territory Administration which is responsible for the encompassing Federal Capital Territory . Abuja Municipal Area Council ( edit ) The Abuja Municipal Area Council is the local government responsible for administration of the city . Coucillorship and chairmanship elections are held regularly . The People 's Democratic Party won the 2013 election , as it had in 2010 . Federal Capital Territory ( edit ) Main article : Federal Capital Territory , Nigeria The FCT is headed by the FCT Minister , currently Malam Muhammad Bello , who is appointed by central government . The FCT Minister appoints members to the Abuja Metropolitan Management Council ( AMMC ) The FCT 's ministers have been as follows : Mobolaji Ajose - Adeogun 1976 -- 1979 John Jatau Kadiya , 1979 -- 1982 Iro Abubakar Dan Musa , 1982 -- 1983 Haliru Dantoro , 1983 -- 1984 Mamman Jiya Vatsa , 1984 -- December 1985 Hamza Abdullahi , 1986 -- 1989 Gado Nasko , 1989 -- 1993 Jeremiah Timbut Useni , 1993 -- 1998 Mamman Kontagora , 1998 -- 1999 Ibrahim Bunu , 1999 -- 2001 Mohammed Abba Gana , 2001 -- 2003 Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai , 2003 -- May 2007 Aliyu Modibo , 2007 -- 2008 Adamu Aliero , 2008 -- 2010 Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed , 2010 -- 2015 Mohammed Bello , 2015 -- Present Districts ( edit ) The Millennium tower is still under construction . A view of the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters Ceddi Plaza is one of the shopping malls in the Abuja Central Area . Grand Square is another shopping centre in the Central Area . Sahad Stores is a large department store popular with shoppers . National Christian Centre For ease and co-ordination of developmental efforts , the city was divided into ' Phases ' by its planners , with the city 's development taking a concentric form with Phase 1 , which consists of the city 's inner districts - Central Area , Maitama , Asokoro , Wuse , Wuse II , Garki , Garki II , Guzape and Guzape II - at its core spreading out from the foot of Aso Rock , while Phase 5 , consisting of the newly created Kyami District covering the vicinity of the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport and the permanent campus of the University of Abuja , over 40 kilometres west of Aso Rock . Each Phase is separated from the other by an expressway ( some still under construction ) ; for example , Phases 1 and 2 are separated from each other by the Nnamdi Azikiwe expressway , while the entirety of the city proper ( Phases 1 - 5 ) are enclosed by the Murtala Muhammed ( Outer Northern - ONEX and Outer Southern - OSEX ) expressways as well as the Federal A2 highway which traverses the Federal Capital Territory on its way to Kaduna ( north - bound ) and Lokoja ( south - bound ) . Thus there is an integration of the city 's road network with the Federal highway network , providing access to the immediate outlying countryside and the surrounding states of the country i.e. Niger State to the west , Kaduna State to the north , Nasarawa State to the east and Kogi State to the south . The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones . Central Cadastral Zone A00 Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02 Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03 Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04 Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06 Wuse II Districts ( Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08 ) Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09 There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2 . Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00 Gudu Cadastral Zone B01 Durumi Cadastral Zone B02 Wuye Cadastral Zone B03 Jabi Cadastral Zone B04 Utako Cadastral Zone B05 Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06 Jahi Cadastral Zone B08 Kado Cadastral Zone B09 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10 Kaura Cadastral Zone B11 Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12 Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13 Dutse Cadastral Zone B14 Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 A street in the Katampe ( Diplomatic ) extension neighbourhood . There are eleven districts in Phase 3 . Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00 Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 Gwarimpa Cadastral Zone C02 Dape Cadastral Zone C04 Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06 Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07 Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08 Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 Wumba Cadastral Zone C10 Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 There are five suburban districts : Nyanya , Karu , Gwagwalada , Kubwa , and Jukwoyi . Along the Airport Road ( Now Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Express Way ) are clusters of satellite settlements , namely Lugbe , Chika , Kuchigworo and Pyakassa . Other satellite settlements are Idu ( the main industrial zone ) , Mpape , Karimu , Gwagwa , Dei - Dei ( housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market ) . Cityscape ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Spectators at a football match held in the Abuja National Stadium The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings . Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear . Most of the buildings are modern , reflecting that it is a new city . Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed as work has stalled for the last few years . This structure looms 170 metres ( 560 ft ) above the city . The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre , a 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria . The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti . Landmarks include the Millennium Tower , the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters , the Nigerian Presidential Complex , the Ship House , the National Stadium , which was the main venue of the 2003 All Africa Games and some games , including the final , of the 2009 FIFA Under - 17 World Cup , National Mosque , the National Church , Aso Rock and Zuma Rock . Abuja City Gate Zuma rock Abuja National Mosque The National Cenotaph houses the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and hosts Armed Forces Remembrance Day ceremonies on 15 January annually . The Federal Ministry of Transportation headquarters . The grounds of Eagle Square shown here being readied for a church event . A view of the Millenium tower as seen from the Federal Secretariat just before sunset . The Federal Ministry of Finance Headquarters . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Headquarters of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ( NNPC ) . INCAR Plaza . SEC Tower , home of the Securities and Exchange Commission . Parks and open areas ( edit ) Jabi lake Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park . Millennium Park was designed by architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom 's Elizabeth II in December 2003 . Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa ; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory . The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park , it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema , astro - turf , lawn tennis court , paintball arena and a variety of restaurants . Bush bars ( edit ) Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as `` Bush Bars '' that usually , though not always , include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks ( alcoholic and non-alcoholic ) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya , grilled catfish , pounded yam , egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja . Central business District ( edit ) Abuja 's Central District , also called Central Area , is a strip of land stretching from Aso Rock in the east to the National stadium and the Old City gate in the West.It is like the city 's spinal cord , dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse , and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro . While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors , the Central District is the city 's principal Business Zone , where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices . An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone , so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive , legislative and judicial arms of the federal government . A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way , Aso Hill , the Abuja Plant Nursery , Eagle Square ( which has important historic significance , as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999 ) and in which all subsequent Presidential Inauguration ceremonies have taken place . The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated across Shehu Shagari Way facing the Eagle Square . This section is usually closed to traffic during the annual Armed Forces Remembrance Day ceremonies that is observed on 15 January . The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue . A well - known government office is the Ministry of Defense , colloquially nicknamed `` Ship House '' . Also located here is the yet - to - be-completed National Square , Millennium tower and Nigeria Cultural Centre multi-functional complex . Garki District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The NICON Luxury hotel is located in Area 11 . The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city , having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east . The district is subdivided into units called `` Areas '' . Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of `` Area '' to refer to parts of Garki . These are designated as Areas 1 to 11 . Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2 . Visitors may find this system confusing . Garki is presently the principal business and administrative district of Abuja . Numerous buildings of interest are in this area . Some of them include the General Post Office , Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way , Nicon Luxury Hotel ( formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian ) , Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings ( Area 1 ) . A new five - star hotel , Hawthorn Suites Abuja , is in Garki . Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes , although a zoological garden as well as a small shopping Centre are to be found here as well . Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7 . The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces -- Army , Airforce and Navy -- is located on Muhammadu Buhari Way in the Garki District . The tallest building in this district is the Radio House located at the Area 11 sector , which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications , the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria ( FRCN ) and Voice of Nigeria ( VON ) . The Nigerian Television Authority ( NTA ) stations and corporate headquarters are also in Garki . The Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki . The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory , Abuja is in Area 11 . This is the location of the Federal Capital Development Authority and other administrative buildings . A popular sub-neighbourhood here is found in the vicinity of Gimbiya street , because it has the unique characteristic of being a purely administrative zone on weekdays , while transforming into a purely entertainment zone on weeknights and weekends . A view of Gimbiya Street in Area 11 of Garki The ' City Centre ' is a new community mall located along Gimbiya street in Area 11 . Other places of note include the Cyprian Ekwensi Arts & Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force CID ( Criminal Investigation Department ) headquarters in Area 10 . The Abuja Municipal Area Council , which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10 . The new United States Embassy is in the Diplomatic Zone which adjoins Garki . Wuse District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city , with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south . The District is numbered Zones 1 -- 6 . The Wuse Market is Abuja 's principal market . The second most important post office in the city is here . This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers ( Zone 4 ) , Grand Ibro International hotel , the Federal Road Safety Corps Headquarters ( Zone 3 ) , Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters , Federal Civil Service Commission ( Zone 3 ) , National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration ( NAFDAC ) ( Zone 7 ) , Wuse General Hospital , and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation . Just as Garki District has Garki II , Wuse has Wuse II . This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2 . Maitama District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Millennium Park in Maitama District Maitama District is to the north of the city , with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively . This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business , and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive . Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel , Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters ( NCC ) , National Universities Commission ( NUC ) , Soil Conservation Complex , and Independent National Electoral Commission ( INEC ) . The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way , in Maitama . Also , the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama . Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies . Asokoro District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asokoro District , the doyen of the districts , houses all of the state 's lodges / guest houses . The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest . Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District . It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers as well as most of the diplomatic community in the city ; in addition , the Presidential Palace ( commonly referred to as the Aso Rock ) is in Asokoro District . By virtue of this fact , Asokoro is the most secure area of the city . Gwarimpa District ( edit ) Gwarimpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council . It is a 20 - kilometre ( 12 mi ) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria , the Gwarimpa Housing Estate . The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa . It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals . The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarimpa . Durumi District ( edit ) Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast . Its borders are the Oladipo Diya Road to the southwest , the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast , and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast . The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District . Demographics ( edit ) At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it then the eighth most populous city in Nigeria . United Nations figures showed that Abuja grew by 139.7 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 , the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35 % , retaining its position as the fastest - growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest - growing in the world . Conurbation ( edit ) Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city ; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns , such as Karu Urban Area , Suleja , Gwagwalada , Lugbe , Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling . The urban agglomeration centred upon Abuja had a population estimated at 2,440,000 in 2014 . The metropolitan area of Abuja was estimated in 2016 as six million persons , the country 's second most populous metro area . The city has a large and growing immigrant community consisting mainly of nationals from the ECOWAS sub-region . The city has been undergoing a rapid pace of physical development over the last fifteen years . Economy and infrastructure ( edit ) Postal system ( edit ) Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes , street names and zones . Transportation ( edit ) Airport ( edit ) Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region . It was named after Nigeria 's first president , Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport has international and domestic terminals . Highways ( edit ) A view of a section of the Outer Northern Expressway , ONEX ( Maitama Avenue intersection ) , with the IBB International Golf course to the right and the Nigerian Army Resource centre and Aso Rock to the left . Abuja is also linked to Nasarawa , Plateau , Benue and Northeast Nigeria by the A234 Federal Highway , which starts from the city as the Goodluck Jonathan expressway , some portions of which are still under construction . A direct highway link to Minna in Niger State is still under construction . The A2 expressway links Abuja with Kaduna in the north and Lokoja in the south . There are also other highway links with the outlying region , such as that linking the suburb of Dutse Alhaji with the Lower Usuma and Gurara Dams , which supply water to the city . Rail ( edit ) Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos -- Kano Standard Gauge Railway , which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna . Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja . There is a car park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre . A light rail system is now under construction , including a station at Idu . Education ( edit ) Universities ( edit ) African Institute of Science and Technology Baze University Nigerian Turkish Nile University University of Abuja Veritas University National Open University of Nigeria Nile University International schools ( edit ) Whiteplains British School , Jabi American International School of Abuja Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Toronto , Canada Buffalo , United States See also ( edit ) Centenary City Nigeria portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) '' . City Population . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaiyeola , Andrews . `` FCT Minister Harps on Development of Satellite Towns '' . ^ Jump up to : Demographia ( January 2015 ) . Demographia World Urban Areas ( PDF ) ( 11th ed . ) . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Define Abuja 's at Dictionary.com '' . dictionary.com . Random House , Inc . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News , Tuesday , 13 February 2007 . 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Notice on Publication of 2006 Census Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa '' . Euromonitor. 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 5 Cities To Do Business In Nigeria . ABUJA Is 2nd '' . Abuja Facts. 22 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Senan . `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth . '' BBC . Tuesday 13 February 2007 . Retrieved on 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Federal Capital '' . fcda.gov.ng. 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.naij.com/574434-nigeriaat55-top-5-reasons-nigerias-capital-moved-lagos-abuja-photos.html Jump up ^ Yusuf , Omotayo ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` Why The Capital Was Moved From Lagos To Abuja '' . Naija.ng - Nigeria news . Jump up ^ Elleh , Nnamdi . Abuja , the single most ambitious urban design project of the 20th century . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Conference : African Regional Roundtable on Upgrading Low - income Settlements '' ( PDF ) . www.citiesalliance.org . World Bank , 3 -- 5 October 2000 , Johannesburg , South Africa , p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Resettlement Issues , Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja , Nigeria 's Federal Capital '' ( PDF ) . fig.net . 5th FIG Regional Conference Accra , Ghana , 8 -- 11 March 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Polgreen , Lydia ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` In a Dream City , a Nightmare for the Common Man '' . nyt.com . New York Times , 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja Nigeria Tourist Information '' . Touristlink.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ World Weather Information Service - Abuja , World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FCT Poll : Pdp Wins 5 of 6 Area Councils '' . Nigerian Voice. 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Nigeria is shared under Jonathan '' . Vanguard News . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Us '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeremy . `` Sunday , August 27 , 2006 Abuja bush bars '' . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Suya Recipe : For Nigerians in Diaspora '' . Copyright © 2013 allnigerianrecipes.com -- All Rights Reserved . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Avenue '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ship House '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Durumi ( Abuja ) Nigeria / Abuja Federal Capital Territory / Zubo / Abuja '' . wikimapia.org/ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja F.C.C. Developed Districts '' . Nairaland.com . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School '' . Google+ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School , Abuja '' . American International School of Abuja . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Nigerian Postal Service ! '' . Nipost.gov.ng . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Agabi , Chris ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` NRC begins Abuja - Kaduna daily free train service '' . Daily Trust . External links ( edit ) Media related to Abuja at Wikimedia Commons Abuja official website Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abuja . Articles related to Abuja Abuja Districts Central District Garki District Wuse District Maitama District Asokoro District Gwarimpa DIstrict Phase 1 : Central Garki I Wuse I Wuse II Garki II Asokoro Maitama Guzape Phase 2 : Kukwuaba Gudu Durumi Wuye Jabi Utako Mabuchi Jahi Kado Dakibiyu Kaura Duboyi Gaduwa Dutse Katampe Phase 3 : Institution and Research Karmo Gwarimpa Dape Kafe Nbora Galadimawa Dakwo Lokogoma Wumba Idu Industrial Suburban districts : Nyanya Karu Gwagwalada Kubwa Jukwoyi Landmarks Aso Rock Presidential Complex National Assembly Supreme Court Abuja National Mosque Nigerian National Christian Centre Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Zuma Rock Millennium Tower CBN headquarters , NNPC towers Abuja International Conference Centre Nigerian Communications Commission building National Library of Nigeria Castle of Law National Ecumenical Centre of Nigeria Abuja Stadium Ecowas Secretariat Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre National Arbotetum I.B.B. 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"Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/)[4] is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s,[5] replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna."
] | [
"12 December 1991"
] |
4938837966927170785 | History of the Great Wall of China | History of the Great Wall of China - Wikipedia History of the Great Wall of China Jump to : navigation , search Course of the Wall throughout history The history of the Great Wall of China began when fortifications built by various states during the Spring and Autumn ( 771 -- 476 BC ) and Warring States periods ( 475 -- 221 BC ) were connected by the first emperor of China , Qin Shi Huang , to protect his newly founded Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) against incursions by nomads from Inner Asia . The walls were built of rammed earth , constructed using forced labour , and by 212 BC ran from Gansu to the coast of southern Manchuria . Later dynasties adopted different policies towards northern frontier defense . The Han ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 574 ) , the Sui ( 589 -- 618 ) , and particularly the Ming ( 1369 -- 1644 ) were among those that rebuilt , re-manned , and expanded the Walls , although they rarely followed Qin 's routes . The Han extended the fortifications furthest to the west , the Qi built about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) of new walls , while the Sui mobilised over a million men in their wall - building efforts . Conversely , the Tang ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan ( 1271 -- 1368 ) , and the Qing ( 1644 -- 1911 ) mostly did not build frontier walls , instead opting for other solutions to the Inner Asian threat like military campaigning and diplomacy . Although a useful deterrent against raids , at several points throughout its history the Great Wall failed to stop enemies , including in 1644 when the Manchu Qing marched through the gates of Shanhai Pass and replaced the most ardent of the wall - building dynasties , the Ming , as rulers of China . The Great Wall of China visible today largely dates from the Ming dynasty , as they rebuilt much of the wall in stone and brick , often extending its line through challenging terrain . Some sections remain in relatively good condition or have been renovated , while others have been damaged or destroyed for ideological reasons , deconstructed for their building materials , or lost due to the ravages of time . For long an object of fascination for foreigners , the wall is now a revered national symbol and a popular tourist destination . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographical considerations 2 Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) 3 Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) 4 Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) 5 Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) 6 Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) 7 Song and the conquest dynasties ( 907 -- 1368 ) 7.1 The northern walls of the Khitan , Jurchens , and Tanguts 7.2 The old Great Walls as Song boundary lines 7.3 The onset of the Mongols 8 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) 8.1 The early walls 8.2 The Walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the western reaches 8.3 From Beijing to Shanhai Pass 9 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) 9.1 Western appreciation of the Wall 10 Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) 11 Historiography 12 See also 13 References 14 Bibliography Geographical considerations ( edit ) Topographical map of China 's northern frontier area , with modern political boundaries . Manchuria , unmarked , is to the east of Inner Mongolia . The conflict between the Chinese and the nomads , from which the need for the Great Wall arose , stemmed from differences in geography . The 15 '' isohyet marks the extent of settled agriculture , dividing the fertile fields of China to the south and the semi-arid grasslands of Inner Asia to the north . The climates and the topography of the two regions led to distinct modes of societal development . According to the model by sinologist Karl August Wittfogel , the loess soils of Shaanxi made it possible for the Chinese to develop irrigated agriculture early on . Although this allowed them to expand into the lower reaches of the Yellow River valley , such extensive waterworks on an ever - increasing scale required collective labour , something that could only be managed by some form of bureaucracy . Thus the scholar - bureaucrats came to the fore to keep track of the income and expenses of the granaries . Walled cities grew up around the granaries for reasons of defence along with ease of administration ; they kept invaders out and ensured that citizens remained within . These cities combined to become feudal states , which eventually united to become an empire . Likewise , according to this model , walls not only enveloped cities as time went by , but also lined the borders of the feudal states and eventually the whole Chinese empire to provide protection against raids from the agrarian northern steppes . The steppe societies of Inner Asia , whose climate favoured a pastoral economy , stood in stark contrast to the Chinese mode of development . As animal herds are migratory by nature , communities could not afford to be stationary and therefore evolved as nomads . According to the influential Mongolist Owen Lattimore this lifestyle proved to be incompatible with the Chinese economic model . As the steppe population grew , pastoral agriculture alone could not support the population , and tribal alliances needed to be maintained by material rewards . For these needs , the nomads had to turn to the settled societies to get grains , metal tools , and luxury goods , which they could not produce by themselves . If denied trade by the settled peoples , the nomads would resort to raiding or even conquest . Potential nomadic incursion from three main areas of Inner Asia caused concern to northern China : Mongolia to the north , Manchuria to the northeast , and Xinjiang to the northwest . Of the three , China 's chief concern since the earliest times had been Mongolia -- the home of many of the country 's fiercest enemies including the Xiongnu , the Xianbei , the Khitans , and the Mongols . The Gobi Desert , which accounts for two - thirds of Mongolia 's area , divided the main northern and southern grazing lands and pushed the pastoral nomads to the fringes of the steppe . On the southern side ( Inner Mongolia ) , this pressure brought the nomads into contact with China . For the most part , barring intermittent passes and valleys ( the major one being the corridor through Zhangjiakou and the Juyong Pass ) , the North China Plain remained shielded from the Mongolian steppe by the Yin Mountains . However , if this defence were breached , China 's flat terrain offered no protection to the cities on the plain , including the imperial capitals of Beijing , Kaifeng , and Luoyang . Heading west along the Yin Mountains , the range ends where the Yellow River circles northwards upstream in the area known as the Ordos Loop -- technically part of the steppe , but capable of irrigated agriculture . Although the Yellow River formed a theoretical natural boundary with the north , such a border so far into the steppe was difficult to maintain . The lands south of the Yellow River -- the Hetao , the Ordos Desert , and the Loess Plateau -- provided no natural barriers on the approach to the Wei River valley , the oft - called cradle of Chinese civilization where the ancient capital Xi'an lay . As such , control of the Ordos remained extremely important for the rulers of China : not only for potential influence over the steppe , but also for the security of China proper . The region 's strategic importance combined with its untenability led many dynasties to place their first walls here . Although Manchuria is home to the agricultural lands of the Liao River valley , its location beyond the northern mountains relegated it to the relative periphery of Chinese concern . When Chinese state control became weak , at various points in history Manchuria fell under the control of the forest peoples of the area , including the Jurchens and the Manchus . The most crucial route that links Manchuria and the North China Plain is a narrow coastal strip of land , wedged between the Bohai Sea and the Yan Mountains , called the Shanhai Pass ( literally the `` mountain and sea pass '' ) . The pass gained much importance during the later dynasties , when the capital was set in Beijing , a mere 300 kilometres ( 190 miles ) away . In addition to the Shanhai Pass , a handful of mountain passes also provide access from Manchuria into China through the Yan Mountains , chief among them the Gubeikou and Xifengkou ( Chinese : 喜 峰 口 ) . Xinjiang , considered part of the Turkestan region , consists of an amalgamation of deserts , oases , and dry steppe barely suitable for agriculture . When influence from the steppe powers of Mongolia waned , the various Central Asian oasis kingdoms and nomadic clans like the Göktürks and Uyghurs were able to form their own states and confederations that threatened China at times . China proper is connected to this area by the Hexi Corridor , a narrow string of oases bounded by the Gobi Desert to the north and the high Tibetan Plateau to the south . In addition to considerations of frontier defence , the Hexi Corridor also formed an important part of the Silk Road trade route . Thus it was also in China 's economic interest to control this stretch of land , and hence the Great Wall 's western terminus is in this corridor -- the Yumen Pass during Han times and the Jiayu Pass during the Ming dynasty and thereafter . Pre-Imperial China ( 7th century -- 221 BC ) ( edit ) Remnants of the Great Wall of Qi on Dafeng Mountain , Changqing District , Jinan , which was once part of the ancient State of Qi during the Warring States Period . One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem , dated from the seventh century BC , recorded in the Classic of Poetry . The poem tells of a king , now identified as King Xuan ( r . 827 -- 782 BC ) of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BC ) , who commanded General Nan Zhong ( 南仲 ) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun . The Xianyun , whose base of power was in the Ordos region , were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes , and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan 's response . Nan Zhong 's campaign was recorded as a great victory . However , only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people , the Quanrong , responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital . The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan 's successor King You ( 795 -- 771 BC ) , forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou ( 成 周 , later known as Luoyang ) a year later , and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty ( 770 -- 256 BC ) . Most importantly , the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou 's nominal rulership . The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy . With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another , many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders . Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu 's wall of 656 BC , 1,400 metres ( 4,600 feet ) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era . The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC , and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi . The State of Wei built two walls , the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC , with the extant western wall found in Hancheng , Shaanxi . Even non-Chinese peoples built walls , such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong ( 義 渠 ) , whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin . Of these walls , those of the northern states Yan , Zhao , and Qin were connected by Qin Shi Huang when he united the Chinese states in 221 BC . Map of the Warring States and their frontier walls The State of Yan , the easternmost of the three northern states , began to erect walls after the general Qin Kai drove the Donghu people back `` a thousand li '' during the reign of King Zhao ( 燕 昭王 ; r . 311 -- 279 BC ) . The Yan wall stretched from the Liaodong peninsula , through Chifeng , and into northern Hebei , possibly bringing its western terminus near the Zhao walls . Another Yan wall was erected to the south to defend against the Zhao ; it was southwest of present - day Beijing and ran parallel to the Juma River for several dozen miles . The Zhao walls to the north were built under King Wuling of Zhao ( r . 325 -- 299 BC ) , whose groundbreaking introduction of nomadic cavalry into his army reshaped Chinese warfare and gave Zhao an initial advantage over his opponents . He attacked the Xiongnu tribes of Linhu ( 林 胡 ) and Loufan ( 樓 煩 ) to the north , then waged war on the state of Zhongshan until it was annexed in 296 BC . In the process , he constructed the northernmost fortified frontier deep in nomadic territory . The Zhao walls were dated in the 1960s to be from King Wuling 's reign : a southern long wall in northern Henan encompassing the Yanmen Pass ; a second line of barricades encircling the Ordos Loop , extending from Zhangjiakou in the east to the ancient fortress of Gaoque ( 高 闕 ) in the Urad Front Banner ; and a third , northernmost line along the southern slopes of the Yin Mountains , extending from Qinghe in the east , passing north of Hohhot , and into Baotou . Qin was originally a state on the western fringe of the Chinese political sphere , but it grew into a formidable power in the later parts of the Warring States period when it aggressively expanded in all directions . In the north , the state of Wei and the Yiqu built walls to protect themselves from Qin aggression , but were still unable to stop Qin from eating into their territories . The Qin reformist Shang Yang forced the Wei out of their walled area west of the Yellow River in 340 BC , and King Huiwen of Qin ( r . 338 -- 311 BC ) took 25 Yiqu forts in a northern offensive . When King Huiwen died , his widow the Queen Dowager Xuan acted as regent because the succeeding sons were deemed too young to govern . During the reign of King Zhaoxiang ( r . 306 -- 251 BC ) , the queen dowager apparently entered illicit relations with the Yiqu king and gave birth to two of his sons , but later tricked and killed the Yiqu king . Following that coup , the Qin army marched into Yiqu territory at the queen dowager 's orders ; the Qin annihilated the Yiqu remnants and thus came to possess the Ordos region . At this point the Qin built a wall around their new territories to defend against the true nomads even further north , incorporating the Wei walls . As a result , an estimated total of 1,775 kilometres ( 1,103 mi ) of Qin walls ( including spurts ) extended from southern Gansu to the bank of the Yellow River in the Jungar Banner , close to the border with Zhao at the time . The walls , known as Changcheng ( 長城 ) -- literally `` long walls '' , but often translated as `` Great Wall '' -- were mostly constructed of tamped earth , with some parts built with stones . Where natural barriers like ravines and rivers sufficed for defence , the walls were erected sparingly , but long fortified lines were laid where such advantageous terrains did not exist . Often in addition to the wall , the defensive system included garrisons and beacon towers inside the wall , and watchtowers outside at regular intervals . In terms of defence , the walls were generally effective at countering cavalry shock tactics , but there are doubts as to whether these early walls were actually defensive in nature . Nicola Di Cosmo points out that the northern frontier walls were built far to the north and included traditionally nomadic lands , and so rather than being defensive , the walls indicate the northward expansions of the three northern states and their desire to safeguard their recent territorial acquisitions . This theory is supported by the archeological discovery of nomadic artifacts within the walls , suggesting the presence of pre-existing or conquered barbarian societies . It is entirely possible , as Western scholars like di Cosmo and Lattimore suggest , that nomadic aggression against the Chinese in the coming centuries was partly caused by Chinese expansionism during this period . Qin dynasty ( 221 -- 206 BC ) ( edit ) Qin dynasty frontier walls In 221 BC , the state of Qin completed its conquest over the other Warring States and united China under Qin Shi Huang , the first emperor of China . These conquests , combined with the Legalist reforms started by Shang Yang in the 4th century BC , transformed China from a loose confederation of feudal states to an authoritarian empire . With the transformation , Qin became able to command a far greater assembly of labourers to be used in public works than the prior feudal kingdoms . Also , once unification was achieved , Qin found itself in possession of a large professional army with no more internal enemies to fight and thus had to find a new use for them . Soon after the conquests , in the year 215 BC , the emperor sent the famed general Meng Tian to the Ordos region to drive out the Xiongnu nomads settled there , who had risen from beyond the fallen marginal states along the northern frontier . Qin 's campaign against the Xiongnu was preemptive in nature , since there was no pressing nomadic menace to be faced at the time ; its aim was to annexe the ambiguous territories of the Ordos and to clearly define the Qin 's northern borders . Once the Xiongnu were chased away , Meng Tian introduced 30,000 settler families to colonize the newly conquered territories . Wall configurations were changed to reflect the new borders under the Qin . General Meng Tian erected walls beyond the northern loop of the Yellow River , effectively linking the border walls of Qin , Zhao , and Yan . Concurrent to the building of the frontier wall was the destruction of the walls within China that used to divide one warring state from another -- contrary to the outer walls , which were built to stabilize the newly united China , the inner walls threatened the unity of the empire . In the following year , 214 BC , Qin Shi Huang ordered new fortifications to be built along the Yellow River to the west of the Ordos while work continued in the north . This work was completed probably by 212 BC , signalled by Qin Shi Huang 's imperial tour of inspection and the construction of the Direct Road ( 直道 ) connecting the capital Xianyang with the Ordos . The result was a series of long walls running from Gansu to the seacoast in Manchuria . Details of the construction were not found in the official histories , but it could be inferred that the construction conditions were made especially difficult by the long stretches of mountains and semi-desert that the Great Wall traversed , the sparse populations of these areas , and the frigid winter climate . Although the walls were rammed earth , so the bulk of the building material could be found in situ , transportation of additional supplies and labour remained difficult for the reasons named above . The sinologist Derk Bodde posits in The Cambridge History of China that `` for every man whom Meng Tian could put to work at the scene of actual construction , dozens must have been needed to build approaching roads and to transport supplies . '' This is supported by the Han dynasty statesman Zhufu Yan 's description of Qin Shi Huang 's Ordos project in 128 BC : ... the land was brackish and arid , crops could not be grown on them ... At the time , the young men being drafted were forced to haul boats and barges loaded with baggage trains upstream to sustain a steady supply of food and fodder to the front ... Commencing at the departure point a man and his animal could carry thirty zhong ( about 176 kilograms ( 388 lb ) ) of food supply , by the time they arrived at the destination , they merely delivered one dan ( about 29 kilograms ( 64 lb ) ) of supply ... When the populace had become tired and weary they started to dissipate and abscond . The orphans , the frail , the widowed and the seniors were desperately trying to escape from their appallingly derelict state and died on the wayside as they wandered away from their home . People started to revolt . The settlement of the north continued up to Qin Shi Huang 's death in 210 BC , upon which Meng Tian was ordered to commit suicide in a succession conspiracy . Before killing himself , Meng Tian expressed regret for his walls : `` Beginning at Lintao and reaching to Liaodong , I built walls and dug moats for more than ten thousand li ; was it not inevitable that I broke the earth 's veins along the way ? This then was my offense . '' Meng Tian 's settlements in the north were abandoned , and the Xiongnu nomads moved back into the Ordos Loop as the Qin empire became consumed by widespread rebellion due to public discontent . Owen Lattimore concluded that the whole project relied upon military power to enforce agriculture on a land more suited for herding , resulting in `` the anti-historical paradox of attempting two mutually exclusive forms of development simultaneously '' that was doomed to fail . Han dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) ( edit ) Western Han dynasty frontier walls and the extent of its territory See also : History of the Han dynasty In 202 BC , the former peasant Liu Bang emerged victorious from the Chu -- Han Contention that followed the rebellion that toppled the Qin dynasty , and proclaimed himself Emperor of the Han dynasty , becoming known as Emperor Gaozu of Han ( r . 202 -- 195 BC ) to posterity . Unable to address the problem of the resurgent Xiongnu in the Ordos region through military means , Emperor Gaozu was forced to appease the Xiongnu . In exchange for peace , the Han offered tributes along with princesses to marry off to the Xiongnu chiefs . These diplomatic marriages would become known as heqin , and the terms specified that the Great Wall ( determined to be either the Warring States period Qin state wall or a short stretch of wall south of Yanmen Pass ) was to serve as the line across which neither party would venture . In 162 BC , Gaozu 's son Emperor Wen clarified the agreement , suggesting the Xiongnu chanyu held authority north of the Wall and the Han emperor held authority south of it . Sima Qian , the author of the Records of the Grand Historian , describes the result of this agreement as one of peace and friendship : `` from the chanyu downwards , all the Xiongnu grew friendly with the Han , coming and going along the Long Wall '' . However , Chinese records show that the Xiongnu often did not respect the agreement , as the Xiongnu cavalry numbering up to 100,000 made several intrusions into Han territory despite the intermarriage . To Chinese minds , the heqin policy was humiliating and ran contrary to the Sinocentric world order like `` a person hanging upside down '' , as the statesman Jia Yi ( d . 169 BC ) puts it . These sentiments manifested themselves in the Han court in the form of the pro-war faction , who advocated the reversal of Han 's policy of appeasement . By the reign of Emperor Wu ( r . 141 -- 87 BC ) , the Han felt comfortable enough to go to war with the Xiongnu . After a botched attempt at luring the Xiongnu army into an ambush at the Battle of Mayi in 133 BC , the era of heqin - style appeasement was broken and the Han -- Xiongnu War went into full swing . The ruins of a Han dynasty ( 202 BC -- 220 AD ) Chinese watchtower made of rammed earth , Gansu province . Part of Emperor Wu 's extension of Han 's defence lines to the western regions . Play media A video clip showing rammed earth ruins of the Han - period Great Wall at Dunhuang in Gansu province As the Han -- Xiongnu War progressed in favour of the Han , the Wall became maintained and extended beyond Qin lines . In 127 BC , General Wei Qing invaded the much - contested Ordos region as far as the Qin fortifications set up by Meng Tian . In this way , Wei Qing reconquered the irrigable lands north of the Ordos and restored the spur of defences protecting that territory from the steppe . In addition to rebuilding the walls , archeologists believe that the Han also erected thousands of kilometres of walls from Hebei to Inner Mongolia during Emperor Wu 's reign . The fortifications here include embankments , beacon stations , and forts , all constructed with a combination of tamped - earth cores and stone frontages . From the Ordos Loop , the sporadic and non-continuous Han Great Wall followed the northern edge of the Hexi Corridor through the cities of Wuwei , Zhangye , and Jiuquan , leading into the Juyan Lake Basin , and terminating in two places : the Yumen Pass in the north , or the Yang Pass to the south , both in the vicinity of Dunhuang . Yumen Pass was the most westerly of all Han Chinese fortifications -- further west than the western terminus of the Ming Great Wall at Jiayu Pass , about 460 kilometres ( 290 mi ) to the east . The garrisons of the watchtowers on the wall were supported by civilian farming and by military agricultural colonies known as tuntian . Behind this line of fortifications , the Han government was able to maintain its settlements and its communications to the Western Regions in central Asia , generally secure from attacks from the north . The campaigns against the Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples of the west exhausted the imperial treasury , and the expansionist policies were reverted in favour of peace under Emperor Wu 's successors . The peace was largely respected even when the Han throne was usurped by the minister Wang Mang in 9 AD , beginning a brief 15 - year interregnum known as the Xin dynasty ( 9 -- 23 ) . Despite high tensions between the Xin and the Xiongnu resulting in the deployment of 300,000 men on the Great Wall , no major fighting broke out beyond minor raids . Instead , popular discontent led to banditry and , ultimately , full - scale rebellion . The civil war ended with the Liu clan on the throne again , beginning the Eastern Han dynasty ( 25 -- 220 ) . The restorer Emperor Guangwu ( r . 25 -- 57 AD ) initiated several projects to consolidate his control within the frontier regions . Defense works were established to the east of the Yanmen Pass , with a line of fortifications and beacon fires stretching from Pingcheng County ( present - day Datong ) through the valley of the Sanggan River to Dai County , Shanxi . By 38 AD , as a result of raids by the Xiongnu further to the west against the Wei River valley , orders were given for a series of walls to be constructed as defences for the Fen River , the southward course of the Yellow River , and the region of the former imperial capital , Chang'an . These constructions were defensive in nature , which marked a shift from the offensive walls of the preceding Emperor Wu and the rulers of the Warring States . By the early 40s AD the northern frontiers of China had undergone drastic change : the line of the imperial frontier followed not the advanced positions conquered by Emperor Wu but the rear defences indicated roughly by the modern ( Ming dynasty ) Great Wall . The Ordos region , northern Shanxi , and the upper Luan River basin around Chengde were abandoned and left to the control of the Xiongnu . The rest of the frontier remained somewhat intact until the end of the Han dynasty , with the Dunhuang manuscripts ( discovered in 1900 ) indicating that the military establishment in the northwest was maintained for most of the Eastern Han period . Period of Disunity to the Sui dynasty ( 220 -- 618 ) ( edit ) Following the end of the Han dynasty in 220 , China disintegrated into warlord states , which in 280 were briefly reunited under the Western Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 316 ) . There are ambiguous accounts of the Jin rebuilding the Qin wall , but these walls apparently offered no resistance during the Wu Hu uprising , when the nomadic tribes of the steppe evicted the Chinese court from northern China . What followed was a succession of short - lived states in northern China known as the Sixteen Kingdoms , until they were all consolidated by the Xianbei - led Northern Wei dynasty ( 386 -- 535 ) . As Northern Wei became more economically dependent on agriculture , the Xianbei emperors made a conscious decision to adopt Chinese customs , including passive methods of frontier defence . In 423 , a defence line over 2,000 li ( 1,080 kilometres ( 670 mi ) ) long was built to resist the Rouran ; its path roughly followed the old Zhao wall from Chicheng County in Hebei Province to Wuyuan County , Inner Mongolia . In 446 , 100,000 men were put to work building an inner wall from Yanqing , passing south of the Wei capital Pingcheng , and ending up near Pingguan on the eastern bank of the Yellow River . The two walls formed the basis of the double - layered Xuanfu -- Datong wall system that protected Beijing a thousand years later during the Ming dynasty . The Northern Wei collapsed in 535 due to civil insurrection to be eventually succeeded by the Northern Qi ( 550 -- 575 ) and Northern Zhou ( 557 -- 580 ) . Faced with the threat of the Göktürks from the north , from 552 to 556 the Qi built up to 3,000 li ( about 1,600 kilometres ( 990 mi ) ) of wall from Shanxi to the sea at Shanhai Pass . Over the course of the year 555 alone , 1.8 million men were mobilized to build the Juyong Pass and extend its wall by 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) through Datong to the eastern banks of the Yellow River . In 557 a secondary wall was built inside the main one . These walls were built quickly from local earth and stones or formed by natural barriers . Two stretches of the stone - and - earth Qi wall still stand in Shanxi today , measuring 3.3 metres ( 11 ft ) wide at their bases and 3.5 metres ( 11 ft ) high on average . In 577 the Northern Zhou conquered the Northern Qi and in 580 made repairs to the existing Qi walls . The route of the Qi and Zhou walls would be mostly followed by the later Ming wall west of Gubeikou , which includes reconstructed walls from Qi and Zhou . In more recent times , the reddish remnants of the Zhou ramparts in Hebei gave rise to the nickname `` Red Wall '' . The Sui took power from the Northern Zhou in 581 before reuniting China in 589 . Sui 's founding emperor , Emperor Wen of Sui ( r . 581 -- 604 ) , carried out considerable wall construction in 581 in Hebei and Shanxi to defend against Ishbara Qaghan of the Göktürks . The new walls proved insufficient in 582 when Ishbara Qaghan avoided them by riding west to raid Gansu and Shaanxi with 400,000 archers . Between 585 and 588 Emperor Wen sought to close this gap by putting walls up in the Ordos Mountains ( between Suide and Lingwu ) and Inner Mongolia . In 586 as many as 150,000 men are recorded as involved in the construction . Emperor Wen 's son Emperor Yang ( r . 604 -- 618 ) continued to build walls . In 607 -- 608 he sent over a million men to build a wall from Yulin to near Huhhot to protect the newly refurbished eastern capital Luoyang . Part of the Sui wall survives to this day in Inner Mongolia as earthen ramparts some 2.5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) high with towers rising to double that . The dynastic history of Sui estimates that 500,000 people died building the wall , adding to the number of casualties caused by Emperor Yang 's projects including the aforementioned redesign of Luoyang , the Grand Canal , and two ill - fated campaigns against Goguryeo . With the economy strained and the populace resentful , the Sui dynasty erupted in rebellion and ended with the assassination of Emperor Yang in 618 . Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) ( edit ) 塞 下 曲 ( 望 臨洮 ) Under the Wall ( Viewing Lintao ) 飲 馬渡 秋水 My horse crosses the river in autumn , 水 寒風 似 刀 The cold wind off the water cuts like a knife . 平 沙 日 未 沒 Across the desert flats , the day is not yet finished , 黯 黯 見 臨洮 I can dimly make out Lintao . 昔日 長城 戰 In olden days , battles along the Long Wall 咸 言 意氣 高 Were described with praise and awe . 黃 塵 足 今 古 But today , the past is no more than yellow dust 白骨 亂 蓬蒿 White bones jostled amongst the grass . -- Wang Changling ( 698 -- 755 ) Frontier policy under the Tang dynasty reversed the wall - building activities of most previous dynasties that had occupied northern China since the third century BC , and no extensive wall building took place for the next several hundred years . Soon after the establishment of the Tang dynasty , during the reign of Emperor Taizong ( r . 626 -- 649 ) , the threat of Göktürk tribesmen from the north prompted some court officials to suggest drafting corvée labourers to repair the aging Great Wall . Taizong scoffed at the suggestion , alluding to the Sui walls built in vain : `` The Emperor Yang of Sui made the people labor to construct the Great Wall in order to defend against the Turks , but in the end this was of no use . '' Instead of building walls , Taizong claimed he `` need merely to establish Li Shiji in Jinyang for the dust on the border to settle . '' Accordingly , Taizong sent talented generals like Li Shiji with mobile armies to the frontier , while fortifications were mostly limited to a series of walled garrisons , such as the euphemistically - named `` cities for accepting surrender '' ( 受降 城 , shòuxiáng chéng ) that were actually bases from which to launch attacks . As a result of this military strategy , the Tang grew to become one of the largest of all the Chinese empires , destroying the Göktürks of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and acquiring territory stretching all the way to Kazakhstan . Nevertheless , records show that in the Kaiyuan era ( 713 -- 742 ) of Emperor Xuanzong 's reign , the general Zhang Yue built a wall 90 li ( 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) ) to the north of Huairong ( 懷 戎 ; present - day Huailai County , Hebei ) , although it remains unclear whether he erected new walls or only reinforced the existing Northern Qi walls . The Great Wall , or the ruins of it , features prominently in the subset of Tang poetry known as biansai shi ( 邊塞 詩 , `` frontier verse '' ) written by scholar - officials assigned along the frontier . Emphasizing the poets ' loneliness and longing for home while hinting at the pointlessness of their posts , these frontier verses are characterized by imagery of desolate landscapes , including the ruins of the now - neglected Great Wall -- a direct product of Tang 's frontier policy . Song and the conquest dynasties ( 907 -- 1368 ) ( edit ) See also : History of the Song dynasty The northern walls of the Khitan , Jurchens , and Tanguts ( edit ) The Jurchen Jin dynasty ( orange ) shown with the walls of Liao , Xia , and Jin . After the Tang dynasty ended in 907 , the northern frontier area remained out of Han Chinese hands until the establishment of the Ming dynasty in 1368 . During this period , non-Han `` conquest dynasties '' ruled the north : the Khitan Liao dynasty ( 907 -- 1125 ) and the succeeding Jurchen Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in the east and the Tangut Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) in the west , all of which had built walls against the north . In 907 , the Khitan chieftain Abaoji succeeded in getting himself appointed khaghan of all Khitan tribes in the north , laying the foundations to what would officially become the Liao dynasty . In 936 , the Khitan supported the Shanxi rebel Shi Jingtang in his revolt against the Shatuo Turkic Later Tang , which had destroyed the usurpers of the Tang in 923 . The Khitan leader , Abaoji 's second son Yelü Deguang , convinced Shi to found a new dynasty ( the Later Jin , 936 -- 946 ) , and received the crucial border region known as the Sixteen Prefectures in return . With the Sixteen Prefectures , the Khitan now possessed all the passes and fortifications that controlled access to the plains of northern China , including the main Great Wall line . Settling in the transitional area between agricultural lands and the steppe , the Khitans became semi-sedentary like their Xianbei predecessors of the Northern Wei , and started to use Chinese methods of defence . In 1026 walls were built through central Manchuria north of Nong'an County to the banks of the Songhua River . When the Jurchens , once Liao vassals , rose up to overthrow their masters and established the Jin dynasty , they continued Liao 's wall - building activities with extensive work begun before 1138 . Further wall construction took place in 1165 and 1181 under the Jin Emperor Shizhong , and later from 1192 to 1203 during the reign of his successor Emperor Zhangzong . This long period of wall - building burdened the populace and provoked controversy . Sometime between 1190 and 1196 , during Zhangzong 's reign , the high official Zhang Wangong ( 張萬公 ) and the Censorate recommended that work on the wall be indefinitely suspended due to a recent drought , noting : `` What has been begun is already being flattened by sandstorms , and bullying the people into defence works will simply exhaust them . '' However , Chancellor Wanyan Xiang ( 完 顏 襄 ) convinced the emperor of the walls ' merits based on an optimistic cost estimate -- `` Although the initial outlay for the walls will be one million strings of cash , when the work is done the frontier will be secure with only half the present number of soldiers needed to defend it , which means that every year you will save three million strings of cash ... The benefits will be everlasting '' -- and so construction continued unabated . All this work created an extensive systems of walls , which consisted of a 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) `` outer wall '' from Heilongjiang to Mongolia and a 1,000 kilometres ( 620 mi ) network of `` inner walls '' north and northeast of Beijing . Together , they formed a roughly elliptical web of fortifications 1,400 kilometres ( 870 mi ) in length and 440 kilometres ( 270 mi ) in diameter . Some of these walls had inner moats ( from 10 to 60 metres ( 33 to 197 feet ) in width ) , beacon towers , battlements , parapets , and outward - facing semicircular platforms protruding from the wall -- features that set the Jin walls apart from their predecessors . In the west , the Tanguts took control of the Ordos region , where they established the Western Xia dynasty . Although the Xia were not traditionally known for building walls , in 2011 archeologists uncovered 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of walls at Ömnögovi Province in Mongolia in what had been Western Xia territory . Radiocarbon analysis showed that they were constructed from 1040 to 1160 . The walls were as tall as 2.75 metres ( 9 ft 0 in ) at places when they were discovered , and may have been around 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) taller originally . They were built with mud and saxaul ( a desert shrub ) in one section , and dark basalt blocks in another , suggesting that the rocks may have been quarried from nearby extinct volcanoes and transported to the construction site . Archaeologists have not yet found traces of human activity around this stretch of wall , which suggests that the Xia wall in this location may have been incomplete and not ready for use . The Old Great walls as Song boundary lines ( edit ) Han Chinese power during the tumultuous post-Tang era was represented by the Song dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) , which completed its unification of the Chinese states with the conquest of Wuyue in 971 . Turning to the north after this victory , in 979 the Song eliminated the Northern Han , ultimate successors to the Later Jin , but were unable to take the Sixteen Prefectures from the Liao dynasty . As a result of Song 's military aggression , relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile . One of the battlegrounds in the Song -- Liao War was the Great Wall Gap ( 長城 口 ) , so named because the southern Yan wall of the Warring States period crossed the Juma River here into Liao territory . The Great Wall Gap saw action in 979 , 988 -- 989 , and 1004 , and a Song fortress was built there in 980 . Intermittent wars between the Song and the Liao lasted until January 1005 , when a truce was called and led to the Treaty of Chanyuan . This agreement , among other things , required the Song to pay tribute to the Liao , recognized the Song and Liao as equals , and demarcated the Song -- Liao border , the course of which became more clearly defined in a series of subsequent bilateral agreements . Several stretches of the old Great Walls , including the Northern Qi Inner Wall near the Hengshan mountain range , became the border between the Song and the Liao . In the northwest , the Song were in conflict with the Western Xia , since they occupied what the Song considered as Chinese land lost during the Tang dynasty . The Song utilized the walls built during the reign of Qin 's King Zhaoxiang of the Warring States period , making it the Song -- Western Xia border , but the topography of the area was not as sharp and distinct as the Song -- Liao defences to the east . The border general Cao Wei ( 曹 瑋 ; 973 -- 1030 ) deemed the Old Wall itself insufficient to slow a Tangut cavalry attack , and had a deep trench dug alongside . This trench , between 15 and 20 metres ( 49 and 66 feet ) in width and depth , proved an effective defence , but in 1002 the Tanguts caught the Song patrollers off guard and filled the trench to cross the Old Wall . Later , in 1042 , the Tanguts turned the trench against the Song by removing the bridges over it , thereby trapping the retreating army of Ge Huaimin ( 葛懷敏 ) before annihilating it at the Battle of Dingchuan Fortress ( 定 川 寨 ) . Despite the war with the Western Xia , the Song also settled land disputes with them by referring to prior agreements , as with the Liao . However , soon after the Jin dynasty overthrew the Liao dynasty , the Jurchens sacked the Song capital in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars , causing the Song court to flee south of the Yangtze River . For the next two and a half centuries , the Great Wall played no role in Han Chinese geopolitics . The onset of the Mongols ( edit ) The Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass See also : Mongol invasion of China In the 13th century , the Mongol leader Genghis Khan , once a vassal of the Jurchens , rose up against the Jin dynasty . In the ensuing Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty , the nomadic invaders avoided direct attacks on the Jin fortifications . Instead , when they could , the Mongols simply rode around the walls ; an effective example of this tactic is in 1211 , when they circumvented the substantial fortress in Zhangjiakou and inflicted a terrible defeat upon the Jin armies at the Battle of Yehuling . The Mongols also took advantage of lingering Liao resentment against the Jin ; the Khitan defenders of the garrisons along the Jin walls , such as those in Gubeikou , often preferred to surrender to the Mongols rather than fight them . The only major engagement of note along the main Great Wall line was at the heavily defended Juyong Pass : instead of laying siege , the Mongol general Jebe lured the defenders out into an ambush and charged in through the opened gates . In 1215 , Genghis Khan besieged , captured , and sacked the Jin capital of Yanjing ( modern - day Beijing ) . The Jin dynasty eventually collapsed following the siege of Caizhou in 1234 . Western Xia had already fallen in 1227 , and the Southern Song resisted the Mongols until 1279 . With that , the Yuan dynasty , established by Genghis Khan 's grandson Khublai Khan , became the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China . Despite being the head of the Mongol Empire , Khublai Khan 's rule over China was not free from the threat of the steppe nomads . The Yuan dynasty faced challenges from rival claimants to the title of Great Khan and from rebellious Mongols in the north . Khublai Khan dealt with such threats by using both military blockades and economic sanctions . Although he established garrisons along the steppe frontier from the Juyan Lake Basin in the far west to Yingchang in the east , Khublai Khan and the Yuan emperors after him did not add to the Great Wall ( except for the ornate Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass ) . When the Venetian traveller Marco Polo wrote of his experiences in China during the reign of Khublai Khan , he did not mention a Great Wall . Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ming Great Wall The early walls ( edit ) The extent of the Ming dynasty and its walls , which formed most of what is called the Great Wall of China today In 1368 , the Hongwu Emperor ( Zhu Yuanzhang , r . 1368 -- 98 ) ousted the Mongol - led Yuan dynasty from China to inaugurate the Ming dynasty . The Mongols fled back to Mongolia , but even after numerous campaigns , the Mongol problem remained . During his early reign , Hongwu set up the `` eight outer garrisons '' close to the steppe and an inner line of forts more suitable for defence . The inner line was the forerunner to the Ming Great Wall . In 1373 , as Ming forces encountered setbacks , Hongwu put more emphasis on defence and adopted Hua Yunlong 's ( 華 雲龍 ) suggestion to establish garrisons at 130 passes and other strategic points in the Beijing area . More positions were set up in the years up Hongwu 's death in 1398 , and watchtowers were manned from the Bohai Sea to Beijing and further onto the Mongolian steppes . These positions , however , were not for a linear defence but rather a regional one in which walls did not feature heavily , and offensive tactics remained the overarching policy at the time . In 1421 , the Ming capital was relocated from Nanjing in the south to Beijing in the north , partly to better manage the Mongol situation . Thus defenses were concentrated around Beijing , where stone and earth began to replace rammed earth in strategic passes . A wall was erected by the Ming in Liaodong to protect Han settlers from a possible threat from the Jurched - Mongol Oriyanghan around 1442 . In 1467 -- 68 , expansion of the wall provided further protection for the region from against attacks by the Jianzhou Jurchens in the northeast . Meanwhile , the outer defenses were gradually moved inward , thereby sacrificing a vital foothold in the steppe transitional zone . Despite the withdrawal from the steppe , the Ming military remained in a strong position against the nomads until the Tumu Crisis in 1449 , which caused the collapse of the early Ming security system . Over half of the campaigning Chinese army perished in the conflict , while the Mongols captured the Zhengtong Emperor . This military debacle shattered the Chinese military might that had so impressed and given pause to the Mongols since the beginning of the dynasty , and caused the Ming to be on the defensive ever after . The deterioration of the Ming military position in the steppe transitional zone gave rise to nomadic raids into Ming territory , including the crucial Ordos region , on a level unprecedented since the dynasty 's founding . After decades of deliberation between an offensive strategy and an accommodative policy , the decision to build the first major Ming walls in the Ordos was agreed upon as an acceptable compromise the 1470s . A section of the Great Wall at Jinshanling in Luanping County , Hebei province , China Yu Zijun ( 余子 俊 ; 1429 -- 1489 ) first proposed constructing a wall in the Ordos region in August 1471 , but not until 20 December 1472 did the court and emperor approve the plan . The 1473 victory in the Battle of Red Salt Lake ( 紅 鹽池 ) by Wang Yue ( 王 越 ) deterred Mongol invasions long enough for Yu Zijun to complete his wall project in 1474 . This wall , a combined effort between Yu Zijun and Wang Yue , stretched from present day Hengcheng ( 橫 城 ) in Lingwu ( northwestern Ningxia province ) to Huamachi town ( 花 馬 池 鎮 ) in Yanchi County , and from there to Qingshuiying ( 清水 營 ) in northeastern Shaanxi , a total of more than 2000 li ( about 1,100 kilometres ( 680 mi ) ) long . Along its length were 800 strong points , sentry posts , beacon - fire towers , and assorted defences . 40,000 men were enlisted for this effort , which was completed in several months at a cost of over one million silver taels . This defence system proved its initial worth in 1482 , when a large group of Mongol raiders were trapped within the double lines of fortifications and suffered a defeat by the Ming generals . This was seen as a vindication of Yu Zijun 's strategy of wall - building by the people of the border areas . By the mid-16th century , Yu 's wall in the Ordos had seen expansion into an extensive defence system . It contained two defence lines : Yu 's wall , called the `` great border '' ( 大 邊 , dàbiān ) , and a `` secondary border '' ( 二 邊 , èrbiān ) built by Yang Yiqing ( 楊一清 ; 1454 -- 1530 ) behind it . Following the success of the Ordos walls , Yu Zijun proposed construction of a further wall that would extend from the Yellow River bend in the Ordos to the Sihaiye Pass ( 四海 冶 口 ; in present - day Yanqing County ) near the capital Beijing , running a distance of more than 1300 li ( about 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) ) . The project received approval in 1485 , but Yu 's political enemies harped on the cost overruns and forced Yu to scrap the project and retire the same year . For more than 50 years after Yu 's resignation , political struggle prevented major wall constructions on a scale comparable to Yu 's Ordos project . However , wall construction continued regardless of court politics during this time . The Ordos walls underwent extension , elaboration , and repair well into the 16th century . Brick and stone started to replace tamped earth as the wall building material , because they offered better protection and durability . This change in material gave rise to a number of necessary accommodations with regard to logistics , and inevitably a drastic increase in costs . Instead of being able to draw on local resources , building projects now required brick - kilns , quarries , and transportation routes to deliver bricks to the work site . Also , masons had to be hired since the local peasantry proved inadequate for the level of sophistication that brick constructions required . Work that originally could be done by one man in a month with earth now required 100 men to do in stone . The walls of Xuanfu -- Datong and the Western reaches ( edit ) The Great Wall at Dajingmen , part of the Xuanfu stretch of the Great Wall . The gate structure is a Qing dynasty construction . With the Ordos now adequately fortified , the Mongols avoided its walls by riding east to invade Datong and Xuanfu ( 宣 府 ; present - day Xuanhua , Hebei Province ) , which were two major garrisons guarding the corridor to Beijing where no walls had been built . The two defence lines of Xuanfu and Datong left by the Northern Qi and the early Ming had deteriorated by this point , and for all intents and purposes the inner line was the capital 's main line of defence . From 1544 to 1549 , Weng Wanda ( 翁 萬達 ; 1498 -- 1552 ) embarked on a defensive building program on a scale unprecedented in Chinese history . Troops were re-deployed along the outer line , new walls and beacon towers were constructed , and fortifications were restored and extended along both lines . Firearms and artillery were mounted on the walls and towers during this time , for both defence and signalling purposes . The project 's completion was announced in the sixth month of 1548 . At its height , the Xuan -- Da portion of the Great Wall totalled about 850 kilometres ( 530 miles ) of wall , with some sections being doubled - up with two lines of wall , some tripled or even quadrupled . The outer frontier was now protected by a wall called the `` outer border '' ( 外邊 , wàibiān ) that extended 380 kilometres ( 240 mi ) from the Yellow River 's edge at the Piantou Pass ( 偏 頭 關 ) along the Inner Mongolia border with Shanxi into Hebei province ; the `` inner border '' wall ( 內 邊 , nèibiān ) ran southeast from Piantou Pass for some 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) , ending at the Pingxing Pass ; a `` river wall '' ( 河 邊 , hébiān ) also ran from the Piantou Pass and followed the Yellow River southwards for about 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) . A section of the Great Wall on the Hanging Cliffs ( 懸 壁 長城 ) leading up to Jiayu Pass As with Yu Zijun 's wall in the Ordos , the Mongols shifted their attacks away from the newly strengthened Xuan -- Da sector to less well - protected areas . In the west , Shaanxi province became the target of nomads riding west from the Yellow River loop . The westernmost fortress of Ming China , the Jiayu Pass , saw substantial enhancement with walls starting in 1539 , and from there border walls were built discontinuously down the Hexi Corridor to Wuwei , where the low earthen wall split into two . The northern section passed through Zhongwei and Yinchuan , where it met the western edge of the Yellow River loop before connecting with the Ordos walls , while the southern section passed through Lanzhou and continued northeast to Dingbian . The origins and the exact route of this so - called `` Tibetan loop '' are still not clear . From Beijing to Shanhai Pass ( edit ) In 1550 , having once more been refused a request for trade , the Tümed Mongols under Altan Khan invaded the Xuan -- Da region . However , despite several attempts , he could not take Xuanfu due to Weng Wanda 's double fortified line while the garrison at Datong bribed him to not attack there . Instead of continuing to operate in the area , he circled around Weng Wanda 's wall to the relatively lightly defended Gubeikou , northeast of Beijing . From there Altan Khan passed through the defences and raided the suburbs of Beijing . According to one contemporary source , the raid took more than 60,000 lives and an additional 40,000 people became prisoners . As a response to this raid , the focus of the Ming 's northern defences shifted from the Xuan -- Da region to the Jizhou ( 薊 州 鎮 ) and Changping Defence Commands ( 昌平 鎮 ) where the breach took place . Later in the same year , the dry - stone walls of the Jizhou -- Changping area ( abbreviated as `` Ji - Chang '' ) were replaced by stone and mortar . These allowed the Chinese to build on steeper , more easily defended slopes and facilitated construction of features such as ramparts , crenelations , and peepholes . The effectiveness of the new walls was demonstrated in the failed Mongol raid of 1554 , where raiders expecting a repeat of the events of 1550 were surprised by the higher wall and stiff Chinese resistance . In 1567 Qi Jiguang and Tan Lun , successful generals who fended off the coastal pirates , were reassigned to manage the Ji -- Chang Defense Commands and step up the defences of the capital region . Under their ambitious and energetic management , 1200 brick watchtowers were built along the Great Wall from 1569 to 1571 . These included the first large - scale use of hollow watchtowers on the Wall : up until this point , most previous towers along the Great Wall had been solid , with a small hut on top for a sentry to take shelter from the elements and Mongol arrows ; the Ji -- Chang towers built from 1569 onwards were hollow brick structures , allowing soldiers interior space to live , store food and water , stockpile weapons , and take shelter from Mongol arrows . Illustration of the Shanhai Pass garrison at the time of the Manchu conquests Altan Khan eventually made peace with China when it opened border cities for trade in 1571 , alleviating the Mongol need to raid . This , coupled with Qi and Tan 's efforts to secure the frontier , brought a period of relative peace along the border . However , minor raids still happened from time to time when the profits of plunder outweighed those of trade , prompting the Ming to close all gaps along the frontier around Beijing . Areas of difficult terrain once considered impassable were also walled off , leading to the well - known vistas of a stone - faced Great Wall snaking over dramatic landscapes that tourists still see today . Wall construction continued until the demise of the Ming dynasty in 1644 . In the decades that led to the fall of the Ming dynasty , the Ming court and the Great Wall itself had to deal with simultaneous internal rebellions and the Manchu invasions . In addition to their conquest of Liaodong , the Manchus had raided across the Great Wall for the first time in 1629 , and again in 1634 , 1638 , and 1642 . Meanwhile , the rebels led by warlord Li Zicheng had been gathering strength . In the early months of 1644 , Li Zicheng declared himself the founder of the Shun and marched towards the Ming capital from Shaanxi . His route roughly followed the line of the Great Wall , in order to neutralize its heavily fortified garrisons . The crucial defences of Datong , Xuanfu , and Juyong Pass all surrendered without a fight , and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on 25 April as the Shun army entered Beijing . At this point , the largest remaining Ming fighting force in North China was in Shanhai Pass , where the Great Wall meets the Bohai Sea . Its defender Wu Sangui , wedged between the Shun army within and the Manchus without , decided to surrender to the Manchus and opened the gates for them . The Manchus , having thus entered through the Great Wall , defeated Li Zicheng at the Battle of Shanhai Pass and seized Beijing on June 5 . They eventually defeated both the rebel - founded Shun dynasty and the remaining Ming resistance , establishing their rule over all of China as the Qing dynasty . Opinions about the Wall 's role in the Ming dynasty 's downfall are mixed . Historians such as Arthur Waldron and Julia Lovell are critical of the whole wall - building exercise in light of its ultimate failure in protecting China ; the former compared the Great Wall with the failed Maginot Line of the French in World War II . However , independent scholar David Spindler notes that the Wall , being only part of a complex foreign policy , received `` disproportionate blame '' because it was the most obvious relic of that policy . Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) The usefulness of the Great Wall as a defence line against northern nomads became questionable under the Qing dynasty , since their territory encompassed vast areas inside and outside the wall : China proper , Manchuria , and Mongolia were all under Qing control . So instead , the Great Wall became the means to limit Han Chinese movement into the steppes . In the case of Manchuria , considered to be the sacred homeland by the ruling Manchu elites , some parts of the Ming Liaodong Wall were repaired so it could serve to control Han Chinese movement into Manchuria alongside the newly erected Willow Palisade . Culturally , the wall 's symbolic role as a line between civilized society and barbarism was suppressed by the Qing , who were keen to weaken the Han culturalism that had been propagated by the Ming . As a result , no special attention was paid to the Great Wall until the mid-Qing dynasty , when Westerners started to show interest in the structure . Western appreciation of the Wall ( edit ) `` A gate of the Wall of China , explaining its structure '' . An illustration from Athanasius Kircher 's China Illustrata , 1667 . The existence of a colossal wall in Asia had circulated in the Middle East and the West even before the first Europeans arrived in China by sea . The late antiquity historian Ammianus Marcellinus ( 330 ? -- 395 ? ) mentioned `` summits of lofty walls '' enclosing the land of Seres , the country that the Romans believed to be at the eastern end of the Silk Road . In legend , the tribes of Gog and Magog were said to have been locked out by Alexander the Great with walls of steel . Later Arab writers and travellers , such as Rashid - al - Din Hamadani ( 1248 -- 1318 ) and Ibn Battuta ( 1304 -- 1377 ) , would erroneously identify the Great Wall in China with the walls of the Alexander romances . Soon after Europeans reached Ming China in the early 16th century , accounts of the Great Wall started to circulate in Europe , even though no European would see it with their own eyes for another century . The work A Treatise of China and the Adjoyning Regions by Gaspar da Cruz ( c. 1520 -- 70 ) offered an early discussion of the Great Wall in which he noted , `` a Wall of an hundred leagues in length . And some will affirme to bee more than a hundred leagues . '' Another early account written by Bishop Juan González de Mendoza ( 1550 -- 1620 ) reported a wall five hundred leagues long , but suggested that only one hundred leagues were man - made , with the rest natural rock formations . The Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci ( 1552 -- 1610 ) mentioned the Great Wall once in his diary , noting the existence of `` a tremendous wall four hundred and five miles long '' that formed part of the northern defences of the Ming Empire . Europeans first witnessed the Great Wall in the early 1600s . Perhaps the first recorded instance of a European actually entering China via the Great Wall came in 1605 , when the Portuguese Jesuit brother Bento de Góis reached the northwestern Jiayu Pass from India . Ivan Petlin 's 1619 deposition for his Russian embassy mission offers an early account based on a first - hand encounter with the Great Wall , and mentions that in the course of the journey his embassy travelled alongside the Great Wall for ten days . The Great Wall as depicted in Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views Early European accounts were mostly modest and empirical , closely mirroring contemporary Chinese understanding of the Wall . However , when the Ming Great Wall began to take on a shape still recognizable today , foreign accounts of the Wall slid into hyperbole . In the Atlas Sinensis published in 1665 , the Jesuit Martino Martini described elaborate but atypical stretches of the Great Wall and generalized such fortifications across the whole northern frontier . Furthermore , Martini erroneously identified the Ming Wall as the same wall built by Qin Shi Huang in the 3rd century BC , thereby exaggerating both the Wall 's antiquity and its size . This misconception was compounded by the China Illustrata of Father Athanasius Kircher ( 1602 -- 80 ) , which provided pictures of the Great Wall as imagined by a European illustrator . All these and other accounts from missionaries in China contributed to the Orientalism of the eighteenth century , in which a mythical China and its exaggerated Great Wall feature prominently . The French philosopher Voltaire ( 1694 -- 1774 ) , for example , frequently wrote about the Great Wall , although his feelings towards it oscillate between unreserved admiration and condemnation of it as a `` monument to fear '' . The Macartney Embassy of 1793 passed through the Great Wall at Gubeikou on the way to see the Qianlong Emperor in Chengde , who was there for the annual imperial hunt . One of the embassy 's members , John Barrow , later founder of the Royal Geographical Society , spuriously calculated that the amount of stone in the Wall was equivalent to `` all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland '' and would suffice to encircle the Earth at the equator twice . The illustrations of the Great Wall by Lieutenant Henry William Parish during this mission would be reproduced in influential works such as Thomas Allom 's 1845 China , in a series of views . Exposure to such works brought many foreign visitors to the Great Wall after China opened its borders as a result of the nation 's defeat in the Opium Wars of the mid-19th century at the hands of Britain and the other Western powers . The Juyong Pass near Beijing and the `` Old Dragon Head , '' where the Great Wall meets the sea at the Shanhai Pass , proved popular destinations for these wall watchers . The travelogues of the later 19th century in turn further contributed to the elaboration and propagation of the Great Wall myth . Examples of this myth 's growth are the false but widespread belief that the Great Wall of China is visible from the Moon or Mars . Modern China ( 1911 -- present ) ( edit ) The Great Wall in 1907 The Xinhai Revolution in 1911 forced the abdication of the last Qing Emperor Puyi and ended China 's last imperial dynasty . The revolutionaries , headed by Sun Yat - sen , were concerned with creating a modern sense of national identity in the chaotic post-imperial era . In contrast to Chinese academics such as Liang Qichao , who tried to counter the West 's fantastic version of the Great Wall , Sun Yat - sen held the view that Qin Shi Huang 's wall preserved the Chinese race , and without it Chinese culture would not have developed enough to expand to the south and assimilate foreign conquerors . Such an endorsement from the `` Father of Modern China '' started to transform the Great Wall into a national symbol in the Chinese consciousness , though this transformation was hampered by conflicting views of nationalism with regard to the nascent `` new China . '' The failure of the new Republic of China fanned disillusionment with traditional Chinese culture and ushered in the New Culture Movement and the May Fourth Movement of the mid-1910s and 1920s that aimed to dislodge China 's future trajectory from its past . Naturally , the Great Wall of China came under attack as a symbol of the past . For example , an influential writer of this period , Lu Xun , harshly criticized the `` mighty and accursed Great Wall '' in a short essay : `` In reality , it has never served any purpose than to make countless workers labour to death in vain ... ( It ) surrounds everyone . '' : Arise ! All those who do n't want to be slaves ! Let our flesh and blood forge our new Great Wall ! `` The March of the Volunteers '' The Sino - Japanese conflict ( 1931 -- 45 ) gave the Great Wall a new lease of life in the eyes of the Chinese . During the 1933 defence of the Great Wall , inadequately - equipped Chinese soldiers held off double their number of Japanese troops for several months . Using the cover of the Great Wall , the Chinese -- who were at times only armed with broadswords -- were able to beat off a Japanese advance that had the support of aerial bombardment . With the Chinese forces eventually overrun , the subsequent Tanggu Truce stipulated that the Great Wall was to become a demilitarized zone separating China and the newly created Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo . Even so , the determined defence of the Great Wall made it a symbol of Chinese patriotism and the resoluteness of the Chinese people . The Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong picked up this symbol in his poetry during his `` Long March '' escaping from Kuomintang prosecution . Near the end of the trek in 1935 , Mao wrote the poem `` Mount Liupan '' that contains the well - known line that would be carved in stone along the Great Wall in the present day : `` Those who fail to reach the Great Wall are not true men '' ( 不 到 长城 非 好汉 ) . Another noteworthy reference to the Great Wall is in the song `` The March of the Volunteers '' , whose words came from a stanza in Tian Han 's 1934 poem entitled `` The Great Wall '' . The song , originally from the anti-Japanese movie Children of Troubled Times , enjoyed continued popularity in China and was selected as the provisional national anthem of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) at its establishment in 1949 . US President Nixon visits the Great Wall , 1972 In 1952 , the scholar - turned - bureaucrat Guo Moruo laid out the first modern proposal to repair the Great Wall . Five years later , the renovated Badaling became the first section to be opened to the public since the establishment of the PRC . The Badaling Great Wall has since become a staple stop for foreign dignitaries who come to China , beginning with Nepali prime minister Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala in 1960 , and most notably the American president Richard Nixon in his historic 1972 visit to China . To date , Badaling is still the most visited stretch of the Great Wall . Other stretches did not fare so well . During the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 76 ) , hundreds of kilometres of the Great Wall -- already damaged in the wars of the last century and eroded by wind and rain -- were deliberately destroyed by fervent Red Guards who regarded it as part of the `` Four Olds '' to be eradicated in the new China . Quarrying machines and even dynamite were used to dismantle the Wall , and the pilfered materials were used for construction . As China opened up in the 1980s , reformist leader Deng Xiaoping initiated the `` Love our China and restore our Great Wall '' campaign ( 爱 我 中华 , 修 我 长城 ) to repair and preserve the Great Wall . The Great Wall was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987 . However , while tourism boomed over the years , slipshod restoration methods have left sections of the Great Wall near Beijing `` looking like a Hollywood set '' in the words of the National Geographic News . The less prominent stretches of the Great Wall did not get as much attention . In 2002 the New York - based World Monuments Fund put the Great Wall on its list of the World 's 100 Most Endangered Sites . In 2003 the Chinese government began to enact laws to protect the Great Wall . Historiography ( edit ) See also : Chinese historiography and Sinology In China , one of the first individuals to attempt a multi-dynastic history of the Great Wall was the 17th - century scholar Gu Yanwu . More recently , in the 1930s and 1940s , Wang Guoliang ( 王國良 ) and Shou Pengfei ( 壽 鵬 飛 ) produced exhaustive studies that culled extant literary records to date and mapped the courses of early border walls . However , these efforts were based solely on written records that contain obscure place names and elusive literary references . The rise of modern archeology has contributed much to the study of the Great Wall , either in corroborating existing research or in refuting it . However these efforts do not yet give a full picture of the Great Wall 's history , as many wall sites dating to the Period of Disunity ( 220 -- 589 ) had been overlaid by the extant Ming Great Wall . The first map of China printed in a European atlas , engraved by Abraham Ortelius ( 1584 ) , shows a series of walls wedged between mountains against the Tartars , represented by yurts . Western scholarship of the Great Wall was , until recently , affected by misconceptions derived from traditional accounts of the Wall . When the Jesuits brought back the first reports of the Wall to the West , European scholars were puzzled that Marco Polo had not mentioned the presumably perennial `` Great Wall '' in his Travels . Some 17th - century scholars reasoned that the Wall must have been built in the Ming dynasty , after Marco Polo 's departure . This view was soon replaced by another that argued , against Polo 's own account , that the Venetian merchant had come to China from the south and so did not come into contact with the Wall . Thus , Father Martino Martini 's mistaken claim that the Wall had `` lasted right up to the present time without injury or destruction '' since the time of Qin was accepted as fact by the 18th - century philosophes . Since then , many scholars have operated under the belief that the Great Wall continually defended China 's border against the steppe nomads for two thousand years . For example , the 18th - century sinologist Joseph de Guignes assigned macrohistorical importance to such walls when he advanced the theory that the Qin construction forced the Xiongnu to migrate west to Europe and , becoming known as the Huns , ultimately contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire . Some have attempted to make general statements regarding Chinese society and foreign policy based on the conception of a perennial Great Wall : Karl Marx took the Wall to represent the stagnation of the Chinese society and economy , Owen Lattimore supposed that the Great Wall demonstrated a need to divide the nomadic way of life from the agricultural communities of China , and John K. Fairbank posited that the Wall played a part in upholding the Sinocentric world order . Despite the significance that the Great Wall seemed to have , scholarly treatment of the Wall itself remained scant during the 20th century . Joseph Needham bemoaned this dearth when he was compiling the section on walls for his Science and Civilisation in China : `` There is no lack of travelers ' description of the Great Wall , but studies based on modern scholarship are few and far between , whether in Chinese or Western languages . '' In 1990 , Arthur Waldron published the influential The Great Wall : From History to Myth , where he challenged the notion of a unitary Great Wall maintained since antiquity , dismissing it as a modern myth . Waldron 's approach prompted a re-examination of the Wall in Western scholarship . Still , as of 2008 , there is not yet a full authoritative text in any language that is devoted to the Great Wall . The reason for this , according to The New Yorker journalist Peter Hessler , is that the Great Wall fits into neither the study of political institutions ( favoured by Chinese historians ) nor the excavation of tombs ( favoured by Chinese archeologists ) . Some of the void left by academia is being filled by independent research from Great Wall enthusiasts such as ex-Xinhua reporter Cheng Dalin ( 成 大林 ) and self - funded scholar David Spindler . See also ( edit ) History of China History of Central Asia Military history of China before 1911 Foreign relations of Imperial China Lady Meng Jiang , a Chinese folk tale about the Great Wall Battle of Shanhaiguan ( 1900 ) , British forces occupy and damage parts of Shanhai Pass during the Boxer Rebellion The Great Wall of China , a short story by Franz Kafka Great Wall of China hoax , published in 1899 and expanded in 1939 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China even longer than previously thought : Survey measures the wall at 21,196 km long '' . CBC News . June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Owen , James ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lost ' Great Wall of China Segment Found ? Google Earth , carbon dating suggest wall network even bigger than thought '' . National Geographic Daily News . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Wall '' . World Heritage List . World Heritage Centre , United Nations Educational , Scientific and World Organization ( UNESCO ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 533 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1937 , p. 535 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Barfield 1989 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Barfield 1989 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 1999 , p. 920 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : di Cosmo 2002 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 142 -- 43 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 148 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 13 -- 4 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 147 ; Waldron 1990 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , pp. 144 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Needham 1971 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ di Cosmo 2002 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 349 ; di Cosmo 2002 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 436 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 439 . Jump up ^ Lattimore 1962 , p. 441 . ^ Jump up to : Lattimore 1937 , p. 543 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 465 , note 35 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Bodde 1978 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Yap 2009 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 387 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Yu 1978 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Chang 2007 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Guo 2002 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , pp. 208 -- 09 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ de Crespigny 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Graff 2002 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 154 -- 55 ( translation ) . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Tackett 2008 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 108 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 64 -- 65 . ^ Jump up to : Mote 1999 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Standen 2009 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Bush 1981 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 131 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , pp. 167 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China , 130 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Walthall & Palais 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 112 , note 33 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Lorge 2008 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 116 . It should be noted that in 1075 the Song eventually yielded to Liao demands and shifted the border south to conform with the Hengshan watershed lines instead of the Northern Qi walls . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , pp. 116 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Tackett 2008 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 173 . ^ Jump up to : Lovell 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1983 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 563 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1985 , pp. 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 151 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 143 . ^ Jump up to : Spindler 2009 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , pp. 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Spindler 2009 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 800 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 265 ; Mote 1999 , p. 809 . Jump up ^ Wakeman 1985 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Hessler 2007 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Edmonds 1979 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1983 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 203 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Yule 1866 , p. 579 . This section is the report of Góis ' travel , as reported by Matteo Ricci in De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas ( published 1615 , annotated by Henry Yule ) . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , pp. 2 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 208 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Petty , John Ira ; Dunbar , Brian , eds. ( 2005 - 09 - 05 ) . `` China 's Wall Less Great in View from Space '' . News Topics . United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) . Jump up ^ Hvistendahl , Mara ( February 21 , 2008 ) . `` Is China 's Great Wall Visible from Space ? Though it stretches for some 4,500 miles , the ancient Chinese fortification is not as visible from orbit as modern desert roads '' . China , the Olympics , and the Environment . Scientific American . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 214 . ^ Jump up to : Waldron 1990 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , pp. 129 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 308 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Pickowicz 1991 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Despite falling from grace during the Cultural Revolution , the anthem 's status was confirmed in 1982 and enshrined in the Chinese Constitution in 2004 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Lovell 2006 , p. 317 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Rojas 2010 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Waldron 1990 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mooney , Paul ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Great Wall of China Overrun , Damaged , Disneyfied '' . National Geographic News . 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Waldron , Arthur ( 1983 ) . `` The Problem of The Great Wall of China '' . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies . Harvard - Yenching Institute . 43 ( 2 ) : 643 -- 663 . JSTOR 2719110 . Waldron , Arthur ( 1990 ) . The Great Wall of China : from history to myth . Cambridge England New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42707 - 4 . Yap , Joseph P. ( 2009 ) . Wars with the Xiongnu : a translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington , IN : Authorhouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4490 - 0604 - 4 . Yu , Ying - Shih ( 1978 ) . `` 6 . Han foreign relations '' . In Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael . The Cambridge History of China . 1 . Cambridge Eng . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 . Yule , Sir Henry , ed. ( 1866 ) . `` Cathay and the way thither : being a collection of medieval notices of China '' . Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society . Issues 36 -- 37 . London : T. Richards . ( in Chinese ) Zhongguo changcheng yiji tiaocha baogao ji 中国 长城 遗迹 调查 报告 集 ( Collected reports on surveys of the Great Wall of China ) . Beijing : Cultural Relics Publishing House . 1981 . ( hide ) Great Wall of China Yumen Pass Yang Pass Jiayu Pass Yanmen Pass Jumenbu Niangzi Pass Pingxing Pass Dajingmen Badaling Juyong Pass ( Cloud Platform ) Huanghuacheng Jiankou ( Beijing Knot ) Mutianyu Baimaguan Gubeikou Jinshanling Simatai Huangya Pass Shanhai Pass Hushan History of the Great Wall of China ( Qi , Ming ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China&oldid=801058686 '' Categories : Great Wall of China Chinese architectural history Military history of China Hidden categories : Good articles Use Canadian English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing traditional Chinese - language text Articles containing simplified Chinese - language text Articles with Chinese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Shqip Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who started building the great wall of china | [
"One of the first mentions of a wall built against northern invaders is found in a poem, dated from the seventh century BC, recorded in the Classic of Poetry. The poem tells of a king, now identified as King Xuan (r. 827 – 782 BC) of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 – 771 BC), who commanded General Nan Zhong (南仲) to build a wall in the northern regions to fend off the Xianyun.[22] The Xianyun, whose base of power was in the Ordos region, were regarded as part of the charioteering Rong tribes,[23] and their attacks aimed at the early Zhou capital region of Haojing were probably the reason for King Xuan's response.[22] Nan Zhong's campaign was recorded as a great victory. However, only a few years later in 771 BC another branch of the Rong people, the Quanrong, responded to a summons by the renegade Marquess of Shen by over-running the Zhou defences and laying waste to the capital. The cataclysmic event killed King Xuan's successor King You (795–771 BC), forced the court to move the capital east to Chengzhou (成周, later known as Luoyang) a year later, and thus ushered in the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BC). Most importantly, the fall of Western Zhou redistributed power to the states that had acknowledged Zhou's nominal rulership. The rule of the Eastern Zhou dynasty was marked by bloody interstate anarchy. With smaller states being annexed and larger states waging constant war upon one another, many rulers came to feel the need to erect walls to protect their borders. Of the earliest textual reference to such a wall was the State of Chu's wall of 656 BC, 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) of which were excavated in southern Henan province in the modern era. The State of Qi also had fortified borders up by the 7th century BC, and the extant portions in Shandong province had been christened the Great Wall of Qi. The State of Wei built two walls, the western one completed in 361 BC and the eastern in 356 BC, with the extant western wall found in Hancheng, Shaanxi.[24] Even non-Chinese peoples built walls, such as the Di state of Zhongshan and the Yiqu Rong (義渠), whose walls were intended to defend against the State of Qin.[25]"
] | [
"General Nan Zhong"
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5559137524200277615 | Apple Maps | Apple Maps - Wikipedia Apple Maps Jump to : navigation , search Maps A component of iOS , macOS , and watchOS Apple Maps logo in iOS and watchOS ( right ) Public Transport view in Apple Maps on iPhone SE running iOS 11 , showing railway stations and services in Lower Manhattan . Details Type Web mapping Included with iOS 6 onwards OS X Mavericks onwards watchOS ( all versions ) Apple Maps is a web mapping service developed by Apple Inc . It is the default map system of iOS , macOS , and watchOS . It provides directions and estimated times of arrival for automobile , pedestrian , and public transportation navigation . Apple Maps also features the Flyovers mode , a feature that enables a user to explore certain densely populated urban centers and other places of interest in a 3D landscape composed of models of buildings and structures . On September 19 , 2012 , Apple released its mapping service in iOS , replacing Google Maps as the default mapping service for Apple operating systems . In the initial launch , it received large amounts of criticism from users and newspapers for incorrect directions , a lack of support for public transportation users and various other bugs and errors . Since its introduction , further software development has addressed many of those criticisms . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Initial release 1.2 2012 -- 2015 1.3 2015 -- present 1.4 Vehicles 2 Features 2.1 Flyover and 3D maps 2.2 Nearby 2.3 Transit 2.4 Traffic information 2.5 Apple Maps Connect 3 Market share 4 Early inaccuracy 4.1 Apple 's response 4.2 TomTom 's response 5 Modern reception 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Apple Maps was announced along with iOS 6 , OS X Mountain Lion , and iCloud during the 2012 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) on June 11 . Initial release ( edit ) On June 11 , 2012 , during the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference ( WWDC ) , Apple announced the initial release of Apple Maps and revealed that the application would replace Google Maps as the default web mapping service in iOS 6 and beyond . Apple also announced that the application would include turn - by - turn navigation , 3D maps , Flyovers , and the virtual assistant Siri . Furthermore , Apple stated that iPhone users would be able to navigate Apple Maps while in the locked screen . The mapping service was released on September 19 , 2012 . Following the launch , Apple Maps was heavily criticized , which resulted in a public apology by Apple CEO Tim Cook in late September and the departure of two key employees of Apple . ( See also § Early inaccuracy ) Before Apple Maps launched as the default mapping application in iOS , Google Maps held this position since the first generation iPhone release in 2007 . In late 2009 , tensions between Google and Apple started to grow when the Android version of Google Maps featured turn - by - turn navigation , a feature which the iOS version lacked . At the time , Apple argued that Google collected too much user data . When Apple made iOS 6 available , Google Maps could only be accessed by iOS 6 users via the web . Although Google did not immediately launch a mapping application of its own , shortly after the announcement of Apple Maps , Google did add an equivalent of Apple Maps ' Flyover feature to its virtual globe application Google Earth . Three months later , in December 2012 , Google Maps was released in the App Store . This version of Google Maps , unlike the previous version , featured turn - by - turn navigation . Shortly after it was launched , Google Maps was the most popular free application in the App Store . Speculation around Apple creating a mapping service of its own arose in 2009 after computer magazine Computerworld reported that Apple had acquired the company Placebase , an online mapping service , in July of that year . Since then , the CEO of Placebase became a part of Apple 's `` Geo Team '' . In the following two years , Apple acquired two more mapping related companies who specialized in 3D maps : Poly9 in 2010 and C3 Technologies in 2011 . C3 Technologies ' imagery was later used for the Flyovers feature in Apple Maps . Earlier in 2011 , Apple indicated its plan for a mapping service when it stated on its website that it was collecting location data to create `` an improved traffic service in the next couple of years '' for iPhone users . In September 2012 , when Apple Maps was released , a source connected to both Google and Apple Maps claimed to technology website TechCrunch that Apple was recruiting Google employees that worked on Google Maps . 2012 -- 2015 ( edit ) In the first year after its release , Apple Maps received a number of improvements which solved various errors in the application . Other changes included adding more satellite imagery and making the navigation available in more cities . In 2013 , Apple also acquired a few companies to improve Apple Maps , namely HopStop , Embark , WifiSlam , and Locationary , as well as the team and the technology of the company BroadMap . HopStop and Embark both specialized in mapping public transportation , WifiSlam specialized in interior maps , Locationary provided accurate company data for mapping services , and BroadMap managed , sorted , and analyzed map data . During WWDC in June 2013 , Apple announced the new version of Apple Maps in iOS 7 . This new version had a new look and icon . A number of new functions were also implemented , including full - screen mode , night mode , real - time traffic information , navigation for pedestrians , and the Frequent Locations feature . The latter feature , which can be switched on and off , was introduced to record the most frequently visited destinations by users in order to improve Apple Maps . In addition , new satellite imagery was added once again . On September 18 , 2013 , Apple released iOS 7 . At that time , the new iPhone 5S included a new motion coprocessor , the M7 , which can identify whether a user is walking or driving in order to adjust the navigation mode . During that same conference , Apple announced that a desktop version of the application would be made available for OS X Mavericks . On October 22 , 2013 , Apple released OS X Mavericks and the desktop version of Apple Maps . The desktop version was similar to that in iOS 7 , but it connected with the Contacts and Calendar applications . Additionally , the desktop version enabled users to send locations and directions to other devices with iOS . In June of the following year , Apple acquired the company Spotsetter , a social search engine that gave personalized recommendations for places to visit . Since the acquisition , most of its employees now work at Apple . On September 17 , 2014 , the successor of iOS 7 , iOS 8 , became available . Later that year , on October , 16 , Apple released OS X Yosemite . Neither update brought any major modifications to Apple Maps . However , the feature `` City Tours '' was introduced to both iOS and OS X . This function made it possible for the user to be guided through locations with Flyovers . Also , Apple Maps results were shown in the search feature Spotlight in OS X Yosemite . Later in 2014 , Apple news website 9to5Mac reported that in the previous months a number of Apple Maps employees , including a key employee , had left the company to work for Uber . In the next year , Apple Maps was added to the operating system of the new Apple Watch , which was released on April 24 , 2015 . The smartwatch version of Apple Maps features turn - by - turn navigation . The app indicates navigation instructions by taps on the user 's wrist . 2015 -- present ( edit ) During WWDC on June 8 , 2015 , Craig Federighi , Apple 's senior vice president of Software Engineering , announced that the new version of Apple Maps in iOS 9 would have information about public transportation in a number of global cities . The function also became available for OS X El Capitan and watchOS 2 . In addition , Apple added the function `` Nearby '' , which shows nearby points of interest in several categories . With the update , the application chooses a detour in case of a traffic delay . The three new versions of the operating systems became available in September 2015 . In addition to these new releases , Apple acquired a few companies in 2015 in order to improve the mapping application even further . In the spring , Apple also acquired Coherent Navigation , that provides precise location data through High Integrity GPS , and the startup company Mapsense later that year . The latter had developed software to organize large amounts of location data . In 2016 , Apple Maps opened a new development center and it was updated for watchOS and iOS . The application was improved when watchOS 2.2 came out in March 2016 . Apple Maps was renewed in the new version of the operating system and received a number of new features , including `` Nearby '' which had previously been exclusive to iOS . Four months later , Apple CEO Tim Cook inaugurated a new office in partnership with IT company RMSI at the WaveRock campus in the Indian city Hyderabad . The development center focusses on the development of Apple Maps and employs 4,000 people . According to ZDNet , the 250,000 square feet ( 23,000 square metres ) office costed US $25 million . In September , iOS 10 was released . The update of the Apple 's mobile operating system was accompanied by a new design of Apple Maps . Moreover , the application was opened up to developers and gained a few features : it makes suggestions for places to go based on earlier usage of the app , it can remember the location where the user parked his vehicle , it allows a user to filter search suggestions , and the turn - by - turn navigation was improved . The navigation automatically zooms in and out , shows traffic ahead , and allows users to search for points of interests along the route . These features are available for CarPlay as well . Vehicles ( edit ) An Apple Maps vehicle driving through St. Charles , Missouri in June 2015 . In early 2015 , vehicles equipped with twelve cameras and lidar sensors were seen in a variety of places throughout the United States . These vehicles were owned by Apple . Speculation arose that Apple was working on a counterpart of Google Street View . Since April 2013 , there had been speculation about such a counterpart since Apple applied for a patent , in which a concept similar to Street View was described . The patent that was published at that time had been filed in September 2011 . In June 2015 , Apple stated on its website that the vehicles were collecting data to improve Apple Maps . Also , Apple claimed to secure privacy by making faces and license plates unrecognizable . According to the company , Apple 's vehicles have driven through the following countries : Continent Countries according to Apple 's website ( since June 2015 ) North America United States Europe France ( Île - de-France only ) Ireland ( Leinster only ) Italy ( Rome only ) Sweden ( Skåne County , Stockholm , and Uppsala County only ) United Kingdom ( East of England , Greater London , South East England , and West Midlands only ) Features ( edit ) Apple Maps giving directions from San Francisco to Los Angeles , as shown on an iPad running iOS 9 . Apple Maps uses vector graphics , which allows the application to use less data than competitor Google Maps . The map has four available layers : regular map , satellite view , hybrid view ( a combination of regular and satellite view ) , and public transit view . The main provider of map data is TomTom , but data is also supplied by Automotive Navigation Data , Hexagon AB , Intermap Technologies , OpenStreetMap , and Waze. Apple renewed their agreement with TomTom in 2015 . TomTom is the parent company of Tele Atlas , which is also used by Apple Maps ' competitor , Google Maps . The satellite imagery comes from DigitalGlobe . iPhones located in China use data from AutoNavi instead . Apple Maps can be used to plan routes . The navigation service features turn - by - turn navigation with spoken instructions for vehicles , pedestrians , and public transportation . According to Apple , the navigation function is available in 56 countries worldwide . Apple Maps can also be used to see real - time traffic information . In addition , Apple 's virtual assistant , Siri , is integrated into Apple Maps . The map displays points of interest provided by approximately twenty companies , including Booking.com , Foursquare , TripAdvisor , and Yelp . The data from Foursquare was added in late 2015 . Users can drop pins on the map to save places for later retrieval . The satellite view features Flyovers , three - dimensional satellite views , in designated locations . Flyover and 3D Maps ( edit ) With Flyover , certain locations -- mainly the big cities and landmarks -- can be seen from a bird 's - eye perspective . The three - dimensional views are photo - realistic and users can change the perspective . Flyover has been available since the first release of Apple Maps . A number of cities with Flyovers also have `` City Tours '' . With this feature , the user is guided in the Flyover view along landmarks in that location . `` City Tours '' was added to Apple Maps in iOS 8 ( released on September 17 , 2014 ) and in OS X Yosemite ( released on October 16 , 2014 ) . In addition to Flyovers , around fifty cities also feature 3D maps . This feature enables the user to see three - dimensional models of structures in the map view . These models , which are not photo - realistic , can also be seen when using the turn - by - turn navigation . Flyovers are available at the following locations : Locations with Flyovers Country Locations Australia Adelaide , Canberra , Gold Coast , Melbourne , Newcastle , Perth , Sydney Austria Graz , Linz , Salzburg Bahamas Grand Bahama , Nassau Belgium Antwerp , Bruges , Brussels , Ghent , Mechelen Canada Calgary , Montreal , Niagara Falls , Surrey , Toronto , Vancouver Czech Republic Brno , Prague Denmark Aarhus , Copenhagen , Helsingør , Odense , Roskilde Finland Helsinki France Ajaccio , Amiens , Angers , Annecy , Arcachon , Avignon , Bastia , Besançon , Béziers , Biarritz , Bonifacio , Bordeaux , Calvi , Carcassonne , Chambord , Châteauneuf - du - Pape , Chenonceaux , Clermont - Ferrand , Corte , Dijon , Gorges de l'Ardèche , La Rochelle , Le Mans , Lens , Lille , Limoges , Lyon , Marseille , Millau , Mont Saint - Michel , Montpellier , Nantes , Nice , Nîmes , Omaha Beach , Paris , Perpignan , Pont du Gard , Porto - Vecchio , Propriano , Reims , Rennes , Saint - Étienne , Saint - Tropez , Strasbourg , Toulouse , Verdon Gorge Germany Augsburg , Berlin , Bielefeld , Braunschweig , Bremen , Cologne , Dresden , Düsseldorf , Hamburg , Hanover , Karlsruhe , Kiel , Leipzig , Mannheim , Munich , Münster , Neuschwanstein Castle , Nuremberg , Stuttgart Hungary Budapest Ireland Cliffs of Moher , Cork , Dublin Italy Ancona , Bari , Bobbio , Catania , Cittadella , Florence , Genoa , Messina , Milan , Naples , Padua , Paestum , Palermo , Parma , Pavia , Perugia , Reggio Calabria , Rome , Sanremo , Syracuse , Taormina , Treviso , Turin , Venice Japan Akita , Aomori , Hagi , Hakodate , Hamamatsu , Hiroshima , Kumamoto , Kyoto , Nagasaki , Nagoya , Niigata , Okayama , Osaka , Sapporo , Sendai , Shizuoka , Tokyo , Toyama , Tsunoshima Mexico Acapulco , Cabo San Lucas , Chichen Itza , Cuernavaca , Culiacán , Ensenada , Guadalajara , Guaymas , Hermosillo , La Paz , Loreto , Mazatlán , Mexicali , Oaxaca , Puebla , Puerto Vallarta , Teotihuacan , Tijuana , Tulum Monaco Monaco Netherlands Eindhoven , Rotterdam , Utrecht New Zealand Auckland , Christchurch , Dunedin , Nelson , Wellington Portugal Braga , Coimbra , Porto South Africa Durban , Cape Town , Johannesburg , Pretoria Spain A Coruña , Algeciras , Alicante , Almería , Badajoz , Barcelona , Cáceres , Cádiz , Córdoba , Gijón , Huelva , Jerez de la Frontera , León , Lugo , Madrid , Málaga , Murcia , Pamplona , Salamanca , San Sebastian , Seville , Valladolid , Valencia , Vigo , Zaragoza Sweden Gothenburg , Helsingborg , Linköping , Malmö , Stockholm , Visby Switzerland Basel , Bern Taiwan Taichung United Kingdom Belfast , Birmingham , Blackpool , British Virgin Islands , Edinburgh , Gibraltar , Glasgow , Kingston upon Hull , Leeds , Liverpool , London , Manchester , Middlesbrough , Newcastle upon Tyne , Nottingham , Preston , Stoke - on - Trent , Stonehenge , Sunderland , Wolverhampton United States See the bottom of the table Vatican City Vatican City Locations in the United States with Flyovers State / territory Locations Alabama Mobile Arizona Grand Canyon , Hoover Dam , Lake Powell , Meteor Crater , Monument Valley , Phoenix , Tucson California Bakersfield , Catalina Island , Fresno , Lassen Volcanic National Park , Los Angeles , Modesto , Oakland , Pinnacles National Park , Porterville , Sacramento , San Diego , San Francisco , San Jose , Stockton , Visalia , Yosemite National Park Colorado Denver , Royal Gorge Florida Fort Lauderdale , Miami , Pensacola , Tallahassee Georgia Atlanta Hawaii Big Island ( far western part ) , Oahu Idaho Boise Illinois Chicago Indiana Indianapolis , South Bend Kansas Wichita Kentucky Louisville Louisiana Baton Rouge , New Orleans Maine Portland Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts Boston , Martha 's Vineyard , Salem , Springfield Michigan Detroit Minnesota Minneapolis , Saint Paul Missouri Springfield , St. Louis Nebraska Omaha Nevada Hoover Dam , Las Vegas New York Albany , Buffalo , New York City , Newburgh , Niagara Falls , Poughkeepsie , Rochester , Schenectady North Carolina Greensboro , Raleigh Ohio Akron , Cincinnati , Cleveland , Columbus , Toledo Oklahoma Oklahoma City , Tulsa Oregon Portland , Salem Pennsylvania Allentown , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh Puerto Rico Aguadilla , Arecibo , Mayagüez , Ponce , San Juan Rhode Island Providence South Carolina Charleston , Columbia South Dakota Mount Rushmore , Rapid City Tennessee Memphis , Nashville Texas Arlington ( partially ) , Amarillo , Austin , Dallas , Fort Worth , Houston , San Antonio US Virgin Islands Fully covered Utah Arches National Park , Canyonlands National Park , Lake Powell , Monument Valley , Zion National Park Washington Seattle , Tacoma Wisconsin Green Bay , Milwaukee Wyoming Cheyenne , Devils Tower Apple had plans to give the Norwegian capital city Oslo a Flyover , but did n't receive a permit to fly in the city due to security concerns from the Norwegian National Security Authority . Nearby ( edit ) The feature `` Nearby '' is exclusive to iOS 9 and watchOS 2.2 . It shows icons of different categories like `` food '' and `` transportation '' in the search menu . After clicking each icon , nearby points of interest in that category are shown with their names , distances , and reviews on Yelp . Additionally , pins appear at the locations of these places on the map . The turn - by - turn navigation can be activated with Nearby as well . When iOS 9 was launched on September 16 , 2015 , the function was only available in the United States and China , but had expanded to include Australia , Canada , Germany , and France by the end of October 2015 . In 2016 , Nearby was added to Austria , Denmark , Finland , Japan , the Netherlands , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Transit ( edit ) The function `` Transit '' shows the public transport networks on the map in a number of cities and their surroundings . The functionality was added to iOS 9 ( released on September 16 , 2015 ) , OS X El Capitan ( released on September 30 ) , and watchOS 2 ( released on September 21 ) . Apple Maps displays the networks of busses , subways , trains , and ferries in these cities . Additionally , the mapping service includes public transit schedules and shows the locations of the entries and exits of the subway and train stations . `` Transit '' is available in the following locations and metropolitan areas : Cities and metropolitan areas : Adelaide Atlanta Austin Baltimore Berlin Boston Brisbane Calgary Carson City Chicago Cincinnati Cleveland Columbus Dallas Denver Detroit Edmonton Fort Worth Honolulu Houston Kansas City Las Vegas Los Angeles Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Miami Minneapolis Montreal New Orleans New York City Ottawa Paris Perth Philadelphia Pittsburgh Portland Prague Quebec City Reno Rio de Janeiro Sacramento Salt Lake City San Antonio San Diego San Jose San Francisco São Paulo Seattle Sydney Toronto Vancouver Victoria Washington , D.C. Windsor Country - wide coverage : United States ( Amtrak ) China ( only available inside China ) Hungary Japan Netherlands Singapore United Kingdom ( excluding Northern Ireland ) Additionally , support for all the routes of Amtrak in the United States has been added as of October 2 , 2016 . The routes of NSW TrainLink in New South Wales were added in April 2016 . The routes of V / Line ( Regional Rail ) in Victoria ( Australia ) were added on October 9 , 2016 . Transit directions were expanded across the United Kingdom , excluding Northern Ireland , on December 19 , 2016 . Traffic information ( edit ) Apple Maps shows real - time traffic information on the map . In addition , the turn - by - turn navigation takes delays into account when calculating the estimated time of arrival and will occasionally choose a detour in case of traffic . Apple introduced this function in iOS 7 ( released on September 18 , 2013 ) and it is available in 49 countries as of June 2017 . In the beginning of 2015 , Consumentenbond , a Dutch organization promoting consumer rights , researched the traffic information of various navigation applications and concluded that Apple Maps gave the most false responses of all seven applications that were tested . Traffic information is available at the following locations : Live traffic locations Andorra France Mexico Spain Argentina Germany Monaco Sweden Australia Gibraltar Netherlands Switzerland Austria Greece New Zealand Taiwan Belgium Hong Kong Norway Thailand Brazil Hungary Poland Turkey Bulgaria India Portugal UAE Canada Ireland Russia United Kingdom Chile Italy San Marino United States China Lesotho Saudi Arabia Vatican City Colombia Liechtenstein Singapore Czech Republic Luxembourg Slovakia Denmark Malaysia Slovenia Finland Malta South Africa Apple Maps Connect ( edit ) In October 2014 , Apple introduced a service dubbed Apple Maps Connect . It allows small business owners to claim their business listing and edit business information , such as location and open hours . After the user logs in with their Apple ID , they are given a prompt to claim and link a Apple maps listing to their account . The user can search through Apple 's database to either locate their listing or add a missing listing to Apple 's database . Market share ( edit ) A graph showing the percentage of American smartphone users who used Apple Maps ( blue ) and Google Maps ( orange ) between July 2013 and February 2016 ( Data : comScore ) . ComScore investigated the market shares of different web mapping services in the United States using polls . Prior to the launch of Apple Maps in September 2012 , there were 103.6 million Americans with iOS or Android , 81 million of which used Google Maps . According to comScore , the latter figure had dropped to 58.7 million in September 2013 , a year after the release of Apple Maps . At the same time , there were 35 million American Apple Maps users and a total of 136.7 million people with iOS or Android in the United States . Out of the 60.1 million iPhone users , 8.3 million used Google Maps . However , some of those iPhone users were not able to use Apple Maps , since their devices were not updated to iOS 6 . In addition , research by comScore conducted between July 2013 and February 2016 revealed that between 20 % and 30 % of all American smartphone users used Apple Maps -- this includes users with operating systems for which Apple Maps was not compatible . During the same period , it was concluded that between 40 % and 51 % of American smartphone owners used the application Google Maps . Furthermore , comScore studied the market share of Apple Maps on iPhones in the United Kingdom . In September 2013 , one year after its launch , more than 6.2 million of the total 10.35 million British iPhone owners used Apple Maps . Google Maps had the second largest market share on British iPhones with over 1.8 million British iPhone users . In the second half of 2013 , British Internet service provider EE Limited concluded that Apple Maps had a market share in the UK of 64 % of 4G network users and 57 % of 3G network users . The research involved comparing the data of the internet provider and the results of an investigation by Taylor Nelson Sofres among 1,000 users of the 4G network . However , EE Limited did not indicate how many of its users had an iPhone . According to subsequent research by EE Limited , in the first half of 2014 , the market share of Apple Maps increased among iPhone users : 70 % of the 4G network and 76 % of the 3G network . At the turn of the year , the same values amounted to 73 % and 82 % respectively . Early inaccuracy ( edit ) Apple Maps received considerable criticism after its launch on September 19 , 2012 , due to wrong and inaccurate information about places and points of interests . Many of these errors are now fixed . Some places were misspelled , were displayed with the wrong name , or were missing entirely . Examples of those mistakes included the Ukrainian capital Kiev , which was incorrectly spelled as `` Kylv '' , the Welsh place Pontypridd , whose label was shown 6 miles ( 10 kilometres ) northeast of its actual location , and the English town Stratford - upon - Avon , which was missing altogether in Apple Maps . Also , when users looked up `` London '' they were directed to the Canadian city London instead of its namesake , the capital of the United Kingdom . Many complained about outdated or inaccurate data about companies and interesting places . For example , in the United Kingdom , chains that no longer exist were still on the maps and large stores were accidentally mapped in backyards . Furthermore , in the United States , the label of the Willis Tower was displayed in the wrong location . Apple Maps was sometimes inadequate to find companies or other points of interest at all . For instance , the London train and subway station Paddington and Tokyo Station were missing , and the Helsinki Central railway station was shown as a park . Also , parks were occasionally displayed as airports . On several occasions , government authorities and politicians warned citizens of errors with Apple Maps . In early December 2012 , the police department of the Australian city Mildura alerted people who planned to reach the city using Apple Maps , because Mildura was shown in the middle of Murray - Sunset National Park , 40 miles ( 64 kilometres ) from its actual location . The police department stated that the error was potentially life - threatening , as national park temperatures could rise to 114 ° F ( 46 ° C ) and those traveling would be without water supplies . The police rescued , at least , four people , one of which was stranded for 24 hours . After that , the police department tried to contact Apple to solve the problem . Apple fixed the error in December 2012 . Alan Shatter , the Minister for Justice and Equality and Minister of Defense of Ireland at the time , issued a warning because of a mistake in Apple Maps : a non-existent airport was shown near the Irish capital Dublin . This location was in reality a public farm called `` Airfield '' . Shatter wrote in his statement that the mistake was dangerous , because a pilot could try to make an emergency landing there . Apple 's response ( edit ) As a result of the criticism , Tim Cook , CEO of Apple Inc. , published a letter of apology on Apple 's website on September 28 , 2012 , in which he apologized for the `` frustrations '' experienced by users . He said that Apple fell short and that the company was making every effort to improve the mapping service . Cook also suggested that dissatisfied users could use rival mapping applications like Bing Maps , MapQuest , Waze , Google Maps , and Nokia Maps . Steve Jobs , former CEO of Apple Inc. , had used this way of apologizing in the past . A week before the release of the letter of apology , just after the launch of Apple Maps , spokesperson Trudy Miller had stated to technology news website All Things Digital that Apple Maps was a major initiative and that they `` were just getting started with it . '' Miller also said the application would improve as more people used it . In the aftermath of the criticism , two key employees left the company due to the problems associated with Apple Maps . The departure of Scott Forstall , senior vice president of iOS , was announced in October 2012 . Sources told technology news website The Verge that he had been fired for refusing to sign Tim Cook 's letter of apology . According to business magazine Bloomberg Businessweek , Richard Williamson , the person responsible for the mapping team at Apple , left the following month . He was succeeded by Eddy Cue . In June 2016 , Eddy Cue said in an interview with Fast Company that Apple `` had completely underestimated the product , the complexity of it . '' He also said the problems with Apple Maps led to `` significant changes to all of our development processes . '' After the launch of Maps , Apple started offering public betas of new versions of iOS and OS X . Furthermore , Cue commented that before Maps was launched Apple 's executive team long discussed if Apple should have its own mapping service . One month later , Tim Cook looked back to the launch of Apple Maps in an interview with The Washington Post and said `` Maps was a mistake . '' He added that the company admitted its mistake and that Maps is something the company is now proud of because of the improvements . TomTom 's response ( edit ) As the primary provider of map data , TomTom has received criticism as well . Cees van Dok , TomTom 's head of user experience design , in April 2013 told technology news website TechRadar that Apple was the problem . According to him , Apple was trying to combine too many sources of data to create Apple Maps . Modern reception ( edit ) Still , despite fixing preliminary issues , Apple Maps has received mixed reviews , with some critics complimenting its `` Flyover '' feature and appearance of the street map , while others are criticizing its lack of features similar to those in Google Maps . ZDNet said `` ( Apple Maps ) had its share of problems , but Apple Maps is back with a vengeance . Powered by some jaw - dropping 3D graphics and enjoying an aggressive multi-platform strategy , Apple is finally set to redefine our geospatial expectations -- and take Google down a few notches . '' An editor of The Street wrote `` But , today , and presumably after the iOS 7 update , Apple Maps has come into its own . Despite the lingering absence of transit directions ( at last check , Apple still suggests Google Maps and other `` routing '' apps ) , I now prefer to Apple over Google . '' Macworld wrote `` Apple Maps has vastly improved since it was first launched and now we conclude the turn - by - turn navigation is a lot better than Google 's offering . While there are areas that both Google and Apple can improve on , we 're certain that using Apple Maps wo n't direct you to drive into the Thames and that most of the initial issues have been fixed . '' Thrillist wrote an article about `` Things Apple Maps Does Better Than Google Maps , '' praising its ability to let the user `` send directions instantly from your computer to your phone , '' `` see turn - by - turn directions from the lock screen , '' `` get more specific recommendations for nearby attractions , '' `` know which subway car to get on and which exit to use , '' `` see true - to - life details , '' and `` get seamless directions from Siri . '' See also ( edit ) Atlas portal Apple Inc. portal Comparison of web map services MapQuest HERE Maps Google Maps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Vroegop , B. ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` WWDC 2012 : Apple kondigt eigen kaartendienst Maps met volledige navigatie aan '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 11 June 2012 ) . `` WWDC 2012 : iOS 6 aangekondigd , iPad 1 krijgt geen update # WWDC '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur , C. ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Apple Maps : Tim Cook says he is ' extremely sorry ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Satariano , A. ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` Apple 's Cue Seeks Overhaul of Maps Amid Duel With Google '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple takes on Google Maps and integrates Facebook into iPhone software - along with a new Macbook '' . Daily Mail . 11 June 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Arthur , C. ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Apple maps : how Google lost when everyone thought it had won '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Garside , J. ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Apple Maps service loses train stations , shrinks tower and creates new airport '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Google Earth of Apple Kaarten : wie heeft de beste 3D - beelden ? '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , L. ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Google Maps already No. 1 among free iPhone apps '' . CNET . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Seth . `` Apple purchased Placebase in July to replace Google Maps ? '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , S. ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Apple purchased Placebase in July to replace Google Maps ? '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Apple neemt kaartleverancier Placebase over en richt Geo Team op '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bertolucci , J. `` Why Apple Bought Poly9 : And What Is Poly9 ? '' . PCWorld . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gurman , M. ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` Apple acquired mind - blowing 3D mapping company C3 Technologies , looking to take iOS Maps to the next level '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gurman , M. ( 19 July 2012 ) . `` Apple 's iOS 6 3D Maps are straight from C3 Technologies , some interesting notes '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Q&A on Location Data '' . Apple Press Info. 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Etherington , D. ( 23 September 2012 ) . `` Source : Apple Aggressively Recruiting Ex-Google Maps Staff To Build Out iOS Maps '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 6 October 2012 ) . `` Apple verbetert eigen Maps : meer 3D - gebouwen , minder fouten '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , G. ( 21 September 2013 ) . `` Apple Maps : one year on '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gurman , M. ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Apple acquired mapping firm BroadMap 's talent , location - infused Evernote competitor Catch '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Fried , I. ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` Apple Did Indeed Acquire BroadMap and Catch Earlier This Year '' . All Things Digital . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dossier : Apple Maps '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Haslam , K. ( 18 September 2013 ) . `` iOS 7 available to download now . How to download iOS 7 and update your iPhone and iPad '' . Macworld . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Maps coming to OS X Mavericks '' . The Verge. 10 June 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , A. ( 22 October 2013 ) . `` Walk with us through OS X Mavericks ' new Maps app '' . CNET . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Perez , S. ( 6 June 2014 ) . `` Apple Acquires Spotsetter , A Social Search Engine For Places '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Announces iOS 8 Available September 17 '' . Apple Press Info. 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Slivka , E. ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` Apple Filling Out Flyover City Tours Ahead of iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite Launches '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` OS X Yosemite Available Today as a Free Upgrade '' . Apple Press Info. 16 October 2014 . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gurman , M. ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Top Apple Maps app manager for Watch , iOS & OS X exits for Uber '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Available in Nine Countries on April 24 '' . Apple Press Info. 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Allsopp , A. ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` How to use Maps to navigate from your Apple Watch '' . Macworld . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pino , N. ( 8 June 2015 ) . `` Apple Maps finally adds public transit info '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Haslam K. ( 23 October 2015 ) . `` Mac OS X 10.11 El Capitan updates , issues and fixes : 10.11. 1 update released , addresses Mail , Office 2016 and more '' . Macworld . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dossier : watchOS '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Fingas , J. ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` Apple bought a company focused on super-accurate GPS '' . Engadget . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 17 May 2015 ) . `` ' Apple nam navigatiebedrijf Coherent over ' '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tung , L. ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` Apple acquires mapping visualisation startup Mapsense '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple brengt watchOS 2.2 voor Apple Watch met verbeterde Kaarten - app uit '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture. 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Kulshrestha , Ashish ( 19 May 2016 ) . `` Apple opens development office in Hyderabad '' ( PDF ) . The Economic Times . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Opens Development Office in Hyderabad '' . Apple Press Info. 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Srinivasan , V.L. ( 11 February 2016 ) . `` Apple to open first offshore technology development centre in India '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Meijer , Eveline ( 13 June 2016 ) . `` Apple Maps krijgt nieuw design : alle vernieuwingen op een rij '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , Gonny van der ( 15 September 2016 ) . `` Twintig kleine iOS 10 - verbeteringen die je zeker even moet proberen '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rougeau , M. ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Is Apple working on Street View for its own Maps ? '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , S. ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Apple camera car on San Francisco streets leads to ' street view ' speculation '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , L. ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Apple aims to outdo Google 's Street View '' . CNET . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple : Apple Maps vehicles '' . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Vroegop , B. ( 2 October 2012 ) . `` Apple Maps efficiënter met data dan Google Maps '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple : Acknowledgements '' . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TomTom extends Apple agreement '' . TomTom. 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple : Maps '' . Retrieved 30 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple : iOS Feature Availability '' . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kahn , J. ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` Apple adds Foursquare business listings to Apple Maps '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 12 June 2012 ) . `` iOS 6 uitgelicht : Apple Maps - kaartendienst met grote Nederlandse invloed '' ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kleinman , Z. ( 13 August 2013 ) . `` Apple aerial map photos blocked over Oslo in Norway '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Z. ( 16 January 2016 ) . `` watchOS 2.2 adds Nearby search to Maps for Apple Watch '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Painter , L. ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` How to use Proactive in iOS 9 : How Siri is becoming more proactive and smart in iOS 9 '' . Macworld . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , J. ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Inside iOS 9 : Apple Maps Gains Transit Mode and Nearby Search '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` iOS 9 Available as a Free Update for iPhone , iPad & iPod touch Users September 16 '' . Apple Press Info. 9 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple activates ' Nearby ' Maps search results in 4 countries , expands Flyover support '' . AppleInsider. 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews iOS 9 '' . Apple Press Info. 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ McGarry , C. ( 19 October 2015 ) . `` Apple Maps gets a boost with Boston transit and Amtrak routes '' . Macworld . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Broussard , M. ( 28 April 2016 ) . `` Apple Maps Expands Transit Data in New South Wales , Australia With TrainLink and Bus Routes '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rossignol , J. ( 19 December 2016 ) . `` Apple Maps Expands Transit Directions Across the United Kingdom '' . MacRumors . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Wokke , A. ( 27 January 2015 ) . `` Consumentenbond : verkeersinfo in Apple Maps scoort dikke onvoldoende '' ( in Dutch ) . Tweakers . Retrieved 29 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Launches `` Maps Connect '' Self - Service Local Listings Portal `` . Search Engine Land . 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Maps Connect '' . mapsconnect.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` comScore : Market Rankings '' . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , C. ( 26 November 2013 ) . `` How Apple Maps won on UK iPhones over Google Maps - despite Waze '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4GEE MOBILE LIVING INDEX : Second half 2013 report '' ( PDF ) . December 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rogerson , J. ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` Apple Maps surging back in fight against Google '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4GEE MOBILE LIVING INDEX : First half report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 4GEE MOBILE LIVING INDEX : First half report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Zwaag , G. van der ( 23 June 2011 ) . `` Google belooft ' geweldige Google Maps - ervaring ' op iOS '' ( in Dutch ) . iCulture . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Thompson , N. ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Apple Maps flaw could be deadly , warn Australian police '' . CNN . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Musil , S. ( 9 December 2012 ) . `` Australia police discourage use of Apple maps app after rescues '' . CNET . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , C. ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` Apple redraws maps after Australian drivers led astray in the bush '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Alan Shatter concerned over fake Apple airport ' Statement of the Day '' . The Journal . 20 September 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , T. ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Apple : A letter from Tim Cook on Maps '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Yarow , J. ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Apple Responds To The Maps Backlash : ' We Are Just Getting Started With It ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Paczkowski , J. ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Apple Maps App Takes Reality Distortion to a Whole New Level '' . All Things Digital . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , C. ( 29 October 2012 ) . `` Apple 's Scott Forstall 's fatal mistake was not signing iOS 6 Maps apology letter : sources '' . The Verge . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tetzeli , Rick ( 8 August 2016 ) . `` Playing The Long Game Inside Tim Cook 's Apple '' . Fast Company . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ McGregor , Jena ( 12 August 2016 ) . `` Tim Cook , the interview : Running Apple ' is sort of a lonely job ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 16 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Langley , H. ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` TomTom still defensive over Apple Maps , says smartphones not a threat '' . TechRadar . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Braue , David . `` Apple Maps ' worldview is now better than Google Maps ' '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Rocco Pendola . `` Google Maps No Longer Embarrass Apple Maps '' . TheStreet . Jump up ^ Lewis Painter . `` Apple Maps vs Google Maps comparison review : is Google still on top ? - Review - Macworld UK '' . Macworld UK . Jump up ^ Joe McGauley ( 31 January 2016 ) . `` Things Apple Maps Does Better Than Google Maps '' . thrillist . External links ( edit ) Apple Maps -- official site Apple Maps and Google Maps -- design comparison Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does apple maps traffic data come from | [
"Speculation around Apple creating a mapping service of its own arose in 2009 after computer magazine Computerworld reported that Apple had acquired the company Placebase, an online mapping service, in July of that year.[10] Since then, the CEO of Placebase became a part of Apple's \"Geo Team\".[11][12] In the following two years, Apple acquired two more mapping related companies who specialized in 3D maps: Poly9 in 2010 and C3 Technologies in 2011.[13][14] C3 Technologies' imagery was later used for the Flyovers feature in Apple Maps.[15] Earlier in 2011, Apple indicated its plan for a mapping service when it stated on its website that it was collecting location data to create \"an improved traffic service in the next couple of years\" for iPhone users.[16] In September 2012, when Apple Maps was released, a source connected to both Google and Apple Maps claimed to technology website TechCrunch that Apple was recruiting Google employees that worked on Google Maps.[17]"
] | [
"Placebase, an online mapping service"
] |
3251663947874972060 | Yellow Submarine (song) | Yellow Submarine ( song ) - wikipedia Yellow Submarine ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Yellow Submarine '' US picture sleeve Single by the Beatles from the album Revolver and Yellow Submarine A-side ( double A-side ) `` Eleanor Rigby '' Released 5 August 1966 Format 7 '' Recorded 26 May and 1 June 1966 , EMI Studios , London Genre Children 's music folk pop Length 2 : 38 Label Parlophone Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` Paperback Writer '' ( 1966 ) Paperback Writer 1966 `` Eleanor Rigby '' / `` Yellow Submarine '' ( 1966 ) Eleanor Rigby Yellow Submarine1966 `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' / `` Penny Lane '' ( 1967 ) Strawberry Fields Forever Penny Lane 1967 Music video `` Yellow Submarine '' on YouTube `` Yellow Submarine '' is a 1966 song by the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon , with lead vocals by Ringo Starr . It was included on the Revolver ( 1966 ) album and issued as a single , coupled with `` Eleanor Rigby '' . The single went to number one on every major British chart , remained at number one for four weeks , and charted for 13 weeks . It won an Ivor Novello Award `` for the highest certified sales of any single issued in the UK in 1966 '' . In the US , the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became the most successful Beatles song to feature Starr as lead vocalist . It became the title song of the animated United Artists film , also called Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , and the soundtrack album to the film , released as part of the Beatles ' music catalogue . An orchestral reprise to the song arranged by George Martin titled `` Yellow Submarine in Pepperland '' is featured at the end of the film and its soundtrack . Although intended as a nonsense song for children , `` Yellow Submarine '' received various social and political interpretations at the time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Release 4 Reception and interpretations 5 Personnel 6 Charts and certifications 6.1 Charts 6.2 Certifications 7 Tribute 8 Cover versions 8.1 Protester adaptation 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Composition ( edit ) In a joint interview in March 1967 , McCartney and Lennon recalled that the song 's melody was created by combining two different songs they had been working on separately . Lennon noted that McCartney brought in the chorus ( `` the submarine ... the chorus bit '' ) which Lennon suggested combining with a melody for the verses that he 'd already written . McCartney also noted : `` It 's a happy place , that 's all . You know , it was just ... We were trying to write a children 's song . That was the basic idea . And there 's nothing more to be read into it than there is in the lyrics of any children 's song . '' In 1980 , Lennon talked further about the song : `` ' Yellow Submarine ' is Paul 's baby . Donovan helped with the lyrics . I helped with the lyrics too . We virtually made the track come alive in the studio , but based on Paul 's inspiration . Paul 's idea . Paul 's title ... written for Ringo . '' Donovan added the words , `` Sky of blue and sea of green '' . In 1994 , McCartney discussed his inspiration for the song 's concept : `` I was laying in bed in the Ashers ' garret ... I was thinking of it as a song for Ringo , which it eventually turned out to be , so I wrote it as not too rangey in the vocal , then started making a story , sort of an ancient mariner , telling the young kids where he 'd lived . It was pretty much my song as I recall ... I think John helped out . The lyrics got more and more obscure as it goes on , but the chorus , melody and verses are mine . '' The song began as being about different coloured submarines , but evolved to include only a yellow one . Recording ( edit ) Produced by George Martin and engineered by Geoff Emerick , `` Yellow Submarine '' was finished after five takes on 26 May 1966 , in Studio Two at Abbey Road Studios ; special effects were added on 1 June . Martin drew on his experience as a producer of comedy records for Beyond the Fringe and The Goon Show , providing an array of zany sound effects to create the nautical atmosphere . On the second session the studio store cupboard was ransacked for special effects , which included chains , a ship 's bell , tap dancing mats , whistles , hooters , waves , a tin bath filled with water , wind , and thunderstorm machines , as well as a cash register , which was later used on Pink Floyd 's song `` Money '' ( 1973 ) . Lennon blew through a straw into a pan of water to create a bubbling effect ; McCartney and Lennon talked through tin cans to create the sound of the captain 's orders ; at 1 : 38 - 40 in the song , Starr stepped outside the doors of the recording room and yelled like a sailor , acknowledging `` Cut the cable ! Drop the cable ! '' , which was looped into the song afterwards ; and Abbey Road employees John Skinner and Terry Condon twirled chains in a tin bath to create water sounds . After the line , `` and the band begins to play '' , Emerick found a recording of a brass band and changed it slightly so it could not be identified , although it is thought to be a recording of Georges Krier and Charles Helmer 's composition , `` Le Rêve Passe '' ( 1906 ) . The original recording had a spoken intro by Starr , but the idea was abandoned on 3 June . When the overdubs were finished , Mal Evans strapped on a marching bass drum and led everybody in a line around the studio doing the conga dance whilst banging on the drum . Release ( edit ) Original US release single The `` Yellow Submarine '' single was the Beatles ' 13th single release in the United Kingdom . It was released in the UK on 5 August 1966 as a ' double A side ' with `` Eleanor Rigby '' , and in the United States on 8 August . In both countries , the album Revolver ( which also featured both songs ) was released on the same day as the single . Reception and interpretations ( edit ) The single went to number 1 on every major British chart , remained at number 1 for four weeks and charted for 13 weeks . It won an Ivor Novello Award for the highest certified sales of any single issued in the UK in 1966 . In the United States , the single reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , number 1 in Record World , and number 2 in Cashbox , where it was held off number 1 by the Supremes ' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' . The single was released during the controversies about the `` Butcher Cover '' ( the Yesterday and Today album cover ) and Lennon 's remarks about Christianity , which are cited as part of the reason the song failed to reach number 1 on all US charts . It sold 1,200,000 copies in four weeks and earned the Beatles their twenty - first US Gold Record award , beating the record set by Elvis Presley . Although intended as a nonsense song for children , `` Yellow Submarine '' received various social and political interpretations at the time ; music journalist Peter Doggett wrote that the `` culturally empty '' song `` became a kind of Rorschach test for radical minds . '' The song 's chorus was reappropriated by schoolchildren , sports fans , and striking workers in their own chants . At a Mobe protest in San Francisco , a yellow papier - mâché submarine made its way through the crowd , which Time magazine interpreted as a `` symbol of the psychedelic set 's desire for escape '' . A reviewer for the P.O. Frisco wrote in 1966 , `` the Yellow Submarine may suggest , in the context of the Beatles ' anti-Vietnam War statement in Tokyo this year , that the society over which Old Glory floats is as isolated and morally irresponsible as a nuclear submarine . '' Writing for Esquire , Robert Christgau felt that the Beatles `` want their meanings to be absorbed on an instinctual level '' and wrote of the interpretations , `` I ca n't believe that the Beatles indulge in the simplistic kind of symbolism that turns a yellow submarine into a Nembutal or a banana -- it is just a yellow submarine , damn it , an obvious elaboration of John ( Lennon ) 's submarine fixation , first revealed in A Hard Day 's Night . '' Personnel ( edit ) Ringo Starr -- drums , lead vocals Paul McCartney -- bass , backing vocals John Lennon -- acoustic guitar , backing vocals , sound effects ( bubbles ) George Harrison -- acoustic guitar , tambourine , backing vocals Mal Evans -- bass drum , backing vocals George Martin -- backing vocals , producer Geoff Emerick -- backing vocals , tape loops , engineer Neil Aspinall -- backing vocals Alf Bicknell -- sound effects ( rattling chains ) Pattie Boyd -- backing vocals Marianne Faithfull -- backing vocals Brian Jones -- backing vocals , sound effects ( clinking glasses ) Brian Epstein -- backing vocals Personnel per Ian MacDonald Charts and certifications ( edit ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1966 ) Peak position Australia ( Go - Set Top 40 ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canadian RPM Top Singles Germany ( Official German Charts ) Irish Singles Chart Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart UK ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 63 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Tribute ( edit ) The Yellow Submarine sculpture ( 1984 ) . A 51 - foot ( 16 m ) - long yellow submarine metal sculpture was built by apprentices from the Cammell Laird shipyard , and was used as part of Liverpool 's International Garden Festival in 1984 . In 2005 , it was placed outside Liverpool 's John Lennon Airport , where it remains . Cover versions ( edit ) It has entered popular usage as a children 's song , such as in Fun Song Factory , when it was once combined with colourful props and actions , and on Sesame Street , where a group of Anything Muppets sang the song inside a yellow submarine ( resembling the one from the animated movie ) . Protester adaptation ( edit ) The tune of the song has been used in Britain and America by those protesting government actions , with the lyrics changed to `` we all live in a Fascist regime '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Album Review '' . Condé Nast . September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2005 ) . Folk Music : A Regional Exploration . Greenwood Press . p. 335 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32872 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles Revolver Review '' . BBC . 2007 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Doggett , Peter ( 6 May 2009 ) . There 's a Riot Going On : Revolutionaries , Rock Stars , and the Rise and Fall of the ' 60s . Canongate U.S. pp. 107 -- 108 . ISBN 1 - 84767 - 193 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon & McCartney Interview : Ivor Novello Awards , 3 / 20 / 1967 '' . Beatles Interviews Database . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beatles Interview Database 2008 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 39 , track 2 . ^ Jump up to : Fontenot 1999 . Jump up ^ Miles 1998 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Turner 2005 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ `` 74 - Yellow Submarine '' . 100 Greatest Beatles Songs . Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : Spitz 2005 , p. 612 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 627 . Jump up ^ `` US single release : Eleanor Rigby / Yellow Submarine '' . The Beatles Bible . Retrieved 26 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( December 1967 ) . `` Columns : December 1967 '' . Esquire . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow submarine in Australian Chart '' . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Yellow Submarine '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Yellow Submarine '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow submarine in Canadian Top Singles Chart '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Beatles -- Yellow Submarine '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Yellow submarine in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Only one result when searching `` Yellow submarine '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- The Beatles '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - Home ( 23 September 1966 ) '' . www.flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Yellow Submarine '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Charts 1966 -- 1969 / Kvällstoppen -- Listresultaten vecka för vecka > Augusti 1966 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . hitsallertijden.nl . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beatles '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beatles awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 27 November 2010 '' . Ultratop 50 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Yellow Submarine '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Icons of England 1999 . Jump up ^ Robert Booth ( April 29 , 2011 ) . `` Royal wedding : police criticised for pre-emptive strikes against protesters '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Carl O'Brien ( July 7 , 2005 ) . `` Three Irish mammies in vanguard of demonstration '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ Philip Marsh ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` No One Would Riot for Less : the UK General Election , `` Shy Tories '' and the Eating of Lord Ashdown 's Hat `` . The Weeklings . Jump up ^ Rachel Campbell ( January 21 , 2005 ) . `` Feeling blue about the inauguration '' . The Journal Times . References ( edit ) `` Badmeaningood 2 '' . MTV . 2008 . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco : Chronicle Books . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 8 . Fontenot , Robert ( 20 August 1999 ) . `` Yellow Submarine '' . About.com . Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` The Rubberization of Soul : The great pop music renaissance '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . Digital.library.unt.edu . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Martin , George ; Hornsby , Jeremy ( 1994 ) . All You Need Is Ears . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11482 - 6 . `` Maurice Chevalier - de `` Valentine '' à `` Yellow Submarine '' `` . Database.cd. 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 September 2008 . `` Maurice Chevalier Songs '' . Allmusic. 2009 . Retrieved 28 December 2009 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York : Henry Holt & Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Turner , Steve ( 2005 ) . A Hard Day 's Write ( Third ed . ) . HarperResource . ISBN 0 - 06 - 273698 - 1 . `` Yellow Submarine '' . The Beatles Bible . 2008 . Retrieved 11 October 2008 . `` Yellow Submarine '' . Beatles Interview Database. 2008 . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . `` Yellow Submarine '' . Icons of England . 20 August 1999 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 9 September 2008 . Royal Philharmonic Orchestra ( 2008 ) . Yellow Submarine . YouTube . Emlyn Ellis Addison ( 2012 ) . Elegy For A Stranger - A Realization of `` Yellow Submarine '' by the Beatles . YouTube . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Revolver ( Beatles album ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yellow Submarine . Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` With a Girl Like You '' by the Troggs UK Singles Chart number one single 18 August 1966 -- 8 September 1966 Succeeded by `` All or Nothing '' by Small Faces Revolver Songs Side one `` Taxman '' `` Eleanor Rigby '' `` I 'm Only Sleeping '' `` Love You To '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Yellow Submarine '' `` She Said She Said '' Side two `` Good Day Sunshine '' `` And Your Bird Can Sing '' `` For No One '' `` Doctor Robert '' `` I Want to Tell You '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` Tomorrow Never Knows '' Non-album single `` Paperback Writer '' `` Rain '' Related articles Yesterday and Today More popular than Jesus The Beatles ' 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines The Beatles ' 1966 US tour The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters Yellow Submarine Songs Side one `` Yellow Submarine '' `` Only a Northern Song '' `` All Together Now '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` It 's All Too Much '' `` All You Need Is Love '' Side two `` Pepperland '' `` Sea of Time '' `` Sea of Holes '' `` Sea of Monsters '' `` March of the Meanies '' `` Pepperland Laid Waste '' `` Yellow Submarine in Pepperland '' Outtakes `` Across the Universe '' Non-album single `` Lady Madonna '' `` The Inner Light '' Related articles Film Yellow Submarine ( sculpture ) Yellow Submarine Songtrack The Beatles discography George Martin Blue Meanies Chief Blue Meanie Jeremy Hillary Boob Ringo 's Yellow Submarine Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellow_Submarine_(song)&oldid=829780496 '' Categories : The Beatles songs The Beatles ' Yellow Submarine 1966 singles Pinky and Perky songs Parlophone singles Fictional submarines UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Song recordings produced by George Martin Songs written by Lennon -- McCartney Songs published by Northern Songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Submarines Capitol Records singles Children 's songs Ringo Starr songs Songs written by Donovan 1966 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use British English from June 2011 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United States Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Sicilianu Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 19 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote we all live in a yellow submarine | [
"\"Yellow Submarine\" is a 1966 song by the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, with lead vocals by Ringo Starr. It was included on the Revolver (1966) album and issued as a single, coupled with \"Eleanor Rigby\". The single went to number one on every major British chart, remained at number one for four weeks, and charted for 13 weeks. It won an Ivor Novello Award \"for the highest certified sales of any single issued in the UK in 1966\". In the US, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became the most successful Beatles song to feature Starr as lead vocalist.",
"\"Yellow Submarine\" is a 1966 song by the Beatles, written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, with lead vocals by Ringo Starr. It was included on the Revolver (1966) album and issued as a single, coupled with \"Eleanor Rigby\". The single went to number one on every major British chart, remained at number one for four weeks, and charted for 13 weeks. It won an Ivor Novello Award \"for the highest certified sales of any single issued in the UK in 1966\". In the US, the song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became the most successful Beatles song to feature Starr as lead vocalist."
] | [
"Paul McCartney",
"John Lennon"
] |
9164581070357764265 | Niche differentiation | Niche differentiation - wikipedia Niche differentiation Jump to : navigation , search The term niche differentiation ( synonymous with niche segregation , niche separation and niche partitioning ) , as it applies to the field of ecology , refers to the process by which competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist . The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species with identical niches ( i.e. , ecological roles ) compete , then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction . When two species differentiate their niches , they tend to compete less strongly , and are thus more likely to coexist . Species can differentiate their niches in many ways , such as by consuming different foods , or using different parts of the environment . As an example of niche partitioning , several Anolis lizards in the Caribbean islands share common food needs -- mainly insects . They avoid competition by occupying different physical locations . For example , some live on the leaf litter floor while others live on branches . Species who live in different areas compete less for food and other resources , which minimizes competition between species . However , species who live in similar areas compete strongly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Detection and quantification 2 Development 2.1 Current competition ( The Ghost of Competition Present ) 2.2 Via past extinctions ( The Ghost of Competition Past ) 2.3 Evolving differences 3 Types 3.1 Resource partitioning 3.2 Predator partitioning 3.3 Conditional differentiation 3.4 Competition - predation trade - off 4 Coexistence without niche differentiation : exceptions to the rule 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Detection and quantification ( edit ) The Lotka - Volterra equation states that two competing species can coexist when intra-specific ( within species ) competition is greater than inter-specific ( between species ) competition ( Armstrong and McGehee 1981 ) . Since niche differentiation concentrates competition within - species , due to a decrease in between - species competition , the Lotka - Volterra model predicts that niche differentiation of any degree will result in coexistence . In reality , this still leaves the question of how much differentiation is needed for coexistence ( Hutchinson 1959 ) . A vague answer to this question is that the more similar two species are , the more finely balanced the suitability of their environment must be in order to allow coexistence . There are limits to the amount of niche differentiation required for coexistence , and this can vary with the type of resource , the nature of the environment , and the amount of variation both within and between the species . To answer questions about niche differentiation , it is necessary for ecologists to be able to detect , measure , and quantify the niches of different coexisting and competing species . This is often done through a combination of detailed natural history studies , controlled experiments ( to determine the strength of competition ) , and mathematical models ( Strong 1982 , Leibold 1995 ) . To understand the mechanisms of niche differentiation and competition , much data must be gathered on how the two species interact , how they use their resources , and the type of ecosystem in which they exist , among other factors . In addition , several mathematical models exist to quantify niche breadth , competition , and coexistence ( Bastolla et al. 2005 ) . However , regardless of methods used , niches and competition can be distinctly difficult to measure quantitatively , and this makes detection and demonstration of niche differentiation difficult and complex . Development ( edit ) Over time , two competing species can either coexist , through niche differentiation or other means , or compete until one species becomes locally extinct . Several theories exist for how niche differentiation arises or evolves given these two possible outcomes . Current competition ( the ghost of competition present ) ( edit ) Niche differentiation can arise from current competition . For instance , species X has a fundamental niche of the entire slope of a hillside , but its realized niche is only the top portion of the slope because species Y , which is a better competitor but can not survive on the top portion of the slope , has excluded it from the lower portion of the slope . With this scenario , competition will continue indefinitely in the middle of the slope between these two species . Because of this , detection of the presence of niche differentiation ( through competition ) will be relatively easy . It is also important to remember that there is no evolutionary change of the individual species in this case ; rather this is an ecological effect of species Y out - competing species X within the bounds of species Y 's fundamental niche . Via past extinctions ( the ghost of competition past ) ( edit ) Another way by which niche differentiation can arise is via the previous elimination of species without realized niches . This asserts that at some point in the past , several species inhabited an area , and all of these species had overlapping fundamental niches . However , through competitive exclusion , the less competitive species were eliminated , leaving only the species that were able to coexist ( i.e. the most competitive species whose realized niches did not overlap ) . Again , this process does not include any evolutionary change of individual species , but it is merely the product of the competitive exclusion principle . Also , because no species is out - competing any other species in the final community , the presence of niche differentiation will be difficult or impossible to detect . Evolving differences ( edit ) Finally , niche differentiation can arise as an evolutionary effect of competition . In this case , two competing species will evolve different patterns of resource use so as to avoid competition . Here too , current competition is absent or low , and therefore detection of niche differentiation is difficult or impossible . Types ( edit ) Below is a list of ways that species can partition their niche . This list is not exhaustive , but illustrates several classic examples . Resource partitioning ( edit ) When species use different resources , this can help them to coexist . For example , some lizard species appear to coexist because they consume insects of differing sizes . Alternatively , species can coexist on the same resources if each species is limited by different resources , or differently able to capture resources . For example , different types of phytoplankton can coexist when different species are differently limited by nitrogen , phosphorus , silicon , and light . In the Galapagos Islands , finches with small beaks are more able to consume small seeds , and finches with large beaks are more able to consume large seeds . If a species ' density declines , then the food it most depends on will become more abundant ( since there are so few individuals to consume it ) . As a result , the remaining individuals will experience less competition for food . Although `` resource '' generally refers to food , species can partition other non-consumable objects , such as parts of the habitat . For example , warblers are thought to coexist because they nest in different parts of trees . Species can also partition habitat in a way that gives them access to different types of resources . As stated in the introduction , anolis lizards appear to coexist because each uses different parts of the forests as perch locations . This likely gives them access to different species of insects . Predator partitioning ( edit ) Predator partitioning occurs when species are attacked differently by different predators ( or natural enemies more generally ) . For example , trees could differentiate their niche if they are consumed by different species of specialist herbivores , such as herbivorous insects . If a species density declines , so too will the density of its natural enemies , giving it an advantage . Thus , if each species is constrained by different natural enemies , they will be able to coexist . Early work focused on specialist predators ; however , more recent studies have shown that predators do not need to be pure specialists , they simply need to affect each prey species differently . The Janzen -- Connell hypothesis represents a form of predator partitioning . Conditional differentiation ( edit ) Conditional differentiation ( sometimes called temporal niche partitioning ) occurs when species differ in their competitive abilities based on varying environmental conditions . For example , in the Sonoran Desert , some annual plants are more successful during wet years , while others are more successful during dry years . As a result , each species will have an advantage in some years , but not others . When environmental conditions are most favorable , individuals will tend to compete most strongly with member of the same species . For example , in a dry year , dry - adapted plants will tend to be most limited by other dry - adapted plants . This can help them to coexist through a storage effect . Competition - predation trade - off ( edit ) Species can differentiate their niche via a competition - predation trade - off if one species is a better competitor when predators are absent , and the other is better when predators are present . Defenses against predators , such as toxic compounds or hard shells , are often metabolically costly . As a result , species that produce such defenses are often poor competitors when predators are absent . Species can coexist through a competition - predation trade - off if predators are more abundant when the less defended species is common , and less abundant if the well - defended species is common . This effect has been criticized as being weak , because theoretical models suggest that only two species within a community can coexist because of this mechanism . Coexistence without niche differentiation : exceptions to the rule ( edit ) Some competing species have been shown to coexist on the same resource with no observable evidence of niche differentiation and in `` violation '' of the competitive exclusion principle . One instance is in a group of hispine beetle species ( Strong 1982 ) . These beetle species , which eat the same food and occupy the same habitat , coexist without any evidence of segregation or exclusion . The beetles show no aggression either intra - or inter-specifically . Coexistence may be possible through a combination of non-limiting food and habitat resources and high rates of predation and parasitism , though this has not been demonstrated . This example illustrates that the evidence for niche differentiation is by no means universal . Niche differentiation is also not the only means by which coexistence is possible between two competing species ( see Shmida and Ellner 1984 ) . However , niche differentiation is a critically important ecological idea which explains species coexistence , thus promoting the high biodiversity often seen in many of the world 's biomes . Research using mathematical modelling is indeed demonstrating that predation can indeed stabilize lumps of very similar species . Willow warbler and chiffchaff and other very similar warblers can serve as an example . The idea is that it is also a good strategy to be very similar to a successful species or have enough dissimilarity . Also trees in the rain forest can serve as an example of all high canopy species basically following the same strategy . Other examples of nearly identical species clusters occupying the same niche were water beetles , prairie birds and algae. The basic idea is that there can be clusters of very similar species all applying the same successful strategy and between them open spaces . Here the species cluster takes the place of a single species in the classical ecological models . See also ( edit ) Phylogenetic niche conservatism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hardin , Garrett ( 29 April 1960 ) . `` The Competitive Exclusion Principle '' . Science . 131 ( 3409 ) : 1292 -- 1297 . PMID 14399717 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 131.3409. 1292 . ^ Jump up to : Pacala , Stephen W. ; Roughgarden , Jonathan ( February 1985 ) . `` Population Experiments with the Anolis Lizards of St. Maarten and St. Eustatius '' . Ecology. 66 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 141 . doi : 10.2307 / 1941313 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Janalee P ; Vitt , Laurie J ( 1999 ) . `` Dietary asymmetry in leaf litter frogs and lizards in a transitional northern Amazonian rain forest '' . Oikos. 84 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 397 . doi : 10.2307 / 3546419 . Jump up ^ Grover , James P. ( 1997 ) . Resource competition ( 1st ed . ) . London : Chapman & Hall . ISBN 0412749300 . Jump up ^ MacArthur , Robert H. ( October 1958 ) . `` Population Ecology of Some Warblers of Northeastern Coniferous Forests '' . Ecology. 39 ( 4 ) : 599 -- 619 . doi : 10.2307 / 1931600 . ^ Jump up to : Grover , James ( 1994 ) . `` Assembly Rules for Communities of Nutrient - Limited Plants and Specialist Herbivores '' . The American Naturalist. 143 ( 2 ) : 258 -- 282 . doi : 10.2307 / 2462643 . Jump up ^ Chesson , Peter ; Kuang , Jessica J. ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` The interaction between predation and competition '' . Nature . 456 ( 7219 ) : 235 -- 238 . PMID 19005554 . doi : 10.1038 / nature07248 . Jump up ^ Sedio , Brian E. ; Ostling , Annette M. ; Ris Lambers , Janneke Hille ( August 2013 ) . `` How specialised must natural enemies be to facilitate coexistence among plants ? '' . Ecology Letters. 16 ( 8 ) : 995 -- 1003 . doi : 10.1111 / ele. 12130 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gregory ( 2005 ) . Burlesem , David ; Pinard , Michelle ; Hartley , Sue , eds . Biotic interactions in the tropics : their role in the maintenance of species diversity . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 141 -- 164 . ISBN 9780521609852 . ^ Jump up to : Angert , Amy L. ; Huxman , Travis E. ; Chesson , Peter ; Venable , D. Lawrence ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Functional tradeoffs determine species coexistence via the storage effect '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 ( 28 ) : 11641 -- 11645 . PMC 2710622 . PMID 19571002 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0904512106 . Jump up ^ Holt , Robert D. ; Grover , James ; Tilman , David ( November 1994 ) . `` Simple Rules for Interspecific Dominance in Systems with Exploitative and Apparent Competition '' . The American Naturalist. 144 ( 5 ) : 741 -- 771 . doi : 10.1086 / 285705 . Jump up ^ Chase , Jonathan M. ; Abrams , Peter A. ; Grover , James P. ; Diehl , Sebastian ; Chesson , Peter ; Holt , Robert D. ; Richards , Shane A. ; Nisbet , Roger M. ; Case , Ted J. ( March 2002 ) . `` The interaction between predation and competition : a review and synthesis '' . Ecology Letters. 5 ( 2 ) : 302 -- 315 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1461 - 0248.2002. 00315. x . Jump up ^ Scheffer , M , Nes , E , Self - organized similarity , the evolutionary emergence of groups of similar species Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , April 18 , 2006 vol. 103 no . 16 6230 - 6235 Further reading ( edit ) Armstrong , R.A. , McGehee , R. ( 1980 ) . `` Competitive exclusion '' . American Naturalist. 115 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 170 . doi : 10.1086 / 283553 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Bastolla , U. , Lässig , M. , Manrubia , S.C. , Valleriani , A. ( August 2005 ) . `` Biodiversity in model ecosystems , I : coexistence conditions for competing species '' . J. Theor. Biol. 235 ( 4 ) : 521 -- 30 . PMID 15935170 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jtbi. 2005.02. 005 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Hutchinson , G.E. ( 1959 ) . `` Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why are there so many kinds of animals ? '' . American Naturalist. 93 ( 870 ) : 145 -- 159 . doi : 10.1086 / 282070 . Kronfeld - Schor , N. , Dayan , T. ( 1999 ) . `` The dietary basis for temporal partitioning : food habits of coexisting Acomys species '' . Oecologia. 121 : 123 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s004420050913 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Lawler , S.P. , Morin , P.J. ( 1993 ) . `` Temporal overlap , competition , and priority effects in larval anurans '' . Ecology. 74 ( 1 ) : 174 -- 182 . JSTOR 1939512 . doi : 10.2307 / 1939512 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Leibold , M.A. ( 1995 ) . `` The niche concept revisited : mechanistic models and community context '' . Ecology. 76 ( 5 ) : 1371 -- 82 . JSTOR 1938141 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938141 . Pyke , G.H. ( 1982 ) . `` Local geographic distributions of bumblebees near Crested Butte , Colorado : competition and community structure '' . Ecology. 63 ( 2 ) : 555 -- 573 . JSTOR 1938970 . doi : 10.2307 / 1938970 . Shmida , A. , Ellner , S. ( 1984 ) . `` Coexistence of plant species with similar niches '' . Vegetatio. 58 : 29 -- 55 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Strong , D.R.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Harmonious coexistence of hispine beetles on Heliconia in experimental and natural communities '' . Ecology. 63 ( 4 ) : 1039 -- 49 . JSTOR 1937243 . doi : 10.2307 / 1937243 . Tilman , D. ( 1990 ) . `` Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients : the elements of a predictive theory of competition '' . In Grace , J.B. ; Tilman , D. Perspectives on Plant Competition . New York : Academic Press . pp. 117 -- 141 . External links ( edit ) More information on resource partitioning Walter , G.H. ( May 1991 ) . `` What is resource partitioning ? '' . J. Theor. Biol. 150 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 43 . PMID 1890851 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5193 ( 05 ) 80327 - 3 . Department of Entomology , University of Queensland , Australia . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | states that two species cannot coexist in the same niche indefinitely | [
"The term niche differentiation (synonymous with niche segregation, niche separation and niche partitioning), as it applies to the field of ecology, refers to the process by which competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species with identical niches (i.e., ecological roles) compete, then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction.[1] When two species differentiate their niches, they tend to compete less strongly, and are thus more likely to coexist. Species can differentiate their niches in many ways, such as by consuming different foods, or using different parts of the environment."
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"competitive exclusion principle"
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1586725037466490435 | Lexie Grey | Lexie Grey - wikipedia Lexie Grey Lexie Grey Grey 's Anatomy character Chyler Leigh as Dr. Lexie Grey in a promotional image for season six . First appearance `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' ( 3.24 ) May 10 , 2007 ( as guest star ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 4.01 ) September 27 , 2007 ( as series regular ) Last appearance `` Flight '' ( 8.24 ) May 17 , 2012 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Chyler Leigh Information Full name Alexandra Caroline Grey Nickname ( s ) Little Grey , Lexipedia , Three Occupation Surgical resident at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital Surgical intern at Seattle Grace Hospital ( formerly ) Title M.D. Family Thatcher Grey ( father ) Susan Grey ( mother , deceased ) Molly Grey - Thompson ( sister ) Meredith Grey ( half - sister ) Significant other ( s ) Mark Sloan ( soulmate , deceased ) Alex Karev Jackson Avery Relatives Eric Thompson ( brother - in - law ) Derek Shepherd ( brother - in - law , deceased ) Laura Grey - Thompson ( niece ) Zola Grey Shepherd ( niece ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( nephew ) Ellis Shepherd ( niece ) Alexandra Caroline `` Lexie '' Grey , M.D. is a fictional character from ABC 's medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actress Chyler Leigh . Created by showrunner Shonda Rhimes , the character is introduced in season three as protagonist Meredith Grey 's younger half - sister , who has transferred to Seattle Grace Hospital as a new surgical intern after her mother 's sudden death . Lexie is eventually named a surgical resident in season six . Leigh was originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc , but ultimately received star billing from seasons four to eight . Leigh has also reprised her role as Lexie on the spin - off show Private Practice . Characterized by Rhimes as a dork with issues expressing her feelings , Lexie 's focal storyline in the series involved her romantic relationship with plastics attending Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) . Both she and Mark sustained life - threatening injuries during an aviation accident in the eighth - season finale , which resulted in their deaths . Seattle Grace Mercy West is later renamed Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory . The reason given for Lexie 's departure after five years on the show was Leigh 's desire to spend more time with her family . Both the character and Leigh 's performance have received positive feedback and acclaim , as Lexie has been cited as a favorite of critics and fans alike . Leigh was among the cast to receive a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 1.1 Background 1.2 Season 3 1.3 Season 4 1.4 Season 5 1.5 Season 6 1.6 Season 7 1.7 Season 8 1.8 Season 9 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Alexandra Caroline `` Lexie '' Grey was the daughter of Susan ( Mare Winningham ) and Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) , and the elder sister of Molly Grey - Thompson ( Mandy Siegfried ) . Throughout her childhood , Lexie remained unaware that she also had an older half - sister , Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , born to Thatcher and his first wife Ellis ( Kate Burton ) , a famed surgeon . Lexie was extremely intelligent as a child , having skipped third grade and `` aced '' her psych clerkship . When she turned seven , her parents threw her a surprise party that she always remembered as one of her best birthdays . She was very popular and had a great group of friends in high school , where she was crowned prom queen and class valedictorian . In contrast to Meredith , Lexie came from a loving home with a happy and idealistic upbringing . Meredith once said : `` She ( Lexie ) was raised right . With parents and rules and smiley face posters on her wall . '' Despite this , Meredith and Lexie ultimately form a close familial bond , with Lexie eventually moving into Meredith 's house . Lexie possessed an eidetic memory , which was often used as a valuable resource and earned her the nickname `` Lexipedia '' . She demonstrated a high aptitude for both plastics and neurosurgery and was generally viewed as one of the better young surgeons at the hospital , often being asked to assist on many high profile surgeries ; she was considered the best of the interns in her year . Season 3 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 3 ) Near the end of Meredith 's intern year , Thatcher and Molly mention that Lexie is a student at Harvard Medical School and that she soon had to choose a residency spot . After she graduates , Lexie is accepted to take her surgical internship at Massachusetts General Hospital . Following her mother 's sudden death of complications stemming from the hiccups , however , Lexie decides to move back to Seattle to care for her father , taking up an internship at Seattle Grace Hospital instead , one year behind Meredith who is due to begin her second year of residency . On the day of her mother 's funeral , Lexie waits in the car while Thatcher , accompanied by Molly , goes to tell Meredith that she is n't welcome at the event , again missing the opportunity to meet her older half - sister . Later that night , before her internship at Seattle Grace begins , Lexie meets Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) at Joe 's Bar , mirroring Derek 's initial meeting with Meredith . The pair flirt and Lexie forwardly offers to buy Derek a drink , but Derek says that he is there with some friends and declines . Upon arriving at the hospital 's intern locker room , Lexie meets George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) during the end of his first year as an intern . After Lexie introduces herself , George immediately realizes her identity as Meredith 's half - sister . Season 4 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 4 ) Lexie quickly befriends George and promises not to tell anyone that he is repeating his internship after failing his intern exam . Lexie 's assigned supervising resident is Meredith 's best friend Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , who does n't take the time to learn her interns ' names and thus , dubs Lexie as `` Three '' . Although Cristina is initially rude and strict with her , Lexie eventually stands up for herself and manages to earn her mentor 's respect , with Yang going so far as to acknowledge Lexie as her best student . Lexie is eager to get to know Meredith but receives a hostile response when she first introduces herself , and her later attempts to bond with her half - sister are similarly rebuffed . Lexie begins sleeping with resident Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , who discovers that Thatcher has descended into alcoholism following his wife 's death and often unreasonably lashes out at Lexie . When Lexie is lectured by Meredith for not looking after Thatcher , she finally retaliates and decides to stop pursuing a relationship with Meredith . After ending her casual sexual relationship with Alex , Lexie bonds with patient Nick Hanscom ( Seth Green ) and is present when his exposed artery blows , causing him to suffer massive blood loss . She manages to stop the bleeding but is distraught when Nick later dies anyway . Feeling sympathy , Cristina invites Lexie to join her and Meredith in drinking and dancing , causing the sisters ' relationship to begin to thaw . The following morning , Meredith goes out of her way to make Lexie breakfast , which Lexie politely eats despite being allergic to eggs , resulting in her having to be treated at the hospital . Lexie and George later agree to rent a place together , but they are only able to afford a dilapidated apartment that Lexie attempts to improve by stealing decorations and furniture from the hospital . Lexie begins to develop romantic feelings for George and secretly steals his personnel files from Chief Richard Webber 's ( James Pickens Jr . ) office , discovering that George had only failed his intern exam by one point . She encourages George to try and convince the Chief that he deserves a second chance , to which the Chief agrees . An ecstatic George then casually plants a kiss on Lexie , completely unaware of her feelings for him . Season 5 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 5 ) Lexie continues to harbor romantic feelings for an oblivious George ; their relationship is a reflection of George 's previous infatuation with the oblivious Meredith . She prioritizes helping George study over taking part in a rare surgery offered to her by plastics attending Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , but feels betrayed when George fails to even request that she become one of his interns after he passes his exam . Finally realizing that George does n't feel the same way about her , Lexie gives up on her feelings for him and the pair 's friendship begins to fizzle out . She soon discovers that some of her fellow interns have secretly been practicing simple procedures on each other , and begins taking part in these unauthorized operations to prove that she 's `` hardcore '' . Seeking a more daring procedure , Sadie Harris ( Melissa George ) later suggests that they remove her appendix . Although Lexie agrees , she quickly finds herself out of her depth and is forced to seek the aid of Meredith and Cristina to save Sadie 's life , after which all of the interns in the `` cabal '' are put on probation . Derek finds Lexie exhausted and distraught at the day 's events and allows her to move into the attic at his and Meredith 's house . Lexie then begins a flirtation with Mark , and is highly impressed after watching him successfully perform a cutting - edge surgery . Later that night , she shows up at Mark 's hotel room and undresses herself while repeating to him , `` Teach me . '' The pair grow close very quickly and enter a romantic relationship , though they are forced to keep it a secret when Derek warns Mark away from Lexie due to their large age gap and the latter being Meredith 's younger sister ( earning Lexie the nickname `` Little Grey '' ) . When Derek 's mother ( Tyne Daly ) visits Seattle , Mark is initially fearful that she will disapprove of his relationship with Lexie . After meeting Lexie , however , Mrs. Shepherd tells Mark that she is exactly the kind of youthful person he should be with . When Lexie and Mark are making out in an on - call room , she accidentally gives him a penile fracture and has to seek the help of Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) to treat him . Sadie then publicly takes the blame for Mark 's injury to spare Lexie the burden of suffering further humiliation and guilt . Lexie later wins an intern competition organized by Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Hiegl ) and is congratulated by Mark . Wanting to date Mark in public , Lexie convinces him to come clean to Derek about their relationship , to which Mark agrees . But during his confession , Mark does not realize that Derek has just been devastated by the loss of a patient , and they then get into a fist fight . The two men continue to feud , resulting in Lexie beginning to stress eat until they eventually reconcile . Lexie is chosen by Mark to assist him with an extremely rare facial transplant surgery only to be judged and mocked by her peers ; they believe that Mark is taking advantage of her and that she is using him . Lexie then kisses Mark in front of the other interns before stating , `` They think that we 're ugly but I know that we 're beautiful , and we can adapt to a hostile environment . '' Lexie is delighted when Meredith asks her to be a bridesmaid at her and Derek 's wedding , though they ultimately give the ceremony to Alex and cancer - stricken Izzie , which Lexie attends with Mark . Lexie later asks Mark to meet her newly - sober father , which Mark initially refuses as he states that fathers have never liked him . However , Mark realizes how much he wants to build a future with Lexie , so he ends up going for dinner with her and Thatcher . Soon after , Mark decides to purchase a house and invites Lexie to move in with him only for her to decline , concerned about how fast their relationship is progressing . Season 6 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 6 ) Lexie feels immense guilt following George 's death , having abandoned their friendship after he failed to reciprocate her romantic feelings towards him . She is consoled by Mark and , after becoming a surgical resident , agrees to move into his new apartment with him . Lexie and the other residents grow increasingly stressed in the wake of Chief Webber 's announcement that there will be a merger with Mercy West Hospital , meaning that Seattle Grace will have to layoff a large portion of its staff members . Mark encourages Lexie to relax and just try her best during this period , advising her not to worry as she deserves her job . Lexie soon finds that while she is safe from the layoffs , many of her friends have been cut from the program . To take everyone 's minds off the merger , Owen takes Lexie , Mark , Derek , Meredith , and Cristina to play baseball together . Thatcher is later admitted into the hospital with liver failure stemming from his former alcoholism . When Lexie discovers that she is not a suitable transplant candidate , Meredith steps in and donates part of her liver to Thatcher to spare Lexie the grief of losing her father . Following the merger , Lexie develops a rivalry with Mercy West resident April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) , who desperately attempts to undermine Lexie in front of Derek . Lexie retaliates by stealing and reading April 's notebook and uses its personal contents to humiliate her , though Lexie later apologizes . When a patient dies from a medical negligence mistake committed by one of the many surgeons who treated her , Chief Webber starts a witch hunt to trace back the culprit and identify the cause of death , and Lexie is among the doctors who are questioned . It is ultimately discovered that April was the one at fault , after which Lexie and the other residents muse over the absurdity of her mistake . Despite Chief Webber 's objections , Derek recruits Lexie for his `` rogue surgery '' on hospital technician Isaac 's ( Faran Tahir ) `` inoperable '' tumor , with Lexie acting as Derek 's own caregiver during the long and exhausting procedure . Lexie is supported by Mark and , to avoid having to leave the operating room , resorts to using a diaper so that she can sufficiently hydrate herself before and during the surgery . Near the year 's end , Mark and Lexie receive a shock when a pregnant teenage girl named Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) shows up claiming to be Mark 's daughter , and her parentage is soon confirmed . Mark quickly agrees to let Sloan and the baby move in permanently without consulting Lexie , resulting in her ending their relationship as she feels she is still too young to be a grandmother . An upset and drunk Lexie then engages in a one - night stand with Alex but feels guilty and confesses to Mark , who becomes furious with her despite also admitting that he had a one - night stand with Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) . Although she secretly suppresses her feelings for Mark , Lexie and Alex assume a casual relationship that Lexie flaunts to make Mark jealous . Lexie later breaks down in front of Meredith when Alex tells her that Mark has started dating Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) . After Sloan gives her baby up for adoption and leaves Seattle , however , Mark approaches Lexie and confesses his love to her . A stunned Lexie hesitantly states that Alex is now her boyfriend , to which Mark replies , `` I know . I 'm just saying you could have a husband . '' Lexie takes part in a surgery on Alison Clark ( Caroline Williams ) and informs her husband Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) that it was a success , only for Alison to suffer a stroke and fall into a coma that Derek and Webber state she is unlikely to wake from . As Alison had signed a DNR form , Lexie is forced to turn off the machines keeping her alive despite Gary begging her to stop . After failing in an attempt to sue Seattle Grace Mercy West , a grief - stricken Gary Clark later returns to the hospital with a gun , seeking revenge on Derek , Webber and Lexie . Mark shields Lexie during the shooting and the pair attempt to save a critically wounded Alex . Seeking supplies , Lexie heads out into the hospital and comes face - to - face with Clark . Before Clark can shoot Lexie , however , a SWAT team member wounds him and Lexie manages to escape . Lexie and Mark proceed to save Alex 's life , during which Lexie realizes that Alex is still in love with his ex-wife Izzie , as he calls for her while delirious and on the verge of death . After having a conversation with Webber , Gary Clark eventually commits suicide , having killed eleven people and wounding another seven as well as causing Meredith to suffer a miscarriage . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 7 ) After openly acknowledging the shooting as a mass murder during a therapy session with trauma counselor Andrew Perkins ( James Tupper ) and the other residents , Lexie experiences a psychotic breakdown stemming from PTSD and sleep depravation while she is treating a patient . She is admitted to the hospital 's psychiatric ward , where she is sedated for over fifty hours with Meredith remaining by her side . Alex breaks off his relationship with Lexie because he can not handle having to care for a person going through PTSD and he enjoys sleeping with women that find having been shot to be attractive . Lexie , after recovering and being cleared for surgery , confronts Alex at Cristina and Owen 's wedding and knocks him down a peg by telling him that the reason he is alive is because of her . Lexie becomes irritated when others at the hospital view her as fragile and incompetent due to her breakdown and works hard to repair her image ; she saves a woman from being paralyzed when no one else caught the issue . She continues to gain her confidence throughout the season and helps attending Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) discover a cure for hospital fistulas . Lexie 's rivalry with April intensifies when the latter begins growing closer to Meredith , but Meredith later assures Lexie that she will always be her sister . Meanwhile , Lexie and Mark continue to work together but never seem to get their timing right , with Lexie acting hostile towards Mark when he wishes to reconcile , and Mark being caught sleeping with a flavor of the day when Lexie wants to rekindle their romance . When Lexie and Mark both realize that they continue to have feelings for each other , however , they resume their relationship . Lexie nearly suffers another breakdown when the victims of a school shooting are sent to Seattle Grace Mercy West for treatment , which reminds her of her near - death experience during the shooting at the hospital . Mark comforts Lexie and the doctors ultimately manage to save all the victims of the shooting , after which Lexie tells Mark that she loves him . Lexie and Mark 's happiness once again comes to a halt when she discovers that during their break - up , Mark had unintentionally impregnated Callie , and she ends their relationship once more because she is not ready for children . Thatcher is admitted to the hospital with kidney stones and Lexie is shocked to discover that he is dating a 20 - year - old girl . Concerned about Lexie 's well - being and eager to win her back , Mark recruits his protégé Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) to find out what is upsetting her . Lexie reveals to Jackson that she is frustrated with the people she cares about , specifically Mark and her father , making major life - changing decisions without considering her feelings . When Lexie overhears Mark saying that he will take care of his and Callie 's child regardless of what sickness it is born with , she expresses regret for neglecting to even let Mark explain the situation before she walked away from him . However , Jackson manages to convince Lexie that nobody simply has one soulmate and the two subsequently begin dating . Mark is furious and distraught when he discovers that Jackson has entered a relationship with Lexie and desperately attempts to win her back but shortly after , Callie is involved in a severe car accident and Lexie consoles Mark . After Mark and Callie 's baby is born , Mark tells Lexie that she is the only thing missing to make his life perfect . Lexie explains that she will always love Mark and will go back to him if he continues to pursue her , but she believes that they are n't suited because they have different desires . Mark then agrees to let her go , giving her and Jackson his blessing . Season 8 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) Although initially happy in her relationship with Jackson , Lexie grows increasingly distraught and frustrated when she discovers that Mark has started dating an ophthalmologist named Julia . When she sees Mark and Julia flirting during a charity softball match , Lexie 's jealousy gets the better of her and she throws a ball at Julia , injuring the latter 's chest . Jackson senses that Lexie is still in love with Mark and ends their relationship . Lexie begins working under Derek 's service and becomes increasingly proficient in neurosurgery , helping Derek with a set of `` hopeless cases '' - high risk surgeries for patients who had otherwise run out of options . During a surgery , Derek is called away on an emergency , leaving Lexie and Meredith to carry out the procedure on their own . Though Derek had instructed them to merely reduce the patient 's brain tumor , Meredith allows Lexie to remove it completely , despite not being authorized by either the patient or Derek to do so . The sisters celebrate the successful surgery but Lexie is devastated when she discovers that the patient suffered severe brain damage , thus losing the ability to speak . Alex , Jackson and April move out of Meredith 's house without inviting Lexie to join them , and with Derek and Meredith settling down with baby Zola , Lexie begins to feel lonely and isolated . After being left babysitting Zola on Valentine 's Day , she contemplates confessing her true feelings to Mark . However , after plucking up the courage to visit his apartment , she finds Mark studying with Jackson and loses her nerve , instead claiming that she wanted to set up a play date for Zola and Sofia . When Mark confides in Derek that he and Julia have been discussing moving in together , Derek warns Lexie not to miss her chance again , resulting in her professing her love to a shell - shocked Mark , who merely thanks her for her candor . Mark later confesses to Derek that he feels the same way about Lexie , but is unsure of how to go about things . Days later , Lexie is named as part of a team of surgeons that will be sent to Boise to separate conjoined twins , along with Mark , Meredith , Derek , Cristina and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . However , while flying to their destination , the doctors ' plane crashes in the wilderness and Lexie is crushed under debris from the aircraft but manages to alert Mark and Cristina to help her . The pair try in vain to free Lexie , who realizes that she is suffering from a hemothorax and is unlikely to survive . While Cristina tries to find an oxygen tank and water to save Lexie , Mark holds Lexie 's hand and professes his love for her , telling her that they will get married , have kids and live the best life together , as they are `` meant to be '' . While fantasizing about the future that she and Mark could have had together , Lexie succumbs to her injuries and dies moments before Meredith arrives . The remaining doctors are left stranded in the woods waiting for rescue , with a devastated Meredith crying profusely and Mark refusing to let go of Lexie 's hand . Season 9 ( edit ) Main article : Grey 's Anatomy ( season 9 ) The remaining surgeons are rescued from the wilderness days later , and Lexie 's body is returned to Seattle . Still devastated by Lexie 's passing , Mark advises his protégé Jackson , ' when you love someone , tell them ' , which Mark felt that he never told Lexie enough when she was alive . Mark subsequently makes a clean break with Julia , stating that he had always only truly loved Lexie . Mark is soon placed on life support due to the extensive internal injuries he sustained during the plane crash and , as determined by his will , the machines keeping him alive are eventually turned off as he showed no signs of waking after 30 days . After Mark 's death , flashbacks of several moments in his life showed him being videotaped at Callie and Arizona 's wedding ; at the end of his congratulations speech , Mark declares that Lexie was the partner he wanted to grow old and dance with at their granddaughter 's wedding . When the remaining survivors of the plane crash pool their compensation money to purchase the hospital , they agree to rename it `` Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital '' in tribute to Lexie and Mark . Following Lexie and Mark 's deaths , series producer Shonda Rhimes mused regarding the pair 's relationship : ' ... he ( Mark ) and Lexie get to be together in a way . Their love remains true . '' Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) `` It was like coming into somebody else 's group or circle -- it was a little daunting in the beginning . But I have had such a great time . '' Leigh on her early days at Grey 's Anatomy Leigh first appeared on the show during the last two episodes of the third season as Meredith 's half - sister , Lexie Grey . Following Isaiah Washington 's departure who portrayed Preston Burke , it was reported that show 's executives were planning on adding new cast members , such as Lexie . She was officially upgraded to a series ' regular on July 11 , 2007 , for the fourth season . On casting Chyler Leigh as Lexie , Grey 's Anatomy creator Shonda Rhimes said : `` We met with a lot of young actresses , but Chyler stood out -- she had a quality that felt right and real to me . It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . '' In September 2011 , Leigh requested an extended summer hiatus to spend more time with her family . This was granted by Rhimes , though the actress returned in mid-October . Leigh 's character died in the eighth - season finale . In May 2012 , Rhimes revealed why she decided to have Lexie die : `` I love Chyler and I love the character of Lexie Grey . She was an important member of my Grey 's family . This was not an easy decision . But it was a decision that Chyler and I came to together . We had a lot of thoughtful discussion about it and ultimately we both decided this was the right time for her character 's journey to end . As far as I 'm concerned , Chyler will always remain a part of the Shondaland family and I ca n't wait to work with her again in the future . '' Following the death of her character , Leigh released a statement saying : `` Earlier this year , I made the decision that season eight would be my last on Grey 's Anatomy . I met with Shonda ( Rhimes ) and we worked together to give Lexie 's story appropriate closure . I am very lucky to have worked with this amazing cast and crew for five seasons . My experience on Grey 's Anatomy is something that I will treasure for the rest of my life . I want to take this time to say thank you to the fans . Your unconditional love and support have made these last five years very special for me . I look forward to my next chapter and I hope you will continue to follow me on my journey . '' Characterization ( edit ) `` Lexie Grey is here now . And she 's here to stay . I love that she 's a bit of a dork . Being a dork myself , I am fond of the girls with verbal diarrhea . Because it 's not easy to keep all your words in -- believe me . '' Rhimes on Lexie 's personality Leigh 's character has been called `` reliable , trustworthy , timid , and apprehensive '' by Grey 's Anatomy executives . In her early appearances , it was learned that Lexie has a photographic memory , which she applied to her surgical career . This led her to being nicknamed `` Lexipedia '' by Alex Karev . The character has also been described as an `` innocent young intern '' by Alex Keen of The Trades . Of the character , Leigh said : `` She 's a very vulnerable person from a very healthy background -- she knows how to make good relationships but at this point ( season four ) , she 's coming into so much opposition she 's trying to adjust to it . '' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV commented on Lexie 's early characterization , including her sexual relationship with Karev : `` Rivaling her half - sister Meredith with her own set of daddy issues , Lexie has been perfectly on schedule with the boyfriend issues this season as well . She decided that she could live with being Alex 's plaything , no strings attached , but when push came to shove , and ( Karev 's ex-girlfriend ) came back for a booty call or two , she showed her true Grey colors and could n't continue with the emotionless sex . She has , however , made considerable strides in her relationship with Meredith . '' The relationship between Leigh 's character and Eric Dane 's Mark Sloan has been well received by critics and fans of the show . Similarities have been established between Lexie and Meredith . Series writer , Stacy McKee , commented on this : `` Lexie 's struggling to be hardcore herself . I do n't know if I 'd go so far as to say , perhaps , this kind of struggle must run in the family , but ... Okay . Fine . It must run in the family -- because Lexie , though she 's very different from Meredith in many many ways , in this one way -- they seem to be exactly alike . Meredith and Lexie both want to succeed . They want to be strong . They want to feel normal . They want , so much , to be whole . But it 's a struggle -- a genuine struggle for them . Being hardcore does n't come naturally . Sometimes , they have to fake it . '' -- Stacy McKee , Grey Matter Lexie entertained several relationships throughout her time on Grey 's Anatomy . In her early appearances , she maintained a friendship with George O'Malley , until developing romantic feelings towards him . Rhimes offered the insight : `` I love them as friends . They make good friends . We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere -- we just hit it off right away . And right away there was no pretense or airs . Just pure honesty . That 's Lexie and George . They 're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater . At least , that 's what Lexie is hoping . She is my kind of girl . The girl who likes the guy because he is a GOOD guy and that 's what George is . He is a good guy and that 's something that Lexie could use now . She 's going through her own challenges what with Meredith and losing her own mother and trying to keep things afloat . I 'm rooting for Lexie . She 's my kind of girl and I hope that she gets what she deserves : love . And more kisses . There should always be that . '' Lexie 's most significant relationship was with Mark Sloan . Following her death , Rhimes said : `` Honestly , I always felt like Mark and Lexie were meant to be together . If things had not turned out the way they had this season , I had a completely different thing planned for them . I was one of the people who loved Mark and Lexie together . ( ... ) When Mark and Lexie say `` meant to be , '' it was n't about servicing the fans . That 's how I felt . That 's what was supposed to happen , and that 's what I wanted to see . It was heartbreaking . I loved the idea of them together . They played really well together . They were very charming and funny and great . We did the scene where Lexie confesses to Mark that she 's still in love with him . That was bittersweet to me because it was like , ' Look , they 're so close , so close ! And yet so far . ' '' Reception ( edit ) Both the character of Lexie Grey and Chyler Leigh 's performance have garnered positive feedback and acclaim from critics and fans alike . While reception to Lexie Grey was initially mixed , both the character and Chyler Leigh 's performance garnered positive feedback and acclaim as her role on the series progressed , and Lexie soon became a favorite of critics and fans of the show . Eileen Lulevitch , entertainment reviewer for TV Guide , praised Lexie 's introduction . Former The Star - Ledger columnist Alan Sepinwall was also favorable of Lexie 's arrival at Seattle Grace , feeling that `` she 's still being written as Meredith circa season one in an attempt to make us like her , but I did n't mind the manipulation , if only because there are so few characters left on this show to like . The Buzzsugar television reviewer also praised Lexie 's introduction in the Buzzsugar review . On the other hand , People was initially less than impressed with Lexie and criticized the way Leigh 's character first approached her sister , calling it `` rude '' . Laura Burrows from IGN wrote : `` Everything she says and does is obnoxious and does harm to someone . Lexie is an idiot and should be shot or drowned or exploded . '' Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly was also critical of Leigh 's early appearances , referring to her as `` awkward '' . However , Armstrong later noted that the `` sparkling '' friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley `` won her over '' . The character 's transition from seasons four to five was positively reviewed , with Alex Keen of The Trades writing : `` Her presence and confidence have increased quite a bit since last season , and actress , Chyler Leigh , does a fantastic job of making this progression feel seamless . Since the series has defused the tension between Little Grey and Big Grey ( aka Meredith ) , Lexie has clear sailing through the season and steals the show as one of the best current characters on the series . '' The character 's romantic relationship with Eric Dane 's Mark Sloan has been acclaimed , with Chris Monfette of IGN writing : `` Sloan 's honest relationship with Lexie helped to make both characters infinitely more interesting and mature . '' BuddyTV lauded the development and progression of Lexie and Mark 's relationship throughout season five , saying , `` They are beautiful , and they can adapt to a hostile environment . '' The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua praised Leigh 's performance and Lexie 's evolution in season six . Pascua wrote that he enjoyed Lexie 's `` humorous '' and `` emotionally connective '' role as a `` genuine character '' during the merger and layoffs , commenting : `` She still maintained that book - smart ability to repeat facts ( like the merger cases ) and shows a command of medical situations ... She should n't be worried about the merger because she 's a good doctor . '' TV Guide 's Adam Bryant praised Leigh 's `` powerful performance '' in season six , writing : `` The bond that is growing between Lexie and Meredith is nice to see . From Meredith finally saying out loud how she feels about Lexie , to Lexie being at Mer 's side when she wakes up , I am really glad to see these sisters ' happy . '' Lexie 's storyline in season six was also praised by PopSugar . Leigh served as a primary vocalist in season seven 's musical episode , `` Song Beneath the Song '' , and received rave reviews from television critics , including the Boston Herald 's Mark Perigard . Leigh 's performance in the season eight finale , which was also her character 's final appearance , was deemed as `` phenomenal '' by Digital Spy 's Ben Lee . Lexie Grey was listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . In 2007 , at the 14th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Leigh and the rest of the cast of Grey 's Anatomy received a nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series . References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary : ' I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Promoted to Cast Member '' . TVFanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Have You Seen Me Lately ? '' ( 8.15 ) , February 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` You Break My Heart '' ( 5.15 ) , February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio - Grey 's Anatomy '' . ABC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild Awards . Primetime Television . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sympathy for the Devil '' ( 5.12 ) , January 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' ( 6.03 ) , October 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the Midnight Hour '' ( 5.09 ) , November 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here Comes the Flood '' ( 5.03 ) , October 9 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Before and After '' ( 5.15 ) , February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Name of the Game '' ( 2.22 ) , April 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 4.01 ) , September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 '' ( 3.24 ) , May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Did n't We Almost Have It All '' ( 3.25 ) , May 17 , 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Here 's to Future Days '' ( 5.23 ) , May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Now or Never '' ( 5.24 ) , May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Good Mourning '' ( 6.01 ) , September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye '' ( 6.02 ) , September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tainted Obligation '' ( 6.04 ) , October 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Invasion '' ( 6.05 ) , October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` I Saw What I Saw '' ( 6.06 ) , October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' ( 6.07 ) , October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Holidaze '' ( 6.10 ) , November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blink '' ( 6.11 ) , January 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' ( 6.12 ) , January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` State of Love and Trust '' ( 6.13 ) , February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Push '' ( 6.17 ) , March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shiny Happy People '' ( 6.22 ) , May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Parents '' ( 6.19 ) , April 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sanctuary '' ( 6.23 ) , May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Death and All His Friends '' ( 6.24 ) , May 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` With You I 'm Born Again '' ( 7.01 ) , September 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ca n't Fight Biology '' ( 7.04 ) , October 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shock to the System '' ( 7.02 ) , September 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrift and at Peace '' ( 7.10 ) , December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` That 's Me Trying '' ( 7.07 ) , November 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Superfreak '' ( 7.03 ) , October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disarm '' ( 7.11 ) , January 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Start Me Up '' ( 7.12 ) , January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' ( 7.13 ) , February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' ( 7.14 ) , February 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Not Responsible '' ( 7.16 ) , February 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Will Survive '' ( 7.21 ) , May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Hour '' ( 7.15 ) , February 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This Is How We Do It '' ( 7.17 ) , March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Song Beneath the Song '' ( 7.18 ) , March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Unaccompanied Minor '' ( 7.22 ) , May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Free Falling '' ( 8.01 ) , September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` She 's Gone '' ( 8.02 ) , September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What Is It About Men '' ( 8.04 ) , October 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Loss and Legacy '' ( 8.05 ) , October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` This Magic Moment '' ( 8.11 ) , January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Put Me In , Coach '' ( 8.07 ) , October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Heart - Shaped Box '' ( 8.08 ) , November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Poker Face '' ( 8.06 ) , October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly '' ( 8.10 ) , January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hope for the Hopeless '' ( 8.12 ) , January 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael ( March 10 , 2008 ) . `` Medical Complications '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ; Strauss , Gary ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Actors ' exits leave ' Grey 's ' in recovery '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingrassia , Lisa ( July 11 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Welcomes New Cast Member '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David A. Keeps ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Nine Things You Do n't Know about Grey 's Chyler Leigh '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Mystery : Where the Heck Is Lexie ? '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's ' Creator Defends Finale Death '' . The Insider . CBS Studios . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Chyler Leigh Breaks Her Silence About Shocking Departure '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Shonda on the Season Premiere Episode `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . ABC . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown : Episode Three , `` Here Comes the Flood '' `` . BuzzSugar . Sugar Inc . October 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keen , Alex ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` DVD Review : Grey 's Anatomy : The Complete Fifth Season '' . The Trades . Burlee LLC . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( January 28 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 4 in Review '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKee , Stacy ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Stacy McKee on `` Kung Fu Fighting '' ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( June 2 , 2008 ) . `` The End of the Beginning ... Part II ... '' Grey Matter . ABC . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Boss Shonda Rhimes Talks Shocking Finale and Cast Departures : Do n't Assume Everyone Else Will Live '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode : `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Adjust Your Expectations `` . TVGuide . TVGuide . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan . `` What 's Alan Watching ? Grey 's Anatomy : This is absolutely childish and ridiculous '' . What 's Alan Watching ? . Blogspot . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' Rundown : Episode 1 , `` A Change is Gonna Come '' `` . Buzzsugar . Buzzsugar . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : A Family Affair '' . People . Time Inc . September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Burrows , Laura ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : `` Freedom '' Review `` . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Jennifer ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` When Girls Collide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode 5.18 `` Stand By Me '' Recap ( Page 4 / 4 ) `` . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Pascua , Michael ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Good Mourning / Goodbye ( season premiere ) '' . Huffington Post . AOL , Inc . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pascua , Michael ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Tainted Obligation '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Inc . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pascua , Michael ( October 2 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' . Huffington Post . AOL , Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( October 8 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Episode Recap : `` Tainted Obligation '' Season 6 , Episode 3 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Rundown , `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` . PopSugar . Sugar Inc . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powers , Lindsay ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` '' Grey 's Anatomy '' musical episode : critics weigh in `` . Reuters . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Rebecca ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` The 10 Hottest Female Doctors on TV '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . General `` Lexie Grey 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy at ABC.com hide Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexie_Grey&oldid=850541354 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Female characters in television Fictional surgeons Fictional characters introduced in 2007 Fictional characters from Seattle Fictional female doctors Fictional Harvard University people Fictional people with eidetic memory Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 14 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did lexi date on grey's anatomy | [
"Characterized by Rhimes as a dork with issues expressing her feelings, Lexie's focal storyline in the series involved her romantic relationship with plastics attending Mark Sloan (Eric Dane).[5] Both she and Mark sustained life-threatening injuries during an aviation accident in the eighth-season finale, which resulted in their deaths. Seattle Grace Mercy West is later renamed Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital in their memory. The reason given for Lexie's departure after five years on the show was Leigh's desire to spend more time with her family.\n"
] | [
"Mark Sloan"
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-1739388292170102458 | Game of Thrones (season 7) | Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) Region 1 DVD cover Starring See List of Game of Thrones cast Country of origin United States No. of episodes 7 Release Original network HBO Original release July 16 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) -- August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of Game of Thrones episodes The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16 , 2017 , and concluded on August 27 , 2017 . Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each , the seventh season consisted of only seven . Like the previous season , it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series , while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series . The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss . The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines , featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters , Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army , Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa , and the army of the dead breaching the Wall ( with the help of a reanimated wight dragon ) and entering the Seven Kingdoms . HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21 , 2016 , three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season , and began filming on August 31 , 2016 . The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland , Spain , Croatia and Iceland . Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast , including Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington . The season introduces several new cast members , including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.2. 1 In the North , including the Wall 2.2. 2 Beyond the Wall 2.2. 3 In the Riverlands 2.2. 4 In King 's Landing 2.2. 5 In Oldtown 2.2. 6 At Dragonstone 2.2. 7 In flashbacks 3 Production 3.1 Crew 3.2 Writing 3.3 Filming 3.4 Casting 3.5 Episodes 3.6 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Accolades 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Home media 5.4 Illegal distribution 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 61 `` Dragonstone '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 16 ) 10.11 At the Twins , Arya fatally poisons the remaining lords of House Frey . The White Walkers march toward the Wall , where Tollett allows Bran and Meera inside . At Winterfell , despite Sansa 's disapproval , Jon secures the loyalties of Houses Umber and Karstark , who fought alongside Ramsay in the Battle of the Bastards . At the Citadel , Samwell steals books that reveal a large reservoir of dragonglass in Dragonstone , and sends word to Jon . He later finds Jorah in a cell . In the Riverlands , Arya meets a group of friendly Lannister soldiers , who take her intention to kill Cersei as a joke . Thoros shows Sandor a vision in the fire . The revelation leads him to believe in the Lord of Light . In King 's Landing , Jaime tells Cersei of the crucial need for allies . She welcomes Euron , who proposes marriage to her in exchange for his Iron Fleet and a chance to kill Theon and Yara . Cersei declines citing trust as a concern , so Euron promises to return with a `` gift '' to prove his loyalty . Daenerys arrives at Dragonstone , the home of House Targaryen once occupied by Stannis , with her army and dragons . 62 `` Stormborn '' Mark Mylod Bryan Cogman July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) 9.27 Daenerys sends the Dornishmen with Yara 's fleet to Sunspear and the Unsullied to Casterly Rock , deciding to place King 's Landing under siege . She questions Varys ' loyalty and threatens to burn him alive if he ever betrays her . Melisandre arrives and encourages her to invite Jon Snow to Dragonstone . Grey Worm and Missandei consummate their relationship . Cersei gathers several lords , asking for their fealties and elevating Randyll Tarly as Warden of the South . Qyburn shows Cersei a prototype ballista capable of harming dragons . Arya meets with Hot Pie and learns of Jon 's ascension to King in the North , halting plans to travel to King 's Landing and instead setting course for Winterfell . After receiving Samwell 's letter , Jon leaves for Dragonstone in hopes of convincing Daenerys to support the fight against the White Walkers . He leaves Sansa in charge and aggressively warns Littlefinger to keep his distance . Samwell applies a forbidden treatment on Jorah 's greyscale infection . Euron 's fleet attacks Yara 's . Obara and Nymeria are killed , while Ellaria , Tyene , and Yara are captured . Theon shows flashes of his time as Reek , hesitating to challenge Euron before fleeing the carnage by jumping into the sea . 63 `` The Queen 's Justice '' Mark Mylod David Benioff & D.B. Weiss July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) 9.25 Jon arrives at Dragonstone . Daenerys demands his fealty . He refuses and focuses instead on convincing her to fight the Army of the Dead . Following Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys grants Jon access to the island 's dragonglass . Melisandre hides her presence from Jon and leaves for Volantis . Bran arrives at Winterfell and reveals his newfound role as the Three - Eyed Raven to Sansa . In King 's Landing , Euron returns with Ellaria and Tyene as a gift for Cersei , who promises to marry him after the war is won . She also awards him co-control of her military alongside Jaime . Cersei administers the same poison to Tyene used to kill Myrcella , forcing Ellaria to watch her daughter 's impending death . In Oldtown , a healed Jorah leaves to find Daenerys . Ebrose forgives Samwell . Grey Worm and the Unsullied attack Casterly Rock , only to find it mostly abandoned . Jaime led most of the Lannister forces in an attack on Highgarden , while Euron 's fleet ambushes and destroys the Unsullied 's ships . The Lannister forces overwhelm Olenna 's army . Jaime induces Olenna to drink poison , offering her a quick and painless death . After drinking it , she confesses to poisoning Joffrey . 64 `` The Spoils of War '' Matt Shakman David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) 10.17 Arya returns to Winterfell , where she reunites with Sansa and spars with Brienne , both of whom are unnerved by her exceptional fighting skills . Bran unemotionally bids farewell to Meera , divulging that he is no longer the boy she accompanied through the North . Littlefinger presents Bran with the dagger that was previously used in his attempted assassination . Cersei assures the Iron Bank a full return on their investment , as a train carrying gold from Highgarden is on its way to King 's Landing . In a cave filled with dragonglass , Jon reveals ancient paintings to Daenerys depicting the First Men and the Children of the Forest joining forces against the undead . Later , Daenerys learns of the sacking of Highgarden by Lannister forces and realizes her attack on Casterly Rock was a distraction . Despite Tyrion 's protests , she decides to take action . Led by Daenerys riding Drogon , the Dothraki cavalry catches the Lannister army by surprise and decimate or capture its remaining forces . Drogon is wounded during the fight by a spear fired from the scorpion ballista being manned by Bronn . Jaime mounts a desperate charge on horseback at a vulnerable Daenerys , but Drogon spews fire in time to thwart the attack . Bronn tackles Jaime into the river in time to save him . 65 5 `` Eastwatch '' Matt Shakman Dave Hill August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) 10.72 Jaime and Bronn return to King 's Landing . Against Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys has Drogon burn Randyll and Dickon Tarly alive for remaining allegiant to Cersei , forcing the other captives to pledge fealty to the former . Jorah arrives at Dragonstone and reunites with Daenerys . Maester Wolkan alerts Jon and the Citadel about the approaching wights to the Eastwatch by the Sea . Jon decides to travel beyond the Wall and capture a wight in order to convince Cersei for a temporary alliance . Davos smuggles Tyrion inside King 's Landing , where he secretly meets with Jaime and offers an armistice , which Cersei accepts , informing Jaime that she is pregnant . Davos rendezvouses with Gendry and returns him to Dragonstone . With the Citadel ignoring Wolkan 's letter , Samwell steals several books and leaves with Gilly and Little Sam . At Winterfell , Littlefinger notices Arya spying on him and leads her to take a letter written by Sansa from his room . Jon , Jorah , and Gendry , joined by the Hound , the Brotherhood , and a group of the Free Folk led by Tormund , leave Eastwatch and pass the Wall , intending to capture a wight as evidence for Cersei that the Army of the Dead is real . 66 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' Alan Taylor David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) 10.24 At Winterfell , Littlefinger plots to isolate Sansa . Tensions between Arya and Sansa grow following Arya 's discovery of the letter Sansa sent as a child begging for Robb 's fealty to Joffrey . Sansa discovers Arya 's bag of faces she took from Braavos . At Dragonstone , Tyrion counsels Daenerys about her upcoming negotiations with Cersei . Beyond the Wall , Jon leads a raiding party to capture a wight to bring South as evidence of the White Walkers ' existence . After successfully capturing one , the group is besieged by the White Walker army . Jon has Gendry return to Eastwatch and send a raven to Daenerys to request her help . Thoros freezes to death overnight . Daenerys arrives and saves the group from the wights , with the help of her dragons . The Night King , leader of the White Walkers , throws an ice spear at Viserion , one of Daenerys ' dragons , and kills it . Daenerys flies off , along with the raiding party , but is unable to save Jon . Benjen Stark intervenes and sacrifices himself to allow Jon to escape . When Jon and Daenerys are reunited , Jon pledges himself and the North to Daenerys as Queen . The Night King resurrects Viserion , making the dragon a part of his army . 67 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Jeremy Podeswa David Benioff & D.B. Weiss August 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 27 ) 12.07 At King 's Landing , the wight is presented to the Lannisters . Cersei demands Jon 's neutrality in the Great War , but he upholds his oath to Daenerys , provoking Cersei to leave . Tyrion meets privately with Cersei , apparently persuading her to ally . Cersei later reveals to Jaime that she was lying and instead intends to use the Golden Company of Braavos to secure her hold on Westeros . Disgusted , Jaime deserts her and rides north . Bound for White Harbor , Jon and Daenerys make love . At Dragonstone , Theon earns the respect of his men and leads them to rescue Yara . At Winterfell , Littlefinger sows dissent using Arya 's threatening demeanor with Sansa , who assembles a trial . After listing Littlefinger 's acts of treason against House Stark and the North , Sansa has Arya execute him . Samwell arrives at Winterfell and meets with Bran , where both discuss Jon 's parentage . They realise Jon is a trueborn Targaryen named Aegon and valid heir to the Iron Throne , with his parents -- Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark -- having married in secret . At Eastwatch , an undead Viserion damages the Wall , allowing the Army of the Dead to march south . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Game of Thrones characters Peter Dinklage ( Tyrion Lannister ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau ( Jaime Lannister ) Lena Headey ( Cersei Lannister ) Emilia Clarke ( Daenerys Targaryen ) Kit Harington ( Jon Snow ) Sophie Turner ( Sansa Stark ) Maisie Williams ( Arya Stark ) Main cast ( edit ) Peter Dinklage as Tyrion Lannister Nikolaj Coster - Waldau as Jaime Lannister Lena Headey as Cersei Lannister Emilia Clarke as Daenerys Targaryen Kit Harington as Jon Snow Aidan Gillen as Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Liam Cunningham as Davos Seaworth Sophie Turner as Sansa Stark Maisie Williams as Arya Stark Carice van Houten as Melisandre Nathalie Emmanuel as Missandei Indira Varma as Ellaria Sand Alfie Allen as Theon Greyjoy Gwendoline Christie as Brienne of Tarth Conleth Hill as Varys John Bradley as Samwell Tarly Isaac Hempstead Wright as Bran Stark Hannah Murray as Gilly Kristofer Hivju as Tormund Giantsbane Rory McCann as Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Jerome Flynn as Bronn Joe Dempsie as Gendry Iain Glen as Jorah Mormont Guest cast ( edit ) The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7 . They are listed by the region in which they first appear . In the North , including the Wall ( edit ) Richard Dormer as Beric Dondarrion Paul Kaye as Thoros of Myr Ben Crompton as Eddison Tollett Ellie Kendrick as Meera Reed Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Daniel Portman as Podrick Payne Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Rupert Vansittart as Yohn Royce Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Neil Fingleton as giant wight Ian Whyte as giant wight In the Riverlands ( edit ) David Bradley as Walder Frey Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie In King 's Landing ( edit ) Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Anton Lesser as Qyburn Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson as Gregor Clegane James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris In Oldtown ( edit ) Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose At Dragonstone ( edit ) Jacob Anderson as Grey Worm Diana Rigg as Olenna Tyrell Gemma Whelan as Yara Greyjoy Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Brendan Cowell as Harrag Staz Nair as Qhono In flashbacks ( edit ) Aisling Franciosi as Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Robert Aramayo as Eddard Stark Production ( edit ) Crew ( edit ) Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season . The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa ( episodes 1 and 7 ) , Mark Mylod ( episodes 2 and 3 ) , Matt Shakman ( episodes 4 and 5 ) and Alan Taylor ( episode 6 ) . This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season . Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director , with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons . Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer , after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season . She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons , as well as the end of the sixth season . Writing ( edit ) Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter , the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series . According to previous reports , some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin . Filming ( edit ) The shores of Gaztelugatxe were used as a location for filming Season 7 . Filming began on August 31 , 2016 , at Titanic Studios in Belfast , and ended in February 2017 . In an interview with the showrunners , it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming . The showrunners stated `` We 're starting a bit later because , you know , at the end of this season , winter is here , and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more . We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim , gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot . '' Girona , Spain did not return as one of the filming locations . Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing . It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland , Spain and Iceland , with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016 . The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville , Cáceres , Almodóvar del Río , Santiponce , Zumaia and Bermeo . Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika , Las Atarazanas , the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe , an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo . The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum , which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season . Some scenes were filmed in Iceland . Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik , Croatia , which is used for location of King 's Landing . The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta , Canada . Casting ( edit ) Deadline reported on June 21 , 2016 , that the five main cast members , Peter Dinklage , Nikolaj Coster - Waldau , Lena Headey , Emilia Clarke , and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons . It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season . It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation , for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons . On August 31 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a `` significant '' role . It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast , with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma , who had previously played the role in `` Blood of My Blood '' . The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris , who did not appear in the sixth season , Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie , who last appeared in the fourth season , and Joe Dempsie as Gendry , who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member . Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances . British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season . Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon , Brent Hinds , has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance . This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series , following his appearance ( along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher ) in the fifth season . Episodes ( edit ) On April 21 , 2016 , HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones , just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season . According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss , the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes , stating at the time of the interview that they were `` down to our final 13 episodes after this season . We 're heading into the final lap . '' Director Jack Bender , who worked on the show 's sixth season , said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes . Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame , as Weiss said `` It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule . '' HBO confirmed on July 18 , 2016 , that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes , and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule . Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16 . According to a report by Entertainment Weekly , the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode , with the finale running for 81 minutes . The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode . The first five episodes mostly run longer than average ( 55 minutes ) , at 59 , 59 , 63 , 50 , and 59 minutes respectively . The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale , `` The Winds of Winter '' , which ran 69 minutes . Music ( edit ) See also : Game of Thrones : Season 7 ( soundtrack ) Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Metacritic , the season ( based on the first episode ) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the seventh season has a 96 % approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10 , and a 93 % average episode score , with the site 's consensus reading `` After a year - long wait , Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones . '' Game of Thrones ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2017 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release . The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well . In the UK , the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days , setting a new record for Sky Atlantic . Compared to the previous season , HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent . HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region , with a 29 percent climb . In Germany , the show went up 210 percent , in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase . In the United States , the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television , and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included . Over the season , the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Dragonstone '' July 16 , 2017 4.7 10.11 1.1 2.62 5.8 12.74 `` Stormborn '' July 23 , 2017 4.3 9.27 1.4 3.08 5.7 12.37 `` The Queen 's Justice '' July 30 , 2017 4.3 9.25 1.1 2.72 5.4 11.97 `` The Spoils of War '' August 6 , 2017 4.6 10.17 1.7 3.76 6.3 13.94 5 `` Eastwatch '' August 13 , 2017 5.0 10.72 1.6 3.67 6.6 14.41 6 `` Beyond the Wall '' August 20 , 2017 4.7 10.24 1.6 3.74 6.3 13.98 7 `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' August 27 , 2017 5.7 12.07 1.4 3.35 7.1 15.44 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Game of Thrones : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Average 2.22 2.20 2.44 2.45 2.58 2.44 2.40 2.72 2.66 3.04 2.52 3.86 3.76 3.77 3.65 3.90 3.88 3.69 3.86 3.38 4.20 3.80 4.37 4.27 4.72 4.87 5.35 5.50 4.84 5.13 5.22 5.39 4.97 6.64 6.31 6.59 6.95 7.16 6.40 7.20 7.17 6.95 7.09 6.84 5 8.00 6.81 6.71 6.82 6.56 6.24 5.40 7.01 7.14 8.11 6.88 6 7.94 7.29 7.28 7.82 7.89 6.71 7.80 7.60 7.66 8.89 7.69 7 10.11 9.27 9.25 10.17 10.72 10.24 12.07 N / A 10.26 Source : Nielsen Media Research Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Game of Thrones Ceremony Category Nominee ( s ) Result 22nd Satellite Awards Best Genre Series Game of Thrones Pending 8th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Game of Thrones Pending Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Pending Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Emilia Clarke Pending 75th Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Game of Thrones Pending 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Game of Thrones Pending Outstanding Action Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Game of Thrones Pending Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Peter Dinklage Pending Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries . While in some countries , it aired the day after its first release . Marketing ( edit ) On July 23 , 2016 , a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con . The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs , and shots of crew members creating sets and props . The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28 , 2016 , showcasing Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Arya Stark . On March 1 , 2017 , HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for a cross-promotional partnership . At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion . On March 8 , 2017 , HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin , Texas , which teases the battle of `` ice vs. fire '' . Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event , along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams . On March 9 , 2017 , HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16 , 2017 . It was accompanied by a teaser trailer . On March 30 , 2017 , the first official promo for the show was released , highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen , Jon Snow , and Cersei Lannister . On April 20 , 2017 , HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season . On May 22 , 2017 , HBO released several new photos from the new season . On May 23 , 2017 , HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King . The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24 , 2017 . The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever , being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms , in the first 24 hours . The second official trailer was released on June 21 , 2017 . The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12 , 2017 . Home media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12 , 2017 . Illegal distribution ( edit ) The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired . On August 4 , 2017 , it was reported that , two days before its original broadcast , the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India , one of HBO 's international network partners . The leaked copy has the `` for internal viewing only '' watermark . On July 31 , 2017 , due to a security breach , HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data . However , `` this was not related to this episode leak '' , according to The Verge . On August 16 , 2017 , four days before its intended release , it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed . Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming , with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy . On average , each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HBO Renews Hit Series `` Game of Thrones , '' `` Silicon Valley '' and `` Veep '' for 2017 '' ( Press release ) . HBO . April 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Opam , Kwame ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 premieres on July 16th '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . 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Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Phelps vs. Shark ' strong , ' Game of Thrones ' boosts ' Ballers , ' ' Insecure ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Rick & Morty ' returns strong , more highs for ' Insecure ' and ' Ballers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Sharknado 5 ' lacks bite , ' Game of Thrones ' hits total - viewer high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' scores another series high '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ `` # WinterIsComing # Belfast # Irishthrones Just a casual walk amongst the green fields of Corbet and i bump into these people ! ! '' . Twitter . September 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Megan Parkinson CV '' . Independent Talent . June 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Photos and Special Effects Featurette '' . / Film . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # watchersOTthewall # Irishthrones # Belfast These are a few more sightings of many ! ! Care to work out what the plot might be hehe ? ? '' . Twitter . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` @ IrishThrones @ WatchersOTWall @ magnificentMR @ GameOfThrones More pics for your theories ! ! '' . Twitter . October 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Game Of Thrones Season 7 Trailer : ' Fight Every Battle ! ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer : `` The Great War is Here '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 : Everything We Know So Far '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hooton , Christopher ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 spoilers : Tom Hopper lands recast role '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Jessica Henwick 's Sandsnake almost vanished from show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Everyone 's Least Favorite ' Game Of Thrones ' Characters Are Returning In Season 7 '' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 directors revealed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` What We Can Expect from Game of Thrones Season 7 '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . 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The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 : Bastille ' film cameo in battle sequence ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Huff , Lauren ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran to Appear in ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Toney , Jordan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Mastodon 's Brent Hinds is returning back to ' Game of Thrones ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Renewed for Season 7 '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Creators Mull Shorter Final Seasons ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Considering Shorter Final Seasons '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones Director Jack Bender Talks Direwolf Deaths , Lost , and Holding That Door '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Boom , Daniel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 finale will be pretty damn long '' . CNET . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Will Have the Show 's Longest Episode Ever '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tassi , Paul ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` HBO 's ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Finale Is Practically Movie - Length '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Composer Says You 're Not Hearing What You Think You Are '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones boom : Ratings hit 30 million viewers '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Finale Sets Ratings Record '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Nashville ' and ' Orphan Black ' lead the cable Live + 7 ratings for July 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Descendants 2 ' make big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' rules the cable Live + 3 ratings for July 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for July 31 - Aug. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Nashville , ' ' Orphan Black ' finales score in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Sinner ' makes more strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' finale reaches all - time highs : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Aug. 21 - 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 28 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones : Season Seven Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Updated : ' Game of Thrones ' Ratings : Season One '' . TV by the Numbers . June 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Netflix , FX 's FEUD Lead TV Nominations '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setaro , Shawn ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Drops Season 7 Teaser '' . Complex . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kiberley ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Does First Season 7 Footage Hint at Stark Reunion ? '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Starks back on form as Game of Thrones season 7 teaser trailer airs '' . The Daily Telegraph . London , England . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Teams With Major League Baseball For Cross Promotions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 7 first poster teases ice vs. fire '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Watch the Haunting First Season 7 Teaser Trailer Now '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones first season 7 photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones unleashes epic season 7 dragon war photo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 : The Night King Is Coming in Eerie New Poster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 7 Trailer Snags 61 Million Views In First 24 Hours , HBO Says '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Inside the ' Game of Thrones ' Season 7 Premiere as HBO Brings Winter to Downtown L.A '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones - ' The Complete 7th Season ' Already Planned for DVD and Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornnush , Jonathon ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones : Season 7 Blu - Ray , DVD , Digital Download Release Dates , Bonus Features Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Price , Rob ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Game of Thrones ' season 7 premiere was pirated a staggering 90 million times '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones episode 4 leaks online '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Plaugic , Lizzie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones script and other HBO episodes reportedly leak online following hack '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Game of Thrones episode leaks online before TV broadcast '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` HBO has accidentally broadcast this week 's Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ernesto ( September 5 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones Season 7 Pirated Over a Billion Times '' . TorrentFreak . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website -- ( U.S. ) Official website -- ( U.K. ) Game of Thrones -- The Viewers Guide on HBO.com Making Game of Thrones on HBO.com List of Game of Thrones episodes on IMDb List of Game of Thrones episodes at TV.com George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 7 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Category Game of Thrones episodes Seasons : 1 5 6 7 8 Season 7 `` Dragonstone '' `` Stormborn '' `` The Queen 's Justice '' `` The Spoils of War '' `` Eastwatch '' `` Beyond the Wall '' `` The Dragon and the Wolf '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_of_Thrones_(season_7)&oldid=816215974 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons Game of Thrones Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Azərbaycanca Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 00 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | season 7 game of thrones how many episodes | [
"\n\nGame of Thrones (season 7)\n\n\n\nRegion 1 DVD cover\n\n\n\nStarring\nSee List of Game of Thrones cast\n\n\nCountry of origin\nUnited States\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n7\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nHBO\n\n\nOriginal release\nJuly 16 (2017-07-16) – August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n← Previous\nSeason 6\nNext →\nSeason 8\n\n\n\nList of Game of Thrones episodes\n\n"
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-727638477674608767 | Jason Lee (actor) | Jason Lee ( actor ) - wikipedia Jason Lee ( actor ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jason Scott Lee or Jason Lee Scott . Jason Lee Lee at the Away and Back premiere , January 2015 Jason Michael Lee ( 1970 - 04 - 25 ) April 25 , 1970 ( age 47 ) Santa Ana , California , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer , professional skateboarder Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) Carmen Llywelyn ( m . 1995 ; div. 2001 ) Ceren Alkaç ( m . 2008 ) Partner ( s ) Beth Riesgraf ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Children Parent ( s ) Greg Lee Carol Lee Jason Michael Lee ( born April 25 , 1970 ) is an American actor , producer and skateboarder . He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl , David Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles . He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats , Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Jersey Girl , Clerks II and Cop Out . A skateboard enthusiast , Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards , a company that manufactures skateboard decks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Skateboarding 2.2 Acting 2.3 Photography 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Lee was born in Santa Ana , California on April 25 , 1970 . His father , Greg was a car dealership manager and his mother , Carol was a homemaker. Lee was raised in Huntington Beach and attended Ocean View High School . Career ( edit ) Skateboarding ( edit ) Before he became an actor , Lee was known as a professional skateboarder in the late 1980s and early 1990s . In 1992 , he co-founded Stereo Sound Agency , known as Stereo Skateboards , with fellow skater Chris `` Dune '' Pastras . In 2003 , after the company had been defunct for a few years , the pair successfully revived the company . As of October 2013 , Lee and Pastras remain on the professional `` Classics '' team roster . Lee was featured in the skateboarding promotional video , Video Days , filmed for the skateboarding company `` Blind Skateboards '' . In 2004 , Lee 's skateboarding was featured in Way Out East ! , a film produced by Stereo Skateboards . In August 2012 , Lee was also featured in a brief video on the skateboard website The Berrics entitled `` Jason Lee decided to come to the park . '' In August 2012 , Lee participated in the 9th annual Stand - Up for Skateparks Event , at which he was co-chair with Tony Hawk . The event is held annually by the Tony Hawk Charitable Foundation and seeks to `` help create free , quality public skateparks for youth in low - income communities . '' In October that same year , a video was released by the Keep A Breast Foundation , featuring various skateboarding identities , including Lee , together with Pastras . The video , contributing to the Foundation 's aim to prevent and raise awareness of breast cancer , promotes the `` I Love Boobies '' bracelet . It also features Clint Peterson ( Stereo ) and Giovanni Reda ( WESC ) , who are both teammates of Lee . Lee later worked with Tony Hawk when he lent his voice and likeness to Tony Hawk 's Project 8 to become a playable character . Lee then voiced Coach Frank , a character created during the development of Stereo , in Skate 3 . Professional skateboarder and owner of the Girl and Lakai Limited Footwear skateboard brands Mike Carroll has cited Lee as one of his skating influences . Acting ( edit ) After taking some minor acting roles in 1992 -- 1994 ( including the music video for the Sonic Youth single `` 100 % '' , a small part in Mi Vida Loca , and a bit part as a dance instructor on Chance and Things ) , Lee left professional skateboarding for a full - time acting career . His first major movie role was in Kevin Smith 's Mallrats , which became a cult hit . This started a friendship that subsequently led to appearances in many of Smith 's films , including Chasing Amy , Dogma , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Clerks II , and Cop Out . Lee won an Independent Spirit Award for his role in Chasing Amy as Banky Edwards . Lee at the Los Angeles Film Festival on June 25 , 2006 Lee graduated to leading man roles in Heartbreakers , Stealing Harvard , and A Guy Thing . He has had supporting roles in Vanilla Sky , Almost Famous , Dreamcatcher , Big Trouble , The Ballad of Jack and Rose , and Mumford , as well as a minor role in Enemy of the State . Lee also voiced Syndrome in The Incredibles and Jack - Jack Attack . He reprised the role as a `` robot copy '' of Syndrome in Disney Presents Pixar 's The Incredibles in a Magic Kingdom Adventure. Lee is also the voice of Underdog in Underdog and portrays Dave Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise . In 2005 , Lee was offered the lead role in My Name Is Earl . According to interviews on the first - season DVD , he passed on the series twice before finally agreeing to read for the pilot . In the series , he stars as Earl Hickey. Lee received two Golden Globe nominations for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy in 2006 and 2007 , as well as a nomination for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series in 2006 . After four seasons of My Name is Earl NBC cancelled the series . On June 22 , 2010 , Memphis Beat premiered . In the series , Lee starred with Alfre Woodard and portrayed Dwight Hendricks . In October 2011 , it was announced the series was not renewed for a third season . He also guest - starred in 2010 and 2013 episodes of Raising Hope , created by My Name is Earl creator and producer Greg Garcia . As of December 2011 , Lee appeared in Up All Night , but after its second season , it was officially cancelled on May 9 , 2013 . In June 2013 , a fourth installment of the Alvin and the Chipmunks franchise was then announced by the 20th Century Fox studio and a release date of December 18 , 2015 ; it was titled The Road Chip . Lee 's latest projects are with Amazon Studios and The Hallmark Channel . With Amazon Studios , Lee is seen in the pilot of Cocked , where he plays the character of Grady Paxson , one of three men who run a gun manufacturing company . The show premiered on January 15 , 2015 and also stars Brian Dennehy , Diora Baird , Dreama Walker , and Sam Trammell . On January 25 , 2015 , The Hallmark Channel premiered Away & Back , a Hallmark Hall of Fame film starring Lee along with Maggie Elizabeth Jones and Minka Kelly . Photography ( edit ) Lee began shooting photos regularly in the early 2000s , and became interested in instant photography . He recently released a photo book through Refueled Magazine . It consists of `` 184 pages of Polaroid & Fuji Instant Film photographs from 2006 - 2016 . '' Printed in a limited edition run of 500 copies , the book sold out before shipping began . Lee on the roof of the Beverly Laurel Hotel on June 28 , 2005 Personal life ( edit ) Lee married actress and photographer Carmen Llywelyn in 1995 ; they divorced in 2001 . Llywelyn later cited Lee 's commitment to Scientology as the principal cause for their separation . Llywelyn wrote that their relationship collapsed when she revealed to her talent manager and fellow Scientologist , Gay Ribisi ( mother of actor Giovanni Ribisi ) , that she had read A Piece of Blue Sky , an anti-Scientology book . Two days after her conversation with Ribisi , Llywelyn received a one - paragraph `` disconnection letter '' from Lee and was labeled a Suppressive Person . Later , Llywelyn made a claim against Scientology , calling it a `` sinister cult '' 13 years after leaving it . According to her detailed experiences , she never had freedom to make a decision and she had to think about her identity after she left Scientology . Following his divorce from Llywelyn , Lee became engaged to actress Beth Riesgraf . Together , they have a son , Pilot Inspektor. Lee states their son 's name was inspired by `` He 's Simple , He 's Dumb , He 's the Pilot '' by rock band Grandaddy . Lee met fashion model and actress Ceren Alkaç at a concert while on vacation in Britain . Alkaç was born in İzmir , and emigrated with her family from Turkey to Australia soon afterward . Following their initial meeting , the pair stayed in touch via email and texts , with Alkaç subsequently moving to the United States and starting a relationship with Lee . The couple married in California in July 2008 ; a month later , Alkac gave birth to a daughter named Casper . The couple had their second child , a son named Sonny , in 2012 . In 2017 , the couple welcomed their third child , a daughter named Alberta ' Birdy ' Lee . Their separation was rumored in December 2015 , again allegedly due to Lee 's strong attachment to Scientology . This was later proven to be false . As of 2016 , Lee no longer practices Scientology . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) l 2017 l The Best Fish Hooks Of All l Steve Jackson l Voice l - Year Title Role Notes 1991 Video Days Mi Vida Loca Teenage Drug Customer Chance and Things Dance Instructor on the Television 1995 Mallrats Brodie Bruce Drawing Flies Donner 1997 Chasing Amy Banky Edwards Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male A Better Place Dennis Pepper 1998 Kissing a Fool Jay Murphy American Cuisine Loren Collins Enemy of the State Daniel Zavitz 1999 Dogma Azrael Mumford Skip Skipperton 2000 Almost Famous Jeff Bebe Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite Supporting Actor -- Drama / Romance Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Heartbreakers Jack Withrowe Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Brodie Bruce / Banky Edwards Vanilla Sky Brian Shelby 2002 Big Trouble Puggy Stoked : The Rise and Fall of Gator Documentary Stealing Harvard John Plummer 2003 A Guy Thing Paul Dreamcatcher Beaver I Love Your Work Larry Hortense Oh , What a Lovely Tea Party Documentary Jersey Girl PR Exec # 1 The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice 2005 Jack - Jack Attack Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice - Short film included in The Incredibles DVD release The Ballad of Jack and Rose Gray Drop Dead Sexy Frank 2006 Clerks II Lance Dowds Rising Son : The Legend of Christian Hosoi Documentary Monster House Bones Voice 2007 Underdog Shoeshine / Underdog Voice The Man Who Souled the World Documentary Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville 2008 Celebrity Family Feud Earl Hickey 2009 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel David `` Dave '' Seville Cop Out Roy 2011 Noah 's Ark : The New Beginning Japheth Voice The Other Side Mortimer Flybait Voice Columbus Circle Charlie Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked David `` Dave '' Seville 2014 Behaving Badly Father Krumins Tell Ray 2015 Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Road Chip David `` Dave '' Seville Nominated -- Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actor 2017 Growing Up Smith Butch Brunner 2018 The Incredibles 2 Buddy Pine / Syndrome Voice TBA Diamond Billy Curtis Also producer and writer Television ( edit ) Year TItle Role Notes 1997 Weapons of Mass Distraction Phillip Messenger Television film 2005 -- 2009 My Name Is Earl Earl Hickey Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Television Series Musical or Comedy ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Nominated -- Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actor -- Comedy ( 2006 ) 2006 American Dad ! Officer Bays ( voice ) Episode : `` Rough Trade '' 2010 -- 2011 Memphis Beat Dwight Hendricks 20 episodes 2011 Up All Night Kevin 7 episodes 2010 -- 2013 Raising Hope Smokey Floyd 3 episodes 2013 Men at Work Donnie Episode : `` Tyler the Pioneer '' 2015 Cocked Grady Paxson 1 episode 2015 Away and Back Jack Peterson Television film 2015 -- present We Bare Bears Charlie ( voice ) 12 episodes Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role The Incredibles Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2006 Tony Hawk 's Project 8 Himself 2007 Alvin and the Chipmunks David `` Dave '' Seville Skate 3 Coach Frank 2013 Disney Infinity Buddy Pine / Syndrome 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Buddy Pine / Syndrome References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . biography.com . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Biography '' . www.notablebiographies.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee . '' Newsmakers ( 2006 ) Biography in Context , Gale , Detroit Jump up ^ Mike Lewis ( 14 September 2010 ) . `` ANTICS LICENSES STEREO SKATEBOARDS & HI - FI WHEELS '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blog '' . Stereo skateboards . Stereo Sound Agency . 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Team Stereo '' . Stereo Sound Agency . Antics International . October 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ skatexedge31 ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Blind Skateboards -- Video Days full video classic '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ skately ( 2012 ) . `` Stereo Skateboards -- Way Out East ! ( 2004 ) '' . skately . Skately LLC . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Zynkero ( 6 April 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee -- Way Out East ! '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlady Poshyvanyuk ; The Berrics ( 18 August 2012 ) . `` The Berrics -- Jason Lee decide to come to the park '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Alina O ( 22 August 2012 ) . `` JASON LEE TEAMS UP WITH TONY HAWK '' . Transworld Business . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Stand Up For Skateparks . Tony Hawk Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ keepabreastvideo ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` This Is My Pink Ribbon -- Why Do You Wear Your Keep A Breast i love boobies ! bracelet ? '' . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Christhundertrck ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee - Awesome Stunt - Tony Hawk 's Project 8 '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Sharkey ( 17 March 2010 ) . `` Skate 3 Coming May 11 '' . Gamespy . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ maydaydist ( 18 February 2009 ) . `` Coach Frank visit stereo headquarter '' ( Video upload ) . YouTube . Google , Inc . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 4 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 1 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Blair Alley ; Skin Phillips ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` 30TH ANNIVERSARY INTERVIEWS : MIKE CARROLL PART 2 '' ( Video upload ) . Transworld Skateboarding . Bonnier Corporation . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Paatsch , Leigh ( March 21 , 2002 ) . `` Reel Deal '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , Australia . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Howe , Desson ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` Overcrowded Mallrats '' . Washington Post . p . N44 . Jump up ^ Crawford , Jeff ( July 11 , 2001 ) . `` Hot Heartbreakers Only Mildly Amusing '' . Messenger . Adelaide , Australia . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Dowell , Gary ( September 13 , 2002 ) . `` Getting into Harvard lawless school -- Ivy League requires some stolen green in likeable comedy '' . The Dallas Morning News . p. 1J . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( March 21 , 2003 ) . `` Bleedful Things -- ' Dreamcatcher ' a Jumble of Classic Stephen King Gore '' . The Boston Globe . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes . `` Jason Lee Biography '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Koltnow , Barry ( January 3 , 2008 ) . `` Chasing chipmunks '' . The Courier Mail . Brisbane , Australia . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( January 8 , 2006 ) . `` Trust Me , I 'm Funnier With the Moustache '' . The New York Times . p. 33 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben V. ( December 16 , 2005 ) . `` Brokeback Mountain tops Golden Globe nominations '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Ballot '' . San Francisco Chronicle . January 14 , 2007 . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Longino , Bob ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` SAG nominees have Oscar feel , diversified look '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . p . E14 . ^ Jump up to : Stanley , Alessandra ( June 21 , 2010 ) . `` Take Your Time , Crime Will Wait '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' creator Greg Garcia is not talking white trash '' . USA Today.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Jason Lee to Guest Star on Raising Hope '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Jason ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Raising Hope ' Reunites ' My Name Is Earl ' Cast For Tribute Episode '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sara McGinnis ( 14 December 2011 ) . `` ALVIN AND THE CHIPMUNKS : CHIPWRECKED '' . She Knows . SheKnows , LLC . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( 11 June 2013 ) . `` Fox Dates ' Frankenstein , ' ' Alvin and the Chipmunks 3 ′ and Animated Films Through 2018 '' . SlashFilm . / FILM . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Cocked ( HD ) : Amazon Video '' . Amazon Studios . Retrieved 28 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Media Release '' . Hallmark Hall of Fame Presents. 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Matt . `` Jason Lee 's Photography of a Dust - Covered America '' . Format Magazine . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HOME '' . www.refueledmagazine.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dawn Olsen ( 15 May 2010 ) . `` Obsession With Scientology Ruined Actor Jason Lee 's Marriage '' . technorati.com . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Carmen Llywelyn , ex-wife of My Name Is Earl star Jason Lee , says Scientology makes getting a divorce ' difficult ' '' . dailymail.co.uk. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Llywelyn , Carmen ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Why I Left Scientology '' . Gawker . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Scientologist Carmen Llywelyn blasts ' cult ' and her treatment after divorce with Jason Lee '' . independent.co.uk. 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EXCLUSIVE : My Name Is Earl Star Jason Lee Has Baby Girl '' . usmagazine.com. 22 August 2008 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ayce Dikmen ( May 25 , 2013 ) . `` İzmirli kıza aşık olursa '' . Hurriyet . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ayçe Dıkmen ( 26 May 2013 ) . `` İzmirli Kiza Aşik Olursa '' . Hürriyet . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jason Lee Baby Name Mystery Solved ! Pilot Inspektor 's Sister Is ... '' . namecandy.com. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Julie Jodan ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Jason Lee & His Wife Get Married -- Again ! '' . People . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarah Michaud ; Julie Jordan ( 26 June 2012 ) . `` Jason Lee Welcomes Son Sonny '' . people.com . Retrieved 17 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Ceren Alkaç Feb 5 , 2017 at 4 : 28pm UTC '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jason Lee and wife Ceren Alkac getting a divorce due to conflicts relating to the Scientology church '' . Hubmesh . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://tonyortega.org/2016/09/17/with-jason-lee-out-what-does-it-mean-for-scientologys-tightest-celebrity-clique/ Jump up ^ Sara Button ( 16 September 2016 ) . `` Checking In With Jason Lee '' . The Dentonite . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Jason Lee Reveals He Left the Church of Scientology '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Thill , Scott ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoon Network Will Launch ' We Bare Bears ' Series in July '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jason Lee ( actor ) . Jason Lee on IMDb ( hide ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male Morgan Freeman ( 1987 ) Lou Diamond Phillips ( 1988 ) Max Perlich ( 1989 ) Bruce Davison ( 1990 ) David Strathairn ( 1991 ) Steve Buscemi ( 1992 ) Christopher Lloyd ( 1993 ) Chazz Palminteri ( 1994 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1995 ) Benicio del Toro ( 1996 ) Jason Lee ( 1997 ) Bill Murray ( 1998 ) Steve Zahn ( 1999 ) Willem Dafoe ( 2000 ) Steve Buscemi ( 2001 ) Dennis Quaid ( 2002 ) Djimon Hounsou ( 2003 ) Thomas Haden Church ( 2004 ) Matt Dillon ( 2005 ) Alan Arkin ( 2006 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2007 ) James Franco ( 2008 ) Woody Harrelson ( 2009 ) John Hawkes ( 2010 ) Christopher Plummer ( 2011 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2012 ) Jared Leto ( 2013 ) J.K. Simmons ( 2014 ) Idris Elba ( 2015 ) Ben Foster ( 2016 ) VIAF : 61745184 LCCN : n2008010753 ISNI : 0000 0001 2135 9045 GND : 1013307577 SUDOC : 079558453 BNF : cb140240243 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7fb3e852 - c1d3 - 4533 - 9140 - 86c7a25c76be BNE : XX1296461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Lee_(actor)&oldid=807418935 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Television producers from California American skateboarders American male voice actors American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors Former Scientologists Male actors from Orange County , California Sportspeople from Orange County , California Male actors from Santa Ana , California Independent Spirit Award winners 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2011 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kiswahili Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 20 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays earl on my name is earl | [
"Jason Michael Lee (born April 25, 1970) is an American actor, producer and skateboarder. He is best known for his roles as Earl Hickey in the television comedy series My Name Is Earl, David Seville in the Alvin and the Chipmunks film franchise and the voice of Syndrome in The Incredibles. He is also known for his roles in Kevin Smith films such as Mallrats, Chasing Amy, Dogma, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, Jersey Girl, Clerks II and Cop Out. A skateboard enthusiast, Lee is the co-founder and co-owner of Stereo Skateboards, a company that manufactures skateboard decks."
] | [
"Jason Michael Lee"
] |
-2004604932831253505 | U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state | U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State - wikipedia U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by State Jump to : navigation , search Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 ( two years before the 26th Amendment was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 ( when almost all states had their lowest age limit ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 ; see below Minimum age is 18 Detail on dual age limits ( show ) Both age limits apply for following states : Washington , D.C. : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Illinois : The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Kansas : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Maryland : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . North Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Oklahoma : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . South Carolina : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . South Dakota : The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2 % ABW beer , and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor . Virginia : The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine , and 21 for liquor . Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 ( one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed ) : Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 and 21 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 and 21 Minimum age is 18 The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time . The history is given in the table below . Unless otherwise noted , if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages , the age listed below is set at the lowest age given ( e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits , as was the case in several states , the age in the table will read as `` 18 '' , not `` 21 '' ) . In addition , the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages , although they have often been the same . As one can see in the table below , there has been much volatility in the states ' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 . Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December , most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time . Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s . From 1969 to 1976 , some 30 states lowered their purchase ages , generally to 18 . This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment . A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response , most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973 . Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them . From 1976 to 1983 , several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 ( or , less commonly , 20 or 21 ) , in part to combat drunk driving fatalities . In 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act , which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10 % of their federal highway funds . By mid-1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 ( but not Puerto Rico , Guam , or the Virgin Islands , see Additional Notes below ) . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate . The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans , because of it being higher than the age of majority ( 18 in most states ) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries . The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment . Although debates have not been highly publicized , a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age , while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010 . State Pre-Prohibition ( prior to 1919 ) Post-Prohibition ( after 1933 ) 1970s / 26th Amendment ( adopted in 1971 ) 1980s / Drinking Age Act of 1984 21st century Alabama Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 ( none with consent of parent ) 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 21 ( no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28 - 1 ) Alaska ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause ( if born before January 1 , 1965 ) 21 Arizona ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Arkansas Pre 1925 : None 1925 : 21 21 21 21 21 California Pre 1891 : Regulated by municipality / county ( common age was 16 ) 1891 : 18 ( statewide ) 1933 : 21 21 21 21 ( except small amounts for religious ceremonies ) Colorado None 1945 : 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 18 Raised to 21 in 1987 21 Connecticut ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1982 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( exemptions : ( 1 ) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30 - 90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person 's employment or business , ( 2 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician , or ( 3 ) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent , guardian or spouse of the minor , who has attained the age of twenty - one . Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person 's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection ( a ) of section 52 - 571b . Delaware ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 District of Columbia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause . 21 Florida ? 18 1972 : 19 1985 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 Georgia ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1984 : Raised to 19 1985 : Raised to 20 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Hawaii ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Idaho ? 20 : for beer 21 : for wine and liquor 1972 : Lowered to 19 ( all ) 1987 : Raised to 21 in 1987 ( Apr 11 ) with grandfather clause 21 Illinois 1872 : Age of majority ( none with written consent of parent ) pre 1961 : Age of majority 1961 : Raised to 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1980 : Raised to 21 21 Indiana ? Post-1934 : 21 21 21 21 Iowa ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 19 in 1972 ( Jul 1 ) 1973 : Lowered to 18 in 1973 ( Jul 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Jul 1 ) 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Jul 1 ) with grandfather clause . 21 Kansas ? 1949 : 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine with less than 4 % ABV 21 : for beer and wine with 4 % ABV or more 21 : for liquor 1985 : Raised to 21 21 ( However , anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property ) Kentucky ? 1938 : 21 21 21 21 Louisiana ? As of 1948 : 18 18 1987 : Raised to 21 de jure in 1987 , but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole . 1995 : De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed . 1996 : In 1996 , briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision , raising to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain . 21 Maine ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 18 1977 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Maryland ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1982 : Raised to 21 with grandfather clause 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Massachusetts ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 in 1979 ( Apr 16 ) Raised to 21 in 1985 21 Michigan ? 21 1972 : Lowered to 18 in 1972 ( Jan 1 ) 1978 : Raised to 19 in 1978 ( Dec 3 ) 1978 : Raised to 21 in 1978 ( Dec 21 ) , 18 days later . First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21 Minnesota ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1976 : Raised to 19 First state to raise age after lowering . 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Mississippi ? 1966 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor ( alcohol not legalized until 1966 ) 18 Raised to 21 in 1986 21 Missouri ? 1945 : 21 21 21 21 Montana ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 19 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1987 : Raised to 21 21 Nebraska ? 21 1969 : Lowered to 20 1972 : Lowered to 19 1980 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Nevada ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 New Hampshire ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 20 1985 : Raised to 21 21 New Jersey Before 1880 : None Post-1880 : 18 ( penalties only against businesses ) 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1983 : Raised to 21 21 New Mexico ? 1934 : 21 21 21 21 New York 21 18 18 1982 : Raised to 19 in 1982 ( Dec ) 1985 : Raised to 21 in 1985 ( Dec ) 21 North Carolina ? 18 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1983 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 North Dakota ? 1936 : 21 21 21 21 Ohio ? 1935 : 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 18 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : for 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1982 : 19 : beer 21 : wine and liquor 1988 : 21 21 ( However , anyone can drink with parents or legal - age spouse ) Oklahoma ? Men : 21 Women : 18 : 3.2 % ABW beer 21 : for beer stronger than 3.2 % ABW , wine and liquor 1976 : Lowered to 18 ( for 3.2 % ABW beer ) for both sexes in 1976 ( Dec ) Last state to lower the drinking age . 1983 : Raised to 21 21 Oregon ? 1933 : 21 21 21 21 Pennsylvania ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Rhode Island ? 21 1970 : Lowered to 18 1980 : Raised to 19 1981 : Raised to 20 1984 : Raised to 21 21 South Carolina 21 1935 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1986 : Raised to 21 21 South Dakota ? 1934 : 21 ( all ) 1939 : Lowered to 18 : for 3.2 % beer Raised to 19 : for 3.2 % beer 1972 : 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1984 : 19 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1988 : Raised to 21 21 Tennessee Pre 1881 : None 1881 : 21 21 1964 : Lowered to 18 1979 : Raised to 19 1984 : Raised to 21 21 Texas Pre 1909 : 21 None ( with written permission of parent or guardian ) Post 1909 : 21 21 1973 : Lowered to 18 1981 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 in 1986 ( Sep 1 ) 21 Utah ? 1935 : 21 21 21 21 Vermont ? 21 1971 : Lowered to 18 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Virginia ? 21 1974 : Lowered to 18 : for beer and wine ( 21 : for liquor remained ) 1981 : Raised to 19 for off - premises consumption 1983 : Raised to 19 ( all beer ) 1985 : Raised to 21 21 Washington `` Age of majority '' since 1877 21 21 21 21 West Virginia ? 18 : for beer and wine 21 : for liquor 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) 1983 : Raised to 19 ( & 21 for non-residents ) 1986 : Raised to 21 21 Wisconsin 1839 -- 1866 : 18 : for wine and liquor None : for beer Post-1866 : 21 ( all ) 18 : for beer 21 : for wine and spirits 1957 : 21 : for residents of bordering states with age limit 21 . 1963 : Raised to 21 ( off - premises beer sales , remained 18 for on - premises ) . 1972 : Lowered to 18 ( all ) in 1972 ( Mar ) 1977 : Border state restriction lifted . 1984 : Raised to 19 1986 : Raised to 21 ( September 1 , 1986 ) 21 ( however anyone can drink when parents , spouses , teachers are present ) Wyoming ? 21 1973 : Lowered to 19 1988 : Raised to 21 in 1988 ( Jul 1 ) Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21 American Samoa ? ? ? 21 ? 21 Northern Mariana Islands -- -- ? 21 ? 21 Puerto Rico ? 18 18 Kept at 18 despite 10 % highway funding penalty under Drinking Age Act . 18 Virgin Islands ? ? ? 18 18 Guam ? 21 ? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010 Additional Notes ( edit ) Contrary to popular belief , since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 , not all states specifically prohibit minors ' and young adults ' consumption of alcohol in private settings . That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession , not private consumption , and contains several exceptions . As of January 1 , 2007 , 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright , and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious , medical , employment and private club possession exceptions ; as of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia ( Washington , D.C. ) was 18 ; the age for hard liquor was 21 . Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol . In Louisiana , the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding , while still allowing 18 - to 20 - year - olds to drink as before . Not only did it still allow 18 - to 20 - year - olds to consume in private , it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18 - to 20 - year - olds without penalty ( despite purchase being technically illegal ) which meant that the de facto age was still 18 . In other words , the drinking age was 21 only on paper . This loophole was closed in 1995 , but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional . That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18 , causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision , raising the age to 21 three months later . Other exceptions still remain to this day , including drinking in a private residence , and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state . Some states were `` dry '' well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919 , in some cases since achieving statehood . Also , some states did not become fully `` wet '' until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 ( e.g. Mississippi in 1966 ) . Since 1966 , all states and territories of the USA have been `` wet '' , but dry counties and towns still exist in some states . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking '' . Report.nih.gov. 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Hunter . `` Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970 's history 128 blog '' . History128.web.unc.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Toomey , Traci L. ; Nelson , Toben F. ; Lenk , Kathleen M. ( 2009 ) . `` The age - 21 minimum legal drinking age : a case study linking past and current debates '' . Addiction. 104 ( 12 ) : 1958 -- 65 . PMID 19922564 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1360 - 0443.2009. 02742. x . Jump up ^ Keen , Judy ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) . `` States weigh lowering drinking age '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramon Someros Oberiano Act '' ( PDF ) . 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Iron Age : § 4205 Code of Alabama '' . bplonline.cdmhost.com . Birmingham Public Library . 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age '' ( PDF ) . ntl.bts.gov. April 1987 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLDA21 Law Effective Data - NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.dot.gov . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality , McCornac , 1982 '' . Papers.ssrn.com. 2004 - 07 - 07 . SSRN 304765 . Jump up ^ `` Petersburg Pilot , Petersburg , Alaska : NEW DRINKING AGE '' . nber.org . Petersburg Public Library . October 19 , 1983 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Does the Minimum Drinking Age Save Lives ? Jeffrey A. Miron and Elina Tetelbaum , 2007 '' . Nber.org. 2007 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , December 4 , 1972 , `` State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1 '' ( NYT online archive ) ^ Jump up to : National Transportation Safety Board , 1982 ^ Jump up to : MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS , 1990 Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 14092 : SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1888 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 42 , Number 13780 : Selling Liquor to Minors . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1887 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Alta California , Volume 37 , Number 12646 : THE NEXT GRAND JURY . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1884 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Call , Volume 69 , Number 144 : NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1891 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR '' . jstor.org . Jump up ^ OLR Research Report - Lowering the Drinking Age , 2009 . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Transportation final report ( DOT HS 809 348 ) `` Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol - Impaired Drivers , '' section III. B. , `` What happened : regional & state experience . '' Jump up ^ `` Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act '' . Cga.ct.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. debate continuing on alcohol '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . UPI . September 29 , 1966 . p. 10C . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18 '' . The Day . New London , CT . January 22 , 1971 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. to get new drinking age '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Associated Press . September 24 , 1986 . p. 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 1 , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : `` For Some , New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow '' . sun-sentinel.com . June 30 , 1985 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Alcohol Laws '' . Alcohollaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bills lower drinking age to 19 in Idaho '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . March 18 , 1972 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho gears for younger drinkers '' . Deseret News . UPI . June 26 , 1972 . p. 8C . Jump up ^ `` Idaho 's legislature : Young jurors '' . Lewiston ( ID ) Morning Tribune . January 18 , 1972 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Taverns await new customers : age drops to 19 '' . Lewiston Morning Tribune . June 30 , 1972 . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho drinking : new law will allow some under 21 to keep imbibing '' . Spokane Chronicle. April 10 , 1987 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The new Northwest . ( Portland , Or . ) 1871 - 1887 , March 15 , 1872 , Image 4 : The Illinois Temperance Law . '' . oregonnews.uoregon.edu . University of Oregon Libraries . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Tribune , August 3 , 1961 , `` Girl , 19 , sues for right to have a drink '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune , June 14 , 1973 , `` Beer at 19 Signed by Walker . '' ( ProQuest archive ) Jump up ^ `` History of DUI Laws In Illinois '' , Illinois Secretary of State website ^ Jump up to : `` State of Iowa Alcoholic Beverages Division , Historical Highlights '' . iowaabd.com . ^ Jump up to : Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( 1996 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 18 '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1 , 2010 , Alcohol Policy Information System ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking ages set by the states '' . New York Times . June 27 , 1984 . Jump up ^ The Years of the Rat . Magazine.loyola.edu ( 2009 - 08 - 18 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Effects of Drunk Driving . Drivingdrunk.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Maryland increases drinking age to 21 '' . Gettysburg Times . Associated Press . February 26 , 1982 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Legal drinking age going up '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . April 15 , 1979 . p. 16A . Jump up ^ `` Senate of Massachusetts Sets 19 as Drinking Age '' . New York Times . February 18 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Hingson , RW ; Scotch , N ; Mangione , T ; Meyers , A ; Glantz , L ; Heeren , T ; Lin , N ; Mucatel , M ; Pierce , G ( 1983 ) . `` Impact of legislation raising the legal drinking age in Massachusetts from 18 to 20 '' . American Journal of Public Health . 73 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 170 . PMC 1650505 . PMID 6849474 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 73.2. 163 . Jump up ^ Chicago Daily Defender , January 4 , 1972 , `` Drinking age lowered in Michigan '' ( ProQuest archive ) . Jump up ^ 1978 State Ballot Issues . ( PDF ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Daily Collegian , March 16 , 1979 , `` Pennsylvania drinking age follows national trend . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 2 ) ) Jump up ^ Resources on Minnesota Legislative Issues , Legal Age in Minnesota , 2009 . Leg.state.mn.us . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Twin Cities.com , Pioneer Press , August 20 , 2008 -- B8 Editorial , `` A lower legal drinking age ? '' ( 3 ) ( twincities.com website ) Jump up ^ `` Montana drops drinking age to 19 for those with permit '' . Sarasota Herald = Tribune . Associated Press . June 28 , 1971 . p. 7B . Jump up ^ `` Drinking age opposed '' . Spokesman - Review . Associated Press . October 23 , 1975 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Platform plank : Dems want to lower drinking age to 18 . Helenair.com ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , March 10 , 1987 , `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' ( ProQuest archive ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Drinking Age History '' , Nebraska Liquor Control Commission Jump up ^ AlcoholEdu : Above the Law . The Dartmouth Review 2002 Archived December 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ P.L. 1880 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` P.L. 1888 , p. 253 . '' ( PDF ) . rutgers.edu . Jump up ^ Jersey , New ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` Compiled Statutes of New Jersey '' . Soney & Sage -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` THE REGION - Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . NYTimes.com . New Jersey . 1982 - 06 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Barbanel , Josh ( May 28 , 1984 ) . `` Raising New York Drinking Age to 21 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Drinking Age of 21 Gains in Jersey '' . New York Times . June 11 , 1982 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . `` New York will raise its legal age of 18 to 19 on Dec. 4 . Jump up ^ `` New York raising its drinking age to 21 in December '' . New York Times . June 19 , 1985 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 20 . The minimum legal drinking age in New York State is rising from 19 to 21 on Dec. 1 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Century Code TITLE 5 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CHAPTER 5 - 01 - 08 '' ( PDF ) . nd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume LIV , Number 15 : 3.2 Beer Floats into Senate '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . October 17 , 1968 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RAY SWENSON ( Staff Writer ) ( August 23 , 1982 ) . `` Daily Kent Stater , Volume III , Number 15 : New liquor law unpopular with local bar owners '' . dks.library.kent.edu . Kent State University . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Craig v. Boren , 429 U.S. 190 ( 1976 ) ; Atlantic Economic Journal , Volume 13 , Number 1 / March , 1985 , `` Drinking age and the 55 MPH speed limit '' by Paul M. Sommers ( SpringerLink online abstract ) Jump up ^ Daily Collegian , February 9 , 1984 , `` Lawmakers across nation debate raising legal drinking age . '' ( Penn State library ActivePaper online archive ( 4 ) ) Jump up ^ Rhode Island College Timeline . Ric.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 85 , Number 94 : SOUTH CAROLINA 'S LIQUOR LAW . '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . California Digital Newspaper Collection . 1893 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Dakota v. Dole '' . Oyez.org . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` The home journal. , April 27 , 1881 , Image 2 : The Minor Liquor Law . '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . Library of Congress . April 27 , 1881 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Brownsville daily herald. , April 23 , 1909 , Image 4 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lubbock avalanche. , September 26 , 1912 , Image 9 '' . chroniclingamerica.loc.gov . The Library of Congress . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lower drinking age to 18 ? 2007 . M.reporternews.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Winckler , Suzanne . `` The Street of Vrrrrmmmms '' ( in `` The Reporter '' ) . Texas Monthly . Emmis Communications , January 1984 . Volume 12 , No. 1 . ISSN 0148 - 7736 . Start : p. 74 . CITED : p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Drinking at Midd : past and present '' . Media.www.middleburycampus.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Health Care in Vermont Database and Timeline '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Legal Drinking Age '' . Abc.state.va.us. 1966 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ What was the first legal drinking age in Wash. ? . Blog.seattlepi.com ( 2009 - 11 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Legal Age Cut to 18 , New York Times , June 10 , 1972 Jump up ^ Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 , `` The Minimum Drinking Age in Wisconsin '' ^ Jump up to : `` Wisconsin Brief 95 - 3 , January 1995 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` State Raises Drinking Age '' . New York Times . March 12 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Knudson , Thomas J. `` Drinking age is fiery issue in West '' . New York Times , March 10 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Fast Facts in Samoa at Frommer 's . Frommers.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marianas Visitors Authority - Trip Essentials . Mymarianas.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Vieques Travel Guide . Vieques Travel Guide . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Virgin Islands Vacation Tips . Virginislandsmap.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._history_of_alcohol_minimum_purchase_age_by_state&oldid=801329980 '' Categories : Alcohol law in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 01 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the drinking age change in florida | [
"\n\nState\nPre-Prohibition\n(prior to 1919)\nPost-Prohibition\n(after 1933)\n1970s / 26th Amendment\n(adopted in 1971)\n1980s /\nDrinking Age Act of 1984\n21st century\n\n\nAlabama\nPre 1881:\nNone\n1881:\n21 (none with consent of parent)[6]\n21\n1970:\nLowered to 19[7]\n1986:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)\n\n\nAlaska\n ?\n21[7]\n1970:\nLowered to 19[9]\n1984:\nRaised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]\n21\n\n\nArizona\n ?\n21[11]\n1972:\nLowered to 19[12][13]\n1985:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nArkansas\nPre 1925:\nNone[7]\n1925:\n21[7]\n21\n21[14]\n21 [8]\n21\n\n\nCalifornia\nPre 1891:\nRegulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]\n1891:\n18 (statewide)[18]\n1933:\n21[7]\n21\n21 [8]\n21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)\n\n\nColorado\nNone[11]\n1945:\n18: for beer\n21: for wine and liquor[7]\n18 [19]\nRaised to 21 in 1987 [8]\n21\n\n\nConnecticut\n ?\n21 [11]\n1972:\nLowered to 18[20]\n1982:\nRaised to 19\n1983:\nRaised to 20\n1985:\nRaised to 21[21]\n21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]\n\n\nDelaware\n ?\n21 [11]\n1972:\nLowered to 20[13]\n1984:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nDistrict of Columbia\n ?\n18: for beer and wine[11]\n21: for liquor[23][24]\n18: for beer and wine[13][24]\n21: for liquor\n1986:\nRaised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]\n21\n\n\nFlorida\n ?\n18[7]\n1972:\n19 [27]\n1985:\nRaised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]\n21 [28]\n\n\nGeorgia\n ?\n21 [11]\n1972:\nLowered to 18[12]\n1984:\nRaised to 19[14]\n1985:\nRaised to 20[14]\n1986:\nRaised to 21[14]\n21\n\n\nHawaii\n ?\n21[7]\n1972:\nLowered to 18[13]\n1986:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nIdaho\n ?\n20: for beer[29][30]\n21: for wine and liquor[11][31]\n1972:\nLowered to 19 (all)[13][32]\n1987:\nRaised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]\n21\n\n\nIllinois\n1872:\nAge of majority\n(none with written consent of parent)[34]\npre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]\n1973:\nLowered to 19: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[36]\n1980:\nRaised to 21[37]\n21\n\n\nIndiana\n ?\nPost-1934:\n21[7]\n21[14]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nIowa\n ?\n21[7]\n1972:\nLowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)\n1973:\nLowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)\n1978:\nRaised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]\n1986:\nRaised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]\n21\n\n\nKansas\n ?\n1949:\n18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV\n21: for liquor[7]\n18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]\n21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]\n21: for liquor[14][19]\n1985:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)\n\n\nKentucky\n ?\n1938:\n21[7]\n21[14]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nLouisiana\n ?\nAs of 1948:\n18[13]\n18[19]\n1987:\nRaised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]\nbut de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.\n1995:\nDe facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]\n1996:\nIn 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]\nOther exceptions still remain.[41]\n21\n\n\nMaine\n ?\n21[7]\n1969:\nLowered to 20\n1972:\nLowered to 18[12]\n1977:\nRaised to 20[8][42]\n1985:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nMaryland\n ?\n21[7]\n1974:\nLowered to 18: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[43][44]\n1982:\nRaised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][45]\n21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)\n\n\nMassachusetts\n ?\n21 [11]\n1973:\nLowered to 18\n1979:\nRaised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[46][47][48]\nRaised to 21 in 1985 [8]\n21\n\n\nMichigan\n ?\n21[7]\n1972:\nLowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[49]\n1978:\nRaised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[50][51]\n1978:\nRaised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]\nFirst state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered\n21\n\n\nMinnesota\n ?\n21 [11]\n1973:\nLowered to 18\n1976:\nRaised to 19[52]\nFirst state to raise age after lowering.\n1986:\nRaised to 21[53]\n21\n\n\nMississippi\n ?\n1966:\n18: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[7]\n(alcohol not legalized until 1966)\n18[19]\nRaised to 21 in 1986 [8]\n21\n\n\nMissouri\n ?\n1945:\n21[7]\n21\n21 [8]\n21\n\n\nMontana\n ?\n21 [11]\n1971:\nLowered to 19[54]\n1973:\nLowered to 18[55][56]\n1979:\nRaised to 19\n1987:\nRaised to 21[8][57]\n21\n\n\nNebraska\n ?\n21[58]\n1969:\nLowered to 20\n1972:\nLowered to 19[58]\n1980:\nRaised to 20[14]\n1985:\nRaised to 21[14]\n21\n\n\nNevada\n ?\n1933:\n21[7]\n21\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nNew Hampshire\n ?\n21[11]\n1973:\nLowered to 18[59]\n1979:\nRaised to 20\n1985:\nRaised to 21[8][21]\n21\n\n\nNew Jersey\nBefore 1880:\nNone\nPost-1880:\n18 (penalties only against businesses)[60][61][62]\n21[citation needed]\n1973:\nLowered to 18 [12]\n1980:\nRaised to 19\n1983:\nRaised to 21[8][63]\n21\n\n\nNew Mexico\n ?\n1934:\n21[7]\n21[14]\n21[8]\n21\n\n\nNew York\n21\n18[64]\n18\n1982:\nRaised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)\n1985:\nRaised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][65][66]\n21\n\n\nNorth Carolina\n ?\n18[11]\n18: for beer and wine[19]\n21: for liquor\n1983:\n19: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor\n1986:\nRaised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]\n21\n\n\nNorth Dakota\n ?\n1936:\n21[7]\n21[14]\n21 [67]\n21\n\n\nOhio\n ?\n1935:\n18: for 3.2% ABW beer\n21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[68]\n18: for 3.2% ABW beer\n21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor\n1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):\n19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]\n21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]\n1982 (From Oct. 1):\n19: beer\n21: wine and liquor[69]\n1988:\n21[14]\n21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)\n\n\nOklahoma\n ?\nMen:\n21\nWomen:\n18: 3.2% ABW beer\n21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[70]\n1976:\nLowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [71]\nLast state to lower the drinking age.\n1983:\nRaised to 21[11][72]\n21\n\n\nOregon\n ?\n1933:\n21[7]\n21\n21 [8]\n21\n\n\nPennsylvania\n ?\n1935:\n21[7]\n21\n21 [8][51]\n21\n\n\nRhode Island\n ?\n21[11]\n1970:\nLowered to 18[12][73]\n1980:\nRaised to 19\n1981:\nRaised to 20\n1984:\nRaised to 21[21]\n21\n\n\nSouth Carolina\n21[74]\n1935:\n18: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[7]\n18: for beer and wine[19]\n21: for liquor\n1984:\n19: for beer and wine[7]\n21: for liquor\n1986:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nSouth Dakota\n ?\n1934:\n21 (all)\n1939:\nLowered to 18: for 3.2% beer\nRaised to 19: for 3.2% beer[75]\n1972:\n18: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[13]\n1984:\n19: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[8]\n1988:\nRaised to 21[57]\n21\n\n\nTennessee\nPre 1881:\nNone\n1881:\n21[76]\n21[7]\n1964:\nLowered to 18[7]\n1979:\nRaised to 19\n1984:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nTexas\nPre 1909:\n21\nNone (with written permission of parent or guardian)\nPost 1909:\n21[77][78]\n21[7]\n1973:\nLowered to 18[79]\n1981:\nRaised to 19[80]\n1986:\nRaised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]\n21\n\n\nUtah\n ?\n1935:\n21[7]\n21[14]\n21 [8]\n21\n\n\nVermont\n ?\n21[7]\n1971:\nLowered to 18[81][82]\n1986:\nRaised to 21[21][82]\n21\n\n\nVirginia\n ?\n21[83]\n1974:\nLowered to 18: for beer and wine\n(21: for liquor remained)[83]\n1981:\nRaised to 19 for off-premises consumption\n1983:\nRaised to 19 (all beer)\n1985:\nRaised to 21[83]\n21\n\n\nWashington\n\"Age of majority\"\nsince 1877 [84]\n21[citation needed]\n21\n21 [8]\n21\n\n\nWest Virginia\n ?\n18: for beer and wine\n21: for liquor[11]\n1972:\nLowered to 18 (all)[85]\n1983:\nRaised to 19\n(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]\n1986:\nRaised to 21[8]\n21\n\n\nWisconsin\n1839–1866:\n18: for wine and liquor\nNone: for beer\nPost-1866:\n21 (all)[86]\n18: for beer\n21: for wine and spirits\n1957:\n21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[87]\n1963:\nRaised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[87]\n1972:\nLowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[87]\n1977:\nBorder state restriction lifted.[87]\n1984:\nRaised to 19\n1986:\nRaised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[87]\n21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]\n\n\nWyoming\n ?\n21[7]\n1973:\nLowered to 19[13]\n1988:\nRaised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[88][89]\nLast state to raise de jure drinking age to 21\n21\n\n\nAmerican Samoa\n ?\n ?\n ?\n21?\n21 [90]\n\n\nNorthern Mariana Islands\n–\n–\n ?\n21?\n21 [91]\n\n\nPuerto Rico\n ?\n18\n18\nKept at 18\ndespite 10% highway funding\npenalty under Drinking Age Act.\n18 [92]\n\n\nVirgin Islands\n ?\n ?\n ?\n18\n18 [93]\n\n\nGuam\n ?\n21?\n18\n18\nRaised to 21 in 2010 [5]\n\n"
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"1972"
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-4031049919295873387 | Culture of the United States Marine Corps | Culture of the United States Marine Corps - wikipedia Culture of the United States Marine Corps Jump to : navigation , search The Culture of the United States Marine Corps is widely varied , but unique amongst the branches of the United States armed forces . Because its members are drawn from across the United States ( and resident aliens from other nations ) , it is as varied as each individual Marine , but tied together with core values and traditions passed from generation to generation of Marines . As in any military organization , the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others . The Corps ' embracement of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps . Contents ( hide ) 1 Official traditions and customs 1.1 Core values 1.2 Marines ' Hymn 1.3 Eagle , Globe , and Anchor 1.4 Seal & colors 1.5 Motto 1.6 Swords 1.7 Birthday 1.8 Drill & ceremonies 1.9 History 2 Unofficial traditions and customs 2.1 Nicknames 2.2 Mottos and battle cries 2.3 Veteran Marines 2.4 Physical fitness and martial arts 3 Marines in the public eye 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Official traditions and Customs ( edit ) Many traditions and customs of the Corps are officially recognized through orders , histories , and ceremonies ; some are even embodied within the uniform itself . Core Values ( edit ) Card given to recruits bearing the Core values The Marine Corps Core Values of Honor , Courage , and Commitment have gained increased prominence in recent years . As an emphasis on performing morally on and off duty , the concept of core values has been infiltrated into many aspects of Marine life , beginning in recruit training and continuing into combat . This `` warrior ethos '' provides guidance to Marines in difficult ethical situations and acts as a reminder to provide good order and discipline . Marines ' Hymn ( edit ) Main article : Marines ' Hymn The Marines ' Hymn dates back to 1919 and is the oldest official song in the U.S. Armed Forces . It embraces some of the most important battles of the Corps at that time , including Chapultepec and Derna . Subtle changes and unofficial verses have been added as the history of the Corps grew . Eagle , Globe , and Anchor ( edit ) Main article : Eagle , Globe , and Anchor A rendition of the emblem on the flag of the U.S. Marine Corps The official Marine Corps emblem is the Eagle , Globe , and Anchor , sometimes abbreviated `` EGA '' . Adopted in its present form in 1868 by Commandant Jacob Zeilin , it derives partially from ornaments worn by the Continental Marines and the British Royal Marines , and is usually topped with a ribbon reading `` Semper Fidelis '' . The original eagle was a crested eagle found in the Americas , not the bald eagle that appears in the current emblem . The eagle stands on the Western Hemisphere and holds in its beak a scroll bearing the motto `` Semper Fidelis '' , though the scroll is sometimes omitted from uniform insignia . An anchor fouled with rope stands behind the globe , and while it generally points to the left , it can be found reversed when paired so that the anchors continually face the other . The eagle stands for a proud country , the globe signifies worldwide service , and the fouled anchor signifies naval tradition . The use of the emblem became official when the seal was adopted in 1955 . Seal & colors ( edit ) United States Marine Corps seal On June 22 , 1954 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed an Executive Order , which approved the design of an official seal for the United States Marine Corps . The new seal had been designed by Felix de Weldon at the request , and with the assistance , of the Commandant Lemuel C. Shepherd , Jr . The new seal consisted of the traditional Marine Corps Eagle , Globe , and Anchor emblem in bronze ; however , an American bald eagle replaced the crested eagle depicted on the 1868 emblem , and is depicted with wings displayed , standing upon the western hemisphere of the terrestrial globe , and holding in his beak a scroll inscribed with the Marine Corps motto `` Semper Fidelis '' with the hemisphere superimposed on a fouled anchor . The seal is displayed on a scarlet background encircled with a Navy blue band edged in a gold rope rim and inscribed `` Department of the Navy , United States Marine Corps '' in gold letters . Coincident with the approval of this seal by the President , the Eagle , Globe , and Anchor emblem centered on the seal was adopted in 1955 as the official Marine Corps Emblem . The blue signifies naval ties , while the scarlet and gold are the official Marine Corps colors . They appear ubiquitously in the Marine Corps , particularly on signage . They also form the base colors of the flag of the United States Marine Corps . Motto ( edit ) Semper Fidelis March John Philip Sousa 's `` Semper Fidelis March '' , performed by the U.S. Marine Band in June 1909 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Main article : Semper fidelis The Marine motto `` Semper Fidelis '' means `` always faithful '' in Latin . This motto often appears in the shortened form `` Semper Fi '' / ˌsɛmpər ˈfaɪ / . It is also the name of the official march of the Corps , composed by John Philip Sousa . It was adopted in 1883 when Commandant Charles McCawley added it to the seal , before which the traditional mottos were `` Fortitudine '' ( With Fortitude ) ; `` By Sea and by Land '' , a translation of the Royal Marines ' `` Per Mare , Per Terram '' ; and `` To the Shores of Tripoli '' , which was later revised to `` From the Halls of the Montezumas to the Shores of Tripoli '' and formed the first lines of the Marines ' Hymn . The recruiting slogan of `` A Few Good Men '' ( as opposed to the play and film ) derives from a Continental Marines recruiting poster : `` The Continental ship Providence , now lying at Boston , is bound on a short cruise , immediately ; a few good men are wanted to make up her complement . '' ( Marine Captain William Jones , Providence Gazette , 20 March 1779 . ) '' The modern recruiting slogan is `` the few , the proud , the Marines . '' The Rifleman 's Creed is a similar concept as the motto , but offers a more modern look at doctrine . It explains to a recruit the importance of his or her weapon but also emphasizes the moral motivations behind using it . Swords ( edit ) Main articles : Mameluke Sword and Marine Noncommissioned Officers ' Sword , 1859 - Present Two styles of swords are worn by Marines . The Marine Corps officers ' sword is a Mameluke Sword , similar to the Persian shamshir presented to Lt. Presley O'Bannon after the Battle of Derna during the First Barbary War . After its adoption in 1825 and initial distribution in 1826 , Mameluke Swords have been worn by Marine officers ever since , except during the period 1859 -- 1875 , when they were required to wear the Army 's Model 1850 - foot officers ' sword . Upon returning to the traditional sword , many officers gave their Army swords to their senior noncommissioned officer , creating the basis for the NCO sword . Generally , Marines are the only branch where enlisted members regularly carry a sword ( the Army authorizes platoon and first sergeants to carry a Model 1840 sword during some ceremonies , while the Chief of Naval Operations authorized Chief Petty Officers and above to carry an optional ceremonial cutlass with dress uniforms in 2010 ) . Birthday ( edit ) Main article : United States Marine Corps birthday ball The Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November , when the Second Continental Congress raised two battalions of Marines . Tun Tavern is regarded as the location of the first Marines to enlist under Commandant Samuel Nicholas . Prior to 1921 , Marines celebrated the July 11 , 1798 recreation of the Corps ( having been disbanded following the end of the Revolutionary War ) with little fanfare . Then , Marine Corps Order 47 was published by Commandant John A. Lejeune : `` MARINE CORPS ORDERS No. 47 ( Series 1921 ) HEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS Washington , November 1 , 1921 759 . The following will be read to the command on the 10th of November , 1921 , and hereafter on the 10th of November of every year . Should the order not be received by the 10th of November , 1921 , it will be read upon receipt . On November 10 , 1775 , a Corps of Marines was created by a resolution of Continental Congress . Since that date many thousand men have borne the name `` Marine '' . In memory of them it is fitting that we who are Marines should commemorate the birthday of our corps by calling to mind the glories of its long and illustrious history . The record of our corps is one which will bear comparison with that of the most famous military organizations in the world 's history . During 90 of the 146 years of its existence the Marine Corps has been in action against the Nation 's foes . From the Battle of Trenton to the Argonne , Marines have won foremost honors in war , and in the long eras of tranquility at home , generation after generation of Marines have grown gray in war in both hemispheres and in every corner of the seven seas , that our country and its citizens might enjoy peace and security . In every battle and skirmish since the birth of our corps , Marines have acquitted themselves with the greatest distinction , winning new honors on each occasion until the term `` Marine '' has come to signify all that is highest in military efficiency and soldierly virtue . This high name of distinction and soldierly repute we who are Marines today have received from those who preceded us in the corps . With it we have also received from them the eternal spirit which has animated our corps from generation to generation and has been the distinguishing mark of the Marines in every age . So long as that spirit continues to flourish Marines will be found equal to every emergency in the future as they have been in the past , and the men of our Nation will regard us as worthy successors to the long line of illustrious men who have served as `` Soldiers of the Sea '' since the founding of the Corps . JOHN A. LEJEUNE , Major General Commandant 75705 -- 21 '' The celebrations were formalized by Commandant Lemuel C. Shepherd , Jr. in 1952 , outlining the cake cutting ceremony , which would enter the Marine Drill Manual in 1956 . By tradition , the first slice of cake is given to the oldest Marine present , who in turn hands it off to the youngest Marine present , symbolizing the old and experienced Marines passing their knowledge to the new generation of Marines . Lejeune 's message is also republished annually . Drill & ceremonies ( edit ) Close Order Drill is heavily emphasized early on in a Marine 's training . Formal ceremonies , such as the Marine Corps Birthday Ball , a change of command , or a retirement , will almost always incorporate some form of close order drill . The Marine Corps uses close order drill to teach discipline by instilling habits of precision and automatic response to orders , increase the confidence of junior officers and noncommissioned officers through the exercise of command and give Marines an opportunity to handle individual weapons . The Mess Night is a borrowed tradition of ceremonial dining . Originally a British Army tradition , it has become an honored tradition of enjoying drink , good food , and fellowship with a Marine 's comrades , as well as honoring those who have perished in battle . `` Except for the annual celebration of the Marine Corps Birthday , no social function associated with the smaller of America 's naval services is more enjoyed , admired and imitated than the mess night . '' '' History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Marine Corps Marine at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Marines have a high reverence for their history , indoctrinating recruits and continually expanding the topic in the professional education Marines attend throughout their careers . The History Division , a subunit of the Training and Education Command , records , archives , researches , analyzes , and presents the history of the Corps . Several Marine Corps museums have been established , most notably the National Museum of the Marine Corps at Quantico , Virginia . Additional Marine history can be found at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum , the MCRD San Diego Command Museum , the Marine Corps Air - Ground Museum , the Marine Corps Legacy Museum , the Parris Island Museum , the WWII / Korea LVT Museum , and the Waterhouse Museum . Memorials also serve as a way to preserve history . One of the most iconic memorials is the Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington National Cemetery , a statue recreated from the iconic photo Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima . Other memorials to Marines ( sometimes including other services ) include the two of the many statues named Iron Mike ( Belleau , France and Parris Island , South Carolina ) , the USS Arizona Memorial , Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium at the United States Naval Academy , as well as many period specific military memorial around the country where Marines participated in fighting , such as the National World War II Memorial and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Unofficial traditions and Customs ( edit ) The Corps has many unofficial traditions , promulgated by many Marines and some Marine - based organizations ( such as the Marine Corps League , Marine Corps Association , and Young Marines ) or media ( such as the Marine Corps Gazette , Leatherneck Magazine , or Marine Corps Times ) . Marines are not `` soldiers , '' or `` sailors . '' Nicknames ( edit ) A recruiting poster makes use of the `` Teufel Hunden '' nickname . Marines have been given many generic nicknames : Devil Dog is an oft - disputed term . Most Marines learn that the term comes from `` Teufel Hunden '' , a corrupted version of the German `` Teufelshunde '' awarded to Marines after the Battle of Belleau Wood . The German high command classified Marines as stormtrooper - quality elite troops . The bulldog has also been closely associated with the Marine Corps as a result , and some units keep one as a mascot . Jarhead has several oft - disputed explanations , including how the `` high and tight '' haircut allows the head to resemble a jar lid , and pejoratives about empty heads . However , the term `` jarhead '' was well established in the 1950s , while the term `` high and tight '' did not yet exist ; Marines who chose to trim their hair closely on the sides were said to have `` white sidewalls . '' Photos of Marines in the World War II era show haircuts that are even longer . Gyrene has dropped out of popular use , and is speculated to be a portmanteau of GI and Marine . Leatherneck refers to a leather collar that was formerly part of the Marine uniform during the Revolutionary War period . A bulldog mascot Mottos and battle cries ( edit ) Oorah is a common battle cry among Marines , being similar in function and purpose to the Army 's hooah and the Navy 's hooyah cries ( to include an affirmative , a display of enthusiasm , and a greeting ) . Many possible etymologies have been offered for the term . Semper Fi , Mac was a common form of greeting in times past . Gung - ho became a common slogan ; from Chinese gōnghé , `` China Marines '' took it to mean ' work together ' and used it during WWII . Improvise , Adapt and Overcome has become an adopted mantra in many units Semper Gumby is a play on Semper Flexibilis . Purported to mean `` always flexible , '' the true Latin translation is Semper Flexibilis ; `` Gumby '' is taken from the cartoon character Gumby . Semper Gumby is also popular among Navy personnel . Veteran Marines ( edit ) The ethos that `` Once a Marine , Always a Marine '' has led to the objection to the use of the term `` ex-Marine '' , leading to a myriad of forms of address for those no longer on active duty : `` Veteran Marine '' or `` Former Marine '' can refer to anyone who has been discharged honorably from the Corps . `` Retired Marine '' refers to those who have completed 20 or more years of service and formally retired , or have been medically retired after less than 20 years service . `` Sir '' or `` Ma'am '' is appropriate out of respect . According to one of the `` Commandant 's White letters '' from General Alfred M. Gray , Jr. , referring to a Marine by their last earned rank is appropriate . Marines that have left service with a less than full honorable discharge might still be considered Marines ( depending on the view of the individual ) , however that title is also in keeping with a stigma ; and many will avoid the issue altogether by addressing the individual by name with no other title . Physical Fitness and martial arts ( edit ) A Marine performs pull - ups Main articles : United States Marine Corps Physical Fitness Test , Combat Fitness Test , and Marine Corps Martial Arts Program The Marine Corps places a high institutional value on physical readiness , preparing the individual 's body for the rigors of combat . Mandatory participation in three hours weekly of physical exercise , termed `` Physical Training '' or PT , is considered a minimum starting point ; further fitness is rewarded by better evaluation scores , which increase promotability , as well as benefits for winning athletic competitions . In addition , height and weight standards and body fat percentage ensure that Marines are fit and present a good military appearance . Chronic lack of physical fitness can be grounds for administrative punishment , and even discharge in extreme situations . The Physical Fitness Test is performed annually to assess a Marine 's fitness , and higher scores weigh in his or her favor for promotions . To encourage physical training , Commandant James T. Conway authorized a new physical training uniform based on a tracksuit and the development of the Combat Fitness Test to better simulate the specific stressors of combat . For decades , Marines learned a variety of martial arts and other methods of hand - to - hand combat , but these were irregular processes that varied greatly from unit to unit and from time to time . Eventually , the Corps solidified its various teachings into the LINE combat system , but its inherent inflexibility was evident . In 2001 , the Marine Corps initiated a new program , called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program ( MCMAP ) . Due to an expectation that urban and police - type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century , placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians , MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less - than - lethal options for controlling hostile , but unarmed individuals . It is also a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the `` Warrior Ethos '' within Marines . The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together and consists of boxing movements , joint locking techniques , opponent weight transfer ( Jujitsu ) , ground grappling ( mostly wrestling ) , bayonet , knife and baton fighting , non-compliance joint manipulations , and blood restriction chokes . Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp , earning the first of five belts . Marines in the public eye ( edit ) The Marine Corps , like any other branch of the military , is most visible by the public through public affairs organs and several presentation units . Dedication to proficiency in drill is a hallmark of the Silent Drill Platoon , Marine Band , and the Drum and Bugle Corps . In addition , the Corps released periodic recruiting commercials , often about one annually . The traditional tagline for the commercials is `` The Few , The Proud , The Marines . '' While Marines do not have installations across the United States ( unlike the Army and Air Force , Marine installations are concentrated in California , North Carolina , and the national capitol region ) , the direct link for most Americans to the Corps is the Marine recruiter , often recognizable in the Dress Blue uniform . Marines also make popular subjects for works of fiction . The Marine Corps has been depicted on many films , television shows , innumerable books , and even video games . Since 2001 , Gallup polls have asked `` Which of the four major branches of the armed forces are the most prestigious ? . '' Every year of the Gallup poll showed that the American public regards the Corps as the most prestigious of the four branches of the armed forces of the Department of Defense . However , when ranked by importance , it did not score well until it tied the Army and Air Force in 2004 , with the increase being attributed to the Iraq War . See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Culture of the United States List of U.S. Marine Corps acronyms and expressions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Connable , Maj Ben ( 2008 ) . `` Culture Warriors : Marine Corps Organizational Culture and Adaptation to Cultural Terrain '' ( PDF ) . Small Wars Journal . Small Wars Foundation . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants within the United States Marine Corps '' ( Web ) . theusmarines.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Estes , Kenneth W. ( 2000 ) . The Marine Officer 's Guide ( 6th ed . ) . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 55750 - 567 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps Core Values : Honor , Courage , and Commitment '' ( Video ) . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Core Values '' . about.com . Jump up ^ Darnell , LCpl Michael S. ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Our Core Values redefined '' . Training and Education Command , United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Yi , Capt . Jamison , USMC . `` MCMAP and the Warrior Ethos '' ( PDF ) . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 14 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Marines ' Hymn '' . United States Marine Corps Band . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Jack ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` Kill the pirates '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Marine Corps Lore . Historical Branch , G - 3 Division , Department of the Navy . 1963 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Marine Corps Emblem : Eagle , Globe , and Anchor '' . A Tribute To U.S. Marine Corps . uspharmd.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marine Corps Emblem and Seal '' . Customs and Traditions . Reference Branch , History Division , United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Edwin H. , BGen , USMC ( Ret . ) ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Remembering General Shepherd '' ( PDF ) . Fortitudine . The Marine Corps Historical Program . XX ( 2 ) : 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Lejeune , Major General John A ( 18 April 1925 ) . `` Marine Corps Order No. 4 ( Series 1925 ) '' . Commandant of the Marine Corps . United States Marine Corps History Division . Archived from the original on 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marine Corps Seal History '' . A Tribute To U.S. Marine Corps . uspharmd . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps Motto '' ( PDF ) . Reference Branch , History Division , U.S. Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Powers , Rod . `` The Few , the Proud ... '' . About.com . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Brooke Nihart ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix F : Manual of Arms -- Saber and Sword '' . FM 3 - 21.5 ( FM 22 - 5 ) Drill and Ceremonies ( PDF ) . United States Army . July 2003 . pp. F1 -- F11 . Jump up ^ `` Uniform Changes Include CPO Cutlass , Ball Caps '' . Chief of Naval Personnel Public Affairs . United States Navy . April 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tun Tavern History '' . tuntavern.com . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps Birthday Celebration '' . Customs and Traditions . Reference Branch , History Division , United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Student Handout SCRS 0503 -- Drill a Platoon Sized Unit '' . Sergeants Course . Marine Corps University . 27 April 2001 . Archived from the original ( MS Word ) on 2007 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ MCO P5060. 20 W / CH 1 PT 3 . `` Chapter 24 : Mess Night '' . Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies Manual ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ MCO P5060. 20 W / CH 1 PT 4 . `` Appendix D: History , Customs and Courtesies , and Traditions of the Mess Night '' . Marine Corps Drill and Ceremonies Manual ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ALMAR 020 / 07 To Those Who Have Gone Before '' . United States Marine Corps . April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barlett , LtCol Merrill L. , USMC ( Ret . ) ( November 1996 ) . `` A Marine Corps Mess Night '' . Customs and Traditions . History Division , United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ History , Traditions , Customs and Courtesies Manual . Washington , D.C. : Historical Branch , United States Marine Corps . 1959 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't call a Marine a soldier or sailor '' . The News - Times . Danbury , CT . September 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flippo , Hyde Flippo . `` German Myth 13 : Teufelshunde -- Devil Dogs : Did German soldiers give the U.S. Marines the nickname `` Teufelshunde '' ? `` . German Language . about.com . Jump up ^ Hiresman III , LCpl . Paul W ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` The meaning of ' Oorah ' traced back to its roots '' . Marine Corps News . United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Glenn B. ( 2003 ) . `` An Unabridged Unofficial Dictionary for Marines '' . Unofficial Dictionary for Marines `` . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Freedman , David H. ( 2000 ) . Corps Business : The 30 Management Principles of the U.S. Marines . New York : Collins . Jump up ^ Conway , General James T. ( August 1 , 2008 ) . Marine Corps Order ( MCO ) 6100.13 : Marine Corps Physical Fitness Program ( PDF ) . Headquarters Marine Corps : United States Marine Corps . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kufahl , Pamela ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Marines Assess New Combat Fitness Test '' . Fitness Business Pro . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Michael ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` 7 possibilities for Combat Fitness Test '' . Marine Corps Times . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Americans See Army , Marines as Most Important to Defense Americans say Marines are most prestigious '' . The Gallup Organization . June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Schonauer , Scott ( June 20 , 2004 ) . `` Poll : War boosts image of Army , Marines '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . External links ( edit ) USMC official web site Marines.com -- Official recruitment site The Marine Corps Official MySpace site A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower Marine Corps Association Marine Corps Heritage Foundation Marine Corps Scholarship Foundation Marine Corps League Marine Corps Veteran Resources ( hide ) United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division ( SWC / IWID ) Operations Analysis Directorate ( OAD ) Training & Education Command ( TECOM ) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF / Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman 's Creed Semper Fidelis History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women 's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps&oldid=803670457 '' Categories : History of the United States Marine Corps United States Marine Corps lore and symbols American culture Warrior code Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 22 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the values of the marine corps | [
"The Marine Corps Core Values of Honor, Courage, and Commitment have gained increased prominence in recent years.[4][5] As an emphasis on performing morally on and off duty, the concept of core values has been infiltrated into many aspects of Marine life, beginning in recruit training and continuing into combat.[6] This \"warrior ethos\" provides guidance to Marines in difficult ethical situations and acts as a reminder to provide good order and discipline.[7]"
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8885984254287821038 | Merry Clayton | Merry Clayton - wikipedia Merry Clayton Merry Clayton Clayton in December 2012 at a ceremony for Carole King to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Background information ( 1948 - 12 - 25 ) December 25 , 1948 ( age 69 ) New Orleans , Louisiana , U.S. Genres Soul , gospel Occupation ( s ) Singer , actress Years active 1962 -- present Associated acts The Raelettes The Rolling Stones Sisters Love Lynyrd Skynyrd Coldplay Jess Conrad Merry Clayton ( born December 25 , 1948 ) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress . She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s , most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter . '' Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom , the Oscar - winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry . In 2013 , she released The Best of Merry Clayton , a compilation of her favorite songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Singles ( selected ) 5 Filmography 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Clayton was born in Gert Town , New Orleans , Louisiana . Clayton was born on Christmas Day , and earned her name due to the holiday . She is the daughter of Eva B. Clayton and Reverend A.G. Williams Sr. Clayton was raised in New Orleans as a Christian , and spent much of her time in her father 's parish , New Zion Baptist Church . After moving to Los Angeles , she joined the now famous singer group `` The Blossoms . '' Career ( edit ) Clayton began her recording career in 1962 at the age of 14 , singing `` Who Can I Count On ? ( When I Ca n't Count on You ) '' as a duet with Bobby Darin on his album `` You 're the Reason I 'm Living . '' In 1963 she recorded the first version of `` The Shoop Shoop Song ( It 's in His Kiss ) , '' the same year that Betty Everett 's version reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Early in her career Merry performed with Ray Charles ( as one of the Raelettes ) , who was the only artist her father allowed her to see live . Others include Pearl Bailey , Phil Ochs , Burt Bacharach , Tom Jones , Joe Cocker , Linda Ronstadt , Carole King , and on several tracks from Neil Young 's debut album . Clayton is often credited as having recorded with Elvis Presley but her name does not appear in Elvis sessionographies . Clayton is best known for her 1969 duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song `` Gimme Shelter , '' though on some releases her name is misspelled as `` Mary . '' According to Jagger , this collaboration came about due partially to chance . Jagger states that they thought `` it 'd be great to have a woman come do the ... chorus . '' They called Clayton `` randomly '' in the middle of the night , and she showed up to the studio `` in curlers '' and did the verse in a few takes , which Jagger remarks is `` pretty amazing . '' The Stones had asked Bonnie Bramlett to sing on the song , but Bramlett 's husband , Delaney , refused to let her perform with the Stones . Clayton also sang backing vocals on Lynyrd Skynyrd 's `` Sweet Home Alabama '' . In 1970 , Clayton recorded her own version of `` Gimme Shelter , '' and it became the title track of her debut solo album and peaked at # 73 , released that year . Her version would be the first of five singles under her name to crack the Billboard Hot 100 . That same year she performed a live version of `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' for the soundtrack for Robert Altman film Brewster McCloud and also contributed vocals to Donald Cammell and Nicolas Roeg 's film Performance . In 1971 she co-wrote the song `` Sho ' Nuff '' about her mother . She starred as the original Acid Queen in the first London production of The Who 's Tommy in 1972 . In 1973 , she featured prominently on Ringo Starr 's `` Oh My My '' , which reached Billboard 's Top 10 the following year . In the mid 1970s , Clayton sang on The Blackbyrds ' R&B hit `` Rock Creek Park '' and continued to release solo albums throughout the next decade , notching several minor R&B singles . Her soundtrack work continued into the 1980s , including `` You 're Always There When I Need You '' , the title track for the 1980 Get Smart film The Nude Bomb , and the song `` Yes '' from Dirty Dancing , which hit # 45 on the Hot 100 . In 1987 , Clayton co-starred with Ally Sheedy in the film Maid to Order and played Verna Dee Jordan in the final season of Cagney & Lacey . In 1989 , she recorded a cover of `` Almost Paradise '' with Eric Carmen . In 1994 Clayton recorded backing vocals for and sang the `` Man with the Golden Gun '' bridge on Tori Amos 's hit , `` Cornflake Girl '' . In 2006 , Clayton provided background vocals for Sparta 's album Threes on the songs `` Atlas '' and `` Translations '' . She was featured in the documentary film 20 Feet from Stardom ( 2013 ) , which premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and went on to win the Oscar for best documentary at the 86th Academy Awards . 20 Feet from Stardom also won the 2015 Grammy Award for Best Music Film , with the award being presented to the featured artists as well as the production crew . In 2014 , Clayton provided vocals for G. Love & Special Sauce 's album Sugar . In 2015 , Clayton was featured on two tracks on Coldplay 's album A Head Full of Dreams . Clayton has been sampled in various songs , most notably Watch for the Hook by Cool Breeze featuring Goodie Mobb and supergroup Outkast . Personal Life ( edit ) Clayton was married to jazz artist Curtis Amy from 1970 until his death in 2002 . Clayton 's brother is the Little Feat percussionist Sam Clayton . She had a miscarriage upon returning home from recording `` Gimme Shelter '' , according to the LA Times . On June 16 , 2014 , Clayton was severely injured in a car accident in Los Angeles , California . Both of Clayton 's legs were later amputated at the knees due to her suffering `` profound trauma to her lower extremities '' as a result of the accident . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Year Album Label Peak chart positions US US R&B 1970 Gimme Shelter Ode -- -- 1971 Celebration Ode -- -- Merry Clayton Ode 180 36 Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow Ode 146 50 1979 Emotion Fontana -- -- Miracles A&M -- -- `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Singles ( selected ) ( edit ) Year Single Peak chart positions Album US US R&B UK 1970 `` Gimme Shelter '' 73 -- -- Gimme Shelter 1972 `` After All This Time '' 71 -- -- Merry Clayton 1973 `` Oh No Not My Baby '' 72 30 -- Non-album song `` Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow '' 45 -- -- Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow `` Yes '' 45 79 70 Dirty Dancing ( soundtrack ) `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role 1984 Blame It on the Night Herself Maid to Order Audrey James 2013 20 Feet from Stardom Herself References ( edit ) Jump up ^ True , Rovi Christopher . `` Merry Clayton Biography '' . AOL Music . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 in May 1991 an excerpt from The Best of 1000 UK No. 1 Hits '' . Omnibus Press . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 20 Feet from Stardom . Dir . Morgan Neville . Perf . Darlene Love , Merry Clayton , Judith Hill , Jo Lawry . N.p. , n.d. Web . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Ernst ( 1998 ) . Elvis Presley : A Life in Music : The Complete Recording Sessions . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0312185723 . Jump up ^ Springer , Mike . `` Mick Jagger Tells the Story Behind ' Gimme Shelter ' and Merry Clayton 's Haunting Background Vocals '' . Jump up ^ Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . The Rolling Stones : Off the Record . Omnibus Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9780711988699 . Jump up ^ Dupree , Tom ( October 24 , 1974 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd in Sweet Home Atlanta '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Clayton - Gimme Shelter '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heckman , Don ( July 16 , 1972 ) . `` Merry Clayton from ' Newahlins . ' '' . The New York Times . pp. D11 , D22 , D24 . Jump up ^ http://streamd.hitparade.ch/cdimages/eric_carmen_with_merry_clayton-almost_paradise_s.jpg Jump up ^ `` WhoSampled . '' WhoSampled . N.p. , n.d. Web . 4 June 2017 . < http://www.whosampled.com/Merry-Clayton/sampled/?ob=2 > . Jump up ^ Voce , Steve ( June 11 , 2002 ) . `` Obituary : Curtis Amy '' . The Independent . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Crazy Horse , Kandia ( 2004 ) . Rip It Up : The Black Experience in Rock N Roll ( First ed . ) . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 205 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 6243 - X . Jump up ^ Snowden , Don ( March 13 , 1986 ) . `` For Clayton , The Gloom Is Gone '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Legendary Singer Merry Clayton Seriously Injured in Car Accident '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://ultimateclassicrock.com/merry-clayton-legs-amputated/ Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merry Clayton . Merry Clayton on IMDb Merry Clayton at AllMusic Merry Clayton discography at Discogs GND : 134601882 ISNI : 0000 0000 5519 6726 LCCN : n94117817 MusicBrainz : f086b523 - e6eb - 4159 - 8705 - e408cae53170 VIAF : 76505898 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merry_Clayton&oldid=849569598 '' Categories : 1948 births African - American female singers African - American musicians American female singers American gospel singers American soul singers Backing vocalists 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers Grammy Award winners Living people American amputees R&B musicians from New Orleans Singers from Louisiana 20th - century women singers Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 22 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang with the rolling stones on gimme shelter | [
"Merry Clayton (born December 25, 1948) is an American soul and gospel singer and an actress. She provided a number of backing vocal tracks for major performing artists in the 1960s, most notably in her duet with Mick Jagger on the Rolling Stones song \"Gimme Shelter.\"[1] Clayton is featured in 20 Feet from Stardom, the Oscar-winning documentary about background singers and their contributions to the music industry. In 2013, she released The Best of Merry Clayton, a compilation of her favorite songs.\n"
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"Merry Clayton"
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-3655296986277691732 | Rice production in the United States | Rice production in the United States - wikipedia Rice production in the United States Jump to : navigation , search Left : US rice production states . Right : Varieties of Rice grown Rice production is important to the economy of the United States . Of the country 's row crop farms , rice farms are the most capital - intensive , and have the highest national land rental rate average . In the US , all rice acreage requires irrigation . In 2000 - 09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production , while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres . US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice - producing states of Arkansas ( The nations 's number one rice producer . ) , California , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , and Texas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century to present 2 Production 3 Types of rice 4 Milling process 5 Exports 6 Culture 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Wooden mortar and pestle found in the rice loft on Briars Plantation , John 's Island ( Charleston County ) , South Carolina . It is believed to have been used in husking and / or polishing rice which was grown on the plantation . The age is unknown . Winnowing barn at the Mansfield Rice Plantation , Georgetown , South Carolina . African rice ( a separate species from Asian rice , originally domesticated in the inland delta of the Upper Niger River ) was introduced to the United States in the 17th century . It is mentioned to have been under cultivation in Virginia as far back as 1609 , although it is reported that one bushel of rice had been sent to the colony later , in the summer of 1671 , on the cargo vessel William and Ralph . In 1685 , a bag of Madagascar rice known as `` Gold Seede '' was given to Dr. Henry Woodward . A tax law of 26 September 1691 had permitted payment of taxes by the colonists by way of rice and other commodities . The colonies of South Carolina and Georgia prospered and amassed great wealth from rice planting , based on the slave labor obtained from the Senegambia area of West Africa and from coastal Sierra Leone . One batch of slaves was advertised as `` a choice cargo of Windward and Gold Coast Negroes , who have been accustomed to the planting of rice '' . At the port of Charleston , through which 40 % of all American slave imports passed , slaves from Africa brought the highest prices in recognition of their prior knowledge of rice culture , which was put to use on the many rice plantations around Georgetown , Charleston , and Savannah . Dikes are used to protect the rice paddy fields from the channels of saltwater which overflow during high tide . Karabane , Senegal , 2008 ; similar delta cultivation techniques were used in West Africa back to at least the 15th century Similar dike , used to grow rice in the early United States , now abandoned and reclaimed by woodland Enslaved Africans cleared the land , diked the marshes and built the irrigation system , skimming the freshwater layer off the high tide , flushing the fields , and adjusting the water level to the development stage of the rice . Rice was planted , hoed , and harvested with hand tools ; plows and harvest wains could be pulled by mules or oxen wearing special shoes . At first rice was milled by hand with wooden paddles , then winnowed in sweetgrass baskets ( the making of which was another skill brought by slaves from Africa ) . The invention of the rice mill increased profitability of the crop , and the addition of water power for the mills in 1787 by American millwright Jonathan Lucas was another step forward . Rice production was not merely unhealthy but lethal . One 18th - century writer wrote : If a work could be imagined peculiarly unwholesome and even fatal to health , it must be that of standing like the negroes , ankle and mid-leg deep in water which floats an ouzy mud , and exposed all the while to a burning sun which makes the air they breathe hotter than the human blood ; these poor wretches are then in a furness of stinking putrid effluvia . Inadequate food , housing , and clothing , malaria , yellow fever , poisonous snakes , alligators , hard labour , and brutal treatment killed up to a third of Low Country slaves within a year . Not one child in ten lived to age sixteen . However , in the 1770s , a slave could produce rice worth more than six times his or her own market value in a year , so this high death rate was not uneconomical for their owners . Rice plantations could produce profits of up to 26 percent per year . Runaways , on the other hand , were a problem : I gave them a hundred lashes more than a dozen times ; but they never quit running away , till I chained them together , with iron collars round their necks , and chained them to spades , and made them do nothing but dig ditches to drain the rice swamps . They could not run away then , unless they went together , and carried their chains and spades with them . I kept them in this way two years ... -- one overseer 's method of controlling slaves , reported by fugitive slave Charles Ball Most plantations were run on the task system , where a slave was given one or more tasks , estimated at ten hours ' hard work , each day . After they had finished the tasks to the overseer 's satisfaction , they could spend the remainder of the day as they chose , often on growing their food , spinning , sewing their clothes , or building their houses ( slaves were typically supplied with nails and five yards of cloth per year ) . The task system , and the unwillingness of free people to live in rice - growing areas , may have led to the greater survival of African culture among the Gullah . In the country 's early years , rice production was limited to the South Atlantic and Gulf states . For almost the first 190 years of rice production in the US , the principal producers were South Carolina and Georgia . Limited amounts were grown in North Carolina , Florida , Alabama , Mississippi and Louisiana . 19th century ( edit ) Plantation workers carrying sheaves of rice , South Carolina , circa 1895 Rice was introduced into the southern states of Louisiana and east Texas in the mid-19th century . Meanwhile , soil fertility in the east fell , especially for inland rice . Emancipation in 1863 freed rice workers . East - coast rice farming required hard , skilled work under extremely unhealthy conditions , and without slave labour , profits fell . Increasing automation in response came too late , and a series of hurricanes that hit Carolina in the late 1800s and damaged levees put an end to the industry . Production shifted to the Deep South , where the geography was more favourable to mechanization . These events can be seen in rice production statistics . In 1839 , the total production was 80,841,422 pounds , of which 60,590,861 pounds were grown in South Carolina and 12,384,732 pounds in Georgia . In 1849 , cultivation reached 215,313,497 pounds . Between 1846 and 1861 , annual rice production in North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia averaged more than 105 million pounds of cleaned rice , with South Carolina producing more than 75 percent . A Civil War era rice barn on a plantation along the Pee Dee River . At the census of 1870 , after emancipation , the production of rice decreased to 73,635,021 pounds . In 1879 , the total area devoted to rice was 174,173 acres , and the total production of clean rice was up again to 110,131,373 pounds . A decade later , the total area devoted to rice cultivation was 161,312 acres , and the total production of clean rice equaled 128,590,934 pounds ; this represented a 16.76 percent increase in the amount produced , with a decrease of 7.38 percent in the area under cultivation . Between 1890 and 1900 , Louisiana and Texas increased rice crop acreage to such an extent that they produced almost 75 percent of the country 's product . Between 1866 and 1880 , the annual production of the three States averaged just under 41 million pounds , of which South Carolina produced more than 50 percent . After 1880 , their average annual production approximated 46 million pounds of cleaned rice , of which North Carolina produced 5.5 million , South Carolina 27 million and Georgia 13.5 million pounds . The rice industry in Louisiana began around the time of the Civil War . For a number of years , production was small , but during the 1870s the industry began to assume large proportions , averaging nearly 30 million pounds for the decade and exceeding 51 million pounds in 1880 . In 1885 , the production reached 100 million pounds , and in 1892 , 182 million pounds . The great development of the rice industry in Louisiana after 1884 resulted from the opening up of a prairie region in the southwestern part of the state , and the development of a system of irrigation and culture which made possible the use of harvesting machinery similar to that used in the wheat fields of the Northwest , greatly reducing the costs of production . In 1896 , yield from the Louisiana rice fields , where harvesting machinery was used , was good . However the milling process was not successful commercially in some rice varieties . The loss due to the milling process was considerable , particularly of the unbroken rice in the `` head rice '' variety . 20th century to present ( edit ) Hauling rice in South Texas , 1909 Rice was established in Arkansas in 1904 , California in 1912 , and the Mississippi Delta in 1942 . Rice cultivation in California in particular started during the California Gold Rush . It was introduced primarily for the consumption of about 40,000 Chinese laborers who were brought as immigrants to the state ; only a small area was under rice cultivation to meet this requirement . However , commercial production began only in 1912 in the town of Richvale in Butte County . Since then , California has cultivated rice in a big way , and as of 2006 , its production of rice was the second largest in the United States . Production ( edit ) Rice dryer and storage building in Arkansas County , Arkansas Rice culture in the southeastern U.S. became less profitable with the loss of slave labor after the American Civil War , and it finally died out just after the turn of the 20th century . Today , people can visit the historic Mansfield Plantation in Georgetown , South Carolina , the state 's only remaining rice plantation with the original mid-19th century winnowing barn and rice mill . The predominant strain of rice in the Carolinas was from Africa and was known as `` Carolina Gold '' . The cultivar has been preserved and there are current attempts to reintroduce it as a commercially grown crop . In 1900 , the annual production of rice in the US was approximately half the annual consumption . The two principal varieties of lowland rice which were cultivated in the Atlantic States were the `` gold seed rice '' and white rice , which were the original rice varieties introduced into the US . Gold seed rice was notable for the larger yield of the grain . It thus practically superseded white rice which was cultivated in the earlier years . Experiments with upland rice demonstrated that it could grow over large areas of the country but the crop 's yield and quality are inferior to lowland rice produced by irrigation methods . Geese flying over a rice field in the Sacramento Valley , California . Since then , California has cultivated rice on a large scale , and as of 2006 its production was the second largest in the United States , after Arkansas , with production concentrated in six counties north of Sacramento . During 2012 , the estimated rice production was 199 million cwt , or 19.9 billion lbs . This was a rise of 8 % over the production of 2011 . The harvested area also recorded a rise from 2.68 million ha in 2012 to 2.7 million ha in 2013 . Another record was of the yield during 2012 recorded at 7,449 pounds per acre , higher than the 2011 yield by 382 pounds per acre . Six states now account for over 99 % of all rice grown in the US . These are Arkansas , California , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri and Texas . As of 2003 , Arkansas topped the list with a production level of 213 million bushels against a total production of 443 million bushels in the country , and the annual per capita consumption reported is in excess of 28 pounds . Types of rice ( edit ) Oryza sativa , commonly known as Asian rice The earliest types grown in Carolina were the African Oryza glaberrima , the prized `` Carolina Gold '' . Asian Oryza sativa was `` Carolina White '' . After the total decline of rice cultivation in Carolina , `` Carolina Gold '' is now cultivated in Texas , Arkansas and Louisiana . In California , production is dominated by short and medium grain japonica varieties , including cultivars developed for the local climate such as Calrose , which makes up as much as 85 % of the state 's crop . The broad classification of rice grown includes Long Grain Rice , Medium Grain Rice and Short Grain Rice . While now more than 100 varieties of rice are grown in the world , in the US 20 varieties of rice are commercially produced , primarily in the states of Arkansas , Texas , Louisiana , Mississippi , Missouri , and California . Primary classification of rice grown are the long , medium or short grain type . The Long Grain Rice is slender and long , the Medium Grain Rice is plump but not round , and the Short Grain Rice is round . The forms of rice are Brown Rice , Parboiled Rice and Regular - Milled White Rice . The domestic utilization of rice in the US is food use ( 58 % ) , while 16 % is used in food and beer processing and 10 % is used in pet food . Special varieties of rice such as jasmine rice and basmati rice which are of the aromatic variety are imported from Thailand , India , and Pakistan , as such varieties have not been evolved in the US ; this demand for import is quite substantial and largely to meet the increasing population of the rice - eating ethnic community . Milling process ( edit ) Harvested rice is subject to milling to remove the husk , which encloses the kernel . Before this process is started , the rice from the field is subject to a cleaning process to remove stalks and any extraneous material by means of special machinery . In the case of parboiled rice , a steam pressure process is adopted for milling . After drying , the rice is subjected to further processing to remove the hull and then polished . Brown rice is processed through a shelling machine which removes the hull . The resulting brown rice retains the brawn layer around the kernel . In the case of white rice , the hull and the brawn are removed and polished in a polishing machine , producing a polished kernel . Exports ( edit ) The first export of rice from Carolina was 5 tons in 1698 , which rose to 330 tons by 1700 and jumped to 42,000 tons in 1770 . However , as a result of the abolition of slave labour , export from Carolina eventually ceased . While the rice production in the US accounts for about 2 % of world production , its exports account for about 10 % of all exports . The export is mostly of high - quality rice of the long and combined medium / short - grain varieties of rice . The type of rice exported is rough or unmilled rice , parboiled rice , brown rice , and fully milled rice . Exports to Mexico and Central America are mostly of the rough rice variety . Other countries to which the US exports rice include Mexico , Central America , Northeast Asia , the Caribbean , and the Middle East , Canada , the European Union ( EU - 27 ) , and Sub-Saharan Africa . The exported variety is free of genetically enhanced ( GE ) rice . The World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) are the agreements under which the US exports its rice and this has resulted in an increase of exports from the country since the 1990s . Culture ( edit ) `` Rice Is King '' parade float at the National Rice Festival in Crowley , Louisiana , ( 1938 ) . A popular festival observed on New Year 's Day , by many Americans ( mostly from the southern states ) is the preparation and consuming of a rice cuisine called the `` Hoppin ' John '' , even though rice is not native to the US . Since rice is associated with slave labour as their staple diet ( with horse - beans made in to a pulp by boiling ; boiled yams and occasionally a small amount of beef or pork ) it is eaten in the US on New Year 's Day in the belief that it brings good luck since people who `` eat poor New Year 's Day , eat rich the rest of the year . '' The International Rice Festival is held every year in Crowley , Louisiana on Friday and Saturday of the third weekend in October . It is the largest and oldest agricultural festival of Louisiana . The festival is a celebration of rice as a staple food and its economic importance in the world . The tradition was set in 1927 as a Rice Carnival by Sal Right , a pioneer of the rice industry . However , the celebration of this festival in Crowley is also attributed to Harry D Wilson , Commissioner of Agriculture . It is also said that the festival was the idea of the Governor to celebrate the festival on the occasion of the silver jubilee of establishment of the city of Crowley on 25 October 1937 . See also ( edit ) African rice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baldwin , Katherine ( April 2011 ) . Consolidation and Structural Change in the U.S. Rice Sector . DIANE Publishing . pp. front cover , 11 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 8478 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` USA Rice '' . USA Rice . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kulp , Karel ; Ponte , Jr. , Joseph G. ( 2000 ) . Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology . Marcel Dekker . pp. 203 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 8294 - 8 . Jump up ^ Linares , Olga F. ( 2002 - 12 - 10 ) . `` African rice ( Oryza glaberrima ) : History and future potential '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 99 ( 25 ) : 16360 -- 16365 . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 138616 . PMID 12461173 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 252604599 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Wang , Muhua ; Yu , Yeisoo ; Haberer , Georg ; Marri , Pradeep Reddy ; Fan , Chuanzhu ; Goicoechea , Jose Luis ; Zuccolo , Andrea ; Song , Xiang ; Kudrna , Dave ; Ammiraju , Jetty S.S. ; Cossu , Rosa Maria ; Maldonado , Carlos ; Chen , Jinfeng ; Lee , Seunghee ; Sisneros , Nick ; de Baynast , Kristi ; Golser , Wolfgang ; Wissotski , Marina ; Kim , Woojin ; Sanchez , Paul ; Ndjiondjop , Marie - Noelle ; Sanni , Kayode ; Long , Manyuan ; Carney , Judith ; Panaud , Olivier ; Wicker , Thomas ; Machado , Carlos A. ; Chen , Mingsheng ; Mayer , Klaus F.X. ; Rounsley , Steve ; Wing , Rod A. ( 2014 - 07 - 27 ) . `` The genome sequence of African rice ( Oryza glaberrima ) and evidence for independent domestication '' . Nature Genetics . 46 ( 9 ) : 982 -- 988 . ISSN 1061 - 4036 . doi : 10.1038 / ng. 3044 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rice and Slavery in America '' . Slavery in America Organization . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The History of U.S. Rice Production - Part 1 '' . Luisiana State University Ag Center . November 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://ricediversity.org/outreach/educatorscorner/documents/Carolina-Gold-Student-handout.pdf ^ Jump up to : Knapp , Seaman Ashahel ( 1900 ) . Rice culture in the United States ( Public domain ed . ) . U.S. Department of Agriculture . pp. 6 -- . Jump up ^ `` Farm Raised Crawfish '' . Crawfish.com . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-colonial/1875 ^ Jump up to : United States . Census Office ( 1895 ) . Reports on the statistics of agriculture in the United States : agriculture by irrigation in the western part of the United States , and statistics of fisheries in the United States at the eleventh census : 1890 ( Public domain ed . ) . Government Printing Office . pp. 72 -- . Jump up ^ Lee , Ching ( 2005 ) . `` Historic Richvale -- the birthplace of California rice '' . California Farm Bureau Federation . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` California 's Rice Growing Region '' . California Rice Commission . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2006 . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` CRC_region '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Gold Rice Foundation '' . Carolina Gold Rice Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Sumner , Daniel A. & Brunke , Henrich ( September 2003 ) . `` The economic contributions of the California rice industry '' . California Rice Commission . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2006 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crop Production : 2012 Summary '' ( pdf ) . United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Rice Production '' . Riceland.com . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Medium Grain Varieties '' . California Rice Commission . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Agriculture : Release No . 0306.06 '' . U.S. RICE STATISTICS . August 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade '' . Rice exports . USDA Economic Research Service . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About the Festival '' . Rice Festival.Com . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Festival History '' . Rice Festival.com . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . World rice production Bangladesh Bhutan China Guyana Haiti India Indonesia Iran Japan Laos Nepal Pakistan Philippines Romania South Korea Sri Lanka Thailand United States Vietnam Agriculture in the United States History History African - American history Industries Almond Apple Banana Blueberry Cherry Christmas tree Citrus Corn Cotton Maple syrup Onion Pepper Rice Spinach Strawberry Tea Tomato Wheat Wine State - specific Idaho New York State - specific by type Aquaculture in Alaska Aquaculture in Hawaii Aquaculture in Maine Coffee in Hawaii Garlic in California Pistachios in California Walnuts in California Law and politics Agricultural policy Packers and Stockyards Act Capper - Volstead Act Grain Futures Act 1929 Agricultural Marketing Act 1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act National School Lunch Act of 1946 Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 1956 Soil Bank Act Food and Agricultural Act of 1962 1964 Food Stamp Act Food Security Act of 1985 Food , Agriculture , Conservation , and Trade Act of 1990 1990 Wetlands Reserve Program Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act Agricultural Risk Protection Act of 2000 2002 Grassland Reserve Program Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice_production_in_the_United_States&oldid=798788175 '' Categories : Rice production in the United States Grain industry of the United States Rice production by country Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 20 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is rice produced in the united states | [
"Rice production is important to the economy of the United States. Of the country's row crop farms, rice farms are the most capital-intensive, and have the highest national land rental rate average. In the US, all rice acreage requires irrigation. In 2000-09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production, while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres.[1] US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice-producing states of Arkansas (The nations's number one rice producer.), California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.[2][3]",
"Rice production is important to the economy of the United States. Of the country's row crop farms, rice farms are the most capital-intensive, and have the highest national land rental rate average. In the US, all rice acreage requires irrigation. In 2000-09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production, while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres.[1] US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice-producing states of Arkansas (The nations's number one rice producer.), California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.[2][3]",
"Rice production is important to the economy of the United States. Of the country's row crop farms, rice farms are the most capital-intensive, and have the highest national land rental rate average. In the US, all rice acreage requires irrigation. In 2000-09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production, while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres.[1] US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice-producing states of Arkansas (The nations's number one rice producer.), California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.[2][3]",
"Rice production is important to the economy of the United States. Of the country's row crop farms, rice farms are the most capital-intensive, and have the highest national land rental rate average. In the US, all rice acreage requires irrigation. In 2000-09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production, while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres.[1] US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice-producing states of Arkansas (The nations's number one rice producer.), California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.[2][3]",
"Rice production is important to the economy of the United States. Of the country's row crop farms, rice farms are the most capital-intensive, and have the highest national land rental rate average. In the US, all rice acreage requires irrigation. In 2000-09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production, while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres.[1] US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice-producing states of Arkansas (The nations's number one rice producer.), California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.[2][3]",
"Rice production is important to the economy of the United States. Of the country's row crop farms, rice farms are the most capital-intensive, and have the highest national land rental rate average. In the US, all rice acreage requires irrigation. In 2000-09 approximately 3.1 million acres in the US were under rice production, while an increase is expected in the next decade to approximately 3.3 million acres.[1] US Rice represents rice producers in the six largest rice-producing states of Arkansas (The nations's number one rice producer.), California, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Texas.[2][3]"
] | [
"Arkansas",
"California",
"Louisiana",
"Mississippi",
"Missouri",
"Texas"
] |
3142603044428508921 | Nucleolus | Nucleolus - wikipedia Nucleolus Jump to : navigation , search This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( October 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nucleolus contained within the cell nucleus The nucleolus ( / nj uː ˈkliːələs , - kliˈoʊləs / , plural nucleoli / - laɪ / ) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells . It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis . Nucleoli also participate in the formation of signal recognition particles and play a role in the cell 's response to stress . Nucleoli are made of proteins , DNA and RNA and form around specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions . Malfunction of nucleoli can be the cause of several human conditions called `` nucleolopathies '' and the nucleolus is being investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Structure 3 Function and ribosome assembly 4 Sequestration of proteins 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) The nucleolus was identified by bright - field microscopy during the 1830s. Little was known about the function of the nucleolus until 1964 , when a study of nucleoli by John Gurdon and Donald Brown in the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis generated increasing interest in the function and detailed structure of the nucleolus . They found that 25 % of the frog eggs had no nucleolus and that such eggs were not capable of life . Half of the eggs had one nucleolus and 25 % had two . They concluded that the nucleolus had a function necessary for life . In 1966 Max L. Birnstiel and collaborators showed via nucleic acid hybridization experiments that DNA within nucleoli code for ribosomal RNA . Structure ( edit ) Location of the nucleolus ( 1 ) within the nucleus ( 2 ) and surrounding structures of the cell . Three major components of the nucleolus are recognized : the fibrillar center ( FC ) , the dense fibrillar component ( DFC ) , and the granular component ( GC ) . Transcription of the rDNA occurs in the FC . The DFC contains the protein fibrillarin , which is important in rRNA processing . The GC contains the protein nucleophosmin , ( B23 in the external image ) which is also involved in ribosome biogenesis . However , it has been proposed that this particular organization is only observed in higher eukaryotes and that it evolved from a bipartite organization with the transition from anamniotes to amniotes . Reflecting the substantial increase in the DNA intergenic region , an original fibrillar component would have separated into the FC and the DFC . Play media Nucleus from a cell line . Fibrillarin in red . Transcription regulatory protein CTCFL in green . Nuclear DNA in blue . Another structure identified within many nucleoli ( particularly in plants ) is a clear area in the center of the structure referred to as a nucleolar vacuole . Nucleoli of various plant species have been shown to have very high concentrations of iron in contrast to human and animal cell nucleoli . The nucleolus ultrastructure can be seen through an electron microscope , while the organization and dynamics can be studied through fluorescent protein tagging and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching ( FRAP ) . Antibodies against the PAF49 protein can also be used as a marker for the nucleolus in immunofluorescence experiments . Function and ribosome assembly ( edit ) Electron micrograph of part of a HeLa cell . The image is a screen capture from this movie , which shows a Z - stack of the cell . In ribosome biogenesis , two of the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases ( pol I and III ) are required , and these function in a coordinated manner . In an initial stage , the rRNA genes are transcribed as a single unit within the nucleolus by RNA polymerase I. In order for this transcription to occur , several pol I - associated factors and DNA - specific trans - acting factors are required . In yeast , the most important are : UAF ( upstream activating factor ) , TBP ( TATA - box binding protein ) , and core binding factor ( CBF ) ) which bind promoter elements and form the preinitiation complex ( PIC ) , which is in turn recognized by RNA pol . In humans , a similar PIC is assembled with SL1 , the promoter selectivity factor ( composed of TBP and TBP - associated factors , or TAFs ) , transcription initiation factors , and UBF ( upstream binding factor ) . RNA polymerase I transcribes most rRNA transcripts 28S , 18S , and 5.8 S ) but the 5S rRNA subunit ( component of the 60S ribosomal subunit ) is transcribed by RNA polymerase III . Transcription of rRNA yields a long precursor molecule ( 45S pre-rRNA ) which still contains the ITS and ETS . Further processing is needed to generate the 18S RNA , 5.8 S and 28S RNA molecules . In eukaryotes , the RNA - modifying enzymes are brought to their respective recognition sites by interaction with guide RNAs , which bind these specific sequences . These guide RNAs belong to the class of small nucleolar RNAs ( snoRNAs ) which are complexed with proteins and exist as small - nucleolar - ribonucleoproteins ( snoRNPs ) . Once the rRNA subunits are processed , they are ready to be assembled into larger ribosomal subunits . However , an additional rRNA molecule , the 5S rRNA , is also necessary . In yeast , the 5S rDNA sequence is localized in the intergenic spacer and is transcribed in the nucleolus by RNA pol . In higher eukaryotes and plants , the situation is more complex , for the 5S DNA sequence lies outside the Nucleolus Organiser Region ( NOR ) and is transcribed by RNA pol III in the nucleoplasm , after which it finds its way into the nucleolus to participate in the ribosome assembly . This assembly not only involves the rRNA , but ribosomal proteins as well . The genes encoding these r - proteins are transcribed by pol II in the nucleoplasm by a `` conventional '' pathway of protein synthesis ( transcription , pre-mRNA processing , nuclear export of mature mRNA and translation on cytoplasmic ribosomes ) . The mature r - proteins are then `` imported '' back into the nucleus and finally the nucleolus . Association and maturation of rRNA and r - proteins result in the formation of the 40S ( small ) and 60S ( large ) subunits of the complete ribosome . These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm , where they remain free or become associated with the endoplasmic reticulum , forming rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) . In human endometrial cells , a network of nucleolar channels is sometimes formed . The origin and function of this network has not yet been clearly identified . Sequestration of proteins ( edit ) In addition to its role in ribosomal biogenesis , the nucleolus is known to capture and immobilize proteins , a process known as nucleolar detention . Proteins that are detained in the nucleolus are unable to diffuse and to interact with their binding partners . Targets of this post-translational regulatory mechanism include VHL , PML , MDM2 , POLD1 , RelA , HAND1 and hTERT , among many others . It is now known that long noncoding RNAs originating from intergenic regions of the nucleolus are responsible for this phenomenon . See also ( edit ) Differential interference contrast microscopy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : O'Sullivan JM , Pai DA , Cridge AG , Engelke DR , Ganley AR ( June 2013 ) . `` The nucleolus : a raft adrift in the nuclear sea or the keystone in nuclear structure ? '' . Biomolecular Concepts. 4 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 86 . doi : 10.1515 / bmc - 2012 - 0043 . PMC 5100006 . PMID 25436580 . Jump up ^ Olson MO , Dundr M ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Nucleolus : Structure and Function '' . Encyclopedia of Life Sciences ( eLS ) . doi : 10.1002 / 9780470015902. a0005975. pub3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 01617 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hetman M ( June 2014 ) . `` Role of the nucleolus in human diseases . Preface '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1842 ( 6 ) : 757 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbadis. 2014.03. 004 . PMID 24631655 . Jump up ^ Quin JE , Devlin JR , Cameron D , Hannan KM , Pearson RB , Hannan RD ( June 2014 ) . `` Targeting the nucleolus for cancer intervention '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1842 ( 6 ) : 802 -- 16 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbadis. 2013.12. 009 . PMID 24389329 . Jump up ^ Woods SJ , Hannan KM , Pearson RB , Hannan RD ( July 2015 ) . `` The nucleolus as a fundamental regulator of the p53 response and a new target for cancer therapy '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1849 ( 7 ) : 821 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagrm. 2014.10. 007 . PMID 25464032 . Jump up ^ Pederson T ( March 2011 ) . `` The nucleolus '' . Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 3 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a000638 . PMC 3039934 . PMID 21106648 . Jump up ^ Brown DD , Gurdon JB ( January 1964 ) . `` Absence of ribosomal rna synthesis in the anucleolate mutant of xenopus laevis '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 51 : 139 -- 46 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 51.1. 139 . PMC 300879 . PMID 14106673 . Jump up ^ Birnstiel ML , Wallace H , Sirlin JL , Fischberg M ( December 1966 ) . `` Localization of the ribosomal DNA complements in the nucleolar organizer region of Xenopus laevis '' . National Cancer Institute Monograph. 23 : 431 -- 47 . PMID 5963987 . Jump up ^ Wallace H , Birnstiel ML ( February 1966 ) . `` Ribosomal cistrons and the nucleolar organizer '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 114 ( 2 ) : 296 -- 310 . doi : 10.1016 / 0005 - 2787 ( 66 ) 90311 - x . PMID 5943882 . ^ Jump up to : Sirri V , Urcuqui - Inchima S , Roussel P , Hernandez - Verdun D ( January 2008 ) . `` Nucleolus : the fascinating nuclear body '' . Histochemistry and Cell Biology . 129 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / s00418 - 007 - 0359 - 6 . PMC 2137947 . PMID 18046571 . Jump up ^ Thiry M , Lafontaine DL ( April 2005 ) . `` Birth of a nucleolus : the evolution of nucleolar compartments '' . Trends in Cell Biology . 15 ( 4 ) : 194 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tcb. 2005.02. 007 . PMID 15817375 . as PDF Jump up ^ Beven AF , Lee R , Razaz M , Leader DJ , Brown JW , Shaw PJ ( June 1996 ) . `` The organization of ribosomal RNA processing correlates with the distribution of nucleolar snRNAs '' . Journal of Cell Science . 109 ( Pt 6 ) ( 6 ) : 1241 -- 51 . PMID 8799814 . Jump up ^ Roschzttardtz H , Grillet L , Isaure MP , Conéjéro G , Ortega R , Curie C , Mari S ( August 2011 ) . `` Plant cell nucleolus as a hot spot for iron '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 286 ( 32 ) : 27863 -- 6 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. C111. 269720 . PMC 3151030 . PMID 21719700 . Jump up ^ PAF49 antibody GeneTex Inc . Genetex.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Champe PC , Harvey RA , Ferrier DR ( 2005 ) . Lippincott 's Illustrated Reviews : Biochemistry . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 2265 - 0 . Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . pp. 331 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Cooper GM , Hausman RE ( 2007 ) . The Cell : A Molecular Approach ( 4th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . pp. 371 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 220 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wang T , Schneider J ( 1 July 1992 ) . `` Origin and fate of the nucleolar channel system of normal human endometrium '' . Cell Research . 2 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 102 . doi : 10.1038 / cr. 1992.10 . Jump up ^ Audas TE , Jacob MD , Lee S ( January 2012 ) . `` Immobilization of proteins in the nucleolus by ribosomal intergenic spacer noncoding RNA '' . Molecular Cell. 45 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 57 . doi : 10.1016 / j. molcel. 2011.12. 012 . PMID 22284675 . Further reading ( edit ) Cooper GM ( 2000 ) . `` The Nucleolus '' . The Cell : A Molecular Approach ( 2nd ed . ) . Sunderland MA : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 106 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell nucleolus . Look up nucleolus in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Nucleolus under electron microscope II at uni-mainz.de Nuclear Protein Database -- search under compartment Cell Nucleolus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Histology image : 20104loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Structures of the cell / organelles Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal Nucleolus RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Inclusions Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Structures of the cell nucleus / nuclear protein Envelope ( membrane ) / nuclear lamina Pore complex : Nucleoporin NUP35 NUP37 NUP43 NUP50 NUP54 NUP62 NUP85 NUP88 NUP93 NUP98 NUP107 NUP133 NUP153 NUP155 NUP160 NUP188 NUP205 NUP210 NUP214 AAAS Nucleolus Cajal ( coiled ) body SMN GEMIN2 GEMIN4 GEMIN5 GEMIN6 GEMIN7 DDX20 COIL Perinucleolar compartment PTBP1 CUGBP1 TCOF ATXN7 Other Chromatin Dot ( PML body ) Paraspeckle SMC protein : Cohesin SMC1A SMC1B SMC3 Condensin NCAPD2 NCAPD3 NCAPG NCAPG2 NCAPH NCAPH2 SMC2 SMC4 DNA repair SMC5 SMC6 Transition nuclear protein : TNP1 TNP2 Nuclear matrix ( Nucleoskeleton ) Nucleoplasm ( Nucleosol ) LITAF see also transcription factors and intracellular receptors see also nucleus diseases Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nucleolus&oldid=840979385 '' Categories : Organelles Nuclear substructures Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles that are too technical from October 2012 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from October 2012 All articles needing expert attention Use dmy dates from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 08 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the nucleoli found within the nucleus are the sites of ____ synthesis. | [
"The nucleolus (/njuːˈkliːələs, -kliˈoʊləs/, plural nucleoli /-laɪ/) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.[1] It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis. Nucleoli also participate in the formation of signal recognition particles and play a role in the cell's response to stress.[2] Nucleoli are made of proteins, DNA and RNA and form around specific chromosomal regions called nucleolar organizing regions. Malfunction of nucleoli can be the cause of several human conditions called \"nucleolopathies\"[3] and the nucleolus is being investigated as a target for cancer chemotherapy.[4][5]"
] | [
"ribosome"
] |
-231654801921919615 | The Secret Life of Pets | The Secret Life of Pets - wikipedia The Secret Life of Pets Jump to : navigation , search The Secret Life of Pets Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Renaud Produced by Chris Meledandri Janet Healy Written by Brian Lynch Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Starring Louis C.K. Eric Stonestreet Kevin Hart Jenny Slate Ellie Kemper Lake Bell Dana Carvey Hannibal Buress Bobby Moynihan Steve Coogan Albert Brooks Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Ken Schretzmann Production company Illumination Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date June 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 16 ) ( AIAFF ) July 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 87 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $875.5 million The Secret Life of Pets is a 2016 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It is directed by Chris Renaud , and co-directed by Yarrow Cheney , and written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio . The film stars Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , Kevin Hart , Steve Coogan , Ellie Kemper , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell , Dana Carvey , Hannibal Buress , Jenny Slate and Albert Brooks . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was released in theaters in the United States on July 8 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $875 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing original animated film not produced by Disney or Pixar , as well as the sixth highest - grossing film of 2016 , and was the year 's most profitable release . A sequel is set for release on June 7 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music and soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A Jack Russell Terrier named Max lives with his owner Katie in a Manhattan apartment . While she is at work during the day , he hangs out with other pets in the building : tabby cat Chloe , pug Mel , dachshund Buddy , and budgerigar Sweet Pea . One day , Katie adopts Duke , a large mongrel from the pound , leaving Max jealous because of her divided focus on Duke . Enraged by Max 's attitude towards him , Duke tries to abandon Max in an alley , but they are both attacked by cats led by Sphynx cat Ozone who removed both dogs ' collars and leave them to be caught by Animal Control . Duke fears that he will be put down if he goes back to the pound . To her desperation , Gidget , a white Pomeranian actually discovers that Max is missing . Meanwhile , he and Duke are rescued by a white rabbit named Snowball , the leader of `` The Flushed Pets '' -- a gang of sewer - dwelling animals who hate humans because their owners mistreated them . After Max and Duke pretend to despise humans as much as they do by saying they killed their owners , the Flushed Pets invite them to join . Before they can prove their loyalty by allowing a one - fanged viper to bite them , Snowball learns from the cats that Max and Duke are domesticated . The two dogs escape the sewers and board a ferry to Brooklyn , inadvertently killing the viper in the process ; Snowball vows to kill them and leads the Flushed Pets after them . Meanwhile , Gidget recruits a red - tailed hawk named Tiberius to find him , but mistakenly returns carrying Ozone , whom Gidget coerces into telling what he knows about the dogs . They then enlisted Mel , Buddy , Chloe , guinea pig Norman and Sweet Pea . On the way , they meet Pops , an old Basset Hound , who helps Gidget and the pets find Max . Meanwhile , Max and Duke raid a sausage factory for food . Gidget and co . encounter Snowball , who vows to kill them as well , and Norman is captured as the rest of Gidget 's team flees . Meanwhile , Duke tells Max about his previous owner , Fred , an elderly man who adopted him as a puppy and loved spending time with him . One day , Duke got lost while chasing a butterfly and was caught by Animal Control , but Fred never came to claim him . Max convinces him to visit Fred 's house in a nearby neighborhood , confident Fred will still love him and take him back . When they arrive at Fred 's house , they learn from the resident cat Reginald that Fred has died . Heartbroken , Duke accuses Max of attempting to get rid of him and barks at the new homeowners who had just returned to the house , who call Animal Control . The handlers catch Max , but Duke interferes long enough for Max to escape and ends up being captured instead . While trying to rescue Duke as he follows the Animal Control van , Max is attacked by Snowball who tries to kill him . However , when his gang is captured , Snowball realizes that he and Max must work together to rescue them . They drive a city bus into the van on the Brooklyn Bridge , stopping traffic . The Flushed Pets encircle Max , unaware of his partnership with Snowball , but Gidget and her team save him . When Gidget is using her kung - fu fighting skills , Max starts to fall in love with her . The van gets stuck in scaffolding and the Flushed Pets escape . Once Max got the keys to Duke 's cage , the van plummets into the East River with him inside . Max is unable to free Duke , so Snowball jumps into the river to retrieve the keys , allowing them to escape the sinking van . Once out of the river , Snowball realizes how good being heroic feels . The entire group returns to the apartment block by pig - driven taxi . Max expresses his love for Gidget , who returns his affection . Snowball and the Flushed Pets then come up with a new plan to annihilate all humans , but a little girl named Molly arrives to adopt Snowball and the remaining Flushed Pets return to the sewers . At first , Snowball resists , but gives in and lets himself become a domesticated pet . The domesticated pets return to their homes and embrace their owners , and Max and Duke finally reunite with Katie , sparking a true friendship . In a mid-credits scene , Buddy and Mel show up in costume at a party in poodle Leonard 's apartment . Leonard 's owner returns and Tattoo crashes to the floor on the chandelier . Cast ( edit ) Louis C.K. as Max , a Jack Russell Terrier . Eric Stonestreet as Duke , a large , brown , shaggy mongrel . Kevin Hart as Snowball , a white rabbit . Jenny Slate as Gidget , a white Pomeranian and Max 's love interest . Ellie Kemper as Katie , Max and Duke 's friendly owner . Lake Bell as Chloe , an obese and apathetic grey tabby cat who is one of Max 's friends . Dana Carvey as Pops , an elderly Basset Hound , who is paralyzed in his back legs . Hannibal Buress as Buddy , a laid - back dachshund and one of Max 's friends . Bobby Moynihan as Mel , an hyperactive pug and one of Max 's friends . Steve Coogan as Ozone , a Cockney - accented Sphynx cat . Steve Coogan also voices Reginald , a malevolent Himalayan cat . Albert Brooks as Tiberius , a curmudgeonly red - tailed hawk . Chris Renaud as Norman , a guinea pig who keeps getting lost trying to find his apartment . Michael Beattie as Tattoo , a slow - witted tattooed pig who is one of the Flushed Pets . Sandra Echeverría as Maria , a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches . Jaime Camil as Fernando , a character from the La Pasión de la Pasión telenovela that Gidget watches . Kiely Renaud as Molly , a little girl who adopts Snowball . Production ( edit ) In January 2014 , it was announced that Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet , and Kevin Hart had joined the cast of the film , with Chris Renaud set to direct from a screenplay written by Brian Lynch , Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , while Illumination Entertainment would produce , and Universal Pictures would distribute the film and was originally titled Max . In June 2014 , Albert Brooks , Hannibal Buress , Bobby Moynihan , Lake Bell and Ellie Kemper joined the cast . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff . Music and soundtrack ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released July 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Jazz Classical Length 51 : 31 Label Back Lot Music Producer Dominique Lemonnier Alexandre Desplat soundtrack chronology Florence Foster Jenkins ( 2016 ) Florence Foster Jenkins 2016 The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Light Between Oceans ( 2016 ) The Light Between Oceans 2016 The original score for the film was composed by Alexandre Desplat . The soundtrack was released on July 1 , 2016 by Back Lot Music . Track listing All music composed by Alexandre Desplat , except `` We Go Together '' by The Sausage Factory Singers . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Meet the Pets '' 2 : 37 2 . `` Katie 's Leaving '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Meet Duke '' 3 : 36 4 . `` Fetch Me a Stick '' 3 : 09 5 . `` Telenovela Squirrels '' 1 : 24 6 . `` Hijack ! '' 2 : 00 7 . `` Gidget Meets Tiberius '' 4 : 56 8 . `` Initiation Time '' 1 : 01 9 . `` Rooftop Route '' 1 : 27 10 . `` The Viper '' 1 : 49 11 . `` You Have an Owner ? '' 3 : 04 12 . `` Good Morning Max '' 1 : 21 13 . `` Sewer Chase '' 1 : 09 14 . `` Who 's With Me ? '' 1 : 21 15 . `` Me Like What Me See '' 0 : 54 16 . `` Traveling Bossa '' 1 : 56 17 . `` Flushed Out To Brooklyn '' 2 : 47 18 . `` Sausages ! '' 1 : 13 19 . `` Duke 's Old House / Captured '' 3 : 03 20 . `` Brooklyn Bridge Showdown '' 2 : 34 21 . `` Rescuing Duke '' 2 : 46 22 . `` Wet But Handsome / Blue Taxi '' 1 : 24 23 . `` Max and Gidget '' 1 : 36 24 . `` Welcome Home '' 1 : 57 25 . `` We Go Together '' ( originally from Grease ) 1 : 24 Total length : 51 : 31 Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on February 12 , 2016 , but was pushed back to July 8 , 2016 . It was released in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D using DMR . The Secret Life of Pets premiered at the 2016 Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 16 , 2016 , and was screened at VidCon . The film is accompanied by a Despicable Me short film entitled Mower Minions . Home Media ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets was released on Digital HD on November 22 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray , and DVD on December 6 , 2016 . In addition to the short film Mower Minions , which was released theatrically with the feature film , the releases also include two short films : Norman Television and Weenie . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Secret Life of Pets grossed $368.4 million in Canada and the U.S. , and $507.1 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $875.5 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Its internationally takings helped push Universal Pictures ( International ) past $1 billion for the tenth consecutive year , and aided Illumination Entertainment to pass the $4 billion mark for the first time since 2010 . Worldwide , it is the fifth highest - grossing original film of all time ( behind Avatar , Zootopia , The Lion King , and Finding Nemo ) , the sixth highest - grossing film of 2016 , the 12th highest - grossing animated film of all time , and the 50th highest - grossing film of all time . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $374.6 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film , making it the most profitable release of 2016 . North america ( edit ) In Canada and the United States , the film was projected to gross around $70 million in its opening weekend , with some predictions going as high as $100 million . It received the widest release for an animated film as well as for a PG - rated film ( breaking Shrek Forever After 's record ) and the seventh widest of all time overall , across 4,370 theaters , the widest release since The Dark Knight Rises . It made $5.3 million from Thursday night previews in 3,009 theaters , which is the second biggest of all time for Illumination , behind only Minions ( $6.2 million ) , and the third biggest of all time for an animated film , behind Finding Dory ( $9.2 million ) and Minions . This was followed by a record - breaking $38.5 million opening day gross ( including previews ) , the biggest for an original film . In its opening weekend , it exceeded expectations and grossed $104.4 million , finishing first at the box office . Its debut is the sixth biggest for an animated film , the sixth highest weekend debut in July , and the fourth biggest opening weekend for Universal Pictures . It also set the record for largest opening for an original film , eclipsing the $90.4 million debut of Inside Out . In its second weekend , the film made $50.8 million ( - 51.3 % ) while maintaining the top spot , despite facing stiff competition with newcomer Ghostbusters . Although it slipped into second place when overtaken by Star Trek Beyond in its third weekend , it was still able to fend off the two other new releases -- Lights Out and Ice Age : Collision Course -- by earning another $29.6 million . It passed $300 million on its twenty - sixth day -- the same day it crossed $400 million worldwide -- becoming the seventh film of 2016 , the seventh Universal Pictures film ( the first for the year ) , and the twelfth animated film overall to reach the benchmark . Outside north america ( edit ) Internationally , The Secret Life of Pets received a scattered release from June to September in a total of 69 markets , and faced competition from other animated films such as Finding Dory and Ice Age : Collision Course in the course of its release . In total , it had number - one openings in 45 markets and recorded the biggest opening for an original animated film in 17 territories , and the No. 1 animated film of 2016 to date in 13 markets . It topped the international box office in its ninth weekend after earning $43.8 million in 53 markets ( dethroning Suicide Squad ) . However , this was n't the film 's biggest single weekend gross . Its biggest weekend gross was actually in its seventh weekend when it grossed $69.3 million . That weekend it was No. 3 behind Suicide Squad ( $133.3 million ) and Chinese film Time Raiders ( $64.6 million ) . It was released in the United Kingdom and Norway two weeks ahead of its U.S. release , where it grossed a combined total of $14.1 million in the two markets . Prior to its official debut in the UK and Ireland on June 24 , the film had two days worth of previews on June 18 and 19 , from which it made £ 3.63 million ( $5.2 million ) in two days . This figure was later counted in the film 's official opening weekend . It went on to score the fourth biggest original animation opening weekend ever there , with £ 9.58 million ( $13.4 million ) from 592 theaters , trailing behind Inside Out , Monsters , Inc. , and Up . Excluding previews , its total three - day opening was $8.1 million . This was amidst Brexit and despite facing competition from Independence Day : Resurgence . The film held off extremely well in its second and third weekend falling just 20 % and 24 % , earning £ 4.47 million ( $6.1 million ) and £ 3.62 million ( $4.8 million ) respectively despite facing some competitions . It has topped the box office for three consecutive weekends and has grossed total of $41 million there . In Norway , it took the number one spot as well , with $778,000 . It scored the biggest animation opening of 2016 and the second biggest of all time overall in both Taiwan ( $2 million ) -- behind Madagascar , and Hong Kong ( $1.9 million ) -- behind Inside Out . In Argentina , the film had a record - breaking number - one debut with $4 million from 195 screens -- the biggest opening weekend ever for an animated film and the second biggest opening ever for any film ( behind Furious 7 ) . Similarly , Chile also recorded the second biggest animated opening ever with $1.7 million ( behind Minions ) . Colombia also opened at No. 1 with a huge $1.5 million . In Mexico , other than opening at No. 1 , it posted the biggest original animated opening of all time with $7.6 million , surpassing the studio 's own previous record holder Inside Out . Also in Russia , it scored the biggest original animated opening and the second biggest ever for an animated film , behind Minions with $16.3 million , although this included $6.4 million five days worth of previews . It went on to become the highest - grossing film of the summer that year . In Japan , the film opened on August 11 -- the date of Japan 's first Mountain Day national holiday -- with Toho - Towa distributing , and earned $4.6 million on 370,000 admissions for its two - day opening weekend dethroning Shin Godzilla off the top spot . The cumulative total for the four - day holiday ( August 11 -- 14 ) was $9.7 million . Similarly , it had number - one debuts in Germany ( $7.1 million ) and France ( $5.9 million ) , Australia ( $5.6 million ) , Italy ( $5.1 million ) , Brazil ( $4.4 million ) , Spain ( $4.5 million ) , Poland ( $1.7 million ) , Singapore ( $1.3 million ) , Belgium ( $1.2 million ) and Denmark ( $1.2 million ) , Indonesia ( $1.1 million ) , the Philippines ( $1 million ) , and South Africa ( $463,000 ) . In Germany , it scored the best animation opening since Minions . It topped the box office in Israel for five straight weekends and in Australia , Russia and Spain for three weekends . In Japan , the film was the highest - grossing foreign release of the weekend , holding the top spot for four consecutive weekends . In China -- the world 's second biggest film market -- the film opened on a Tuesday , earning a modest $5.2 million on its opening day . To Sunday , it achieved a six - day opening of $29.3 million and $15.5 million for the weekend alone ( Friday to Sunday ) , with per screen averages over $500 per screen per day . In both instances , it was behind the local film Time Raiders . In South Korea , despite debuting in fifth place , it had an opening of $6.9 million . Elsewhere , it grossed $2.7 million in the Netherlands , $1.2 million in Sweden and in Hungary it scored the biggest opening of the year with $738,000 , and also in Portugal ( $965,000 ) , Latvia ( $224,000 ) , and South Africa . In terms of total earnings , its biggest markets are China ( $58 million ) , United Kingdom and Ireland ( $47.2 million ) , Japan ( $41.6 million ) and Russia ( $34.2 million ) . It became the third highest - grossing film of all time in Russia ( behind Avatar and Zootopia ) and the highest - grossing film of 2016 in Spain . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 74 % based on 200 reviews with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Fast - paced , funny , and blessed with a talented voice cast , The Secret Life of Pets offers a beautifully animated , cheerfully undemanding family - friendly diversion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 61 out of 100 based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars and called it `` an animated fluffball - a sort of Toy Story with pets does everything to drive you crazy and ends up being totally irresistible . '' Scott Tobias , writing for NPR , characterized the film 's concept as `` Toy Story but with house pets , '' highlighting the film 's `` thinly distinguished characters '' and `` gloppy sentimentality . '' Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three out of four stars and said `` In much the same way that the smash Zootopia demonstrated that creatures of different culture and class and species are better off when they come together , The Secret Life of Pets is a testament to teamwork and friendship and fixing the rifts that divide us . Let the fur -- and the warm , fuzzy feelings -- fly . '' However , some critics disliked the film 's unexpected similarities with Pixar 's Toy Story . Matthew Parkinson of The Escapist compared the plots of both films and wrote that `` The Secret Life of Pets feels like one of those hour - long ripoffs you 'd see on a children 's television network . '' Ethan Anderton of the website / Film criticised the film 's characterisation , and noted that the relationship between Max and Duke was akin to `` Woody and Buzz Lightyear all over again . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon Nominated Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat British Academy Children 's Awards November 20 , 2016 BAFTA Kids ' Vote The Secret Life of Pets Cinema Audio Society February 18 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture -- Animated David Accord , Jason Butler , Gary A. Rizzo , Carlos Sotolongo and Frank Wolf Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Alexandre Desplat Won 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Favorite Animated Movie The Secret Life of Pets Nominated Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie Kevin Hart Favorite Villain Won Most Wanted Pet NAACP Image Awards February 11 , 2017 Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Nominated People 's Choice Awards January 18 , 2017 Favorite Family Movie The Secret Life of Pets Favorite Animated Movie Voice Kevin Hart Producers Guild of America January 28 , 2017 Best Animated Motion Picture Janet Healy and Chris Meledandri Sequel ( edit ) In August 2016 it was announced that there would be a sequel , with director Chris Renaud , producers Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy , and writer Brian Lynch , with a release date of July 13 , 2018 . On January 25 , 2017 , its release date was pushed back to July 3 , 2019 . On August 15 , 2017 , its release date was moved forward to June 7 , 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Billington , Alex ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : First Trailer for Illumination 's ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Movie '' . FirstShowing.net . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lowe , Kinsey ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Pets ' Project Gets Title : ' The Secret Life Of Pets '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE SECRET LIFE OF PETS ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Highest - Grossing Movies '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing 2 ' Set for Christmas Day 2020 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr . `` Louis C.K. , Eric Stonestreet & Kevin Hart To Voice Animated ' Pets ' Movie - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Brooks in Negotiations for Illumination 's ' Pets ' Project ; 4 More Join Voice Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dyer , James ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon 2015 : Universal Gears Up Fast & Furious 8 '' . Empire . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Douglas , Edward ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` CinemaCon : The Universal Pictures Presentation '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ John Hopewell ( 2014 - 01 - 08 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Elsa Keslassy ( 2016 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Alexandre Desplat to Score ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . filmmusicreporter.com . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets ( Original Motion Picture Score ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets '' . IMAX . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fullscreen Movie Night - The Secret Life of Pets - VidCon '' . VidCon . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures Home Entertainment ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` From Illumination Entertainment and Universal Pictures : The Secret Life of Pets '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad ' Rounds Up $243 M Overseas & $465 M Global Cumes ; ' Pets ' Prancing To $600 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Crosses $800 M As Illumination Lights Up $4 B+ In Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Becomes Fifth - Biggest Wholly Original Hit Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` No. 1 ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Could Hit $60 M Opening , According To Some Early Projections '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brad Brevet ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Animation Set to Reign Again as ' Secret Life of Pets ' Eyes $80 + Million Opening '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Digs Up Huge $5.33 M Thursday For Possible $100 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST RELEASES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WIDEST OPENINGS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Barking Up $90 M - $100 M Opening ; ' Mike And Dave ' Eyes $13 M - $14 M -- Midday B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock and Rebecca Ford ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Heading for Stellar $97 M - Plus Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Snags Huge $38 M Friday , Aims For $100 M Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolf1 ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box office : Secret Life of Pets roars past $100 million '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life Of Pets ' Wakes Up Summer 's Second Half With $104 M+ Opening -- B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Bites Off Huge $103.2 M Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CS ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets Opens to a Big $103.2 Million '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 17 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Ghostbusters ' No. 2 With $46 M , Slimed By ' Secret Life of Pets ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Up $59.6 M ; ' Ice Age 5 ' Bombs With $21 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets ' Wags Past $400 M Global ; Sets Sequel Release Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Universal '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Independence Day Resurgence ' Lands With $100 M Overseas Start ; ' Dory ' Nears $400 M WW -- Intl Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Tarzan ' Takes $19.3 M In First Offshore Swing ; ' Resurgence ' Rises To $175.8 M ; China Shells Out For ' TMNT2 ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( July 31 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jason Bourne ' Supreme With $50.1 M Bow & Franchise Records -- Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life Of Pets ' Woofs It Past $500 M At International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Pictures ' Pets ' Collars $674 M WW ; ' Suicide Squad ' Necks $575 M Through Sunday -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad 's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3 M Topping ' Deadpool ' -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Conjuring 2 puts the frighteners on gods and turtles at the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets repels alien invasion at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Secret Life of Pets ' Wins as Revenue Share Rises Despite Brexit - Driven Pound Drop '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 26 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Independence Day 2 ' Underwhelms With $41.6 M ; ' Finding Dory ' Sprints to $73.2 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ab Fab ad campaign makes Edina and Patsy toast of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets beats Tarzan to the top of the tree at UK box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( July 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Ice Age ' Leads Studio Pics Overseas As Chinese Summer & Salman Khan 's ' Sultan ' Kick Into Gear -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' $30 M Debut ; ' Lights Out ' $8.5 M ; Jackie Chan 's ' Skiptrace ' Nails $64 M Bow -- Int'l Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Kozlov ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Russia Box Office : Summer Gross Sets Record in Rubles '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Pets ' Goes Top as ' Shin Godzilla ' Breaks Record '' . Variety . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad 's Offshore Bow Rises To $133.3 M Topping ' Deadpool ' Comp -- Intl Box Office Hot Actuals '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( August 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bourne ' Back At # 1 ; ' Ice Age ' Skates Across $300 M Offshore ; ' Pets ' Prances Past $700 M WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Trek Beyond ' Beams Into China With $31.3 M Bow ; ' Pets ' Woofs It Past $750 M WW - International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anita Busch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sully ' Flies Higher In Offshore Debut ; ' Suicide Squad ' Squashes $700 M WW -- International Box Office Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bridget Jones 's Baby ' Tops Overseas Again As ' Magnificent 7 ' Corrals $19.2 M & ' Storks ' Bundles $18.3 M -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Books $36.5 M ; ' Finding Dory ' , ' Bridget Jones ' Reach Milestones ; Big Frame For Local Pics -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Miss Peregrine ' Nears $100 M Overseas ; ' Girl On The Train ' Chugs $16.5 M ; ' A Monster Calls ' In Spain -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Local Adventure ' Time Raiders ' Romps to $71 M , Unversal 's ' Pets ' Nears $30 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( August 7 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Time Raiders ' Runs Away With $65 Million Weekend '' . Variety . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` China Box Office : Growth Returns in August After Prolonged Downturn '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Secret Life of Pets reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2016 - 07 - 06 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Just fur fun , peeking at ' The Secret Life of Pets ' '' . NPR . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Secret Life of Pets ' : Louis C.K. and Kevin Hart in animated treat for pet lovers '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sim , Jonathan ( May 8 , 2016 ) . `` How ' The Secret Life of Pets ' is RIPPING OFF Toy Story '' . Moviepilot . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Matthew ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` The Secret Life of Pets - Toy Story with Animals , No Ambition '' . The Escapist . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Secret Life of Pets ' Is a Silly , Poor Excuse for a ' Toy Story ' Retread '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Elizabeth ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Horrible Histories , TrueTube lead BAFTA Children 's noms '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Children 's BAFTA Kids ' Vote - Film '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . November 21 , 2016 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' La La Land ' , ' Rogue One ' , ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Among Cinema Audio Society Nominees '' . Deadline . Retrieved 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moonlight , ' ' Birth of a Nation ' and ' Loving ' score big with NAACP Image Award nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary. `` 2017 Producers Guild Film Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Secret Life of Pets 2 ' in the Works , Set for 2018 Release '' . Variety . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Secret Life of Pets on IMDb The Secret Life of Pets at Rotten Tomatoes The Secret Life of Pets at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Chris Renaud No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Despicable Me ( 2010 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Illumination Entertainment Feature films Released Despicable Me ( 2010 ) Hop ( 2011 ) Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 ) Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) Minions ( 2015 ) The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 ) Sing ( 2016 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2018 ) The Secret Life of Pets 2 ( 2019 ) Minions 2 ( 2020 ) Sing 2 ( 2020 ) Franchises Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present ) People Chris Meledandri See also Despicable Me : Minion Mayhem Mac Guff Illumination Mac Guff 2010s portal Cartoon portal Animation portal Comedy portal Animals portal Film in the United States portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_Life_of_Pets&oldid=802373761 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films 2010s American animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 2016 3D films 2016 computer - animated films American 3D films American adventure films American buddy films American children 's animated films American children 's comedy films American children 's fantasy films American computer - animated films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about animals Animated films about birds Animated films about cats Animated films about dogs Animated films about revenge Film scores by Alexandre Desplat Films about animals Films about rabbits and hares Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films featuring pets Films set in New York City Films using computer - generated imagery Illumination Entertainment animated films IMAX films Universal Pictures films Universal Pictures animated films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays the guinea pig in the secret life of pets | [
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7518436093303312245 | Ken Block | Ken Block - wikipedia Ken Block Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Ken Block , see Ken Block ( disambiguation ) . Ken Block Block in April 2016 Nationality American ( 1967 - 11 - 21 ) November 21 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Long Beach , California , U.S. FIA World Rallycross Championship career Debut season 2014 Current team Hoonigan Racing Division Car no . 43 Starts 26 Wins 0 Podiums Best finish 9th in 2017 FIA ERX Supercar Championship Years active 2014 Former teams Hoonigan Racing Division Starts Wins Podiums Best finish 15th in 2014 Global RallyCross Championship Years active 2011 -- 2015 Former teams Hoonigan Racing Division Monster World Rally Team Starts 39 Wins 6 Podiums 12 Best finish 2nd in 2014 Rally America Years active 2005 -- 2010 , 2012 -- 2014 Car no . 43 Co-driver Alex Gelsomino Former teams Hoonigan Racing Division Monster World Rally Team Starts 60 Wins 16 Podiums 28 Best finish 2nd Overall in 2006 , 2008 , and 2013 World Rally Championship record Active years 2007 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2014 Co-driver Alex Gelsomino Teams M - Sport World Rally Team Hoonigan Racing Division Monster World Rally Team Subaru Rally Team USA Rallies 23 Rally wins 0 Podiums 0 Stage wins 0 Total points 18 First rally 2007 Rally México Last rally 2014 Rally Spain Kenneth Block ( born November 21 , 1967 ) is a professional rally driver with the Hoonigan Racing Division , formerly known as the Monster World Rally Team . Block is also one of the co-founders of DC Shoes . Block has also competed in many action sports events including skateboarding , snowboarding , and motocross . Since selling his ownership of DC Shoes , Block has shifted his business focus to Hoonigan Industries , an apparel brand for auto enthusiasts . He is currently the co-owner and `` Head Hoonigan In Charge '' ( HHIC ) at the company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rallying 1.1 2005 1.2 2006 1.3 2007 1.4 2008 1.5 2009 1.6 2010 1.7 2011 1.8 2013 1.9 2014 1.10 2015 1.11 2016 2 Racing record 2.1 Complete Rally America results 2.2 Complete WRC results 2.2. 1 PWRC results 2.3 Complete Global Rallycross Championship results 2.3. 1 Supercar 2.4 Complete FIA European Rallycross Championship results 2.4. 1 Supercar 2.5 Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship results 2.5. 1 Supercar 3 Other motorsport activities 4 Involvement in Colin McRae : Dirt 2 , Dirt 3 , and Dirt : Showdown 5 References 6 External links Rallying ( edit ) 2005 ( edit ) In 2005 , Block began his National rallying career with the Vermont SportsCar team . Vermont SportsCar prepared a 2005 Subaru WRX STi for Block to compete . His first event of the rallying season was Sno * Drift , where he ended up finishing seventh overall and fifth in the Group N class . During the 2005 season , Block had five top five finishes and placed third overall in the Group A class and fourth overall in the Rally America National Championship . At the end of his first rallying year , Ken Block had won the Rally America Rookie of the Year award . 2006 ( edit ) In 2006 , Block along with his DC rally teammate Travis Pastrana signed a new sponsorship deal with Subaru . Through this deal with Subaru , the teammates became known as `` Subaru Rally Team USA . '' With the new rally season , Block also got a brand new Vermont SportsCar prepped 2006 Subaru WRX STi . He competed in the first ever X Games rally event at X Games XII . In the competition , Block ended up finishing third to take the bronze . He went on to compete in the 2006 Rally America National Championship , where he finished second overall . 2007 ( edit ) In 2007 , Block competed in the X Games XIII rally event , where he placed second overall and won a silver medal . In the 2007 Rally America National Championship , Block finished third overall . During this season , Block also entered in a few rounds of the World Rally Championship ; Rally Mexico and Rally New Zealand . In Rally New Zealand , Block recorded two top - five stage times in the Group N class . At the end of 2007 , Block had achieved 19 podiums and 8 overall victories in rally events . 2008 ( edit ) In 2008 , Block was provided with a brand new rally prepped 2008 Subaru WRX STi to compete . Block decided to compete in the Rallye Baie - des Chaleurs of the Canadian Rally Championship to gain some experience with his new 2008 rally car and prepare for the World Rally Championships later in the year . Block gained his first Canadian rally win at the event . This was only the second event for the new car . Block and his co-driver were unable to get any championship points at the event due to not having a Canadian competition license . Block competed in the Rally New York USA competition and finished in first place . In the X Games XIV rally competition , Block finished tied for third place with Dave Mirra . This occurrence was due to both competitors having issues with their car . Block , who made it to the semi-finals of the event , had a radiator problem after landing the car awkwardly on a jump . With both bronze place competitors in damaged cars unable to compete , the medals were awarded to both of them . Block competed in the 2008 Rally America National championship , which concluded on October 17 , 2008 . In the event , he finished second overall with a strong victory in the last event . In the Lake Superior Performance Rally stage , Block finished over one minute ahead of his next closest competitor and secured the second overall position . Next up for Block this rally season is three World Rally Championship events . 2009 ( edit ) Block appeared in a segment of motoring show Top Gear . Block filmed the hit YouTube video `` Gymkhana 2 '' , making the most viral video of 2009 , as well as selling more DC shoes with this `` informercial '' . Block testing Ford Fiesta for the 2010 Rally America season Participation in 2014 Rally Catalunya Block at the 2016 World RX of Portugal in his Ford Focus RS RX For 2010 , Block finished his partnership with Subaru and joined Ford . Also , sponsors BFGoodrich and Motul were replaced by Pirelli and Castrol . On January 6 , 2010 the Block drove selected rounds of the World Rally Championship for Monster World Rally Team , in which he campaigned a Ford Focus RS WRC 08 run by M - Sport , who also prepare the official Ford WRC cars . Also , he ran his sixth season of the Rally America Championship in an open class Ford Fiesta , as well as his fifth X Games . Block was the first ever American driver to campaign for the World Rally Championship . On February 27 , Block won the Rally in the 100 Acre Wood ( Rally America ) for the 5th consecutive time . This broke the record held by John Buffum . Block is currently being trained by former Ford factory driver Markko Märtin . At the Rally Spain , he won his first 2 points in World Rally Championship . 2011 ( edit ) On March 23 , Block and his co-driver Alex Gelsomino were taken to hospital , having rolled their Ford Fiesta RS WRC during the shakedown stage of the 2011 Rally de Portugal in Faro , Portugal . A representative of the Monster World Rally team later stated that both men were fine . 2013 ( edit ) See also : 2013 World Rally Championship season On his first race of 2013 season , Block scored well , entering top - ten in the Mexican rally , thus receiving his first six points for the championship and score a best - ever 7th overall finish . 2014 ( edit ) See also : 2014 World Rally Championship season Castrol returned as Block 's sponsor . He participated in the WRC located in Catalunya , Spain . He was in 10th place until the last stage where he suffered a tire puncture and lost a significant amount of time . He finished in 12th . 2015 ( edit ) Block continued to compete in the Global RallyCross Championship . He also put more time into managing the Hoonigan company . He announced that he would not put any time into the World Rally Championship , a first since 2009 . 2016 ( edit ) On March 13 , Block together with actor and television host Matt LeBlanc performed donuts at the Cenotaph War Memorial in London in a Ford Mustang , while filming a segment for the show Top Gear , which drew media attention in the United Kingdom . Block will be competing full - time in the World Rallycross Championship for the 2016 season . At Hockenheimring , Germany , Block finished third in the Supercar Final and achieved his second podium in the series . Racing record ( edit ) Complete Rally America results ( edit ) ( key ) Year Car 5 6 7 8 9 DC Points 2005 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO 5 ORE 7 SUS PIK MAI OJI Ret COL LSP 4th 65 2006 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO ACR ORE SUS Ret MAI 11 OJI Ret COL Ret LSP WIL 2nd 90 2007 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO 6 ACR ORE OLY SUS Ret NEW OJI COL LSP Ret 3rd 109 2008 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO 5 ACR OLY ORE Ret SUS Ret NEW Ret OJI Ret COL 5 LSP 2nd 86 2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STi SNO Ret ACR OLY Ret ORE Ret SUS NEW OJI Ret COL Ret LSP 4th 80 Ford Fiesta SNO Ret ACR OLY Ret ORE Ret SUS Ret NEW Ret 13th 27 2012 Ford Fiesta ST SNO ACR ORE SUS NEW OLY 4th 44 2013 Ford Fiesta ST SNO 6 ACR Ret ORE SUS NEW OJI LSP Ret 2nd 93 2014 Ford Fiesta ST SNO ACR ORE SUS MTW NEW OJI LSP 12th 22 * Season still in progress Complete WRC results ( edit ) ( key ) Year Entrant Car 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 WDC Points 2007 Ken Block Subaru Impreza WRX STI MON SWE NOR MEX 28 POR ARG ITA GRE FIN GER NC 0 Rally FaNZ NZL 56 ESP FRA JPN IRE GBR 2008 Subaru Rally Team USA Subaru Impreza WRX STI MON SWE MEX ARG JOR ITA GRE TUR FIN GER NZL 30 ESP FRA JPN GBR NC 0 Monster World Rally Team Ford Focus RS WRC 08 SWE MEX 18 JOR TUR 24 NZL POR Ret BUL FIN GER Ret JPN FRA 12 ESP 9 GBR 21 19th 2011 Monster World Rally Team Ford Fiesta RS WRC SWE 14 MEX 12 POR DNS JOR ITA ARG 18 GRE FIN GER 17 AUS 19 FRA 8 ESP Ret GBR 9 22nd 6 2012 Monster World Rally Team Ford Fiesta RS WRC MON SWE MEX 9 POR ARG GRE NZL 9 FIN Ret GER GBR FRA ITA ESP 28th 2013 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta RS WRC MON SWE MEX 7 POR ARG GRE ITA FIN GER AUS FRA ESP GBR 20th 6 2014 M - Sport World Rally Team Ford Fiesta RS WRC MON SWE MEX POR ARG ITA POL FIN GER AUS FRA ESP 12 GBR NC 0 PWRC results ( edit ) Year Entrant Car 5 6 7 8 PWRC Points 2008 Subaru Rally Team USA Subaru Impreza WRX STI SWE ARG GRE TUR FIN NZL 13 JPN GBR NC 0 Complete Global Rallycross Championship results ( edit ) ( key ) Supercar ( edit ) Year Entrant Car 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 GRC Points 2011 Monster World Rally Team Ford Fiesta IRW1 IRW2 SEA1 SEA2 PIK1 PIK2 LA1 11 LA2 13 23rd 10 2012 Monster World Rally Team Ford Racing Ford Fiesta CHA 15 TEX 8 LA LOU 5 LV 7 LVC 10 5th 58 2013 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST BRA 9 MUN1 MUN2 DSQ LOU 5 BRI IRW 6 ATL 8 CHA 7 LV 3rd 115 2014 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST BAR 10 AUS 11 DC 7 NY CHA DAY LA1 LA2 SEA 9 LV 2nd 376 2015 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST FTA DAY1 8 DAY2 MCAS DET1 DET2 7 DC LA1 11 LA2 9 BAR1 11 BAR1 10 LV 10 7th 345 Complete FIA European Rallycross Championship results ( edit ) ( key ) Supercar ( edit ) Year Entrant Car 5 ERX Points 2014 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST GBR NOR BEL GER ITA 15th 16 Complete FIA World Rallycross Championship Results ( edit ) ( key ) Supercar ( edit ) Year Entrant Car 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 WRX Points 2014 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Fiesta ST POR GBR NOR FIN SWE BEL CAN FRA GER ITA TUR DNP ARG 16th 32 2016 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Focus RS POR 18 HOC BEL 19 GBR 14 NOR 14 SWE 13 CAN 10 FRA 6 BAR 16 LAT 16 GER 12 ARG 15 14th 63 2017 Hoonigan Racing Division Ford Focus RS BAR 9 POR 11 HOC 11 BEL 8 GBR 7 NOR 8 SWE 9 CAN 9 FRA 7 † LAT 14 GER 14 RSA 8 9th 112 Five championship points deducted for receiving three reprimands in a season . Other motorsport activities ( edit ) In 2005 , Block along with his DC Shoes associates participated in the Gumball 3000 Rally . For the event they sent out three modified 2004 Subaru WRX STi 's sponsored by DC Shoes . In 2006 , Block competed in the One Lap of America competition along with Brian Scotto . They were teamed up in a 2006 Subaru WRX STi and finished forty - fifth overall . In 2006 , for the Discovery Channel show Stunt Junkies , Block jumped his Subaru WRX STi rally car 171 feet ( 52 m ) and a max height of 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) . The whole episode was dedicated to Block attempting this stunt . In 2007 , Block joined the DC Shoes Snowboarding team at New Zealand 's Snow Park . Block did massive jumps and assisted in snowboarding tricks while driving his rally car on the mountain alongside the snowboarders . A crash after landing a large jump cracked one of the vertebrae in his spine , he was flown to the hospital . The session made the cover of the December 2007 issue of Snowboarder Magazine and closed out the MTN. LAB 1.5 DVD . In 2009 , for the BBC show Top Gear , Block took James May out for Gymkhana - style driving at Block 's stunt course at Inyokern Airport , an operational California airport , also starring Ricky Carmichael . In 2010 Block took the feature car from the previous episode ( a Reliant Robin ) for a lap of the Top Gear test track . He rolled the car and was unable to complete a lap but was unhurt . On October 15 , 2009 , it was reported that Block was close to a deal to join the World Rally Championship in a new Ford team . Long time co-driver Alex Gelsomino was also reportedly involved in the deal . Former Subaru WRC driver Chris Atkinson has been reported to be lined up as Block 's teammate in the all - new Monster Energy Drink Ford World Rally Team . On January 6 , 2010 , the announcement is made as Block joins up with Ford and begins his WRC career driving both a Ford Fiesta and Focus RS WRC . On August 24 , 2010 , Block released the first of a three part Gymkhana 3 video release featuring his new Ford Fiesta . On September 14 , 2010 , Block 's third Gymkhana video , featuring a Ford Fiesta , was released on YouTube . The video got more than seven million views in its first week . This vehicle is now on display on the Petersen Automotive Museum . On August 16 , 2011 , the fourth Gymkhana video , The Hollywood Megamercial was released on YouTube , featuring Block driving around the Universal Studios backlot . On July 1 , 2012 , Block took the Silver Medal for Rallycross at X Games XVIII behind Sébastien Loeb . On July 9 , 2012 , Block released his fifth Gymkhana video on YouTube , featuring Block driving his Ford Fiesta in San Francisco and Travis Pastrana on a dirtbike . After 24 hours , the video was viewed 5.1 million times , making it the top - viewed video of the previous week . Block also holds the world record for the world 's fastest snowcat , a modified Subaru STI called a Trax STI . Block appears in the 2015 Need for Speed video game as the style icon . He was credited as the stunt performer in Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them and Beauty and the Beast . Involvement in Colin McRae : Dirt 2 , Dirt 3 , and Dirt : Showdown ( edit ) Block is featured as a driver in Codemasters Colin McRae : Dirt 2 , along with his Subaru Rally Team USA Impreza . In Dirt 3 he is seen as a driver and Gymkhana teacher , his Monster World Rally Team vehicles are available in the game , including the Ford Fiesta GYM 3 , and the Ken Block Ford Focus WRC . Ken 's Ford Fiesta and his Hoonigan / Monster livery appear extensively in Dirt : Showdown another Codemasters racing game with a more arcade feeling and demolition derby style Knockout and 8 - Ball crossover racing events . His trademark gymkhana style of driving dominates the Head - to - Head and Trick Rush race modes as well as the Freestyle section . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Catching Up With DC 's Ken Block '' . Jeff Emig . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Site : Bio '' . http://www.kenblockracing.com/ . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Block '' . http://auto.dcshoes.com/team/ken-block/ . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interview : Ken Block - Part 2 '' . Carolyn Schonafinger . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Subaru Rally Team USA '' . http://rally.subaru.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ken Block Flies To His First Canadian Rally Win '' . http://www.snowboard-mag.com . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Rally New York USA : USRC Results '' . http://rallynewyork.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Travis Pastrana wins gold medal at 2008 X Games 14 Rally , Tanner Foust silver , as Dave Mirra and Ken Block share bronze '' . http://rallybuzz.stagetimes.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Subaru Driver Ken Block Wins Rally Finale at LSPR , SRT USA Finishes 1 - 2 in Rally America Championship '' . http://www.specialstage.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Top Gear , Season 13 , Episode 3 . Jump up ^ `` Rally America '' . Rally America . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Block has Massive Wreck on Shakedown Stage '' . Rally World News . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` WRC : Ogier rocks , Block rolls on Portugal shakedown '' . crash.net . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Driver Standings - WRC Results , Positions & Stage Times - wrc.com '' . Jump up ^ `` WRC.com ® - FIA World Rally Championship - Official Website - wrc.com '' . Jump up ^ Dathan , Matt ; Robinson , Martin ; Tozer , James ( 13 March 2016 ) . `` Top Gear host Chris Evans is forced to apologise ' unreservedly ' for Matt LeBlanc 's ' gravely disrespectful ' wheelspins around the Cenotaph as Army veterans say even Clarkson would not stoop so low '' . MailOnline . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , David ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Ken Block commits to World Rallycross Championship for 2016 '' . Autosport . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mattias Ekström vann på Hockenheim '' ( in Swedish ) . Sveriges Television . 8 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teams 31 - 60 '' . http://www.GTspirit.com . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rob Dyrdek back on the rally '' . http://gumball3000.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 02 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2006 Tire Rack One Lap of America : Final Overall Results '' . http://www.onelapofamerica.com . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2006 . Retrieved November 2 , 2008 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` autosport.com '' . autosport.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Gymkhana 3 '' . DC Shoes . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Block : Gymkhana Three '' . AUSmotive.com. 2010 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Karla . `` Gymkhana Four -- Ken Block Hoons in Hollywood '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved August 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hardigree , Matt . `` Gymkhana 5 Viewed 5.1 Million Times in 24 Hours '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Yandell , Chris . `` Vermont SportsCar 's TRAX STI and 400 Horse ( powered ) Sleigh '' . Vermont SportsCar Rallying . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Davies , Steve . `` The Accidental Hero -- An interview with Ken Block '' . SkiddMark . Fitch Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ken Block . Hoonigan - Official Site Hoonigan Racing Division - Official site Monster World Rally Team Rally Results and News Subaru Rally Team USA Rally America Website Ken Block Official Merchandise Ken Block Interview Gymkhana racing improved by Ken Block , Video , ~ 4min dirt2game.com ( hide ) Teams and drivers competing in the 2017 FIA World Rallycross Championship DA Racing EKS RX GRX Hoonigan Racing Division LOCO World RX Team 66 . Grégoire Demoustier 87 . Jean - Baptiste Dubourg 1 . Mattias Ekström 15 . Reinis Nitišs 57 . Toomas Heikkinen 68 . Niclas Grönholm 13 . Andreas Bakkerud 43 . Ken Block 58 . Alister McRae 100 . Guy Wilks MJP Racing Team Austria PSRX Volkswagen Sweden Speedy Motorsport STARD Team Peugeot - Hansen 44 . Timo Scheider 96 . Kevin Eriksson 3 . Johan Kristoffersson 11 . Petter Solberg 10 . `` Csucsu '' 25 . Gigi Galli 6 . Jānis Baumanis 7 . Timur Timerzyanov 9 . Sébastien Loeb 21 . Timmy Hansen 71 . Kevin Hansen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Block&oldid=834279989 '' Categories : 1967 births Living people American rally drivers American sports businesspeople Sportspeople from Long Beach , California Racing drivers from California World Rally Championship drivers World Rallycross Championship drivers Global RallyCross Championship drivers Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from November 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 21 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what type of car does ken block drive | [
"\n\nYear\nCar\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nDC\nPoints\n\n\n2005\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n5\nORE\n7\nSUS\n3\nPIK\n4\nMAI\n3\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\n4\nLSP\n3\n\n4th\n65\n\n\n2006\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n3\nACR\n1\nORE\n3\nSUS\nRet\nMAI\n11\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\nRet\nLSP\n1\nWIL\n3\n2nd\n90\n\n\n2007\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n6\nACR\n1\nORE\n2\nOLY\n4\nSUS\nRet\nNEW\n3\nOJI\n2\nCOL\n1\nLSP\nRet\n3rd\n109\n\n\n2008\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n5\nACR\n1\nOLY\n1\nORE\nRet\nSUS\nRet\nNEW\nRet\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\n5\nLSP\n1\n2nd\n86\n\n\n2009\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\nRet\nACR\n1\nOLY\nRet\nORE\nRet\nSUS\n1\nNEW\n2\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\nRet\nLSP\n3\n4th\n80\n\n\n2010\nFord Fiesta\nSNO\nRet\nACR\n1\nOLY\nRet\nORE\nRet\nSUS\nRet\nNEW\nRet\n\n\n\n13th\n27\n\n\n2012\nFord Fiesta ST\nSNO\nACR\n1\nORE\nSUS\nNEW\nOLY\n1\n\n\n\n4th\n44\n\n\n2013\nFord Fiesta ST\nSNO\n6\nACR\nRet\nORE\n2\nSUS\n1\nNEW\n1\nOJI\n1\nLSP\nRet\n\n\n2nd\n93\n\n\n2014\nFord Fiesta ST\nSNO\nACR\n1\nORE\nSUS\nMTW\nNEW\nOJI\nLSP\n\n12th\n22\n\n",
"\n\nYear\nCar\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\nDC\nPoints\n\n\n2005\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n5\nORE\n7\nSUS\n3\nPIK\n4\nMAI\n3\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\n4\nLSP\n3\n\n4th\n65\n\n\n2006\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n3\nACR\n1\nORE\n3\nSUS\nRet\nMAI\n11\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\nRet\nLSP\n1\nWIL\n3\n2nd\n90\n\n\n2007\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n6\nACR\n1\nORE\n2\nOLY\n4\nSUS\nRet\nNEW\n3\nOJI\n2\nCOL\n1\nLSP\nRet\n3rd\n109\n\n\n2008\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\n5\nACR\n1\nOLY\n1\nORE\nRet\nSUS\nRet\nNEW\nRet\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\n5\nLSP\n1\n2nd\n86\n\n\n2009\nSubaru Impreza WRX STi\nSNO\nRet\nACR\n1\nOLY\nRet\nORE\nRet\nSUS\n1\nNEW\n2\nOJI\nRet\nCOL\nRet\nLSP\n3\n4th\n80\n\n\n2010\nFord Fiesta\nSNO\nRet\nACR\n1\nOLY\nRet\nORE\nRet\nSUS\nRet\nNEW\nRet\n\n\n\n13th\n27\n\n\n2012\nFord Fiesta ST\nSNO\nACR\n1\nORE\nSUS\nNEW\nOLY\n1\n\n\n\n4th\n44\n\n\n2013\nFord Fiesta ST\nSNO\n6\nACR\nRet\nORE\n2\nSUS\n1\nNEW\n1\nOJI\n1\nLSP\nRet\n\n\n2nd\n93\n\n\n2014\nFord Fiesta ST\nSNO\nACR\n1\nORE\nSUS\nMTW\nNEW\nOJI\nLSP\n\n12th\n22\n\n"
] | [
"Subaru Impreza WRX STi",
"Ford Fiesta ST"
] |
4401558227025531462 | Panchayati raj (India) | Panchayati Raj ( India ) - Wikipedia Panchayati Raj ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Panchayat ( disambiguation ) See also : Local self - government in India India This article is part of a series on the politics and government of India Constitution & Law ( show ) Constitutional amendment Basic structure doctrine Fundamental rights Human rights Uniform civil code Indian Penal Code Law enforcement Union Government ( show ) President of India Vice-President of India Executive : Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Cabinet Secretary Secretaries : ( Defence Finance Foreign Home ) Civil services All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS ) Parliament : Rajya Sabha ( Chairman ) Lok Sabha ( Speaker ) Judiciary : Supreme Court ( Chief Justice ) High courts District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission : Chief Election Commissioner ( Election commissioners ) General elections : 2009 2014 2019 State elections : 2017 2018 2019 Political parties National parties State parties National coalitions : National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) United Progressive Alliance ( UPA ) Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions State governments Governor Chief minister Chief secretary ( Principal secretaries ) Legislatures : Vidhan Sabha Vidhan Parishad Local governments : Divisional commissioners District magistrates Sub-divisional magistrates Rural bodies : District councils Block panchayats Gram Panchayats Urban bodies : Municipal corporations Municipal councils Nagar panchayats Other countries Atlas Muhamma Panchayat Office , Kerala , India In India , the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system introduced by the constitutional amendment in 1992 , although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia . The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats ( or Caste Panchayats ) found in northern India . The Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992 , following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration . Open Panchayat near Narsingarh , Madhya Pradesh , India Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayati Raj as the foundation of India 's political system , as a decentralized form of government in which each village would be responsible for its own affairs . The term for such a vision was Gram Swaraj ( `` village self - governance '' ) . Instead , India developed a highly centralized form of government . However , this has been moderated by the delegation of several administrative functions to the local level , empowering elected gram panchayats . There are significant differences between the traditional Panchayati Raj system , that was envisioned by Gandhi , and the system formalized in India in 1992 . In India , the Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which gram panchayats are the basic units of local administration . The system has three levels : Gram Panchayat ( village level ) , Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti ( block level ) , and Zila Parishad ( district level ) . It was formalized in 1992 by the 73rd amendment to the Indian Constitution . Various committees on Panchayati Raj : Balwant Rai Mehta : established 1957 V.T. Krishnammachari : 1960 Takhatmal Jain Study Group : 1966 Ashok Mehta Committee : 1978 G.V.K. Rao Committee : 1985 Dr. L.M. Singhvi Committee : 1986 P.K. Thoongan committee : 1988 Contents ( hide ) 1 Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee 2 Block level panchayat 2.1 Constituency 2.2 Departments 2.3 Functions 3 District level panchayat 3.1 Composition 3.2 Functions 3.3 Sources of income 4 Village level panchayat 5 Reservation for women in PRIs in India 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Further reading 7.2 External links Recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta committee ( edit ) The Balwant Rai Mehta Committee , headed by MP Balwantrai Mehta , was a committee appointed by the Government of India in January 1957 to examine the work of the Community Development Programme ( 1952 ) and the National Extension Service ( 1953 ) , to suggest measures to improve their work . The committee 's recommendation of the committee by NDC in January 1958 , and this set the stage for the launching of Panchayati Raj Institutions throughout the country . The committee recommended the establishment of the scheme of ' democratic decentralization ' , which finally came to be known as Panchayati Raj . This led to the establishment of a three - tier Panchayati Raj system : Gram Panchayat at the village level , Panchayat Samiti at the block level , and Zila Parishad at the district level . The Panchayat Raj system was first adopted by the state of Rajasthan in Nagaur district on 2nd Oct 1959 . The second state was Andhra Pradesh , while Maharashtra was the Ninth state . State governments during the 1950s and 60s adopted this system as laws were passed to establish panchayats in various states . It also founded backing in the Indian Constitution , with the 73rd amendment in 1992 to accommodate the idea . The Amendment Act of 1992 contains provision for devolution of powers and responsibilities to the panchayats , both for the preparation of economic development plans and social justice , as well as for implementation in relation to 29 subjects listed in the eleventh schedule of the constitution , and the ability to levy and collect appropriate taxes , duties , tolls and fees . The Act aims to provide a three - tier systems of Panchayati Raj for all states having a population of over 2 million , to hold Panchayat elections regularly every five years , to provide seats reserved for scheduled castes , scheduled tribes and women ; to appoint a State Finance Commission to make recommendations regarding the financial powers of the Panchayats and to constitute a District Planning Committee , to prepare a development plan draft for the district . The Panchayats receive funds from three sources : Local body grants , as recommended by the Central Finance Commission Funds for implementation of centrally sponsored schemes Funds released by the state governments on the recommendations of the State Finance Commissions In the history of Panchayati Raj , in India , on 24 April 1993 , the Constitutional ( 73rd Amendment ) Act 1992 came into force to provide constitutional status to the Panchayati Raj institutions . This act was extended to Panchayats in the tribal areas of eight states , namely : Andhra Pradesh , Gujarat , Himachal Pradesh , Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha , and Rajasthan beginning on 24 December 1996 . Currently , the Panchayati Raj system exists in all states except Nagaland , Meghalaya , and Mizoram , and in all Union Territories except Delhi . Block level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : Panchayat Samiti ( Block ) Newly elected panchayat in Punjab , India A Panchayat Samiti ( block panchayat ) is a local government body at the tehsil level . This body works for the villages of the tehsil that together are called a `` development block '' . The Panchayat Samiti is the link between the Gram Panchayat and the district administration . Just as the tehsil goes by other names in various parts of India , notably mandal and taluka , there are a number of variations in nomenclature for the block panchayat . For example , it is known as Mandal Praja Parishad in Andhra Pradesh , Taluka Panchayat in Gujarat and Karnataka , and Panchayat Samiti in Maharashtra . In general , the block panchayat has the same form as the gram panchayat but at a higher level . Constituency ( edit ) Membership in the block panchayat is mostly ex-official ; it is composed of : all of the Sarpanchas ( gram panchayat chairmen ) in the Panchayat Samiti area , the MPs and MLAs of the area , the sub-district officer ( SDO ) of the subdivision , co-opt members ( representatives of the SC / ST and women ) , associate members ( a farmer from the area , a representative of the cooperative societies and one from marketing services ) , and some elected members . The Panchayat Samiti is elected for a term of five years and is headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman . Departments ( edit ) The common departments in the Samiti are as follows : General Administration Finance Public Works Agriculture Health Education Social Welfare Information Technology Water Supply Department Animal Husbandry and others There is an officer for every department . A government - appointed Block Development Officer ( BDO ) is the executive officer to the Samiti and the chief of its administration , and is responsible for his work to the CEO of ZP . Functions ( edit ) Implementation of schemes for the development of agriculture and infrastructure Establishment of primary health centres and primary schools Supply of drinking water , drainage and construction / repair of roads Development of a cottage and small - scale industries , and the opening of cooperative societies Establishment of youth organisations District level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : District Councils of India The governing of the advance system at the district level in Panchayat Raj is also popularly known as Zila Parishad . The chief of administration is an officer of the IAS cadre. and chief officer of the Panchayat raj for the district level Composition ( edit ) The membership varies from 40 to 60 and usually comprises - Deputy Commissioner of the District . Presidents of all Panchayat Samitis in the district , and heads of all Government Departments in the district ; members of Parliament and Members of Legislative Assemblies in the district ; a representative of each cooperative society ; some women and Scheduled Caste members if not adequately represented ; and co-opted members having extraordinary experience and achievements in public service . Functions ( edit ) Provide essential services and facilities to the rural population Supply improved seeds to farmers and inform them of new farming techniques Set up and run schools and libraries in rural areas Start primary health centers and hospitals in villages ; start vaccination drives against epidemics Execute plans for the development of the scheduled castes and tribes ; run ashram shalas for Adivasi children ; set up free hostels for them . Encourage entrepreneurs to start small - scale industries and implement rural employment schemes . Construct bridges , roads and other public facilities and their maintenance Provide employment . Sources of income ( edit ) Taxes collected locally such as on water , place of pilgrimage , local mandirs ( temples ) , and markets A fixed grant from the State Government in proportion to the land revenue and money for works and schemes assigned to the Parishes Village level Panchayat ( edit ) Main article : Gram panchayat A gram panchayat is a village level administrative body , with a Sarpanch as its elected head . The members of the gram panchayat are elected for a period of five years by the members of Gram Sabha . Reservation for women in PRIs in India ( edit ) On August 27 , 2009 , the Union Cabinet of the Government of India approved 50 % reservation for women in PRIs ( Panchayati Raj Institutions ) . The Indian states Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Chhattisgarh , Himachal Pradesh , Jharkhand , Kerala , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra , Odisha , Rajasthan , Sikkim , Tamil Nadu , Tripura , West Bengal and Uttarakhand have implemented 50 % reservation for women in PRIs . The majority of candidates in these Panchayats are women . Currently 100 % of elected members in Kodassery Panchayat in Kerala are women . See also ( edit ) National Panchayati Raj Day Local self - government in India Patwari Lambardar Zaildar Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Mullick , Rohit & Raaj , Neelam ( 9 September 2007 ) . `` Panchayats turn into kangaroo courts '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sisodia , R.S. ( 1971 ) . `` Gandhiji 's Vision of Panchayati Raj '' . Panchayat Aur Insan. 3 ( 2 ) : 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Manohar Lal ( 1987 ) . Gandhi and Democratic Decentralization in India . New Delhi : Deep and Deep Publications . OCLC 17678104 . Hathi Trust copy , search only Jump up ^ Hardgrave , Robert L. & Kochanek , Stanley A. ( 2008 ) . India : Government and Politics in a Developing Nation ( seventh ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Thomson / Wadsworth . p. 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 00749 - 4 . Jump up ^ Singh , Vijandra ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 5 : Panchayate Raj and Gandhi '' . Panchayati Raj and Village Development : Volume 3 , Perspectives on Panchayati Raj Administration . Studies in public administration . New Delhi : Sarup & Sons . pp. 84 -- 90 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 392 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nath , Akshaya ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` National Panchayat Raj Day : Here are few things that you need to know about Panchayat Raj '' . SaddaHaq . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Seventy - third Amendment ) Act , 1992 '' . Government of India . Archived from the original on 5 May 2003 . ^ Jump up to : India 2007 , p. 696 , Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India Jump up ^ panchayat.nic.in Jump up ^ Sapra , Ipsita ( February 2013 ) . `` Living in the villages '' . Rural Democracy . D + C Development and Cooperation . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ 50 % reservation for women in panchayats - Oneindia News . News.oneindia.in ( 2009 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ 50 % reservation for women in AP , Bihar Panchayats . Sify.com ( 2011 - 11 - 25 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/features/mayor-malayalam-news-1.696624 Jump up ^ http://www.mathrubhumi.com/women/news/lsgd-womans-malayalam-news-1.694513 Sources Nepal glossary , United States Library of Congress Article 333357 , zeenews.com Article India994 - 07 , hrw.org Panchayati raj Recruitment , Exambuzzer.com Further reading ( edit ) Mitra , Subrata K. ; Singh , V.B. ( 1999 ) . Democracy and Social Change in India : A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Electorate . New Delhi : Sage Publications . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7036 - 809 - 0 ( India HB ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 9344 - 5 ( U.S. HB ) . Mitra , Subrata K ... ( 2001 ) . `` Making Local Government Work : Local elites , Panchayati raj and governance in India '' , in Kohli , Atul ( ed . ) . The Success of India 's Democracy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80144 - 7 Mitra , Subrata K ... ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 17 : Politics in India '' , in Almond , Gabriel A. et al. ( eds . ) , Comparative Politics Today . 8th edition . New York : Addison - Wesley - Longman , pp. 634 -- 684 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 15896 - 3 ( also reprinted in the 9th ( 2007 ) , 10th ( 2012 ) and 11th ( 2015 ) editions ) Palanithurai , Ganapathi ( ed . ) ( 2002 -- 2010 ) Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India . New Delhi : Concept Publishing Company . in seven volumes , volume 1 ( 2002 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 911 - 7 ; volume 2 ( 2002 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 7022 - 912 - 4 ; volume 3 ( 2004 ) `` Select States '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 129 - 4 ; volume 4 ( 2004 ) `` Empowering Women '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 130 - 0 ; volume 5 ( 2005 ) `` Panchayati Raj and Multi-Level Planning '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 244 - 4 ; volume 6 ( 2008 ) `` Capacity Building '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 506 - 3 ; volume 7 ( 2010 ) `` Financial Status of Panchayats '' ISBN 978 - 81 - 8069 - 672 - 5 . Shourie , Arun ( 1990 ) . Individuals , Institutions , Processes : How one may strengthen the other in India today . New Delhi , India : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 83787 - 8 . Sivaramakrishnan , Kallidaikurichi Chidambarakrishnan ( 2000 ) Power to the People : The politics and progress of decentralisation . Delhi : Konark Publishers . ISBN 978 - 81 - 220 - 0584 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panchayati Raj . Ministry of Panchayati Raj , Government of India `` Home page '' . Department of Rural Development , Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . `` Panchayat ( article 440944 ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 January 2012 . about the caste panchayats The Hunger Project . `` Two Million Women Leaders and Counting : Indian Women Participate in Their Local Government '' . International Museum of Women . Archived from the original on 30 June 2015 . National Agriculture Education Institution Image Panchayat Raj Symbol ( hide ) Local government in India Urban Municipal Corporation Nagar Palika ( Municipal Council ) Intermediate Town Panchayat ( Nagar panchayat ) Rural District Panchayat ( Zila Parishad ) Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union Gram Panchayat Sarpanch Observance National Panchayati Raj Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_raj_(India)&oldid=829874468 '' Categories : Constitution of India Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Deutsch Español Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 09 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the panchayat raj system introduced in india | [
"In India, the Panchayati Raj generally refers to the system introduced by the constitutional amendment in 1992, although it is based upon the traditional panchayat system of South Asia. The modern Panchayati Raj and its Gram Panchayats are not to be confused with the extra-constitutional Khap Panchayats (or Caste Panchayats) found in northern India.[1] The Panchayati Raj system was formalized in 1992, following a study conducted by a number of Indian committees on various ways of implementing more decentralized administration."
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"1992"
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4021631381061699274 | World Series | World Series - wikipedia World Series This article is about the annual championship series of Major League Baseball . For the 2018 MLB championship , see 2018 World Series . For other uses , see World Series ( disambiguation ) . World Series The Commissioner 's Trophy is awarded to the team that wins the World Series . First played 1903 Most recently played 2018 Current champions Boston Red Sox ( 2018 ) ( 9th title ) Current runners - up Los Angeles Dodgers Most titles New York Yankees ( 27 ) Part of a series on the Major League Baseball postseason Wild Card Wild Card Game Division Series ALDS NLDS League Championship Series ALCS ( Winners list ) NLCS ( Winners list ) World Series List of World Series champions Commissioner 's Trophy Teams Appearances Series Streaks Droughts The World Series is the annual championship series of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in North America , contested since 1903 between the American League ( AL ) champion team and the National League ( NL ) champion team . The winner of the World Series championship is determined through a best - of - seven playoff , and the winning team is awarded the Commissioner 's Trophy . As the series is played during the fall season in North America , it is sometimes referred to as the Fall Classic . Prior to 1969 , the team with the best regular season win - loss record in each league automatically advanced to the World Series ; since then each league has conducted a championship series ( ALCS and NLCS ) preceding the World Series to determine which teams will advance . As of 2018 , the World Series has been contested 114 times , with the AL winning 66 and the NL winning 48 . The 2018 World Series took place between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Boston Red Sox from October 23 - 28 , with the Red Sox winning in five games to earn their ninth title . This was the first World Series meeting between these two teams since 1916 . Having previously lost to the Houston Astros in the 2017 World Series , the Dodgers became the 11th team to lose the World Series in consecutive seasons . In the American League , the New York Yankees have played in 40 World Series and won 27 , the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics have played in 14 and won 9 , and the Boston Red Sox have played in 13 and won 9 , including the first World Series . In the National League , the St. Louis Cardinals have appeared in 19 and won 11 , the New York / San Francisco Giants have played in 20 and won 8 , the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers have appeared in 20 and won 6 , and the Cincinnati Reds have appeared in 9 and won 5 . As of 2018 , no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 -- the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history . Contents 1 Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) 1.1 The original World Series 1.2 1892 -- 1900 : `` The Monopoly Years '' 2 Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) 2.1 First attempt 2.2 Boycott of 1904 2.3 1919 Black Sox Scandal 2.4 New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) 2.4. 1 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play 2.5 The World Series in California 2.6 1969 : League Championship Series 2.7 1970s 2.7. 1 1971 : World Series at night 2.7. 2 1972 -- 1978 : Threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run 2.7. 3 1976 : The designated hitter comes to the World Series 2.8 1980s 2.8. 1 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues 2.8. 2 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run 2.8. 3 1989 : Earthquake 2.9 1990s 2.9. 1 1992 -- 1993 : The World Series enters Canada 2.9. 2 1994 : League Division Series 2.9. 3 1994 -- 1995 strike 2.10 2000s 2.10. 1 All - Star Game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) 2.11 2010s 3 Modern World Series appearances by franchise 3.1 World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2018 3.2 Team patterns in the World Series 3.2. 1 Streaks and droughts 3.2. 2 Game - by - game 3.2. 3 Local rivalries 3.2. 3.1 Cross-town Series 3.2. 4 Cross-state rivalries 3.2. 5 Pennants won in different cities 3.2. 6 The original sixteen teams 3.2. 7 Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) 3.2. 8 Other notes 4 Television coverage and ratings 5 International participation 6 Image gallery 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Precursors to the modern World Series ( 1857 -- 1902 ) ( edit ) Further information : List of pre-World Series baseball champions The original World Series ( edit ) Until the formation of the American Association in 1882 as a second major league , the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players ( 1871 -- 1875 ) and then the National League ( founded 1876 ) represented the top level of organized baseball in the United States . All championships were awarded to the team with the best record at the end of the season , without a postseason series being played . From 1884 to 1890 , the National League and the American Association faced each other in a series of games at the end of the season to determine an overall champion . These series were disorganized in comparison to the modern World Series , with the terms arranged through negotiation of the owners of the championship teams beforehand . The number of games played ranged from as few as three in 1884 ( Providence defeated New York three games to zero ) , to a high of fifteen in 1887 ( Detroit beat St. Louis ten games to five ) . Both the 1885 and 1890 Series ended in ties , each team having won three games with one tie game . The series was promoted and referred to as `` The Championship of the United States '' , `` World 's Championship Series '' , or `` World 's Series '' for short . In his book Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded : August 27 , 1883 , Simon Winchester mentions in passing that the World Series was named for the New York World newspaper , but this view is disputed . The 19th - century competitions are , however , not officially recognized as part of World Series history by Major League Baseball , as it considers 19th - century baseball to be a prologue to the modern baseball era . Until about 1960 , some sources treated the 19th - century Series on an equal basis with the post-19th - century series . After about 1930 , however , many authorities list the start of the World Series in 1903 and discuss the earlier contests separately . ( For example , the 1929 World Almanac and Book of Facts lists `` Baseball World 's Championships 1884 -- 1928 '' in a single table , but the 1943 edition lists `` Baseball World Championships 1903 -- 1942 '' . ) 1892 -- 1900 : `` the monopoly years '' ( edit ) Following the collapse of the American Association after the 1891 season , the National League was again the only major league . The league championship was awarded in 1892 by a playoff between half - season champions . This scheme was abandoned after one season . Beginning in 1893 -- and continuing until divisional play was introduced in 1969 -- the pennant was awarded to the first - place club in the standings at the end of the season . For four seasons , 1894 -- 1897 , the league champions played the runners - up in the post season championship series called the Temple Cup . A second attempt at this format was the Chronicle - Telegraph Cup series , which was played only once , in 1900 . In 1901 , the American League was formed as a second major league . No championship series were played in 1901 or 1902 as the National and American Leagues fought each other for business supremacy ( in 1902 , the top teams instead opted to compete in a football championship ) . Modern World Series ( 1903 -- present ) ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions First attempt ( edit ) After two years of bitter competition and player raiding , the National and American Leagues made peace and , as part of the accord , several pairs of teams squared off for interleague exhibition games after the 1903 season . These series were arranged by the participating clubs , as the 1880s World 's Series matches had been . One of them matched the two pennant winners , Pittsburgh Pirates of the NL and Boston Americans ( later known as the Red Sox ) of the AL ; that one is known as the 1903 World Series . It had been arranged well in advance by the two owners , as both teams were league leaders by large margins . Boston upset Pittsburgh by five games to three , winning with pitching depth behind Cy Young and Bill Dinneen and with the support of the band of Royal Rooters . The Series brought much civic pride to Boston and proved the new American League could beat the Nationals . Boycott of 1904 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1904 Series , if it had been held , would have been between the AL 's Boston Americans ( Boston Red Sox ) and the NL 's New York Giants ( now the San Francisco Giants ) . At that point there was no governing body for the World Series nor any requirement that a Series be played . Thus the Giants ' owner John T. Brush refused to allow his team to participate in such an event , citing the `` inferiority '' of the upstart American League . John McGraw , the Giants ' manager , even went so far as to say that his Giants were already `` world champions '' since they were the champions of the `` only real major league '' . At the time of the announcement , their new cross-town rivals , the New York Highlanders ( now the New York Yankees ) , were leading the AL , and the prospect of facing the Highlanders did not please Giants management . Boston won on the last day of the season , and the leagues had previously agreed to hold a World 's Championship Series in 1904 , but it was not binding , and Brush stuck to his original decision . In addition to political reasons , Brush also factually cited the lack of rules under which money would be split , where games would be played , and how they would be operated and staffed . During the winter of 1904 -- 1905 , however , feeling the sting of press criticism , Brush had a change of heart and proposed what came to be known as the `` Brush Rules '' , under which the series were played subsequently . One rule was that player shares would come from a portion of the gate receipts for the first four games only . This was to discourage teams from fixing early games in order to prolong the series and make more money . Receipts for later games would be split among the two clubs and the National Commission , the governing body for the sport , which was able to cover much of its annual operating expense from World Series revenue . Most importantly , the now - official and compulsory World 's Series matches were operated strictly by the National Commission itself , not by the participating clubs . With the new rules in place and the National Commission in control , McGraw 's Giants made it to the 1905 Series , and beat the Philadelphia Athletics four games to one . Since then the Series has been held every year except 1994 , when it was canceled due to a players ' strike . The list of postseason rules evolved over time . In 1925 , Brooklyn owner Charles Ebbets persuaded others to adopt as a permanent rule the 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern used in 1924 . Prior to 1924 , the pattern had been to alternate by game or to make another arrangement convenient to both clubs . The 2 -- 3 -- 2 pattern has been used ever since save for the 1943 and 1945 World Series , which followed a 3 -- 4 pattern due to World War II travel restrictions ; in 1944 , the normal pattern was followed because both teams were based in the same home stadium . 1919 Black Sox scandal ( edit ) Main article : Black Sox Scandal This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gambling and game - fixing had been a problem in professional baseball from the beginning ; star pitcher Jim Devlin was banned for life in 1877 , when the National League was just two years old . Baseball 's gambling problems came to a head in 1919 , when eight players of the Chicago White Sox were alleged to have conspired to throw the 1919 World Series . The Sox had won the Series in 1917 and were heavy favorites to beat the Cincinnati Reds in 1919 , but first baseman Chick Gandil had other plans . Gandil , in collaboration with gambler Joseph `` Sport '' Sullivan , approached his teammates and got six of them to agree to throw the Series : starting pitchers Eddie Cicotte and Lefty Williams , shortstop Swede Risberg , left fielder Shoeless Joe Jackson , center fielder Happy Felsch , and utility infielder Fred McMullin . Third baseman Buck Weaver knew of the fix but declined to participate , hitting . 324 for the series from 11 hits and committing no errors in the field . The Sox , who were promised $100,000 for cooperating , proceeded to lose the Series in eight games , pitching poorly , hitting poorly and making many errors . Though he took the money , Jackson insisted to his death that he played to the best of his ability in the series ( he was the best hitter in the series , including having hit the series ' only home run , but had markedly worse numbers in the games the White Sox lost ) . During the Series , writer and humorist Ring Lardner had facetiously called the event the `` World 's Serious '' . The Series turned out to indeed have serious consequences for the sport . After rumors circulated for nearly a year , the players were suspended in September 1920 . The `` Black Sox '' were acquitted in a criminal conspiracy trial . However , baseball in the meantime had established the office of Commissioner in an effort to protect the game 's integrity , and the first commissioner , Kenesaw Mountain Landis , banned all of the players involved , including Weaver , for life . The White Sox would not win a World Series again until 2005 . The events of the 1919 Series , segueing into the `` live ball '' era , marked a point in time of change of the fortunes of several teams . The two most prolific World Series winners to date , the New York Yankees and the St. Louis Cardinals , did not win their first championship until the 1920s ; and three of the teams that were highly successful prior to 1920 ( the Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs ) went the rest of the 20th century without another World Series win . The Red Sox and White Sox finally won again in 2004 and 2005 , respectively . The Cubs had to wait over a century ( until the 2016 season ) for their next trophy . They did not appear in the Fall Classic from 1945 until 2016 , the longest drought of any MLB club . New York Yankees dynasty ( 1920 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) The New York Yankees purchased Babe Ruth from the Boston Red Sox after the 1919 season , appeared in their first World Series two years later in 1921 , and became frequent participants thereafter . Over a period of 45 years from 1920 to 1964 , the Yankees played in 29 World Series championships , winning 20 . The team 's dynasty reached its apex between 1947 and 1964 , when the Yankees reached the World Series 15 times in eighteen years , helped by an agreement with the Kansas City Athletics ( after that team moved from Philadelphia during 1954 -- 1955 offseason ) whereby the teams made several deals advantageous to the Yankees ( until ended by new Athletics ' owner Charles O. Finley ) . During that span , the Yankees played in all World Series except 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , winning ten . From 1949 to 1953 , the Yankees won the World Series five years in a row ; from 1936 -- 1939 the Yankees won four World Series Championships in a row . There are only two other occasions when a team has won at least three consecutive World Series : 1972 to 1974 by the Oakland Athletics , and 1998 to 2000 by the New York Yankees . 1947 -- 1964 : New York City teams dominate World Series play ( edit ) In an 18 - year span from 1947 to 1964 , except for 1948 and 1959 , the World Series was played in New York City , featuring at least one of the three teams located in New York at the time . The Dodgers and Giants moved to California after the 1957 season , leaving the Yankees as the lone team in the city until the Mets were enfranchised in 1962 . During this period , other than 1948 , 1954 , and 1959 , the Yankees represented the American League in the World Series . In the years 1947 , 1949 , 1951 -- 1953 , and 1955 -- 1956 , both teams in the World Series were from New York , with the Yankees playing against either the Dodgers or Giants . The World Series in California ( edit ) In 1958 , the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants took their long - time rivalry to the west coast , moving to Los Angeles and San Francisco , respectively , bringing Major League Baseball west of St. Louis and Kansas City . The Dodgers were the first of the two clubs to contest a World Series on the west coast , defeating the Chicago White Sox in 1959 . The 1962 Giants made the first California World Series appearance of that franchise , losing to the Yankees . The Dodgers made three World Series appearances in the 1960s : a 1963 win over the Yankees , a 1965 win over the Minnesota Twins and a 1966 loss to the Baltimore Orioles . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics relocated to Oakland and the following year 1969 , the National League granted a franchise to San Diego as the San Diego Padres . The A 's became a powerful dynasty , winning three consecutive World Series from 1972 -- 1974 . In 1974 , the A 's played the Dodgers in the first all - California World Series . The Padres have two World Series appearances ( a 1984 loss to the Detroit Tigers , and a 1998 loss to the New York Yankees ) . The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s ( 1981 , 1988 ) . The A 's again went to three straight world series , from 1988 -- 1990 , winning once . 1988 and 1989 were all - California series as the A 's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants , respectively . The Giants have been in four World Series ' in the new millennium , losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim from 2005 to 2015 ) , and winning in 2010 ( Rangers ) , 2012 ( Tigers ) , and 2014 ( Royals ) . 1969 : League championship Series ( edit ) Prior to 1969 , the National League and the American League each crowned its champion ( the `` pennant winner '' ) based on the best win - loss record at the end of the regular season . A structured playoff series began in 1969 , when both the National and American Leagues were reorganized into two divisions each , East and West . The two division winners within each league played each other in a best - of - five League Championship Series to determine who would advance to the World Series . In 1985 , the format changed to best - of - seven . The National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) and American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) , since the expansion to best - of - seven , are always played in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format : Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 are played in the stadium of the team that has home - field advantage , and Games 3 , 4 and 5 are played in the stadium of the team that does not . 1970s ( edit ) 1971 : World Series at night ( edit ) MLB night games started being held in 1935 by the Cincinnati Reds , but the World Series remained a strictly daytime event for years thereafter . In the final game of the 1949 World Series , a Series game was finished under lights for the first time . The first scheduled night World Series game was Game 4 of the 1971 World Series at Three Rivers Stadium . Afterward , World Series games were frequently scheduled at night , when television audiences were larger . Game 6 of the 1987 World Series was the last World Series game played in the daytime , indoors at the Metrodome in Minnesota . ( The last World Series played outdoors during the day was the final game of the 1984 series in Detroit 's Tiger Stadium . ) 1972 -- 1978 : threepeat , repeats , and Fisk 's home run ( edit ) During this seven - year period , only three teams won the World Series : the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974 , Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976 , and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978 . This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession . This period was book - ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates , in 1971 and 1979 . However , the Baltimore Orioles made three consecutive World Series appearances : 1969 ( losing to the `` amazing '' eight - year - old franchise New York Mets ) , 1970 ( beating the Reds in their first World Series appearance of the decade ) , and 1971 ( losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates , as well their 1979 appearance , when they again lost to the Pirates ) , and the Los Angeles Dodgers ' back - to - back World Series appearances in 1977 and 1978 ( both losses to the New York Yankees ) , as well in 1974 losing against the cross-state rival Oakland Athletics . Game 6 of the 1975 World Series is regarded by most as one of the greatest World Series games ever played . It found the Boston Red Sox winning in the 12th inning in Fenway Park , defeating the Cincinnati Reds to force a seventh and deciding game . The game is best remembered for its exciting lead changes , nail - biting turns of events , and a game - winning walk - off home run by Carlton Fisk , resulting in a 7 -- 6 Red Sox victory . 1976 : the designated hitter comes to the World Series ( edit ) The National and American Leagues operated under essentially identical rules until 1973 , when the American League adopted the designated hitter ( DH ) rule , allowing its teams to use another hitter to bat in place of the ( usually ) weak - hitting pitcher . The National League did not adopt the DH rule . This presented a problem for the World Series , whose two contestants would now be playing their regular - season games under different rules . From 1973 to 1975 , the World Series did not include a DH . Starting in 1976 , the World Series allowed for the use of a DH in even - numbered years only . ( The Cincinnati Reds swept the 1976 Series in four games , using the same nine - man lineup in each contest . Dan Driessen was the Reds ' DH during the series , thereby becoming the National League 's first designated hitter . ) Finally , in 1986 , baseball adopted the current rule in which the DH is used for World Series games played in the AL champion 's park but not the NL champion 's . Thus , the DH rule 's use or non-use can affect the performance of the home team . 1980s ( edit ) 1984 : Anderson becomes first to win in both leagues ( edit ) The 1984 Detroit Tigers gained distinction as just the third team in major league history ( after the 1927 New York Yankees and 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers ) to lead a season wire - to - wire , from opening day through their World Series victory . In the process , Tigers skipper Sparky Anderson became the first manager to win a World Series title in both leagues , having previously won in 1975 and 1976 with the Cincinnati Reds . 1987 : Twins First World Series Champion to Win Every Home Game The 1987 Minnesota Twins became the 1st team in the history of the World Series to win the championship by winning all 4 games they hosted when they defeated the St. Louis Cardinals . They repeated this 4 years later in 1991 when they defeated the Atlanta Braves . 1988 : Kirk Gibson 's home run ( edit ) The 1988 World Series is remembered for the iconic home run by the Los Angeles Dodgers ' Kirk Gibson with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 1 . The Dodgers were huge underdogs against the 104 - win Oakland Athletics , who had swept the Boston Red Sox in the ALCS . Baseball 's top relief pitcher , Dennis Eckersley , closed out all four games in the ALCS , and he appeared ready to do the same in Game 1 against a Dodgers team trailing 4 -- 3 in the ninth . After getting the first two outs , Eckersley walked Mike Davis of the Dodgers , who were playing without Gibson , their best position player and the NL MVP . Gibson had injured himself in the NLCS and was expected to miss the entire World Series . Yet , despite not being able to walk without a noticeable limp , Gibson surprised all in attendance at Dodger Stadium ( and all watching on TV ) by pinch - hitting . After two quick strikes and then working the count full , Gibson hit a home run to right , inspiring iconic pronouncements by two legendary broadcasters calling the game , Vin Scully ( on TV ) and Jack Buck ( on radio ) . On NBC , as Gibson limped around the bases , Scully famously exclaimed , `` The impossible has happened ! '' and on radio , Buck equally famously exclaimed , `` I do n't believe what I just saw ! '' Gibson 's home run set the tone for the series , as the Dodgers went on to beat the A 's 4 games to 1 . The severity of Gibson 's injury prevented him from playing in any of the remaining games . 1989 : earthquake ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the 1989 World Series began , it was notable chiefly for being the first ever World Series matchup between the two San Francisco Bay Area teams , the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics . Oakland won the first two games at home , and the two teams crossed the bridge to San Francisco to play Game 3 on Tuesday , October 17 . ABC 's broadcast of Game 3 began at 5 pm local time , approximately 30 minutes before the first pitch was scheduled . At 5 : 04 , while broadcasters Al Michaels and Tim McCarver were narrating highlights and the teams were warming up , the Loma Prieta earthquake occurred ( having a surface - wave magnitude of 7.1 with an epicenter ten miles ( 16 km ) northeast of Santa Cruz , California ) . The earthquake caused substantial property and economic damage in the Bay Area and killed 63 people . Television viewers saw the video signal deteriorate and heard Michaels say `` I 'll tell you what , we 're having an earth -- '' before the feed from Candlestick Park was lost . Fans filing into the stadium saw Candlestick sway visibly during the quake . Television coverage later resumed , using backup generators , with Michaels becoming a news reporter on the unfolding disaster . Approximately 30 minutes after the earthquake , Commissioner Fay Vincent ordered the game to be postponed . Fans , workers , and the teams evacuated a blacked out ( although still sunlit ) Candlestick . Game 3 was finally played on October 27 , and Oakland won that day and the next to complete a four - game sweep . 1990s ( edit ) 1992 -- 1993 : the World Series enters Canada ( edit ) World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in 1992 , with the Toronto Blue Jays defeating the Atlanta Braves in six games . The World Series returned to Canada in 1993 , with the Blue Jays victorious again , this time against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games . No other Series has featured a team from outside of the United States . Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles . The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by a walk - off home run and the first concluded by a come - from - behind homer , after Joe Carter 's three - run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8 -- 6 Toronto win in Game 6 . The first Series to end with a homer was the 1960 World Series , when Bill Mazeroski hit a ninth - inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates . 1994 : League division Series ( edit ) In 1994 , each league was restructured into three divisions , with the three division winners and the newly introduced wild card winner advancing to a best - of - five playoff round ( the `` division series '' ) , the National League Division Series ( NLDS ) and American League Division Series ( ALDS ) . The team with the best league record is matched against the wild card team , unless they are in the same division , in which case , the team with the second - best record plays against the wild card winner . The remaining two division winners are pitted against each other . The winners of the series in the first round advance to the best - of - seven NLCS and ALCS . Due to a players ' strike , however , the NLDS and ALDS were not played until 1995 . Beginning in 1998 , home field advantage was given to the team with the better regular season record , with the exception that the Wild Card team can not get home - field advantage . 1994 -- 1995 strike ( edit ) Main article : 1994 -- 95 Major League Baseball strike After the boycott of 1904 , the World Series was played every year until 1994 despite the First World War , the global influenza pandemic of 1918 -- 1919 , the Great Depression of the 1930s , America 's involvement in the Second World War , and even an earthquake in the host cities of the 1989 World Series . A breakdown in collective bargaining led to a strike in August 1994 and the eventual cancellation of the rest of the season , including the playoffs . As the labor talks began , baseball franchise owners demanded a salary cap in order to limit payrolls , the elimination of salary arbitration , and the right to retain free agent players by matching a competitor 's best offer . The Major League Baseball Players Association ( MLBPA ) refused to agree to limit payrolls , noting that the responsibility for high payrolls lay with those owners who were voluntarily offering contracts . One difficulty in reaching a settlement was the absence of a commissioner . When Fay Vincent was forced to resign in 1992 , owners did not replace him , electing instead to make Milwaukee Brewers owner Bud Selig acting commissioner . Thus , baseball headed into the 1994 work stoppage without a full - time commissioner for the first time since the office was founded in 1920 . The previous collective bargaining agreement expired on December 31 , 1993 , and baseball began the 1994 season without a new agreement . Owners and players negotiated as the season progressed , but owners refused to give up the idea of a salary cap and players refused to accept one . On August 12 , 1994 , the players went on strike . After a month passed with no progress in the labor talks , Selig canceled the rest of the 1994 season and the postseason on September 14 . The World Series was not played for the first time in 90 years . The Montreal Expos , now the Washington Nationals , were the best team in baseball at the time of the stoppage , with a record of 74 -- 40 ( since their founding in 1969 , the Expos / Nationals have never played in a World Series . ) The labor dispute lasted into the spring of 1995 , with owners beginning spring training with replacement players . However , the MLBPA returned to work on April 2 , 1995 after a federal judge , future U.S. Supreme Court justice Sonia Sotomayor , ruled that the owners had engaged in unfair labor practices . The season started on April 25 and the 1995 World Series was played as scheduled , with Atlanta beating Cleveland four games to two . 2000s ( edit ) The 2001 World Series was the first World Series to end in November , due to the week - long delay in the regular season after the September 11 attacks . Game 4 had begun on Oct. 31 but went into extra innings and ended early on the morning of Nov. 1 , the first time the Series had been played in November . Yankee shortstop Derek Jeter won the game with a 12th inning walk - off home run and was dubbed `` Mr. November '' by elements of the media -- echoing the media 's designation of Reggie Jackson as `` Mr. October '' for his slugging achievements during the 1977 World Series . With the 2006 World Series victory by the St. Louis Cardinals , Tony La Russa became the second manager to a win a World Series in both the American and National Leagues . All - Star game and home - field advantage ( 2003 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Prior to 2003 , home - field advantage in the World Series alternated from year to year between the NL and AL . After the 2002 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ended in a tie , MLB decided to award home - field advantage in the World Series to the winner of the All - Star Game . Originally implemented as a two - year trial from 2003 to 2004 , the practice was extended . The American League had won every All - Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home - field advantage from 2002 , when it also had home - field advantage based on the alternating schedule , through 2009 . From 2003 to 2010 , the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times , but none of them had gone the full seven games . Since then , the 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , and 2017 World Series have gone the full seven games . This rule was subject to debate , with various writers feeling that home - field advantage should be decided based on the regular season records of the participants , not on an exhibition game played several months earlier . Some writers especially questioned the integrity of this rule after the 2014 All - Star Game , when St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Adam Wainwright suggested that he intentionally gave Derek Jeter some easy pitches to hit in the New York Yankees ' shortstop 's final All - Star appearance before he retired at the end of that season . As Bob Ryan of The Boston Globe wrote in July 2015 about the rule : `` So now we have a game that 's not real baseball determining which league hosts Games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 in the World Series . It 's not a game if pitchers throw one inning . It 's not a game if managers try to get everyone on a bloated roster into the game . It 's not a game if every franchise , no matter how wretched , has to put a player on the team ... If the game is going to count , tell the managers to channel their inner Connie Mack and go for it . '' However , within the last seven seasons , home - field advantage , in terms of deciding World Series games , has not necessarily worked for teams of said games . Since 2014 , the home team has not won the deciding game of a World Series . 2010s ( edit ) The San Francisco Giants won the World Series in 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 while failing to qualify to play in the postseason in the intervening seasons . The Texas Rangers were twice only one strike away from winning their first World Series title in 2011 , but the St. Louis Cardinals ' David Freese , the eventual Series MVP , drove in both the tying and winning runs late in Game 6 to force a Game 7 . The Kansas City Royals reached the World Series in 2014 , which was their first appearance in the postseason since winning the series in 1985 . At the time , it was the longest postseason drought in baseball . They lost in seven games to the Giants . The following season , the Royals finished with the American League 's best record , and won a second consecutive American League pennant . They defeated the New York Mets in the World Series 4 -- 1 , capturing their first title in 30 years . The 2015 contest was the first time that two expansion clubs met for the Fall Classic . In 2016 , the Chicago Cubs ended their 108 - year long drought without a World Series title by defeating the Cleveland Indians , rallying from a 3 -- 1 Series deficit in the process . That extended Cleveland 's World Series title drought to 68 years and counting -- the Indians last won the Series in 1948 -- now the longest title drought in the majors . Beginning in 2017 , home field advantage in the World Series is awarded to the league champion team with the better regular season win - loss record . If both league champions have the same record , the second tie - breaker would be head - to - head record , and if that does not resolve it , the third tie - breaker would be best divisional record . The Houston Astros won the 2017 World Series in 7 games against the Los Angeles Dodgers on November 1 , 2017 , winning their first World Series since their creation in 1962 . Modern World Series appearances by franchise ( edit ) Further information : List of World Series champions World Series record by team or franchise , 1903 -- 2018 ( edit ) Teams † Series Wins Series Played Last Won Last Played New York Yankees ( AL ) ( previously Highlanders ) 27 40 2009 2009 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 19 2011 2013 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) ( previously Philadelphia / Kansas City ) 9 14 1989 1990 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) ( previously Americans ) 9 13 2018 2018 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) ( previously New York ) 8 20 2014 2014 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) ( previously Brooklyn ) 6 20 1988 2018 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) ( previously Redlegs , Red Stockings ) 5 9 1990 1990 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 7 1979 1979 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 11 1984 2012 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 11 2016 2016 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) ( previously Boston Red Stockings , Beaneaters , Doves , Rustlers , Braves / Milwaukee ) 9 1995 1999 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) ( previously Milwaukee Brewers / St. Louis Browns ) 7 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) ( previously 1st Washington Senators ) 6 1991 1991 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 5 2005 2005 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 7 2008 2009 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 6 1948 2016 New York Mets ( NL , 1962 ) * 5 1986 2015 Kansas City Royals ( AL , 1969 ) * 2015 2015 Miami Marlins ( NL , 1993 ) * ( previously Florida ) 2003 2003 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL , 1977 ) * 1993 1993 Houston Astros ( NL , 1962 ; AL , 2013 ) * ( previously Colt . 45s , NL ) 2017 2017 Los Angeles Angels ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously California / Anaheim Angels and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) 2002 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL , 1998 ) * 2001 2001 Texas Rangers ( AL , 1961 ) * ( previously 2nd Washington Senators ) 0 -- 2011 San Diego Padres ( NL , 1969 ) * 0 -- 1998 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL , 1969 ; NL , 1998 ) * ( previously Seattle Pilots , AL ) 0 -- 1982 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL , 1998 ) * ( previously Devil Rays ) 0 -- 2008 Colorado Rockies ( NL , 1993 ) * 0 -- 2007 Seattle Mariners ( AL , 1977 ) * 0 0 -- -- Washington Nationals ( NL , 1969 ) * ( previously Montreal Expos ) 0 0 -- -- Key to table AL = American League NL = National League * Joined the AL or NL after 1960 † Totals include a team 's record with another nickname or in a previous city ( bracketed in small type below its current name ) . For further details , see individual team articles or Major League franchises . See also : List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com Notes American League ( AL ) teams have won 66 of the 114 World Series played ( 57.9 % ) . The New York Yankees have won 27 titles , accounting for 23.7 % of all series played and 40.9 % of the wins by American League teams . The St. Louis Cardinals have won 11 World Series , accounting for 9.6 % of all series played and 23 % of the 48 National League victories . When the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , there were eight teams in each league . These 16 franchises , all of which are still in existence , have each won at least two World Series titles . The number of teams was unchanged until 1961 , with fourteen expansion teams joining MLB since then . Twelve have played in a World Series ( the Mariners and Expos / Nationals being the two exceptions ) . The expansion teams have won ten of the 22 Series ( 45 % ) in which they have played , which is 9 % of all 114 series played since 1903 . In 2015 , the first World Series featuring only expansion teams was played between the Kansas City Royals and New York Mets . Team patterns in the World Series ( edit ) This information is up to date through the present time : This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Streaks and droughts ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks and List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts Since their first championship in 1923 , the New York Yankees have won two or more World Series titles in every decade except the 1980s , when they won none , and now the 2010s , where only one chance remains for them to win one this decade . Additionally , they have won at least one American League pennant in every decade since the 1920s . ( They have yet to win a pennant or Series in the 2010s . ) The Yankees are the only team in either League to win more than three series in a row , winning in four consecutive seasons from 1936 to 1939 , and a still MLB record five consecutive seasons from 1949 to 1953 . The Yankees also won three consecutive World Series from 1998 to 2000 . The only team other than the Yankees to win three consecutive World Series is the Oakland Athletics , who won the Series in 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 . The New York Giants ' four World Series appearances from 1921 to 1924 are the most consecutive appearances for any National League franchise . The Yankees are the only American League franchise to appear in four or more consecutive World Series . The 1907 -- 1908 Cubs , 1921 -- 1922 Giants and the 1975 -- 1976 Reds are the only National League teams to win back - to - back World Series . No National League team has ever won three consecutive World Series . The 1907 -- 1909 Detroit Tigers and the 1911 -- 1913 New York Giants are the only teams to lose three consecutive World Series . The Chicago Cubs hold the record for the longest World Series championship drought of all time , with no titles between 1908 and 2016 ( 108 years ) . They also hold the longest ever pennant drought of all time , which stretched from 1945 to 2016 . Their pennant drought ended with a 4 -- 2 series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2016 NLCS . With the Cubs ' subsequent victory in the 2016 World Series , the longest active World Series championship drought belongs coincidentally to their opponents in that series , the Cleveland Indians , who have not won a World Series since 1948 . The Indians ' drought is the second longest active championship drought among all four major professional sports leagues in North America ( MLB , NBA , NFL , and NHL ) ; only the NFL 's Arizona Cardinals , who last won a league championship in 1947 , when the team still operated as the Chicago Cardinals , have a longer active championship drought . The team with the longest active pennant drought among AL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Baltimore Orioles , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1983 . The team with the longest active pennant drought among NL teams that have played in a World Series at least once is the Pittsburgh Pirates , who have not reached a World Series since winning their last title in 1979 . This also means that the Pirates hold the second longest active World Series title drought among all teams that have at least one Series and longest championship drought among NL teams that have won a Series . Twenty - three of the 28 teams to play in the World Series have won it at least once . The only exceptions are : Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots , 1969 ) , San Diego Padres ( 1969 ) , Colorado Rockies ( 1993 ) , Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays , 1998 ) , and Texas Rangers ( formerly Washington Senators , 1961 ) . The Padres and Rangers have both lost two World Series ; the remaining teams have all lost their only Series appearance . As of the present , all teams with three or more World Series appearances have won the World Series at least once . Two teams have never played in the World Series : the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos , established in 1969 ) , and the American League 's Seattle Mariners ( established in 1977 ) . Both franchises have participated in post-season play and competed in a League Championship Series at least once , but neither team has any League Championship Series victories . The Red Sox have the most World Series titles before their first World Series loss , winning the championship in their first five appearances -- 1903 , 1912 , 1915 , 1916 , and 1918 -- before losing in the next series they played , in 1946 . The only other teams who have more than one Series victory before their first Series loss are the Chicago White Sox ( in 1906 and 1917 ) , the Cleveland Indians ( in 1920 and 1948 ) , the Toronto Blue Jays ( in 1992 and 1993 ) , and the Miami Marlins ( in 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) . The Blue Jays and the Marlins have never lost a World Series . The American League 's Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) and National League 's Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) hold the record for most appearances in a Series without ever losing a Series . Two other franchises have won their lone appearance : the National League 's Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and American League 's Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 as the Anaheim Angels ) . The Boston Red Sox have the longest active streak of World Series victories ( four ) since the last time they lost a series . They have won titles in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 after their last loss in 1986 . The Pittsburgh Pirates , Cincinnati Reds and San Francisco Giants are tied with the longest second longest active streak of World Series victories ( three ) since the last time they lost a series . Since losing the 1927 series to the Yankees , the Pirates have emerged victorious in the next three series in which they have played ( 1960 , 1971 , and 1979 ) . The Reds last series loss prior to their current active streak of three titles ( 1975 , 1976 , and 1990 ) was in 1972 . The Giants lost in 2002 before winning the next three they appeared in ( 2010 , 2012 , and 2014 ) . The Yankees have the most World Series victories ( eight ) between World Series losses . After losing the 1926 World Series to the Cardinals , the Yankees won their next eight appearances in the series ( 1927 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1937 , 1938 , 1939 , and 1941 ) before losing in 1942 to the Cardinals again . After this loss , the Yankees went on to win their next seven Series appearances ( 1943 , 1947 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before their next Series loss in 1955 to the Brooklyn Dodgers . The Cardinals are the National League leader in this category , with four titles ( 1944 , 1946 , 1964 , and 1967 ) between series losses in 1943 and 1968 . The Cubs and Dodgers are tied at seven apiece for most World Series losses between World Series victories . The Dodgers lost their first seven appearances in the Fall Classics ( 1916 , 1920 , 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 , and 1953 ) before winning their first title in 1955 . The Cubs ' situation was the opposite : between winning their last two titles ( in 1908 and 2016 ) , they lost the World Series in 1910 , 1918 , 1929 , 1932 , 1935 , 1938 , and 1945 . The Cleveland Indians have four World Series losses ( 1954 , 1995 , 1997 , and 2016 ) since their last crown in 1948 , more than any other team in the American League . The longest duration without repeat World Series champions is eightteen years , dating back to the 2000 New York Yankees . The previous record of fourteen years ( in between the 1978 New York Yankees ' win and the 1993 Toronto Blue Jays ' win ) was broken when the San Francisco Giants did not qualify for the postseason in 2015 following their victory in the 2014 World Series . The longest sequence of World Series in which each Series was won by a different franchise is 10 , from 1978 ( Yankees ) through 1987 ( Minnesota Twins ) . This streak was broken when the Dodgers , which had won in 1981 , won in 1988 . Game - by - game ( edit ) Game 7 was won by the home team in the 9 World Series between 1980 and 2013 that went to seven games ( the 1982 St. Louis Cardinals , 1985 Kansas City Royals , 1986 New York Mets , 1987 and 1991 Minnesota Twins , 1997 Florida Marlins , 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2002 Anaheim Angels , and 2011 St. Louis Cardinals ) before the Giants won game 7 on the road in 2014 . This trend reverses the previous historical trend in which Game 7 had been most often won by the road team , in 1979 , 1975 , 1972 , 1971 , 1968 , 1967 , 1965 , and 1962 . During the 1960s and 1970s , the home team had won Game 7 only in 1960 , 1964 , and 1973 . To date , only six teams have come back to win a World Series when facing elimination going into Game 5 of a best - of - seven contest : the 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates , who defeated the reigning champion Washington Senators ; the 1958 New York Yankees , who defeated the reigning champion Milwaukee Braves in a re-match of the 1957 World Series ; the 1968 Detroit Tigers , who defeated the St. Louis Cardinals ; the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates , who defeated the Baltimore Orioles ; the 1985 Kansas City Royals , who defeated the St. Louis Cardinals ; and the 2016 Chicago Cubs , who defeated the Cleveland Indians . Only the Pittsburgh Pirates have accomplished the feat twice ; they were the first MLB and NL team to accomplish the feat . By contrast , only the St. Louis Cardinals have twice suffered defeat in the World Series when holding a commanding 3 - games - to - 1 lead . The New York Yankees were the first AL team to accomplish the feat . The 1958 Yankees , the 1968 Tigers , the 1979 Pirates , and the 2016 Cubs all accomplished the feat by winning Games 6 & 7 on the road . The 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent team to win a World Series after losing the first two games on the road ( against New York ) . The recent tendency of a team winning the first two games at home and then winning the Series suggests the theoretical advantage to gaining home - field advantage ( and the first two games at home ) . The Pittsburgh Pirates won all five of their World Series championships in seven games . The Minnesota Twins / Washington Senators won all three of their World Series championships in seven games . There have been 19 World Series four - game ( 4 -- 0 ) sweeps , the most recent of which occurred in 2012 . Nine teams have swept a World Series at least once , the Yankees having done so most often ( 8 times ) . The Red Sox , Reds , and Giants have all done it twice . The Braves , Orioles , White Sox , Dodgers , and Athletics have each swept one Series . Six of these teams ( all but the Orioles , Red Sox and White Sox ) have also been swept 0 -- 4 in at least one World Series . The Red Sox ' two World Series sweeps are the most of any team that has never been swept in one . The Reds and Yankees are the only teams to have swept each other ( the Yankees swept the Reds in 1939 , while the Reds swept the Yankees in 1976 ) . The Giants are the only team to record World Series sweeps in two cities : New York ( 1954 ) and San Francisco ( 2012 ) . The 1999 Yankees are the last team to date , and the only one since 1966 , to sweep a World Series it began on the road ( as well as the last American League champion to win a World Series it began on the road until the 2017 season when the Astros defeated the Dodgers in 7 games ) . The 1963 Dodgers are the last National League team to date to sweep a World Series it began on the road . The Athletics , Cardinals , Cubs , and Yankees are the only teams to be swept in two World Series . The Athletics and Yankees are the only two of these with at least one World Series sweep to their credit , the other two being among nine teams overall that have never swept a World Series , but have been swept in one ( the Tigers , Astros , Indians , Padres , Phillies , Pirates , and Rockies being the others ) . The Cubs in 1907 and the Giants in 1922 won 4 games to 0 , but each of those Series ' included a tied game and are not considered to be true sweeps . In 1907 , the first game was the tie and the Cubs won four straight after that . In 1922 , Game 2 was the tie . The Cincinnati Reds were the only National League team to sweep any World Series between 1963 and 2012 , sweeping their last two series appearances to date in 1976 and 1990 . When added to their Game 7 victory in 1975 , this means that the Reds have won their last 9 consecutive World Series games , making this the current longest winning streak in terms of consecutive World Series games won . The Reds are also to date the only team since the inception of the League Championship Series ( LCS ) in 1969 to sweep the entire postseason . The 1976 `` Big Red Machine '' swept the Philadelphia Phillies in the National League LCS in three games , and then swept the New York Yankees in the World Series in four games . The longest ever streak of consecutive World Series games won is 14 by the New York Yankees , who won four straight games to win the 1996 World Series after losing the first two games of that series , then swept their next two World Series appearances in 1998 and 1999 , and then won the first two games of the 2000 World Series before losing the third game of that Series to the New York Mets . The only team to have appeared in a World Series and have no wins in a World Series game is the Colorado Rockies , who were swept in their only appearance to date in 2007 . Nine World Series have ended with `` walk - off '' hits , i.e. , that game and the Series ended when the home team won with a base hit in the bottom of the ninth or in extra innings : 1924 * , 1929 , 1935 , 1953 , 1960 * , 1991 * , 1993 , 1997 * , and 2001 * . Five of these ( marked with a * ) were in a deciding Game 7 . In addition , the deciding Game 8 ( one game had ended in a tie ) of the 1912 World Series ended in a walk - off sacrifice fly . Two men have ended a World Series with a walk - off home run : Bill Mazeroski in 1960 and Joe Carter in 1993 . Mazeroski 's was a solo shot in the bottom of the ninth of Game 7 to win a championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates , while Carter 's was a three - run shot in Game 6 that won a championship for the Toronto Blue Jays . There has been one World Series that ended on a runner caught stealing , on a play that involved three future Hall of Famers . In the bottom of the ninth inning of Game 7 of the 1926 World Series , Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees tried to steal second base with two outs and his team trailing the St. Louis Cardinals 3 -- 2 . Ruth was thrown out by Cardinals catcher Bob O'Farrell after Bob Meusel swung at and missed a pitch from Grover Cleveland Alexander . St. Louis second baseman Rogers Hornsby applied the tag on Ruth , who in his career was successful on 51 % of his stolen base attempts . Ruth , Alexander and Hornsby were inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . One World Series game has ended with a pick - off of a runner . Kolten Wong of the St. Louis Cardinals was picked off first base in Game 4 of the 2013 World Series by Boston Red Sox closer Koji Uehara . The score was 4 -- 2 and rookie Wong was a pinch runner . The Philadelphia Phillies and the Tampa Bay Rays are the first teams to have an elimination game ( or any game ) be suspended because of weather , and not have it cancelled . Game 5 ( in Philadelphia ) was suspended on Monday , October 27 , 2008 with a 2 -- 2 score , and resumed in the bottom of the sixth on Wednesday , October 29 . The Phillies went on to win the game and clinch the series . Both of the Minnesota Twins ' World Series titles since relocating to the Twin Cities from Washington , D.C. ( where they were the first Washington Senators ) were in 7 game series where all games were won by the home team . The Twins accomplished this in 1987 , when the Twins defeated the St. Louis Cardinals , then 4 years later in 1991 , when the Twins defeated the Atlanta Braves . The Twins victories in both series were in games 1 , 2 , 6 , and 7 , while their National League opponents won games 3 , 4 , and 5 . This same scenario also occurred in 2001 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees . Also of note when it comes to the three series where every game was won by the home team , a pitcher was MVP . In the 1987 World Series , Frank Viola was the MVP having pitched games 1 , 4 , and 7 , and finishing with a 2 -- 1 record . In 1991 , Jack Morris achieved the same feat pitching games 1 , 4 , and 7 with a 2 -- 0 record and a no decision in game 4 , and winning MVP honors . However , Morris 's MVP came on the heels of pitching 10 shutout innings in game 7 . Finally , in 2001 , Curt Schilling and Randy Johnson took MVP honors by being the reason the Arizona Diamondbacks were in position to win the series . There has only been one instance in World Series history where the Series MVP was selected from the losing team : Bobby Richardson of the 1960 New York Yankees . The Boston Red Sox have lost 4 World Series , all in 7 games . ( 1946 , 1967 , 1975 , & 1986 ) Four World Series ended with teams clinching the championship in the final game of the series which was not a game 7 and went into extra innings . The title was won this way in 1939 , 1992 , 2012 , and 2015 , with the road team winning each time . The home team has not won a deciding game of a World Series since 2013 , and has not done so in six of the last seven seasons . The winning team has scored fewer runs ( composite ) on 22 occasions , six of these in six - game series : 1918 , 1959 , 1977 , 1992 , 1996 , and 2003 . Seven - game series winners were outscored in 1912 , 1924 , 1925 , 1931 , 1940 , 1957 , 1960 , 1962 , 1964 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1991 , 1997 , and 2002 . An equal number of runs were scored by the teams in 1948 ( 6 games ) , 2016 , and 2017 . A five - game series winner has yet to be outscored : the closest margins were two runs in 1915 and three in 2000 . The closest composite margin in a four - game sweep is six runs ( 1950 , 2005 ) . Local rivalries ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball rivalries When two teams share the same state or metropolitan area , fans often develop strong loyalties to one and antipathies towards the other , sometimes building on already - existing rivalries between cities or neighborhoods . Before the introduction of interleague play in 1997 , the only opportunity for two teams playing in the same area but in different leagues to face each other in official competition would have been in a World Series . Cross-town Series ( edit ) The first city to host an entire World Series was Chicago in 1906 . The Chicago White Sox were known as `` the Hitless Wonders '' that year , with the worst team batting average in the American League . The Chicago Cubs had a winning percentage of . 763 , a record that still stands . But in an upset , the White Sox beat the Cubs four games to two . Fourteen `` Subway Series '' have been played entirely within New York City , all including the American League 's New York Yankees . Thirteen of them matched the Yankees with either the New York Giants or the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League . The initial instances occurred in 1921 and 1922 , when the Giants beat the Yankees in consecutive World Series that were not technically `` subway series '' since the teams shared the Polo Grounds as their home ballpark . The Yankees finally beat the Giants the following year , their first in their brand - new Yankee Stadium , and won the two teams ' three subsequent Fall Classic match - ups in 1936 , 1937 and 1951 . The Yankees faced Brooklyn seven times in October , winning their first five meetings in 1941 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1953 , before losing to the Dodgers in 1955 , Brooklyn 's sole World Championship . The last Subway Series involving the original New York ballclubs came in 1956 , when the Yankees again beat the Dodgers . The trio was separated in 1958 when the Dodgers and Giants moved to California ( although the Yankees subsequently met and beat the now - San Francisco Giants in 1962 , and played the now - Los Angeles Dodgers four times , losing to them in a four - game sweep in 1963 , beating them back - to - back in 1977 and 1978 and losing to them in 1981 ) . An all - New York Series did not recur until 2000 , when the Yankees defeated the New York Mets in five games . The last World Series played entirely in one ballpark was the 1944 `` Streetcar Series '' between the St. Louis Cardinals and the St. Louis Browns . The Cardinals won in six games , all held in their shared home , Sportsman 's Park . The 1989 World Series , sometimes called the `` Bay Bridge Series '' or the `` BART Series '' ( after the connecting transit line ) , featured the Oakland Athletics and the San Francisco Giants , teams that play just across San Francisco Bay from each other . The series is most remembered for the major earthquake that struck the San Francisco Bay Area just before game 3 was scheduled to begin . The quake caused significant damage to both communities and severed the Bay Bridge that connects them , forcing the postponement of the series . Play resumed ten days later , and the A 's swept the Giants in four games . ( The earthquake disruption of the Series almost completely overshadowed the fact that the 1989 Series represented a resumption after many decades of the October rivalry between the Giants and the A 's dating back to the early years of the 20th Century , when the then - New York Giants had defeated the then - Philadelphia Athletics in 1905 , and had lost to them in 1911 and again in 1913 . ) The Giants are the only team to have played in cross-town World Series in two cities , having faced the Yankees six times while located in New York , and the Athletics once while based in San Francisco . Two cross-town World Series match - ups were formerly possible but did not occur -- the Boston Red Sox vs. the Boston Braves , and the Philadelphia Phillies vs. the Philadelphia Athletics . ( The Braves moved to Milwaukee in 1953 , and the Athletics moved to Kansas City in 1955 . ) Currently there are four metropolitan areas that have two Major League Baseball teams -- New York , Chicago , San Francisco , and Los Angeles . Of the four , only Los Angeles has not hosted a cross-town World Series . Such a contest would pit the Dodgers against the Angels . Below is a chronological list of World Series played between teams from the same metropolitan area , with the winning teams listed in boldface . Year American League National League 1906 Chicago White Sox Chicago Cubs 1921 New York Yankees New York Giants 1922 New York Yankees New York Giants 1923 New York Yankees New York Giants 1936 New York Yankees New York Giants 1937 New York Yankees New York Giants 1941 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1944 St. Louis Browns St. Louis Cardinals 1947 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1949 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1951 New York Yankees New York Giants 1952 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1953 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1955 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1956 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 1989 Oakland Athletics San Francisco Giants 2000 New York Yankees New York Mets Cross-state rivalries ( edit ) The historic rivalry between Northern and Southern California added to the interest in the Oakland Athletics - Los Angeles Dodgers series in 1974 and 1988 and in the San Francisco Giants ' series against the then - Anaheim Angels in 2002 . Other than the St. Louis World Series of 1944 , the only postseason tournament held entirely within Missouri was the I - 70 Series in 1985 ( named for the Interstate Highway connecting the two cities ) between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Kansas City Royals , who won at home in the seventh game . Going into the 2017 season , there has never been an in - state World Series between the teams in Ohio ( Cleveland Indians and Cincinnati Reds ) , Florida ( Tampa Bay Rays and Miami Marlins ) , Texas ( Texas Rangers and Houston Astros -- who now both play in the American League since the Astros changed leagues in 2013 , making any future joint World Series appearance an impossibility unless one of the teams switches leagues ) , or Pennsylvania ( the Philadelphia Phillies and the Pittsburgh Pirates have been traditional National League rivals going back to the late 19th Century ) . Neither the Phillies nor the Pirates ever faced the Athletics in October during the latter team 's tenure in Philadelphia , through 1954 . The Boston Red Sox never similarly faced the Braves while the latter team played in Boston through 1952 . There also was never an all - Canada World Series between the Toronto Blue Jays and the former Montreal Expos , who never won a National League pennant when they played in that Canadian city from 1969 through 2004 . The Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005 -- raising the possibility of a potential future `` I - 95 World Series '' between the National League team and the AL 's Baltimore Orioles , who play just 50 miles to the north of Washington . Finally , the Los Angeles and / or Anaheim Angels have never faced off in October against either the Dodgers or against the San Diego Padres for bragging rights in Southern California , although all three of those teams have appeared in the World Series at various times . Pennants won in different cities ( edit ) The Braves are the only team to have both won and lost a World Series in three home cities ( Boston , Milwaukee , and Atlanta ) . The Athletics have had three home cities ( Philadelphia , Kansas City , and Oakland ) , but have appeared in the World Series ( both winning and losing ) while based in only two of them ( Philadelphia and Oakland ) . Three other teams have both won and lost the Fall Classic in two home cities : The Dodgers ( Brooklyn and Los Angeles ) , the Giants ( New York and San Francisco ) , and the Twins ( the Twin Cities and Washington , D.C. , as the first Senators ) . The Orioles are the only other team to have played in the World Series in two home cities ( Baltimore and St. Louis , as the Browns ) , but all three of their titles ( and three of their four losses ) have come while based in Baltimore . The original sixteen teams ( edit ) At the time the first modern World Series began in 1903 , each league had eight clubs , all of which survive today ( although sometimes in a different city or with a new nickname ) , comprising the `` original sixteen '' . Every original team has won at least two World Series titles . The Philadelphia Phillies ( National League ) were the last of the original teams to win their first Series , in 1980 . They were also the last to win at least two , with their second Series victory in 2008 . The Cubs were the first team to win the series twice , in 1907 and 1908 . The last original American League team to win its first World Series was the Baltimore Orioles ( former St. Louis Browns , originally the Milwaukee Brewers ) , winning in 1966 . The Orioles were also the last original team in the majors to make their first World Series appearance , as the St. Louis Browns in 1944 . Although they never won another American League pennant while in St. Louis , they have won three World Series in six appearances since moving to Baltimore . The St. Louis Cardinals were the last original National League team to appear in or win a modern World Series , doing both in 1926 . They have subsequently won more World Series than any other National League club : 11 championships through 2017 . The New York Yankees have defeated all eight original NL teams in a World Series . Conversely , they have lost at least one World Series to six of the original NL teams , never losing to the Chicago Cubs or the Philadelphia Phillies . The Boston Red Sox have played at least one Series against every original National League team except the ( Boston , Milwaukee and Atlanta ) Braves , with whom they shared a home city through 1952 . The St. Louis Cardinals are currently the only club of the National League 's original eight that holds an overall Series lead over the Yankees , 3 to 2 , taking that lead in 1964 . The Giants won their first two Series over the Yankees ( 1921 and 1922 ) , but the Yankees have faced the Giants five times since then and have won all five , taking the overall lead over the Giants in 1937 . The Pittsburgh Pirates and Yankees have faced each other twice ( 1927 and 1960 ) , with the Yankees winning in 1927 and the Pirates winning in 1960 , making the two teams . 500 against each other . Since the two leagues expanded beyond eight teams apiece in 1961 , the American League 's Cleveland Indians are the only original team that has not won a World Series against the larger field of competitors . The 2015 World Series was the first ever , and to date only , World Series to not feature any of the original sixteen teams . Expansion teams ( after 1960 ) ( edit ) The 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks won their first pennant and World Series in fewer seasons than any other expansion team ( both attained in their 4th season ) . The 1997 World Series Champion Florida Marlins achieved these milestones in the second - fewest number of seasons ( fifth season ) . The fastest AL expansion franchise to win a pennant was the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ( 11th season ) and the fastest AL expansion franchise to win a World Series was the Toronto Blue Jays in 1992 ( 16th season ) . While the New York Mets ( NL ) were the first expansion team to win or appear in the World Series ( doing both in 1969 ) , the American League would have to wait until 1980 for its first expansion - team World Series appearance , and until 1985 for its first expansion - team win . Both were by the Kansas City Royals . The AL also had two expansion teams appear in the World Series ( the Milwaukee Brewers being the second , in 1982 ) before the National League 's second expansion team to appear -- the San Diego Padres in 1984 . With the New York Mets defeating the Chicago Cubs in a four - game sweep in the 2015 National League Championship Series and the Kansas City Royals defeating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games in the 2015 American League Championship Series , the 2015 World Series became the first ever World Series matchup in which both teams were expansion teams , where the Mets ( whose first season occurred in 1962 ) faced off against the Kansas City Royals ( whose first season occurred in 1969 ) , with the Royals winning in five games . Until 2015 , all World Series matchups featured at least one of the 16 teams established by 1903 . In the first World Series to only have expansion teams , the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals were each the first expansion team in each respective league to appear in the World Series , the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1980 . Each team was also the first team in each respective league to win the World Series , the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1985 . Each team has the most appearance by an expansion team in each respective league in the World Series , with five for the Mets in 1969 , 1973 , 1986 , 2000 , and 2015 , and four for the Royals in 1980 , 1985 , 2014 , and 2015 . 12 expansion teams have now played in at least one Series . As of the end of the 2017 edition , expansion teams were 11 -- 12 in the World Series , with four teams ( the New York Mets , Kansas City Royals , Toronto Blue Jays and Miami Marlins ) each winning two . The then - Anaheim Angels , the Arizona Diamondbacks , and the Houston Astros had each won one Series by the end of the 2017 season . The Toronto Blue Jays ( 1992 and 1993 ) , Miami Marlins ( 1997 and 2003 as the Florida Marlins ) , Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001 ) and Los Angeles Angels ( 2002 as the Anaheim Angels ) have never lost a World Series appearance . Five expansion teams have appeared in the World Series without ever winning a championship : twice for the Texas Rangers ( formerly the second Washington Senators ) and San Diego Padres , and once each for the Milwaukee Brewers ( formerly Seattle Pilots ) , Colorado Rockies , and Tampa Bay Rays ( formerly Devil Rays ) . Two expansion teams have not yet won a league pennant ( and therefore also have not appeared in a World Series ) : the American League 's Seattle Mariners and the National League 's Washington Nationals ( formerly Montreal Expos ) . Both teams have competed in postseason play and appeared in their respective League Championship Series at least once , but have no League Championship Series victories . Other notes ( edit ) The team with the better regular season winning percentage has won the World Series 54 times , or 48.65 % ( 54 of 111 ) of the time . Three World Series have featured teams with identical regular season records ( 1949 , 1958 , 2013 ) . The Toronto Blue Jays are the only Canadian team ever to win a pennant or a World Series , doing both twice , in 1992 and 1993 . The Chicago Cubs and the Houston Astros are the only teams with a World Series title that have never clinched one at home . Three series have matched up the previous two World Champions , with the New York Yankees winning all three . The 1928 World Series was contested by the 1926 champion Cardinals and 1927 champion Yankees ; the Yankees won the series 4 -- 0 . In 1943 , the 1941 champion Yankees met the 1942 champion Cardinals , which the Yankees won 4 -- 1 . In the 1958 World Series , the 1956 champion Yankees faced the 1957 champion Milwaukee Braves ; the Yankees won this series 4 -- 3 . The 2012 National League Championship Series also matched up the previous two World Champions : the 2010 champion Giants and the 2011 champion Cardinals ; the Giants won this series 4 -- 3 . As of the present , there are two World Series that can not have a rematch , the 1982 World Series between the NL champion St. Louis Cardinals and AL champion Milwaukee Brewers and the 2005 World Series between the AL champion Chicago White Sox and NL champion Houston Astros . The Brewers , who were inaugurated by the American League as the Seattle Pilots in 1969 and relocated to Milwaukee in 1970 , were moved to the NL starting in 1998 . The Astros , who were inaugurated by the National League in 1962 as the Houston Colt . 45s and adopted their current name in 1965 , were moved to the AL starting in 2013 . Therefore , the latest postseason round where the Brewers could face the Cardinals today would be in the National League Championship Series ( which has occurred once , in 2011 ) while the latest postseason round where the Astros could face the White Sox today would be in the American League Championship Series ( has never occurred ) . The Milwaukee Brewers and Houston Astros are the only two teams in MLB to have played in both the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) and National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . The Brewers won their lone ALCS appearance in 1982 against the then - California Angels and lost both of their NLCS appearances in 2011 against the St. Louis Cardinals , and in 2018 against the Los Angeles Dodgers , making them 1 -- 2 all time between both League Championship Series . The Astros , meanwhile , have a 2 -- 4 record between both League Championship Series , having gone 1 -- 3 in four NLCS appearances ( lost in 1980 to the Philadelphia Phillies , lost in 1986 to the New York Mets , lost in 2004 to the Cardinals , and won in 2005 versus the Cardinals ) and 1 - 1 in their ALCS appearances against the New York Yankees in 2017 and the Boston Red Sox in 2018 ( a victory in seven against the Yankees and a loss in five games against the Red Sox ) . With their victories in both the 2005 National League Championship Series and the 2017 American League Championship Series , the Astros are the only team in MLB to have represented both the National League and the American League in the World Series . The 2015 World Series game 1 between the New York Mets and the Kansas City Royals was the longest game 1 in history at 5 hours and 9 minutes . Yogi Berra of the New York Yankees holds the record for most World Series championships by a player with 10 . Joe DiMaggio of the Yankees is second with 9 . Joe McCarthy and Casey Stengel are tied for the most World Series titles by a manager with 7 apiece , all 14 of them with the Yankees . Connie Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics to 5 World Series crowns . The all - time World Series single - game attendance record is 92,706 , set in Game 5 of the 1959 World Series at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers until Dodger Stadium opened in 1962 . The Chicago White Sox defeated the Dodgers 1 -- 0 in the record - setting game . Games 3 and 4 of that series also drew crowds in excess of 92,000 . Television coverage and ratings ( edit ) See also : List of World Series broadcasters and World Series television ratings When the World Series was first broadcast on television in 1947 , it was only televised to a few surrounding areas via coaxial inter-connected stations : New York City ( WNBT ) ; Philadelphia ( WPTZ ) ; Schenectady / Albany , New York ( WRGB ) ; Washington , D.C. ( WNBW ) and surrounding suburbs / environs . In 1948 , games in Boston were only seen in the Northeast . Meanwhile , games in Cleveland were only seen in the Midwest and Pittsburgh . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . In all , the 1948 World Series was televised to fans in seven Midwestern cities : Cleveland , Chicago , Detroit , Milwaukee , St. Louis , and Toledo . By 1949 , World Series games could now be seen east of the Mississippi River . The games were open to all channels with a network affiliation . By 1950 , World Series games could be seen in most of the country , but not all . 1951 marked the first time that the World Series was televised coast to coast . Meanwhile , 1955 marked the first time that the World Series was televised in color . Network Number broadcast Years broadcast Future scheduled telecasts ABC 11 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1977 , 1979 , 1981 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1995 ( Games 1 , 4 -- 5 ) CBS 8 1947 ( Games 3 -- 4 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 DuMont 1947 ( Games 2 , 6 -- 7 ) , 1948 , 1949 Fox 20 1996 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 2019 , 2020 , 2021 NBC 39 1947 ( Games 1 , 5 ) , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1995 ( Games 2 -- 3 , 6 ) , 1997 , 1999 ^ * : Not currently broadcasting Major League Baseball . ^ * * : Per the current broadcast agreement , the World Series will be televised by Fox through 2021 . ^ * * * : Gillette , which sponsored World Series telecasts exclusively from roughly 1947 to 1965 ( prior to 1966 , the Series announcers were chosen by the Gillette Company along with the Commissioner of Baseball and NBC ) , paid for airtime on DuMont 's owned - and - operated Pittsburgh affiliate , WDTV ( now KDKA - TV ) to air the World Series . In the meantime , Gillette also bought airtime on ABC , CBS , and NBC . More to the point , in some cities , the World Series was broadcast on three stations at once . ^ * * * * : NBC was originally scheduled to televise the entire 1995 World Series ; however , due to the cancellation of the 1994 Series ( which had been slated for ABC , who last televised a World Series in 1989 ) , coverage ended up being split between the two networks . Game 5 is , to date , the last Major League Baseball game to be telecast by ABC ( had there been a Game 7 , ABC would 've televised it ) . This was the only World Series to be produced under the `` Baseball Network '' umbrella ( a revenue sharing joint venture between Major League Baseball , ABC , and NBC ) . In July 1995 , both networks announced that they would be pulling out of what was supposed to be a six - year - long venture . NBC would next cover the 1997 ( NBC 's first entirely since 1988 ) and 1999 World Series over the course of a five - year - long contract , in which Fox would cover the World Series in even numbered years ( 1996 , 1998 , and 2000 ) . International participation ( edit ) See also : Baseball § Around - the - world , and History of baseball outside the United States Despite its name , the World Series remains solely the championship of the major - league baseball teams in the United States and Canada , although MLB , its players , and North American media sometimes informally refer to World Series winners as `` world champions of baseball '' . Some Americans , even those close to ' world champions ' themselves , question whether the title is justified . It is often considered `` arrogant and ignorant '' by the rest of the world . The United States , Canada , and Mexico ( Liga Méxicana de Béisbol , established 1925 ) were the only professional baseball countries until a few decades into the 20th century . The first Japanese professional baseball efforts began in 1920 . The current Japanese leagues date from the late 1940s ( after World War II ) . Various Latin American leagues also formed around that time . By the 1990s , baseball was played at a highly skilled level in many countries . Reaching North America 's high - salary major leagues is the goal of many of the best players around the world , which gives a strong international flavor to the Series . Many talented players from Latin America , the Caribbean , the Pacific Rim , and elsewhere now play in the majors . One notable exception is Cuban citizens , because of the political tensions between the US and Cuba since 1959 ( yet a number of Cuba 's finest ballplayers have still managed to defect to the United States over the past half - century to play in the American professional leagues ) . Japanese professional players also have a difficult time coming to the North American leagues . They become free agents only after nine years playing service in the NPB , although their Japanese teams may at any time `` post '' them for bids from MLB teams , which commonly happens at the player 's request . Several tournaments feature teams composed only of players from one country , similar to national teams in other sports . The World Baseball Classic , sponsored by Major League Baseball and sanctioned by the sport 's world governing body , the World Baseball Softball Confederation ( WBSC ) , uses a format similar to the FIFA World Cup to promote competition between nations every four years . The WBSC has since added the Premier12 , a tournament also involving national teams ; the first event was held in 2015 , and is planned to be held every four years ( in the middle of the World Baseball Classic cycle ) . The World Baseball Classic is held in March and the Premier12 is held in November , allowing both events to feature top - level players from all nations . The predecessor to the WBSC as the sport 's international governing body , the International Baseball Federation , also sponsored a Baseball World Cup to crown a world champion . However , because the World Cup was held during the Northern Hemisphere summer , during the playing season of almost all top - level leagues , its teams did not feature the best talent from each nation . As a result , baseball fans paid little or no attention to the World Cup and generally disregarded its results . The Caribbean Series features competition among the league champions from Mexico , Puerto Rico , the Dominican Republic , and Venezuela but unlike the FIFA Club World Cup , there is no club competition that features champions from all professional leagues across the world . Image gallery ( edit ) Rooftop view of a 1903 World Series game in Boston Game action in the 1906 Series in Chicago ( the only all - Chicago World Series to date ) Bill Wambsganss completes his unassisted triple play in 1920 Washington 's Bucky Harris scores his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 ( October 10 , 1924 ) The Chicago Cubs celebrate winning the 2016 World Series , which ended the club 's 108 - year championship drought . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal AL pennant winners ( 1901 -- 1968 ) AL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Americas Baseball Cup Asia Series Asian Baseball Championship Baseball at the Asian Games Baseball at the Central American and Caribbean Games Baseball at the Pan American Games Baseball at the Summer Olympics Baseball World Cup Caribbean Series Chronicle - Telegraph Cup College World Series European Baseball Championship European Champion Cup Final Four European Cup ( baseball ) Home advantage Intercontinental Cup ( International Baseball Federation ( IBAF ) ) Japan Series Korean Series Little League World Series MLB division winners MLB franchise postseason droughts MLB postseason MLB postseason teams MLB rivalries Negro World Series NL pennant winners ( 1876 -- 1968 ) NL Wild Card winners ( since 1994 ) Temple Cup Women 's Baseball World Cup World Baseball Classic World Series broadcasters World Series champions World Series starting pitchers World Series television ratings Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Series trophy profile '' . mlb.mlb.com . December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Enders , Eric ( 2007 ) . The Fall Classic : The Definitive History of the World Series . Sterling Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4770 - 0 . , et al . Jump up ^ `` A look at how teams have fared after losing back - to - back World Series '' . February 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` List of World Series at Baseball Reference '' . Baseball Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` World Series : A Comprehensive History of the World Series '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 28 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Roger ( 2003 ) . The First World Series and the Baseball Fanatics of 1903 . Northeastern . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 561 - 2 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 2005 ) . Krakatoa : The Day the World Exploded August 27 , 1883 . New York City : HarperCollins . p. 288 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 083859 - 1 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barak , Tal ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` World Series ? Wait a Minute ... '' NPR . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Series Summary '' . MLB.com . Jump up ^ for example , Ernest Lanigan 's Baseball Cyclopedia from 1922 , and Turkin and Thompson 's Encyclopedia of Baseball series throughout the 1950s . Jump up ^ The Sporting News Record Book , which began publishing in the 1930s , listed only the modern Series , but also included regular - season achievements for all the 19th century leagues . Also , a paperback from 1961 called World Series Encyclopedia , edited by Don Schiffer , mentioned the 1880s and 1890s Series in the introduction but otherwise left them out of the discussion . Jump up ^ page 776 of the facsimile edition , published by the American Heritage Press and Workman Publishing , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 071881 - 4 Jump up ^ page 677 . The World Almanac has also long since modified that list 's heading to read simply `` World Series Results '' . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Temple Cup Archived May 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . at Baseball Library Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL LEGISLATION . -- The National League Abolishes the Temple Cup Series -- New Rule as to Drafting Players '' ( PDF ) . New York Times . November 13 , 1897 . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 51 Jump up ^ Abrams , pages 52 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` FIVE GREAT MOMENTS AT THREE RIVERS STADIUM '' . The Sporting News . 2000 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2008 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . The first night game in World Series history was a thrilling one for Pittsburgh fans . Jump up ^ Tramel , Berry ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` World Series : Turn back clock on baseball '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Bless You Boys : A Celebration of the ' 84 Tigers '' at mlb.com `` . Detroit.tigers.mlb.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( October 13 , 2013 ) . `` When will we end the charade of the All - Star game deciding World Series home - field advantage ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Should the All - Star Game ' count ' ? '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Did Wainwright let up on Jeter ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Machir , Troy ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Adam Wainwright admits , then denies he served fat pitch to Jeter '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( July 5 , 2015 ) . `` Whatever happened to the All - Star Game ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justice , Richard ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Peace & glove : Owners , players reach CBA deal '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Most of the changes were regarding issues that had been discussed for weeks , but one surprising twist is that home - field advantage in the World Series will no longer be tied to the All - Star Game , as first reported by The Associated Press . Instead , the pennant winner with the better regular - season record will get home - field advantage in the Fall Classic . Jump up ^ `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams '' . Newsday . October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Series ended with walk - off hits '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Game 8 play by play , 1912 World Series Jump up ^ `` Baseball History in 1906 : The Hitless Wonders '' . This Great Game . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Ed . `` The 1906 World Series Featuring the Cubs and Sox '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barra , Allen ( October 2006 ) . `` The Greatest Series ? '' . American Heritage Magazine . 57 ( 5 ) . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil . `` Mets - Royals World Series is the first between 2 expansion teams -- Newsday '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dodd , Mike ( October 27 , 2008 ) . `` TV signals limited viewing of 1948 World Series '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Will Carry Series on 5 Networks '' . Schenectady Gazette . Associated Press . September 24 , 1948 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 24 , 1948 ) . `` All Chains Get Offer on Series TV '' . Chicago Tribune . p . C4 . Jump up ^ Buttefield , C.E. ( September 19 , 1949 ) . `` World Series Via Video Destined for 45 Stations '' . The St. Petersburg Independent . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Drebinger , John ( October 5 , 1949 ) . `` Reynolds to Face Newcombe ( Maybe ) in Opener of Series Today '' . New York Times . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION ALL SET TO HIT LINE FOR GRID FANS '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Wolters , Larry ( October 1 , 1950 ) . `` TELEVISION COMES OF AGE AND STARS FLOCK TO SIGN UP '' . Chicago Tribune . p . NW_B1 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( October 5 , 1950 ) . `` TV STRIKES OUT ON TWO INNINGS OF WORLD SERIES '' . Chicago Tribune . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Coast - to - Coast TV Lights Up For San Francisco Parley '' . Christian Science Monitor . Associated Press . September 4 , 1951 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Wolters , Larry ( September 16 , 1951 ) . `` TELEVISION SET FOR A BOMBING SEASON '' . Chicago Tribune . p . N_D1 . Jump up ^ `` COAST - TO - COAST TV CARRIES PLAY - OFF '' . New York Times . October 2 , 1951 . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Adams , Val ( September 27 , 1955 ) . `` DUROCHER MEETS WITH NBC ON JOB '' . New York Times . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Crosby , John ( October 5 , 1955 ) . `` Series In Color Lacked Black And White 's Clarity '' . Hartford Courant . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Baseball Scores $12 Billion In Television Deals '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallant , Joseph . `` Channel 12 : Feedback '' . DuMont Television Network Historical Website . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Frank Thomas in the Chicago White Sox victory celebration in 2005 exclaimed `` We 're world 's champions , baby ! '' At the close of the 2006 Series , Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig called the St. Louis Cardinals `` champions of the world '' . Likewise , the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine for November 6 , 2006 , featured Series MVP David Eckstein and was subtitled `` World Champions '' . Immediately after the final putout of the 2008 World Series , Philadelphia Phillies broadcaster Harry Kalas commented that `` the Philadelphia Phillies are 2008 World Champions of baseball ! '' Jump up ^ Evans , Simon . `` Super Bowl contenders happy with `` world champions '' title `` . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Wells , Steven ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . `` US sport : Steven Wells on why NBA , MLB and NFL winners call themselves world champions , even though no one else takes part '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 28 . References ( edit ) Ernest Lanigan , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine , available as a reprint from McFarland . Turkin , Hy ; S.C. Thompson ( 1951 ) . The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball . A.S. Barnes and Company . Buchanan , Lamont ( 1951 ) . The World Series and Highlights of Baseball . E.P. Dutton & Company . Jordan A. Deutsch , Richard M. Cohen , David Neft , Roland T. Johnson , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , 1975 , Bobbs - Merrill Company . Cohen , Richard M. ; David Neft ; Roland T. Johnson ; Jordan A. Deutsch ( 1976 ) . The World Series . Dial Press . The New York Times ( 1980 ) . The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History . Sporting News , Baseball Record Book and Baseball Guide , published annually since ca . 1941 . Lansch , Jerry ( 1991 ) . Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered . Taylor Publishing . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . 100 Years of the World Series ( DVD ) . Major League Baseball . 2002 . Further reading ( edit ) Auf Der Mar , Nick . `` World Series Fever Offers No Relief from Agony of Stadium Envy . '' The ( Montreal ) Gazette . October 30 , 1991 ( p . A2 ) . Dickey , Glenn . The History of the World Series Since 1903 . New York : Stein and Day , 1984 . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505912 - 3 . Sutherland , Norman . `` Unhappy Start for Yankees . '' The ( Glasgow ) Herald . March 20 , 1999 ( p. 9 ) . Thorn , John et al. Total Baseball . Kingston , New York : Total Sports Publishing , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 930844 - 01 - 8 ( pp. 265 -- 280 ) . Minneapolis Star Tribune . `` Q & A on the News . '' October 29 , 1999 ( p . A2 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to World Series . 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-3406973235004878558 | 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics | 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup , which took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018 . Goals scored from penalty shoot - outs are not counted , and matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Contents 1 Goalscorers 2 Assists 3 Scoring 3.1 Overall 3.2 Timing 3.3 Teams 3.4 Individual 4 Wins and losses 5 Match awards 5.1 Man of the Match 5.2 Clean sheets 6 Squads 6.1 Coaches 6.2 Players 7 Discipline 8 Multiple World Cups 9 Overall results 9.1 By team 9.2 By confederation 10 Stadiums 10.1 Attendance records 11 References 12 External links Goalscorers ( edit ) There were 169 goals scored in 64 matches , for an average of 2.64 goals per match . Twelve own goals were scored during the tournament , doubling the record of six set in 1998 . 6 goals Harry Kane 4 goals Romelu Lukaku Antoine Griezmann Kylian Mbappé Cristiano Ronaldo Denis Cheryshev 3 goals Eden Hazard Yerry Mina Mario Mandžukić Ivan Perišić Artem Dzyuba Diego Costa Edinson Cavani 2 goals Sergio Agüero Mile Jedinak Philippe Coutinho Neymar Luka Modrić Mohamed Salah John Stones Takashi Inui Ahmed Musa Son Heung - min Andreas Granqvist Wahbi Khazri Luis Suárez 1 goal Ángel Di María Gabriel Mercado Lionel Messi Marcos Rojo Michy Batshuayi Nacer Chadli Kevin De Bruyne Marouane Fellaini Adnan Januzaj Dries Mertens Thomas Meunier Jan Vertonghen Roberto Firmino Paulinho Renato Augusto Thiago Silva Juan Cuadrado Radamel Falcao Juan Fernando Quintero Kendall Waston Milan Badelj Andrej Kramarić Ivan Rakitić Ante Rebić Domagoj Vida Christian Eriksen Mathias Jørgensen Yussuf Poulsen Dele Alli Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Kieran Trippier Benjamin Pavard Paul Pogba Samuel Umtiti Raphaël Varane Toni Kroos Marco Reus Alfreð Finnbogason Gylfi Sigurðsson Karim Ansarifard Genki Haraguchi Keisuke Honda Shinji Kagawa Yuya Osako Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Carlos Vela Khalid Boutaïb Youssef En - Nesyri Victor Moses Felipe Baloy André Carrillo Paolo Guerrero Jan Bednarek Grzegorz Krychowiak Pepe Ricardo Quaresma Mário Fernandes Yury Gazinsky Aleksandr Golovin Salem Al - Dawsari Salman Al - Faraj Sadio Mané M'Baye Niang Moussa Wagué Aleksandar Kolarov Aleksandar Mitrović Kim Young - gwon Iago Aspas Isco Nacho Ludwig Augustinsson Emil Forsberg Ola Toivonen Josip Drmić Blerim Džemaili Xherdan Shaqiri Granit Xhaka Steven Zuber Dylan Bronn Ferjani Sassi Fakhreddine Ben Youssef José Giménez 1 own goal Aziz Behich ( against France ) Fernandinho ( against Belgium ) Mario Mandžukić ( against France ) Ahmed Fathy ( against Russia ) Edson Álvarez ( against Sweden ) Aziz Bouhaddouz ( against Iran ) Oghenekaro Etebo ( against Croatia ) Thiago Cionek ( against Senegal ) Denis Cheryshev ( against Uruguay ) Sergei Ignashevich ( against Spain ) Yann Sommer ( against Costa Rica ) Yassine Meriah ( against Panama ) Source : FIFA Assists ( edit ) 2 assists Éver Banega Lionel Messi Kevin De Bruyne Eden Hazard Thomas Meunier Youri Tielemans Philippe Coutinho Juan Fernando Quintero James Rodríguez Antoine Griezmann Lucas Hernández Artem Dzyuba Aleksandr Golovin Viktor Claesson Wahbi Khazri Carlos Sánchez 1 assist Gabriel Mercado Marcos Rojo Toby Alderweireld Nacer Chadli Romelu Lukaku Dries Mertens Douglas Costa Gabriel Jesus Neymar Willian Juan Cuadrado Joel Campbell Milan Badelj Marcelo Brozović Mateo Kovačić Mario Mandžukić Luka Modrić Ivan Perišić Josip Pivarić Domagoj Vida Šime Vrsaljko Thomas Delaney Christian Eriksen Nicolai Jørgensen Abdallah Said Jesse Lingard Harry Maguire Raheem Sterling Kieran Trippier Ashley Young Olivier Giroud Corentin Tolisso Mario Gómez Marco Reus Keisuke Honda Takashi Inui Shinji Kagawa Yuto Nagatomo Gaku Shibasaki Javier Hernández Hirving Lozano Fayçal Fajr Victor Moses Kenneth Omeruo Ricardo Ávila Paolo Guerrero Kamil Grosicki Rafał Kurzawa Gonçalo Guedes Raphaël Guerreiro João Moutinho Adrien Silva Alan Dzagoev Mário Fernandes Ilya Kutepov Roman Zobnin Abdullah Otayf M'Baye Niang Dušan Tadić Lee Jae - sung Ju Se - jong Sergio Busquets Dani Carvajal Andrés Iniesta Ola Toivonen Breel Embolo Mario Gavranović Xherdan Shaqiri Denis Zakaria Oussama Haddadi Hamdi Nagguez Rodrigo Bentancur Luis Suárez Source : FIFA Scoring ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) Total number of goals scored : 169 Average goals per match : 2.64 Total number of braces : 10 Edinson Cavani , Denis Cheryshev , Diego Costa , Eden Hazard , Harry Kane , Romelu Lukaku ( 2 ) , Kylian Mbappé , Ahmed Musa , John Stones Total number of hat - tricks : 2 Harry Kane , Cristiano Ronaldo Total number of penalty kicks awarded : 29 Total number of penalty kicks scored : 22 Salman Al - Faraj , Karim Ansarifard , Artem Dzyuba , Andreas Granqvist ( 2 ) , Antoine Griezmann ( 3 ) , Eden Hazard , Mile Jedinak ( 2 ) , Shinji Kagawa , Harry Kane ( 3 ) , Luka Modrić , Victor Moses , Cristiano Ronaldo , Mohamed Salah , Ferjani Sassi , Gylfi Sigurðsson , Carlos Vela Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved : 7 Fahad Al - Muwallad , Christian Cueva , Lionel Messi , Luka Modrić , Cristiano Ronaldo , Bryan Ruiz , Gylfi Sigurðsson Penalty kick success rate : 7001758600000000000 ♠ 75.86 % Own goals scored : 12 Edson Álvarez , Aziz Behich , Aziz Bouhaddouz , Denis Cheryshev , Thiago Cionek , Oghenekaro Etebo , Ahmed Fathy , Fernandinho , Sergei Ignashevich , Mario Mandžukić , Yassine Meriah , Yann Sommer Timing ( edit ) First goal of the tournament : Yury Gazinsky for Russia against Saudi Arabia First brace of the tournament : Denis Cheryshev for Russia against Saudi Arabia First hat - trick of the tournament : Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Last goal of the tournament : Mario Mandžukić for Croatia against France Last brace of the tournament : Edinson Cavani for Uruguay against Portugal Last hat - trick of the tournament : Harry Kane for England against Panama Fastest goal in a match from kickoff : 1st minute Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 7th minute Latest goal in a match with extra time : 115th minute Latest winning goal in a match without extra time : 90 + 5th minute Aziz Bouhaddouz ( own goal ) for Iran against Morocco , Toni Kroos for Germany against Sweden , Salem Al - Dawsari for Saudi Arabia against Egypt Latest winning goal in a match with extra time : 109th minute Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match : 3 minutes Diego Costa and Nacho for Spain against Portugal Teams ( edit ) Most goals scored by a team : 16 Belgium Fewest goals scored by a team : 2 Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Iran , Morocco , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia Most goals conceded by a team : 11 Panama Fewest goals conceded by a team : 2 Denmark , Iran , Peru Best goal difference : + 10 Belgium Worst goal difference : - 9 Panama Most goals scored in a match by both teams : 7 Belgium 5 -- 2 Tunisia , England 6 -- 1 Panama , France 4 -- 3 Argentina Most goals scored in a match by one team : 6 England against Panama Most goals scored in a match by the losing team : 3 Argentina against France Biggest margin of victory : 5 goals Russia 5 -- 0 Saudi Arabia , England 6 -- 1 Panama Most clean sheets achieved by a team : 4 France Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team : 0 Argentina , Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Morocco , Panama , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Switzerland , Tunisia Most clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , England , Germany , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team : 0 Brazil , Colombia , Croatia , Portugal , Spain , Tunisia Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team : 3 Brazil , Uruguay Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team : 2 Costa Rica , Mexico , Morocco , Peru , Saudi Arabia Individual ( edit ) Most goals scored by an individual : 6 Harry Kane Most assists provided by an individual : 2 Éver Banega , Nacer Chadli , Viktor Claesson , Philippe Coutinho , Kevin De Bruyne , Artem Dzyuba , Aleksandr Golovin , Antoine Griezmann , Eden Hazard , Lucas Hernández , Lionel Messi , Thomas Meunier , Juan Fernando Quintero , James Rodríguez , Carlos Andrés Sánchez , Youri Tielemans , Wahbi Khazri Most goals and assists produced by an individual : 6 Antoine Griezmann ( 4 goals , 2 assists ) , Harry Kane ( 6 goals ) Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Thibaut Courtois , Hugo Lloris , Fernando Muslera , Robin Olsen Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper : 3 Alisson , Fernando Muslera Most goals scored by one player in a match : 3 Harry Kane for England against Panama , Cristiano Ronaldo for Portugal against Spain Oldest goal scorer : 37 years , 120 days Felipe Baloy for Panama against England Youngest goal scorer : 19 years , 183 days Kylian Mbappé for France against Peru Wins and losses ( edit ) Most wins : 6 -- Belgium , France Fewest wins : 0 -- Australia , Costa Rica , Egypt , Iceland , Morocco , Panama Most losses : 3 -- Egypt , England , Panama Fewest losses : 0 -- Denmark , France , Spain Most draws : 3 -- Denmark , Spain Fewest draws : 0 -- Belgium , Egypt , Germany , Mexico , Nigeria , Panama , Peru , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , South Korea , Sweden , Tunisia , Uruguay Most points in the group stage : 9 -- Belgium , Croatia , Uruguay Fewest points in the group stage : 0 -- Egypt , Panama Match awards ( edit ) Man of the Match ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Antoine Griezmann France Australia ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Croatia ( F ) Eden Hazard Belgium Tunisia ( GS ) , Japan ( R16 ) , England ( TP ) Harry Kane England Tunisia ( GS ) , Panama ( GS ) , Colombia ( R16 ) Luka Modrić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) , Russia ( QF ) 5 Denis Cheryshev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Egypt ( GS ) Philippe Coutinho Brazil Switzerland ( GS ) , Costa Rica ( GS ) Kylian Mbappé France Peru ( GS ) , Argentina ( R16 ) Cristiano Ronaldo Portugal Spain ( GS ) , Morocco ( GS ) Luis Suárez Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) 10 Igor Akinfeev Russia Spain ( R16 ) Ludwig Augustinsson Sweden Mexico ( GS ) Milan Badelj Croatia Iceland ( GS ) Jan Bednarek Poland Japan ( GS ) Fakhreddine Ben Youssef Tunisia Panama ( GS ) André Carrillo Peru Australia ( GS ) Edinson Cavani Uruguay Portugal ( R16 ) Cho Hyun - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Diego Costa Spain Iran ( GS ) Kevin De Bruyne Belgium Brazil ( QF ) Blerim Džemaili Switzerland Costa Rica ( GS ) Mohamed El - Shenawy Egypt Uruguay ( GS ) Christian Eriksen Denmark Australia ( GS ) Emil Forsberg Sweden Switzerland ( R16 ) Andreas Granqvist Sweden South Korea ( GS ) Hannes Þór Halldórsson Iceland Argentina ( GS ) Amine Harit Morocco Iran ( GS ) Javier Hernández Mexico South Korea ( GS ) Isco Spain Morocco ( GS ) Adnan Januzaj Belgium England ( GS ) N'Golo Kanté France Denmark ( GS ) Aleksandar Kolarov Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Hirving Lozano Mexico Germany ( GS ) Romelu Lukaku Belgium Panama ( GS ) Sadio Mané Senegal Japan ( GS ) Lionel Messi Argentina Nigeria ( GS ) Yerry Mina Colombia Senegal ( GS ) Ahmed Musa Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Neymar Brazil Mexico ( R16 ) M'Baye Niang Senegal Poland ( GS ) Yuya Osako Japan Colombia ( GS ) Paulinho Brazil Serbia ( GS ) Ivan Perišić Croatia England ( SF ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Yussuf Poulsen Denmark Peru ( GS ) Ricardo Quaresma Portugal Iran ( GS ) Marco Reus Germany Sweden ( GS ) James Rodríguez Colombia Poland ( GS ) Mohamed Salah Egypt Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Croatia ( R16 ) Xherdan Shaqiri Switzerland Serbia ( GS ) Samuel Umtiti France Belgium ( SF ) Clean sheets ( edit ) Rank Name Team Opponent Awards Alisson Brazil Costa Rica ( GS ) , Serbia ( GS ) , Mexico ( R16 ) Thibaut Courtois Belgium Panama ( GS ) , England ( GS ) , England ( TP ) Hugo Lloris France Peru ( GS ) , Uruguay ( QF ) , Belgium ( SF ) Fernando Muslera Uruguay Egypt ( GS ) , Saudi Arabia ( GS ) , Russia ( GS ) Robin Olsen Sweden South Korea ( GS ) , Mexico ( GS ) , Switzerland ( R16 ) 6 David Ospina Colombia Poland ( GS ) , Senegal ( GS ) Kasper Schmeichel Denmark Peru ( GS ) , France ( GS ) Danijel Subašić Croatia Nigeria ( GS ) , Argentina ( GS ) 9 Igor Akinfeev Russia Saudi Arabia ( GS ) Alireza Beiranvand Iran Morocco ( GS ) David de Gea Spain Iran ( GS ) Łukasz Fabiański Poland Japan ( GS ) Pedro Gallese Peru Australia ( GS ) Jo Hyeon - woo South Korea Germany ( GS ) Steve Mandanda France Denmark ( GS ) Guillermo Ochoa Mexico Germany ( GS ) Rui Patrício Portugal Morocco ( GS ) Jordan Pickford England Sweden ( QF ) Vladimir Stojković Serbia Costa Rica ( GS ) Francis Uzoho Nigeria Iceland ( GS ) Squads ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup squads Coaches ( edit ) Oldest coach : Óscar Tabárez Uruguay - 71 years and 104 days in the first game against Egypt , after Otto Rehhagel ( 71 years and 317 days at the 2010 World Cup ) , he is the second oldest World Cup coach . Youngest coach : Aliou Cissé Senegal - 42 years and 87 days in the first game against Poland . Country with most coaches : Argentina with four coaches , alongside Argentina , Egypt , Colombia and Peru are coached by Argentines . This is followed by Spain with three coaches ( Belgium , Saudi Arabia and Spain ) , then Germany , France , Colombia ( with the Colombian coaches serving only other teams as in 2014 ) and Portugal with two coaches each . Teams with foreign coaches : Twelve teams are trained by foreign coaches , including two teams ( Australia and Denmark ) of coaches whose home countries ( Netherlands and Norway ) did not qualify for the 2018 World Cup . Longest serving coach : As in 2014 , the longest serving team coaches of the World Cup are Joachim Löw and Óscar Tabárez , who have been in charge of the German and Uruguayan national teams since 2006 . Tabárez , however , was previously coach of Uruguay from 1988 to 1990 , while Löw have worked as an assistant coach for Germany since 2004 . Besides them , Didier Deschamps France , José Pékerman Colombia and Carlos Queiroz Iran were at the 2014 World Cup with their current teams and Jorge Sampaoli Argentina with Chile and Fernando Santos Portugal with Greece at the 2014 World Cup . Shortest serving coach : The coach having the shortest time in charge is Fernando Hierro Spain , who became in charge only two days before his team 's first game . In addition to him were Mladen Krstajić Serbia , Bert van Marwijk Australia , Akira Nishino Japan and Juan Antonio Pizzi Saudi Arabia who resumed duty as coach only after the successful qualification of their current teams . Of these , however , van Marwijk had qualified with Saudi Arabia for the World Cup , but then refused to renew his contract . Coaches who were former players : Didier Deschamps ( France / 1998 ) became world champion having previously contested as a player , equaling the record of Mário Zagallo and Franz Beckenbauer . Beside him , Aliou Cissé ( Senegal / 2002 ) , Gareth Southgate ( England / 1998 ) , Óscar Ramírez ( Costa Rica / 1990 ) , Adam Nawałka ( Poland / 1978 ) , Stanislav Cherchesov ( Russia / 1994 and unused in 2002 ) and Mladen Krstajić ( Serbia / 2006 with Serbia & Montenegro ) were also coaches who previously played at the World Cup . Players ( edit ) Appearance record : Rafael Márquez Mexico participated in the World Cup for the fifth time , equaling the record of compatriot Antonio Carbajal and Germany player Lothar Matthäus Oldest player : At 45 years and five months , Essam El - Hadary Egypt is the oldest player ever to be nominated for a World Cup finals . By his use in the last group match on June 25 , he was 45 years and 161 days , thereby becoming the oldest World Cup player . Youngest player : Daniel Arzani Australia is the youngest player at the age of 19 years and 163 days . He came on in the group match against France in the 84th minute . Sofyan Amrabat Morocco , who came on as a substitute for his brother Nordin Amrabat in the 76th minute in the group match against Iran , is the first player in World Cup history to come in for his brother . Aleksandr Yerokhin Russia is the first player to feature as the fourth substitute player in a World Cup match - coming on in the 97th minute of extra time in the Round of 16 match against Spain . This match is also the first ever World Cup match in which eight players have been substituted . 30 teams nominated at least one player from the domestic league , but only England exclusively fielded players of its own domestic league . By contrast , Sweden and Senegal nominated only players from foreign leagues . The most number of players ( 129 ) are active in clubs based in England , the majority of them in the Premier League , with some in the lower leagues . In total 27 of the 32 team squads have players who play in England . One player each plays in the leagues of Finland , Guinea , Honduras , Norway , Paraguay , Romania , Slovakia and South Africa . From the leagues of countries that did not qualify for the World Cup , the Italian Serie A have the strongest representation with 58 players . Discipline ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record Total number of yellow cards : 219 Average yellow cards per match : 3.42 Total number of red cards : 4 Average red cards per match : 0.06 First yellow card of the tournament : Aleksandr Golovin for Russia against Saudi Arabia First red card of the tournament : Carlos Sánchez Moreno for Colombia against Japan Fastest yellow card from kick off : 1st minute Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute : 1st minute Latest yellow card in a match without extra time : 90 + 8th minute Aleksandar Prijović for Serbia against Costa Rica , Cédric Soares for Portugal against Iran Latest yellow card in a match with extra time : 118th minute Fastest dismissal from kick off : 3rd minute Latest dismissal in a match without extra time : 90 + 4th minute Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player : 9 minutes Igor Smolnikov for Russia against Uruguay ( booked in the 27th minute and again in the 36th minute ) Most yellow cards ( team ) : 15 Croatia Most red cards ( team ) : 1 Colombia , Germany , Russia , Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( team ) : 1 Saudi Arabia Most yellow cards ( player ) : 3 Sebastian Larsson Most red cards ( player ) : 1 Jérôme Boateng , Michael Lang , Carlos Sánchez Moreno , Igor Smolnikov Most yellow cards ( match ) : 8 Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Most red cards ( match ) : 1 Colombia vs Japan , Germany vs Sweden , Uruguay vs Russia , Sweden vs Switzerland Fewest yellow cards ( match ) : 0 Argentina vs Iceland , Uruguay vs Saudi Arabia Most cards in one match : 8 yellow cards Belgium vs Panama , France vs Argentina , Colombia vs England Multiple World Cups ( edit ) Scoring at four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Cristiano Ronaldo IRN PRK GHA ESP ( 3 ) , MAR 7 Scoring at three World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total goals Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Goals Against Edinson Cavani N / A GER CRC RUS , POR ( 2 ) 5 Javier Hernández N / A FRA , ARG CRO KOR Keisuke Honda N / A CMR , DEN CIV SEN Lionel Messi SCG 0 N / A BIH , IRN , NGA ( 2 ) NGA 6 Luis Suárez N / A MEX , KOR ( 2 ) ENG ( 2 ) KSA , RUS 7 Messi played in 2010 but did not score . Appearing in five World Cups Name 2002 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Rafael Márquez CRO , ECU , ITA , USA IRN , ANG , POR , ARG RSA , FRA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , BRA 19 Márquez became the first player to captain his team in five different World Cups . Appearing in four World Cups Name 2006 2014 2018 Total Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Apps Against Valon Behrami KOR CHI ECU , FRA , HON , ARG BRA , SRB , CRC , SWE 10 Tim Cahill JPN , BRA , CRO , ITA GER , SRB CHI , NED PER 9 Andrés Guardado ARG RSA , URU , ARG CMR , BRA , CRO , NED GER , KOR , SWE , BRA 12 Andrés Iniesta KSA 6 SUI , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 14 Javier Mascherano 5 CIV , SCG , NED , MEX , GER NGA , KOR , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 20 Lionel Messi SCG , NED , MEX 5 NGA , KOR , GRE , MEX , GER 7 BIH , IRN , NGA , SUI , BEL , NED , GER ISL , CRO , NGA , FRA 19 Sergio Ramos UKR , TUN , FRA 7 SUI , HON , CHI , POR , PAR , GER , NED NED , CHI , AUS POR , IRN , MAR , RUS 17 Cristiano Ronaldo 6 ANG , IRN , NED , ENG , FRA , GER CIV , PRK , BRA , ESP GER , USA , GHA ESP , MAR , IRN , URU 17 Overall results ( edit ) Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column . By team ( edit ) Team Pld Pts APts GF AGF GA AGA GD AGD CS ACS YC AYC RC ARC Argentina 1.00 6 1.50 9 2.25 - 3 - 0.75 0 0.00 11 2.75 0 0.00 Australia 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 7 2.33 0 0.00 Belgium 7 6 0 18 2.57 16 2.29 6 0.86 + 10 1.43 0.43 11 1.57 0 0.00 Brazil 5 10 2.00 8 1.60 0.60 + 5 1.00 0.60 7 1.40 0 0.00 Colombia 7 1.75 6 1.50 0.75 + 3 0.75 0.50 9 2.25 0.25 Costa Rica 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Croatia 7 14 2.00 14 2.00 9 1.29 + 5 0.71 0.29 15 2.14 0 0.00 Denmark 0 6 1.50 0.75 0.50 + 1 0.25 0.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 Egypt 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 6 2.00 - 4 - 1.33 0 0.00 5 1.67 0 0.00 England 7 10 1.43 12 1.71 8 1.14 + 4 0.57 0.14 8 1.14 0 0.00 France 7 6 0 19 2.71 14 2.00 6 0.86 + 8 1.14 0.57 12 1.71 0 0.00 Germany 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 0.67 0.33 Iceland 0 0.33 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.00 0 0.00 Iran 1.33 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 7 2.33 0 0.00 Japan 1.00 6 1.50 7 1.75 - 1 - 0.25 0 0.00 5 1.25 0 0.00 Mexico 0 6 1.50 0.75 6 1.50 - 3 - 0.75 0.25 9 2.25 0 0.00 Morocco 0 0.33 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0 0.00 8 2.67 0 0.00 Nigeria 0 1.00 1.00 1.33 - 1 - 0.33 0.33 1.33 0 0.00 Panama 0 0 0 0.00 0.67 11 3.67 - 9 - 3.00 0 0.00 11 3.67 0 0.00 Peru 0 1.00 0.67 0.67 0 0.00 0.33 5 1.67 0 0.00 Poland 0 1.00 0.67 5 1.67 - 3 - 1.00 0.33 1.00 0 0.00 Portugal 5 1.25 6 1.50 6 1.50 0 0.00 0.25 7 1.75 0 0.00 Russia 5 8 1.60 11 2.20 7 1.40 + 4 0.80 0.20 6 1.20 0.20 Saudi Arabia 0 1.00 0.67 7 2.33 - 5 - 1.67 0 0.00 0.33 0 0.00 Senegal 1.33 1.33 1.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 2.00 0 0.00 Serbia 0 1.00 0.67 1.33 - 2 - 0.67 0.33 9 3.00 0 0.00 South Korea 0 1.00 1.00 1.00 0 0.00 0.33 10 3.33 0 0.00 Spain 0 6 1.50 7 1.75 6 1.50 + 1 0.25 0.25 0.50 0 0.00 Sweden 5 0 9 1.80 6 1.20 0.80 + 2 0.40 0.60 8 1.60 0 0.00 Switzerland 5 1.25 5 1.25 5 1.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 2.25 0.25 Tunisia 0 1.00 5 1.67 8 2.67 - 3 - 1.00 0 0.00 1.33 0 0.00 Uruguay 5 0 12 2.40 7 1.40 0.60 + 4 0.80 0.60 0.60 0 0.00 Total 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 169 1.32 169 1.32 0 0.00 33 0.26 219 1.71 0.03 Team ( s ) rendered in italics represent ( s ) the host nation ( s ) . The competition 's winning team is rendered in bold . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . By confederation ( edit ) Confederation Pld Pts APts Pts / T AFC 5 16 9 15 0.94 3.00 CAF 5 15 10 11 0.73 2.20 CONCACAF 10 7 7 0.70 2.33 CONMEBOL 5 21 11 7 36 1.71 7.20 UEFA 14 66 31 17 18 110 1.67 7.86 Total 32 64 51 13 51 179 1.40 5.59 Host nation ( s ) are situated in the region ( s ) rendered in italics . -- Total games lost not counted in total games played ( total games lost = total games won ) -- Total number of games drawn ( tied ) for all teams = Total number of games drawn ( tied ) ÷ 2 ( both teams involved ) -- As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . Stadiums ( edit ) Stadium City Capacity Elevation Matches played Overall attendance Average attendance per match Average attendance as % of capacity Overall goals scored Average goals scored per match Central Stadium Yekaterinburg 33,061 273 m 125,437 31,359 94.85 % 9 2.25 Cosmos Arena Samara 41,970 163 m 6 248,060 41,343 98.51 % 11 1.83 Fisht Olympic Stadium Sochi 44,287 1 m 6 264,057 44,010 99.37 % 21 3.50 Kaliningrad Stadium Kaliningrad 33,973 0 m 132,249 33,062 97.32 % 10 2.50 Kazan Arena Kazan 42,873 51 m 6 254,451 42,409 98.92 % 19 3.17 Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 64,468 13 m 7 448,686 64,098 99.43 % 14 2.00 Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 78,011 151 m 7 546,077 78,011 100.00 % 18 2.57 Mordovia Arena Saransk 41,685 126 m 160,237 40,059 96.10 % 9 2.25 Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Nizhny Novgorod 43,319 73 m 6 256,427 42,738 98.66 % 19 3.17 Otkritie Arena Moscow 44,190 125 m 5 220,950 44,190 100.00 % 16 3.20 Rostov Arena Rostov - on - Don 43,472 0 m 5 214,197 42,839 98.54 % 14 2.80 Volgograd Arena Volgograd 43,713 31 m 160,980 40,245 92.07 % 9 2.25 Total 3,080,085 64 3,031,768 47,371 98.43 % 169 2.64 Attendance records ( edit ) Top 10 highest attendances . Rank Attendance Match Venue City Date Ref 78,011 Russia vs Saudi Arabia Luzhniki Stadium Moscow 14 June 2018 Germany vs Mexico 17 June 2018 Portugal vs Morocco 20 June 2018 Denmark vs France 26 June 2018 Spain vs Russia 1 July 2018 Croatia vs England 11 July 2018 France vs Croatia 15 July 2018 8 64,468 Russia vs Egypt Krestovsky Stadium Saint Petersburg 19 June 2018 Brazil vs Costa Rica 22 June 2018 Nigeria vs Argentina 26 June 2018 Lowest attendance : 27,015 -- Egypt vs Uruguay , Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg , 15 June 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelly , Ryan ( 15 July 2018 ) . `` Mandzukic makes World Cup history with own goal against France in Russia 2018 final '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Goals scored '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 July 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium vs Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 July 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tunisia vs England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England vs Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Nigeria -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia v Egypt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Saudi Arabia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain v Russia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iceland v Croatia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan v Poland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Panama v Tunisia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia vs Peru -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 30 June 2018 . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Germany -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Iran vs Spain -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland v Costa Rica -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt v Uruguay -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark v Australia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 21 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v South Korea -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina v Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Morocco v Iran -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Spain v Morocco -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Denmark v France -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica v Serbia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgium v Panama -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Japan vs Senegal - Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria v Argentina -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Senegal v Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 28 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria vs Iceland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil v Mexico -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Senegal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Colombia v Japan -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia vBrazil -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 27 June 2018 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden v England -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peru v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IR Iran v Portugal -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Germany v Sweden -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 23 June 2018 . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Poland vs Colombia -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 24 June 2018 . Retrieved 24 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia v Egpyt -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 25 June 2018 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia v Denmark -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serbia v Switzerland -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` France v Belgium -- Man of the Match '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stats of the Day -- 16 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day -- 26 June 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018_ A late own goal gives France victory over Australia - BBC Sport '' . BBC.com . BBC Sport. 18 June 2018 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stats of the Day - 2 July 2018 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 2 July 2018 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The squads in stats '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ekaterinburg Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Repina '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Samara Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dal'nyaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fisht Olympic Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kaliningrad Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kazan , Tatarstan '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Petersburg Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zenit Arena '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luzhniki Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mordovia Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgogradskaya Ulitsa '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nizhny Novgorod Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ulitsa Dolzhanskaya '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spartak Stadium '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volokolamskoye Shosse '' . elevationmap.net. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rostov Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Volgograd Arena '' . FIFA.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Central Stadium '' . worldstadiumdatabase.com. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Saudi Arabia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 14 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Germany vs. Mexico '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Portugal vs. Morocco '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Denmark vs. France '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Spain vs. Russia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 1 July 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Croatia vs. England '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - France vs. Croatia '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 11 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Russia vs. Egypt '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Brazil vs. Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match Report - Nigeria vs. Argentina '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Match report -- Egypt v Uruguay '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 15 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . 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-6317060569870167231 | On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film) | On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) - wikipedia On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search On Her Majesty 's Secret Service British cinema poster for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , designed and illustrated by Robert McGinnis and Frank McCarthy Directed by Peter R. Hunt Produced by Harry Saltzman Albert R. Broccoli Screenplay by Richard Maibaum Additional Dialogue : Simon Raven Based on On Her Majesty 's Secret Service by Ian Fleming Starring George Lazenby Diana Rigg Telly Savalas Bernard Lee Gabriele Ferzetti Ilse Steppat Music by John Barry Cinematography Michael Reed Edited by John Glen Production company Eon Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date 18 December 1969 ( 1969 - 12 - 18 ) ( London , premiere ) Running time 140 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget $7 million Box office $82 million On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) is the sixth spy film in the James Bond series , based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming . Following Sean Connery 's decision to retire from the role after You Only Live Twice , Eon Productions selected an unknown actor and model , George Lazenby , to play the part of James Bond . During the making of the film , Lazenby announced that he would play the role of Bond only once . In the film Bond faces Blofeld ( Telly Savalas ) , who is planning to hold the world ransom by the threat of sterilising the world 's food supply through a group of brainwashed `` angels of death '' . Along the way Bond meets , falls in love with , and eventually marries Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo ( Diana Rigg ) . This is the only Bond film to be directed by Peter R. Hunt , who had served as a film editor and second unit director on previous films in the series . Hunt , along with producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , decided to produce a more realistic film that would follow the novel closely . It was shot in Switzerland , England , and Portugal from October 1968 to May 1969 . Although its cinema release was not as lucrative as its predecessor You Only Live Twice , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was still one of the top performing films of the year . Critical reviews upon release were mixed , but the film 's reputation has improved greatly over time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Blofeld 's Angels of Death 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release and reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Contemporary reviews 4.3 Reflective reviews 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In Portugal , James Bond -- agent 007 , sometimes referred to simply as ' 007 ' -- saves a woman on the beach from committing suicide by drowning , and later meets her again in a casino . The woman , Contessa Teresa `` Tracy '' di Vicenzo , invites Bond to her hotel room to thank him , but when Bond arrives he is attacked by an unidentified man . After subduing the man , Bond returns to his own room and finds Tracy there , who claims she did n't know the attacker was there . The next morning , Bond is kidnapped by several men , including the one he fought with , who take him to meet Marc - Ange Draco , the head of the European crime syndicate Unione Corse . Draco reveals that Tracy is his only daughter and tells Bond of her troubled past , offering Bond one million pounds if he will marry her . Bond refuses , but agrees to continue romancing Tracy if Draco reveals the whereabouts of Ernst Stavro Blofeld , the head of SPECTRE . Bond returns to London , and after a brief argument with M at the British Secret Service headquarters , heads for Draco 's birthday party in Portugal . There , Bond and Tracy begin a whirlwind romance , and Draco directs the agent to a law firm in Bern , Switzerland . Bond investigates the office of Swiss lawyer Gumbold , and learns that Blofeld is corresponding with London College of Arms ' genealogist Sir Hilary Bray , attempting to claim the title ' Comte Balthazar de Bleuchamp ' . Posing as Bray , Bond goes to meet Blofeld , who has established a clinical allergy - research institute atop Piz Gloria in the Swiss Alps . Bond meets twelve young women , the `` Angels of Death '' , who are patients at the institute 's clinic , apparently cured of their allergies . At night Bond goes to the room of one patient , Ruby , to seduce her . At midnight Bond sees that the 12 ladies go into a sleep - induced hypnotic state while Blofeld gives them audio instructions for when they return home . In fact , the women are being brainwashed to distribute bacteriological warfare agents throughout the world . Bond tries to trick Blofeld into leaving Switzerland so that MI6 can arrest him without violating Swiss sovereignty . Blofeld refuses and Bond is eventually caught by henchwoman Irma Bunt . Blofeld reveals that he identified Bond after his attempt to lure him out of Switzerland , and tells his henchmen to take the agent away . Bond eventually makes his escape by skiing down Piz Gloria while Blofeld and his men give chase . Arriving at the village of Lauterbrunnen , Bond finds Tracy and they escape Bunt and her men after a car chase . A blizzard forces them to a remote barn , where Bond professes his love to Tracy and proposes marriage to her , which she accepts . The next morning , as the flight resumes , Blofeld sets off an avalanche ; Tracy is captured , while Bond is buried but manages to escape . Back in London at M 's office , Bond is informed that Blofeld intends to hold the world to ransom by threatening to destroy its agriculture using his brainwashed women . Apart from money , Blofeld demands amnesty for all past crimes and to be recognised as Count de Bleuchamp . M tells 007 that the ransom will be paid and forbids him to mount a rescue mission . Bond then enlists Draco and his forces to attack Blofeld 's headquarters , while also rescuing Tracy from Blofeld 's captivity . The facility is destroyed , and Blofeld escapes the destruction alone in a bobsleigh , with Bond pursuing him . The chase ends when Blofeld becomes snared in a tree branch and injures his neck . Bond and Tracy marry in Portugal , then drive away in Bond 's Aston Martin . When Bond pulls over to the roadside to remove flowers from the car , Blofeld ( wearing a neck brace ) and Bunt open fire on the couple 's car . Bond survives , but Tracy is killed in the attack . When a police officer arrives to help , a tearful Bond cradles Tracy 's body and says : `` It 's all right . It 's quite all right , really . She 's having a rest . We 'll be going on soon . There 's no hurry you see , we have all the time in the world . '' Cast ( edit ) George Lazenby as James Bond -- MI6 agent , codename 007 . Diana Rigg as Countess Tracy di Vicenzo -- A vulnerable countess and Marc - Ange Draco 's daughter , who captures Bond 's heart . Like Honor Blackman in Goldfinger before her , Rigg had come to the notice of Eon Productions through her work on The Avengers , where she played Emma Peel from 1965 -- 68 . Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld aka Comte Balthazar de Bleuchamp -- Bond 's nemesis , leader of SPECTRE and in hiding . Savalas had appeared in The Dirty Dozen in 1967 , leading to Broccoli suggesting him to director Peter Hunt , for the role , in place of Donald Pleasence , who had appeared in You Only Live Twice . Both Broccoli and Hunt felt Pleasence was unsuited to the more physical side of the Blofeld role in On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc - Ange Draco -- Head of the Union Corse , a major crime syndicate and Tracy 's father ( uncredited voice by David de Keyser ) . Ilse Steppat as Irma Bunt -- Blofeld 's henchwoman who assists in the attempts to eliminate Bond , and although they fail to finish him off Bunt eventually manages to kill Tracy . Said to be the most successful piece of casting in the film , the Bunt character did not appear in the film You Only Live Twice , although she did appear in the novel . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was Steppat 's last role : the 52 - year - old died of a heart attack on 22 December 1969 , four days after the film premiered . Bernard Lee as M -- Head of the British Secret Service . Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny . George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray -- Herald in the London College of Arms , whom Bond impersonates in Piz Gloria . Baker also provided the voice of Bond while he was imitating Bray . Yuri Borienko as Grunther -- Blofeld 's brutish chief of security at Piz Gloria . In his role as a stuntman , Borienko was one of the people assisting with Lazenby 's audition : Lazenby accidentally broke his nose , which helped him get the part of Bond . Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell -- 007 's colleague who tries to aid Bond in Switzerland as part of Operation Bedlam. Campbell has been called the film 's `` Official Sacrificial Lamb '' . Desmond Llewelyn as Q . Virginia North as Olympe -- Draco 's lover Nikki van der Zyl provided the uncredited voice for Olympe , making On Her Majesty 's Secret Service her sixth Bond film in succession . Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint Irvin Allen as Che Che Terry Mountain as Raphael James Bree as Gumbold John Gay as Hammond Blofeld 's Angels of death ( edit ) The Angels of Death are twelve beautiful women from all over the world being brainwashed by Blofeld under the guise of allergy or phobia treatment to spread the Virus Omega . A number appeared in the representative styles of dress of their particular nation . Their mission is to help Blofeld contaminate and ultimately sterilise the world 's food supply . Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett , an English girl at the clinic suffering from an allergy to chickens , whom Bond also beds . Scoular also played Buttercup in the 1967 comedy Casino Royale . Catherina von Schell as Nancy , a Hungarian girl at the clinic whom Bond seduces . Joanna Lumley as an English girl . Like Diana Rigg ( and Honor Blackman in Goldfinger ) , Lumley would appear alongside Patrick Macnee , although her role was in a spin - off from The Avengers , as Purdey in The New Avengers . Julie Ege as a Scandinavian girl . Ege was a former Miss Norway who also starred in a number of Hammer Film Productions . Jenny Hanley as an Irish girl . Anouska Hempel as an Australian girl . Mona Chong as a Chinese girl . Sylvana Henriques as a Jamaican girl . Dani Sheridan as an American girl . Zaheera as Zara , an Indian girl . Ingrit Back as a German girl . Helena Ronee as an Israeli girl . Production ( edit ) The novel On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was first published after the film series started and contains `` a gentle dig at the cinematic Bond 's gadgets , Broccoli and Saltzman had originally intended to make On Her Majesty 's Secret Service after Goldfinger and Richard Maibaum worked on a script at that time . However , Thunderball was filmed instead after the ongoing rights dispute over the novel were settled between Fleming and Kevin McClory . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was due to follow that , but problems with a warm Swiss winter and inadequate snow cover led to Saltzman and Broccoli postponing the film again , favouring production of You Only Live Twice . Between the resignation of Sean Connery at the beginning of filming You Only Live Twice and its release , Saltzman had planned to adapt The Man with the Golden Gun in Cambodia and use Roger Moore as the next Bond , but political instability meant the location was ruled out and Moore signed up for another series of The Saint . After You Only Live Twice was released in 1967 , the producers once again picked up with On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . Peter Hunt , who had worked on the five preceding films had impressed Broccoli and Saltzman enough to earn his directorial debut as they believed his quick cutting had set the style for the series ; it was also the result of a long - standing promise from Broccoli and Saltzman for a directorial position . Hunt also asked for the position during the production of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang , and he brought along with him many crew members , including cinematographer Michael Reed . Hunt was focused on putting his mark -- `` I wanted it to be different than any other Bond film would be . It was my film , not anyone else 's . '' On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was the last film on which Hunt worked in the series . Writing ( edit ) Screenwriter Richard Maibaum , who had worked on all the previous Bond films bar You Only Live Twice , was responsible for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service 's script . Saltzman and Broccoli decided to drop the science fiction gadgets from the earlier films and focus more on plot as in From Russia With Love . Peter Hunt asked Simon Raven to write some of the dialogue between Tracy and Blofeld in Piz Gloria , which was to be `` sharper , better and more intellectual '' ; one of Raven 's additions was having Tracy quoting James Elroy Flecker . When writing the script , the producers decided to make the closest adaptation of the book possible : virtually everything in the novel occurs in the film and Hunt was reported to always enter the set carrying an annotated copy of the novel . With the script following the novel more closely than the other film adaptations of the eponymous source novels , there are several continuity errors due to the film taking place in a different order , such as Blofeld not recognising Bond , despite having met him face - to - face in the previous film You Only Live Twice . In the original script , Bond undergoes plastic surgery to disguise him from his enemies ; the intention was to allow an unrecognisable Bond to infiltrate Blofeld 's hideout and help the audience accept the new actor in the role . However , this was dropped in favour of ignoring the change in actor . To make audiences not forget it was the same James Bond , just played by another actor , the producers inserted many references to the previous films , some as in - jokes . These include Bond breaking the fourth wall by stating `` This never happened to the other fellow '' , the credits sequence with images from the previous instalments , Bond visiting his office and finding objects from Dr. No , From Russia with Love and Thunderball , and a caretaker whistling the theme from Goldfinger . Casting ( edit ) In 1967 , after five films , Sean Connery resigned from the role of James Bond and -- during the filming of You Only Live Twice -- was not on speaking terms with Albert Broccoli . The confirmed front runners were Englishman John Richardson , Dutchman Hans De Vries , Australian Robert Campbell , Englishman Anthony Rogers and Australian George Lazenby . Broccoli and Hunt eventually chose Lazenby after seeing him in a Fry 's Chocolate Cream advertisement . Lazenby dressed the part by sporting several sartorial Bond elements such as a Rolex Submariner wristwatch and a Savile Row suit ( ordered for , but uncollected , by Connery ) , and going to Connery 's barber at the Dorchester Hotel . Broccoli noticed Lazenby as a Bond - type man based on his physique and character elements , and offered him an audition . The position was consolidated when Lazenby accidentally punched a professional wrestler , who was acting as stunt coordinator , in the face , impressing Broccoli with his ability to display aggression . Lazenby was offered a contract for seven films ; however , he was convinced by his agent Ronan O'Rahilly that the secret agent would be archaic in the liberated 1970s , and as a result he left the series after the release of On Her Majesty 's Secret Service in 1969 . For Tracy Draco , the producers wanted an established actress opposite neophyte Lazenby . Brigitte Bardot was invited , but after she signed to appear in Shalako opposite Sean Connery the deal fell through , and Diana Rigg -- who had already been the popular heroine Emma Peel in The Avengers -- was cast instead . Rigg said one of the reasons for accepting the role was that she always wanted to be in an epic film . Telly Savalas was cast following a suggestion from Broccoli , and Hunt 's neighbour George Baker was offered the part of Sir Hilary Bray . Baker 's voice was also used when Lazenby was impersonating Bray , as Hunt considered Lazenby 's imitation not convincing enough . Gabriele Ferzetti was cast as Draco after the producers saw him in an Italian Mafia film , but Ferzetti 's heavy Italian accent also led to his voice being redubbed by English actor David de Keyser for the final cut . Filming ( edit ) Piz Gloria , Switzerland . Principal photography began in the Canton of Bern , Switzerland , on 21 October 1968 , with the first scene shot being an aerial view of Bond climbing the stairs of Blofeld 's mountain retreat to meet the girls . The scenes were shot at the now famous revolving restaurant Piz Gloria , located atop the Schilthorn near the village of Mürren . The location was found by production manager Hubert Fröhlich after three weeks of location scouting in France and Switzerland . The restaurant was still under construction , but the producers found the location interesting , and had to finance providing electricity and the aerial lift to make filming there possible . Various chase scenes in the Alps were shot at Lauterbrunnen and Saas - Fee , while the Christmas celebrations were filmed in Grindelwald , and some scenes were shot on location in Bern . Production was hampered by weak snowfall which was unfavourable to the skiing action scenes . The producers even considered moving to another location in Switzerland , but it was taken by the production of Downhill Racer . The Swiss filming ended up running 56 days over schedule . In March 1969 , production moved to England , with London 's Pinewood Studios being used for interior shooting , and M 's house being shot in Marlow , Buckinghamshire . In April , the filmmakers went to Portugal , where principal photography wrapped in May . The pre-credit coastal and hotel scenes were filmed at Hotel Estoril Palacio in Estoril and Guincho Beach , Cascais , while Lisbon was used for the reunion of Bond and Tracy , and the ending employed a mountain road in the Arrábida National Park near Setúbal . Harry Saltzman wanted the Portuguese scenes to be in France , but after searching there , Peter Hunt considered that not only were the locations not photogenic , but were already `` overexposed '' . The slopes in the Saas Fee area in which the ski sequences were shot . While the first unit shot at Piz Gloria , the second unit , led by John Glen , started filming the ski chases . The downhill skiing involved professional skiers , and various camera tricks . Some cameras were handheld , with the operators holding them as they were going downhill with the stuntmen , and others were aerial , with cameramen Johnny Jordan -- who had previously worked in the helicopter battle of You Only Live Twice -- developing a system where he was dangled by an 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) long parachute harness rig below a helicopter , allowing scenes to be shot on the move from any angle . The bobsledding chase was also filmed with the help of Swiss Olympic athletes , and was rewritten to incorporate the accidents the stuntmen suffered during shooting , such as the scene where Bond falls from the sled . Blofeld getting snared with a tree was performed at the studio by Savalas himself , after the attempt to do this by the stuntman on location came out wrong . Glen was also the editor of the film , employing a style similar to the one used by Hunt in the previous Bond films , with fast motion in the action scenes and exaggerated sound effects . The avalanche scenes were due to be filmed in co-operation with the Swiss army who annually used explosions to prevent snow build - up by causing avalanches , but the area chosen naturally avalanched just before filming . The final result was a combination of a man - made avalanche at an isolated Swiss location shot by the second unit , stock footage , and images created by the special effects crew with salt . The stuntmen were filmed later , added by optical effects . For the scene where Bond and Tracy crash into a car race while being pursued , an ice rink was constructed over an unused aeroplane track , with water and snow sprayed on it constantly . Lazenby and Rigg did most of the driving due to the high number of close - ups . `` One time , we were on location at an ice rink and Diana and Peter were drinking champagne inside . Of course I was n't invited as Peter was there . I could see them through the window , but the crew were all outside stomping around on the ice trying to keep warm . So , when she got in the car , I went for her . She could n't drive the car properly and I got in to her about her drinking and things like that . Then she jumped out and started shouting ' he 's attacking me in the car ! ' I called her a so - and - so for not considering the crew who were freezing their butts off outside . And it was n't that at all in the end , as she was sick that night , and I was at fault for getting in to her about it . I think everyone gets upset at one time . '' George Lazenby For the cinematography , Hunt aimed for a `` simple , but glamorous like the 1950s Hollywood films I grew up with '' , as well as something realistic , `` where the sets do n't look like sets '' . Cinematographer Michael Reed added he had difficulties with lighting , as every set built for the film had a ceiling , preventing spotlights from being hung from above . While shooting , Hunt wanted `` the most interesting framings possible '' , which would also look good after being cropped for television . Lazenby said he experienced difficulties during shooting , not receiving any coaching despite his lack of acting experience , and with director Hunt never addressing him directly , only through his assistant . Lazenby also declared that Hunt also asked the rest of the crew to keep a distance from him , as `` Peter thought the more I was alone , the better I would be as James Bond . '' Allegedly , there also were personality conflicts with Rigg , who was already an established star . However , according to director Hunt , these rumours are untrue and there were no such difficulties -- or else they were minor -- and may have started with Rigg joking to Lazenby before filming a love scene `` Hey George , I 'm having garlic for lunch . I hope you are ! '' Hunt also declared that he usually had long talks with Lazenby before and during shooting . For instance , to shoot Tracy 's death scene , Hunt brought Lazenby to the set at 8 o'clock in the morning and made him rehearse all day long , `` and I broke him down until he was absolutely exhausted , and by the time we shot it at five o'clock , he was exhausted , and that 's how I got the performance . '' Hunt said that if Lazenby had remained in the role , he would also have directed the successor film , Diamonds Are Forever , and that his original intentions were concluding the film with Bond and Tracy driving off following their wedding , saving Tracy 's murder for the pre-credit sequence of Diamonds Are Forever . The idea was discarded after Lazenby quit the role . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was the longest Bond film until Casino Royale was released in 2006 . Despite that , two scenes were deleted from the final print : Irma Bunt spying on Bond as he buys a wedding ring for Tracy , and a chase over London rooftops and into the Royal Mail underground rail system after Bond 's conversation with Sir Hilary Bray was overheard . Music ( edit ) Main article : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service has been called `` perhaps the best score of the series . '' It was composed , arranged and conducted by John Barry ; it was his fifth successive Bond film . Barry opted to use more electrical instruments and a more aggressive sound in the music -- `` I have to stick my oar in the musical area double strong to make the audience try and forget they do n't have Sean ... to be Bondian beyond Bondian . '' Barry felt it would be difficult to compose a theme song containing the title `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' unless it were written operatically , in the style of Gilbert and Sullivan . Leslie Bricusse had considered lyrics for the title song but director Peter R. Hunt allowed an instrumental title theme in the tradition of the first two Bond films . The theme was described as `` one of the best title cuts , a wordless Moog - driven monster , suitable for skiing at breakneck speed or dancing with equal abandon . '' Barry also composed the love song `` We Have All the Time in the World '' , with lyrics by Burt Bacharach 's regular lyricist Hal David , sung by Louis Armstrong . It is heard during the Bond -- Tracy courtship montage , bridging Draco 's birthday party in Portugal and Bond 's burglary of the Gebrüder Gumbold law office in Bern , Switzerland . Barry recalled Armstrong was very ill , but recorded the song in one take . The song was re-released in 1994 , achieving the number three position during a 13 - week spell in the UK charts . A Hal David song entitled `` Do You Know How Christmas Trees Are Grown ? '' performed by Danish singer Nina also featured in the film in several scenes . The theme , `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' , is used in the film as an action theme alternative to Monty Norman 's `` James Bond Theme '' , as with Barry 's previous `` 007 '' themes . `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' was covered in 1997 by the British big beat group , the Propellerheads for the Shaken and Stirred album . Barry - orchestrator Nic Raine recorded an arrangement of the escape from Piz Gloria sequence and it was featured as a theme in the trailers for the 2004 Pixar animated film The Incredibles . Release and reception ( edit ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was released on 18 December 1969 with its premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London . Lazenby appeared at the premiere with a beard , looking `` very un-Bond - like '' , according to the Daily Mirror . Lazenby claimed the producers had tried to persuade him to shave it off to appear like Bond , but at that stage he had already decided not to make another Bond film and rejected the idea . The beard and accompanying shoulder - length hair `` strained his already fragile relationship with Saltzman and Broccoli '' . As On Her Majesty 's Secret Service had been filmed in stereo , the first Bond film to use the technology , the Odeon had a new speaker system installed to benefit the new sounds . Because Lazenby had informed the producers that On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was to be his only outing as Bond and because of the lack of gadgets used by Bond in the film , few items of merchandise were produced for the film , apart from the soundtrack album and a film edition of the book . Those that were produced included a number of Corgi Toys , including Tracey 's Cougar , Campbell 's Volkswagen and two versions of the bobsleigh -- one with the 007 logo and one with the Piz Gloria logo . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was nominated for only one award : George Lazenby was nominated in the New Star of the Year -- Actor category at the 1970 Golden Globe Award ceremony , losing out to Jon Voight . Box office ( edit ) The film topped the North American box office when it opened with a gross of $1.2 million . The film closed its box office run with £ 750,000 in the United Kingdom ( the highest - grossing film of the year ) , $64.6 million worldwide , half of You Only Live Twice 's total gross , but still one of the highest - grossing films of 1969 . It was one of the most popular movies in France in 1969 , with admissions of 1,958,172 . Nonetheless this was a considerable drop from You Only Live Twice . After re-releases , the total box office was $82,000,000 worldwide . Contemporary reviews ( edit ) The majority of reviews were critical of either the film , Lazenby , or both , while most of the contemporary reviews in the British press referred to George Lazenby at some point as `` The Big Fry '' , a reference to his previous acting in Fry 's Chocolate advertisements . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian was dismissive of Lazenby 's performance , saying that he `` is not a good actor and though I never thought Sean Connery was all that stylish either , there are moments when one yearns for a little of his louche panache . '' For all the criticism of Lazenby , however , Malcolm says that the film was `` quite a jolly frolic in the familiar money - spinning fashion '' . Tom Milne , writing in The Observer was even more scathing , saying that `` I ... fervently trust ( OHMSS ) will be the last of the James Bond films . All the pleasing oddities and eccentricities and gadgets of the earlier films have somehow been lost , leaving a routine trail through which the new James Bond strides without noticeable signs of animation . '' Donald Zec in the Daily Mirror was equally damning of Lazenby 's acting abilities , comparing him unfavourably to Connery : `` He looks uncomfortably in the part like a size four foot in a size ten gumboot . '' Zec was kinder to Lazenby 's co-star , saying that `` there is style to Diana Rigg 's performance and I suspect that the last scene which draws something of a performance out of Lazenby owes much to her silken expertise . '' The New York Times critic AH Weiler also weighed in against Lazenby , saying that `` Lazenby , if not a spurious Bond , is merely a casual , pleasant , satisfactory replacement . '' One of the few supporters of Lazenby amongst the critics was Alexander Walker in the London Evening Standard who said that `` The truth is that George Lazenby is almost as good a James Bond as the man referred to in his film as ' the other fellow ' . Lazenby 's voice is more suave than sexy - sinister and he could pass for the other fellow 's twin on the shady side of the casino . Bond is now definitely all set for the Seventies . '' Judith Crist of New York Magazine also found the actor a strong point of the movie , stating that `` This time around there 's less suavity and a no - nonsense muscularity and maleness to the role via the handsome Mr. Lazenby '' . The feminist film critic Molly Haskell also wrote an approving review of the film in the Village Voice : `` In a world , an industry , and particularly a genre which values the new and improved product above all , it is nothing short of miraculous to see a movie which dares to go backward , a technological artefact which has nobly deteriorated into a human being . I speak of the new and obsolete James Bond , played by a man named George Lazenby , who seems more comfortable in a wet tuxedo than a dry martini , more at ease as a donnish genealogist than reading ( or playing ) Playboy , and who actually dares to think that one woman who is his equal is better than a thousand part - time playmates . '' Haskell was also affected by the film 's emotional ending : `` The love between Bond and his Tracy begins as a payment and ends as a sacrament . After ostensibly getting rid of the bad guys , they are married . They drive off to a shocking , stunning ending . Their love , being too real , is killed by the conventions it defied . But they win the final victory by calling , unexpectedly , upon feeling . Some of the audience hissed , I was shattered . If you like your Bonds with happy endings , do n't go . '' Reflective reviews ( edit ) Critical response to On Her Majesty 's Secret Service has become much more positive in recent years . Film critic James Berardinelli summed this up in his review of the movie : `` with the exception of one production aspect , ( it ) is by far the best entry of the long - running James Bond series . The film contains some of the most exhilarating action sequences ever to reach the screen , a touching love story , and a nice subplot that has agent 007 crossing ( and even threatening to resign from ) Her Majesty 's Secret Service . The problem is with Bond himself ... George Lazenby is boring , and his ineffectualness lowers the picture 's quality . Lazenby can handle the action sequences , but that 's about all he masters . '' The American film reviewer Leonard Maltin has suggested that if it had been Connery in the leading role instead of Lazenby , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service would have epitomised the series . On the other hand , Danny Peary wrote , `` I 'm not sure I agree with those who insist that if Connery had played Bond it would definitely be the best of the entire Bond series ... Connery 's Bond , with his boundless humor and sense of fun and self - confidence , would be out of place in this picture . It actually works better with Lazenby because he is incapable of playing Bond as a bigger - than - life hero ; for one thing he has n't the looks ... Lazenby 's Bond also has n't the assurance of Connery 's Bond and that is appropriate in the crumbling , depressing world he finds himself . He seems vulnerable and jittery at times . At the skating rink , he is actually scared . We worry about him ... On Her Majesty 's Secret Service does n't have Connery and it 's impossible to ever fully adjust to Lazenby , but I think that it still might be the best Bond film , as many Bond cultists claim . '' Peary also described On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as `` the most serious '' , `` the most cynical '' and `` the most tragic '' of the Bond films . Brian Fairbanks differed in his opinion of Lazenby , saying that the film `` gives us a James Bond capable of vulnerability , a man who can show fear and is not immune to heartbreak . Lazenby is that man , and his performance is superb . '' Fairbanks also thought On Her Majesty 's Secret Service to be `` not only the best Bond , it is also the last truly great film in the series . In fact , had the decision been made to end the series , this would have been the perfect final chapter . '' The filmmaker Steven Soderbergh writes that `` For me there 's no question that cinematically On Her Majesty 's Secret Service is the best Bond film and the only one worth watching repeatedly for reasons other than pure entertainment ... Shot to shot , this movie is beautiful in a way none of the other Bond films are '' The director Christopher Nolan also saw On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as his favourite Bond film ; in describing its influence on his own film , Inception , Nolan said , `` What I liked about it that we 've tried to emulate in this film is there 's a tremendous balance in that movie of action and scale and romanticism and tragedy and emotion . '' Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an 82 % rating based on 44 reviews . IGN ranked On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as the eighth best Bond film , Entertainment Weekly as the sixth , and Norman Wilner of MSN , as the fifth best . The film also became a fan favourite , seeing `` ultimate success in the home video market '' . In September 2012 it was announced that On Her Majesty 's Secret Service had topped a poll of Bond fans run by 007 Magazine to determine the greatest ever Bond film . Goldfinger came second in the poll and From Russia With Love was third . See also ( edit ) James Bond portal 1960s portal Film portal Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Knight 2010 , p. 116 ( online copy , p. 116 , at Google Books ) . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) '' . Screenonline . British Film Institute . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Benson 1988 , p. 199 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Inside On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( DVD ) . OHMSS Ultimate Edition DVD : MGM Home Entertainment Inc. 2000 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Nikki van der Zyl -- Voice of the Bond Girls '' . The World of Nikki van der Zyl . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ White 2007 , p. 96 ( online copy , p. 96 , at Google Books ) . ^ Jump up to : Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Zaheera 's biography , mtv.com Jump up ^ On Her Majesty 's Secret Service on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Inside You Only Live Twice . You Only Live Twice Ultimate Edition DVD . MGM Home Entertainment Inc . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : `` De ' vergeten ' 007 '' . Andere Tijden . Amsterdam . 19 November 2002 . VPRO . Nederland 2 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Dimare 2011 , p. 53 ( online copy , p. 53 , at Google Books ) . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 197 . ^ Jump up to : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` You Only Live Twice '' . TCM Film Article . Turner Entertainment Networks , Inc . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ George Baker . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Exotic Locations . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 89 . ^ Jump up to : Peter R. Hunt . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Benson 1988 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Glen , John ( March 1970 ) . `` Filming the thrills , chills and spills of 007 '' . American Cinematographer. 52 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Reed . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Peter R. Hunt '' ( 2 ) . Retrovision. 1997 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 281 . ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Fiegel 2001 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ John Barry . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service audio commentary . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Ultimate Edition , Disc 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Goldfinger -- The Reunion '' . Bondstars.com. 13 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Bob ( 1 August 2008 ) . `` Bond for glory '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame ( 31 October Armstrong did however make some further recordings in 1970 and 1971.2008 ) . `` John Barry reflects on 10 of his scores '' . Variety . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Louis Armstrong , Top 75 Releases '' . Official UK Charts Archive . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MI6 - HQ Copyright 2011 ( 18 November 1997 ) . `` MI6 : : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) : : James Bond 007 '' . Mi6-hq.com . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Flick , Larry ( 21 March 1998 ) . `` Propellerheads plot altitude gain via DreamWorks bow '' . Billboard. 110 ( 12 ) : 37 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Music -- On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . MI6.co.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . MGM Official site . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 1997 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` New James Bond sticks to tradition '' . Daily Mirror. 19 December 1969 . Jump up ^ Hickey , William ( 19 December 1969 ) . `` I could n't snub royalty , says Lazenby '' . Daily Express . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 69 - 70 . Jump up ^ `` The 27th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 1970 ) '' . Golden Globe Award Search . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Top - Grossing Films ( Week Ending December 24 ) '' . Variety . 31 December 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 1997 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Block & Autrey Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 - 429 . Jump up ^ `` George Lazenby Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Box office of 1969 in France at Box Office Story Jump up ^ Box office of 1967 in France at Box Office Story Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Malcolm , Derek ( 16 December 1969 ) . `` Off the peg Bond '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Milne , Tom ( 21 December 1969 ) . `` One day of delights '' . The Observer . ^ Jump up to : Zec , Donald ( 16 December 1969 ) . `` Big film ... small fry '' . Daily Mirror . Jump up ^ Weiler , AH ( 19 December 1969 ) . `` Screen : New James Bond '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Walker , Alexander ( 16 December 1969 ) . `` Review '' . London Evening Standard . Jump up ^ Crist , Judith ( 12 January 1970 ) . `` Movies -- Hello , Barbra - After a Fashion '' . New York . ^ Jump up to : Haskell , Molly ( 25 December 1969 ) . The Village Voice . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Berardinelli 2003 , p. 27 ( online copy at Google Books , and original version available at Reelviews ) . Jump up ^ Maltin 1999 , p. 1664 . Jump up ^ Peary 1988 , p. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Fairbanks 2005 , p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` A Rambling Discourse '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( July 2010 ) . `` Crime of the Century '' . Empire . p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Bond 's Top 20 '' . IGN. 17 November 2006 . Retrieved 7 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ; Rich , Joshua ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` Ranking the Bond Films '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Norman . `` Rating the Spy Game '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Rye , Graham . `` 007 Magazine readers vote On Her Majesty 's Secret Service as greatest ever Bond film ! '' . 007 Magazine . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Sources ( edit ) Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcus ( 1997 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcus ( 2001 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . Benson , Raymond ( 1988 ) . The James Bond Bedside Companion . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 234 - 7 . Berardinelli , James ( 2003 ) . ReelViews : the Ultimate Guide to the Best 1,000 Modern Movies on DVD and Video . Justin , Charles & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932112 - 06 - 1 . Black , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . The Politics of James Bond : from Fleming 's Novel to the Big Screen . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6240 - 9 . Block , Alex Ben ; Autrey Wilson , Lucy ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177889 - 6 . Bray , Christopher ( 2010 ) . Sean Connery ; The Measure of a Man . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 23807 - 1 . Broccoli , Albert R ( 1998 ) . When the Snow Melts . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 1162 - 6 . Chapman , James ( 1999 ) . Licence to Thrill . London / New York City : Cinema and Society . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 387 - 6 . Cork , John ; Stutz , Collin ( 2007 ) . James Bond Encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 3427 - 3 . Dimare , Philip C. ( 2011 ) . Movies in American History : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 296 - 8 . Fairbanks , Brian W. ( 2005 ) . Brian W. Fairbanks -- Writings . Raleigh : Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 2432 - 0 . Fiegel , Eddi ( 2001 ) . John Barry : A Sixties Theme : From James Bond to Midnight Cowboy . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2033 - 8 . Gresh , Lois H. ( 2006 ) . The Science of James Bond : From Bullets to Bowler Hats to Boat Jumps , the Real Technology Behind 007 's Fabulous Films . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 66195 - 3 . Knight , Gladys L. ( 2010 ) . Female Action Heroes : A Guide to Women in Comics , Video Games , Film , and Television . Santa Barbara : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37612 - 2 . Macintyre , Ben ( 2008 ) . For Yours Eyes Only . London : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7475 - 9527 - 4 . Maltin , Leonard ( 1999 ) . Leonard Maltin 's Movie and Video Guide 2000 . New York : New American Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 28123 - 3 . Peary , Danny ( 1988 ) . Cult Movies Three . Sidgwick & Jackson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 64810 - 7 . Pfeiffer , Lee ; Worrall , Dave ( 1998 ) . The Essential Bond . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2477 - 0 . Smith , Jim ( 2002 ) . Bond Films . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0709 - 4 . White , Rosie R ( 2007 ) . Violent Femmes : Women as Spies in Popular Culture . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 37078 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( film ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at BFI Screenonline On Her Majesty 's Secret Service on IMDb On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at the TCM Movie Database On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at AllMovie On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at Rotten Tomatoes On Her Majesty 's Secret Service at Box Office Mojo 1968 James Bond -- OHMSS : Photogallery at Walter Riml James Bond in film List of films Filmography Recurring characters Recurring actors Motifs Actors considered for the James Bond role Bond girls Eon Productions Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) Octopussy ( 1983 ) A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) GoldenEye ( 1995 ) Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Spectre ( 2015 ) Non-Eon films Casino Royale ( 1967 ) Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) Book Portal Films directed by Peter R. Hunt On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Gold ( 1974 ) Shout at the Devil ( 1976 ) Gulliver 's Travels ( 1977 ) The Beasts Are on the Streets ( 1978 ) Death Hunt ( 1981 ) The Last Days of Pompeii ( 1984 ) Wild Geese II ( 1985 ) Hyper Sapien : People from Another Star ( 1986 ) Assassination ( 1987 ) Films produced by Harry Saltzman James Bond films Dr. No ( 1962 ) From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) Goldfinger ( 1964 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) Harry Palmer films The Ipcress File ( 1965 ) Funeral in Berlin ( 1966 ) Billion Dollar Brain ( 1967 ) Other films The Iron Petticoat ( 1956 ) Look Back in Anger ( 1959 ) The Entertainer ( 1960 ) Saturday Night and Sunday Morning ( 1960 ) Call Me Bwana ( 1963 ) A Man Named John ( 1965 ) Chimes at Midnight ( 1966 ) Un monde nouveau ( 1966 ) Battle of Britain ( 1969 ) Play Dirty ( 1969 ) Toomorrow ( 1970 ) Nijinsky ( 1980 ) Documentary Israel : A Right to Live ( 1967 ) Television Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion ( 1955 - 1957 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)&oldid=801483900 '' Categories : 1969 films English - language films 1960s action films 1960s spy films On Her Majesty 's Secret Service British films British Christmas films British sequel films Directorial debut films Films about terrorism Films directed by Peter R. Hunt Films set in Portugal Films set in Switzerland Films set in the Alps Films shot in Portugal Films shot in Switzerland James Bond films Films shot at Pinewood Studios United Artists films Film scores by John Barry ( composer ) Skiing films Screenplays by Richard Maibaum Films produced by Harry Saltzman Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli Films set in 1969 Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with citations lacking titles EngvarB from March 2016 Use dmy dates from October 2015 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 23 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played bond in her majesty's secret service | [
"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) is the sixth spy film in the James Bond series, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Ian Fleming. Following Sean Connery's decision to retire from the role after You Only Live Twice, Eon Productions selected an unknown actor and model, George Lazenby, to play the part of James Bond. During the making of the film, Lazenby announced that he would play the role of Bond only once."
] | [
"George Lazenby"
] |
-7216329373594962070 | Rocket Raccoon | Rocket Raccoon - wikipedia Rocket Raccoon Jump to : navigation , search Rocket Raccoon Rocket Raccoon on the cover of Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord # 2 Art by Nic Klein Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Created by Bill Mantlo Keith Giffen In - story information Full name Rocket Raccoon Place of origin Halfworld Team affiliations Guardians of the Galaxy Abilities Master tactician and field commander Expert marksman and sniper Accomplished starship aviator Normal - physical attributes of an Earth raccoon Rocket Raccoon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by writer Bill Mantlo and artist Keith Giffen , the character first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) . He is an intelligent , anthropomorphic raccoon , who is an expert marksman and master tactician . His name and aspects of his character are a nod to The Beatles ' 1968 song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy . The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team , including animated television series , toys , and video games . He appears in the live - action films Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) , and Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) , all set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . In these appearances , Rocket Raccoon is voiced provided by Bradley Cooper , with motion capture provided by Sean Gunn . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Guardians of the Galaxy 2.2 All - New , All - Different Marvel 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video games 4.4 Toys 4.5 Newspaper comic strips 4.6 Theme park attractions 5 Collected editions 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) The character was created by Bill Mantlo and Keith Giffen , and inspired by the Beatles song `` Rocky Raccoon '' . Other references to the song were featured in Rocket 's appearance in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , which was titled `` Now Somewhere In the Black Holes of Sirius Major There Lived a Young Boy Named Rocket Raccoon '' and saw the Hulk help Rocket stop a villain trying to steal `` Gideon 's Bible '' , which in the Marvel Universe was a book that contained the sum of all knowledge on the Loonies colony . Rocket Raccoon first appeared in Marvel Preview # 7 ( Summer 1976 ) , in the back - up feature `` The Sword in the Star '' , under the name `` Rocky '' . He would next appear in The Incredible Hulk # 271 ( May 1982 ) , where it is learned that `` Rocky '' is short for `` Rocket '' . In 1985 , he received his own four - issue limited series and in an afterword to the first issue , Mantlo himself asserted that this was the same character seen in Preview , penciled by Mike Mignola and inked by Al Gordon with Al Milgrom . Rocket appeared in Quasar # 15 in 1990 and later appeared in three issues of Sensational She - Hulk in 1992 ( # 44 - 46 ) . The character only appeared in a total of ten comic books in his first thirty years of existence . Besides a brief appearance in a 2006 issue of Exiles , Rocket Raccoon was next seen in 2007 's Annihilation : Conquest and Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord limited series , and their spin - off series , a new volume of Guardians of the Galaxy . He remained a regular member of the series cast until it was canceled with issue # 25 in 2010 , also appearing in the follow - up limited series The Thanos Imperative . Along with fellow Guardian Groot , Rocket starred in backup features in Annihilators # 1 - 4 ( March -- June 2011 ) and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 - 4 ( Sept. -- Dec. 2011 ) . Rocket Raccoon , along with the other members of the Guardians , appeared in issues # 4 - 8 of Avengers Assemble , a series intended as a jumping - on point for fans of the film The Avengers . He appears prominently in Guardians of the Galaxy vol. 3 , a part of the 2012 Marvel NOW ! relaunch . In February 2014 , it was announced that Skottie Young will be the writer and artist for a Rocket Raccoon ongoing series . The series began in July 2014 , with the first issue selling over 300,000 copies . Jake Parker replaced Young as the artist beginning with issue # 5 . The series ended in May 2015 as one of many titles to be cancelled for Marvel 's Secret Wars event . A new volume , titled Rocket Raccoon and Groot , began in January 2016 as part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel relaunch . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon # 1 ( May 1985 ) . Cover art by Mike Mignola and Al Gordon . Rocket Raccoon acts as the `` Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant '' , an area of outer space sealed off from the rest of the cosmos by the so - called Galacian Wall . Rocket is captain of the starship Rack ' n ' Ruin , and he and his first mate Wal Rus ( a talking walrus ) come from the planet Halfworld in the Keystone Quadrant , an abandoned colony for the mentally ill where the animal companions were genetically manipulated to grant them human level intelligence and bipedal body construction for many to become caretakers of the inmates . Rocket was Halfworld 's chief law officer ( `` ranger '' ) who protected the colony against various threats . At one point , Judson Jakes tried to steal the Halfworld Bible , but was thwarted by Rocket and various animal associates . Later , Lord Dyvyne abducted Rocket 's friend Lylla , and Jakes began the Toy War . As the Toy War continued , Blackjack O'Hare teamed up with Rocket , and Rocket was reunited with Lylla . The Rack ' n ' Ruin was soon destroyed , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne teamed up to kill Rocket Raccoon . Rocket Raccoon and his friends cured the Loonies of their mental illnesses , as Judson Jakes and Lord Dyvyne were apparently killed . Rocket and the animals as well as the robots left Halfworld and took off into space for their own adventures . Some time later , Rocket was revealed to have been a laboratory subject on the Stranger 's planet , and escaped his captivity there . Guardians of the Galaxy ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon resurfaced as a member of the team chosen to accompany Star - Lord on his mission to stop a Phalanx infiltration of the Kree homeworld . Rocket is depicted as a gifted military tactician who is fearless , loyal , and insightful . It is heavily implied that he has a case of obsessive compulsive disorder . Rocket 's trademark rocket skates are absent . Rocket joins the new Guardians of the Galaxy at the behest of his friend Star - Lord . It is he who suggests that the team adopt that moniker after hearing it mentioned by Major Victory . Later , when the team almost disbands and Peter Quill ( Star - Lord ) disappears ( sent into the Negative Zone by Ronan ) , Rocket keeps the team alive , and brings in Groot as member , as they had become firm friends . Rocket takes over as leader until they rescue Peter and save the Earth from an alien invasion . When the team tries to halt the growing War of Kings , Rocket leads the portion of the team assigned to make contact with the Shi'ar . They are unable to teleport into the Emperor Vulcan 's flagship and have to be rescued by the Starjammers and Rocket 's old friend Ch'od . They are able to bring back the rightful queen of the Shi'ar , but she is killed after Rocket departs , much to his horror . After the Guardians disband , Rocket Raccoon takes up a normal job with Timely Inc . He and Groot were reunited and tricked into returning to Halfworld : there , he found that his memories of the place were mostly half - truths and deliberately crafted fake memories . In reality , Jakes and Blackjack O'Hare had worked with Rocket in providing security at Halfworld Asylum for the Criminally Insane ; Doctor Dyvyne had been Head of Psychology there ; and both the anthropomorphic animals and the automaton clowns were deliberately created to work at the asylum , as their appearance would calm the inmates . The crises that Rocket half - remembered had been caused by the psychic supervillain the Star Thief , who had been admitted as an inmate and used his psychic powers to turn the inhabitants against each other . Rocket had turned the warders into a biological `` key '' to keep Star - Thief locked up , and deliberately altered his mind and left Halfworld so it could never be opened - but he was tricked into returning by the Thief , whose mind had escaped into the asylum after his host body died . When the Guardians of the Galaxy title was relaunched in 2013 , Rocket was again a member of the team . In the first issue of Secret Wars , the Guardians of the Galaxy take part in the incursion between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , in which Rocket and Groot are killed by the Children of Tomorrow . All - new , all - Different Marvel ( edit ) As part of the All - New , All - Different Marvel , Rocket Raccoon takes leadership of the Guardians of the Galaxy while Star - Lord was busy handling things on Spartax . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon possesses the normal attributes of an Earth raccoon , including speed ( which has been additionally amplified by his training ) , and an acute sense of smell , sight , hearing and touch . Sharp claws allow him to scale walls , buildings , and trees with ease . He is an accomplished starship pilot , a brilliant engineer and technician , and an expert marksman with the two laser pistols he carries as well as having an affinity for heavy weapons . He is a master military tactician and leader , attributes that help him take charge of the Guardians of the Galaxy when Star - Lord is unavailable . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Greg Ellis . He ( along with the other Guardians of the Galaxy ) is seen in the episode `` Michael Korvac '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Billy West ( in the episodes `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' ) and later by Trevor Devall ( for subsequent episodes ) . In the episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , he is shown as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy and Sam Alexander 's trainer . Spider - Man and the Guardians save Earth from Korvac 's Chitauri army . In the episode `` The Return of the Guardians of the Galaxy '' , Rocket Raccoon was with the Guardians of the Galaxy when they land on Earth to repair their spaceship at the time when Titus leads the Chitauri into targeting Sam 's Nova helmet . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a pirate version of Rocket Raccoon that lives in a pirate reality . He and Cosmo the Spacedog assisted Howard the Duck in a mutiny against Web Beard the Pirate when he claimed the treasure for himself . With help from Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid , the mutineers and Web Beard got back together even when helping Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid into fighting the Kraken . Rocket Raccoon appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced initially by Seth Green in `` Guardians and Spaceknights '' and later by Trevor Devall in `` Widow 's Run '' . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. episode `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' , where Seth Green reprises the role . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers episode `` Guardians of the Galaxy '' , voiced by Fumihiro Okabayashi . Trevor Devall reprises his role in the Guardians of the Galaxy series . His history with Halfworld remains intact here . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Christmas TV special Marvel Super Hero Adventures : Frost Fight ! , voiced again by Trevor Devall . In order to afford money to repair their ship , Rocket Raccoon and Groot take on the bounty to obtain Santa Claus and end up meeting Mrs. Claus . Rocket Raccoon appears in the Rocket and Groot shorts , voiced again by Trevor Devall . Film ( edit ) Rocket in a character poster for the 2014 film Guardians of the Galaxy . An adaptation of the character appears in the live - action Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy , portrayed by Sean Gunn via motion capture and voiced by Bradley Cooper . His real name in the film is 89P13 . In addition to being genetically altered , Rocket is shown to have cybernetic implants within his body . He is only referred to as Rocket in the film , and asks `` What 's a Raccoon ? '' when told of his resemblance to the animal by Peter Quill . He serves as the team 's pilot and technical expert , providing the weapon that Quill uses against Ronan the Accuser in the final confrontation and piloting a Ravager ship in the final assault against Ronan 's fleet . Rocket also displays a talent for engineering jailbreaks . Having previously escaped from 22 prisons , he devises and executes a scheme to free his eventual teammates from a Nova Corps prison . Screenwriter Nicole Perlman has stated that early drafts of the film did not include the character due to `` a little bit of a fear that he would come across as cartoonish because he 's a raccoon . '' Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige was persuaded to approve Rocket 's inclusion in the film . A live raccoon named `` Oreo '' was used on set to help animators accurately capture the motion and behaviors of it for their CGI model . Director James Gunn took Oreo to the film 's European premiere . Cooper and Gunn reprised their roles for Rocket in the sequel , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , released in 2017 . In the film , he causes the team to get chased by the Sovereign after stealing their anulax batteries . He is left on the planet where they crash landed ( as a result of him and Quill fighting over the controls ) to guard Nebula with Baby Groot after the rest explore Ego 's planet . When captured by the Ravagers , Rocket and Yondu bond over their similarities and manage to escape the ship alongside Groot and Yondu 's right - hand man Kraglin . They assist the other Guardians in combating Ego 's forces . When Yondu stay behind to save Quill from the planet 's destruction , Rocket gives him equipment and welcomes him as a member of the Guardians . He is saddened by Yondu 's sacrifice in the climax . Running gags throughout the film include Rocket repeatedly being mistaken for different animals , angered when called a raccoon , and criticized for his rude behavior . Cooper and Gunn reprise their role in the film Avengers : Infinity War . In this film , Rocket joins with Groot and Thor in helping to forge Thor 's new weapon Stormbreaker . In addition , Rocket Raccoon helps provide Thor a prosthetic eye to replace the one that he lost in his fight with Hela . He later joins other Avengers and Groot on Earth in the battle of Wakanda . After Thanos wipes out half the universe , Rocket is the only remaining Guardian left alive on Earth , with Nebula surviving on Titan . A running gag throughout the film is Thor referring to Rocket as `` rabbit . '' Video games ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Super Hero Squad Online ; he is in the Rocket Box . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the crossover fighting game Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , voiced by Greg Ellis in a Cockney accent . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Steven Blum . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by John DiMaggio . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Nolan North . He also appears in Disney Infinity 3.0 . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Rocket and Groot appear as a combined character in Marvel Puzzle Quest . Rocket Raccoon appears in Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , voiced by Nolan North . Rocket Raccoon appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite , with Trevor Devall reprising his role . He will be assisted by Groot during gameplay . Rocket Raccoon is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2 , voiced by Mikey O'Connor . Toys ( edit ) A Rocket Raccoon action figure was available as part of a Guardians of the Galaxy three pack in 2011 as part of the Marvel Universe toyline . Rocket Raccoon is a build - a-figure in the Marvel Legends toyline released in 2013 . A Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set with a `` Dancing Baby Groot '' will be released by Hot Toys . Newspaper comic strips ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon began appearing in The Amazing Spider - Man newspaper comic strip in December 2016 , in a story where Spider - Man and Mary Jane discover him in a spaceship that has crashed upon the Earth . Theme park attractions ( edit ) Rocket appears in the ride Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! at Disney California Adventure with Bradley Cooper reprising his role from the films . He and the rest of the Guardians were captured by the Collector to be put on display , but he manages to escape and enters the room the guests are in through a vent ( where he 's an audio animatronic ) and hijacks the video to explain his plan on rescuing his friends . The guests will use their access passes to enter the gantry lift while Rocket rides on top to blow up the generator so that the Guardians , as well as the other creatures in the collection , can escape . The Guardians will then reunite with Mantis so that they can escape . Collected editions ( edit ) Rocket Raccoon : Guardian of the Keystone Quadrant ( hardcover , Aug. 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 5527 - 0 ) collects : The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , and the story from Marvel Preview # 7 ( `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' ) . Rocket Raccoon & Groot : The Complete Collection ( softcover , April 2013 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7851 - 6713 - 6 ) collects : a story from Tales to Astonish # 13 , the story from Marvel Preview # 7 , The Incredible Hulk # 271 , Rocket Raccoon Vol. 1 # 1 -- 4 , Annihilators # 1 -- 4 , and Annihilators : Earthfall # 1 -- 4 . Rocket Raccoon : A Chasing Tail ! ( hardcover , March 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193890 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon : Storytailor ! ( hardcover , August 2015 , ISBN 978 - 0785193906 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 7 - 11 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 0 : Bite and Bark ( softcover , October 2016 , ISBN 978 - 1302902186 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon Vol. 2 # 1 - 11 , Groot # 1 - 6 , and material from Guardians of the Galaxy : Tomorrow 's Avengers # 1 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 1 : Tricks of the Trades ! ( softcover , August 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199731 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 1 - 6 . Rocket Raccoon & Groot Vol. 2 : ( softcover , November 2016 , ISBN 978 - 0785199748 ) collects : Rocket Raccoon & Groot # 7 - 10 , TBD . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mazza , Ed ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Mantlo , Rocket Raccoon Co-Creator , Gets Private Guardians Screening In Care Facility '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Bill ( June 12 , 2007 ) . `` 365 Reasons to Love Comics # 163 '' . Comics Should Be Good . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Cronin , Brian ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` The Unlikely Journey of Guardians of the Galaxy Star Rocket Raccoon '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rocket Raccoon at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Giffen , Keith ( p ) , Giffen , Keith ( i ) . `` The Sword in the Star ! : Stave 2 : Witchworld ! '' Marvel Preview 7 ( Summer 1976 ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` The Rise of Guardians of the Galaxy 's Rocket Raccoon '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Rocket was a punchline , putting in brief comic - relief cameos in titles like Incredible Hulk and She - Hulk ; he appeared in 10 comics total over 30 years . Jump up ^ Warmoth , Brian . `` Getting Exclusive at Marvel 's Cup O ' Joe '' . WizardUniverse.com . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Greeting the Guardians : Rocket Raccoon , Groot '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beames , Robert ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Marvel Teasing Guardians of the Galaxy As Next Movie ? '' . WhatCulture ! . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - book Avengers assemble ahead of movie version '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( October 14 , 2012 ) . `` NYCC : Bendis , McNiven & Wacker Relaunch the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Meylikhov , Matthew ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Blasts Off ( and Probably Other Puns ) in New Skottie Young Series '' . Multiversity Comics . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon # 1 By Mister Skottie Young To Sell 300,000 ( Update ) '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . I understand that orders for Rocket Raccoon # 1 , the new comic from Mister Skottie Young that received such a strong showing for Free Comic Book Day , is close to topping 300,000 pre-orders from Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Jake Parker brings extra Groot to Rocket Raccoon # 5 ′ '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Rich ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Announces Groot # 1 -- To Replace Rocket Raccoon For Secret Wars '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2015 . During Secret Wars , Rocket Raccoon is cancelled and replaced by Groot . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon & Groot Reunite For New Adventures '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Skottie Young and Filipe Andrade continue the exploits of these two Guardians of the Galaxy in their own spotlight series ! Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Buscema , Sal ( p ) , Buscema , Sal ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon ! '' The Incredible Hulk 271 ( May 1982 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` Rocket Raccoon / Animal Crackers '' Rocket Raccoon 1 ( May 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Masque of the Red Breath '' Rocket Raccoon 2 ( June 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Book of Revelations '' Rocket Raccoon 3 ( July 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mantlo , Bill ( w ) , Mignola , Mike ( p ) , Gordon , Al ( i ) . `` The Age of Enlightenment '' Rocket Raccoon 4 ( August 1985 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gruenwald , Mark ( w ) , Manley , Mike ( p ) , Panosian , Dan ( i ) . `` Death Watch ( Journey Into Mystery Part 3 of 4 ) '' Quasar 15 ( October 1990 ) , Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 1 ( September 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Giffen , Keith ( w ) , Green II , Timothy ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . Annihilation : Conquest - Star - Lord 2 ( October 2007 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Somebody 's Got To Do It '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 1 ( July 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Legacy '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 2 ( August 2008 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` Past Mistakes '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 8 ( February 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ; Livesay , John ( i ) . `` Blastaared '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 10 ( April 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Walker , Brad ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Peacemakers '' Guardians of the Galaxy v2 , 13 ( June 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Pelletier , Paul ( p ) , Magyar , Rick ( i ) . `` The Head That Wears the Crown '' War of Kings 3 ( July 2009 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Sepulveda , Miguel ( p ) . `` Devastation '' The Thanos Imperative : Devastation 1 ( March 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Blame it on the Black Star '' Annihilators 1 ( May 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Abnett , Dan , Lanning , Andy ( w ) , Eng Huat , Tan ( p ) , Olazaba , Victor ( i ) . `` Wraithfire '' Annihilators 3 ( July 2011 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , McNiven , Steve ( p ) , Dell , John ( i ) . `` What exactly do you think you 're doing , Mister Quill ? '' '' Guardians of the Galaxy v3 , 1 ( May 2013 ) Jump up ^ Hickman , Jonathan ( w ) , Ribić , Esad ( p ) , Ribić , Esad ( i ) . `` The End Times '' Secret Wars 1 ( July 2015 ) Jump up ^ Bendis , Brian Michael ( w ) , Schiti , Valerio ( p ) , Schiti , Valerio ( i ) . Guardians of the Galaxy v4 , 1 ( December 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Arbeiter , Michael ( August 1 , 2014 ) . `` Other Films and TV Shows Where You Can Find the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Hollywood.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Raccoon Is A Joke Character ; Guardians of the Galaxy To Appear In Ultimate Spider - Man Cartoon Written By Bendis '' . Cosmic Book News . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Avengers Assemble Clip : Teaming with the Guardians of the Galaxy '' . IGN. April 4 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Melching , Steven ( writer ) ; Archibald , Patrick ( director ) ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` It 's a Wonderful Smash '' . Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. Season 1 . Episode 26 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` The voice of # RocketRaccoon is from Edmonton , Canada & is known for his anime voice over work ! # GuardiansVoiceCast # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marvel Entertainment ( @ Marvel ) ( 17 February 2015 ) . ``. @ TrevorDevall will voice # Rocket on # DisneyXD 's # Marvel 's # GuardiansOfTheGalaxy ! # GuardiansVoiceCast '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2012 ) . `` Comic - Con 2012 : Marvel Names Avengers Follow - Ups ; Robert Downey Jr . Makes Surprise Appearance '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dietsch , T.J. ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` James Gunn Reveals His Brother 's Roles in Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official : Bradley Cooper to Voice Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Marvel Comics . August 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Skipper , Ben ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Writer Reveals Hit Marvel Film Nearly Did n't Star Rocket Raccoon '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Kevin was a big fan of Rocket , and I 'm so glad because I really felt like that was necessary and that was needed . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : How They Made Rocket Raccoon in Marvel 's Space Adventure '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . We needed a raccoon to study how he looked and his behavior , so that our on - screen raccoon , which is generated through CGI will be realistic . Our Rocket is based on a combination of our voice actor , Bradley Cooper , our on - set actor , my brother Sean Gunn , the movements and behavior and look of Oreo ( the raccoon ) , as well as my own animation . Jump up ^ Smith , Kat ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` THN Catch - Up With Oreo Raccoon AKA Rocket Raccoon From Guardians Of The Galaxy '' . The Hollywood News . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . As we all know from the photos all over the internet Oreo did indeed go to the premiere . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Studios Begins Production on Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 '' . Marvel Comics . February 17 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` What Happened in Today 's Secret Trailer for Avengers : Infinity War ? '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Rocket Box Now Available ! '' . Heroup.com . September 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Brendan ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 roster leaked '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Who Should Voice Rocket Raccoon in Guardians of the Galaxy ? '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy : Bradley Cooper 's Rocket Raccoon Voice Revealed '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rocket Raccoon joins Marvel Heroes '' . Marvel Heroes . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voice Compare Guardians of the Galaxy Rocket Raccoon '' . Behind the Voice Actors . July 23 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Goofing Around With Mr. Fantastic '' . Game Informer . August 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Mitch ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Infinity Marvel Super Heroes Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wyld , Leo ( August 2014 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Gaming Update '' . Guardthegalaxy.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nolan North is Rocket in Telltale 's Guardians of the Galaxy game Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://earachevoices.com/voice/mikey-oconnor/ Jump up ^ `` Marvel Hasbro Toys Toy Fair 2013 '' . MTV . 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Amy ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Rejoice Because Hot Toys Is Making THAT Groot Toy from Guardians of the Galaxy '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2014 . The potted Groot is a bonus accessory available exclusively to people who order the Hot Toys Rocket Raccoon and Groot figure set from Sideshow Collectibles . External links ( edit ) Superhero fiction portal Fictional characters portal 1970s portal Rocket Raccoon at the Marvel Universe wiki Rocket Raccoon at the Comic Book DB Rocket Raccoon entry at the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Rocket Raccoon at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators Guardians of the Galaxy Creators Stan Lee Arnold Drake Roy Thomas Dan Abnett Andy Lanning Members 1969 team members Charlie - 27 Martinex T'Naga Nikki Starhawk Talon Vance Astro / Major Victory Yondu Udonta 2008 team members Adam Warlock Bug Cosmo the Spacedog Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Jack Flag Mantis Moondragon Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Supporting characters Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Gladiator Quasar Silver Surfer Avengers Kismet Nova Corps Richard Rider Sam Alexander Starjammers Antagonists Annihilus Badoon Blastaar Brood Ego the Living Planet Galactus Hala the Accuser J'son Korvac Magus Nebula Ronan the Accuser Shi'ar Empire Vulcan Skrull Thanos Titus Universal Church of Truth Storylines Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative The Black Vortex In other media Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 soundtrack Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) Marvel 's cosmic setting Alien species Acanti Badoon Beyonders Brood Celestials D'Bari Dire Wraiths Galadorians Kree Kymellians Phalanx Shi'ar Skrulls Symbiotes Watcher Groups Access Blood Brothers Captain Marvel ( Mar - Vell ) High Evolutionary Howard the Duck Maelstrom Magus Molecule Man Nebula Paibok Super-Skrull Thanos Uatu The Watcher Wraith Universal Church of Truth Agents of Cosmos Agent Venom Elders of the Universe Astronomer Champion Collector Contemplator Ego Gardener Grandmaster Obliterator Possessor Runner Trader Fraternity of Raptors Darkhawk Gyre Talon Razor Heralds of Galactus Air - Walker Fallen One Firelord Morg Nova Red Shift Silver Surfer Stardust Terrax Tyrant Imperial Guard ( Shi'ar ) Electron Fang Flashfire Gladiator Hobgoblin Magique Mentor Neutron Nightside Oracle Pulsar Smasher Starbolt Titan Nova Corps Garthan Saal Powerhouse Richard Rider ( Nova Prime ) Rhomann Dey Sam Alexander Royal Family ( Inhumans ) Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Luna Maximoff Maximus Medusa Triton Spaceknights Ikon Rom the Spaceknight Starshine Microverse Jarella Psycho - Man Psyklop Negative Zone Annihilus Blastaar Ravenous Storylines The Infinity Gauntlet The Infinity War The Infinity Crusade Annihilation Annihilation : Conquest War of Kings Realm of Kings The Thanos Imperative Infinity The Black Vortex Superhuman races Deviants Eternals Inhumans Teams Annihilators Beta Ray Bill Cosmo Gladiator Ikon Quasar Ronan the Accuser Silver Surfer Enigma Force Arcturus Rann Bug Flare Marionette Quark Guardians of the Galaxy Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Groot Mantis Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) Rocket Raccoon Star - Lord Infinity Watch Adam Warlock Drax the Destroyer Gamora Maxam Moondragon Pip the Troll Starjammers Ch'od Corsair Hepzibah Korvus Raza Longknife Sikorsky Related articles Cosmic entities Knowhere Planets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocket_Raccoon&oldid=843608647 '' Categories : Animal superheroes Anthropomorphic animal characters Characters created by Bill Mantlo Characters created by Keith Giffen Comics characters introduced in 1976 Comics featuring anthropomorphic characters Fictional aviators Fictional engineers Fictional inventors Fictional marksmen and snipers Fictional raccoons Fictional soldiers Guardians of the Galaxy characters Marvel Comics superheroes Marvel Comics titles Superhero film characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Scots 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 07 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the raccoon in guardians of the galaxy | [
"Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team, including animated television series, toys, and video games. He appears in the live-action films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018), all set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In these appearances, Rocket Raccoon is voiced provided by Bradley Cooper, with motion capture provided by Sean Gunn.",
"Rocket Raccoon appeared as a prominent member in the 2008 relaunch of the superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy. The character has appeared in several media adaptations as a member of that team, including animated television series, toys, and video games. He appears in the live-action films Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), and Avengers: Infinity War (2018), all set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. In these appearances, Rocket Raccoon is voiced provided by Bradley Cooper, with motion capture provided by Sean Gunn."
] | [
"voiced provided by Bradley Cooper",
"motion capture provided by Sean Gunn"
] |
8922062688842011899 | Richard Kiel | Richard Kiel - wikipedia Richard Kiel Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Richard Kiel Kiel with Jon Provost in Lassie 's Great Adventure , 1965 Richard Dawson Kiel ( 1939 - 09 - 13 ) September 13 , 1939 Detroit , Michigan , U.S. September 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 10 ) ( aged 74 ) Fresno , California , U.S. Cause of death Heart attack Resting place Belmont Memorial Park , Fresno , California , U.S. Nationality American Occupation Actor , voice artist , comedian Years active 1960 -- 2014 Notable credit ( s ) Jaws in the James Bond films Height 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) Spouse ( s ) Faye Daniels ( m . 1960 ; div. 1973 ) Diane Rogers ( m . 1974 ; his death 2014 ) Children Richard Dawson Kiel ( September 13 , 1939 -- September 10 , 2014 ) was an American actor , voice artist , and comedian , best known for his role as Jaws in the James Bond franchise , portraying the character in The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) and Moonraker ( 1979 ) ; he lampooned the role with a tongue - in - cheek cameo in Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) . His next-most recognized role is the tough , but eloquent Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) . Other notable films include The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) , Silver Streak ( 1976 ) , Force 10 from Navarone ( 1978 ) , Pale Rider ( 1985 ) and Tangled ( 2010 ) . In television , Kiel portrayed the Kanamit alien in the now - classic The Twilight Zone episode `` To Serve Man '' ( 1962 ) and Dr. Miguelito Loveless ' assistant , Voltaire , in first - season episodes of The Wild Wild West ( 1965 - 1966 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Personal life 3 Death 4 Filmography 4.1 Features 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Career ( edit ) Kiel with professional wrestler Tenille Dashwood in June 2014 Kiel made his acting debut in the Laramie episode `` Street of Hate '' . He also acted in an unaired TV pilot featuring Lee Falk 's superhero The Phantom , where Kiel portrayed an assassin called Big Mike . Before film and television , Kiel worked in numerous jobs , including a nightclub bouncer and a cemetery plot salesman . Kiel broke into films in the early 1960s with Eegah ( 1962 ) , which was later featured on Elvira 's Movie Macabre and Mystery Science Theater 3000 , as were The Phantom Planet and The Human Duplicators . He also produced , co-wrote , and starred in The Giant of Thunder Mountain . Kiel appeared as the towering -- and lethal -- assistant Voltaire to Dr. Miguelito Loveless in first - season episodes of The Wild , Wild West . He later appeared in the episode `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' as Dimas , the outcast son of a wealthy family , banished because of birth defects that distorted his body and apparently affected his mind . This episode is significant because it allowed Kiel the opportunity to really act rather than just look intimidating . Kiel also had a cameo role in a 1961 episode of The Rifleman . From 1963 to 1965 , Kiel worked as a night school math instructor in Burbank , California . In the Man from U.N.C.L.E. episode `` The Vulcan Affair '' , Kiel appeared as a guard in Vulcan 's plant , and he portrayed Merry in `` The Hong Kong Shilling Affair '' . In 1967 he played a monster in an episode of The Monkees ( `` I was a Teenage Monster '' ) . Arnold Schwarzenegger and Kiel were the original choices to portray the title character in The Incredible Hulk . Schwarzenegger was turned down due to his height . Kiel participated in the filming of the pilot . During the shoot , producers decided their Hulk needed to be muscular rather than just towering , and Kiel was dismissed because he possessed more body fat than the producers deemed necessary . According to a Den of Geek interview , Kiel , who saw properly out of only one eye , also reacted badly to the contact lenses used for the role and found the green makeup difficult to remove , so he did not mind losing the part . All recognizable footage of Kiel was cut , except one scene where the Hulk saves the little girl from drowning ; the scenes were then reshot with Lou Ferrigno . He appeared on many other television episodes , such as Laramie , I Dream of Jeannie , Honey West , Gilligan 's Island , The Monkees , Daniel Boone , Emergency ! , Starsky & Hutch , Land of the Lost , The Fall Guy , and Simon & Simon , and `` Kolchak : The Night Stalker '' . The James Bond - film producers spotted Kiel in Barbary Coast , and thought he was ideal for the role of Jaws in The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) . He was one of the few Bond - villains to appear in two Bond - films , later appearing in Moonraker ( 1979 ) . He reprised his role of Jaws in the video game called James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing , supplying his voice and likeness . Prior to becoming Jaws , Kiel gave a similarly menacing performance as another metal - toothed villain , Reace , in Silver Streak ( 1976 ) . While Kiel 's roles as Jaws and Reace offered him little dialogue , his role in Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) was quite the opposite . As Mr. Larson , Happy Gilmore 's former employer , Kiel exchanges several one - liners with both Adam Sandler 's Happy and Christopher McDonald 's Shooter . Kiel took a quieter profile after Happy Gilmore 's release , but left semi-retirement to record a role for Tangled ( 2010 ) . In the acclaimed animated Disney film , he portrayed Vlad , a surprisingly soft - hearted thug who collects ceramic unicorns . Kiel 's IMDb page indicates that he filmed a role for Gary T. Smith 's indie film The Engagement Ring , although no production update has occurred since Kiel 's passing . Personal life ( edit ) Kiel at the 2004 Collectormania Kiel was born in Detroit , Michigan . His height and features were a result of the hormonal condition of acromegaly . In his prime , Kiel was 7 ft 1 ⁄ in ( 217 cm ) tall . He noted in his 2002 autobiography Making It Big in the Movies that he used to state that he was 7 ft 2 in ( 218 cm ) , because it was easier to remember . He suffered from acrophobia ( fear of heights ) , and during the cable car stunt scenes in Moonraker , a stunt double was used because Kiel refused to be filmed on the top of a cable car over 2,000 feet ( 610 m ) above the ground . In 1992 , Kiel suffered a severe head injury in a car accident , which affected his balance . He was subsequently forced to walk with a cane to support himself ( as shown in his appearance in Happy Gilmore , where he is seen leaning on a person or a cane ) . Later , Kiel used a scooter or wheelchair . After his first marriage ended in divorce , Kiel was married to Diane Rogers for 40 years , and at the time of his death , had four children , and nine grandchildren . He co-authored a biography of the abolitionist Cassius Marcellus Clay called Kentucky Lion . Kiel was also a born - again Christian . His website states that his religious conversion helped him to overcome alcoholism . Death ( edit ) On September 10 , 2014 , three days short of his 75th birthday , Kiel died at St. Agnes Medical Center in Fresno , California , of a heart attack , possibly caused by coronary artery disease . Filmography ( edit ) Kiel as Eegah ( 1962 ) Features ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1960 The D.I. Ugly Marine Uncredited 1961 The Phantom Planet The Solarite 1962 Eegah Eegah 1963 House of the Damned Giant 1963 The Nutty Professor Bodybuilder # 1 Uncredited 1963 Lassie 's Great Adventure Chinook Pete 1963 30 Minutes at Gunsight Tv Short 1964 Roustabout Strong Man Uncredited 1964 The Nasty Rabbit Ranch Foreman Uncredited 1965 Two on a Guillotine Tall Man at Funeral Uncredited 1965 The Human Duplicators Dr. Kolos 1965 Brainstorm Psychiatric Hospital Patient Uncredited 1966 The Las Vegas Hillbillys Moose 1967 A Man Called Dagger Otto 1968 Now You See It , Now You Do n't Nori TV Movie 1968 Skidoo Beany 1970 On a Clear Day You Can See Forever Blacksmith Uncredited 1973 Deadhead Miles Big Dick The Longest Yard Samson Flash and the Firecat Tracker 1976 Gus Large Man 1976 Silver Streak Reace 1977 The Spy Who Loved Me Jaws 1977 The Incredible Hulk The Hulk TV Series , One scene , Uncredited 1978 Wu zi tian shi Steel Hand 1978 Force 10 from Navarone Captain Drazak 1978 They Went That - A-Way & That - A-Way Duke 1979 The Humanoid Golob 1979 Moonraker Jaws Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor 1981 So Fine Eddie Hysterical Captain Howdy Phoenix Steel Hand 1984 Aces Go Places 3 Big G 1984 Cannonball Run II Arnold / Mitsubishi Driver 1985 Pale Rider Club 1985 Qing bao long hu men Laszlo 1989 Think Big Irving 1989 The Princess and the Dwarf Unknown role 1991 The Giant of Thunder Mountain Eli Weaver Happy Gilmore Mr. Larson 1999 Inspector Gadget Jaws 2009 The Awakened Jasper The Corpse of Albert Cradette Albert Cradette Tangled Vladimir Voice Television ( edit ) Kiel as Ali with Barbara Eden and Larry Hagman in I Dream of Jeannie , 1965 Kiel as Voltaire with Michael Dunn in The Wild Wild West , 1966 Year Title Role Notes 1960 Klondike Duff Brannigan Episode : `` Bare Knuckles '' 1961 Laramie Rake - Tolan 's helper ( uncredited ) Episode : `` Run of the Hunted '' 1961 The Phantom Big Mike 1961 Thriller Master Styx Episode : `` Well of Doom '' 1961 The Rifleman Carl Hazlitt Episode : `` The Decision '' 1962 The Twilight Zone Kanamit Episode : `` To Serve Man '' 1964 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Henchman for Mr. Vulcan Episode : `` The Vulcan Affair '' Uncredited 1965 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Merry Episode : `` The Hong Kong Shilling Affair '' 1965 I Dream of Jeannie Ali Episode : `` My Hero '' 1966 Honey West Groalgo Episode : `` King of the Mountain '' 1966 My Mother the Car Cracks Episode : `` A Riddler on the Roof '' 1966 The Wild Wild West Voltaire Episodes : `` The Night the Wizard Shook the Earth '' 1965 : `` The Night That Terror Stalked the Town '' 1965 : `` The Night of the Whirring Death '' 1966 Gilligan 's Island Ghost Episode : Ghost - a-Go - Go '' 1967 The Monkees Monster Episode : `` I Was a Teenage Monster '' 1967 The Monroes Casmir Episode : `` Ghosts of Paradox '' 1968 I Spy Tiny Episode : `` A Few Miles West of Nowhere '' 1968 The Wild Wild West Dimas Episode : `` The Night of the Simian Terror '' 1968 It Takes a Thief Willie Trion Episode : `` The Galloping Skin Game '' 1969 Daniel Boone Le Mouche Episode : `` Benvenuto ... Who ? '' 1970 Disneyland Luke Brown Episode : `` The Boy Who Stole the Elephant : Part 1 & 2 '' Kolchak : The Night Stalker The Diablero Episode : `` Bad Medicine '' Emergency ! Carlo Episode : `` I 'll Fix It '' Kolchak : The Night Stalker Peremalfait Episode : `` The Spanish Moss Murders '' Switch Unknown role Episode : `` Death Heist '' 1976 Starsky & Hutch Iggy Episode : `` Omaha Tiger '' 1975 -- 1976 Barbary Coast Moose Moran 14 episodes , 1975 -- 1976 1977 Land of the Lost Malak Episodes : `` Survival Kit '' `` Flying Dutchman '' 1977 The Hardy Boys / Nancy Drew Mysteries Manager Episode : `` The Mystery of the Haunted House '' 1977 Young Dan'l Boone Unknown role Episode : `` The Game '' 1981 The Fall Guy Animal Episode : `` That 's Right , We 're Bad '' Simon & Simon Mark Horton Episode : `` The Skeleton Who Came Out of the Closet '' Out of This World Norman Episode : `` Go West , Young Mayor '' 1989 Superboy Vlkabok Episode : `` Mr. and Mrs. Superboy '' 2000 Bloodhounds Inc . Mortimer Episode : `` Fangs for the Memories '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes GoldenEye 007 Jaws Likeness only 2000 007 : The World Is Not Enough Jaws Likeness only 2000 007 Racing Jaws Archival footage James Bond 007 : Everything or Nothing Jaws Voice work GoldenEye 007 ( 2010 ) Jaws Likeness only 2012 007 Legends Jaws Likeness only See also ( edit ) John Aasen Ted Cassidy William Engesser Neil Fingleton André the Giant The Great Khali Rondo Hatton Henry Hite Lock Martin Carel Struycken References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Weber , Bruce ( 11 September 2014 ) . `` Richard Kiel Dies at 74 ; Played bind in Bond Films '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Kiel obituary '' . The Guardian ( UK ) . 11 September 2014 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Den of Geek interview : Richard Kiel '' . Den of Geek . January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Actor Richard Kiel taught math at Ogden 's Radio School in ' 63 Jump up ^ `` Why Was This Woman Gaining Weight Despite Her Diet ? '' . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kiel , Richard . `` Richard Kiel 's Testimony '' . Official Richard Kiel Fan Club . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bond Villain Died Of Heart Disease '' . TMZ. 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Kiel . Richard Kiel on IMDb Richard Kiel at Find a Grave BNE : XX1540923 BNF : cb13895972c ( data ) GND : 130003417 ISNI : 0000 0000 7824 9026 LCCN : no92028731 NLA : 35599971 SNAC : w6dw4dg8 SUDOC : 159205654 VIAF : 60177704 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Kiel&oldid=828678780 '' Categories : 1939 births 2014 deaths 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American male comedians American comedians American male film actors American male television actors American male video game actors American male voice actors American male writers American people of German descent Disease - related deaths in California Male actors from Detroit People with acromegaly Writers from Detroit Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2014 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Español Estremeñu فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kernowek Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lumbaart Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 02 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played jaws in the spy who loved me | [
"Richard Dawson Kiel (September 13, 1939 – September 10, 2014) was an American actor, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his role as Jaws in the James Bond franchise, portraying the character in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979); he lampooned the role with a tongue-in-cheek cameo in Inspector Gadget (1999). His next-most recognized role is the tough, but eloquent Mr. Larson in Happy Gilmore (1996). Other notable films include The Longest Yard (1974), Silver Streak (1976), Force 10 from Navarone (1978), Pale Rider (1985) and Tangled (2010)."
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"Richard Dawson Kiel"
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-2661169710067394013 | 1930 FIFA World Cup | 1930 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 1930 FIFA World Cup 1930 FIFA World Cup 1er Campeonato Mundial de Fútbol Official poster Tournament details Host country Uruguay Dates 13 -- 30 July ( 18 days ) Teams 13 ( from 3 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 3 ( in 1 host city ) Final positions Champions Uruguay ( 1st title ) Runners - up Argentina Third place United States Fourth place Yugoslavia Tournament statistics Matches played 18 Goals scored 70 ( 3.89 per match ) Attendance 590,549 ( 32,808 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Guillermo Stábile ( 8 goals ) Best player José Nasazzi 1934 → The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930 . FIFA , football 's international governing body , selected Uruguay as host nation , as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution , and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics . All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital , Montevideo , the majority at the Estadio Centenario , which was built for the tournament . Thirteen teams ( seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America ) entered the tournament . Only a few European teams chose to participate because of the difficulty of travelling to South America . The teams were divided into four groups , with the winner of each group progressing to the semi-finals . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously , and were won by France and the United States , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 , respectively . Lucien Laurent of France scored the first goal in World Cup history , while US goalkeeper Jimmy Douglas posted the first official `` clean sheet '' in the tournament . Argentina , Uruguay , the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals . In the final , hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people , and became the first nation to win the World Cup . Contents 1 Host selection 2 Participants 3 Venues 4 Squads 5 Match officials 6 Format 7 Draw 8 Tournament summary 8.1 Group 1 8.2 Group 2 8.3 Group 3 8.4 Group 4 8.5 Semi-finals 8.6 Third and fourth place 8.7 Final 9 Group stage 9.1 Group 1 9.2 Group 2 9.3 Group 3 9.4 Group 4 10 Knockout stage 10.1 Bracket 10.2 Semi-finals 10.3 Final 11 Goalscorers 12 FIFA retrospective ranking 13 Last surviving players 14 Film 15 Notes 16 Bibliography 17 External links Host selection ( edit ) Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Italy , Sweden , the Netherlands , Spain , Hungary and Uruguay all lodged applications to host the event . Uruguay 's bid became the clear selection after all the other countries withdrew their bids . Participants ( edit ) Participating countries The first World Cup was the only one without qualification . Every country affiliated with FIFA was invited to compete , and given a deadline of 28 February 1930 to accept . Plenty of interest was shown by nations in the Americas ; Argentina , Brazil , Bolivia , Chile , Mexico , Paraguay , Peru and the United States all entered . A total of seven South American teams participated , more than in any subsequent World Cup Finals . However , because of the long and costly trip by ship across the Atlantic Ocean , and the length of absence required for players , very few European teams were inclined to take part . Some refused to countenance travel to South America in any circumstances , and no European entries were received before the February deadline . In an attempt to gain some European participation , the Uruguayan Football Association sent a letter of invitation to The Football Association , even though the British Home Nations ( England , Northern Ireland , Scotland and Wales ) had resigned from FIFA at the time . This was rejected by the FA Committee on 18 November 1929 . Two months before the start of the tournament , no team from Europe had officially entered . FIFA president Jules Rimet intervened , and eventually four European teams made the trip by sea : Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia . The Romanians , managed by Constantin Rădulescu and coached by their captain Rudolf Wetzer and Octav Luchide , entered the competition following the intervention of newly crowned King Carol II . He selected the squad personally , and negotiated with employers to ensure that the players would still have jobs upon their return . The French entered at the personal intervention of Rimet , but neither France 's star defender Manuel Anatol nor the team 's regular coach Gaston Barreau could be persuaded to make the trip . The Belgians participated at the instigation of German - Belgian FIFA vice-president Rodolphe Seeldrayers . We were 15 days on the ship Conte Verde getting out there . We embarked from Villefranche - sur - Mer in company of the Belgians and the Yugoslavians . We did our basic exercises down below and our training on deck . The coach never spoke about tactics at all ... Lucien Laurent The Romanians boarded the SS Conte Verde at Genoa , the French were picked up at Villefranche - sur - Mer on 21 June 1930 ; and the Belgians embarked at Barcelona . The Conte Verde carried Rimet , the trophy and the three designated European referees : the Belgians Jean Langenus and Henri Christophe , along with Thomas Balway , a Parisian who may have been English . The Brazilian team were picked up when the boat docked in Rio de Janeiro on 29 June before arriving in Uruguay on 4 July . Yugoslavia travelled via the mail steamship Florida from Marseille . In the Kingdom of Yugoslavia there were doubts about their participation at first . Since the Croatians decided to boycott the national team , King Alexander I did not want to finance the whole idea , but in the end they found a solution . Belgrade football association officials decided to round up only domestic ( Serbian ) star players , mainly from two rival Belgrade clubs , BSK and SK Jugoslavija , with an additional three Serbs who played for French clubs ( Ivan Bek among them ) . Therefore , the Yugoslavia team was exclusively made up of Serbian players ; and with the two biggest stars of the team , Blagoje Marjanović ( `` Moša '' ) and Aleksandar Tirnanić ( `` Tirke '' ) , both from BSK , they were ready for a trip to South America to represent Yugoslavia in the World Cup . The Yugoslavians were the youngest team in the World Cup ; with an average age of 21 years and 258 days . After their first match , against Brazil , they received a new nickname `` The Ich - es '' or `` Ichachos '' ( in Spanish ) by the Uruguayan press ; referring to most of the player 's surnames that ended up with the `` - ić '' or `` - vić '' suffix , which is quite common for Serbian last names . They achieved the joint -- biggest success in both Yugoslav and Serbian subsequent World Cup footballing history , by earning fourth place , a result that would be repeated in 1962 . Venues ( edit ) All matches took place in Montevideo . Three stadiums were used : Estadio Centenario , Estadio Pocitos , and Estadio Parque Central . The Estadio Centenario was built both for the tournament and as a celebration of the centenary of Uruguayan independence . Designed by Juan Scasso , it was the primary stadium for the tournament , referred to by Rimet as a `` temple of football '' . With a capacity of 90,000 , it was the largest football stadium outside the British Isles . The stadium hosted 10 of the 18 matches , including both semi-finals and the final . However , a rushed construction schedule and delays caused by the rainy season meant the Centenario was not ready for use until five days into the tournament . Early matches were played at smaller stadiums usually used by Montevideo football clubs Nacional and Peñarol , the 20,000 capacity Parque Central and the Pocitos . Montevideo 1930 FIFA World Cup ( Uruguay ) Montevideo Estadio Centenario Estadio Gran Parque Central Estadio Pocitos 34 ° 53 ′ 40.38 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 10.08 '' W / 34.8945500 ° S 56.1528000 ° W / - 34.8945500 ; - 56.1528000 ( Estadio Centenario ) 34 ° 54 ′ 4 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 32 '' W / 34.90111 ° S 56.15889 ° W / - 34.90111 ; - 56.15889 ( Estadio Gran Parque Central ) 34 ° 54 ′ 18.378 '' S 56 ° 9 ′ 22.42 '' W / 34.90510500 ° S 56.1562278 ° W / - 34.90510500 ; - 56.1562278 ( Estadio Pocitos ) Capacity : 90,000 Capacity : 20,000 Capacity : 1,000 Squads ( edit ) For a list of all squads that appeared in the final tournament , see 1930 FIFA World Cup squads . Match officials ( edit ) Fifteen referees participated in the tournament : four Europeans -- two Belgians ( Henri Christophe and John Langenus ) , a Frenchman , and a Romanian ( Constantin Rădulescu , also the Romanian team coach ) , and eleven from the Americas -- among them six Uruguayans . In order to eliminate differences in the application of the Laws of the Game , the referees were invited to one short meeting to iron out the most conflicting issues arising from the game . Of all the refereeing appointments , the two that attracted most attention were that of Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo in the match between Argentina and France , in which the Brazilian referee blew for full - time six minutes early , and that of the Bolivian Ulises Saucedo 's in the Argentina and Mexico encounter , which Argentina won 6 -- 3 . During the game Saucedo , who was also the coach of Bolivia , awarded three penalties . The following is the list of officials to serve as referees and linesmen . Officials in italics were only employed as linesmen during the tournament . Europe Thomas Balvay Henri Christophe Jan Langenus Constantin Rădulescu North America Gaspar Vallejo South America Gualberto Alonso Martin Aphesteguy Domingo Lombardi José Macías Francisco Mateucci Almeida Rêgo Ulises Saucedo Anibal Tejada Ricardo Vallarino Alberto Warnken Format ( edit ) The 13 teams were drawn into four groups , with Group 1 containing four teams , and the others containing three . Each group played a round - robin format , with the four group winners progressing to the knockout semi-final stage . Draw ( edit ) Uruguay , Argentina , Brazil , and the United States were seeded , and were kept apart in the draw , which took place in Montevideo once all the teams arrived . Since there were no qualifying games , the opening two matches of the tournament were the first World Cup games ever played , taking place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 ; France beat Mexico 4 -- 1 at the Estadio Pocitos , while the United States defeated Belgium 3 -- 0 at the same time at the Estadio Gran Parque Central . France 's Lucien Laurent was the scorer of the first World Cup goal . Tournament summary ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) We were playing Mexico and it was snowing , since it was winter in the southern hemisphere . One of my team mates centred the ball and I followed its path carefully , taking it on the volley with my right foot . Everyone was pleased but we did n't all roll around on the ground -- nobody realised that history was being made . A quick handshake and we got on with the game . And no bonus either ; we were all amateurs in those days , right to the end . Lucien Laurent The first group was the only one to contain four teams : Argentina , Chile , France and Mexico . Two days after France 's victory over Mexico , they faced group favourites Argentina . Injuries hindered France ; goalkeeper Alex Thépot had to leave the field after 20 minutes , and Laurent , after a fierce tackle by Luis Monti , spent most of the match limping . However , they held out for most of the match , only succumbing to an 81st - minute goal scored from a Monti free kick . The game featured an officiating controversy when referee Almeida Rêgo erroneously blew the final whistle six minutes early , with Frenchman Marcel Langiller clear on goal ; play only resumed after protests from the French players . Though France had played twice in 48 hours , Chile had yet to play their first match . They faced Mexico the following day , gaining a comfortable 3 -- 0 win . France 's final match , against Chile , featured the first penalty kick of the World Cup . The first goalkeeper to save a penalty was Alex Thépot of France on 19 July 1930 , saving from Chile 's Carlos Vidal in the 30th minute of the match . In Argentina 's second match , against Mexico , three penalty kicks were awarded . During the same match on 19 July 1930 Mexico 's Oscar Bonfiglio Martínez saved another penalty at the 23rd minute of the match against Argentina 's Fernando Paternoster . Guillermo Stábile scored a hat - trick in his international debut as Argentina won 6 -- 3 , despite the absence of their captain Manuel Ferreira , who had returned to Buenos Aires to take a law exam . Qualification was decided by the group 's final match , contested by Argentina and Chile , who had beaten France and Mexico , respectively . The game was marred by a brawl sparked by a foul on Arturo Torres by Monti . Argentina won 3 -- 1 against their neighbours and advanced to the semi-finals . Group 2 ( edit ) The second group contained Brazil , Bolivia and Yugoslavia . Brazil , the group seeds , were expected to progress , but in the group 's opening match , unexpectedly lost 2 -- 1 to Yugoslavia . Going into the tournament Bolivia had never previously won an international match . For their opener they paid tribute to the hosts by wearing shirts each emblazoned with a single letter , spelling `` Viva Uruguay '' as the team lined up . Both of Bolivia 's matches followed a similar pattern , a promising start gradually transforming into heavy defeat . Against Yugoslavia , they held out for an hour before conceding , but were four goals down by the final whistle . Misfortune played its part ; several Bolivian goals were disallowed . Against Brazil , when both teams had only pride to play for , the score was 1 -- 0 to Brazil at half - time . Brazil added three more in the second half , two of them scored by the multi-sportsman Preguinho . Yugoslavia qualified for the semi-finals . Group 3 ( edit ) Hosts Uruguay were in a group with Peru and Romania . The opening match in this group saw the first player expulsion in the competition , when Plácido Galindo of Peru was dismissed against Romania . The Romanians made their man advantage pay ; their 3 -- 1 win included two late goals . This match had the smallest crowd of any in World Cup history . The official attendance was 2,459 , but the actual figure is generally accepted to be around 300 . Because of construction delays at Estadio Centenario , Uruguay 's first match was not played until five days into the tournament . The first to be held at the Centenario , it was preceded by a ceremony in honour of the Uruguayan centenary celebrations . The Uruguayan team spent the four weeks preceding the match in a training camp , at which strict discipline was exercised . Goalkeeper Andrés Mazali was dropped from the squad for breaking a curfew to visit his wife . One hundred years to the day of the creation of Uruguay 's first constitution , the hosts won a tight match against Peru 1 -- 0 . Spectators praised Peru 's defense , and this turned out to be the only tournament match in which Uruguay scored only one goal . The result was viewed as a poor performance by the Uruguayan press , but lauded in Peru . Uruguay subsequently defeated Romania with ease , scoring four first half goals to win 4 -- 0 . Group 4 ( edit ) The fourth group contained Belgium , Paraguay and The United States . The American team , which contained a significant number of new caps , were reputedly nicknamed `` the shot - putters '' by an unnamed source in the French contingent . They beat their first opponents , Belgium , 3 -- 0 . The ease of the victory was unexpected ; Uruguayan newspaper Imparcial wrote that `` the large score of the American victory has really surprised the experts '' . Belgian reports bemoaned the state of the pitch and refereeing decisions , claiming that the second goal was offside . The group 's second match , played in windy conditions , witnessed the first tournament hat - trick , scored by Bert Patenaude of the United States against Paraguay . Until 10 November 2006 , the first hat - trick that FIFA acknowledged had been scored by Guillermo Stábile of Argentina , two days after Patenaude ; however , in 2006 FIFA announced that Patenaude 's claim to being the first hat - trick scorer was valid , as a goal previously assigned to teammate Tom Florie was reattributed to Patenaude . With the United States having secured qualification , the final match in the group was a dead rubber . Paraguay beat Belgium by a 1 -- 0 margin . Semi-finals ( edit ) The four group winners , Argentina , Yugoslavia , Uruguay and the United States , moved to the semi-finals . The two semi-final matches saw identical scores . The first semi-final was played between the USA and Argentina on a rain - drenched pitch . The United States team , which featured six British - born players , lost midfielder Raphael Tracy after ten minutes to a broken leg as the match became violent . A Monti goal halfway through the first half gave Argentina a 1 -- 0 half - time lead . In the second half , the strength of the United States team was overwhelmed by the pace of the Argentinian attacks , the match finishing 6 -- 1 to Argentina . In the second semi-final there were shades of the 1924 Summer Olympics match between Yugoslavia and Uruguay . Here , though , Yugoslavia took a surprise lead through Vujadinović . Uruguay then took a 2 -- 1 lead . Then shortly before half - time Yugoslavia had a goal disallowed by a controversial offside decision . The hosts scored three more in the second half to win 6 -- 1 , Pedro Cea completing a hat - trick . Third and fourth place ( edit ) The now - traditional third place play - off was not established until 1934 , so the format of the 1930 World Cup is unique in not distinguishing between the third and fourth placed teams . Occasional sources , notably a FIFA Bulletin from 1984 , incorrectly imply that a third - place match occurred and was won 3 -- 1 by Yugoslavia . Accounts differ as to whether a third - place match was originally scheduled . According to a 2009 book by Hyder Jawad , Yugoslavia refused to play a third - place match because they were upset with the refereeing in their semi-final against Uruguay . At the end of the championship , the captains of the United States team ( Tom Florie ) and Yugoslavia ( Milutin Ivković ) both received bronze medals . Yet a FIFA technical committee report on the 1986 World Cup included full retrospective rankings of all teams at all previous World Cup finals ; this report ranked the United States third and Yugoslavia fourth , due to a better goal difference on otherwise identical records , a practice since continued by FIFA . In 2010 , the son of Kosta Hadži , the chief of Yugoslav delegation at the 1930 World Cup and the vice-president of the Football Association of Yugoslavia at the time , claimed that Yugoslavia , as a team , has been awarded one bronze medal , which has been kept by Hadži himself and his family for the following 80 years . According to this source , Yugoslavia was placed third because of the semi-finals loss to the eventual champions , Uruguay . Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final Because of a dispute , a different ball was used in each half , one chosen by each team . Argentina 's ball ( top ) was used for the first half , and Uruguay 's ball ( bottom ) was used for the second half . The resounding wins for Uruguay and Argentina in the semi-finals meant the final was a repeat of the matchup in the 1928 Olympic final , which Uruguay had won 2 -- 1 after a replay . The final was played at the Estadio Centenario on 30 July . Feelings ran high around the La Plata Basin as the Argentine supporters crossed the river with the war cry Victoria o muerte ( `` victory or death '' ) , dispelling any uncertainty as to whether the tournament had captured the imagination of the public . The ten boats earmarked to carry Argentine fans from Buenos Aires to Montevideo proved inadequate , and any number of assorted craft attempted the crossing . An estimated 10 -- 15,000 Argentinians made the trip , but the port at Montevideo was so overwhelmed that many did not even make landfall before kick - off , let alone reach the stadium . At the stadium , supporters were searched for weapons . The gates were opened at eight o'clock , six hours before kick - off , and at noon the ground was full , the official attendance 93,000 . A disagreement overshadowed the build - up to the match as the teams failed to agree on who should provide the match ball , forcing FIFA to intervene and decree that the Argentine team would provide the ball for the first half and the Uruguayans would provide their own for the second . Uruguay made one change from their semi-final line - up . Castro replaced Anselmo , who missed out due to illness . Monti played for Argentina despite receiving death threats on the eve of the match . The referee was Belgian John Langenus , who only agreed to officiate a few hours before the game , having sought assurances for his safety . One of his requests was for a boat to be ready at the harbour within one hour of the final whistle , in case he needed to make a quick escape . The hosts scored the opening goal through Pablo Dorado , a low shot from a position on the right . Argentina , displaying superior passing ability , responded strongly . Within eight minutes they were back on level terms ; Carlos Peucelle received a Ferreira through - ball , beat his marker and equalised . Shortly before half - time leading tournament goalscorer Guillermo Stábile gave Argentina a 2 -- 1 lead . Uruguay captain Nasazzi protested , maintaining that Stábile was offside , but to no avail . In the second half Uruguay gradually became ascendant . Shortly after Monti missed a chance to make the score 3 -- 1 , Uruguay attacked in numbers , and Pedro Cea scored an equaliser . Ten minutes later a goal by Santos Iriarte gave Uruguay the lead , and just before full - time Castro made it 4 -- 2 to seal the win . Langenus ended the match a minute later , and Uruguay thus added the title World Cup winners to their mantle of Olympic champions . Jules Rimet presented the World Cup Trophy , which was later named for him , to the head of the Uruguayan Football Association , Raúl Jude . The following day was declared a national holiday in Uruguay ; in the Argentinian capital , Buenos Aires , a mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate . Francisco Varallo ( who played as a forward for Argentina ) was the last player of the final to die , on 30 August 2010 . France , Yugoslavia and the United States all played friendlies in South America following the competition . Brazil played France on 1 August , Yugoslavia on 10 August and the United States on 17 August , while Argentina hosted Yugoslavia on 3 August . Uruguay 's aggregate goal difference of + 12 over four games , at an average of + 3 per match , remains the highest average goal difference per match of any World Cup champion , and the second highest of any World Cup Finals participant , after Hungary in 1954 . Group stage ( edit ) Group 1 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 1 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Argentina 0 0 10 + 6 6 Chile 0 5 + 2 France 0 + 1 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 13 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) France 4 -- 1 Mexico L. Laurent 19 ' Langiller 40 ' Maschinot 43 ' , 87 ' Report Carreño 70 ' Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo Attendance : 4,444 Referee : Domingo Lombardi ( Uruguay ) 15 July 1930 16 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 1 -- 0 France Monti 81 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 23,409 Referee : Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) 16 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Chile 3 -- 0 Mexico Vidal 3 ' , 65 ' M. Rosas 52 ' ( o.g. ) Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 9,249 Referee : Henri Christophe ( Belgium ) 19 July 1930 12 : 50 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Chile 1 -- 0 France Subiabre 67 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 2,000 Referee : Anibal Tejada ( Uruguay ) 19 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 6 -- 3 Mexico Stábile 8 ' , 17 ' , 80 ' Zumelzú 12 ' , 55 ' Varallo 53 ' Report M. Rosas 42 ' ( pen . ) , 65 ' Gayón 75 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 42,100 Referee : Ulises Saucedo ( Bolivia ) 22 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Chile Stábile 12 ' , 13 ' M. Evaristo 51 ' Report Subiabre 15 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 41,459 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Group 2 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 2 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Yugoslavia 0 0 6 + 5 Brazil 0 5 + 3 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 14 July 1930 12 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Yugoslavia 2 -- 1 Brazil Tirnanić 21 ' Bek 30 ' Report Preguinho 62 ' Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 24,059 Referee : Aníbal Tejada ( Uruguay ) 17 July 1930 12 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Yugoslavia 4 -- 0 Bolivia Bek 60 ' , 67 ' Marjanović 65 ' Vujadinović 85 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 18,306 Referee : Francisco Mateucci ( Uruguay ) 20 July 1930 13 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Brazil 4 -- 0 Bolivia Moderato 37 ' , 73 ' Preguinho 57 ' , 83 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 25,466 Referee : Thomas Balvay ( France ) Group 3 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 3 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 5 0 + 5 Romania 0 5 − 2 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 14 July 1930 14 : 50 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Romania 3 -- 1 Peru Deşu 1 ' Stanciu 79 ' Kovács 89 ' Report Souza Ferreira 75 ' Estadio Pocitos , Montevideo Attendance : 2,549 Referee : Alberto Warnken ( Chile ) 18 July 1930 14 : 30 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 1 -- 0 Peru Castro 65 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 57,735 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) 21 July 1930 14 : 50 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 0 Romania Dorado 7 ' Scarone 26 ' Anselmo 31 ' Cea 35 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 70,022 Referee : Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) Group 4 ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Group 4 Team Pld GF GA GD Pts United States 0 0 6 0 + 6 Paraguay 0 − 2 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 13 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) United States 3 -- 0 Belgium McGhee 23 ' Florie 45 ' Patenaude 69 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 18,346 Referee : José Macías ( Argentina ) 17 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) United States 3 -- 0 Paraguay Patenaude 10 ' , 15 ' , 50 ' Report Estadio Parque Central , Montevideo Attendance : 18,306 Referee : José Macías ( Argentina ) 20 July 1930 15 : 00 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Paraguay 1 -- 0 Belgium Vargas Peña 40 ' Report Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 12,000 Referee : Ricardo Vallarino ( Uruguay ) Knockout stage ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup knockout stage Bracket ( edit ) Semi-finals Final 27 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Uruguay 6 30 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Yugoslavia Uruguay 26 July -- Montevideo ( Centenario ) Argentina Argentina 6 United States Semi-finals ( edit ) 26 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT Argentina 6 -- 1 United States Monti 20 ' Scopelli 56 ' Stábile 69 ' , 87 ' Peucelle 80 ' , 85 ' Report Brown 89 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 72,886 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) 27 July 1930 14 : 45 UYT ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia Cea 18 ' , 67 ' , 72 ' Anselmo 20 ' , 31 ' Iriarte 61 ' Report Vujadinović 4 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 79,867 Referee : Gilberto de Almeida Rêgo ( Brazil ) Final ( edit ) Main article : 1930 FIFA World Cup Final 30 July 1930 ( 1930 - 07 - 30 ) 14 : 15 UYT ( UTC - 03 : 30 ) Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina Dorado 12 ' Cea 57 ' Iriarte 68 ' Castro 89 ' Report Peucelle 20 ' Stábile 37 ' Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Attendance : 68,346 Referee : John Langenus ( Belgium ) Goalscorers ( edit ) With eight goals , Guillermo Stábile was the top scorer in the tournament . In total , 70 goals were scored by 36 players , with only one of them credited as an own goal . 8 goals Guillermo Stábile 5 goals Pedro Cea 4 goals Bert Patenaude 3 goals Carlos Peucelle Preguinho Peregrino Anselmo Ivan Bek 2 goals Luis Monti Adolfo Zumelzú Moderato Guillermo Subiabre Carlos Vidal André Maschinot Manuel Rosas Héctor Castro Pablo Dorado Santos Iriarte Đorđe Vujadinović 1 goal Mario Evaristo Alejandro Scopelli Francisco Varallo Marcel Langiller Lucien Laurent Juan Carreño Roberto Gayón Luis Vargas Peña Luis de Souza Ferreira Adalbert Deșu Nicolae Kovács Constantin Stanciu Jim Brown Tom Florie Bart McGhee Héctor Scarone Blagoje Marjanović Aleksandar Tirnanić 1 own goal Manuel Rosas ( playing against Chile ) FIFA retrospective ranking ( edit ) In 1986 , FIFA published a report that ranked all teams in each World Cup up to and including 1986 , based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . The rankings for the 1930 tournament were as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts Uruguay 0 0 15 + 12 8 Argentina 5 0 18 9 + 9 8 United States 0 7 6 + 1 Yugoslavia 0 7 7 0 Eliminated in the group stage 5 Chile 0 5 + 2 6 Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 France 0 + 1 8 Romania 0 5 − 2 9 Paraguay 0 − 2 10 Peru 0 0 − 3 0 11 Belgium 0 0 0 − 4 0 12 Bolivia 0 0 0 8 − 8 0 13 Mexico 0 0 13 − 9 0 Last surviving players ( edit ) The last surviving player from Uruguay 's World Cup - winning side was Ernesto Mascheroni , who died on 3 July 1984 at the age of 76 . He was outlived by reserve defender Emilio Recoba who died on 12 September 1992 ( aged 87 ) , but did not play any matches in the tournament . However , many other players who participated in the tournament were still alive by this stage and the last surviving player from the tournament was Argentina 's Francisco Varallo , who died on 30 August 2010 at the age of 100 -- eighty years after the tournament . Lucien Laurent , the scorer of the first ever World Cup Goal was the last surviving Member of the France Squad and was invited in 1998 Final seeing France lifting its first ever World Cup win also as the only France member . He died in 2005 at the age of 97 . Film ( edit ) A recreation of the tournament from the point of view of the Yugoslavian team can be seen in the 2014 Serbian film See You in Montevideo . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` World Cup Best Players ( Golden Ball ) '' . Topend Sports . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup History -- Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The History of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . Fourfourtwo magazine . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup -- Classic Moments from FIFA World Cup History '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Seddon , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 248 ^ Jump up to : Goldblatt ( 2008 ) , p. 249 ^ Jump up to : Vautrot , Michel ( 17 June 1998 ) . `` A historical link with the Franche - Comté '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 8 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 2 February 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lara , Miguel A. `` Uruguay , allí nació la historia '' . Marca.com Archive ( in Spanish ) . Marca.com . Archived from the original on 17 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup : Milestones , facts & figures . Statistical Kit 7 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2007 ) . The Ball is Round : A Global History of Football . London : Penguin . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101582 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : `` 25 datos sobre la Copa Mundial de la FIFA '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Campeonato `` Uruguay 1930 '' `` . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 22944 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of the World Cup draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` Lucien Laurent : The World Cup 's First Goal Scorer '' . CBC Sports . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . p. 3 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Millingstein 's History of World Cup Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1930 Golden Boot -- Guillermo Stabile '' . Sky Sports . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . ( archive.org mirror ) Jump up ^ Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 869 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 5 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 6 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 7 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Almeida , p. 125 Jump up ^ Pulgar - Vidal Otálora , Jaime ( 24 February 2007 ) . `` Peru en El Mundial del 30 '' . Jaimepulgarvidal.blogspot.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` American Bert Patenaude credited with first hat trick in FIFA World Cup history '' . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The first World Cup hat trick '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 4 November 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crouch , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Florie medal -- Where the Legend Began Jump up ^ Marjanović medal -- Sačuvana medalja Moše Marjanovića Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Permanent Table '' ( PDF ) . FIFA World Cup México ' 86 -- Technical Report . 1986 . p. 230 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final Tournament Standings '' . 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay . FIFA . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Медаља из дома Хаџијевих сведочи да смо били трећи на Мундијалу ( in Serbian ) . Politika . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Još uvek sjaji bronza iz Montevidea '' ( in Serbian ) . Blic . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 25 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 250 Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Glanville , p. 20 Jump up ^ Goldblatt , p. 251 ^ Jump up to : Freddi , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Freddi , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Glanville , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` El gol está de luto '' . Olé ( in Spanish ) . 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seleção Brasileira ( Brazilian National Team ) 1923 -- 1932 '' . RSSSF Brazil . Archived from the original on 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Argentina national Team archive '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Both of these goals are credited by RSSSF and FIFA to Carlos Vidal Jump up ^ This goal is credited by RSSSF to Carlos Vidal Jump up ^ This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . Jump up ^ FIFA initially credited the goal in the 15th minute to Tom Florie , but changed it to Patenaude in 2006 . During previous years , it was also listed as an own goal by Aurelio González ( RSSSF ) . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer , timing , or both . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : This is one of several goals for which the statistical details are disputed . The goalscorers and timings used here are those of FIFA , the official record . Some other sources , such as RSSSF , state a different scorer and / or timing . See `` World Cup 1930 finals '' . RSSSF . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2008 ... Jump up ^ `` Francisco Varallo : Last surviving player from first World Cup final dies aged 100 '' . Dailymail.co.uk. 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 June 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Almeida , Rony J. ( 2006 ) . Where It All Began . Lulu . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 7906 - 1 . Crouch , Terry ( 2002 ) . The World Cup : The Complete History . London : Aurum . ISBN 1 - 85410 - 843 - 3 . Dunning , Eric ; Malcolm , Dominic ( 2003 ) . Sport . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26292 - 7 . Freddi , Cris ( 2006 ) . Complete Book of the World Cup 2006 . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 722916 - X . Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . London : Faber and Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . Goldblatt , David ( 2008 ) . The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Soccer . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59448 - 296 - 0 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 . Hunt , Chris ( 2006 ) . World Cup Stories : The history of the FIFA World Cup . Ware : Interact . ISBN 0 - 9549819 - 2 - 8 . Jawad , Hyder ( 2009 ) ; Four Weeks In Montevideo : The Story of World Cup 1930 , ( Seventeen Media & Publishing ) Lisi , Clemente Angelo ( 2007 ) . A history of the World Cup : 1930 -- 2006 . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 5905 - X . Retrieved 26 April 2011 . Seddon , Peter ( 2005 ) . The World Cup 's Strangest Moments . London : Robson . ISBN 1 - 86105 - 869 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to FIFA World Cup 1930 at Wikimedia Commons Association football portal Uruguay portal 1930s portal 1930 FIFA World Cup Uruguay , FIFA.com 1930 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Knockout stage Final General information Squads 1930 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Argentina Third place United States Fourth place Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 5075401 - 4 LCCN : n2013054476 VIAF : 150822671 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1930_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855339400 '' Categories : 1930 FIFA World Cup 1930 in South American football 1930 in Uruguayan football FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by Uruguay 1930 in association football First events July 1930 sports events 1930s in Montevideo Sports competitions in Montevideo Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Serbian - language script ( sr ) CS1 Serbian - language sources ( sr ) Use British English from September 2012 Use dmy dates from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 71 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2018 , at 15 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won the first world cup and when | [
"The 1930 FIFA World Cup was the inaugural FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national association football teams. It took place in Uruguay from 13 to 30 July 1930. FIFA, football's international governing body, selected Uruguay as host nation, as the country would be celebrating the centenary of its first constitution, and the Uruguay national football team had successfully retained their football title at the 1928 Summer Olympics. All matches were played in the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo, the majority at the Estadio Centenario, which was built for the tournament.\n"
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"Uruguay"
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-1229786134430360213 | Parry Gripp | Parry Gripp - wikipedia Parry Gripp This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 2602 : 306 : cf4f : f140 : f544 : e921 : 1f54 : 4d82 ( talk ) at 04 : 23 , 22 May 2017 ( → False jingles and other novelty songs ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 04 : 23 , 22 May 2017 by 2602 : 306 : cf4f : f140 : f544 : e921 : 1f54 : 4d82 ( talk ) ( → False jingles and other novelty songs ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search Parry Gripp Parry Gripp performing live in Japan Background information Birth name Parry Gripp Born ( 1967 - 09 - 22 ) September 22 , 1967 ( age 49 ) Santa Barbara , California Genres Rock Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Vocals , Guitar , Keyboards Labels Oglio Associated acts Nerf Herder Website Official website Parry Gripp ( born September 22 , 1967 in Santa Barbara , California ) is a singer - songwriter who is the lead vocalist and guitarist for the pop punk band Nerf Herder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Style and works 1.1 False jingles and other novelty songs 1.1. 1 The Wawa and Hallmark connections 1.2 Television theme songs 2 Personal life 3 Discography 3.1 Albums 3.1. 1 With Nerf Herder 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Style and works ( edit ) False jingles and other novelty songs ( edit ) As a songwriter , Gripp is best known for fake jingles , as in his 2005 solo album For Those About to Shop , We Salute You - a 51 - track concept album mimicking various musical styles as product commercials . It does not have one single concept ; it goes through many various concept suites , such as trucks , beer , and insomnia . He also maintains a song - of - the - week website and a YouTube channel on which he creates soundtracks to internet memes as well as music videos for his own novelty songs , with titles including `` Do You Like Waffles ? '' , `` Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom , '' `` Last Train to Awesometown , '' `` Spaghetti Cat ( I Weep For You ) , '' `` Hamster on a Piano ( Eating Popcorn ) , '' `` There 's a Cat Licking Your Birthday Cake '' , `` Wiener Dog Riding a Skateboard '' , `` I Am A Banana , '' and `` Baby Monkey ( Going Backwards On A Pig ) . '' In January 2017 , `` It 's Raining Tacos '' was featured in an Amazon.com ad which began airing in early May 2017 . The Wawa and Hallmark connections ( edit ) Along with his phony jingles , Gripp also has created some true advertising music , such as a series of Beatles - inspired tunes promoting the Wawa Food Markets ' summertime Hoagiefests and songs for the Hallmark Cards e-characters hoops&yoyo . Television theme songs ( edit ) Gripp also performs the Being Ian , The Super Hero Squad Show , Ben 10 : Omniverse , and The 7D theme songs . Gripp also joined forces with MC Lars to perform some of the vocals , including the chorus to `` Guitar Hero Hero ( Beating Guitar Hero Does n't Make You Slash ) , '' a song commenting on the notion that video games like Guitar Hero take kids away from playing in bands and actually learning their instruments . On July 9 , 2009 , Gripp debuted a new song called `` The Girl at the Video Game Store '' for the 1000th episode of the G4 TV program Attack of the Show ! The video features the show 's hosts Olivia Munn as the title character and Kevin Pereira on drums . His 2011 released song `` Space Unicorn '' was featured in Daron Nefcy 's Star vs. the Forces of Evil as a ringtone on one of the main characters ' cellphone . In July 2012 , the National Geographic Kids website uploaded his video , `` Spooky Spider . '' In April 2013 , Gripp recorded the song `` Backyard Hodge Podge '' for the episode of the same name for the children 's TV show Phineas and Ferb , and he also appeared in the episode in animated form . Personal life ( edit ) Aside from his music , Gripp is the co-owner ( with his sister ) of the Santa Barbara Orchid Estate , which was founded by his father . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) For Those About to Shop , We Salute You ( 2005 ) One Donut a Day ( 2007 ) Do You Like Waffles ( 2008 ) Mega-Party ( 2013 ) Raining Tacos ( 2012 ) Space Unicorn ( 2012 ) With Nerf Herder ( edit ) Nerf Herder ( 1996 ) How to Meet Girls ( 2000 ) American Cheese ( 2002 ) Nerf Herder IV ( 2008 ) Rockingham ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) Nerf Herder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Family Tree Legends '' . Retrieved 21 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Parry Gripp , the Weird Al Yankovic of YouTube Jump up ^ Wawa Hoagiefest website Jump up ^ `` The Girl At The Video Game Store '' . Kotaku . July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Band With a Funny Bone , Nerf Herder Gets Last Laugh '' . Los Angeles Times . July 17 , 1997 . Jump up ^ About SBOE , Santa Barbara Orchid Estate External links ( edit ) Official website Gripp YouTube channel ( hide ) Nerf Herder Parry Gripp Steve Sherlock Ben Pringle Linus of Hollywood Charlie Dennis Dave Ehrlich Pete Newbury Marko 72 Justin Fisher Studio albums Nerf Herder ( 1996 ) How to Meet Girls ( 2000 ) American Cheese ( 2002 ) Nerf Herder IV ( 2008 ) EPs My E.P. ( 2001 ) Related bands Size 14 Ridel High Sugarcult AM Radio Authority control WorldCat Identities VIAF : 240144644 ISNI : 0000 0003 6977 0057 MusicBrainz : 6c12eade - 8e98 - 4e1c - b995 - 2ceb7f17ad32 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parry_Gripp&oldid=781593151 '' Categories : 1967 births American singer - songwriters American rock songwriters American male songwriters American rock singers Living people Musicians from Santa Barbara , California Singers from California Songwriters from California Nerf Herder members Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2017 , at 04 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did it's raining tacos come from | [
"Parry Gripp (born September 22, 1967 in Santa Barbara, California)[1] is a singer-songwriter who is the lead vocalist and guitarist for the pop punk band Nerf Herder."
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"Parry Gripp"
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-7814849606847532811 | They Don't Care About Us | They Do n't Care About Us - wikipedia They Do n't Care About Us `` They Do n't Care About Us '' Single by Michael Jackson from the album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I Released March 31 , 1996 ( 1996 - 03 - 31 ) Format CD single 12 '' 7 '' cassette single Recorded June 1989 , 1994 -- 1995 Genre Pop rock R&B rap rock Length 4 : 44 ( album version ) 4 : 11 ( LP edit ) Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Michael Jackson Producer ( s ) Michael Jackson Michael Jackson singles chronology `` I Need You '' ( 1996 ) `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( 1996 ) `` On the Line '' ( 1997 ) Music video `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Brazil version ) on YouTube Music video `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( prison version ) on YouTube Audio sample file help `` They Do n't Care About Us '' is the fifth single from Michael Jackson 's album HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I , released on March 31 , 1996 . The song remains one of the most controversial pieces Jackson ever composed . In the US , media scrutiny surrounding allegations of antisemitic lyrics were the catalyst for Jackson issuing multiple apologies and re-recording the song with altered lyrics . The singer countered allegations of antisemitism , arguing that reviews had misinterpreted the context of the song , either unintentionally or deliberately . The song was accompanied by two music videos directed by Spike Lee . The first was shot in two locations in Brazil , in Pelourinho , the historic city center of Salvador , and in a favela of Rio de Janeiro called Dona Marta , where the state authorities had tried to ban all production over fears the video would damage their image , the area and prospects of Rio de Janeiro staging the 2004 Olympics . Still , the residents of the area were happy to see the singer , hoping their problems would be made visible to a wider audience . The second video was shot in a prison and contained video footage of multiple references to human rights abuses . Commercially , the song became a top ten hit in all European countries and number one in Germany for three weeks . In the US , radio stations were reluctant to play the controversial composition ; it , however , managed to peak at number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was remixed with parts of songs such as `` Privacy '' ( from the album Invincible ) and `` Tabloid Junkie '' , and released on the Immortal album , in November , 2011 . The song was performed during Jackson 's third and final concert series , the HIStory World Tour which ran from 1996 to 1997 as part of a medley with `` Scream '' and `` In the Closet '' . The song was set to be performed on Jackson 's This Is It comeback concert series at The O2 Arena in London from July 2009 to March 2010 but the shows were cancelled due to his sudden death on June 25 , 2009 . Contents 1 Music and other commentary 2 Chart performance 3 Music videos 4 Live performances 5 Lyric dispute and context 6 Track listing 6.1 US and Japan maxi single 6.2 US CD single 6.3 UK single 6.4 Visionary single 6.5 US 7 '' single : Epic -- 34 78264 7 Personnel 8 Chart positions 8.1 Year - end charts 9 Certifications 10 References Music and other commentary ( edit ) The song begins with a group of children singing the chorus , `` All I wan na say is that they do n't really care about us '' . In between the chorus lines , one child chants , `` Do n't worry what people say , we know the truth . '' after which another child says , `` Enough is enough of this garbage ! '' According to the sheet music published on Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing `` They Do n't Care About Us '' is played in the key of D minor and the track 's time signature is common time . The song , which is cited as being a pop song , has a moderately slow tempo of 90 beats per minute . Instruments used include a piano and guitar . Jon Pareles stated that Jackson was calling himself `` a victim of police brutality '' and a `` victim of hate '' . He continued , `` A listener might wonder just who ' Us ' is supposed to be ... To make the songs lodge in the ear , Jackson uses elementary singsong melodies -- a ' nyah , nyah ' two - note motif in ' They Do n't Care About Us ' ... and he comes up with all kinds of surprises in the arrangements '' . James Hunter of Rolling Stone magazine noted that musically , Jackson was no longer trying to hide any eccentricities he had , he expressed the opinion that in `` They Do n't Care About Us '' , the pop musician sounded more embattled than ever . Jim Farber of New York Daily News said that Jackson `` snarled '' while singing , that the song `` clicked '' and has an `` original clattering rhythm '' . The review of HIStory in The Washington Times noted of `` They Do n't Care About Us '' : `` ( it ) follows fast , inviting more pathos -- and more controversy . With haunting clapping and a police scanner in the background '' . The Sacramento Bee described it as a `` looped reggae - lite dance beat '' . The song gained renewed attention and relevance due to its use during Black Lives Matter protests in 2014 and 2015 . Chart performance ( edit ) In the UK , it peaked at number four and stayed on the chart for three months . The song found particular success in Europe , peaking within the top ten in all countries , except in Spain , where peaked at number 11 , and remained in the chart for just one week . European highlights came in Austria , Switzerland , France , Belgium and Sweden , in these countries the song became a top five hit and stayed in their respective charts for a minimum of 21 weeks . The song reached the top of the charts for three weeks in Germany and stayed a full 30 weeks in the survey . It is the longest consecutive chart run of a Michael Jackson song in the German charts . The lyrical controversy surrounding `` They Do n't Care About Us '' brought partial commercial disappointment in the US ; radio stations were reluctant to play the song . It peaked at number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , falling short of the record breaking success of the two previous singles `` Scream / Childhood '' and `` You Are Not Alone '' , yet the song peaked at number 10 on the US Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart . Music videos ( edit ) The cultural music group Olodum from the city of Salvador , with whom Jackson collaborated . Producing the first video proved to be a difficult task for Jackson . State authorities unsuccessfully tried to ban the singer filming in Salvador ( Pelourinho ) and in Rio de Janeiro . Officials in the state of Rio feared images of poverty might affect tourism and accused Jackson of exploiting the poor . Ronaldo Cezar Coelho , the state secretary for Industry , Commerce and Tourism demanded editing rights over the finished product , stating , `` I do n't see why we should have to facilitate films that will contribute nothing to all our efforts to rehabilitate Rio 's image '' . Some were concerned that scenes of poverty and human rights abuses would affect their chances of hosting the Olympics in 2004 . Others supported Jackson 's wish to highlight the problems of the region , arguing that the government were embarrassed by their own failings . A judge banned all filming but this ruling was overturned by an injunction . Although officials were angry , the residents were not and Jackson was surrounded by crowds of enthusiastic onlookers during filming . One woman managed to push through security to hug Jackson who continued dancing while hugging her . Another woman appeared and hugged him from behind . He then fell to the ground as police pulled the two women off him and escorted them away . After the director helped Jackson get up off the street , he continued to sing and dance . This incident made it into the music video . 1,500 policemen and 50 residents acting as security guards effectively sealed off the Dona Marta favela . Some residents and officials found it offensive that Jackson 's production team had negotiated with drug dealers in order to gain permission to film in one of the city 's shantytowns . The music video was directed by Spike Lee . Asked why he chose Lee to direct the video , Jackson responded , `` ' They Do n't Care About Us ' has an edge , and Spike Lee had approached me . It 's a public awareness song and that 's what he is all about . It 's a protest kind of song ... and I think he was perfect for it '' . Jackson also collaborated with 200 members of the cultural group Olodum , who `` swayed to the heavy beat of Salvador 's ' samba - reggae ' music '' . The media interest surrounding the music video exposed Olodum to 140 countries around the world . It brought them worldwide fame and increased their credibility in Brazil . At the beginning of the video , a Brazilian woman says `` Michael , eles não ligam pra gente '' which means `` Michael , they do n't care about us '' . Precarious houses in the favela of Complexo do Alemão in Rio de Janeiro . Identical scenes are viewable in the first music video . Speaking of the music video , in The New Brazilian Cinema , Lúcia Nagib observed : When Michael Jackson decided to shoot his new music video in a favela of Rio de Janeiro ... he used the favela people as extras in a visual super-spectacle ... All the while there is a vaguely political appeal in there ... The interesting aspect of Michael Jackson 's strategy is the efficiency with which it gives visibility to poverty and social problems in countries like Brazil without resorting to traditional political discourse . The problematic aspect is that it does not entail a real intervention in that poverty . In 2009 , Billboard described the area as `` now a model for social development '' and claimed that Jackson 's influence was partially responsible for this improvement . For the first time in his career , Jackson made a second music video for a single . This second version was filmed in a prison with cell mates ; in the video Jackson is seen handcuffed . It also contains real footage of police attacking African Americans , the military crackdown of the protest in the Tiananmen Square , the Ku Klux Klan , war crimes , genocide , execution , martial law , and other human rights abuses . The first music video of the song appears on the box set Visionary : The Video Singles , and the video albums HIStory on Film , Volume II and Vision ; the latter additionally includes the prison version . The voice intro , `` Michael , Michael , eles não ligam pra gente '' ( Portuguese for `` they do n't care about us '' ) , was recorded by Angélica Vieira , producer of Manhattan Connection . Live performances ( edit ) `` They Do n't Care About Us '' was only performed as part of the opening medley for the HIStory World Tour , along with `` Scream '' and `` In the Closet '' . The segment for `` They Do n't Care About Us '' began with a short , military - style dance sequence and contained an excerpt of `` HIStory '' . A short unedited video clip released after Jackson 's death of the June 23 , 2009 rehearsal for the This Is It concert series shows Jackson performing the song as the main song in a medley with parts of `` HIStory '' song as well as `` Why You Wanna Trip On Me '' and `` She Drives Me Wild '' from Dangerous . The song was later remixed and featured as part of Cirque du Soleil 's Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour . Lyric dispute and context ( edit ) The New York Times reported the song contained racist and anti-Semitic content on June 15 , 1995 , just a day before the album 's release . The publication highlighted the lyrics , `` Jew me , sue me , everybody do me / Kick me , kike me , do n't you black or white me . '' Jackson responded directly to the publication , stating : The idea that these lyrics could be deemed objectionable is extremely hurtful to me , and misleading . The song in fact is about the pain of prejudice and hate and is a way to draw attention to social and political problems . I am the voice of the accused and the attacked . I am the voice of everyone . I am the skinhead , I am the Jew , I am the black man , I am the white man . I am not the one who was attacking . It is about the injustices to young people and how the system can wrongfully accuse them . I am angry and outraged that I could be so misinterpreted . -- Michael Jackson , When questioned further about the lyrics on the ABC News program Prime Time Live , Jackson stated , `` It 's not anti-Semitic because I 'm not a racist person ... I could never be a racist . I love all races . '' The singer also said that some of his closest employees and friends were Jewish . That same day , Jackson received support from his manager and record label , who described the lyrics as `` brilliant '' , that they were about opposition to prejudice and taken out of context . The following day , two leading members of the Jewish community stated that Jackson 's attempt to make a song critical of discrimination had backfired . They expressed the opinion that the lyrics used were unsuitable for a teenage audience that might not understand the song 's context , adding that the song was too ambiguous for some listeners to understand . They accepted that Jackson meant well and suggested that the entertainer write an explanation in the album booklet . On June 17 , Jackson issued another public apology for his choice of words . He promised that future copies of the album would include an apology . By this point , however , two million copies of the record had already been shipped . The singer concluded , `` I just want you all to know how strongly I am committed to tolerance , peace and love , and I apologize to anyone who might have been hurt . '' The next day , in his review of HIStory , Jon Pareles of The New York Times alleged , `` In ... ' They Do n't Care About Us ' , he gives the lie to his entire catalogue of brotherhood anthems with a burst of anti-Semitism . '' On June 21 , Patrick Macdonald of The Seattle Times criticized Jackson , stating , `` He may have lived a sheltered life , but there really is no excuse for using terms like ' Jew me ' and ' kike ' in a pop song , unless you make it clear you are denouncing such terms , and do so in an artful way . '' Two days later , Jackson decided , despite the cost incurred , he would return to the studio and alter the offending wording on future copies of the album ; `` Jew me '' and `` Kike me '' would be substituted with `` do me '' and `` strike me '' . The music video and some copies of the album still carry the original words , but with loud , abstract noises partially drowning them out . He reiterated his acceptance that the song was offensive to some . Spike Lee noted some kind of double standard in the music industry , stating `` While the New York Times asserted the use of racial slurs in `` They Do n't Care About Us '' , they were silent on other racial slurs in the album . The Notorious B.I.G. says `` nigga '' on `` This Time Around , '' another song on the HIStory album , but it did not attract media attention , as well as , many years before , use in lyrics of word `` nigger '' by John Lennon . '' Track listing ( edit ) US and Japan maxi single ( edit ) Track # Song Duration `` They Do n't Care About Us '' 4 : 44 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Charles Full Joint Mix ) 4 : 56 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Dallas Austin Main Mix ) 5 : 15 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Walk in the Park Radio Mix ) 4 : 46 5 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Classic Paradise Radio Mix ) 4 : 14 6 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Track Master 's Radio Edit ) 3 : 41 7 `` Rock with You '' ( Frankie 's Favorite Club Mix ) 7 : 39 8 `` Earth Song '' ( Hani 's Club Experience ) 7 : 55 US CD single ( edit ) Track # Song Duration `` They Do n't Care About Us '' 4 : 44 `` Rock with You '' ( Frankie 's Favorite Radio Mix ) 3 : 47 `` Earth Song '' ( Hani 's Radio Experience ) 3 : 33 `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' ( Brothers In Rhythm House Mix ) 7 : 35 UK single ( edit ) Track # Song Duration `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( LP edit ) 4 : 11 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Walk in the Park Mix ) 7 : 18 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Classic Paradise Mix ) 7 : 55 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Anthem of Love Mix ) 7 : 46 5 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Hacienda Mix ) 7 : 10 6 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Dallas Austin Main Mix ) 5 : 15 Visionary single ( edit ) CD side `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( LP edit ) -- 4 : 10 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Walk in the Park Mix ) -- 7 : 19 DVD side `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( LP edit ) -- 4 : 10 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Love to Infinity 's Walk in the Park Mix ) -- 7 : 19 `` They Do n't Care About Us '' ( Music Video # 1 -- in Brazil with Olodum music group ) ( Video ) -- 7 : 09 US 7 '' single : Epic -- 34 78264 ( edit ) `` They Do n't Care About Us '' -- 4 : 43 `` Rock with You '' ( Frankie Knuckles Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 47 Personnel ( edit ) Michael Jackson -- songwriting , composition , solo vocals , percussion Trevor Rabin -- guitar Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 16 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 Oficiální ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( MAHASZ ) Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 20 Ireland ( IRMA ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Poland ( LP3 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 27 US Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 27 Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 66 Ireland ( IRMA ) 21 Italy ( FIMI ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 38 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 26 Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 18 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 9 European Hot 100 Singles 19 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 19 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 12 Hot Canadian Digital Singles 49 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 24 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 15 Norway ( VG - lista ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 7 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot Digital Songs 64 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 149 Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 82 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Certifications ( edit ) Country Certification Sales Australia Gold 35,000 Austria Gold 5,000 Denmark Gold 45,000 France Gold 250,000 Germany 3x Gold 750,000 Norway Gold 5,000 United Kingdom Silver 200,000 United States Gold 500,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smallcombe , Mike ( 2016 ) . Making Michael . Clink Street Publishing . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 1910782514 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson Remains A Global Phenomenon '' . Billboard . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Schemo , Diana Jean ( February 11 , 1996 ) . `` Rio Frets as Michael Jackson Plans to Film Slum '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jewish Response to Jackson '' . The New York Times . June 16 , 1995 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson explains remarks denounced as antisemitism '' . ( June 16 , 1995 ) . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger ( June 18 , 1995 ) . `` Once the indisputable King of Pop , Jackson badly needs a hit to revive his career , is Michael HIStory ? '' . The Hartford Courant . Retrieved December 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` They Do n't Care About Us '' . Musicnotes.com . Alfred Publishing Co . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pareles , Jon ( June 18 , 1995 ) . `` Pop View ; Michael Jackson Is Angry , Understand ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Hunter , James ( August 10 , 1995 ) . `` Michael Jackson HIStory '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( June 19 , 1995 ) . `` Michael 's ' HIS ' - sy fit '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2009 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ A ' HIStory ' of self - pity and hype . ( June 21 , 1995 ) . The Washington Times . Jump up ^ `` Jackson 's old hits are still the best '' . ( June 20 , 1995 ) . The Sacramento Bee . Jump up ^ Caulderwood , Kathleen . `` Eric Garner Protesters Shut Down West Side Highway In New York City '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Sony Hack Re-ignites Questions about Michael Jackson 's Banned Song Jump up ^ `` MJ visionary '' . Sony BMG . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : `` Musicline.de -- Michael Jackson Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . ^ Jump up to : `` HIStory : Past , Present and Future , Book I awards on Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us HD with subtitle + lyrics Official Music Video '' ( Youtube video ) . Incident of the two women grabbing Michael Jackson starts at 3 : 16 in the video , which includes a dance sequence with drumming at the end . Total length : 7 : 17 . Retrieved November 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brazil : Michael Jackson films video for ' They Do n't Care About Us ' '' . ITN . February 9 , 1995 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Grant , Adrian ( 1998 ) . Michael Jackson : Making History . Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 6723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Christoper ( 2001 ) . Brutality Garden . UNC Press . p. 207 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4976 - 6 . Jump up ^ Crock , Larry ( 2005 ) . Brazilian Music . ABC - CLIO . p. 296 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 287 - 8 . Jump up ^ Nagib , Lúcia ( 2003 ) . The New Brazilian Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 123 . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 928 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` First look at Michael Jackson 's new music video on Entertainment Tonight '' . ( March 29 , 1996 ) . PR Newswire . Jump up ^ TRÊS DÉCADAS DE MÚSICA - CLIPES EM TERRAS ESTRANGEIRAS http://www.popnotas.com.br/2010/09/tres-decadas-de-musica-clipes-em-terras.html?showComment=1284404620775#c4391095132603322904 Jump up ^ `` Jackson rehearses with dancers '' . CNN . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Weinraub , Bernard ( June 15 , 1995 ) . `` In New Lyrics , Jackson Uses Slurs '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` They Do n't Care About Us original lyrics '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Dinitia ( June 17 , 1995 ) . `` Michael Jackson Apologizes For Hurt Caused by Lyrics '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Patrick ( June 21 , 1995 ) . `` ' History ' Lesson : Jackson 's Living On Past Glories '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( June 23 , 1995 ) . `` Jackson Will Re-Record ` Care ' Lyrics Pop music : Michael Jackson apologizes and says he plans to change the words in ` They Do n't Care About Us ' that some considered to be racial slurs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Dinitia ( June 23 , 1995 ) . `` Jackson Plans New Lyrics For Album '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lee , Spike ( 2002 ) . Spike Lee : Interviews . Univ . Press of Mississippi . pp. 151 -- 152 . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 470 - 8 . Jump up ^ Michael Jackson - They Do n't Care About Us ( Vinyl ) at Discogs ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : Craig Halstead , Chris Cadman ( 2003 ) . Authors On Line Ltd , ed . Michael Jackson : The Solo Years . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0755200917 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : They Do n't Care About Us '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn NR. 176 Vikuna 29.6 . - 5.7 . ' 96 '' ( PDF ) . Dagblaðið Vísir. 29 June 1996 . p. 50 . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` They do n't care about us in Irish Chart '' . IRMA . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Only results when searching `` They do n't care about us '' Jump up ^ `` The best - selling singles of 1996 in Italy '' . HitParadeItalia ( it ) . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . 22 . They do n't care about us - Michael Jackson ( # 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Michael Jackson '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.nz -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . Top 40 Singles . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ work = Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A. url = http://lp3.polskieradio.pl/notowania/?numer=749 publisher = LP3.polskieradio.pl accessdate = July 18 , 2018 ) ) Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . Singles Top 100 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . Swiss Singles Chart . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jackson : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Michael Jackson -- They Do n't Care About Us '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Music Hits , Top 100 Music Charts , Top 100 Songs & The Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( ' They + Do n't + Care + About + Us ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- They + Do n't + Care + About + Us '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' `` Diamonds Are Invincible '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Todo Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=They_Don%27t_Care_About_Us&oldid=866374798 '' Categories : 1995 songs 1996 singles Michael Jackson songs Music videos directed by Spike Lee Number - one singles in the Czech Republic Number - one singles in Germany Obscenity controversies in music Protest songs Hip hop songs Song recordings produced by Michael Jackson Songs written by Michael Jackson Songs against racism and xenophobia Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart called without artist Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 23 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song they don't care about us | [
"\"They Don't Care About Us\"\nSingle by Michael Jacksonfrom the album HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book IReleased\nMarch 31, 1996 (1996-03-31)Format\nCD single12\"7\"cassette singleRecorded\nJune 1989,[1] 1994–1995Genre\n\nPop rock\nR&B\nrap rock\nLength\n4:44 (album version) 4:11 (LP edit)Label\nEpicSongwriter(s)\nMichael JacksonProducer(s)\nMichael JacksonMichael Jackson singles chronology\n\n\n\n\"I Need You\" (1996)\n\n\"They Don't Care About Us\" (1996)\n\n\"On the Line\" (1997)\n\nMusic video\n\"They Don't Care About Us\" (Brazil version) on YouTubeMusic video\n\"They Don't Care About Us\" (prison version) on YouTubeAudio sample\nfilehelp\n"
] | [
"Michael Jackson"
] |
6701385514202986598 | List of most-subscribed YouTube channels | List of most - subscribed YouTube channels - wikipedia List of most - subscribed YouTube channels ( Redirected from List of most subscribed YouTube channels ) Jump to : navigation , search PewDiePie is the most subscribed user on YouTube , with over 57 million subscribers as of October 2017 . This list of most - subscribed YouTube channels contains the top 50 channels with the most subscribers on the video platform YouTube . The ability to `` subscribe '' to a user 's channel was added to YouTube by late October 2005 , and the `` most subscribed '' list on YouTube began as a chart by May 2006 , at which time Smosh was number one with fewer than 3,000 subscribers . Since December 22 , 2013 , the most subscribed user has been PewDiePie with 57 million subscribers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top channels 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 Historical most subscribed channels 2.1 Timeline 3 Reactions 4 See also 5 References Top channels ( edit ) All - time ( edit ) The following table lists the top 50 most subscribed channels on YouTube , with each total rounded down to the nearest million subscribers , as well as the network , country and language of each channel . Channels marked as `` Auto - generated by YouTube '' ( such as Music , Gaming , Sports and Movies ) are not included . As of October 31 , 2017 , 29 out of the 50 top channels originate from English - speaking countries ( 20 from the United States ) and 34 are English - language channels . Vevo channel Self - owned channel ( without a network ) Rank Chg Channel name Network Country Language Subscribers ( millions ) Content 1 . PewDiePie N / A Sweden English 57 Comedy 2 . HolaSoyGerman . HolaSoyGerman Chile Spanish 32 Entertainment 3 . JustinBieberVEVO Vevo Canada English Music 4 . T - Series tseriesmusic India Hindi 26 5 . elrubiusOMG Mixicom Spain Spanish Comedy 6 . RihannaVEVO Vevo Barbados English 25 Music 7 . TaylorSwiftVEVO USA 8 . YouTube Spotlight Google News 9 . KatyPerryVEVO Vevo Music 10 . Fernanfloo BroadbandTV El Salvador Spanish 24 Games 11 . whinderssonnunes N / A Brazil Portuguese Comedy 12 . EminemVEVO Vevo USA English 23 Music 13 . Dude Perfect N / A Sports 14 . OneDirectionVEVO Vevo UK 22 Music 15 . Smosh Defy Media USA Comedy 16 . Ed Sheeran Warner Music Group UK 21 Music 17 . JuegaGerman HolaSoyGerman Chile Spanish Games 18 . VanossGaming N / A Canada English 19 . TheEllenShow Time Warner USA Entertainment 20 . Canal KondZilla ONErpm Brazil Portuguese 20 Music 21 . nigahiga N / A USA English Entertainment 22 . Yuya Mexico Spanish 19 Howto 23 . VEGETTA777 Mixicom Spain Games 24 . Spinnin ' Records Spinnin Records Netherlands English 18 Entertainment 25 . Markiplier Maker Studios USA Games 26 . WWE N / A Sports 27 . ArianaGrandeVevo Vevo Music 28 . JennaMarbles N / A 17 Comedy 29 . Bruno Mars Warner Music Group Music 30 . KSI StyleHaul UK Entertainment 31 . shakiraVEVO Vevo Colombia English / Spanish Music 32 . jacksepticeye Maker Studios Ireland English 16 Games 33 . DanTDM StyleHaul UK 34 . Skrillex N / A USA Music 35 . FBE Entertainment 36 . Trap Nation Music 37 . SET India Sony Entertainment Television India Hindi 15 Shows 38 . WatchMojo.com WatchMojo Canada English Entertainment 39 . AdeleVEVO Vevo UK Music 40 . enchufetv N / A Ecuador Spanish Comedy 41 . Felipe Neto Brazil Portuguese Entertainment 42 . David Guetta Vevo France English 14 Music 43 . Vevo USA 44 . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon NBC USA English Comedy 45 . Maroon5VEVO Vevo Music 46 . SelenaGomezVEVO 47 . ERB Maker Studios Entertainment 48 . CanalCanalha Endemol beyond Brasil Brazil Portuguese Comedy 49 . Werevertumorro sevenludus Mexico Spanish Howto 50 . LuisFonsiVEVO Vevo Puerto Rico Music As of October 31 , 2017 By country ( edit ) The following table lists the YouTube channels with the greatest number of subscribers by the country or territory that their channel originates from . Only countries that have at least one channel with over 1 million subscribers are included . Rank Chg Country Channel name Subscribers ( millions ) 1 . Sweden PewDiePie 57 2 . Chile HolaSoyGerman . 32 3 . Canada JustinBieberVEVO 31 4 . India T - Series 26 5 . Spain elrubiusOMG 25 6 . Barbados RihannaVEVO 7 . USA TaylorSwiftVEVO 8 . El Salvador Fernanfloo 24 9 . Brazil whinderssonnunes 10 . UK OneDirectionVEVO 22 11 . Mexico Yuya 19 12 . Netherlands Spinnin ' Records 18 13 . Colombia shakiraVEVO 16 14 . Ireland jacksepticeye 15 . Ecuador enchufetv 15 16 . France David Guetta 14 17 . Puerto Rico LuisFonsiVEVO 13 18 . Russia Get Movies 19 . Ukraine EeOneGuy 12 20 . South Korea SMTOWN 11 21 . Venezuela Dross Rotzank 22 . Finland Clash of Clans 23 . Thailand Workpoint 10 24 . Australia HowToBasic 9 25 . Argentina El Reino Infantil 26 . Norway Alan Walker 27 . South Africa Caspar Lee 7 28 . Turkey netd müzik 29 . Italy Marzia 30 . Philippines ABS - CBN Entertainment 6 31 . Austria Red Bull 32 . Belgium Tomorrowland 33 . Germany freekickerz 5 34 . Japan はじめ しゃ ちょ ー ( hajime ) 35 . Jordan toyoraljanahtv 36 . Saudi Arabia Rotana 37 . Portugal SirKazzio 38 . UAE MBC GROUP 39 . Peru whatdafaqshow 40 . Uruguay dosogas 41 . Vietnam POPS MUSIC 42 . Iraq الرماس ميوزك 43 . Romania Cat Music 44 . Morocco Saad Lamjarred 45 . Poland SA Wardega 46 . Latvia TrapMusicHDTV 47 . Denmark LEGO 48 . Israel TuTiTuTV 49 . New Zealand Shaaanxo 50 . Indonesia Raditya Dika 51 . Czechia ViralBrothers 52 . Croatia 2CELLOS 53 . Egypt Albernameg 54 . Pakistan Coke Studio 55 . Taiwan TGOP 這 群 人 56 . Belarus tellblog.net 57 . Switzerland Typhoon Cinema 58 . Bulgaria Bodil40 59 . Kuwait Swar Shuaib 60 . Malaysia Les ' Copaque Production 61 . Kazakhstan Saspens 62 . China Hunan Television 63 . Dominican Republic El Show de Carlos Durán 64 . Serbia IDJVideos.TV 65 . Slovakia GoGoManTV 66 . Palestine M.A TUBE 67 . Qatar Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة 68 . Algeria Oum Walid 69 . Slovenia Tiger Productions 70 . Costa Rica Lonrot 71 . Panama Windy GirkTV 72 . Nigeria MarkAngelComedy 73 . Lebanon Elissa 74 . Nepal Music Nepal 75 . Jamaica JavierNathaniel 76 . Singapore Clicknetwork 77 . Hong Kong 蘋果 動 新聞 HK Apple Daily As of October 31 , 2017 Historical most subscribed channels ( edit ) The following table lists the last 16 channels to become YouTube 's most subscribed channel , from May 2006 to present . Current record Former record Channel name Network / owner Country Date achieved Days held Reference PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg Sweden Dec 22 , 2013 1,409 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Dec 12 , 2013 10 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg Sweden Dec 8 , 2013 YouTube Spotlight Google USA Nov 2 , 2013 36 PewDiePie Felix Kjellberg Sweden Aug 15 , 2013 80 Smosh Defy Media USA Jan 12 , 2013 215 Ray William Johnson Ray Johnson Jun 28 , 2011 564 nigahiga Ryan Higa Aug 20 , 2009 677 Fяᴇᴅ Lucas Cruikshank Oct 6 , 2008 318 nigahiga nigahiga Sep 24 , 2008 12 Smosh Defy Media Apr 26 , 2007 517 lonelygirl15 Mesh Flinders Sep 17 , 2006 221 geriatric1927 Peter Oakley UK Aug 17 , 2006 31 Brookers Brooke Brodack USA Jul 3 , 2006 45 Judson Laipply Judson Laipply Jun 12 , 2006 21 Smosh Defy Media May 17 , 2006 26 As of October 31 , 2017 Timeline ( edit ) Timeline of Most Subscribed Channels ( May 2006 -- Oct 2017 ) Reactions ( edit ) In late 2006 , when Peter Oakley , also known as Geriatric1927 , became most subscribed , a number of TV channels wanted to interview him on his rise to fame . The Daily Mail and TechBlog did an article about him and his success . In 2009 , the FRED channel was the first to have over one million subscribers . Following the third time that Smosh became most subscribed , Ray William Johnson collaborated with the duo . A flurry of top YouTubers including Ryan Higa , Shane Dawson , Felix Kjellberg , Michael Buckley , Kassem Gharaibeh , The Fine Brothers , and Johnson himself , congratulated the duo shortly after they surpassed Johnson as the most subscribed channel . See also ( edit ) List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 sorted by Subscribers . YouTubers sorted by Subscribers - Socialblade YouTube Stats YouTube Statistics '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` It 's been awhile since our last update '' . Official YouTube Blog . Blogspot . October 25 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Most Subscribed Members - May 17 , 2006 , youtube.com Jump up ^ `` Track YouTube analytics , future predictions , & live subscriber counts - Social Blade '' . socialblade.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` HolaSoyGerman . '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` JustinBieberVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` T - Series '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` elrubiusOMG '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` RihannaVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TaylorSwiftVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouTube Spotlight '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KatyPerryVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fernanfloo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` whinderssonnunes '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EminemVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dude Perfect '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneDirectionVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smosh '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JuegaGerman '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VanossGaming '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TheEllenShow '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canal KondZilla '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` nigahiga '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuya '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VEGETTA777 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spinnin ' Records '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Markiplier '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWEFanNation '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ArianaGrandeVevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JennaMarbles '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KSI '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` shakiraVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` jacksepticeye '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DanTDM '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skrillex '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fine Brothers Entertainment '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TrapNation '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SET India '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WatchMojo.com '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AdeleVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` enchufetv '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Felipe Neto '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Guetta '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vevo '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon5VEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SelenaGomezVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ERB '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CanalCanalha '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Werevertumorro '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LuisFonsiVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PewDiePie '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LuisFonsiVEVO '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Movies '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EeOneGuy '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SMTOWN '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dross Rotzank '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clash of Clans '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORKPOINT OFFICIAL '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HowToBasic '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El Reino Infantil '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caspar Lee '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` netd müzik '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marzia '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN Entertainment '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red Bull '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrowland '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` freekickerz '' . YouTube . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` はじめ しゃ ちょ ー ( hajime ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` toyoraljanahtv '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotana '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SirKazzio '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MBC GROUP '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` whatdafaqshow '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` dosogas '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` POPS MUSIC '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` الرماس ميوزك '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cat Music '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saad Lamjarred '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SA Wardega '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TrapMusicHDTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TuTiTuTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaaanxo '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raditya Dika '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ViralBrothers '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2CELLOS '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Albernameg '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Studio '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TGOP ( This Group Of People ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` tellblog.net '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Typhoon Cinema '' . Youtube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bodil40 '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swar Shuaib '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les ' Copaque Production '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saspens '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 湖南 卫视 芒果 TV 官方 频道 China HunanTV Official Channel '' . YouTube . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Show de Carlos Durán '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IDJVideos.TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GoGoManTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` M.A TUBE '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Arabic قناة الجزيرة '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oum Walid '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Productions '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lonrot '' . YouTube . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Windy GirkTV '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MarkAngelComedy '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elissa '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music Nepal '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JavierNathaniel '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clicknetwork '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 蘋果 動 新聞 HK Apple Daily '' . YouTube . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dryden , Liam ( 16 March 2017 ) . `` A Complete Timeline Of Every `` Most Subscribed '' YouTuber In History `` . We The Unicorns . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PewDiePie - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` YouTube Spotlight - YouTube '' . 2013 - 12 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 11 - 04 ) . `` YouTube Is Now The Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 08 - 16 ) . `` It 's Official : PewDiePie Becomes # 1 Most Subscribed Channel On YouTube '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ joshuajcohen ( 2013 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Smosh Passes Ray William Johnson as # 1 Most Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` SMOSH Becomes The # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel - New Media Rockstars '' . 2013 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Michael . `` Ray William Johnson : = 3 Adds Up To Most - Subscribed On YouTube '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Ray William Johnson Surpasses Nigahiga To Become The Most Subscribed YouTuber Of All Time '' . socialtimes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Parr , Ben . `` DETHRONED : Fred No Longer # 1 on YouTube '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ William Hyde ( 2009 - 08 - 21 ) , YouTube Winners & Losers ! NigaHiga and Fred , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ `` FRED '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : BuckHollywood ( 2008 - 10 - 06 ) , Fred , Smosh or Nigahiga ? ! , retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 Jump up ^ Heffernan , Virginia . `` A Big Deal : The Run - Off on YouTube ! ! '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` lonelygirl15 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Stars ! : The Lonelygirl15 Story '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jr , Tom Zeller ( 2006 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Lonelygirl15 : Prank , Art or Both '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Internet Memes of All Time12 . Lonelygirl15 '' . Complex . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` geriatric1927 '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The meteoric rise of geriatric1927 '' . 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Brookers '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brooke BRODACK EMC '' . www.entertainment-masterclass.tv . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Channels '' . 2006 - 07 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Judson Laipply '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gutelle , Sam ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` The History Of YouTube 's Most - Subscribed Channels Is A Fun Nostalgia Trip '' . tubefilter . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . In the early days , anyone who made a big viral video could enter the top ten , with `` Evolution of Dance '' performer Judson Laipply even holding the top spot for a bit . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - Most Subscribed Members ( This Month ) '' . 2006 - 05 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ray William Johnson ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` RWJ vs SMOSH '' . YouTube . = 3 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joshua Cohen ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` YouTubers Respond to Smosh Becoming # 1 Most - Subscribed YouTube Channel '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . ( hide ) YouTube Founders Steve Chen Chad Hurley Jawed Karim Events Awards CNN / YouTube presidential debates Comedy Week Live Music Awards Orchestra Channels Most - subscribed channels Spotlight channel Multi-channel network ( MCN ) Original channels Personalities Vevo channels YouTube Red Culture Let 's Play Video game walkthrough YouTube Poop YouTube Rewind Lists Most - viewed videos in the first 24 hours videos and trailers Most - liked videos Most - disliked videos Most - viewed Vevo videos List of MCNs Related articles API Censorship Copyright issues History Play Buttons Social impact Viacom conflict Viral video List of viral videos Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels&oldid=808081172 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives YouTube - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska ไทย Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 19 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the second most subscribed on youtube | [
"\n\nRank\nChg\nChannel name\nNetwork\nCountry\nLanguage\nSubscribers[4]\n(millions)\nContent\n\n\n1.\n\nPewDiePie[5]\nN/A\n Sweden\nEnglish\n57\nComedy\n\n\n2.\n\nHolaSoyGerman.[6]\nHolaSoyGerman\n Chile\nSpanish\n32\nEntertainment\n\n\n3.\n\nJustinBieberVEVO[7]\nVevo\n Canada\nEnglish\nMusic\n\n\n4.\n\nT-Series[8]\ntseriesmusic\n India\nHindi\n26\n\n\n5.\n\nelrubiusOMG[9]\nMixicom\n Spain\nSpanish\nComedy\n\n\n6.\n\nRihannaVEVO[10]\nVevo\n Barbados\nEnglish\n25\nMusic\n\n\n7.\n\nTaylorSwiftVEVO[11]\n USA\n\n\n8.\n\nYouTube Spotlight[12]\nGoogle\nNews\n\n\n9.\n\nKatyPerryVEVO[13]\nVevo\nMusic\n\n\n10.\n\nFernanfloo[14]\nBroadbandTV\n El Salvador\nSpanish\n24\nGames\n\n\n11.\n\nwhinderssonnunes[15]\nN/A\n Brazil\nPortuguese\nComedy\n\n\n12.\n\nEminemVEVO[16]\nVevo\n USA\nEnglish\n23\nMusic\n\n\n13.\n\nDude Perfect[17]\nN/A\nSports\n\n\n14.\n\nOneDirectionVEVO[18]\nVevo\n UK\n22\nMusic\n\n\n15.\n\nSmosh[19]\nDefy Media\n USA\nComedy\n\n\n16.\n\nEd Sheeran[20]\nWarner Music Group\n UK\n21\nMusic\n\n\n17.\n\nJuegaGerman[21]\nHolaSoyGerman\n Chile\nSpanish\nGames\n\n\n18.\n\nVanossGaming[22]\nN/A\n Canada\nEnglish\n\n\n19.\n\nTheEllenShow[23]\nTime Warner\n USA\nEntertainment\n\n\n20.\n\nCanal KondZilla[24]\nONErpm\n Brazil\nPortuguese\n20\nMusic\n\n\n21.\n\nnigahiga[25]\nN/A\n USA\nEnglish\nEntertainment\n\n\n22.\n\nYuya[26]\n Mexico\nSpanish\n19\nHowto\n\n\n23.\n\nVEGETTA777[27]\nMixicom\n Spain\nGames\n\n\n24.\n\nSpinnin' Records[28]\nSpinnin Records\n Netherlands\nEnglish\n18\nEntertainment\n\n\n25.\n\nMarkiplier[29]\nMaker Studios\n USA\nGames\n\n\n26.\n\nWWE[30]\nN/A\nSports\n\n\n27.\n\nArianaGrandeVevo[31]\nVevo\nMusic\n\n\n28.\n\nJennaMarbles[32]\nN/A\n17\nComedy\n\n\n29.\n\nBruno Mars[33]\nWarner Music Group\nMusic\n\n\n30.\n\nKSI[34]\nStyleHaul\n UK\nEntertainment\n\n\n31.\n\nshakiraVEVO[35]\nVevo\n Colombia\nEnglish /\nSpanish\nMusic\n\n\n32.\n\njacksepticeye[36]\nMaker Studios\n Ireland\nEnglish\n16\nGames\n\n\n33.\n\nDanTDM[37]\nStyleHaul\n UK\n\n\n34.\n\nSkrillex[38]\nN/A\n USA\nMusic\n\n\n35.\n\nFBE[39]\nEntertainment\n\n\n36.\n\nTrap Nation[40]\nMusic\n\n\n37.\n\nSET India[41]\nSony Entertainment Television\n India\nHindi\n15\nShows\n\n\n38.\n\nWatchMojo.com[42]\nWatchMojo\n Canada\nEnglish\nEntertainment\n\n\n39.\n\nAdeleVEVO[43]\nVevo\n UK\nMusic\n\n\n40.\n\nenchufetv[44]\nN/A\n Ecuador\nSpanish\nComedy\n\n\n41.\n\nFelipe Neto[45]\n Brazil\nPortuguese\nEntertainment\n\n\n42.\n\nDavid Guetta[46]\nVevo\n France\nEnglish\n14\nMusic\n\n\n43.\n\nVevo[47]\n USA\n\n\n44.\n\nThe Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon[48]\nNBC\n USA\nEnglish\nComedy\n\n\n45.\n\nMaroon5VEVO[49]\nVevo\nMusic\n\n\n46.\n\nSelenaGomezVEVO[50]\n\n\n47.\n\nERB[51]\nMaker Studios\nEntertainment\n\n\n48.\n\nCanalCanalha[52]\nEndemol beyond Brasil\n Brazil\nPortuguese\nComedy\n\n\n49.\n\nWerevertumorro[53]\nsevenludus\n Mexico\nSpanish\nHowto\n\n\n50.\n\nLuisFonsiVEVO[54]\nVevo\n Puerto Rico\nMusic\n\n\n\nAs of October 31, 2017\n"
] | [
"HolaSoyGerman"
] |
-1646494317441683158 | United Nations Messengers of Peace | United Nations messengers of Peace - Wikipedia United Nations messengers of Peace Jump to : navigation , search United Nations Messenger of Peace is a title bestowed by the United Nations to `` distinguished individuals , carefully selected from the fields of art , music , literature and sports , who have agreed to help focus worldwide attention on the work of the United Nations . '' The messengers are initially chosen for a period of three years ; although three of the current twelve messengers , Michael Douglas , Jane Goodall , and Yo - Yo Ma have served for more than ten years . The Messengers of Peace scheme was instigated in 1997 as a central addition to the system of UN goodwill ambassadors and honorary ambassadors , which has been run by the different UN agencies since 1954 , when UNICEF appointed Danny Kaye as its first goodwill ambassador . Whilst the goodwill and honorary ambassadors mainly promote the work of the UN agency they are ambassador for , the messengers of peace are intended to promote the work of the United Nations in general and are appointed directly by the Secretary - General of the United Nations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current messengers 2 Former messengers 3 References 4 External links Current messengers ( edit ) Michael Douglas - designated 1998 Jane Goodall - designated 2002 Yo - Yo Ma - designated 2006 Princess Haya Bint Al Hussein - designated 2007 Daniel Barenboim - designated 2007 Paulo Coelho - designated 2007 Midori Goto - designated 2007 Charlize Theron - designated 2008 Stevie Wonder - designated 2009 Edward Norton - designated 2010 Lang Lang - designated 2013 Leonardo DiCaprio - designated 2014 Scott Kelly - designated 2016 Malala Yousafzai -- designated 2017 Former messengers ( edit ) Enrico Macias - designated 1997 Elie Wiesel - designated 1998 Muhammad Ali - designated 1998 Anna Cataldi - designated 1998 Luciano Pavarotti - designated 1998 Vijay Amritraj - designated 2001 Wynton Marsalis - designated 2001 George Clooney - designated 2008 Wangari Maathai - designated 2009 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About Messengers of Peace '' . United Nations . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs announces former astronaut Scott Kelly as Champion for Space '' . www.unis.unvienna.org . United Nations . United Nations Information Service , Vienna . 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Malala Yousafzai made youngest UN Messenger of Peace '' . BBC News . 11 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . External links ( edit ) United Nations Messengers of Peace United Nations Former Messengers of Peace This United Nations - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Messengers_of_Peace&oldid=800344630 '' Categories : United Nations Messengers of Peace Goodwill ambassador programmes United Nations stubs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 23 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is recently designated as the un messenger of peace | [
"Malala Yousafzai – designated 2017[3]"
] | [
"Malala Yousafzai"
] |
7717860787073904567 | Cunégonde | Cunégonde - Wikipedia Cunégonde Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cunégonde ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cunégonde is a fictional character in Voltaire 's novel Candide . She is the title character 's aristocratic cousin and love interest . Her name may be derived from Cunigunde of Luxemburg . At the beginning of the story , Candide is chased away from his uncle 's home after he is caught kissing and fondling Cunégonde . Shortly afterwards , Cunégonde 's family is attacked by a band of marauding soldiers and she is taken prisoner . However , Cunégonde soon becomes the mistress of two wealthy Portuguese who decide to share her between them . Candide kills the two men and he , Cunégonde and the Old Woman ( Cunégonde 's servant ) flee to Buenos Aires . There , Cunégonde becomes the mistress of the provincial governor . Since Candide is wanted for the murders of the two Portuguese , he is forced to leave her in Buenos Aires . However he vows to find her and marry her . Finally , near the end of the novel , Candide finds Cunégonde in Istanbul , but she has lost her beauty , and is now very irritable and unfortunately very shallow - minded . Candide reluctantly agrees to marry her . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pun 2 Candide ( operetta ) 3 References 4 External links Pun ( edit ) While Cunégonde may be derived from Cunigunde of Luxemburg , the name is also a pun on French and Latin terms for female genitalia and buttocks. ( Latin : Cunnus `` Cunt '' and French : Cul `` Arse '' ) Candide ( operetta ) ( edit ) In the 1956 operetta written by Leonard Bernstein , Cunégonde is a soprano , who sings one of the most difficult arias written for the theatre : `` Glitter and Be Gay '' . The role has been portrayed by skilled actresses such as Barbara Cook , who originated the role in 1956 , Madeline Kahn , Kristin Chenoweth , June Anderson , Harolyn Blackwell , and Maureen Brennan , who received a Tony Award Nomination and won the Theatre World Award for her performance in the 1974 Broadway revival . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Maledicta ( 1987 ) p. 31 . Jump up ^ Maurice Peress , Dvořák to Duke Ellington : A Conductor Explores America 's Music and its African American Roots , Oxford / New York : Oxford University , 2004 , ISBN 9780195098228 , p. 141 . External links ( edit ) Brief analyses of the novel 's main characters ( hide ) Voltaire 's Candide Adaptations Candide , Part II ( 1760 novel ) Candide ( 1956 operetta ) Modern Interpretations Candy ( 1958 novel ) Candide ou l'optimisme au XXe siècle ( 1960 film ) Candy ( 1968 film ) Mondo candido ( 1975 film ) The Optimists ( 2006 film ) Related Cunégonde Pope Urban X A few acres of snow Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne This article about a fictional character from a novel is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . See guidelines for writing about novels . Further suggestions might be found on the article 's talk page . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Cunégonde&oldid = 785811033 '' Categories : Candide Characters in French novels Novel character stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 15 : 09 . About Wikipedia | the name of candide's love interest in cunadonna | [
"Cunégonde is a fictional character in Voltaire's novel Candide. She is the title character's aristocratic cousin and love interest. Her name may be derived from Cunigunde of Luxemburg."
] | [
"Cunégonde"
] |
5389595707663195227 | On the Loose (song) | On the Loose ( song ) - wikipedia On the Loose ( song ) For the Saga song , see Worlds Apart ( Saga album ) . `` On the Loose '' Single by Niall Horan from the album Flicker Released 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop pop rock Length 2 : 38 ( alternate version ) Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) John Ryan Niall Horan Julian Bunetta Producer ( s ) Julian Bunetta Niall Horan singles chronology `` Too Much to Ask '' ( 2017 ) `` On the Loose '' ( 2018 ) `` Seeing Blind '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` On the Loose '' on YouTube `` On the Loose '' is a song recorded by Irish singer and songwriter Niall Horan from his debut studio album Flicker . It was written by Horan , John Ryan and its producer Julian Bunetta . The song was released to the US Mainstream Top 40 radio on 20 February 2018 as the album 's fourth single . An alternate version was released on 16 February 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Track listing 4 Credits and personnel 5 Charts 6 Release history 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Horan debuted the song on 13 May 2017 during his performance at Channel 93.3 's Summer Kick Off concert in San Diego . On 29 May 2017 , Horan performed on The Today Show 's Citi Concert Series , closing the show with a live TV debut of `` On the Loose '' . Horan admitted in an interview with Herald Sun that he channelled Fleetwood Mac for the song . `` You can hear the ' Mac in that . Everyone 's always trying to write their own Dreams . I 'm only 24 , Fleetwood Mac is the music I 've listened to since I was four years old . I listen to a lot of other types of music but that 's the stuff that always stuck around with me . I was going through a punk rock phase when I was 15 , I like punk rock now but I would n't pick up my iPod and go straight to it , I 'd probably go to the ' Mac and Crosby Stills and Nash and Jackson Browne and Tom Petty . They 're the artists in my head , you can hear that on the album I think . '' He announced on 5 February 2018 via social media that the song would be the fourth single from the album . The accompanying single artwork , illustrated by Kyler Martz , features a drawing of a woman holding a heart , surrounded by flowers , some of which have legs and eyes on them . An animated lyric video for the song was released on 12 February 2018 , after Horan posted a 20 - second teaser the day before . It features a lady seducing multiple men , while cruising through a city in a convertible . Critical reception ( edit ) Christina Lee of Idolator wrote that the song `` sounds like a cautionary tale '' , in comparison to `` Slow Hands '' . Mike Wass of the same publication opined that the song is `` similarly upbeat '' as `` Slow Hands '' , and found it `` more radio - friendly '' than Horan 's `` stripped - back songs '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- alternate version No . Title Length 1 . `` On the Loose '' ( alternate version ) 2 : 38 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal . Niall Horan -- songwriting , vocals , guitar John Ryan -- songwriting Julian Bunetta -- songwriting , production , background vocals , percussion , record engineering Nathan Dantzler -- master engineering Tommy King -- keyboard Michael Freeman -- assistant mixing Matt Chamberlain -- drums Mark Goldenberg -- guitar Val McCallum -- guitar Spike Stent -- mixing Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 24 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 24 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 45 Ireland ( IRMA ) 47 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 38 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 39 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 20 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 66 Sweden Heatseeker ( Sverigetopplistan ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 94 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 29 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 16 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 22 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States 16 February 2018 Digital download Alternate Capitol 20 February 2018 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Laguaite , Madeline ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Niall Horan establishes new sound in first solo album ' Flicker ' '' . The Red & Black . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Braca , Nina ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan Drops Colorful Lyric Video for ' On the Loose ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Keisha ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan drops a surprise ' alternative version ' of his new single On The Loose '' . Metro . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Nicholas ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` Niall Horan 's new song is giving off serious Fleetwood Mac vibes '' . Metro . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Watch Niall Horan 's ' On the Loose ' TV Debut , One Direction Sing - Along on ' Today ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan did n't see fan defacing of his album title Flicker coming '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( 5 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan Makes A Major Announcement '' . People 's Choice Awards . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Ross , Alex ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan announces brand new single '' . Key 103 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Braca , Nina ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan Teases Lyric Video for ' On The Loose ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan ' Ca n't Wait ' For Fans To See His Latest Project '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Scott ( 12 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan Gets Animated in ' On The Loose ' Lyric Video : Watch '' . CBS Radio . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( 13 May 2017 ) . `` Niall Horan Performs New Song `` On The Loose '' : Watch `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` Niall Horan Picks `` On The Loose '' As His Next Single `` . Idolator . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Loose ( Alternate Version ) -- Single by Niall Horan on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Flicker ( Deluxe ) / Niall Horan TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Niall Horan -- On the Loose '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Niall Horan -- On the Loose '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201813 into search . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : May 5 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 14 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. 30 October 2017 . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 14 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Heatseekers Chart - 20 October 2017 '' . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Niall Horan Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Niall Horan Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Niall Horan Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics hide Niall Horan Discography Studio albums Flicker Singles `` This Town '' `` Slow Hands '' `` Too Much to Ask '' `` On the Loose '' Concert tours Flicker Sessions 2017 Flicker World Tour Related articles One Direction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Loose_(song)&oldid=846530605 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2017 songs Niall Horan songs Capitol Records singles Songs written by Niall Horan Songs written by John Ryan ( musician ) Pop ballads Pop rock songs Songs written by Julian Bunetta Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 09 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who wrote on the loose to climb a mountain | [
"\"On the Loose\" is a song recorded by Irish singer and songwriter Niall Horan from his debut studio album Flicker. It was written by Horan, John Ryan and its producer Julian Bunetta. The song was released to the US Mainstream Top 40 radio on 20 February 2018 as the album's fourth single. An alternate version was released on 16 February 2018.[3]",
"\"On the Loose\" is a song recorded by Irish singer and songwriter Niall Horan from his debut studio album Flicker. It was written by Horan, John Ryan and its producer Julian Bunetta. The song was released to the US Mainstream Top 40 radio on 20 February 2018 as the album's fourth single. An alternate version was released on 16 February 2018.[3]",
"\"On the Loose\" is a song recorded by Irish singer and songwriter Niall Horan from his debut studio album Flicker. It was written by Horan, John Ryan and its producer Julian Bunetta. The song was released to the US Mainstream Top 40 radio on 20 February 2018 as the album's fourth single. An alternate version was released on 16 February 2018.[3]"
] | [
"John Ryan",
"Julian Bunetta",
"Niall Horan"
] |
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